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diff --git a/old/51764-0.txt b/old/51764-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2ca8e29..0000000 --- a/old/51764-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24038 +0,0 @@ -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 51764 *** - -FIUE HUNDRED POINTES - -OF - -GOOD HUSBANDRIE. - - - - -BY - -THOMAS TUSSER. - - - - -THE EDITION OF 1580 COLLATED WITH THOSE OF 1573 AND 1577. -TOGETHER WITH A REPRINT, FROM THE UNIQUE COPY IN THE BRITISH -MUSEUM, OF "A HUNDRETH GOOD POINTES OF HUSBANDRIE," 1557. - - - - -EDITED (WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY) BY -W. PAYNE, ESQ., AND SIDNEY J. HERRTAGE, ESQ., B.A. - - - - -LONDON: -PUBLISHED FOR THE ENGLISH DIALECT SOCIETY -BY TRÜBNER & CO., 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL. - - -1878. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -While for all who take an interest in the customs and life of our -ancestors Tusser's writings must always possess considerable interest, -to the Members of the English Dialect Society they are especially -valuable for the large number of dialectic words and forms which they -contain. The Glossary has therefore been made very full, possibly, -in the opinion of some, too full; but as this is the most important -portion of the work to the Society, I have thought it better to err, if -at all, on the right side. - -With regard to the preparation of this Edition a few words may be -necessary. As the Members of the Society are aware, the task was -originally undertaken by Mr. W. Payne. Ill-health unfortunately -prevented him from carrying the work to a completion, but to him the -Society is indebted for the supervision of the reprint of the Edition -of 1580, which he collated most carefully with the editions of 1557 and -1577, and to which he added several pieces from those editions, thus -making the present reprint more complete than any yet published. Mr. -Payne also compiled a very complete Index of Words, which has been of -great assistance to me for purposes of reference, and in preparing the -Glossary. The notes also from Tusser Redivivus (marked T.R.) were for -the most part extracted by Mr. Payne. - -A reprint of the First Edition of 1557 was not included in the original -programme, but after the work came into my hands an opportunity was -presented through the kindness of Mr. F. J. Furnivall, who lent for the -purpose his copy of the reprint of 1810, of exhibiting the work in its -original form of "One hundreth Points" side by side with the extended -edition of 1580, the last which had the benefit of the author's -supervision. The proof-sheets have been collated with the unique copy -in the British Museum by Miss Toulmin-Smith, to whom I return my thanks -for her kindness, and the correctness of the reprint may consequently -be relied on. From Mr. F. J. Furnivall I have received numerous hints, -and much valuable help, while to Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S., I am indebted -for his kindness in revising and supplementing the notes on the Plants -named in Tusser. But my chief obligations are due to the Rev. W. W. -Skeat, whose uniform kindness has considerably lightened my labours, -and from whom both directly and indirectly (through the notes in his -numerous publications), but more particularly in his noble edition of -Piers Plowman, I have derived the greatest assistance. - -S. J. H. - -May 14th, 1878. - - - - - -[Transcriber's note: The original print edition has both page footnotes -and an end section of 'Notes and Illustrations.' In this digital edition, -the page footnotes are grouped at the end of each chapter and renumbered -accordingly: [1], [[2], etc. References to the endnotes are numbered [E1], -[E2], etc. The html version also links words in the main text to their -reference points in the Glossary. - -The 'Erratum' on p. xxxii of the print edition has been silently corrected -within the text, and the 'Additional Notes' on p. 317 are now incorporated -within the preceding 'Notes and Illustrations.'] - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - PREFACE v - - BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR xi - - TUSSER'S WILL xxix - - - Fiue hundred pointes of good husbandrie 1 - - A lesson how to confer euery abstract with his month, &c. 2 - - A Table of the Pointes of Husbandrie 3 - -1. Epistle to Lord W. Paget 5 - -2. Epistle to Lord T. Paget 7 - -3. To the Reader 11 - -4. Introduction to the Booke of Husbandrie 13 - -5. Preface to the Buier of this Booke 14 - -6. The Commodities of Husbandrie 15 - -7. A Riddle 15 - -8. The Description of Husbandrie 16 - -9. The Ladder to thrift 17 - -10. Good husbandlie lessons 18 - -11. An habitation inforced better late than neuer 27 - -12. The fermers dailie diet 27 - -13. Description of the properties of windes at all seasons 29 - -14. Of the Planets 30 - -15. Septembers Abstract 31 - -16. Septembers husbandrie 34 - -17. A digression to husbandlie furniture 35 - -18. Octobers abstract 43 - -19. Octobers husbandrie 47 - -20. Nouembers abstract 53 - -21. Nouembers husbandrie 55 - -22. Decembers abstract 59 - -23. Decembers husbandrie 61 - -24. A digression to hospitalitie 65 - -25. Description of time and the yeare 65 - -26. Description of life and riches 66 - -27. Description of housekeeping 67 - -28. Description of Christmas 67 - -29. Description of apt time to spend 68 - -30. Against fantasticall scruplenes 69 - -31. Christmas husbandlie fare 69 - -32. A Christmas Caroll 70 - -33. Januaries abstract 72 - -34. Of trees or fruites to be set or remooued 76 - -35. Januaries husbandrie 76 - -36. Februaries abstract 85 - -37. Februaries husbandrie 87 - -38. Marches abstract 91 - -39. Seedes and herbes for the Kitchen 93 - -40. Herbes and rootes for sallets and sauce 94 - -41. Herbes and rootes to boile or to butter 95 - -42. Strowing herbes of all sortes 95 - -43. Herbes, branches, and flowers, for windowes and pots 95 - -44. Herbes to still in Sommer 96 - -45. Herbes for Physick, etc. 97 - -46. Marches husbandrie 97 - -47. Aprils abstract 102 - -48. Aprils husbandrie 103 - -49. A lesson for dairie maid Cisley 107 - -50. Maies abstract 109 - -51. Maies husbandrie 111 - -52. Junes abstract 116 - -53. Junes husbandrie 117 - -54. Julies abstract 121 - -55. Julies husbandrie 122 - -56. Augusts abstract 124 - -57. Augusts husbandrie 128 - -58. Corne Haruest equally deuided into ten partes 136 - -59. A briefe conclusion, each word beginning with the letter T 137 - -60. Mans age deuided into twelue seauens 138 - -61. Another diuision of mans age 138 - -62. Comparison between good and bad husband 139 - -63. Comparison betweene Champion countrie and seuerall 140 - -64. Description of an enuious neighbour 146 - -64.* To light a candell before the Deuill 148 - -65. A sonet against a slanderous tongue 150 - -66. Sonet upon the Authors first seuen yeeres seruice 151 - -67. Dialogue on wiuing and thriuing 152 - -68. The Authors Epistle to the Ladie Paget 159 - -69. The Authors Epistle to the Reader 161 - -70. The Author's Preface to his booke of Huswiferie 162 - -71. The praise of Huswiferie 163 - -72. A description of Huswife and Huswiferie 163 - -73. Instructions to Huswiferie 163 - -74. A digression to cockcrowing 165 - -75. Huswiferie morning workes 167 - -76. Huswifelie breakefast workes 168 - -77. Huswifelie admonitions or lessons 168 - -78. Brewing 170 - -79. Baking 171 - -80. Cookerie 171 - -81. Dairie 172 - -82. Scouring 172 - -83. Washing 173 - -84. Malting 173 - -85. Dinner time huswiferie 174 - -86. Huswifelie afternoone workes 175 - -87. Huswifelie euening workes 177 - -88. Supper time huswiferie 178 - -89. After Supper workes of huswiferie 179 - -90. The ploughmans feasting daies 180 - -91. The good huswifelie Physicke 182 - -92. The good motherlie nurserie 183 - -93. A precept of thinking on the poore 183 - -94. A comparison betweene good huswiferie and euill 184 - -95. The meanes for children to attaine to learning 185 - -96. A description of womans age 187 - -97. The Inholders posie 187 - -98. Certain Table Lessons 188 - -99. Lessons for waiting seruants 189 - -100. Husbandly posies for the hall 190 - -101. Posies for the parler 190 - -102. Posies for the gests chamber 191 - -103. Posies for thine owne bed chamber 192 - -104. A Sonet to the Ladie Paget 193 - -105. Principall points of Religion 193 - -106. The Authors beleefe 194 - -107. Of the omnipotencie of God and debilitie of man 199 - -108. Of Almes deedes 200 - -109. Of malus homo 201 - -110. Of two sortes of people 201 - -111. Of what force the deuill is if he be resisted 201 - -112. Eight of Saint Barnards verses in Latine and English 202 - -113. Of the Authors departing from the Court 204 - -114. The Authors life of his own penning 205 - -115. Of Fortune 216 - - - A hundreth good pointes of husbandrie 219 - - Epistle to Lord Paget (1557) 220 - - _Concordia parvæ res crescunt_ 221 - - Augusts husbandrie 222 - - Septembers husbandrie 223 - - Octobers husbandrie 223 - - Nouembers husbandrie 224 - - Decembers husbandrie 225 - - On Christmas 225 - - Januaries husbandrie 226 - - Februarys husbandrie 228 - - Marches husbandrie 229 - - A digression to huswifrie 229 - - Aprils husbandrie 229 - - Mays husbandrie 230 - - Junes husbandrie 231 - - Julys husbandrie 232 - - - NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 235 - - GLOSSARY 319 - - - - - - -BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR. - - -Thomas Tusser, the Author of the "Five Hundred Points of Good -Husbandry," was born at Rivenhall,[1] near Kelvedon and Witham, in -the County of Essex, about the year 1525. The exact date of his birth -is uncertain, Warton[2] placing it in 1523, and Dr. Mavor in 1515, in -which he is supported by the inscription on the mural tablet erected to -the memory of Tusser in the church of Manningtree, where he is stated -to have been sixty-five years of age at the time of his death, which -took place in 1580. - -Tusser, however, appears to have been elected to King's College, -Cambridge, in 1543, and as he would have become ineligible at nineteen, -his birth cannot have taken place earlier than 1523, and, most -probably, did not take place before 1524 or 1525. - -It appears from the pedigree recorded by his nephew, John Tusser, the -son of his eldest brother Clement, at the Herald's Visitation of Essex -in 1570, which is the only record we have of the family, that "William -Tusser, the father, had five sons, Clement, Andrew, John, THOMAS, -and William, and four daughters; the marriages of the daughters are -set down, but no wives assigned to the sons, except to Clement, who -married Ursula Petts, and had issue John (who entered the pedigree), -Edward, and Jane, all three unmarried in 1570. The mother of THOMAS was -[Isabella], a daughter of Thomas Smith, of Rivenhall, in Essex, Esq., -whose elder brother, Hugh, was ancestor of Smith, Lord Carrington (not -the present lord), sister of Sir Clement Smith, who married a sister of -the Protector Somerset, and first cousin of Sir John Smith, one of the -Barons of the Exchequer in the reign of Edward the Sixth. This match -with Smith I take to have been the chief foundation of gentility in the -Tussers, for I can find no traces of them or their arms before this -connexion."[3] - -At a very early age, and notwithstanding his mother's tears and -entreaties, he was placed by his father as a singing-boy in the -Collegiate Chapel of the Castle of Wallingford, in Berkshire, which, -according to Warton,[4] consisted of a dean, six prebendaries, six -clerks, and four choristers, and was dissolved in 1549. He has himself -recorded[5] in his homely and quaint style the hardships which he had -to endure at this school, the bare robes, the college fare, the stale -bread, and the penny ale. The excellence of his voice appears to have -attracted the notice of some of those persons to whom at that time -"placards" or commissions were issued, authorizing them to impress -singing-boys for the King's Chapel.[6] Afterwards, by the good offices -of some friend, he was admitted into the choir of St. Paul's Cathedral, -where he acquired a considerable proficiency in music under the tuition -of John Redford, the organist and almoner, of whom he speaks in terms -of the highest praise. From St. Paul's he was sent to Eton, probably -in 1540 or 1541, "to learn the Latin phrase," and was for some time -a pupil of Nicholas Udall,[7] the author of "Roister Doister," who -appears to have been a second Orbilius, and by whom he was unmercifully -thrashed, receiving on one occasion, "for fault but small, or none at -all," no fewer than fifty-three stripes. - -From Eton he passed on to Cambridge, and, as already stated, was -elected to King's College in 1543,[8] but afterwards removed to -Trinity Hall, of which he appears to have retained pleasant memories. -Being obliged by a long illness to discontinue his studies, he left -the University, and joined the Court as a retainer of William, Lord -Paget,[9] by whom he was probably employed as a musician, and of whom -he speaks in terms of praise and affection. In this manner the next ten -years were passed, and during this time his parents died. At the end of -this period, either from disgust at the vices of the Court, or finding, -to use his own words, "the Court began to frown," he retired into the -country, married,[10] and settled down as a farmer at Cattiwade,[11] -a hamlet in the parish of Brantham, in Suffolk, and on the borders of -Essex, where he composed his "Hundredth Good Pointes of Husbandrie," -the first edition of which appeared in 1557. - -In consequence of his wife's ill-health, he removed to Ipswich, "a -town of price, like Paradise." Here his wife died, and he married Amy, -daughter of Edmond Moon, and settled down at West Dereham in Norfolk. -On leaving this town, on account of the litigious character of his -neighbours, he became, probably through the influence of his patron, -Sir Robert Southwell,[12] a lay-clerk or singing-man in the Cathedral -at Norwich, the Dean of which, John Salisbury, appears to have -befriended him in every way. - -From Norwich a painful illness caused him to remove to Fairsted, about -four miles from Witham, in Essex, the tithes of which parish he farmed; -becoming involved in "tithing strife," he left that village, and once -more returned to London, where we find him living in St. Giles's, -Cripplegate, in 1572.[13] The plague, however, breaking out,[14] he -returned to Cambridge, where he at last found "a resting plot" in his -favourite College, Trinity Hall, in the choir of which he appears to -have been employed, as he was matriculated as a servant of the College, -probably on May 5th, 1573.[15] - -His death, as appears from a paper read before the London and Middlesex -Archæological Society, took place in London, on the 3rd May, 1580, in -the fifty-fifth or fifty-sixth year of his age. His will,[16] which is -dated 25th April of that year, was proved by his son on the 8th August -following. - -He was buried in the Church of St. Mildred, in the Poultry, where was -formerly, according to Stow,[17] a monument to his memory, inscribed as -follows: - -"Here Thomas Tusser, clad in earth doth lie, -That sometime made the Poyntes of Husbandrie; -By him then learne thou maist, here learne we must, -When all is done we sleepe and turne to dust, -And yet through Christ to heaven we hope to go, -Who reades his bookes, shall find his faith was so." - -This inscription is perfectly in character with the man, and was -probably written by Tusser himself. - -A mural tablet to his memory has been erected in Manningtree Church in -Essex, with the following inscription: "Sacred to the memory of Thomas -Tusser, Gent., born at Rivenhall, in Essex, and occupier of Braham -Hall[18] near this town, in the reign of King Edward the Sixth, where -he wrote his celebrated poetical treatise, entitled, _Five Hundred -Points of Good Husbandry, etc._ His writings show that he possessed a -truly Christian spirit, and his excellent maxims and observations on -rural affairs evince that he was far in advance of the age in which he -lived. He died in London in 1580, at the age of 65, and was interred in -the parish church of St. Mildred in the Poultry, where the following -epitaph, said to have been written by himself, recorded his memory;" -then follows a copy of the epitaph already given. - -The statement in this inscription that he wrote the "Five Hundred -Points" at Braham Hall is incorrect; what he did write there was the -"One Hundred Points of Good Husbandrie," afterwards enlarged to "Five -Hundred Points." - -It has been a very generally received opinion that Tusser died in great -poverty. Fuller, in his "Worthies of Essex," p. 334, says, "Whether -he bought or sold, he lost, and when a renter impoverished himself, -and never enriched his landlord; he spread his bread with all sorts of -butter; yet none could stick thereon." Warton also says:[19] "Without -a tincture of careless imprudence, or vicious extravagance, this -desultory character seems to have thrived in no vocation." - -Again, in Peacham's "Minerva," a book of emblems printed in 1612, there -is a device of a whetstone and a scythe, with these lines:-- - -"They tell me, Tusser, when thou wert alive, -And hadst for profit turned every stone, -Where'er thou camest, thou could'st never thrive, -Though hereto best thou could'st counsel every one, - As it may in thy Husbandry appear; -Wherein afresh thou liv'st among us here. -So like thy self, a number more are wont, - To sharpen others with advice of wit, -When they themselves are like the whetstone blunt."[20] - -These statements, however, appear to be scarcely borne out by Tusser's -will. By it we find that, at the time of his death, his brother William -owed him £330, a large sum in those days, and, further, that he was -the owner of two small copyhold and leasehold farms. Had he been so -unfortunate in all his undertakings, and been, as Fuller terms him, "a -stone which gathers no moss," Tusser would hardly have been able to -lend his brother such a sum of money. If, however, it be true that he -lived and died poor, we may, in all probability, attribute it to his -love of hospitality, a prominent feature in his character, as well as -to a roving and unsteady disposition. - -Dr. Mavor states in the introduction to his edition of 1810, p. 11, -that "it may be inferred from his [Tusser's] own words, that his -happiness was not permanently promoted by this match [his second -marriage]. He seems to complain of the charges incident 'to a wife in -youth,' and had she transmitted her thoughts to posterity, we should -probably have heard some insinuations against an old husband." I fail, -however, to see sufficient grounds for this assertion: on the contrary, -Tusser's words on the only occasion on which he speaks of his second -wife seem to bear an opposite construction:-- - -"I chanced soon to find a Moon - of cheerful hue; -Which well a fine me thought did shine -And never change--(a thing most strange) -Yet kept in sight her course aright, - And compass true."----Chapt. 114, stanza 19. - -It is true that in several passages he speaks of the increased -expenses and responsibilities incident to a married life, but only, -as it appears to me, with the view of deterring others from entering -into that state without carefully considering beforehand the cost and -probable consequences of such a step. - -By his first wife Tusser had no children, but by the second, who -survived him, he had three sons, Thomas, John and Edmond, and one -daughter Mary. - -His will, which is exceedingly characteristic, is given in full at -the end of this introduction, from a copy in the British Museum,[21] -privately printed in 1846 by Mr. Charles Clark, of Great Totham, Essex, -from a transcript furnished to him by Mr. E. Ventris, of Cambridge, by -whom the original was discovered in the Registry at Ely.[22] At the -end of the will were printed Tusser's metrical Autobiography, and a -few notices from nearly contemporary authors. Mr. Clark also printed -in 1834 a few copies of the original edition of 1557 of the "Hundredth -good Poyntes of Husbandrie." - -Tusser was, as may be seen from his writings, a man of high religious -principles, good-natured and cheerful, of a kindly and generous -disposition, and hospitable to a fault. Although he constantly -inculcates economy, he was entirely free from the meanness and pitiful -spirit, which, according to Stillingfleet, made farmers of his time -starve their cattle, their land and everything belonging to them; -choosing rather to lose a pound than spend a shilling. "Mirth and good -cheer," seems to have been his motto, and although he may have been -imprudent in allowing his love of hospitality to be carried to such -an excess as to keep him from independence, yet we cannot help loving -the man, and admiring the justness of his sentiments on every subject -connected with life and morals. Strict as he appears to have been -in all matters connected with religion, he was far from being what -he terms "fantastically scrupulous," or, as we should now say, of a -puritanical disposition. He prefers a merry fellow to a grave designing -villain:-- - -"Play thou the good fellow! seeke none to misdeeme; -Disdaine not the honest, though merie they seeme; -For oftentimes seene, no more verie a knave, -Than he that doth counterfeit most to be grave."[23] - -How strongly, too, does he support the keeping up of the old -"feasting-daies," "Olde customes that good be let no man dispise," the -festivities of Christmas,[24] the Harvest Home, etc. His maxims on the -treatment of servants and dependents are conceived in a truly Christian -spirit, as when he says:-- - -"Once ended thy harvest, let none be beguil'd, -Please such as did help thee--man, woman, and child; -Thus doing with alway such help as they can, -Thou winnest the praise of the labouring man." - -"Good servants hope justly some friendship to feel, -And look to have favour, what time they do well." - -And again, such as these-- - -"Be lowly, not sullen, if aught go amiss, -What wresting may lose thee, that win with a kiss." - -"Remember the poor that for God's sake do call, -For God both rewardeth and blesseth withall. -Take this in good part, whatsoever thou be, -And wish me no worse than I wish unto thee." - -The versification of Tusser does not call for any lengthened remarks. -The greater portion of his work is written in the same anapæstic metre, -which, though rough, is well adapted for retention in the memory. There -are, however, two exceptions worthy of special notice: firstly, the -"Preface to the Buier" (ch. 5) and the "Comparison between Champion -Countrie and Severall" (ch. 63), which are the first examples of a -metre afterwards adopted by Prior and Shenstone, and generally believed -to have originated with the latter: secondly, the "Author's linked -verses" (ch. 113), a species of what Dr. Guest calls Inverse Rhime -in the following passage from his "History of English Rhythms":[25] -"Inverse Rhime is that which exists between the last accented syllable -of the first section, and the first accented syllable of the second. -It appears to have flourished most in the fifteenth and sixteenth -centuries. I do not remember any instance of it in Anglo-Saxon, but it -is probably of native growth.[26] A kindred dialect, the Icelandic, -had, at an early period, a species of rhime closely resembling the -present--the second verse always beginning with the last accented -syllable of the first. It is singular that the French had in the -sixteenth century a rhime like the Icelandic, called by them _la rime -entrelassée_. The present rhime differed from it, as it was contained -in one verse.... Thus:-- - -"'These steps| both _reach_|| and _teach_| thou shalt| -To come| by _thrift_|| to _shift_| withal|.'----Tusser. - -"'The pi|pers _loud_|| and _loud_|er blew|, -The dan|cers _quick_|| and _quick_|er flew|.'----Burns." - -The following are Tusser's principal peculiarities:-- - -1. The use of a plural noun with a verb singular. This very frequently -occurs. "_Some_," too, is almost invariably treated thus. - -2. His omissions and elliptical phrases, such as [while] -_plough-cattle_ [are] _a-baiting_ (85/2); _thy market_ [having been] -_despatched_, 57/45; _a small_ [income] 62/11; in the mottoes of -the months, [work] _forgotten_ [in the] _month past_; and in such -expressions as "_fault known_" 47/22, "_that done_" 55/2, "_who -living_" 26/1, etc. - -3. Peculiarities of rime. Tusser appears to have attributed far more -importance to the _outward appearance_ of his riming words, than to -the _reality_ of the rimes. So long as they _appeared_ to rime, it -seems to have mattered little that in _pronunciation_ they were widely -different. We thus find them constantly (_a_) changing the spelling of -words in order to make them _look like_ others; and again (_b_) using -as rimes words which, though similarly spelt, are totally unlike in -pronunciation. The following examples will suffice. In alterations of -orthography we find _weight_ (for wait) to rime with _eight; raies_ -(for raise); _mutch_ to rime with _hutch; thease_ to rime with _ease; -ise_ (for ice) to rime with _device; flo_ (for flow) to rime with _fro; -feere_ (for fire or fier) to rime with _Janiveere; tought_ (for taught) -to rime with _thought; cace_ (for case) to rime with _place; waight_ -(for wait) to rime with _straight; bilde_, to rime with _childe; thoes_ -(for those) to rime with _sloes_, etc. - -On the other hand, we find such rimes as the following: _plough, rough; -shew, few; have, save; have, crave; feat, great; overthwart, part; -shal, fal;_ and a very curious instance in Chapter 69, stanza 1, where -_thrive_ is made to rime with _atchive_. - - * * * * * - -If the number of editions through which an author's works pass be a -proof of merit, as it certainly is of popularity, few writers of his -time can enter into competition with Tusser. During the forty years -from the appearance of the first edition of the "One Hundreth Poyntes" -in 1557 to the end of the sixteenth century, no fewer than _thirteen_ -editions of his work are known to have been published. Yet all are -scarce, and few of those surviving are perfect; a proof that what was -intended for practical use had been sedulously applied to that purpose. -"Some books," says Mr. Haslewood, in the "British Bibliographer," No. -iii., "become heir-looms from value; and Tusser's work, for useful -information in every department of agriculture, together with its -quaint and amusing observations, perhaps passed the copies from father -to son, till they crumbled away in the bare shifting of the pages, -and the mouldering relic only lost its value by the casual mutilation -of time." Subjoined is a list of all the various recorded editions, -extracted from Mavor's introduction and other sources. - - 1557. A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie. Reprinted here from the - unique copy in the British Museum. - - 1561. Thomas Hacher had licence for a "dyalogue of wyuynge and - thryuynge of Tusshers, with ij lessons for olde and yonge." Ritson, - though improperly, considers this as a different work from the piece - which appears under the same title in later editions.[27] - - 1562. It appears probable that this edition, though its existence - is disputed by some, contained the original germ of the Book of - Huswifery, as we find, on the authority of Warton, that in the - preceding year Richard Totell had licence to print "a booke entituled - one hundreth good poyntes of housbondry lately maryed unto a hundreth - poyntes of huswiffry, newly corrected and amplyfyed."[28] - - 1564. The existence of an edition of this date rests on the authority - of Otridge's Catalogue, 1794. It is probably a misprint for 1562. - - 1570. A hundreth good pointes of husbandry, lately maried unto a - hundreth good poynts of huswifery: newly corrected and amplified, with - dyuers proper lessons for householders, as by the table at the latter - ende more plainly may appeare. Set foorth by Thomas Tusser, gentleman, - servant to the right honorable lorde Paget of Beudesert. In ædibus - Richardii Tottyli, cum privilegio, Anno 1570. - - 1573. Five hundreth pointes of good husbandry united to as many of - good huswifery, first devised and more lately augmented, with divers - approved lessons, concerning hopps and gardening and other needful - matters, together with an abstract before every moneth, containing the - whole effect of the sayd moneth, with a table and a preface in the - beginning, both necessary to be reade, for the better understanding - of the booke. Set forth by Thomas Tusser, gentleman, servant to the - honorable lorde Paget of Beudesert. Imprinted at London in Flete - Strete within Temple Barre, at the signe of the hand and starre, by - Richard Tottell. Anno 1573. Cum privilegio.[29] - - 1577. A reprint of the above, by the same person [but with some - alterations, W.P.]. - - 1580. The edition here reprinted, 4to. - - 1585. Five hundred pointes, etc. Newly set foorth by Thomas Tusser, - gentleman. At London, printed in the now dwelling house of Henrie - Denham, in Aldersgate Street, at the signe of the Starre.[30] - - 1586. By Denham, as before. 4to., pp. 164. - - 1590. By the assignees of Serres.[31] - - 1593. By Yardley. 4to. (in the Bodleian Library, M.) - - 1597. By Peter Short. 4to. - - 1599. Again by Peter Short.[32] Also by Waldegrave in Scotland. 4to. - - 1604. Printed for the Companie of Stationers. Five hundreth points of - good husbandrie: as well for the Champion or open countrie, as also - for the Woodland or Severall, mixed in every Month with Huswiferie, - over and besides the booke of Huswiferie. Corrected, better ordered - and newly augmented to a fourth part more, with divers other lessons, - as a diet for the farmer, of the properties of winds, plants, hops, - herbs, bees, and approved remedies for sheepe and cattell, with manie - other matters both profitable and not unpleasant for the Reader. Also - two tables, one of husbandrie, and the other of Huswiferie, at the - end of the booke; for the better and easier finding of any matter - contained in the same. Newlie set foorth by Thomas Tusser, gentleman, - etc. (Public Library, Cambridge, M.). - - 1610. Printed for the Company of Stationers. 4to.[33] - - 1614. id. id. 4to. - - 1620. id. id. The orthography in the title in some respects - more obsolete than in earlier impressions: thus we have _moneth_ for - _month_, and _hearbs_ for _herbs_. 4to. In British Museum. - - 1638. For the Company of Stationers. 4to.[34] - - 1672. Printed for T. R. and M. D. for the Company of Stationers. 146 - pp., exclusive of the tables, closely printed.[35] - - 1692. Bibliotheca Farmeriana, No. 7349. Haslewood. - -All the foregoing editions are in small 4to. black-letter [with roman -and italic headlines and occasional verses, W.P.]. - - 1710. Tusser Redivivus. The Calendar of the twelve months with notes, - published in as many numbers, by Daniel Hilman, a Surveyor of Epsom in - Surry. 8vo. Lond. pp. 150. - - 1744. The same with a new title-page only. Printed for M. Cooper, - in Paternoster Row; and sold by J. Duncan, in Berkley Square, near - Grosvenor Gate. The title runs thus: Five Hundred points of Husbandry: - directing what grass, corn, etc., is proper to be sown; what trees - to be planted; how land is to be improved; with whatever is fit to - be done for the benefit of the FARMER, in every month of the YEAR. - By Thomas Tusser, Esq. To which are added notes and observations, - explaining many obsolete TERMS used therein, and what is agreeable - to the present practice in several counties of this kingdom. A work - very necessary and useful for gentlemen, as well as occupiers of land, - whether wood-ground or tillage and pasture. - - 1810. A very correct reprint of the First Edition of 1557 was issued - by R. Triphook and William Sancho. - - 1812. Five Hundred Points of good Husbandry, as well for the champion - or open country, as for the woodland or several; together with a Book - of Huswifery. Being a Calendar of rural and domestic Economy, for - every month in the year; and exhibiting a Picture of the Agriculture, - Customs, and Manners of England, in the Sixteenth Century. By Thomas - Tusser, Gentleman. A New Edition, with notes, Georgical, Illustrative - and Explanatory, a Glossary, and other Improvements. By William Mavor, - LL.D.,[36] Honorary Member of the Bard of Agriculture, etc. - - "Multa renascentur, quæ jam cecidêre, cadentque, - Quæ nunc sunt in honore."---_Hor._ - - London, printed for Lackington, Allen & Co., Temple of the Muses, - Finsbury-Square, 8vo. 1812. Dedicated to the President and Members of - the Board of Agriculture, pp. 36, xl., and 338. - - 1834. Mr. Charles Clark of Great Totham, Essex, printed at his private - press a few copies of the original edition of 1557. - - 1848. A Selection was published at Oxford with the following title: - Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, by Thomas Tusser. Now newly - corrected and edited and heartily commended to all true lovers of - country life and honest thrift. By H. M. W. Oxford, 1848, 16mo. - -The work is also included in Southey's Select Works of the British -Poets, 143-199. - - - _Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers' Company._ - - - 1557. John Daye had licence to print "the Hundreth poyntes of good - '_Husserie_.'" Regist. Station. A. fo. 23_a_. - - 1559-60. June 20. T. Marshe had licence "to print the boke of - Husbandry." Ibid. fo. 486. This last title occurs in these registers - much lower. - - 1561. Richard Tottell was to print "A boke intituled one hundreth good - poyntes of husboundry lately maryed unto a hundreth good poyntes of - Huswiffry newly corrected and amplyfyed." Ibid. fo. 74_a_. - - 1565. A licence to Alde to print "An hundreth poyntes of evell - huswyfraye," probably a satire or parody on Tusser. Ibid. fo. 131. - - -[1] The name of Tusser does not appear in the parochial registers at -Rivenhall, which only extend back to 1634. According to Dr. Mavor, the -name and race have long been extinct. - -[2] History of English Poetry, 1840, vol. iii. p. 248. - -[3] Letter from J. Townsend, Esq., Windsor Herald, to Dr. Mavor, quoted -in his edition of Tusser, p. 7. - -[4] History of English Poetry, 1840, vol. iii. p. 248. - -[5] See chapter 114, stanza 5. - -[6] Dr. Rimbault, in his Cheque Book of the Chapel Royal, quotes the -following from _Liber Niger Domini Regis_ (temp. Edward VI.): "The -children of the Chappelle were 8 in number, with a Master of Songe to -teach them. And when any of the children comene to be xviij yeares of -age, and their voices change, ne cannot be preferred in this Chappelle, -the nombere being full, then, yf they will assente, the kyng assynethe -them to a College of Oxford or Cambridge of his fundatione, there to be -at fynding and studye both suffycyently, tylle the king may otherwise -advanse them."--Query, was Tusser assigned in this way to King's -College, Cambridge? - -[7] Nicholas Udall took his degree of M.A. at Oxford in 1534. - -[8] Hatcher, MSS. Catalog. Præpos. Soc. Schol. Coll. Regal. Cant. - -[9] Of this nobleman, the ancestor of the Earl of Uxbridge, a very -full account is given in Dugdale, from which it appears that he was -born at Wednesbury in Staffordshire, his father being one of the -Serjeants-at-Mace of the city of London. Under Henry VIII. he was -Ambassador to France, and Master of the Post. In 1549 he obtained -a grant of the fee of the house without Temple Bar, first called -Paget House, then Leicester House, and lastly Essex House. Two years -afterwards he was Ambassador to the Emperor Charles V., and in the -same year was called by writ to Parliament by the title of Lord Paget -of Beaudesert, _Com. Salop._, and soon after sent to treat for peace -with France. On the fall of the Duke of Somerset, he was charged -with designing the murder of several noblemen at Paget House, and in -consequence was sent to the Tower, deprived of his honours and offices, -and fined £6000, one-third of which was remitted. On the death of -Edward VI. he joined the Earl of Arundel, the chief champion of Queen -Mary, and gained her favour by his activity. Soon after her marriage -with Philip, he was sent Ambassador to the Emperor at Brussels, to -consult Cardinal Pole respecting the restoration of Popery. In this -reign he was made Lord Privy Seal. Lord Paget died very aged, in 1563, -and was buried at Drayton in Middlesex. He left issue by Anne, daughter -of ---- Prestin, Esq., _Com. Lanc._, three sons and five daughters. His -eldest son Henry succeeded him in the title; but dying in 1568, the -peerage descended to his next brother, Thomas, whom Tusser claims also -for a patron. Thomas being zealously affected to Popery, and implicated -in the plots in favour of Mary Queen of Scots, fled and was attainted -1587, and died three years after at Brussels, leaving one son, Thomas, -who succeeded him. - -[10] Of the name and family of his first wife we are entirely ignorant. - -[11] In later editions printed Ratwade, and transferred to Sussex, a -mistake into which Warton has fallen. - -[12] Tusser is generally supposed to have addressed Sir _Richard_ -Southwell as "Thou worthy wight, thou famous knight," but it is clear -that Sir _Robert_ Southwell is intended, for in 1573 Tusser alludes to -Southwell's death as having occurred some years before, but Sir Richard -Southwell did not die till 1579, while Sir Robert died twenty years -previously.--Cooper, Ath. Cant. - -[13] His second son, Edmond, was baptized at St. Giles's, Cripplegate, -13th March, 1572-3. - -[14] The plague to which Tusser evidently alludes (in stanza 31 of -Autobiography), according to Maitland, raged in London in 1573 and 1574. - -[15] Cooper, Ath. Cantab. vol. i. p. 422. - -[16] See p. xxix. - -[17] Survey of London, ed. 1618, p. 474. The church of St. Mildred was -destroyed in the Great Fire. - -[18] Braham Hall was in 1460 the residence of Sir John Braham, and -is about a mile and a half from Manningtree, and in the parish of -Brantham, where Tusser first introduced the culture of barley; - -"In _Brantham_ where rye but no barley did grow, -Good barley I had, as a many did know. -Five seam of an acre, I truly was paid, -For thirty load muck of each acre so laid." - --Chapt. 19, st. 9. - -The field where barley first grew at Brantham is still pointed out by -tradition. - -[19] Hist. of Eng. Poetry, vol. iii. p. 249. - -[20] Thus altered in "Recreations for ingenious Head Pieces; or a -pleasant Grove for their Wits to walk in, etc.," 8vo. 1644:-- - -"Tusser, they tell me, when thou wert alive -Thou, teaching thrift, thyself could'st never thrive: -So, like the whetstone, many men are wont, -To sharpen others, when themselves are blunt." - -[21] Shelf-mark, 10817, g. - -[22] Notes and Queries, 1st Ser. vol. xii. p. 193. - -[23] Chapter 30, stanza 3. - -[24] - -"What season then better of all the whole yeere -Thy needie poor neighbour to comfort and cheere?" - -[25] Vol. i. pp. 136, 7. - -[26] A very curious example is printed from Harl. MS. 913 in "Early -English Poems," ed. Furnivall, pp. 21, 2. - -[27] This was probably a broadside edition of the Dialogue found in the -Book of Husbandry. - -[28] No copy of this date is known to be extant, though it is mentioned -both in Weston's and King's Catalogues. - -[29] This is the first edition of "Five Hundred Points." - -[30] Differing very little from the preceding. It is probable that -Tusser might have left, before his death, some corrections on the ed. -of 1580, which were introduced into this. After this edition, errors -seem to have multiplied in every successive issue. - -[31] In White's Catalogue, 1788; Mr. Ashby saw a copy in possession of -Dr. Lort. - -[32] Extremely incorrect. Reprinted in "Somers' Tracts" by Sir W. -Scott, vol. iii. p. 403. - -[33] An edition little known, but certainly existing. - -[34] Payne's Catalogue, 1773; Deck's, 1792, little known. - -[35] In this edition some errors are corrected, and the orthography is -considerably modernized. - -[36] Rector of Woodstock. - - - - -THE LAST WILL OF THOMAS TUSSER. - - - In the name of God, Amen, the xxv of Aprill 1580. I, Thomas Tusser, - of Chesterton, in the Countye of Cambridge, Gentleman, being feeble - in bodye, but perfecte in memorie, thanks be to God, doe make and - ordaine this my Last Will and Testament in manner and forme following, - revokinge all other Wills heretofore made. That is to say, Ffirst - and principallye I give and betake my sowle to Allmightie God the - Father (my maker) and to his son Jesus Christ (my onelye Redeemer) by - whose merites I most firmelye beleve and trust to be saved and to be - partaker of lyef everlastinge, and to the Holye Gost (my Comforter) - Three personnes in one ever Godheade, whome I doe most humblye thanke - that he hathe mercifullye kepte me untill this tyme, and that he hathe - given me tyme and space to confesse and bewaile my sinnes, and that he - hathe forgiven me them all, thorough the merites of our Savioure Jesus - Christ, which I doe undoubtedlye beleve, because he hathe mercifullye - promised yt, to whome be praise for ever and ever, Amen. - - _Item._ I give and bequeathe unto Thomas Tusser, my eldest Sonne, to - be delivered unto to him within one yere next after my decease Fyftye - Pounds of goode and lawful monye of England, parcell of the Three - Hundrethe and Thirtie Pownds which William Tusser my Brother dothe owe - unto me uppon one recognisaunce wherein he standethe bounde unto me - for the true paiment thereof; and my will is, That suche trustye Frend - or Frends, as shall be hereafter in this my last Will and Testament - named, shall have the use of the said Fiftie Pounds for and duringe - the nonage of my said Sonne Thomas, and untill suche time as he shall - accomplishe and come to the Age of xx and One Yeres, putting in - sufficient suerties for the true paiment thereof unto the said Thomas - my Sonne, and alsoe to paye for and towards the bringinge up of my - said Sonne Thomas, yerelye, the summe of Fyve Pownds untill he shall - accomplish and come to the Age of Twentye and One Yeres; and when my - said Sonne Thomas shall accomplishe his said Age of Twentye and One - Yeres, I will that the said summe of Fyftye Pownds shalbe, within one - monethe next ensueing after the said accomplishment of Twentye and One - Yeres unto him well and trulye contented and paid at one whole and - entire paiment, &c. &c. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ I give unto John Tusser my second Sonne other Fyftie Pownds - of lawfull monye of England due unto me by the foresaid recognisance, - and to be bestowed and employed to his use duringe his minoritie, and - likewise to be paid unto him in suche and as lardge manner and forme - to all constructions and purposes as is before declared of the other - Fyftie Pownds before devised unto my Sonne Thomas Tusser; and also - Fyve Pownds to be paid yerely during his minoritie in manner and forme - before rehersed. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ I give and bequeathe unto Edmond Tusser, my Sonne, and to - Marye Tusser, my daughter, and unto either of them the Summe of Fyftye - Pownds, due to me by force of the foresaid recognisaunce, and to be - bestowed and employed to the seuerall uses and benefitts of them and - either of them duringe their minorities, and likewise to be paid to - either of them in suche and as lardge manner and forme in everie - respect, to all constructions and purposes, as is before declared of - the Fyftye Pownds devised before to my Sonne Thomas Tusser; and also - Fyve Pownds a peece yerelye duringe their minorities, in manner and - forme before rehersed. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ I give and bequeathe unto Amy Tusser, my Wyef, the summe of - Foure score Pownds of lawful monye of England dewe to me by force of - the said recognisaunce, and to be paid unto her within one whole yere - next ensewinge after my decease. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ My will and intent is, That yf my brother William Tusser doe - accordinge unto the intent and true meaninge of this my last Will and - Testament well and truelye pay the foresaid severall summes of monye - before given and bequeathed, unto Amye, my Wyef, to Thomas my Sonne, - and to the rest of my children before named, and alsoe doe from tyme - to tyme and at all times hereafter save and kepe harmles my Heires, - Executors, and Administrators, and everie of them, of and from all - trobles, chardges, and excumbrances, which maye at anye time hereafter - come, rise, or growe for or by reason of any manner of Bonds wherein - I stande bounde for or with him as suertie, That then I give and - bequeathe unto him the summe of Fyftie Pownds being the residue of the - said Summe due unto me by the force of the said recognisance before - rehersed; and yf he doe not well and trulye performe the same, then I - give the said Fiftie Pownds unto my Executors of this my last Will and - Testament. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ I will that yf anye of my children dye before they come to - and accomplishe theire foresaid severall Ages of xxi Yeres that then - I will that his or theire parts or portions shalbe destributed and - equallye divided to and amongst the rest of my other children then - survyveinge. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ I give and bequeathe unto the afore-named Thomas Tusser, my - Sonne, and his Heires, all those seven Acres and a Roode of Copy - holde, which I nowe have lyinge in the Parish or Feilds of Chesterton; - to have and to holde the same, after the deathe of Amye, my Wyef, to - him his Heires and Assignes for ever. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ I give also to the said Thomas Tusser, my Sonne, all suche - Estate and Tearme of Yeares as I have yet to come in a certain Close - called Lawyer's Close, lyinge and beinge in the Parish of Chesterton, - which said Close I have demised unto one William Mosse for the tearme - of one whole Yere begininge at the Feast of St. Gregorye last past, - yeldinge and payeinge for the same xxxvs. Rente, which said Rente - I doe also gyve to my said Sonne Thomas towards his bringinge up in - learninge. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ I give also to the said Thomas my Bookes of Musicke and - Virginalls. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ The residue of all my Bonds, Goods and Chattells, moveable - and immovable in Chesterton aforesaid or ellswhere, beinge in this - my last Will and Testament unbequeathed, I give to Amye, my Wyef, - dischardging all my debts and Funerall Expenses, not amountinge unto - above the summe of Twentye Marckes. And of this my last Will and - Testament I constitute my said Sonne Thomas Tusser my full and whole - Executor; and yf he happen to dye before he accomplishe his full Age - of Twentye and One Yeres, then I doe constitute and make John Tusser, - my second Sonne, my Executor. And yf yt fortune the said John to dye - before he accomplish the Age of xxi Yeares, I constitute and make - Edmond Tusser, my Sonne, my whole Executor; and yf yt happen the said - Edmond do dye before he dothe accomplish and come to the Age of xxi - Yeres, I do then make and constitute Amye Tusser, my Wyef, my full and - whole Executor of this my last Will and Testament. THOMAS TUSSER. - - _Item._ I doe constitute ordaine and make one Edmond Moon, Gentleman, - Father to the said Amye, my Wyef, and Grandfather to my forenamed - Children, my said trustie Frend before mentioned in this my said last - Will and Testament, Guardian and Tutor unto my forenamed Children and - Supervisor and Overseer of this my last Will and Testament, unto whome - I doe next under God comitte bothe my Wyef and my forenamed Children - trustinge assuredlye that he will take a fatherlye care over them as - fleshe of his fleshe and bone of his bones. THOMAS TUSSER. - - Those whose names be hereunder written beinge Witnesses to this - present last Will and Testament. - - JOHN PLOMMER Of Barnard's Inne, in the Countye of Middlesex, Gentleman. - - RICHARD CLUE. - - THOMAS JEVE. - - JAMES BLOWER. - - WILIAM HYGEART. - - _Mem._ That William Hygeart dwellethe in Southwerke, with Mr. Towlye, - Copper Smith; Richard Clue in St. Nicholas Lane, free of the Merchant - Taylers; Thomas Jeve, Ironmonger; James Blower, Servant, free of - Clotheworkers. - - Sealed and delivered in the presence of the parties above named. - - JOHN BOOTES. - - FRANCIS SHACKELTON, the Parson of St. Myldred's in the Poultrie, - - JOHN PLOMMER. - - Proved in the Prerogative Court of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the - 8th day of August 1580, by his Son, Thomas Tusser. - - - - -Fiue hundred pointes of good Husbandrie, as well for the Champion, or -open countrie, as also for the woodland, or Seuerall, mixed in euerie -Month with Huswiferie, ouer and besides the booke of Huswiferie, -corrected, better ordered, and newly augmented to a fourth part more, -with diuers other lessons, as a diet for the fermer, of the properties -of winds, planets, hops, herbes, bees, and approoued remedies for -sheepe & cattle, with many other matters both profitable, and not -vnpleasant for the Reader. Also a table of husbandrie at the beginning -of this booke: and another of huswiferie at the end: for the better and -easier finding of any matter conteined in the same. - -Newly set foorth by Thomas Tusser Gentleman, servant to the honorable -Lorde Paget of Beaudesert. - -Imprinted at London, by Henrie Denham, dwelling in Paternoster Row, at -the signe of the Starre. - -1580. - - - - -_A Lesson. - -A lesson how to confer euery abstract with his month, & how to finde -out huswiferie verses by the Pilcrowe, and Champion from Woodland._ - - -In euerie month, er[1] in aught be begun,[E1] -Reade ouer that month, what auailes to be dun. -So neither this trauell[2] shall seeme to be lost: -Nor thou to repent of this trifeling cost. - -The figure of abstract and month doo agree, -Which one to another relations bee.[E2] -These verses so short, without figure that stand,[3] -Be points of themselues, to be taken in hand. - -¶[4] -In husbandrie matters, where Pilcrowe[E3] ye finde, -That verse appertaineth to huswiferie kinde. -So haue ye mo lessons, (if there ye looke well), -Than huswiferie booke doth vtter or tell. - -Of Champion husbandrie now doo I write, -Which heretofore neuer this booke did recite. -With lessons approoued, by practise and skill: -To profit the ignorant, buie it that will. - -The Champion differs from Seuerall much, -For want of partition, closier and such. -One name to them both doo I giue now & than, -For Champion countrie, and Champion man. - -[1] yer. 1585. - -[2] travail. 1577. - -[3] The lessons that after those figures so stand. 1577. - -[4] The edition of 1577 contains only the first two verses. - - - - -_The Table of Husbandrie. - -A Table of the pointes of husbandrie mentioned in this booke._ - - -* * * Roman words in [ ] are wanting in 1577 edition; _italics_ in [ ] -are additions in the edition of 1577, in which _y_ is substituted for -_ie_, and accented é is unused. - - -The Epistle to the Lord William Paget deceased, and the occasion first -of this booke. - -The Epistle to the Lord Thomas Paget, second sonne, and now heire to -the Lord William Paget his father. - -[_The Epistel_] To the Reader. - -[An Introduction to the booke of husbandrie.] - -[A Preface to the buier of this booke. _The preface._] - -The commoditie[s] of husbandrie. - -The praise of husbandrie [_by a redele_]. - -The description of [husband &] husbandrie. - -The ladder [_of xxxiiij steps_] to thrift. - -Good husbandlie lessons worthie to be followed of such as will thriue. - -An habitation inforced, [_aduisedly_] better late than neuer; [_made_] -upon these wordes, Sit downe Robin and rest thée. - -[The farmers dailie diet. - -A description of the properties of winds all ye times of the yere. - -Of the Planets.] - -Septembers abstract. - -[Other short remembrances for September.] - -Septembers husbandrie [_with the nedeful furnyture of ye barne stable, - plough, cart, yard, & field, togither with the manner of gathering - hops, drying & keping them_]. - -[A digression to husbandlie furniture. - -The residue of Septembers husbandrie, agréeing with his former -abstract.] - -Octobers abstract. - -[Other short remembrances for October.] - -Octobers husbandrie. - -[A digression to the vsage of diuers countries concerning tillage. - -The residue of Octobers husbandrie, agréeing with his former abstract.] - -Nouembers abstract. - -[Other short remembrances for Nouember.] - -Nouembers husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract]. - -Decembers abstract. - -[Other short remembrances for December.] - -Decembers husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract]. - -A digression [_directing_] to hospitalitie. - -A description of time, and the yere. - -A description of life & riches. - -A description of houskéeping. - -A description of [the feast of the birth of Christ, commonlie called] -Christmas. - -A description of apt time to spend. - -Against fantastical scruplenes. - -Christmas husbandlie fare. - -A Christmas caroll [of the birth of Christ, vpon the tune of king -Salomon]. - -Ianuaries abstract [_and at the end thereof diuers sorts of trees and -frutes to bee then set or remoued, following the order of ye alphabet -or crosserowe_].[E4] - -[Other short remembrances for Ianuarie. - -Of trées or fruites to be set or remooued.] - -Ianuaries husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract]. - -Februaries abstract. - -[Other short remembrances for Februarie.] - -Februaries husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract]. - -Marches abstract [_and at the ende therof, the names of the seedes, -herbes, flowers & rootes than to be sowen or set, unles the time -be otherwise noted by expresse wordes, as wel for kitchin herbes, -strowing herbes & flowers, as herbes to stil & for phisick, set after -the order of the alphabet or crosserowe_]. - -[Other short remembrances for March. - -Seedes and hearbes for the kitchen. - -Herbes and rootes for sallets and sauce. - -Herbs or rootes to boile or to butter. - -Strowing herbs of all sorts. - -Herbes, branches and flowers for windowes and pots. - -Herbs to still in Summer. - -Necessarie herbes to growe in the garden for Physicke not rehersed -before.] - -Marches husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract _with the maner -of setting of hops_]. - -Aprils abstract. - -Aprils husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract _with a lesson -for dairy maide Cisseley and of x toppings gests in hir whitmeat, -better lost then found_.] - -[A digression to dairie matters. - -A lesson for dairie maid Cisley of ten toppings gests.] - -Maies abstract. - -[Two other short remembrances for Maie.] - -Maies husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract]. - -Junes abstract. - -[A lesson of hopyard.] - -Junes husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract, _with a lesson to -chuse a meete plot for hopps and howe then to be doing with the same_.] - -[A lesson where and when to plant good hopyard.] - -Julies abstract. - -Julies husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract _and hay -harvest_]. - -Augusts abstract. - -[Workes after haruest.] - -Augusts husbandrie [agréeing with his former abstract _& corne -haruest_]. - -[Corne haruest equally diuided into ten partes.] - -[_The conclusion of the whole booke set out in_ 12 _verses euery word -beginning with a T ye first letter of the Authors name_.] - -[A briefe conclusion in verse, euerie word beginning with a T.] - -Mans age [_divided into xij prentiships_, from seuen yeares to -fourescore and foure]. - -[_A briefe description of thenclinations of mans age by the similitude -of the Ape, Lion, Foxe, & the Asse_.] - -[Another diuision of the nature of mans age.] - -A comparison betwéene good husband[rie] and [bad _euill_]. - -A comparison betwéene [_woodland &_ Champion] countrie and Seuerall. - -[The description of an enuious and naughtie neighbour.] - -[_A Sonet howe to set a candle afore the Deuill_.] - -A Sonet against a slaunderous tongue. - -A Sonet [_to his Lord & Master of his first vij yeres seruice_ vpon -the Authors first seuen yeres seruice]. - -[The Authors _A_] dialogue betweene two Bachelers [_batchillers_], -of wiuing & thriuing, by affirmation & negation [_& the maryed mans -iudgment thereof_]. - -[The wedded mans iudgement taking vp the matter of wiuing and thriuing. - -How ewes should be vsed that are néere lambing. - -How lambes should be vsed when they are yoong. - -What times are most méete for rearing of calues. - -How to cure the wrigling of ye taile in a shéepe or a lambe. - -Of gelding horsecolts. - -A waie how to haue large bréede of hogs. - -A medicine for faint cattle. - -Howe to fasten loose téeth in a bullocke. - -How to preuent the breeding of the bots in horses. - -A medicine for the cowlaske.[E5] - -Of burieng dead cattle. - -A waie how to preserue bées. - -What is to be done with measeled hogs. - -What times are most méete for letting of horses blood.] - -The Table of Huswiferie you shall finde at the ende of the booke. - - -FINIS. - - -* * * Tusser's references to pages are omitted. - - - - -1. - -¶ _The Author's Epistle to the late Lord William Paget, wherein he doth -discourse of his owne bringing vp, and of the goodnes of the said -Lord his master vnto him, and the occasion of this his booke, thus -set forth of his owne long practise. - -Chap._ 1. - - -_1[E6] -T Time trieth the troth,[E7] in euerie thing, -H Herewith let men content their minde,[1] -O Of works, which best may profit bring, -M Most rash to iudge, most often blinde. -A As therefore troth in time shall craue, -S So let this booke iust fauor haue. - -2 -T Take you my Lord and Master than, -U Vnlesse mischance mischanceth me,[E8] -S Such homelie gift, of me your man, -S Since more in Court I may not be, -A And let your praise, wonne heretofore, -R Remaine abrode for euermore.[E9] - -3 -M My seruing you, (thus vnderstand,) -A And God his helpe, and yours withall,[E10] -D Did cause good lucke to take mine hand, -E Erecting one most like to fall. - -M My seruing you, I know it was, -E Enforced this to come to pas. - -4 -Since being once at Cambridge taught, -Of Court ten yeeres I made assaie, -No Musicke then was left vnsaught, -Such care I had to serue that waie. -When ioie gan slake, then made I change, -Expulsed[2] mirth, for Musicke strange. - -5 -My Musicke since hath bene the plough, -Entangled with some care among, -The gaine not great, the paine ynough, -Hath made me sing another song. -Which song, if well I may auow, -I craue it iudged be by yow._ - -Your seruant Thomas Tusser. - -[1] How euery man doth please his mind. 1577. - -[2] Expelled. 1585. - - - - -2. - -¶ _To the Right Honorable and my speciall good Lord and Master, the -Lord Thomas Paget of Beaudesert, sone and heire to his late[1] -father deceased. - -Chap._ 2. - - -1 -My Lord, your father looued me, -and you my Lord haue prooued me, -and both your loues haue mooued me, - to write as here is donne: -Since God hath hence your father, -such flowers as I gather, -I dedicate now rather, - to you my Lord his sonne. - -2 -Your father was my founder, -till death became his wounder, -no subiect euer sounder, - whome Prince aduancement gaue: -As God did here defend him, -and honour here did send him, -so will I here commend him, - as long as life I haue. - -3 -His neighbours then did blisse him, -his seruants now doe misse him, -the poore would gladlie kisse him, - aliue againe to be: -But God hath wrought his pleasure, -and blest him, out of measure, -with heauen and earthlie treasure, - so good a God is he. - -[Sidenote: _Ceres_ the Goddesse of husbandrie.] - -4 -His counsell had I vsed, -and _Ceres_ art refused, -I neede not thus haue mused, - nor droope as now I do: -But I must plaie the farmer, -and yet no whit the warmer, -although I had his armer, - and other comfort to. - -[Sidenote: Æsops fable.] - -5 -The Foxe doth make me minde him, -whose glorie so did blinde him, -till taile cut off behinde him, - no fare could him content: -Euen so must I be proouing, -such glorie I had in loouing, -of things to plough behoouing, - that makes me now repent. - -[Sidenote: Salust.] - -6 -Loiterers I kept so meanie, -both Philip, Hob, and Cheanie, -that, that waie nothing geanie, - was thought to make me thriue: -Like _Iugurth_, Prince of _Numid_,[E11] -my gold awaie consumid, -with losses so perfumid,[E12] - was neuer none aliue. - -7 -Great fines so neere did pare me, -great rent so much did skare me, -great charge so long did dare me, - that made me at length crie creake:[E13] -Much more[2] of all such fleeces,[E14] -as oft I lost by peeces, -among such wilie geeces - I list no longer speake. - -8 -Though countrie health long staid me, -yet lesse[3] expiring fraid me, -and (_ictus sapit_[E15]) praid me - to seeke more steadie staie: -New lessons then I noted, -and some of them I coted,[4] -least some should think I doted, - by bringing naught awaie. - -[Sidenote: _Pallas_, Goddesse of wisdome and cunning.] - -9 -Though _Pallas_ hath denide me, -hir learned pen to guide me, -for that she dailie spide me, - with countrie how I stood: -Yet _Ceres_ so did bold me, -with hir good lessons told me, -that rudenes cannot hold me, - from dooing countrie good. - -10 -By practise and ill speeding, -these lessons had their breeding, -and not by hearesaie, or reeding, - as some abrode haue blowne: -Who will not thus beleeue me, -so much the more they greeue me, -because they grudge to geeue me, - that is of right mine owne. - -11 -At first for want of teaching, -at first for trifles breaching, -at first for ouer reaching,[5] - and lacke of taking hid,[6] -was cause that toile so tost me, -that practise so much cost me, -that rashnes so much lost me, - or hindred as it did. - -12 -Yet will I not despaier -thorough Gods good gift so faier -through friendship, gold, and praier, - in countrie againe to dwell: -Where rent so shall not paine me, -but paines shall helpe to gaine me, -and gaines shall helpe maintaine me, - New lessons mo to tell. - -13 -For citie seemes a wringer, -the penie for to finger, -from such as there doe linger, - or for their pleasure lie: -Though countrie be more painfull, -and not so greedie gainfull, -yet is it not so vainfull, - in following fansies eie. - -14 -I haue no labour wanted -to prune this tree thus planted, -whose fruite to none is scanted, - in house or yet in feeld: -Which fruite, the more ye taste of, -the more to eate, ye haste of, -the lesse this fruite ye waste of,[7] - such fruite this tree doth yeeld. - -15 -My[8] tree or booke thus framed, -with title alreadie named, -I trust goes forth vnblamed, - in your good Lordships name: -As my good Lord I take you, -and neuer will forsake you, -so now I craue to make you - defender of the same. - - -_Your seruant Thomas Tusser_. - -[1] In the edition of 1575 the word Thomas, and the words following -Beaudesert, do not occur, and the whole Epistle precedes that to Lord -William Paget. - -[2] mort. 1620. - -[3] lease. 1585 and 1620. - -[4] quoted. 1585 and 1620. - -[5] reacing. 1599. - -[6] hede. 1577. - -[7] - -Which fruite to say (who hast of) -though nere so much they taste of -yet can they make no waste of. 1577. - -[8] this. 1573. 1577. - - - - -3. - -¶ _To the Reader. - -Chap._ 3. - - -1 -I have been praid -to shew mine aid, -in taking paine, -not for the gaine, -but for good will, -to shew such skill - as shew I could: -That husbandrie -with huswiferie -as cock and hen, -to countrie men, -all strangenes gone, -might ioine in one, - as louers should. - -2 -I trust both this -performed is, -and how that here -it shall appere, -with iudgement right, -to thy delight, - is brought to passe: -That such as wiue, -and faine would thriue, -be plainly taught -how good from naught -may trim be tride, -and liuely spide, - as in a glasse. - -3 -What should I win, -by writing in -my losses past, -that ran as fast -as running streame, -from reame to reame - that flowes so swift? -For that I could -not get for gould, -to teach me how, -as this doth yow, -through daily gaine, -the waie so plaine - to come by thrift. - -4 -What is a grote -or twaine to note, -once in the life -for man or wife, -to saue a pound, -in house or ground, - ech other weeke?[E16] -What more for health, -what more for wealth, -what needeth lesse, -run Iack, helpe Besse, -to staie amis, -not hauing this, - far off to seeke? - -5 -I do not craue -mo thankes to haue, -than giuen to me -alreadie be, -but this is all -to such as shall - peruse this booke: -That for my sake, -they gently take, -where ere they finde -against their minde, -when he or she -shall minded be - therein to looke. - -6 -And grant me now, -thou reader thow, -of termes to vse, -such choise to chuse, -as may delight -the countrie wight, - and knowledge bring: -For such doe praise -the countrie phraise, -the countrie acts, -the countrie facts, -the countrie toies, -before the ioies - of anie thing. - -7 -Nor looke thou here -that euerie shere[E17] -of euerie verse -I thus reherse -may profit take -or vantage make - by lessons such: -For here we see -things seuerall bee, -and there no dike, -but champion like, -and sandie soile, -and claiey toile, - doe suffer[1] much. - -8 -This[2] being waid, -be not afraid -to buie to proue, -to reade with loue, -to followe some, -and so to come - by practise true: -My paine is past, -thou warning hast, -th' experience mine, -the vantage thine, -may giue thee choice -to crie or reioice: - and thus adue. - -_Finis T. Tusser._ - -[1] differ. 1573; suffer. 1577. - -[2] Thus. 1577. - - - - -4. - -¶ _An Introduction to the Booke of Husbandrie.[1] - -Chap._ 4. - - -1 -Good husbandmen must moile & toile, - to laie to liue by laboured feeld: -Their wiues at home must keepe such coile,[E18] - as their like actes may profit yeeld. - For well they knowe, - as shaft from bowe, - or chalke from snowe, -A good round rent their Lords they giue, - and must keepe touch in all their paie: -With credit crackt else for to liue, - or trust to legs and run awaie. - -[Sidenote: _Ceres_, Goddesse of husbandry.] - -2 -Though fence well kept is one good point, - and tilth well done, in season due; -Yet needing salue in time to annoint, - is all in all and needfull true: - As for the rest, - thus thinke I best, - as friend doth gest, -With hand in hand to leade thee foorth - to _Ceres_ campe, there to behold -A thousand things as richlie woorth, - as any pearle is woorthie gold. - -[1] This Introduction is not in the editions of 1573 or 1577. - - - - -5. - -¶ _A Preface to the buier of this booke. - -Chap._ 5. - - -1 -What lookest thou herein to haue? -Fine verses thy fansie to please? -Of many my betters that craue, -Looke nothing but rudenes in thease.[E19] - -2 -What other thing lookest thou then? -Graue sentences many to finde? -Such, Poets haue twentie and ten, -Yea thousands contenting the minde. - -3 -What looke ye, I praie you shew what? -Termes painted with Rhetorike fine? -Good husbandrie seeketh not that, -Nor ist any meaning of mine. - -4 -What lookest thou, speake at the last? -Good lessons for thee and thy wife? -Then keepe them in memorie fast, -To helpe as a comfort to life. - -5 -What looke ye for more in my booke? -Points needfull and meete to be knowne? -Then dailie be suer to looke, -To saue to be suer thine owne. - -* * * Mason remarks that this metre was peculiar to Shenstone.[E20] - - - - -6. - -_The commodities of Husbandrie. - -Chap._ 6. - - -1 - _Let house haue to fill her, - Let land haue to till her._ -No dwellers, what profiteth house for to stand? -What goodnes, vnoccupied, bringeth the land? - -2 - _No labor no bread, - No host we be dead._ -No husbandry vsed, how soone shall we sterue? -House keeping neglected, what comfort to serue? - -3 - _Ill father no gift, - No knowledge no thrift._ -The father an vnthrift, what hope to the sonne? -The ruler vnskilfull, how quickly vndonne? - - - - -7. - -_Chap._ 7. - - - _As true as thy faith - This riddle thus saith._ - -[Sidenote: The praise of husbandrie.] - -I seeme but a drudge, yet I passe any King -To such as can vse me, great wealth I do bring. -Since Adam first liued, I neuer did die, -When Noe was shipman, there also was I. -The earth to susteine me, the sea for my fish:[E21] -Be readie to pleasure me, as I would wish.[1] -What hath any life, but I helpe to preserue, -What wight without me, but is ready to sterue. -In woodland, in Champion, Citie, or towne -If long I be absent, what falleth not downe? -If long I be present, what goodnes can want? -Though things at my comming were neuer so scant. -So many as looue me, and vse me aright, -With treasure and pleasure, I richly acquite. -Great kings I doe succour, else wrong it would go, -The King of al kings hath appointed it so. - -[1] -The earth is my storehouse, the sea my fishpond, -What good is in either, by me it is found. 1577. - - - - -8. - -¶ _The description of Husbandrie. - -Chap._ 8. - - -1 -Of husband, doth husbandrie challenge that name, - of husbandrie, husband doth likewise the same -Where huswife and huswiferie, ioineth with thease, - there wealth in abundance is gotten with ease. - -2 -The name of a husband, what is it to saie? - of wife and the houshold the band and the staie: -Some husbandlie thriueth that neuer had wife, - yet scarce a good husband in goodnes of life. - -3 -The husband is he that to labour doth fall, - the labour of him I doe husbandrie call: -If thrift by that labour be any way caught, - then is it good husbandrie, else it is naught. - -4 -So houshold and housholdrie I doe define, - for folke and the goodes that in house be of thine -House keeping to them, as a refuge is set, - which like as it is, so report it doth get. - -5 -Be house or the furniture neuer so rude, - of husband and husbandrie, (thus I conclude:) -That huswife and huswiferie, if it be good, - must pleasure togither as cosins in blood. - - - - -9. - -¶ _The Ladder to thrift. - -Chap._ 9. - - -1 -To take thy calling thankfully,[E22] -and shun[1] the path to beggery. - -2 -To grudge in youth no drudgery, -to come by knowledge perfectly. - -3 -To count no trauell slauerie, -that brings in penie sauerlie. - -4 -To folow profit earnestlie -but meddle not with pilferie. - -5 -To get by honest practisie, -and kéepe thy gettings couertlie. - -6 -To lash not out too lashinglie, -for feare of pinching penurie. - -7 -To get good plot to occupie, -and store and vse it husbandlie. - -8 -To shew to landlord curtesie, -and kéepe thy couenants orderlie. - -9 -To hold that thine is lawfullie, -for stoutnes or for flatterie. - -10 -To wed good wife for companie, -and liue in wedlock honestlie. - -11 -To furnish house with housholdry, -and make prouision skilfully. - -12 -To ioine to wife good familie,[E23] -and none to kéepe for brauerie. - -13 -To suffer none liue idlelie, -for feare of idle knauerie. - -14 -To courage wife in huswiferie, -and vse well dooers gentilie. - -15 -To keepe no more but néedfullie, -and count excesse vnsauerie. - -16 -To raise betimes the lubberlie, -both snorting Hob and Margerie.[2] - -17 -To walke thy pastures vsuallie, -to spie ill neighbours subtiltie. - -18 -To hate reuengement hastilie, -for loosing loue and amitie. - -19 -To loue thy neighbor neighborly, -and shew him no discurtesy. - -20 -To answere stranger ciuilie, -but shew him not thy secresie. - -21 -To vse no friend deceitfully, -to offer no man villeny. - -22 -To learne how foe to pacifie, -but trust him not too trustilie. - -23 -To kéepe thy touch substanciallie, -and in thy word vse constancie. - -24 -To make thy bandes aduisedly, -& com not bound through suerty. - -25 -To meddle not with vsurie, -nor lend thy monie foolishlie. - -26 -To hate to liue in infamie, -through craft, and liuing shiftingly.[3] - -27 -To shun all kinde of treachery, -for treason endeth horribly. - -28 -To learne to eschew ill cōpany, -and such as liue dishonestly. - -29 -To banish house of blasphemie, -least crosses crosse vnluckelie.[E24] - -30 -To stop mischance, through policy, -for chancing too vnhappily. - -31 -To beare thy crosses patiently, -for worldly things are slippery. - -32 -To laie to kéepe from miserie, -age comming on so créepinglie. - -33 -To praie to God continuallie, -for aide against thine enimie. - -34 -To spend thy Sabboth holilie, -and helpe the needie pouertie.[4] - -35 -To liue in conscience quietly, -and kéepe thy selfe from malady. - -36 -To ease thy sicknes spéedilie, -er helpe be past recouerie. - -37 -To séeke to God for remedie, -for witches prooue vnluckilie. - -[38] -These be the steps vnfainedlie: -to climbe to thrift by husbandrie. - -[39] -_These steps both reach, and teach thee shall: -To come by thrift, to shift withall._ - - -* * * Stanzas 25, 27, 28, 32, 37 are not in the edition of 1577. After -31 the edition of 1577 has:-- - -29 -To train thy child vp vertuously -that vertue vice may qualifie. - -30 -To bridle wild otes fantasie,[E25] -to spend thee naught vnthriftely. - -[1] shonne. 1577. - -[2] To rise betimes up readely. 1577. - -[3] naughtily. 1573, 1557. - -[4] poore in misery. 1577. - - - - -10. - -¶ _Good husbandlie lessons worthie to be followed of such as will -thriue. - -Chap._ 10. - - -1 -God sendeth and giueth both mouth and the meat, - and blesseth vs al with his benefits great: -Then serue we that God that so richly doth giue, - shew loue to our neighbors, and lay for to liue. - -2[1] -As bud by appearing betokneth the spring, - and leafe by her falling the contrarie thing: -So youth bids vs labour, to get as we can, - for age is a burden to laboring man. - -3 -A competent liuing, and honestly had, - makes such as are godlie both thankfull and glad: -Life neuer contented, with honest estate, - lamented is oft, and repented too late. - -4 -Count neuer wel gotten that naughtly is got, - nor well to account of which honest is not:[E26] -Looke long not to prosper, that wayest not this, - least prospering faileth, and all go amisse. - -[Sidenote: Laie wisely to marrie.] - -5 -True wedlock is best, for auoiding of sinne, - the bed vndefiled much honour doth winne: -Though loue be in choosing farre better than gold, - let loue come with somewhat, the better to hold.[E27] - -[Sidenote: Concord bringeth foyson.] - -6 -Where cooples agree not is ranker and strife, - where such be together is seldome good life: -Where cooples in wedlock doe louelie agree, - there foyson remaineth, if wisedome there bee. - -[Sidenote: Wife and children craue a dwelling.] - -7 -Who looketh to marrie must laie to keepe house, - for loue may not alway be plaieing with douse: -If children encrease, and no staie of thine owne, - what afterwards followes is soone to be knowne. - -[Sidenote: Thee for thriue.] - -[Sidenote: Hostisses grudge: nurses craue.] - -8 -Once charged with children, or likelie to bee, - giue ouer to sudgerne, that thinkest to thee:[E28] -Least grutching of hostis, and crauing of nurse, - be costlie and noisome to thee and thy purse. - -[Sidenote: Live within thy Tedder.] - -9 -Good husbands that loueth good houses to keepe - are oftentimes careful when other doe sleepe: -To spend as they may, or to stop at the furst, - for running in danger, or feare of the wurst. - -[Sidenote: By haruest is ment al thy stock.] - -10 -Go count with thy cofers,[2] when haruest is in, - which waie for thy profite, to saue or to win: -Of tone of them both, if a sauer wee smel,[E29] - house keeping is godlie where euer we dwel. - -[Sidenote: Be thine own purs bearer.] - -11 -Sonne, think not thy monie purse bottom to burn, - but keepe it for profite, to serue thine owne turn: -A foole and his monie be soone at debate, - which after with sorrow repents him too late.[E30] - -12 -Good bargaine a dooing, make priuie but few, - in selling, refraine not abrode it to shew: -In making make haste, and awaie to thy pouch, - in selling no haste, if ye dare it auouch.[E31] - -[Sidenote: Euill landlord.] - -13 -Good Landlord who findeth, is blessed of God, - A cumbersome Landlord is husbandmans rod: -He noieth, destroieth, and al to this drift, - to strip his poore tenant of ferme and of thrift. - -[Sidenote: Rent corne.] - -14[3] -Rent corn[E32] who so paieth, (as worldlings wold haue, - so much for an aker) must liue as a slaue: -Rent corne to be paid, for a reasnable rent, - at reasnable prises is not to lament. - -[Sidenote: Foure beggers.] - -15 -Once placed for profit, looke neuer for ease, - except ye beware of such michers[E33] as thease: -Unthriftines, Slouthfulnes, Careles and Rash, - that thrusteth thee headlong to run in the lash. - -[Sidenote: Thrifts officers.] - -16 -Make monie thy drudge, for to follow thy warke, - Make wisedome controler, good order thy clarke: -Prouision Cater, and skil to be cooke, - make steward of all, pen, inke, and thy booke. - -[Sidenote: Thrifts phisicke.] - -17 -Make hunger thy sauce,[E34] as a medcine for helth, - make thirst to be butler, as physick for welth: -Make eie to be vsher, good vsage to haue, - make bolt to be porter, to keepe out a knaue. - -[Sidenote: Thrifts bailie.] - -18 -Make husbandrie bailie, abrode to prouide, - make huswiferie dailie at home for to guide: -Make cofer fast locked, thy treasure to keepe, - make house to be sure, the safer to sleepe. - -[Sidenote: Husbandly armors.] - -19 -Make bandog[E35] thy scoutwatch, to barke at a theefe, - make courage for life to be capitaine cheefe: -Make trapdore thy bulwarke, make bell to be gin,[4] - make gunstone and arrow shew who is within. - -[Sidenote: Théeves to thrift.] - -20 -The credite of maister, to brothell his man, - and also of mistresse, to minnekin Nan, -Be causers of opening a number of gaps, - That letteth in mischiefe and many mishaps.[E36] - -[Sidenote: Friends to thrift.] - -21 -Good husband he trudgeth, to bring in the gaines, - good huswife she drudgeth, refusing no paines: -Though husband at home be to count[5] ye wote what,[E37] - yet huswife within is as needfull as that. - -[Sidenote: Enimie to thrift.] - -22 -What helpeth in store to haue neuer so much, - halfe lost by ill vsage, ill huswiues, and such: -So, twentie lode bushes, cut downe at a clap, - such heede may be taken, shall stop but a gap.[E38] - -[Sidenote: Sixe noiances to thrift.] - -23 -A retcheles[6] seruant, a mistres that scowles, - a rauening mastife, and hogs that eate fowles: -A giddie braine maister, and stroyal his knaue, - brings ruling to ruine, and thrift to hir graue. - -[Sidenote: Inough is a praise.] - -24 -With some vpon Sundaies, their tables doe reeke, - and halfe the weeke after, their dinners to seeke:[E39] -Not often exceeding, but alwaie inough, - is husbandlie fare, and the guise of the plough. - -25 -Ech daie to be feasted, what husbandrie wurse, - ech daie for to feast, is as ill for the purse: -Yet measurely feasting with neighbors among, - shal make thee beloued, and liue the more long. - -[Sidenote: Thrifts aduises.] - -26 -Things husbandly handsom let workman contriue, - but build not for glorie, that thinkest to thriue: -Who fondlie in dooing consumeth his stock, - in the end for his follie doth get but a mock. - -[Sidenote: Spoilers to thrift.] - -27 -Spend none but your owne, howsoeuer ye spend, - for bribing[7] and shifting, haue seldom good end: -In substance although ye haue neuer so much, - delight not in parasites, harlots, and such.[8] - -28 -Be suretie seldome, (but neuer for much) - for feare of purse penniles hanging by such: -Or Skarborow warning,[E40] as ill I beleeue, - when (sir I arest yee[E41]) gets hold of thy sleeue. - -29 -Use (_legem pone_[E42]) to paie at thy daie, - but vse not (_Oremus_[E43]) for often delaie: -Yet (_Præsta quæsumus_[E44]) out of a grate, - Of al other collects,[E45] the lender doth hate. - -30[9] -Be pinched by lending, for kiffe nor for kin, - nor also by spending, by such as come in; -Nor put to thy hand betwixt bark and the tree, - least through thy owne follie so pinched thou bee.[E46] - -31 -As lending to neighbour, in time of his neede, - winnes love of thy neighbour, and credit doth breede, -So neuer to craue, but to liue of thine owne, - brings comforts a thousand, to many vnknowne. - -32 -Who liuing but lends? and be lent to they must; - else buieng and selling might lie in the dust; -But shameles and craftie, that desperate are, - make many ful honest the woorser to fare.[E47] - -33 -At some time to borow, account it no shame, - if iustlie thou keepest thy touch for the same: -Who quick be to borow, and slow be to paie, - their credit is naught, go they neuer so gaie. - -34[10] -By shifting and borrowing, who so as liues, - not well to be thought on, occasion giues: -Then lay to liue warily, and wisely to spend, - for prodigall liuers haue seldom good end. - -35[11] -Some spareth too late, and a number with him, - the foole at the bottom, the wise at the brim:[E48] -Who careth nor spareth, till spent he hath all, - Of bobbing, not robbing, be fearefull he shall. - -36 -Where welthines floweth, no friendship can lack, - whom pouertie pincheth, hath friendship as slack: -Then happie is he by example that can - take heede by the fall of a mischieued man.[E49] - -37 -Who breaketh his credit, or cracketh it twise, - trust such with a suretie, if ye be wise: -Or if he be angrie, for asking thy due, - once euen, to him afterward, lend not anue. - -38 -Account it wel sold that is iustlie well paid, - and count it wel bought that is neuer denaid: -But yet here is tone, here is tother doth best, - for buier and seller, for quiet and rest. - -39 -Leaue Princes affaires undeskanted on, - and tend to such dooings as stands thee vpon:[E50] -Feare God, and offend not the Prince nor his lawes, - and keepe thyselfe out of the Magistrates clawes.[12] - -40 -As interest or vsurie plaieth the dreuil, - so hilback and filbellie biteth as euil: -Put dicing among them, and docking the dell: - and by and by after, of beggerie smell.[13] - -[Sidenote: Thrifts Auditor.] - -41 -Once weekelie remember thy charges to cast, - once monthlie see how thy expences may last: -If quarter declareth too much to be spent, - for feare of ill yeere take aduise of thy rent. - -42 -Who orderlie entreth his paiment in booke, - may orderlie find them againe (if he looke.) -And he that intendeth but once for to paie: - shall find this in dooing the quietest waie. - -43 -In dealing vprightlie this counsel I teach, - first recken, then write, er[14] to purse yee doe reach, -Then paie and dispatch him, as soone as ye can: - for lingring is hinderance to many a man. - -44 -Haue waights, I aduise thee, for siluer & gold, - for some be in knauerie now a daies bold: -And for to be sure good monie to pay: - receiue that is currant, as neere as ye may. - -45 -Delight not for pleasure two houses to keepe, - least charge without measure vpon thee doe creepe. -And Jankin and Jenikin[E51] coosen thee so - to make thee repent it, er yeere about go. - -46 -The stone that is rouling can gather[15] no mosse,[E52] - who often remooueth is sure of losse. -The rich it compelleth to paie for his pride; - the poore it vndooeth on euerie side. - -47 -The eie of the maister enricheth the hutch, - the eie of the mistresse auaileth as mutch. -Which eie, if it gouerne, with reason and skil, - hath seruant and seruice, at pleasure and wil. - -48 -Who seeketh reuengement of euerie wrong, - in quiet nor safetie continueth long. -So he that of wilfulnes trieth the law, - shall striue for a coxcome, and thriue as a daw.[E53] - -49 -To hunters and haukers, take heede what ye saie, - milde answere with curtesie driues them awaie: -So, where a mans better wil open a gap, - resist not with rudenes, for feare of mishap.[E54] - -50 -A man in this world for a churle that is knowne, - shall hardlie in quiet keepe that is his owne: -Where lowlie and such as of curtesie smels, - finds fauor and friendship where euer he dwels. - -51 -Keepe truelie thy Saboth, the better to speed, - Keepe seruant from gadding, but when it is need. -Keepe fishdaie and fasting daie, as they doe fal:[E55] - what custome thou keepest, let others keepe al. - -52[16] -Though some in their tithing be slack or too bold, - be thou vnto Godward not that waie too cold: -Euill conscience grudgeth, and yet we doe see - ill tithers ill thriuers most commonlie bee. - -53 -Paie weekelie thy workman, his houshold to feed, - paie quarterlie seruants, to buie as they need: -Giue garment to such as deserue and no mo, - least thou and thy wife without garment doe go. - -54 -Beware raskabilia, slothfull to wurke, - purloiners and filchers, that loueth to lurke. -Away with such lubbers, so loth to take paine, - that roules in expences, but neuer no gaine. - -55 -Good wife, and good children, are worthie to eate, - good seruant, good laborer, earneth their meate: -Good friend, and good neighbor, that fellowlie gest, - with hartilie welcome, should haue of the best. - -56 -Depart not with al that thou hast to thy childe, - much lesse vnto other, for being beguilde: -Least, if thou wouldst gladlie possesse it agen, - looke for to come by it thou wottest not when. - -57 -The greatest preferment that childe we can giue, - is learning and nurture, to traine him to liue: -Which who so it wanteth, though left as a squier, - consumeth to nothing, as block in the fier. - -58 -When God hath so blest thee, as able to liue, - and thou hast to rest thee, and able to giue, -Lament thy offences, serue God for amends, - make soule to be readie when God for it sends. - -59 -Send fruites of thy faith to heauen aforehand, - for mercie here dooing, God blesseth thy land: -He maketh thy store with his blessing to swim, - and after, thy soule to be blessed with him. - -60 -Some lay to get riches by sea and by land, - and ventreth his life in his enimies hand: -And setteth his soule vpon sixe or on seauen,[E56] - not fearing nor caring for hell nor for heauen. - -61 -Some pincheth, and spareth, and pineth his life, - to cofer vp bags for to leaue to his wife: -And she (when he dieth) sets open the chest, - for such as can sooth hir and all away wrest. - -62 -Good husband, preuenting the frailnes of some, - takes part of Gods benefits, as they doo come, -And leaueth to wife and his children the rest, - each one his owne part, as he thinketh it best. - -63 -These lessons approoued, if wiselie ye note, - may saue and auantage ye many a grote. -Which if ye can follow, occasion found, - then euerie lesson may saue ye a pound. - -[1] Stanzas 2, 3, and 4 are wanting in 1573 and 1577. - -[2] coefers. 1577. - -[3] St. 14 is not in ed. of 1577. - -[4] be ginne. 1577. - -[5] compt. 1577. - -[6] reachelesse. 1577. - -[7] bringing. 1577. - -[8] In lieu of last two lines, the edition of 1577 reads: - -Tithe duely and truely with harty good will, - that god and his blessing may dwell with thee still. - -[9] Stanzas 30 and 31 are wanting in 1573 and 1577. - -[10] Stanza 34 is not in 1577. - -[11] Stanzas 35 and 36 are not in 1577. - -[12] In lieu of last two lines, the edition of 1577 reads-- - -In substance, although ye have never so much, -delight not in parasites, harlots, and such. - -[13] and smell of a begger where ever ye dwell. 1577. - -[14] or. 1577. - -[15] gether. 1577. - -[16] St. 52 is not in 1577; sts. 56, 58, 59 not in 1573 (M.); 56, 58, -59, 60, 61, 62 not in 1577. - - - - -11. - -¶ _An habitation inforced better late than neuer, vpon these words Sit -downe Robin and rest thee.[E57] - -Chap._ 11. - - -_My friend, if cause doth wrest thee, -Ere follie hath much opprest thee: -Farre from acquaintance kest thee, -Where countrie may digest thee, -Let wood and water request thee, -In good corne soile to nest thee, -Where pasture and meade may brest thee, -And healthsom aire inuest thee. -Though enuie shall detest thee, -Let that no whit molest thee, -Thanke God, that so hath blest thee, -And sit downe Robin & rest thee._ - -* * * The title in the edition of 1577 reads: -An habitation enforced aduisedly to be followed better late than -never, &c. - - - - -12. - -[Not in 1577.] - -¶ _The fermers dailie diet. - -Chap._ 12. - - -1 -A plot set downe, for fermers quiet, - as time requires, to frame his diet: -With sometime fish, and sometime fast, - that houshold store may longer last.[E58] - -[Sidenote: Lent.] - -2 -Let Lent well kept offend not thee, - for March and Aprill breeders bee: -Spend herring first, saue saltfish last, - for saltfish is good, when Lent is past. - -[Sidenote: Easter.] - -3 -When Easter comes, who knowes not than, - that Veale and Bakon is the man:[E59] -And Martilmas beefe[1][E60] doth beare good tack, - when countrie folke doe dainties lack. - -[Sidenote: Midsommer.] - -[Sidenote: Mihelmas.] - -4 -When Mackrell ceaseth from the seas, - John Baptist brings grassebeefe and pease. -Fresh herring plentie, Mihell brings, - with fatted Crones,[2] and such old things.[E61] - -[Sidenote: Hallomas.] - -[Sidenote: Christmas.] - -5 -All Saints doe laie for porke and souse, - for sprats and spurlings for their house.[E62] -At Christmas play and make good cheere, - for Christmas comes but once a yeere. - -[Sidenote: A caueat.] - -[Sidenote: Fasting.] - -6 -Though some then doe, as doe they would, - let thriftie doe, as doe they should. -For causes good, so many waies, - keepe Embrings[E63] wel, and fasting daies: - -[Sidenote: Fish daies.] - -[Sidenote: A thing needful.] - -7 -What lawe commands, we ought to obay, - for Friday, Saturne, and Wednesday.[E64] -The land doth will, the sea doth wish, - spare sometime flesh, and feede of fish. - -[Sidenote: The last remedie.] - -Where fish is scant, and fruit of trees, -Supplie that want with butter and cheese. - - T. Tusser. - -[1] "Dry'd in the Chimney as Bacon, and is so called because it was -usual to kill the Beef for this Provision about the Feast of St. -Martin, Nov. 11th."--T.R.(= Tusser Redivivus, here and elsewhere) - -[2] "A Crone is a Ewe, whose teeth are so worne down that she can no -longer keep her sheep-walk."--T.R. - - - - -13. - -[Not in 1577.] - -_A description of the properties of windes all the times of the yeere. - -Chap._ 13. - - -[Sidenote: In winter.] - -1 -North winds send haile, South winds bring raine, -East winds we bewail, West winds blow amaine: -North east is too cold, South east not too warme, -North west is too bold, South west doth no harme. - -[Sidenote: At the spring.] - -[Sidenote: Sommer.] - -2 -The north is a noyer to grasse of all suites, -The east a destroyer to herbe and all fruites: -The south with his showers refresheth the corne, -The west to all flowers may not be forborne. - -[Sidenote: Autumne.] - -3 -The West, as a father, all goodnes doth bring, -The East, a forbearer, no manner of thing: -The South, as vnkind, draweth sicknesse too neere, -The North, as a friend, maketh all againe cleere. - -[Sidenote: God is the gouerner of winde and weather.] - -4 -With temperate winde we be blessed of God, -With tempest we finde we are beat with his rod: -All power we knowe to remaine in his hand, -How euer winde blowe, by sea or by land. - -5 -Though windes doe rage, as windes were wood, -And cause spring tydes to raise great flood, -And loftie ships leaue anker in mud,[E65] -Bereafing many of life and of blud; -Yet true it is, as cow chawes cud, -And trees at spring doe yeeld forth bud, -Except winde stands as neuer it stood, -It is an ill winde turnes none to good.[E66] - - - - -14. - -[Not in 1577.] - -¶ _Of the Planets. - -Chap._ 14. - - -1 -As huswiues are teached, in stead of a clock, - how winter nights passeth, by crowing of cock; -So here by the Planets, as far as I dare, - some lessons I leaue for the husbandmans share. - -[Sidenote: Of the rising and going down of the sun.] - -2 -If day star appeareth, day comfort is ny, - If sunne be at south, it is noone by and by: -If sunne be at westward, it setteth anon, - If sunne be at setting, the day is soone gon. - -[Sidenote: Of the Moone changing.] - -3 -Moone changed, keepes closet three daies as a Queene, - er she in hir prime will of any be seene: -If great she appereth, it showreth out, - If small she appereth, it signifieth drout.[E67] -At change or at full, come it late or else soone, - maine sea is at highest, at midnight and noone: -But yet in the creekes it is later high flood, - through farnesse of running, by reason as good. - -[Sidenote: Of flowing and ebbing to such as be verie sick.] - -4 -Tyde flowing is feared, for many a thing, - great danger to such as be sick it doth bring: -Sea eb by long ebbing some respit doth giue, - and sendeth good comfort to such as shal liue.[E68] - - - - -15. - -¶ _Septembers Abstract. - -Chap._ 15. - - -1[1] -Now enter John, -old fermer is gon. - -2 -What champion vseth, -that woodland refuseth. - -3 -Good ferme now take, -kéepe still, or forsake. - -4 -What helpes to reuiue -the thriuing to thriue. - -5 -Plough, fence, & store -aught else before. - -6 -By tits and such -few gaineth much. - -7 -Horse strong and light -soone charges quite.[2] -Light head and purse, -what lightnes wurse. - -8 -Who goeth[3] a borrowing, -goeth a sorrowing.[E69] -Few lends (but fooles) -their working tooles.[4] - -9 -Gréene rie haue some, -er Mihelmas come. - -10 -Grant soile hir lust, -sowe rie in the dust. - -11 -Cleane rie that sowes, -the better crop mowes. - -12 -Mix rie aright, -with wheat that is whight. - -13 -Sée corne sowen in, -too thick nor too thin. -For want of séede, -land yéeldeth wéede. - -14 -With sling or bowe, -kéepe corne from Crowe. - -15 -Trench hedge and forrow, -that water may thorow. -Déepe dike saues much, -from drouers and such. - -16 -Amend marsh wall, -Crab holes and all. - -17 -Geld bulles and rams, -sewe ponds, amend dams. -Sell webster thy wull, -fruite gather, grapes pull. -For fear of drabs, -go gather thy crabs. - -18 -Plucke fruite to last, -when Mihell[5] is past. - -19 -Forget it not, -fruit brused will rot. -Light ladder and long -doth trée least wrong. -Go gather with skill, -and gather that will. - -20 -Driue hiue, good conie, -for waxe and for honie. -No driuing of hiue, -till yéeres past[6] fiue. - -21 -Good dwelling giue bée, -or hence goes[7] shée. - -22 -Put bore in stie, -for Hallontide nie. - -23 -With bore (good Cisse) -let naught be amisse. - -24 -Karle hempe, left gréene, -now pluck vp cléene. -Drowne hemp as ye néed, -once had out his séed. -I pray thee (good Kit) -drowne hempe in pit. - -25 -Of al the rest, -white hempe is best. -Let skilfull be gotten -least hempe prooue rotten. - -26 -Set strawberies, wife, -I loue them for life. - -27 -Plant Respe and rose, -and such as those. - -28 -Goe gather vp mast, -er[8] time be past. -Mast fats vp swine, -Mast kils vp kine. - -29 -Let hogs be roong, -both old and yoong. - -30 -No mast vpon oke, -no longer[9] vnyoke. -If hog doe crie, -giue eare and eie. - -31 -Hogs haunting corne -may not be borne. - -32 -Good neighbour thow -good custome alow, -No scaring with dog, -whilst mast is for hog. - -33 -Get home with the brake, -to brue with and bake, -To couer the shed -drie ouer the hed, -To lie vnder cow, -to rot vnder mow,[10] -To serue to burne, -for many a turne. - -34 -To sawpit drawe -boord log, to sawe. -Let timber be haile, -least profit doe quaile. -Such boord and pale -is readie sale. - -35 -Sawne slab let lie, -for stable and stie, -sawe dust spred thick, -makes alley trick. - -36 -Kéepe safe thy fence, -scare breakhedge thence. -A drab and a knaue -will prowle to haue. - -37 -Marke winde and moone, -at midnight and noone. -Some rigs thy plow, -some milks thy cow. - -38 -Red cur or black, -few prowlers lack. - -39 -Some steale, some pilch, -some all away filch, -Mark losses with gréefe, -through prowling théefe. - -Thus endeth Septembers abstract, agréeing with Septembers -husbandrie.[11] - - -¶ Other short remembrances.[12] - -[40] -Now friend, as ye wish, -goe seuer thy fish: -When friend shall come, -to be sure of some. - -[41] -Thy ponds renew, -put éeles in stew, -To léeue[13] till Lent, -and then to be spent. - -[42] -Set priuie or prim, -set boxe like him. -Set Giloflowers[14] all, -that growes on the wall. - -[43] -Set herbes some more, -for winter store. -Sowe séedes for pot, -for flowers sowe not. - -Here ends Septembers short remembrances.[15] - -[1] Stanzas 1 and 2 not in 1577. - -[2] quight. 1577. - -[3] goes. 1577. - -[4] After st. 8, in 1577, follow sts. 36, 37, of August's Abstract. -Many stanzas of Sept. Abst., 1577, occur as Aug. Works after harvest in -1580. - -[5] Migchel. 1577. - -[6] nere. 1577. - -[7] goeth. 1577. - -[8] nere. 1577. - -[9] lenger. 1577. - -[10] - -To lie under mow, -to rot under kow. 1577. - -[11] This and similar notes under other months do not occur in 1577. - -[12] This and similar notes under other months do not occur in 1577. - -[13] liue. 1577. - -[14] Gelliflowers. 1577. - -[15] This and similar notes under other months do not occur in 1577. - - - - -16. - -¶ _Septembers husbandrie. - -Chap._ 15. - - -September blowe soft, -Till fruite be in loft. - -Forgotten, month past, -Doe now at the last.[1] - -1[2] -At Mihelmas lightly new fermer comes in, - new husbandrie forceth him new to begin: -Old fermer, still taking the time to him giuen, - makes August to last vntill Mihelmas euen.[E70] - -2 -New fermer may enter (as champions say) - on all that is fallow, at Lent ladie day: -In woodland, old fermer to that will not yeeld, - for loosing of pasture, and feede of his feeld.[E71] - -[Sidenote: Ferme take or giue over.] - -3 -Prouide against Mihelmas,[3] bargaine to make, - for ferme to giue ouer, to keepe or to take: -In dooing of either, let wit beare a stroke, - for buieng or selling of pig in a poke.[E72] - -[Sidenote: Twelue good properties.] - -4 -Good ferme and well stored, good housing and drie, - good corne and good dairie, good market and nie: -Good shepheard, good tilman, good Jack and good Gil, - makes husband and huswife their cofers[4] to fil. - -[Sidenote: Haue euer a good fence.] - -5 -Let pasture be stored, and fenced about, - and tillage set forward, as needeth without: -Before ye doe open your purse to begin, - with anything dooing for fancie within. - -[Sidenote: Best cattle most profit.] - -6 -No storing of pasture with baggedglie tit, - with ragged,[5] with aged, and euil athit:[6] -Let carren and barren be shifted awaie, - for best is the best, whatsoeuer ye paie. - -[Sidenote: Strong and light.] - -7 -Horse, Oxen, plough, tumbrel, cart, waggon, & waine, - the lighter and stronger, the greater thy gaine. -The soile and the seede, with the sheafe and the purse, - the lighter in substance, for profite the wurse. - -[Sidenote: Hate borowing.] - -8 -To borow to daie and to-morrow to mis, - for lender and borower, noiance it is: -Then haue of thine owne, without lending vnspilt, - what followeth needfull, here learne if thou wilt.[7] - -* * * The stanzas of No. 16 are continued after the following -Digression. - - - - -17. - -A digression to husbandlie furniture. - - -[Sidenote: Barne furniture.] - -1 -Barne locked, gofe ladder, short pitchforke and long, - flaile, strawforke and rake, with a fan that is strong: -Wing, cartnaue and bushel, peck, strike readie hand, - get casting sholue,[E73] broome, and a sack with a band. - -[Sidenote: Stable furniture.] - -2 -A stable wel planked, with key and a lock, - walles stronglie wel lyned,[8] to beare off a knock: -A rack and a manger, good litter and haie, - swéete chaffe and some prouender euerie daie. - -3 -A pitchfork, a doongfork, seeue, skep[E74] and a bin, - a broome and a paile to put water therein: -A handbarow, wheelebarow, sholue and a spade, - a currie combe, mainecombe, and whip for a Jade. - -4 -A buttrice[9] and pincers, a hammer and naile, - an aperne[E75] and siszers for head and for taile: -Hole bridle and saddle, whit lether[E76] and nall, - with collers and harneis, for thiller and all. - -5 -A panel and wantey, packsaddle and ped,[E77] - A line to fetch litter, and halters for hed. -With crotchis and pinnes, to hang trinkets theron, - and stable fast chained, that nothing be gon. - -[Sidenote: Cart furniture.] - -6 -Strong exeltred cart, that is clouted[10] and shod,[11][E78] - cart ladder and wimble, with percer and pod: -Wheele ladder for haruest, light pitchfork and tough, - shaue, whiplash[12] wel knotted, and cartrope ynough. - -[Sidenote: A Coeme is halfe a quarter.] - -7 -Ten sacks, whereof euerie one holdeth a coome,[E79] - a pulling hooke[E80] handsome, for bushes and broome: -Light tumbrel and doong crone, for easing sir wag, - sholue, pickax, and mattock, with bottle and bag. - -[Sidenote: Husbandry tooles.] - -8 -A grinstone, a whetstone, a hatchet and bil, - with hamer and english naile, sorted with skil: -A frower of iron, for cleaning of lath, - with roule for a sawpit, good husbandrie hath. - -9 -A short saw and long saw, to cut a too logs, - an ax and a nads,[E81] to make troffe for thy hogs: -A Douercourt beetle,[E82] and wedges with steele, - strong leuer to raise vp the block fro the wheele. - -[Sidenote: Plough furniture.] - -10 -Two ploughs and a plough chein, ij culters, iij shares, - with ground cloutes & side clouts for soile that so tares: -With ox bowes and oxyokes, and other things mo, - for oxteeme and horseteeme, in plough for to go.[E83] - -11 -A plough beetle, ploughstaff,[E84] to further the plough, - great clod to a sunder that breaketh so rough; -A sled for a plough, and another for blocks, - for chimney in winter, to burne vp their docks. - -12 -Sedge collers[13] for ploughhorse, for lightnes of neck, - good seede and good sower, and also seede peck: -Strong oxen and horses, wel shod and wel clad, - wel meated and vsed, for making thee sad. - -13 -A barlie rake toothed, with yron and steele, - like paier of harrowes, and roler doth weele: -A sling for a moether,[E85] a bowe for a boy. - a whip for a carter, is hoigh de la roy.[E86] - -14 -A brush sithe and grasse sithe, with rifle to stand, - a cradle[E87] for barlie, with rubstone and sand: -Sharpe sikle and weeding hooke, haie fork and rake, - a meake for the pease, and to swinge vp the brake. - -[Sidenote: Haruest tooles.] - -15[14] -Short rakes for to gather vp barlie to binde, - and greater to rake vp such leauings behinde: -A rake for to hale vp the fitchis that lie, - a pike for to pike them vp handsom to drie. - -16[15] -A skuttle or skreine, to rid soile fro the corne, - and sharing sheares readie for sheepe to be shorne: -A fork and a hooke, to be tampring in claie,[16] - a lath hammer, trowel, a hod, or a traie. - -17 -Strong yoke for a hog, with a twicher and rings, - with tar in a tarpot,[E88] for dangerous things:[17] -A sheepe marke, a tar kettle, little or mitch, - two pottles of tar to a pottle of pitch. - -18 -Long ladder to hang al along by the wal, - to reach for a neede to the top of thy hal: -Beame, scales, with the weights, that be sealed and true,[E89] - sharp moulspare with barbs, that the mowles do so rue. - -19[18] -Sharpe cutting spade, for the deuiding of mow, - with skuppat and skauel, that marsh men alow: -A sickle to cut with, a didall and crome - for draining of ditches, that noies thee at home. - -20[19] -A clauestock and rabetstock, carpenters craue, - and seasoned timber, for pinwood to haue: -A Jack for to saw vpon fewell for fier, - for sparing of firewood, and sticks fro the mier. - -21 -Soles, fetters, and shackles, with horselock and pad, - a cow house for winter, so meete to be had: -A stie for a bore, and a hogscote for hog, - a roost for thy hennes, and a couch for thy dog. - -Here endeth husbandlie furniture. - -* * * In the edition of 1577 stanzas 31-46 of Augusts Husbandrie -(_post_) are found here. - - - - -[16 _contd._] - - -[Sidenote: Sowing of rie.] - -9 -Thresh seed and to fanning, September doth crie, - get plough to the field, and be sowing of rie: -To harrow the rydgis, er euer ye strike,[E90] - is one peece[20] of husbandrie Suffolk doth like. - -10 -Sowe timely thy whitewheat, sowe rie in the dust, - let seede haue his longing, let soile haue hir lust: -Let rie be partaker of Mihelmas spring, - to beare out the hardnes that winter doth bring. - -[Sidenote: Myslen.] - -11[21] -Some mixeth to miller the rie with the wheat, - Temmes lofe on his table to haue for to eate: -But sowe it not mixed, to growe so on land, - least rie tarie wheat, till it shed as it stand. - -12 -If soile doe desire to haue rie with the wheat, - by growing togither, for safetie more great, -Let white wheat be ton, be it deere, be it cheape, - the sooner to ripe, for the sickle to reape. - -[Sidenote: Sowing.] - -13 -Though beanes be in sowing but scattered in, - yet wheat, rie, and peason, I loue not too thin: -Sowe barlie and dredge,[E91] with a plentifull hand, - least weede, steed of seede, ouer groweth thy land. - -[Sidenote: Kéeping of crowes.] - -14[22] -No sooner a sowing, but out by and by, - with mother[23] or boy that Alarum can cry: -And let them be armed with sling or with bowe, - to skare away piggen, the rooke and the crowe.[E92] - -[Sidenote: Water furrough.] - -15 -Seed sowen, draw a forrough, the water to draine, - and dike vp such ends as in harmes[24] doe remaine: -For driuing of cattell or rouing that waie, - which being preuented, ye hinder their praie. - -[Sidenote: Amend marsh walles.] - -16 -Saint Mihel[25] doth bid thee amend the marsh wal,[E93] - the brecke and the crab hole, the foreland and al: -One noble in season bestowed theron, - may saue thee a hundred er winter be gon. - -[Sidenote: Gelding of rams.] - -17 -Now geld with the gelder the ram and the bul, - sew ponds, amend dammes, and sel webster thy wul: -Out fruit go and gather, but not in the deaw, - with crab and the wal nut, for feare of a shreaw. - -[Sidenote: Gathering of fruit.] - -18 -The Moone in the wane, gather fruit for to last, - but winter fruit gather when Mihel is past: -Though michers that loue not to buy nor to craue, - makes some gather sooner, else few for to haue. - -[Sidenote: Too early gathering is not best.] - -19 -Fruit gathred too timely wil taste of the wood, - wil shrink[26] and be bitter, and seldome prooue good: -So fruit that is shaken, or beat off a tree, - with brusing in falling, soone faultie wil bee. - -[Sidenote: Driuing of hiues.] - -20 -Now burne vp the bees that ye mind for to driue, - at Midsomer driue them and saue them aliue: -Place hiue in good ayer, set southly and warme, - and take in due season wax, honie, and swarme. - -[Sidenote: Preseruing of bées.] - -21 -Set hiue on a plank, (not too low by the ground) - where herbe with the flowers may compas it round: -And boordes to defend it from north and north east, - from showers and rubbish, from vermin and beast. - -[Sidenote: Stie up the bore.] - -22 -At Mihelmas safely go stie vp thy Bore, - least straying abrode, ye doo see him no more: -The sooner the better for Halontide nie, - and better he brawneth if hard he doo lie.[E94] - -23 -Shift bore (for il aire) as best ye do thinke, - and twise a day giue him fresh vittle and drinke: -And diligent Cislye, my dayrie good wench, - make cleanly his cabben, for measling[E95] and stench. - -[Sidenote: Gathering of winter hempe.] - -24 -Now pluck vp thy hempe, and go beat out the seed, - and afterward water it as ye see need: -But not in the riuer where cattle should drinke, - for poisoning them and the people with stinke.[E96] - -[Sidenote: Whitest hempe best sold.] - -25 -Hempe huswifely vsed lookes cleerely and bright, - and selleth it selfe by the colour so whight: -Some vseth to water it, some do it not,[27] - be skilful in dooing, for feare it do rot. - -[Sidenote: Setting of strawberies & roses, &c.] - -26 -Wife, into thy garden, and set me a plot, - with strawbery rootes, of the best to be got: -Such growing abroade, among thornes in the wood, - wel chosen and picked prooue excellent good. - -[Sidenote: Gooseberies & Respis.] - -27 -The Barbery, Respis, and Goosebery too, - looke now to be planted as other things doo: -The Goosebery, Respis, and Roses, al three, - with Strawberies vnder them trimly agree. - -[Sidenote: Gathering of mast.] - -28 -To gather some mast, it shal stand thee vpon, - with seruant and children, er mast be al gon: -Some left among bushes shal pleasure thy swine, - for feare of a mischiefe keepe acorns fro kine.[E97] - -[Sidenote: Rooting of hogs.] - -29 -For rooting of pasture ring hog ye had neede, - which being wel ringled the better do feede: -Though yong with their elders wil lightly keepe best, - yet spare not to ringle both great and the rest. - -[Sidenote: Yoking of swine.] - -30 -Yoke seldom thy swine while the shacktime[28] doth last, - for diuers misfortunes that happen too fast: -Or if ye do fancie whole eare of the hog, - giue eie to il neighbour and eare to his dog. - -[Sidenote: Hunting of hogs.] - -31 -Keepe hog I aduise thee from medow and corne, - for out aloude crying that ere he was borne: -Such lawles, so haunting, both often and long, - if dog set him chaunting he doth thee no wrong.[E98] - -[Sidenote: Ringling of hogs.] - -32 -Where loue among neighbors do beare any stroke, - whiles shacktime indureth men vse not to yoke: -Yet surely ringling is needeful and good, - til frost do enuite them to brakes in the wood. - -[Sidenote: Carriage of brakes.] - -33[29] -Get home with thy brakes, er an sommer be gon, - for teddered cattle to sit there vpon: -To couer thy houel, to brewe and to bake, - to lie in the bottome, where houel ye make. - -[Sidenote: Sawe out thy timber.] - -34 -Now sawe out thy timber, for boord and for pale, - to haue it vnshaken,[E99] and ready to sale: -Bestowe it and stick it,[30] and lay it aright, - to find it in March, to be ready in plight. - -[Sidenote: Slabs of timber.] - -35 -Saue slab[31] of thy timber for stable and stie, - for horse and for hog the more clenly to lie: -Saue sawe dust, and brick dust, and ashes so fine, - for alley to walke in, with neighbour of thine. - -[Sidenote: Hedge breakers.] - -36 -Keepe safely and warely thine vttermost fence, - with ope gap and breake hedge do seldome dispence: -Such runabout prowlers, by night and by day, - see punished iustly for prowling away. - -[Sidenote: Learne to knowe Hew prowler.] - -37 -At noone if it bloweth, at night if it shine, - out trudgeth Hew make shift, with hooke & with line:[E100] -Whiles Gillet, his blouse, is a milking thy cow, - Sir Hew is a rigging thy gate or the plow. - -[Sidenote: Black or red dogs.] - -38 -Such walke with a black or a red little cur, - that open wil quickly, if anything stur; -Then squatteth the master, or trudgeth away, - and after dog runneth as fast as he may. - -39 -Some prowleth for fewel, and some away rig - fat goose, and the capon, duck, hen, and the pig: -Some prowleth for acornes, to fat vp their swine, - for corne and for apples, and al that is thine. - -Thus endeth Septembers husbandrie.[32] - -* * * Many stanzas do not occur or are not in the same order in 1577. - -[1] In 1577 these and similar couplets at the beginning of each month's -_Husbandrie_, precede the month's _Abstract_ instead. - -[2] Sts. 1 and 2 not in 1577. - -[3] Mighelmas. 1577. - -[4] coefers. 1577. - -[5] rakged. 1577. - -[6] at hyt. 1577. - -[7] Or borow with sorow as long as thou wilt. 1577. - -[8] liened. 1577. - -[9] To pare horse's hoofs with.-T.R. - -[10] "Clouting is arming the Axle-Tree with Iron plates."--T.R. - -[11] "Arming the Fellowes with Iron Strakes, or a Tire as some call -it."--T.R. Strakes are segments of a tire. - -[12] "Of a tough piece of Whitleather."--T.R. - -[13] "Lightest and coolest, but indeed not so comly as those of -Wadmus."--T.R. - -[14] St. 15 not in 1577, but as follows:-- - -Rakes also for barley, long toothed in bed, - and greater like toothed for barley so shed. - -and first couplet of st. 16. - -[15] St. 16 not thus in 1577; see note above, and next note. - -[16] In 1577 the second couplet of st. 16 makes a stanza with the -following: - -Strong fetters and shakles, with horslock and pad; - Strong soles, and such other thinges, meete to be had. - -[17] - -Hog yokes, and a twicher, and ringes for a hog, - with tar in a pot, for the byeting of dog. 1577. - -[18] St. 19 not in 1577. - -[19] St. 20 not in 1577. - -[20] This point of good husbandry, etc. 1577. - -[21] St. 11 not in 1577. - -[22] Sts. 14 and 15 not in 1577, but nine stanzas which do not occur -here. - -[23] Cf. _ante_, ch. 17, st. 13 and note E85. - -[24] Cf. _post_, ch. 19, st. 6. - -[25] Mighel, here and in st. 18. 1577. - -[26] "If Fruit stand too long it will be mealy, which is worse than -shrively, for now most Gentlemen chuse the shriveled Apple."--T.R. - -[27] "Ther is a Water-retting and a Dew-retting, which last is done on -a good Rawing, or aftermath of a Meadow Water."--T.R. - -[28] "After Harvest."--T.R. - -[29] This is placed before st. 9 in 1577. - -[30] "Laying the Boards handsomely one upon another with sticks -between."--T.R. - -[31] The outermost piece. - -[32] Cf. note 12, p. 33. - - - - -18. - -¶ _Octobers abstract. - -Chap._ 16. - - -1 -Lay drie vp and round, -for barlie thy ground. - -2 -Too late doth kill, -too soone is as ill. - -3 -Maides little and great, -pick cleane séede wheat. -Good ground doth craue -choice séede to haue. -Flaies[E101] lustily thwack, -least plough séede lack. - -4[1] -Séede first go fetch, -for edish or etch, -Soile perfectly knowe, -er edish ye sowe. - -5 -White wheat, if ye please, -sowe now vpon pease. -Sowe first the best, -and then the rest. - -6[2] -Who soweth in raine, -hath wéed to his paine. -But worse shall he spéed, -that soweth ill séed. - -7 -Now, better than later, -draw furrow for water. -Kéepe crowes, good sonne, -sée fencing[3] be donne. - -8[4] -Each soile no vaine -for euerie graine. -Though soile be but bad, -some corne may be had. - -9 -Naught proue, naught craue, -naught venter, naught haue. - -10 -One crop and away, -some countrie may say. - -11 -All grauell and sand, -is not the best land. -A rottenly mould -is land woorth gould. - -12 -Why wheat is smitten -good lesson is written. - -13 -The iudgement of some -how thistles doe come. - -14 -A iudgement right, -of land in plight. -Land, all forlorne, -not good for corne. - -15 -Land barren doth beare -small strawe, short eare. - -16 -Here maist thou réede -for soile what séede. - -17 -Tis tride ery hower, -best graine most flower. - -18 -Grosse corne much bran -the baker doth ban. - -19[5] -What croppers bée -here learne to sée. - -20 -Few after crop much, -but noddies and such. - -21 -Som woodland may crake, -thrée crops he may take. - -22 -First barlie, then pease, -then wheat, if ye please. - -23 -Two crops and away, -must champion say. - -24[6] -Where barlie did growe, -Laie[7] wheat to sowe. -Yet better I thinke, -sowe pease after drinke. -And then, if ye please, -sowe wheat after pease. - -25 -What champion knowes -that custome showes. - -26 -First barlie er rie, -then pease by and by. -Then fallow for wheat, -is husbandrie great. - -27 -A remedie sent, -where pease lack vent. -Fat peasefed swine -for drouer is fine. - -28 -Each diuers soile -hath diuers toile. - -29 -Some countries vse -that some refuse. - -30 -For wheat ill land, -where water doth stand. -Sowe pease or dredge -belowe in that redge. - -31 -Sowe acornes to prooue -that timber doe looue. - -32 -Sowe hastings[E102] now, -if land[8] it alow. - -33 -Learne soone to get -a good quickset. - -34 -For feare of the wurst -make fat away furst. - -35 -Fat that no more -ye kéepe for store. - -36 -Hide carren in graue, -lesse noiance to haue. - -37 -Hog measeled kill, -for flemming that will. - -38[9] -With peasebolt and brake -some brew and bake. - -39 -Old corne[10] worth gold, -so kept as it shold. - -40 -Much profit is rept, -by sloes well kept. - -41 -Kéepe sloes vpon bow, -for flixe of thy cow. - -42 -Of vergis be sure, -poore cattel to cure. - -Thus endeth Octobers abstract, agréeing with Octobers husbandrie. - - -¶ Other short remembrances.[11] - - -[43] -Cisse, haue an eie -to bore in the stie. -By malt ill kept, -small profit is rept. - -[44] -Friend, ringle thy hog, -for feare of a dog. -Rie straw up stack, -least Thacker doe lack. - -[45] -Wheat straw drie saue, -for cattell to haue. -Wheat chaffe lay vp drie, -in safetie to lie. - -[46] -Make handsome a bin, -for chaffe to lie in. - -[47] -(Séede thresht) thou shalt -thresh barlie to malt. -Cut bushes to hedge, -fence medow and redge. - -[48] -Stamp crabs that may, -for rotting away. -Make vergis and perie,[E103] -sowe kirnell and berie. - -[49] -Now gather vp fruite, -of euerie suite. -Marsh wall too slight, -strength now, or god night. - -[50][12] -Mend wals of mud, -for now it is good. -Where soile is of sand, -quick set out of hand. - -[51] -To plots not full -ad bremble and hull. -For set no bar -whilst month hath an R.[E104] -Like note thou shalt -for making of malt. -Brew now to last -till winter be past. - -Here ends Octobers short remembrances.[13] - -[1] 1577 inserts-- - -Plie sowing a pace, -in euery place. - -[2] St. 6 is not in 1577. - -[3] furrowing. 1577. - -[4] Sts. 8-30 do not occur here in 1577; but sts. 32-37 follow. - -[5] Sts. 19 and 20 are in Septembers Abstract in 1577. - -[6] In Septembers Abstract in 1577. - -[7] strike. 1577. - -[8] ground. 1577. - -[9] In 1577, sts. 38 to the end are much transposed. - -[10] graine. 1577. - -[11] Cf. note 12, p. 33. - -[12] First couplet of st. 50 not in 1577. - -[13] Cf. note 12, p. 33. - - - - -19. - -¶ _Octobers husbandrie. - -Chap._ 17. - - -October good blast, -To blowe the hog mast. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: Laie vp barlie land.] - -1 -Now lay vp[E105] thy barley land, drie as ye can - when euer ye sowe it so looke for it than: -Get daily aforehand, be neuer behinde; - least winter preuenting do alter thy minde. - -2 -Who laieth vp fallow[E106] too soone or too wet, - with noiances many doth barley beset. -For weede and the water so soketh and sucks, - that goodnes from either it vtterly plucks. - -[Sidenote: Wheat sowing.] - -3 -Greene rie in September when timely thou hast, - October for wheat sowing calleth as fast. -If weather will suffer, this counsell I giue, - Leaue sowing of wheat before Hallomas eue. - -[Sidenote: Sowe edish betimes.] - -4 -Where wheat vpon edish ye mind to bestowe, - let that be the first of the wheat ye do sowe: -He seemeth to hart it and comfort to bring, - that giueth it comfort of Mihelmas spring. - -[Sidenote: Best wheat first sowen.] - -5 -White wheat vpon peaseetch doth grow as he wold, - but fallow is best, if we did as we shold:[1] -Yet where, how, and when, ye entend to begin, - let euer the finest be first sowen in.[2] - -6[3] -Who soweth in raine, he shall reape it with teares, - who soweth in harmes,[4] he is euer in feares, -Who soweth ill seede or defraudeth his land, - hath eie sore abroode, with a coresie at hand. - -7[5] -Seede husbandly sowen, water furrow[6] thy ground, - that raine when it commeth may run away round, -Then stir about Nicoll, with arrow and bowe, - take penie for killing of euerie crowe. - - -[Not in 1577.] - -A digression to the usage of diuers countries, concerning Tillage. - - -8 -Each soile hath no liking of euerie graine, - nor barlie and wheat is for euerie vaine: -Yet knowe I no countrie so barren of soile - but some kind of corne may be gotten with toile. - -9 -In Brantham,[E107] where rie but no barlie did growe, - good barlie I had, as a meany did knowe: -Five seame of an aker I truely was paid, - for thirtie lode muck of each aker so laid. - -10 -In Suffolke againe, where as wheat neuer grew, - good husbandrie vsed good wheat land I knew: -This Prouerbe experience long ago gaue, - that nothing who practiseth nothing shall haue. - -11 -As grauell and sand is for rie and not wheat, - (or yeeldeth hir burden to tone the more great,) -So peason and barlie delight not in sand, - but rather in claie or in rottener land. - -12 -Wheat somtime is steelie or burnt as it growes, - for pride[7] or for pouertie practise so knowes. -Too lustie of courage for wheat doth not well, - nor after sir peeler he looueth to dwell.[E108] - -13 -Much wetnes, hog rooting, and land out of hart, - makes thistles a number foorthwith to vpstart. -If thistles so growing prooue lustie and long, - it signifieth land to be hartie and strong. - -14 -As land full of tilth and in hartie good plight, - yeelds blade to a length and encreaseth in might, -So crop vpon crop, vpon whose courage we doubt, - yeelds blade for a brag, but it holdeth not out. - -15 -The straw and the eare to haue bignes and length, - betokeneth land to be good and in strength. -If eare be but short, and the strawe be but small, - it signifieth barenes and barren withall. - -16 -White wheat or else red, red riuet or whight, - far passeth all other, for land that is light. -White pollard or red, that so richly is set, - for land that is heauie is best ye can get. - -17 -Maine wheat that is mixed with white and with red - is next to the best in the market mans hed: -So Turkey or Purkey wheat[E109] many doe loue, - because it is flourie, as others aboue. - -18 -Graie wheat is the grosest, yet good for the clay, - though woorst for the market, as fermer may say. -Much like vnto rie be his properties found, - coorse flower, much bran, and a peeler of ground. - -19 -Otes, rie, or else barlie, and wheat that is gray, - brings land out of comfort, and soone to decay: -One after another, no comfort betweene, - is crop vpon crop, as will quickly be seene. - -[Sidenote: Crop vpon crop.] - -20 -Still crop vpon crop many farmers do take, - and reape little profit for greedines sake. -Though breadcorne & drinkcorn[E110] such croppers do stand: - count peason or brank, as a comfort to land. - -21 -Good land that is seuerall, crops may haue three, - in champion countrie it may not so bee: -Ton taketh his season, as commoners may, - the tother with reason may otherwise say. - -22 -Some vseth at first a good fallow to make, - to sowe thereon barlie, the better to take. -Next that to sowe pease, and of that to sowe wheat, - then fallow againe, or lie lay for thy neat. - -23 -First rie, and then barlie, the champion saies, - or wheat before barlie be champion waies: -But drinke before bread corne with Middlesex men, - then lay on more compas, and fallow agen. - -24 -Where barlie ye sowe, after rie or else wheat, - if land be vnlustie,[8] the crop is not great, -So lose ye your cost, to your coresie and smart, - and land (ouerburdened) is cleane out of hart. - -25 -Exceptions take of the champion land, - from lieng alonge from that at thy hand. -(Just by) ye may comfort with compas at will, - far off ye must comfort with fauor and skill. - -26 -Where rie or else wheat either barlie ye sowe, - let codware be next, therevpon for to growe: -Thus hauing two crops, whereof codware is ton, - thou hast the lesse neede, to lay cost therevpon. - -27 -Some far fro the market delight not in pease, - for that ery chapman they seeme not to please. -If vent of the market place serue thee not well, - set hogs vp a fatting, to drouer to sell. - -28 -Two crops of a fallow enricheth the plough, - though tone be of pease, it is land good ynough: -One crop and a fallow some soile will abide, - where if ye go furder lay profit aside. - -29 -Where peason ye had and a fallow thereon, - sowe wheat ye may well without doong therevpon: -New broken vpland, or with water opprest, - or ouer much doonged, for wheat is not best. - -30 -Where water all winter annoieth too much, - bestowe not thy wheat vpon land that is such: -But rather sowe otes, or else bullimong[E111] there, - gray peason, or runciuals, fitches, or tere. - -[Sidenote: Sowing of acorns.] - -31 -Sowe acornes ye owners, that timber doe looue, - sowe hawe and rie with them the better to prooue; -If cattel or cunnie may enter to crop, - yong oke is in daunger of loosing his top. - -[Sidenote: Sowing of Hastings or fullams.] - -32 -Who pescods delighteth to haue with the furst, - if now he do sowe them, I thinke it not wurst. -The greener thy peason and warmer the roome, - more lusty the layer, more plenty they come. - -33 -Go plow vp or delue vp, aduised with skill, - the bredth of a ridge, and in length as you will. -Where speedy quickset for a fence ye wil drawe, - to sowe in the seede of the bremble and hawe.[E112] - -[Sidenote: A disease in fat hogs.] - -34 -Through plenty of acornes, the porkling to fat, - not taken in season, may perish by that, -If ratling or swelling get once to the throte, - thou loosest thy porkling, a crowne to a grote.[E113] - -[Sidenote: Not to fat for rearing.] - -35 -What euer thing fat is, againe if it fall, - thou ventrest the thing and the fatnes withall, -The fatter the better, to sell or to kil, - but not to continue, make proofe if ye wil. - -[Sidenote: Burieng of dead cattell.] - -36 -What euer thing dieth, go burie or burne, - for tainting of ground, or a woorser il turne. -Such pestilent smell of a carrenly thing, - to cattle and people great peril may bring. - -[Sidenote: Measeled hogs.] - -37 -Thy measeled bacon, hog, sow, or thy bore, - shut vp for to heale, for infecting thy store: -Or kill it for bacon, or sowce it to sell, - for Flemming, that loues it so deintily well.[E114] - -[Sidenote: Strawwisps and peasbolts.] - -38 -With strawisp and peasebolt, with ferne and the brake, - for sparing of fewel, some brewe and do bake, -And heateth their copper, for seething of graines: - good seruant rewarded, refuseth no paines.[E115] - -[Sidenote: Olde wheat better than new.] - -39 -Good breadcorne and drinkcorne, full xx weekes kept, - is better then new, that at harvest is rept: -But foisty the breadcorne and bowd eaten malt,[E116] - for health or for profit, find noysome thou shalt. - -40[9] -By thend of October, go gather vp sloes, - haue thou in a readines plentie of thoes, -And keepe them in bedstraw, or still on the bow, - to staie both the flixe of thyselfe and thy cow. - -[Sidenote: A medicin for the cow flixe.] - -41 -Seeith water and plump therein plenty of sloes, - mix chalke[10] that is dried in powder with thoes -Which so, if ye giue, with the water and chalke, - thou makest the laxe fro thy cow away walke.[E117] - -42[11] -Be sure of vergis (a gallond at least) - so good for the kitchen, so needfull for beast, -It helpeth thy cattel, so feeble and faint, - if timely such cattle with it thou acquaint. - -Thus endeth Octobers husbandrie. - -[1] - -White wheat upon pease etch is willing to grow: - though best upon fallow as many do knowe. 1577. - -[2] After st. 5, 1577 has st. 31 _post_. - -[3] St. 6 not in 1577. - -[4] "In harms or harms way, whether of Roads, ill Neighbours, Torrents -of Water, Conies, or other Vermin."--T.R. Cf. _ante_, ch. 16, st. 15. - -[5] In Septembers Husbandry, 1577. - -[6] "Furrows drawn cross the Ridges in the lowest part of the -Ground."--T.R. - -[7] "or too much Dung."--T.R. - -[8] "There is a sort of Barley, called Sprat Barley, or Battledore -Barley, that will grow very well on lusty land. "--T.R. - -[9] Stanza 40 is not in 1577. - -[10] chawlk. 1577. - -[11] Stanza 42 is not in 1577. - - - - -20. - -¶ _Nouembers abstract. - -Chap._ 18 - - -1 -Let hog once fat, -loose nothing of that. -When mast is gon, -hog falleth anon, -Still fat vp some, -till Shroftide come. -Now porke and souse, -beares tack in house. - -2 -Put barlie to malting, -lay flitches a salting. -Through follie too beastlie[E118] -much bacon is reastie.[1] - -3 -Some winnow, some fan, -some cast that can.[2] -In casting prouide, -for séede lay aside. - -4 -Thresh barlie thou shalt, -for chapman to malt. -Else thresh no more -but for thy store. - -5[3] -Till March thresh wheat, -but as ye doo eat, -Least baker forsake it -if foystines take it. - -6 -No chaffe in bin, -makes horse looke thin. - -7[4] -Sowe hastings now, -that hastings alow. - -8 -They buie it full déere, -in winter that réere. - -9 -Few fowles, lesse swine, -rere now, friend mine. - -10 -What losse, what sturs, -through rauening curs. - -11 -Make Martilmas béefe, -déere meate is a théefe. - -12 -Set garlike and pease, -saint Edmond to please. - -13 -When raine takes place, -to threshing apace. - -14 -Mad braine, too rough, -marres all at plough. -With flaile and whips, -fat hen short skips. - -15 -Some threshing by taske, -will steale and not aske: -Such thresher at night -walkes seldom home light. -Some corne away lag -in bottle and bag. -Some steales, for a iest, -egges out of the nest. - -16 -Lay stouer[E119] vp drie -in order to lie. -Poore bullock[5] doth craue -fresh straw to haue. - -17 -Make wéekly vp flower, -though threshers do lower: -Lay graine in loft -and turne it oft. - -18 -For muck, regard, -make cleane foule yard. -Lay straw to rot, -in watrie plot. - -19 -Hedlond vp plow, -for compas ynow. - -20 -For herbes good store, -trench garden more. - -21 -At midnight trie -foule priuies to fie. - -22 -Rid chimney of soot, -from top to the foot. - -23 -In stable, put now -thy horses for plow. - -24 -Good horsekeeper will -laie muck vpon hill. - -25[6] -Cut molehils that stand -so thick vpon land. - -Thus endeth Novembers abstract, agréeing with Nouembers husbandrie. - - -¶ Other short remembrances. - - -26 -Get pole, boy mine, -beate hawes to swine. -Driue hog to the wood, -brake rootes be good. - -27 -For mischiefe that falles, -looke well to marsh walles. -Drie laier get neate, -and plentie of meate. - -28 -Curst cattel that nurteth, -poore wennel soon hurteth. -Good neighbour mine, -ring well thy swine. - -29 -Such winter may serue, -hog ringled[7] will sterue. -In frost kéepe dog -from hunting of hog. - -Here ends Nouembers short remembrances. - -[1] resty. 1577 - -[2] 1577 reads-- - -Let husbandly man -make clene as he can. - -[3] Not in 1577. - -[4] Stanzas 7-10 are not in 1577. - -[5] kow. - -[6] St. 25 is not in 1577. - -[7] ringd. 1577. - - - - -21. - -¶ _Nouembers husbandrie. - -Chap._ 19. - - -Nouember take flaile, -Let ship no more saile. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: Slaughter time.] - -1 -At Hallontide, slaughter time entereth in, - and then doth the husbandmans feasting begin -From thence vnto shroftide kill now and then some, - their offal for houshold the better wil come.[E120] - -[Sidenote: Dredge is otes and barlie.] - -2 -Thy dredge and thy barley go thresh out to malt, - let malster be cunning, else lose it thou shalt: -Thencrease of a seame is a bushel for store, - bad else is the barley, or huswife much more. - -[Sidenote: Winnowing, fanning, and casting.] - -3 -Some vseth to winnow,[1] some vseth to fan, - some vseth to cast it as cleane as they can: -For seede goe and cast it, for malting not so, - but get out the cockle,[2] and then let it go.[E121] - -[Sidenote: Threshing of barlie.] - -4 -Thresh barlie as yet but as neede shal require, - fresh threshed for stoouer thy cattel desire: -And therefore that threshing forbeare as ye may, - till Candelmas comming, for sparing of hay. - -5 -Such wheat as ye keepe for the baker to buie, - vnthreshed till March in the sheafe let it lie, -Least foistnes take it if sooner yee thresh it, - although by oft turning ye seeme to refresh it.[E122] - -[Sidenote: Chaffe of corne.] - -6 -Saue chaffe of the barlie, of wheate, and of rie, - from feathers and foistines, where it doth lie, -Which mixed with corne, being sifted of dust, - go giue to thy cattel, when serue them ye must. - -7[3] -Greene peason or hastings at Hallontide sowe, - in hartie good soile he requireth to growe: -Graie peason or runciuals cheerely to stand, - at Candlemas sowe, with a plentifull hand. - -8 -Leaue latewardly rering, keepe now no more swine, - but such as thou maist, with the offal of thine: -Except ye haue wherewith to fat them away, - the fewer thou keepest, keepe better yee may. - -9 -To rere vp much pultrie, and want the barne doore, - is naught for the pulter and woorse for the poore. -So, now to keepe hogs and to sterue them for meate, - is as to keepe dogs for to bawle in the streate. - -10 -As cat a good mouser is needfull in house, - because for hir commons she killeth the mouse, -So rauening curres, as a meany doo keepe, - makes master want meat, and his dog to kill sheepe.[E123] - -[Sidenote: Martilmas beefe.] - -11 -(For Easter) at Martilmas hang vp a beefe, - for stalfed and pease fed plaie pickpurse the theefe: -With that and the like, er an grasse biefe come in, - thy folke shal looke cheerelie when others looke thin. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Set garlike and beanes.] - -12 -Set garlike and beanes, at S. Edmond[4] the king, - the moone in the wane, thereon hangeth a thing:[E124] -Thencrease of a pottle (well prooued of some) - shal pleasure thy houshold er peskod time come. - -[Sidenote: Threshing.] - -13 -When raine is a let to thy dooings abrode, - set threshers a threshing to laie on good lode: -Thresh cleane ye must bid them, though lesser they yarn, - and looking to thriue, haue an eie to thy barne. - -[Sidenote: Cattle beaters.] - -14 -Take heede to thy man in his furie and heate, - with ploughstaff and whipstock, for maiming thy neate: -To thresher for hurting of cow with his flaile, - or making thy hen to plaie tapple vp taile.[E125] - -[Sidenote: Corne stealers.] - -15 -Some pilfering thresher will walke with a staffe, - will carrie home corne as it is in the chaffe, -And some in his bottle of leather so great[E126] - will carry home daily both barlie and wheat. - -[Sidenote: Kéepe dry thy straw.] - -16 -If houseroome will serue thee, lay stouer vp drie, - and euerie sort by it selfe for to lie. -Or stack it for litter, if roome be too poore, - and thatch out the residue noieng thy doore.[5] - -[Sidenote: Euery wéeke rid thy barne flower.] - -17 -Cause weekly thy thresher to make vp his flower, - though slothfull and pilferer thereat doo lower: -Take tub for a season, take sack for a shift, - yet garner for graine is the better for thrift. - -18 -All maner of strawe that is scattered in yard, - good husbandlie husbands haue daily regard, -In pit full of water the same to bestowe, - where lieng to rot, thereof profit may growe. - -[Sidenote: Digging of hedlonds.] - -19 -Now plough vp thy hedlond,[6] or delue it with spade, - where otherwise profit but little is made: -And cast it vp high, vpon hillocks to stand, - that winter may rot it, to compas thy land. - -[Sidenote: Trenching of garden.] - -20 -If garden requier it, now trench it ye may, - one trench not a yard from another go lay: -Which being well filled with muck by and by, - go couer with mould for a season to ly. - -[Sidenote: Clensing of priuies.] - -21 -Foule priuies are now to be clensed and fide, - let night be appointed such baggage to hide: -Which buried in garden, in trenches alowe, - shall make very many things better to growe. - -[Sidenote: Sootie chimneyes.] - -22 -The chimney all sootie would now be made cleene, - for feare of mischances, too oftentimes seene: -Old chimney and sootie, if fier once take, - by burning and breaking, soone mischeefe may make.[E127] - -[Sidenote: Put horse into stable.] - -23 -When ploughing is ended, and pasture not great, - then stable thy horses, and tend them with meat: -Let season be drie when ye take them to house, - for danger of nittes, or for feare of a louse.[E128] - -[Sidenote: Sauing of doong.] - -24 -Lay compas vp handsomly, round on a hill, - to walke in thy yard at thy pleasure and will, -More compas it maketh and handsom the plot, - if horsekeeper daily forgetteth it not. - -25[7] -Make hillocks of molehils, in field thorough out, - and so to remaine, till the yeere go about. -Make also the like whereas plots be too hie, - all winter a rotting for compas to lie. - -Thus endeth Nouembers husbandrie. - -[1] winnew. 1557. - -[2] "If the Cockle be left in, it will work, and some say make the -Drink the stronger."--T.R. - -[3] Stanzas 7-10 are not in 1577. - -[4] 20th November. - -[5] "The rest may lie in the open Yard, for the Cattle to tread into -Dung, which is the practice now a days, so that our Farmers are not so -afraid of noying their Doors it seems as formerly, and that not without -good reason."--T.R. - -[6] T.R. thinks that here is meant "such Ground in Common Field-land, -which the whole Shot (or parcel of Land belonging to many Men against -which it lies) turn upon." - -[7] St. 25 is not in 1577. - - - - -22. - -¶ _Decembers abstract. - -Chap._ 20. - - -1 -No season to hedge, -get béetle and wedge. -Cleaue logs now all, -for kitchen and hall. - -2 -Dull working tooles -soone courage cooles. - -3 -Leaue off tittle tattle, -and looke to thy cattle. -Serue yoong poore elues -alone by themselues. - -4 -Warme barth for neate, -woorth halfe their meate. -The elder that nurteth -the yonger soone hurteth. - -5 -Howse cow that is old, -while winter doth hold. - -6 -Out once in a day, -to drinke and to play. - -7 -Get trustie to serue, -least cattle doo sterue. -And such as in déede -may helpe at a néede. - -8 -Obserue this law, -in seruing out straw. - -9 -In walking about, -good forke spie out. - -10 -At full and at change, -spring tides are strange. -If doubt ye fray, -driue cattle away. - -11 -Dank ling forgot -will quickly rot. - -12 -Here learne and trie -to turne it and drie. - -13 -Now stocks remooue, -that Orchards looue. - -14 -Set stock to growe -too thick nor too lowe. -Set now, as they com, -both cherie[1] and plom. - -15 -Shéepe, hog, and ill beast, -bids stock to ill feast.[2] - -16 -At Christmas is good -to let thy horse blood. - -17 -Mark here what rable -of euils in stable. - -18 -Mixe well (old gaffe) -horse corne with chaffe. -Let Jack nor Gill -fetch corne at will. - -19[3] -Some countries gift -to make hard shift. -Some cattle well fare -with fitches and tare. -Fitches and tares -be Norfolke wares. - -20 -Tares threshed with skill -bestowe as yée will. - -21 -Hide strawberies, wife, -to saue their life. - -22 -Knot, border, and all, -now couer ye shall. - -23 -Helpe bées, sweet conie, -with licour and honie. - -24 -Get campers a ball, -to campe therewithall. - -Thus endeth Decembers abstract, agréeing with Decembers husbandrie. - - -¶ Other short remembrances. - - -[25] -Let Christmas spie -yard cleane to lie. -No labour, no sweate, -go labour for heate. -Féede dooues, but kill not, -if stroy them ye will not. -Fat hog or ye kill it, -or else ye doo spill it. - -[26] -Put oxe in stall, -er oxe doo fall. -Who séetheth hir graines, -hath profit for paines. -Rid garden of mallow, -plant willow and sallow. - -[27] -Let bore life render, -sée brawne sod tender, -For wife, fruit bie, -for Christmas pie. -Ill bread and ill drinke, -makes many ill thinke. -Both meate and cost -ill dressed halfe lost. - -[28] -Who hath wherewithall, -may chéere when he shall: -But charged man, -must chéere as he can. - -Here ends Decembers short remembrances. - -[1] chearrey. 1577. - -[2] St. 15. - -Wind north, north east -bids stock to il feast. 1577. - -[3] Sts. 19 and 20 are not in 1573 (M.); sts. 19, 20, and 24 are not in -1577. - - - - -23. - -¶ _Decembers husbandrie. - -Chap._ 21. - - -O dirtie December -For Christmas remember. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: Béetle and wedges.] - -1 -When frost will not suffer to dike and to hedge, - then get thee a heat with thy beetle and wedge -Once Hallomas come, and a fire in the hall, - such sliuers doo well for to lie by the wall. - -[Sidenote: Grinding stone and whetston.] - -2 -Get grindstone and whetstone, for toole that is dull, - or often be letted and freat bellie full. -A wheele barrow also be readie to haue - at hand of thy seruant, thy compas to saue. - -[Sidenote: Seruing of cattle.] - -3 -Giue cattle their fodder in plot drie and warme, - and count them for miring or other like harme. -Yoong colts with thy wennels together go serue, - least lurched by others they happen to sterue.[1] - -[Sidenote: Woodland countrie.] - -4 -The rack is commended for sauing of doong, - so set as the old cannot mischiefe the yoong:[E129] -In tempest (the wind being northly or east) - warme barth[E130] vnder hedge is a sucker[2] to beast. - -[Sidenote: Housing of cattel.] - -[Sidenote: Champion.] - -5 -The housing of cattel while winter doth hold, - is good for all such as are feeble and old: -It saueth much compas, and many a sleepe, - and spareth the pasture for walke of thy sheepe.[3] - -[Sidenote: Champion.] - -6 -For charges so little much quiet is won, - if strongly and handsomly al thing be don: -But vse to vntackle them once in a day, - to rub and to lick them, to drink and to play. - -[Sidenote: Ordering of cattel.] - -7 -Get trustie to tend them, not lubberlie squire, - that all the day long hath his nose at the fire.[E131] -Nor trust vnto children poore cattel to feede, - but such as be able to helpe at a neede. - -8 -Serue riestraw out first, then wheatstraw and pease, - then otestraw and barlie, then hay if ye please: -But serue them with hay while the straw stouer last, - then loue they no straw, they had rather to fast. - -[Sidenote: Forkes and yokes.] - -9 -Yokes, forks, and such other, let bailie spie out, - and gather the same as he walketh about. -And after at leasure let this be his hier, - to beath[E132] them and trim them at home by the fier. - -[Sidenote: Going of cattel in marshes.] - -10 -As well at the full of the moone as the change, - sea rages in winter be sodainly strange. -Then looke to thy marshes, if doubt be to fray, - for feare of (_ne forte_) haue cattel away. - -[Sidenote: Looke to thy ling and saltfish.] - -11 -Both saltfish and lingfish (if any ye haue) - through shifting and drieng from rotting go saue: -Least winter with moistnes doo make it relent, - and put it in hazard before[4] it be spent. - -[Sidenote: How to vse ling and haberden.] - -12 -Broome fagot is best to drie haberden on, - lay boord vpon ladder if fagots be gon. -For breaking (in turning) haue verie good eie, - and blame not the wind, so the weather be drie. - -[Sidenote: Remoouing of trées.] - -13 -Good fruit and good plentie doth well in the loft, - then make thee an orchard and cherish it oft: -For plant or for stock laie aforehand to cast, - but set or remooue it er Christmas be past. - -[Sidenote: An orchard point.] - -14 -Set one fro other full fortie foote wide, - to stand as he stood is a part of his pride. -More faier, more woorthie, of cost to remooue, - more steadie ye set it, more likely to prooue. - -[Sidenote: Orchard and hopyard.] - -15 -To teach and vnteach in a schoole is vnmeete, - to doe and vndoe to the purse is vnsweete. -Then orchard or hopyard, so trimmed with cost, - should not through follie be spoiled and lost. - -[Sidenote: Letting horse blood.] - -16 -Er Christmas be passed let horse be let blood, - for many a purpose it doth them much good. -The daie of S. Stephen old fathers did vse: - if that doe mislike thee some other daie chuse. - -[Sidenote: Bréeding of the bots.] - -17 -Looke wel to thy horses in stable thou must, - that haie be not foistie, nor chaffe ful of dust: -Nor stone in their prouender, feather, nor clots, - nor fed with greene peason, for breeding of bots. - -[Sidenote: Hog and hennes meate.] - -18 -Some horsekeeper lasheth out prouender so, - some Gillian spendal so often doth go. -For hogs meat and hens meat, for that and for this, - that corne loft is empted er chapman hath his. - -19[5] -Some countries are pinched of medow for hay, - yet ease it with fitchis as well as they may. -Which inned and threshed and husbandlie dight, - keepes laboring cattle in verie good plight. - -20 -In threshing out fitchis one point I will shew, - first thresh out for seede of the fitchis a few: -Thresh few fro thy plowhorse, thresh cleane for the cow, - this order in Norfolke good husbands alow. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Strawberies.] - -21 -If frost doe continue, take this for a lawe, - the strawberies looke to be couered with strawe. -Laid ouerly trim vpon crotchis and bows, - and after vncouered as weather allows. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Gilleflowers.] - -22 -The gilleflower also, the skilful doe knowe, - doe looke to be couered, in frost and in snowe. -The knot, and the border, and rosemarie gaie, - do craue the like succour for dieng awaie. - -[Sidenote: ¶ How to preserue bees.] - -23 -Go looke to thy bees, if the hiue be too light, - set water and honie, with rosemarie dight. -Which set in a dish ful of sticks in the hiue, - from danger of famine[6] yee saue them aliue. - -24[7] -In medow or pasture (to growe the more fine) - let campers be camping[8][E133] in any of thine: -Which if ye doe suffer when lowe is the spring, - you gaine to your selfe a commodious thing. - -Thus endeth Decembers husbandrie. - -[1] "The old will be apt to hunge or gore the younger."--T.R. - -[2] succor. 1620. - -[3] and trimly refresheth the walk of the sheepe. 1577. - -[4] er ere. 1577. - -[5] Sts. 19 and 20 are not in 1577. - -[6] from famen and daunger. 1577. - -[7] St. 24 is not in 1577. - -[8] "Football playing, at which they are very dextrous in -Norfolk."--T.R. - - - - -24. - -¶ _A digression to hospitalitie. - -Chap._ 22.[1] - - -Leaue husbandrie sleeping a while ye must doo, - to learne of housekeeping a lesson or twoo. -What euer is sent thee by trauell and paine, - a time there is lent thee to rendrit againe. -Although ye defend it, vnspent for to bee, - another shall spend it, no thanke vnto thee. -How euer we clime, to accomplish the mind, - we haue but a time thereof profit to find. - -[1] Chap. 22 is wanting in 1573 (M). In 1577 it is printed in twice the -number of lines. - - - - -25. - -¶ _A description of time, and the yeare. - -Chap._ 23. - - -1 -Of God to thy dooings a time there is sent, - which endeth with time that in dooing is spent. -For time is it selfe but a time for a time, - forgotten ful soone, as the tune of a chime. - -[Sidenote: Spring.] - -[Sidenote: Sommer.] - -[Sidenote: Haruest.] - -[Sidenote: Winter.] - -2 -In Spring time we reare, we doo sowe, and we plant, - in Sommer get vittels, least after we want. -In Haruest we carie in corne and the fruit, - in Winter to spend as we neede of ech suit. - -[Sidenote: Childhood.] - -[Sidenote: Youth.] - -[Sidenote: Manhood.] - -[Sidenote: Age.] - -3 -The yeere I compare, as I find for a truth, - the Spring vnto childhood, the Sommer to youth, -The Haruest to manhood, the Winter to age: - all quickly forgot as a play on a stage.[E134] - -4 -Time past is forgotten, er men be aware, - time present is thought on with woonderfull care, -Time comming is feared, and therefore we saue, - yet oft er it come, we be gone to the graue. - - - -26. - -¶ _A description of life and riches. - -Chap._ 24. - - -1 -Who liuing but daily discerne it he may, - how life as a shadow doth vanish away; -And nothing to count on so suer to trust - as suer of death and to turne into dust.[E135] - -2 -The lands and the riches that here we possesse - be none of our owne, if a God we professe, -But lent vs of him, as his talent of gold, - which being demanded, who can it withhold? - -[Sidenote: Atrop, or death.] - -3 -God maketh no writing that iustly doth say - how long we shall haue it, a yeere or a day; -But leaue it we must (how soeuer we leeue) - when Atrop[E136] shall pluck vs from hence by the sleeue. - -4 -To death we must stoupe, be we high, be we lowe, - but how and how sodenly, few be that knowe: -What carie we then, but a sheete to the graue, - to couer this carkas, of all that we haue? - - - - -27. - -¶ _A description of housekeeping. - -Chap._ 25. - - -1 -What then of this talent, while here we remaine, - to studie to yeeld it to God with a gaine? -And that shall we doo, if we doo it not hid, - but vse and bestow it, as Christ doth vs bid. - -2 -What good to get riches by breaking of sleepe, - but (hauing the same) a good house for to keepe? -Not onely to bring a good fame to thy doore, - but also the praier to win of the poore. - -3 -Of all other dooings house keeping is cheefe, - for daily it helpeth the poore with releefe; -The neighbour, the stranger, and all that haue neede, - which causeth thy dooings the better to speede. - -4 -Though harken[1] to this we should euer among,[E137] - yet cheefly at Christmas, of all the yeare long. -Good cause of that vse may appeare by the name, - though niggerly niggards doo kick at the same. - -[1] hardnes. 1577 - - - - -28. - -¶ _A description of the feast of the birth of Christ, commonly called -Christmas.[1] - -Chap._ 26. - - -1 -Of Christ cometh Christmas, the name with the feast, - a time full of ioie to the greatest and least: -At Christmas was Christ (our Sauiour) borne, - the world through sinne altogether forlorne. - -2 -At Christmas the daies doo[2] begin to take length, - of Christ doth religion cheefly[3] take strength. -As Christmas is onely a figure or trope, - so onely in Christ is the strength of our hope. - -3 -At Christmas we banket, the rich with the poore, - who then (but the miser) but openeth [h]is doore? -At Christmas of Christ many Carols we sing, - and giue many gifts in the ioy of that King. - -4. -At Christmas in Christ we reioice and be glad, - as onely of whom our comfort is had;[E138] -At Christmas we ioy altogether with mirth, - for his sake that ioyed vs all with his birth. - -[1] A description of Christmas. 1577. - -[2] the day doth. 1577. - -[3] Of Christ our faith doth begin, etc. 1577. - - - - - -29. - -¶ _A description of apt time to spend. - -Chap._ 27. - - -1 -Let such (so fantasticall) liking not this, - nor any thing honest that ancient is, -Giue place to the time that so meete we doo see - appointed of God as it seemeth to bee. - -2 -At Christmas good husbands[E139] haue corne on the ground, - in barne, and in soller, woorth many a pound, -With plentie of other things,[1] cattle and sheepe, - all sent them (no doubt on) good houses to keepe. - -3 -At Christmas the hardnes of Winter doth rage, - a griper of all things and specially age: -Then lightly[E140] poore people, the yoong with the old, - be sorest oppressed with hunger and cold. - -4 -At Christmas by labour is little to get, - that wanting, the poorest in danger are set. -What season then better, of all the whole yeere, - thy needie poore neighbour to comfort and cheere? - -[1] Things plentie in house. 1577. - - - - -30. - -¶ _Against fantasticall scruplenes. - -Chap._ 28. - - -1 -At this time and that time[1] some make a great matter, - som help not but hinder the poore with their clatter. -Take custome from feasting, what commeth then last, - where one hath a dinner, a hundred shall fast. - -2 -To dog in the manger some liken I could, - that hay will eate none, nor let other that would; -Some scarce in a yeere giue a dinner or twoo, - nor well can abide any other to doo. - -3 -Play thou the good fellow, seeke none to misdeeme, - disdaine not the honest, though merie they seeme: -For oftentimes seene, no more verie a knaue - than he that doth counterfait most to be graue. - -[1] this thing and that thing. 1577. - - - - -31. - -¶ _Christmas husbandlie fare. - -Chap._ 29. - - -1 -Good husband and huswife now cheefly be glad, - things handsom to haue, as they ought to be had; -They both doo prouide against Christmas doo come, - to welcome good neighbour, good cheere to haue some. - -[Sidenote: Christmas cuntrie fare.] - -2 -Good bread and good drinke, a good fier in the hall, - brawne, pudding and souse, and good mustard withall. - -3 -Beefe, mutton, and porke, shred pies of the best, - pig, veale, goose and capon,[E141] and turkey well drest; -Cheese, apples and nuts, ioly Carols to heare, - as then in the countrie is counted good cheare. - -4. -What cost to good husband is any of this? - good houshold prouision onely it is. -Of other the like, I doo leaue out a menie, - that costeth the husbandman neuer a penie. - - - - -32. - -¶ _A Christmas Caroll of the birth of Christ vpon the tune of King -Salomon.[E142] - -Chap._ 30. - - -1 -Was not Christ our Sauiour -sent to vs fro God aboue? -not for our good behauiour, -but onely of his mercie and loue. -If this be true, as true it is, - truely in deede, -great thanks to God to yeeld for this, - then had we neede. - -2 -This did our God for very troth, -to traine to him the soule of man, -and iustly to performe his oth -to Sara and to Abram than, -That through his seed all nations should - most blessed bee: -As in due time performe he would, - as now wee see.[1] - -3 -Which woonderously is brought to pas, -and in our sight alredie donne, -by sending as his promise was -(to comfort vs) his onely sonne, -Euen Christ (I meane) that virgins child, - in Bethlem[2] borne, -that Lambe of God, that Prophet mild, - with crowned thorne. - -4 -Such was his loue to saue vs all, -from dangers of the curse of God, -that we stood in by Adams fall, -and by our owne deserued rod, -That through his blood and holie name - who so beleeues,[3] -and flie from sinne and abhors the same,[E143] - free mercie he geeues. - -5 -For these glad newes this feast doth bring: -to God the Sonne and holy Ghost -let man giue thanks, reioice, and sing, -from world to world, from cost to cost: -for all good gifts so many waies - that God doth send, -let vs in Christ giue God the praies, - till life shall end. - - _T. Tusser._ - -[6] -At Christmas be merie and thankfull withall, -And feast thy poore neighbors, the great with the small, -Yea, all the yeere long, to the poore let vs giue, -Gods blessing to folow vs while wee doo liue. - -[1] all flesh should see. 1577. - -[2] Bethelem. 1577. - -[3] to such as beleues. 1577. - - - - -33. - -¶ _Januaries abstract. - -Chap._ 31. - - -1 -Bid Christmas adew, -thy stock now renew. - -2 -Who killeth a neat, -hath cheaper his meat. -Fat home fed souse, -is good in a house. - -3 -Who dainties loue, -a begger shall proue. -Who alway selles, -in hunger dwelles. - -4 -Who nothing saue, -shall nothing haue. - -5 -Lay durt vpon heapes, -some profit it reapes. -When weather is hard, -get muck out of yard. -A fallow bestowe, -where pease shall growe. -Good peason and white, -a fallow will quite. - -6 -Go gather quickset, -the yongest go get. -Dig garden, stroy mallow, -set willow and sallow. -Gréene willow for stake -in bank will take.[1] - -7 -Let Doe go to buck, -with Conie[2] good luck. -Spare labour nor monie, -store borough with conie. -Get warrener bound -to vermin thy ground. -Féed Doues, but kill not, -if loose them ye will not. -Doue house repaire, -make Douehole faire. -For hop ground cold, -Doue doong woorth gold. - -8 -Good gardiner mine, -make garden fine. -Set garden pease, -and beanes if ye please. -Set Respis and Rose, -yoong rootes of those. - -9 -The timelie buier -hath cheaper his fier. - -10 -Some burns without wit, -some fierles sit. - -11 -Now season is good -to lop or fell wood. -Prune trées some allows -for cattle to brows. - -12 -Giue shéepe to their fées -the mistle of trées. - -13 -Let lop be shorne -that hindreth corne. -Saue edder and stake, -strong hedge to make. - -14 -For sap as ye knowe, -let one bough growe. -Next yéere ye may -that bough cut away. - -15 -A lesson good -to encrease more wood. - -16[3] -Saue crotchis of wud, -saue spars and stud. -Saue hop for his dole, -the strong long pole. - -17 -How euer ye scotch, -saue pole and crotch. - -18 -From Christmas to May, -weake cattle decay. - -19 -With vergis acquaint -poore bullock so faint; -This medcin approoued -is for to be looued. - -20 -Let plaister lie -thrée daies to trie: -too long if ye stay, -taile rots away. - -21 -Eawes readie to yeane -craues ground rid cleane. -Kéepe shéepe out of briers, -Kéepe beast out of miers. - -22 -Kéepe bushes from bill, -till hedge ye will: -Best had for thy turne, -their rootes go and burne. - -23 -No bushes of mine, -if fence be thine. - -24 -In stubbed plot, -fill hole with clot.[4] - -25 -Rid grasse of bones, -of sticks and stones. - -26 -Warme barth giue lams, -good food to their dams, -Look daily well to them, -least dogs vndoo them. - -27 -Yoong lamb well sold, -fat lamb woorth goold. - -28 -Kéepe twinnes for bréed, -as eawes haue néed.[5] - -29 -One calfe if it please ye, -now reared shall ease ye. -Calues likely reare, -at rising of yeare. -Calfe large and leane -is best to weane. - -30 -Calfe lickt take away, -and howse it[6] ye may. -This point I allow -for seruant and cow. - -31 -Calues yonger than other -learne one of another. - -32 -No danger at all -to geld as they fall. -Yet Michel cries[E144] -please butchers eies. - -33 -Sow ready to fare, -craues huswiues[7] care. - -34 -Leaue sow but fiue, -the better to thriue. - -35 -Weane such for store -as sucks before. -Weane onely but thrée -large bréeders to bée. - -36 -Lamb, bulchin,[E145] and pig, -geld vnder the big. - -37 -Learne wit, sir dolt, -in gelding of colt. - -38 -Geld yoong thy filly, -else perish will ginny. -Let gelding alone, -so large of bone. -By breathely tits -few profit hits. - -39 -Bréede euer the best, -and doo of the rest, -Of long and large, -take huswife a charge. - -40 -Good cow & good ground[8] -yéelds yéerely a pound. -Good faring sow -holds profit with cow. - -41 -Who kéepes but[9] twaine, -the more may gaine. - -42[10] -Tith iustly, good garson, -else driue will the parson. - -43 -Thy garden twifallow, -stroy hemlock and mallow. - -44 -Like practise they prooue, -that hops doe looue. - -45 -Now make and wand in -trim bower to stand in. -Leaue wadling about, -till arbor be out. - -46 -Who now sowes otes, -gets gold and grotes. -Who sowes in May -gets little that way. - -47 -Go breake vp land, -get mattock in hand, -Stub roote so tough, -for breaking of plough. - -48 -What greater crime -then losse of time? - -49[11] -Lay land or[12] lease -breake vp if ye please. -But fallow not yet, -that hast any wit. - -50 -Where drink ye sowe, -good tilth bestowe. - -51 -Small profit is found, -by péeling of ground. - -52 -Land past the best -cast vp to[13] rest. - -Thus endeth Januaries abstract, agréeing with Januaries husbandrie. - - -¶ Other short remembrances. - - -53 -Get pulling hooke (sirs), -for broome and firs. -Pluck broome, broome still, -cut broome, broome kill. - -54 -Broome pluckt by and by, -breake vp for rie. -Friend ringle thy hog, -or looke for a dog. - -55 -In casting prouide, -for séede lay aside. -Get doong, friend mine, -for stock and vine. - -56 -If earth be not soft, -go dig it aloft. -For quamier get bootes, -stub alders and rootes. - -57 -Hop poles waxe scant, -for poles mo plant. -Set chestnut and walnut, -set filbeard and smalnut. - -58 -Peach, plumtrée, & cherie, -yoong bay and his berie. -Or set their stone, -vnset leaue out none. - -59 -Sowe kirnels to beare, -of apple and peare. -All trées that beare goom -set now as they coom. - -60 -Now set or remooue -such stocks as ye looue.[14] - -Here ends Januaries short remembrances. - -[1] - -Green set as a stake -in banke they wil take. 1577. - -[2] conney. 1577. - -[3] St. 16 and the second couplets in sts. 21 and 22 are not here in -1577. - -[4] Here follows in 1577, - -Take for thy turne, -their roots go burne. - -[5] feede. 1577. - -[6] if. 1577. - -[7] huswifes. 1577. - -[8] Good milch kow and sound. 1577. - -[9] both. 1577. - -[10] St. 42 is not in 1577. - -[11] Sts. 49 and 50 are not in 1577. - -[12] for. M. - -[13] the. 1577. - -[14] - -And set or remoue -what fruite ye loue. 1577. - - - - -34. - -_Of trees or fruites to be set or remooued._ - - -1 Apple trées of all sorts. - -2 Apricocks.[E146] - -3 Barberies. - -4 Boollesse,[E147] black & white. - -5 Cheries,[E148] red and black. - -6 Chestnuts.[E149] - -7 Cornet plums.[E150] - -8 Damsens,[1][E151] white & black. - -9 Filbeards,[E152] red and white. - -10 Goose beries.[E153] - -11 Grapes,[E154] white and red. - -12 Gréene or grasse plums.[E155] - -13 Hurtillberies.[E156] - -14 Medlars[E157] or marles. - -15 Mulberie.[E158] - -16 Peaches,[E159] white and red. - -17 Peares of all sorts. - -18 Perareplums,[2][E160] black & yelow. - -19 Quince[E161] trées. - -20 Respis.[E162] - -21 Reisons.[E163] - -22 Small nuts. - -23 Strawberies, red and white. - -24 Seruice trées.[E164] - -25 Walnuts.[E165] - -26 Wardens,[E166] white and red. - -27 Wheat plums. - -[28] -Now set ye may -the box and bay, -Haithorne and prim, -for clothes trim. - -[1] Damisens. 1577. - -[2] _sic_ also in 1577. - - - - -35. - -¶ _Januaries husbandrie. - -Chap._ 32. - - -A kindly good Janiuéere, -Fréeseth pot by the féere. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: Husbandly lessons.] - -1 -When Christmas is ended, bid feasting adue, - goe play the good husband, thy stock to renue. -Be mindfull of rearing, in hope of a gaine, - dame profit shall giue thee reward for thy paine. - -2 -Who both by his calfe and his lamb will be knowne, - may well kill a neate and a sheepe of his owne. -And he that can reare vp a pig in his house, - hath cheaper his bacon and sweeter his souse. - -3 -Who eateth his veale, pig and lamb being froth,[E167] - shall twise in a weeke go to bed without broth.[1] -Vnskilfull that passe not, but sell away sell, - shall neuer haue plentie where euer they dwell. - -4 -Be greedie in spending, and careles to saue, - and shortly be needie and readie to craue. -Be wilfull to kill and vnskilfull to store, - and looke for no foison,[2] I tell thee before.[E168] - -5 -Lay dirt vpon heapes, faire yard to be seene, - if frost will abide it, to feeld with it cleene.[E169] -In winter a fallow some loue to bestowe, - where pease for the pot[3] they intend for to sowe. - -[Sidenote: Quick set now.] - -6 -In making or mending as needeth thy ditch, - get set to quick set it, learne cunningly whitch.[4] -In hedging (where clay is) get stake as ye knowe, - of popler and willow, for fewell to growe. - -[Sidenote: Kéepe cleane thy douehous.] - -7 -Leaue killing of conie,[5] let Doe go to buck, - and vermine thy burrow, for feare of ill luck. -Feed Doue (no more killing), old Doue house[E170] repaire, - saue doue dong for hopyard, when house ye make faire. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Runciual peason.] - -8 -Dig garden, stroy mallow, now may ye at ease, - and set (as a daintie) thy runciuall pease.[6] -Go cut and set roses, choose aptly thy plot, - the rootes of the yoongest are best to be got. - -[Sidenote: Timelie prouision for fewell.] - -9 -In time go and bargaine, least woorser doo fall, - for fewell, for making, for carriage and all. -To buie at the stub[E171] is the best for the buier, - more timelie prouision, the cheaper is fier. - -[Sidenote: Ill husbandrie.] - -10 -Some burneth a lode at a time in his hall, - some neuer leaue burning til burnt they haue all. -Some making of hauock, without any wit, - make many poore soules without fire to sit. - -[Sidenote: Pruning of trées.] - -11 -If frost doo continue, this lesson doth well, - for comfort of cattel the fewell to fell: -From euerie tree the superfluous bows - now prune for thy neat therevpon to go brows.[7] - -[Sidenote: Mistle and iuie.] - -12 -In pruning and trimming all maner of trees, - reserue to ech cattel their properly fees. -If snowe doo continue, sheepe hardly that fare - craue Mistle and Iuie for them for to spare. - -[Sidenote: Lopping of pollengers.] - -13 -Now lop for thy fewell old pollenger growen, - that hinder the corne or the grasse to be mowen. -In lopping and felling, saue edder and stake,[E172] - thine hedges as needeth to mend or to make. - -14 -In lopping,[8] old Jocham, for feare of mishap, - one bough stay vnlopped, to cherish the sap: -The second yeere after then boldly ye may, - for driping his fellowes, that bough cut away. - -[Sidenote: The propertie of soft wood.] - -15 -Lop popler and sallow, elme, maple, and prie, - well saued from cattle, till Sommer to lie. -So far as in lopping, their tops ye doo fling, - so far without planting yoong copie will spring.[E173] - -16[9] -Such fewell as standing a late ye haue bought, - now fell it, and make it, and doo as ye ought. -Giue charge to the hewers (that many things mars), - to hew out for crotches, for poles, and for spars. - -[Sidenote: Hoppoles and crotches.] - -17 -If hopyard or orchard ye mind for to haue, - for hoppoles and crotches in lopping go saue. -Which husbandlie spared may serue at a push, - and stop by so hauing two gaps with a bush. - -18 -From Christmas, till May be well entered in, - some cattle waxe faint, and looke poorely and thin. -And cheefly when prime[E174] grasse[10] at first doth appeere, - then most is the danger of all the whole yeere. - -[Sidenote: A medicen for faint cattell.] - -19 -Take vergis and heate it, a pint for a cow, - bay salt a hand full,[11] to rub tong ye wot how. -That done, with the salt, let hir drinke off the rest: - this manie times raiseth the feeble vp best. - -[Sidenote: To fasten loose téeth in a bullock.] - -20 -Poore bullock with browsing and naughtily fed, - scarce feedeth, hir teeth be so loose in hir hed: -Then slise ye the taile where ye feele it so soft, - with soote and with garlike bound to it aloft.[12] - -[Sidenote: Ewes vpon eaning.] - -21 -By brembles and bushes, in pasture too full, - poore sheepe be in danger and loseth their wull.[13] -Now therefore thine ewe, vpon lamming so neere, - desireth in pasture that all may be cleere. - -22 -Leaue grubbing or pulling of bushes (my sonne) - till timely thy fences require to be donne. -Then take of the best, for to furnish thy turne, - and home with the rest, for the fier to burne. - -[Sidenote: Stubbing of gréenes.] - -23 -In euerie greene,[14] if the fence be not thine, - now stub vp the bushes, the grasse to be fine. -Least neighbour doo dailie so hack[15] them beliue,[E175] - that neither thy bushes nor pasture can thriue. - -24 -In ridding[16] of pasture with turfes that lie by,[17] - fill euerie hole vp, as close as a dy. -The labour is little, the profit is gay, - what euer the loitering labourers say. - -25 -The sticks and the stones go and gather vp cleene, - for hurting of sieth or for harming of greene.[18] -For feare of Hew prowler,[E176] get home with the rest, - when frost is at hardest, then carriage is best. - -[Sidenote: Yoong lambes.] - -26 -Yoong broome or good pasture thy ewes doo require, - warme barth and in safetie their lambes doo desire. -Looke often well to them, for foxes and dogs, - for pits and for brembles, for vermin and hogs. - -27 -More daintie[19] the lambe, the more woorth to be sold, - the sooner the better for eaw that is old. -But if ye doo minde to haue milke of the dame, - till Maie doo not seuer the lambe fro the same. - -[Sidenote: Rearing of lambes.] - -28 -Ewes yeerly by twinning rich maisters doo make, - the lamb of such twinners for breeders go take. -For twinlings[E177] be twiggers, encrease for to bring, - though som for their twigging _Peccantem_[E178] may sing. - -[Sidenote: Rearing of calues.] - -29 -Calues likely that come between Christmas and Lent, - take huswife to reare, or else after repent: -Of such as doo fall betweene change and the prime,[20] - no rearing, but sell or go kill them in time. - -[Sidenote: Howsing of cattel.] - -30 -Howse calfe, and go sockle it twise in a day, - and after a while, set it water and hay. -Stake ragged to rub on, no such as will bend, - then weane it well tended, at fiftie daies end.[21] - -31 -The senior weaned his yoonger shall teach, - how both to drinke water and hay for to reach.[22] -More stroken and made of when ought it doo aile, - more gentle ye make it, for yoke or the paile.[E179] - -[Sidenote: Of gelding.] - -32 -Geld bulcalfe and ram lamb, as soone as they fall, - for therein is lightly no danger at all. -Some spareth the ton for to pleasure the eie, - to haue him shew greater when butcher shall bie. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -33 -Sowes readie to farrow this time of the yeere - are for to be made of and counted full deere. -For now is the losse of a fare of the sow - more great then the losse of two calues of thy cow. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Rearing of pigs.] - -34 -Of one sow togither reare few aboue fiue, - and those of the fairest and likest to thriue. -Ungelt of the best keepe a couple for store, - one bore pig and sow pig, that sucketh before.[E180] - -[Sidenote: ¶ A way to haue large bréed of hogs.] - -35 -Who hath a desire to haue store verie large, - at Whitsontide let him giue huswife a charge, -To reare of a sow at once onely but three, - and one of them also a bore let it bee. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Gelding time.] - -36 -Geld vnder the dam, within fortnight at least, - and saue both thy monie and life of the beast. -Geld later with gelders as many one do, - and looke of a doozen to geld away two. - -[Sidenote: Gelding of horse coltes.] - -37 -Thy colts for thy saddle geld yoong to be light, - for cart doo not so, if thou iudgest aright. -Nor geld not but when they be lustie and fat: - for there is a point, to be learned in that. - -[Sidenote: Gelding of fillies.] - -38 -Geld fillies (but tits) er an nine daies of age, - they die else of gelding (or gelders doo rage). -Yoong fils[E181] so likelie of bulke and of bone: - keepe such to be breeders, let gelding alone. - -[Sidenote: Reare the fairest of al things.] - -39 -For gaining a trifle, sell neuer thy store, - what ioy to acquaintance, what pleasureth more? -The larger of bodie, the better for breede: - more forward of growing, the better they speede. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Of cow and sow.] - -40 -Good milchcow, well fed, that is faire and sound, - is yeerely for profit as good as a pound: -And yet by the yeere, I haue prooued er[23] now, - as good to the purse is a sow as a cow. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -41 -Keepe one and keepe both, with as little a cost, - then all shall be saued and nothing be lost. -Both hauing togither what profit is caught, - good huswifes (I warrant ye) need not be taught. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -42[24] -For lamb, pig and calfe, and for other the like, - tithe so as thy cattle the Lord doo not strike. -Or if yee deale guilefully, parson will dreue, - and so to your selfe a worse turne ye may geue. - -43 -Thy garden plot latelie well trenched and muckt, - would now be twifallowd, the mallowes out pluckt,[25] -Well clensed and purged of roote and of stone, - that falt therein afterward found may be none. - -[Sidenote: Wéeding of hopyard.] - -44 -Remember thy hopyard, if season be drie, - now dig it and weed it, and so let it lie. -More fennie the laier the better his lust, - more apt to beare hops when it crumbles like dust. - -[Sidenote: Trimming up arbors.] - -45 -To arbor begun, and quick setted[26] about, - no poling nor wadling[27] till set be far out. -For rotten and aged may stand for a shew, - but hold to their tackling there doe but a few.[28][E182] - -[Sidenote: Sowing of otes. Late sowing not good.] - -46 -In Janiuere[29] husband that poucheth the grotes - will break vp his laie, or be sowing of otes, -Otes sowen in Janiuere, laie[30] by the wheat, - in May by the hay for the cattle to eat.[31][E183] - -47 -Let seruant be readie, with mattock in hand, - to stub out the bushes that noieth the land: -And cumbersome rootes, so annoieng the plough, - turne vpward their arses with sorrow inough. - -[Sidenote: Breaking up lay in som countrie.] - -48 -Who breaketh vp timelie his fallow or lay, - sets forward his husbandrie many a way. -This trimlie well ended doth forwardly bring,[32] - not onelie thy tillage, but all other thing. - -49[33] -Though lay land ye breke vp when Christmas is gon, - for sowing of barlie[34] or otes therevpon, -Yet hast[e] not to fallow til March be begun, - least afterward wishing it had ben vndun. - -50 -Such land as ye breake vp for barlie to sowe, - two earthes at the least er ye sowe it bestowe.[35] -If land be thereafter, set oting apart, - and follow this lesson, to comfort thine hart. - -51 -Some breaking vp laie soweth otes to begin,[36] - to suck out the moisture so sower therein. -Yet otes with hir sucking a peeler is found, - both ill to the maister and worse to som ground. - -52 -Land arable driuen or worne to the proofe, - and[37] craueth some rest for thy profits behoofe. -With otes ye may sowe it, the sooner to grasse, - more soone to be pasture to bring it to passe. - -Thus endeth Januaries husbandrie. - -[1] "Broath is still us'd in some Farm Houses for Supper Meat, and -Roast Meat look'd upon as very ill Husbandry."--T.R. - -[2] looke not for foyzen. 1577. "_Foyzon_ is Winter Food."--T.R. - -[3] "Pease boyling or not boyling is one of the Farmers occult -Qualities; but fresh, and next to it, well dunged Grounds are observed -to produce the best Boylers, perhaps because they retain most -moisture."--T.R. - -[4] "By Experience Garden Quicksets are found to be the best, ... -because they are all of an age."--T.R. - -[5] "The common time of ending their Slaught (or Slaughter as the -Warreners term it) is _Candlemas_."--T.R. - -[6] "The most forward Pea is the Rogue, they are pick'd from the -Hasting and Hotspur."--T.R. - -[7] "Since the use of Turneps Cattel need not be hard put to it in -snowy weather as formerly."--T.R. - -[8] "This is more proper in Underwood than Pollards, at least more -in use at present; few Pollards perish for want of it, but Runt-wood -will."--T.R. - -[9] St. 16 is not in 1577. - -[10] "Prime Grass appears commonly in woody moist Grounds, on Hedge -Banks, and is so called from its earliness; when Cattle have tasted -this they begin to loath their dry food. It is often sprung before -_Candlemas_."--T.R. - -[11] full a hand. 1577. - -[12] "This remedy still is in Practice.... The first indication of -corrupt blood is from the staring Hairs on the Tail near the Rump. Some -instead of Soot and Garlick put a Dock Root, or the Root of a Bears -Foot, which they call a Gargat Root, others flay the Dewlaps to the -very Shoulders."--T.R. - -[13] "Large Ant-Hills is much the best shelter for Ewes and -Lambs."--T.R. - -[14] "This is understood of Hedge Greens ... a space next the Hedge of -a Rod or more in breadth."--T.R. - -[15] make. 1577. - -[16] "When you rid it of Bushes or Ant Hills."--T.R. - -[17] with turnes so bye. 1577. - -[18] "Hedge Greens."--T.R. - -[19] "Likely, or thriving, such as will soon require more Milk than his -old Dam can afford him."--T.R. - -[20] "The first three days after the new moon or change."--T.R. - -[21] "At present we rarely wean under twelve weeks."--- T.R. 1710. - -[22] "The hay is given them stuck in cleft sticks."--T.R. - -[23] or. 1577. - -[24] St. 42 is not in 1577. - -[25] "In trenching, bury no Mallow, Nettle-dock, or Briony Roots."--T.R. - -[26] "Quick setted Arbors are now out of use, as agreeing very ill with -the Ladies Muslins."--T.R. 1710. - -[27] "Wattles are wood slit."--T.R. - -[28] they cannot but feaw. 1577. - -[29] January. 1577. - -[30] "lay them by thy wheate" in _100 Good Points_. - -[31] "Such early sown Oats it is likely may be clearer of weeds; and -if I buy my Hay in May, that is, before my Chapman knows what Quantity -he shall have, he is rul'd by his Necessity for some ready money in -Hand."--T.R. - -[32] This tilth is a tilture, well forward doth bring. 1577. - -[33] Sts. 49 and 50 are not in 1577. - -[34] "Barley is now very rarely, if at all, sown on lay land. -The fallow he speaks of I take to be the second ploughing for -Barley."--T.R. 1710. Gervase Markham, in his _English Husbandman_, -directs a digging in May, another, with manuring, in October, and "the -last time of your digging and setting shall be at the beginning of -April." - -[35] "Barley-Ground ought to be as fine as an Ash-heap."--T.R. - -[36] "Where the Ground is over rich, it fines and sweetens it."--T.R. - -[37] "It" in _Tusser Redivivus_. "and." 1577. - - - - -36. - -¶ _Februaries abstract._ - -* * * Februaries Abstract and Februaries Husbandry in the edition of -1577 differ much from that of 1580. - -_Chap._ 33. - - -1 -Lay compas ynow, -er euer ye plow. - -2 -Place doongheapes alowe, -more barlie to growe. - -3 -Eat etch er ye plow, -with hog, shéepe and cow. -Sowe lintels ye may, -and peason gray. -Kéepe white vnsowne, -till more be knowne. - -4 -Sow pease (good trull) -the Moone past full. -Fine séedes then sowe, -whilst Moone doth growe. - -5 -Boy, follow the plough, -and harrow inough. -So harrow ye shall, -till couerd be all. - -6 -Sowe pease not too thin, -er plough ye set in. - -7 -Late sowen sore noieth, -late ripe, hog stroieth. - -8 -Some prouender saue, -for plowhorse to haue. -To oxen that drawe, -giue hay and not strawe. -To stéeres ye may -mixe strawe with hay. - -9 -Much carting, ill tillage, -makes som to flie village. - -10 -Use cattle aright, -to kéepe them in plight. - -11 -Good quickset bie, -old gatherd will die. - -12[1] -Stick bows a rowe, -where runciuals growe. - -13 -Sowe kirnels and hawe, -where ridge ye did drawe. - -14 -Sowe mustard séed, -and helpe to kill wéed. -Where sets doo growe, -sée nothing ye sowe. - -15 -Cut vines and osier, -plash hedge of enclosier. -Féed highly thy swan, -to loue hir good man. -Nest high I aduise, -least floud doe arise. - -16 -Land meadow spare, -there doong is good ware. - -17 -Go strike off the nowles -of deluing mowles. -Such hillocks in vaine -lay leauelled plaine. - -18 -To wet the land, -let mowle hill stand. - -19 -Poore cattle craue -some shift to haue. - -20 -Cow little giueth -that hardly liueth. - -21 -Rid barlie al now, -cleane out of thy mow. -Choice séed out drawe, -saue cattle the strawe. - -22 -To coast man ride -Lent stuffe to prouide. - -Thus endeth Februaries abstract, agréeing with Februaries husbandrie. - - -¶ Other short remembrances. - - -[23] -Trench medow and redge, -dike, quickset, and hedge. -To plots not full, -ad bremble and hull. - -[24] -Let wheat and the rie -for thresher still lie. -Such strawe some saue, -for thacker to haue. - -[25] -Poore cunnie, so bagged, -is soone ouer lagged. -Plash burrow, set clapper, -for dog is a snapper.[E184] - -[26] -Good flight who loues, -must féed their doues. -Bid hauking adew, -cast hauke into mew.[E185] - -[27] -Kéepe shéepe out of briers, -kéepe beast out of miers. -Kéepe lambes from fox, -else shepherd go box. - -[28] -Good neighbour mine, -now yoke thy swine. -Now euerie day, -set hops ye may. - -[29] -Now set for thy pot, -best herbes to be got. -For flowers go set, -all sorts ye can get. - -[30] -As winter doth prooue, -so may ye remooue. -Now all things reare, -for all the yeare. - -[31] -Watch ponds, go looke -to wéeles and hooke. -Knaues seld repent -to steale in Lent. - -[32] -Alls fish they get -that commeth to net.[E186] -Who muck regards -makes hillocks in yards. - -Here ends Februaries short remembrances. - -[1] Stanza 12 is 4, and st. 22 is 1 in 1577. - - - - -37. - -¶ _Februaries husbandrie. - -Chap._ 34. - - -Feb, fill the dike[E187] -With what thou dost like.[1] - -Forgotten month past -Doe now at the last. - -1 -Who laieth on doong er he laieth on plow, - such husbandrie vseth as thrift doth alow. -One month er ye spred it, so still let it stand, - er euer to plow it, ye take it in hand. - -2 -Place doong heape a low by the furrough along, - where water all winter time did it such wrong. -So make ye the land to be lustie and fat, - and corne thereon sowen to be better for that. - -3 -Go plow in the stubble, for now is the season, - for sowing of fitchis, of beanes, and of peason. -Sowe runciuals timelie, and all that be gray, - but sowe not the white till S. Gregories day.[2] - -4 -Sowe peason and beanes in the wane of the Moone,[3] - who soweth them sooner, he soweth too soone. -That they with the planet may rest and arise, - and flourish with bearing most plentifull wise. - -5 -Friend, harrow in time, by some maner of meanes, - not onely thy peason, but also thy beanes. -Unharrowed die, being buried in clay, - where harrowed florish, as flowers in May. - -6 -Both peason and beanes sowe afore ye doo plow,[4] - the sooner ye harrow, the better for yow.[5] -White peason so good for the purse and the pot: - let them be well vsed else well doo ye not. - -7 -Haue eie vnto haruest what euer ye sowe, - for feare of mischances, by riping too slowe. -Least corne be destroied, contrarie to right, - by hogs or by cattel, by day or by night.[6] - -8 -Good prouender labouring horses would haue, - good haie and good plentie, plow oxen doo craue. -To hale out the muck and to plow vp thy ground: - or else it may hinder thee many a pound. - -9 -Who slacketh his tillage, a carter to bee, - for grote got abrode, at home lose shall three. -And so by his dooing he brings out of hart - both land for the corne and horse for the cart. - -10 -Who abuseth his cattle and sterues them for meat, - by carting or plowing, his gaine is not great. -Where he that with labour can vse them aright, - hath gaine to his comfort, and cattle in plight. - -11 -Buie quickset at market, new gatherd and small, - buie bushes or willow, to fence it withall. -Set willowes to growe, in the steede of a stake, - for cattel in sommer, a shadow to make. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Runciual peason.] - -12 -Stick plentie of bows among runciuall pease[7] - to climber thereon, and to branch at their ease. -So dooing, more tender and greater they wex, - if peacock[8] and turkey leaue iobbing their bex.[E188] - -13 -Now sowe and go harrow (where redge ye did draw[9]) - the seed of the bremble, with kernell and haw. -Which couered ouerlie, soone to shut out, - goe see it be ditched and fenced about.[E189] - -[Sidenote: Sowe mustard séede.] - -14 -Where banks be amended and newly vp cast, - sow mustard seed,[10] after a shower be past. -Where plots full of nettles be noisome to eie, - sowe therevpon hempseed, and nettle will die. - -[Sidenote: Cut or set vines.] - -15 -The vines[11] and the osiers cut and go set, - if grape be vnpleasant, a better go get. -Feed swan, and go make hir vp strongly a nest, - for feare of a floud, good and high is the best. - -[Sidenote: Catching of mowls.] - -16 -Land meadow that yeerly is spared for hay, - now fence it and spare it, and doong it ye may. -Get mowle catcher cunninglie mowle for to kill, - and harrow and cast abrode euerie hill.[E190] - -17 -Where meadow or pasture to mowe ye doo laie, - let mowle be dispatched some maner of waie. -Then cast abrode mowlhill, as flat as ye can, - for many commodities following than. - -18 -If pasture by nature is giuen to be wet, - then bare with the mowlhill, though thick it be set. -That lambe may sit on it, and so to sit drie, - or else to lie by it, the warmer to lie.[E191] - -[Sidenote: Looke well to thy fence.] - -19 -Friend, alway let this be a part of thy care, - for shift of good pasture, lay pasture to spare. -So haue you good feeding, in bushets and lease,[E192] - and quickly safe finding of cattel at ease. - -20 -Where cattel may run about, rouing at wil, - from pasture to pasture, poor bellie to fil, -There pasture and cattel both hungrie and bare, - for want of good husbandrie worser doo fare. - -21 -Now thresh out thy barlie, for malt or for seed, - for bread corne (if need be) to serue as shall need. -If worke for the thresher ye mind for to haue, - of wheat and of mestlen[E193] vnthreshed go saue. - -22 -Now timelie for Lent stuffe[12] thy monie disburse, - the longer ye tarie for profit the wurse, -If one penie vantage be therein to saue, - of coast man or fleming be sure to haue.[E194] - -Thus endeth Februaries husbandrie. - -[1] with what ye like. 1577. - -[2] 12th of March. - -[3] "Pease and Beans sown during the Increase do run more to Hawm or -Straw, and during the Declension more to Cod, according to the common -consent of country men. And I must own I have experienced it; but I -will not aver it so as that it is not lyable to exceptions."--T.R. - -[4] "This is called sowing under furrow, just before the second -ploughing, which if neatly done lays them in rows."--T.R. - -[5] "Because if they lye until they are swell'd the horse-footing is -apt to endanger them."--T.R. - -[6] "This regards Field Land; for in our Author's time Enclosures were -not so frequent as now."--T.R. 1710. - -[7] "Runcival pease find now very little Entertainment in Gentlemen's -Gardens.... In their room are got the Egg pea, the Sugar pea, Dutch -admirals, etc."--T.R., 1710. - -[8] "A Peacock, altho' a lovely Fowl to look on, ... is a very -ill-natured Bird."--T.R. - -[9] "A way of quicksetting or fencing Enclosures out of the common -Field they had in the days of our Author."--T.R. - -[10] "This is most in practice in Marshy Countreys."--T.R. - -[11] "Those that thrive best with us are the small black Grape, the -white Muscadine, and the Parsley grape."--T.R. - -[12] "This Article is very much unregarded by Farmers at present, -for fear, I suppose, of falling into Popery and Superstition; but -lay that quite aside, and let us consult our Interest, Health, and -Gratitude."--T.R. The writer of _Tusser Redivivus_ here enlarges on -the advantages, personal and national, of fish diet. Under Marches -Husbandry, stanza 3, he mentions "Salt Fish, Furmity, Gruel, Wigs, -Milk, Parsnips, Hasty-pudding, Pancakes, and twice a week Eggs," as the -Farmer's Lenten Diet. - - - - -38. - -¶ _Marches abstract. - -Chap._ 35. - - -1 -White peason sowe, -scare hungry crow. - -2 -Spare meadow for hay, -spare marshes at May. - -3[1] -Kéepe shéepe from dog, -kéepe lambes from hog. -If foxes mowse[2] them, -then watch or howse them. - -4 -March drie or wet, -hop ground go set. -Yoong rootes well drest -prooue euer[3] best. -Grant hop great hill -to growe at will. -From hop long gut -away go cut. - -5 -Here learne the way -hop rootes to lay. - -6 -Rootes best to prooue, -thus set I looue. - -7 -Leaue space and roome, -to hillock to coome. - -8 -Of hedge and willow -hop makes his[4] pillow. -Good bearing hop -climes vp to the top. -Kéepe hop from sunne, -and hop is vndunne. - -9 -Hop tooles procure -that may endure. -Iron crowe like a stake, -déepe hole to make. -A scraper to pare -the earth about bare. -A hone to raise roote, -like sole of a boote. -Sharpe knife to cut -superfluous gut. - -10 -Who graffing looues, -now graffing prooues. -Of euerie suite, -graffe daintie fruite. -Graffe good fruite all, -or graffe not at all. - -11 -Graffe soone may be lost, -both grafting and cost. -Learne here[5] take héed -what counsell doth béed.[6] - -12 -Sowe barlie that can, -too soone ye shall ban. -Let horse kéepe his owne, -till barlie be sowne. -Sowe euen thy land, -with plentifull hand. -Sowe ouer and vnder, -in claie is no woonder. - -13[7] -By sowing in wet, -is little to get. - -14 -Straight folow the plough, -and harrow inough. -With sling go throwe,[8] -to scare away crowe. - -15 -Rowle after a deaw, -when barlie doth sheaw. -More handsom to make it, -to mowe and to rake it. - -16 -Learne here ye may -best harrowing way. - -17[9] -Now rowle thy wheat, -where clods be too great. - -18 -Make readie a plot, -for séeds for the pot. - -19 -Best searching minds -the best waie finds. - -20 -For garden best -is south southwest. - -21 -Good tilth brings séedes, -euill tilture, wéedes. - -22 -For sommer sowe now, -for winter sée how. - -23 -Learne time to knowe, -to set or sowe.[10] - -24 -Yoong plants soone die, -that growes too drie. - -25 -In countrie doth rest, -what season is best. - -26 -Good peason and léekes -makes pottage for créekes. - -27 -Haue spoone meat inough, -for cart and the plough. -Good poore mans fare, -is poore mans care. -And not to boast, -of sod and roast. - -28 -Cause rooke and rauen -to séeke a new hauen. - -Thus endeth Marches abstract, agréeing with Marches husbandrie. - - -¶ Other short remembrances. - - -[29] -Geld lambes now all, -straight as they fall. -Looke twise a day, -least lambes decay. - -[30] -Where horse did harrow, -put stones in barrow, -And[11] laie them by, -in heapes on by. - -[31] -Let oxe once fat -lose nothing of that. -Now hunt with dog, -vnyoked hog. - -[32] -With Doues good luck, -reare[12] goose and duck. -To spare aright -spare March his flight. - -[33] The following additional couplets are in 1577. - -Saue chikins poore buttocks -from pye, crowe, & puttocks. - -Some loue now best -yong rabbets nest. - -Now knaues will steale -pig, lamb, and veale. - -Here learne to knowe -what seedes to sowe. - -And such to plant -whose seedes do want. - -[1] St. 3, first couplet, - -What champion useth -woodland refuseth. 1577. - -[2] mouth them. 1573 (M.); mowse. 1577. - -[3] the. 1573, 1577. - -[4] her. 1577. - -[5] to. 1577. - -[6] bid, 1577; beed, 1585; breed, 1614. - -[7] St. 13 is not in 1577. - -[8] sling or bowe. 1577. - -[9] Stanzas 17, 26, and first couplet of 27 are not in 1577. - -[10] Lines transposed in 1577. - -[11] or. 1577. - -[12] hen. 1577. - - - - -39. - -_Seedes and herbes for the Kitchen._ - - -1 Auens.[E195] - -2 Betanie.[E196] - -3 Bléets or béets,[E197] white or yellow. - -4 Bloodwoort[E198] [Bloodwoorth, 1577]. - -5 Buglas.[E199] - -6 Burnet.[E200] - -7 Burrage.[E201] - -8 Cabage remoue in June. - -9 Clarie.[E202] - -10 Coleworts.[E203] - -11 Cresses. - -12 Endiue. - -13 Fenell.[E204] - -14 French Malows. - -15 French Saffron set in August. - -16 Langdebiefe.[E205] - -17 Léekes[E206] remoue in June. - -18 Lettis remoue in May. - -19 Longwort.[E207] - -20 Liuerwort.[E208] - -21 Marigolds[E209] often cut. - -22 Mercurie.[E210] - -23 Mints at all times. - -24 Nep.[E211] - -25 Onions [Oyneons, 1577] from December to March. - -26 Orach[E212] or arach, redde and white. - -27 Patience.[E213] - -28 Perceley. - -29 Peneriall.[E214] - -30 Primerose.[E215] - -31 Poret. - -32 Rosemary[E216] in the spring time [to growe south or west].[1] - -33 Sage red and white. - -34 [English][2] Saffron[E217] set in August. - -35 Summer sauerie. - -36 Sorell. - -37 Spinage.[E218] - -38 Suckerie. - -39 Siethes.[E219] - -40 Tanzie.[E220] - -41 Time. - -42 Violets of all sorts. - -43 Winter sauerie. - -[1] Omitted in 1577. - -[2] Omitted in 1577. - - - - -40. - -_Herbes and rootes for sallets and sauce._ - - -1 Alexanders, at all times. - -2 Artichoks. - -3 Blessed thistle,[E221] or _Carduus benedictus_. - -4 Cucumbers in April and May. - -5 Cresies, sowe with Lettice in the spring. - -6 Endiue. - -7 Mustard séede, sowe in the spring and at Mihelmas. - -8 Musk million, in April and May. - -9 Mints. - -10 Purslane.[E222] - -11 Radish, and after remoue them. - -12 Rampions.[E223] - -13 Rokat,[E224] in April. - -14 Sage.[E225] - -15 Sorell. - -16 Spinage, for the sommer. - -17 Sea holie.[E226] - -18 Sperage, let growe two yeares, and then remoue. - -19 Skirrets, set these plants in March. - -20 Suckerie. - -21 Tarragon, set in slippes in March.[1] - -22 Violets [of all coulors].[2] - - -These buie with the penie, -Or looke not for anie. - -1 Capers. - -2 Lemmans. - -3 Oliues. - -4 Orengis. - -5 Rise. - -6 Sampire.[E227] - -[1] Tarragon, April, 1577. - -[2] Omitted in 1577. - - - - -41. - -_Herbes and rootes to boile or to butter._ - - -1 Beanes, set in winter. - -2 Cabbegis,[E228] sowe in March, and after remooue. - -3 Carrets. - -4 Citrons,[E229] sowe in May. - -5 Goordes in May. - -6 Nauewes sowe in June. - -7 Pompions in May. - -8 Perseneps in winter. - -9 Runciuall pease set in winter. - -10 Rapes sowe in June. - -11 Turneps in March & April. - - - - -42. - -_Strowing herbes of all sortes._ - - -1 Bassel,[E230] fine and busht, sowe in May. - -2 Baulme, set in March. - -3 Camamel. - -4 Costmarie.[E231] - -5 Cousleps and paggles.[E232] - -6 Daisies of all sorts. - -7 Swéete fennell. - -8 Garmander.[E233] - -9 Isop, set in Februarie. - -10 Lauender. - -11 Lauender spike. - -12 Lauender cotten.[E234] - -13 Maierom knotted, sowe or set at the spring. - -14 Mawdelin.[E235] - -15 Penal riall. - -16 Roses of all sorts, in Januarie and September. - -17 Red mints. - -18 Sage. - -19 Tanzie. - -20 Violets. - -21 Winter sauerie. - - - - -43. - -_Herbes, branches, and flowers, for windowes and pots._ - - -1 Baies,[E236] sowe or set in plants in Januarie. - -2 Batchelers buttons.[E237] - -3 Botles, blew, red, and tawnie. - -4 Collembines.[E238] - -5 Campions. - -6 Cousleps.[1] - -7 Daffadondillies.[E239] - -8 Eglantine,[E240] or swéet brier. - -9 Fetherfew.[E241] - -10 Flower armor[2][E242] sowe in May. - -11 Flower de luce.[E243] - -12 Flower gentle,[E244] white and red. - -13 Flower nice. - -14 Gileflowers,[E245] red white and carnations, set in spring, and at -Haruest in pots, pailes or tubs, or for sommer in beds. - -15 Holiokes,[E246] red, white and carnations. - -16 Indian eie,[E247] sowe in May, or set in slips in March. - -17 Lauender of all sorts. - -18 Larkes foot. - -19 Laus tibi.[E248] - -20 Lillium cum valium.[3][E249] - -21 Lillies, red and white, sowe or set in March and September. - -22 Marigolds double. - -23 Nigella Romana.[E250] - -24 Pauncies or hartesease.[E251] - -25 Paggles, gréene and yelow. - -26 Pinkes of all sorts. - -27 Quéenes gilleflowers. - -28 Rosemarie. - -29 Roses of all sorts. - -30 Snag dragons.[4] - -31 Sops in wine.[E252] - -32 Swéete Williams.[E253] - -33 Swéete Johns.[E254] - -34 Star of Bethelem. - -35 Star of Jerusalem.[E255] - -36 Stocke gilleflowers of all sorts. - -37 Tuft gilleflowers.[E256] - -38 Veluet flowers,[E257] or french Marigolds. - -39 Violets, yellow and white. - -40 Wall gilleflowers of all sorts. - -[1] Omitted in 1577. - -[2] armour. 1577; amour. 1614. - -[3] convallium. 1617 - -[4] Snap dragons. 1577. - - - - -44. - -_Herbes to still in Sommer._ - - -1 Blessed thistle. - -2 Betanie [Betonye, 1577]. - -3 Dill. - -4 Endiue. - -5 Eiebright.[E258] - -6 Fennell. - -7 Fumetorie.[E259] - -8 Isop. - -9 Mints. - -10 Plantine. - -11 Roses red and damaske. - -12 Respies. - -13 Saxefrage. - -14 Strawberies. - -15 Sorell. - -16 Suckerie. - -17 Woodrofe[E260] for swéete waters and cakes. - - - - -45. - -_Necessarie herbes to growe in the garden for Physick, not rehersed -before._ - - -1 Annis. - -2 Archangel.[E261] - -3 Betanie. - -4 Charuiel. - -5 Cinqfile. - -6 Cummin.[E262] - -7 Dragons. - -8 Detanie,[1][E263] or garden ginger. - -9 Gromel[E264] séed, for the stone. - -10 Hartstong. - -11 Horehound. - -12 Louage[E265] for the stone. - -13 Licoras. - -14 Mandrake.[E266] - -15 Mogwort[E267] [Mogworth, 1577]. - -16 Pionées. - -17 Poppie. - -18 Rew.[E268] - -19 Rubarb. - -20 Smalach, for swellings. - -21 Saxefrage, for the stone. - -22 Sauin, for the bots.[E269] - -23 Stitchwort.[E270] - -24 Valerian. - -25 Woodbine.[E271] - -[26] -Thus ends in bréefe, -Of herbes the chéefe, -To get more skill, -Read whom ye will, -Such mo to haue, -Of field go craue. - -[1] Betany, in 1577. Thus mistakes in synonyms arise. - - - - -46. - -¶ _Marches husbandrie. - -Chap._ 36. - - -March dust to be sold, -Worth ransome of gold. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: [Sowing of white peason. 1577.]] - -1 -White peason, both good for the pot and the purse,[1] - by sowing too timelie, prooue often the wurse. -Bicause they be tender and hateth the cold, - prooue March er ye sowe them, for being too bold. - -[Sidenote: Spare eating of meadowe.] - -2 -Spare meadow at Gregorie,[E272] marshes at Pask, - for feare of drie Sommer, no longer time ask. -Then hedge them and ditch them, bestow thereon pence: - corne, meadow and pasture, aske alway good fence. - -[Sidenote: In Lent haue an ey to shéep biters.] - -3 -Of mastiues and mungrels,[E273] that manie we see, - a number of thousands too manie there bee. -Watch therefore in Lent, to thy sheepe go and looke, - for dogs will haue vittles,[2] by hooke or by crooke.[E274] - -[Sidenote: Setting of hops.] - -4 -In March at the furdest, drie season or wet, - hop rootes so well chosen, let skilfull go set. -The goeler[3] and yonger the better I loue; - well gutted[4] and pared, the better they proue. - -5 -Some laieth them croswise, along in the ground, - as high as the knee they doo couer vp round. -Some prick vp a stick in the mids of the same, - that little round hillock the better to frame. - -6 -Some maketh a hollownes, halfe a foot deepe, - with fower sets in it, set slant wise a steepe: -One foot from another, in order to lie, - and thereon a hillock, as round as a pie. - -7 -Five foot from another ech hillock would stand, - as straight as a leaueled line with the hand. -Let euerie hillock be fower foot wide, - the better to come to on euerie side. - -8 -By willowes[E275] that groweth thy hopyard without, - and also by hedges thy meadowes about. -Good hop hath a pleasure to climbe and to spred, - if Sunne may haue passage to comfort hir bed. - -[Sidenote: Hop tools.] - -9 -Get crowe made of iron, deepe hole for to make, - with crosse ouerthwart it, as sharpe as a stake. -A hone[5] and a parer, like sole of a boote,[6] - to pare away grasse and to raise vp the roote. - -[Sidenote: Graffing.] - -10 -In March is good grafting, the skilfull doo knowe, - so long as the wind in the East doo not blowe. -From Moone being changed til past be the prime,[7] - for grafting and cropping is verie good time. - -11 -Things graffed or planted,[8] the greatest and least, - defend against tempest, the bird[9] and the beast. -Defended shall prosper, the tother is lost, - the thing with the labour, the time and the cost. - -[Sidenote: Sowing of barlie.] - -12 -Sowe barlie in March, in April and Maie, - the latter[10] in sand, and the sooner in claie.[11] -What worser for barlie than wetnes and cold? - what better to skilfull than time to be bold?[E276] - -13[12] - -Who soweth his barlie too soone or in raine, - of otes[13] and of thistles shall after complaine. -I speake not of Maie weed,[E277] cockle[E278] and such, - that noieth the barlie, so often and much. - -14 -Let barlie be harrowed, finelie as dust, - then workmanly trench it and fence it ye must. -This season well plied, set sowing an end, - and praise and praie God a good haruest to send. - -[Sidenote: Rowling of barlie.] - -15 -Some rowleth their barlie straight after a raine, - when first it appeareth to leauell it plaine. -The barlie so vsed, the better doth growe, - and handsome ye make it at haruest to mowe. - -16 -Otes, barlie and pease, harrow after you sowe,[14] - for rie harrow first, as alreadie ye knowe.[E279] -Leaue wheat little clod, for to couer the head, - that after a frost, it may out and go spread. - -17[15] -If clod in thy wheat wil not breake with the frost, - if now ye doo rowle it, it quiteth the cost. -But see when ye rowle it, the weather be drie, - or else it were better vnrowled to lie. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Gardening.] - -18 -In March and in April,[16] from morning to night, - in sowing and setting, good huswiues delight: -To haue in a garden, or other like plot, - to turn vp their house, and to furnish their pot. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -19 -The nature of flowers dame Physick doth shew, - she teacheth them all to be knowne to a few. -To set or to sowe, or else sowne to remoue, - how that should be practised, learne if ye loue. - -[Sidenote: To know good land.] - -20 -Land falling or lieng full South or southwest, - for profit by tillage is lightly the best. -So garden with orchard and hopyard I finde, - that want the like benefit, growe out of kinde. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -21 -If field to beare corne a good tillage doth craue, - what thinke ye of garden, what garden would haue? -In field without cost[E280] be assured of weedes, - in garden be suer thou loosest thy seedes. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -22 -At spring (for the sommer) sowe garden ye shall, - at haruest (for winter) or sowe not at all. -Oft digging, remoouing, and weeding (ye see), - makes herbe the more holesome and greater to bee. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -23 -Time faire, to sowe or to gather be bold, - but set or remooue when the weather is cold.[17] -Cut all thing or gather, the Moone in the wane, - but sowe in encreasing, or giue it his bane. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -24 -Now set doo aske watering with pot or with dish, - new sowne doo not so, if ye doo as I wish.[E281] -Through cunning with dible, rake, mattock, and spade, - by line and by leauell, trim garden is made. - -25 -Who soweth too lateward, hath seldome good seed, - who soweth too soone, little better shall speed. -Apt time and the season so diuers to hit, - let aier and laier[18] helpe practise and wit. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -26[19] -Now leekes are in season, for pottage full good, - and spareth the milchcow and purgeth the blood. -These hauing, with peason for pottage in Lent, - thou sparest both otemell and bread to be spent.[E282] - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -27 -Though neuer so much a good huswife doth care, - that such as doe labour haue husbandlie fare. -Yet feed them and cram them til purse doe lack chinke, - no spoone meat, no bellifull, labourers thinke. - -[Sidenote: Destroie pie, rooks, and rauens nest, etc.] - -28 -Kill crowe, pie and cadow, rooke, buzard and rauen, - or else go desire them to seeke a new hauen. -In scaling the yoongest, to pluck off his beck, - beware how ye climber, for breaking your neck. - -Thus endeth Marches husbandrie. - -[1] "The Retailer now sells them for 2¾d. the Quart."--T.R. 1710. - -[2] In Lent, dog's meat was scarce, and "a mort Lamb now and then was -very apt to whet their appetite for Mutton."--T.R. - -[3] goeler. 1577. goodlier. 1614. "The goeler is the yellower, which -are the best setts, old roots being red."--T.R. - -[4] "Well taken off from the old Roots."--T.R. - -[5] "A common Rubber or Whetstone."--T.R. - -[6] "The best, in my minde, are those triangular ones used by the Fen -men and Bankers."--T.R. 1710. - -[7] cf. _ante_, ch. 36, st. 4. - -[8] plainted. 1577. - -[9] "That impudent bird, a Tomtit, is not easily frighted."--T.R. - -[10] "later."--T.R. - -[11] "Barley is rarely sown in Clay, at present."--T.R. 1710. - -[12] St. 13 is not in 1577. - -[13] Gervase Markham says: "You shall take care that in your seede -Barly there be not any Oates, for although they be in this case amongst -Husbandmen accounted the best of weede, yet are they such a disgrace," -etc.;... and he adds that "some grounds will ... bring forth naturally -a certaine kinde of wilde Oates."--_English Husbandman_, Pt. I. ch. v. - -[14] "That is, in our Countryman's Phrase, ... above furrow, that is -upon land after the last ploughing."--T.R. Cf. _ante_, ch. 37, st. 6. - -[15] St. 17 is not in 1577. - -[16] In March, April, and May. 1577. - -[17] "There is an old Sawe to this purpose: - -"'In Gard'ning never this Rule forget, -To Sow dry, and Set wet.'"--T.R. - -[18] "By _Aier_ I understand Situation, Weather, etc.... By _Laier_, -Composition, the Nature of the Soil, Heart of the Land, etc."--T.R. - -[19] Sts. 26 and 27 are not in 1577; but instead-- - -Good peason and leekes, to make porredge in lent, - and pescods in July, saue fish to be spent. -Those hauing with other things plentifull than, - thou winnest the hart of the labouring man. - - - - -47. - -¶ _Aprils abstract. - -Chap._ 37. - - -1[1] -Some champions laie -to fallow in Maie. - -2 -When tilth plows breake, -poore cattle cries creake. - -3 -One daie er ye plow, -spred compas ynow. - -4 -Some fodder buieth, -in fen where it lieth. - -5 -Thou champion wight, -haue cow meat for night. - -6 -Set hop his pole, -make déepe the hole. - -7 -First, bark go and sell, -er timber ye fell. - -8 -Fence copie in, -er heawers begin. - -9 -The straightest ye knowe, -for staddles let growe. - -10 -Crab trée preserue, -for plough to serue. - -11 -Get timber out, -er yéere go about. - -12 -Som cuntries lack plowmeat, -and som doe want cowmeat. - -13 -Small commons and bare, -yéelds cattell ill fare. - -14 -Som common with géese, -and shéepe without fléese. -Som tits thither bring, -and hogs without ring. - -15 -Some champions agrée -as waspe doth with bée. - -16 -Get swineherd for hog, -but kill not with dog. -Wher swineherd doth lack, -corne goeth to wrack. - -17 -All goes to the Deuill, -where shepherd is euill. - -18 -Come home from land, -with stone in hand. - -19 -Man cow prouides, -Wife dairie guides. - -20 -Slut Cisley vntaught -hath whitemeat[E283] naught. - -21 -Some bringeth in gaines, -some losse beside paines. - -22 -Run Cisse, fault known,[2] -with more than thine own, -Such Mistris, such Nan, -such Maister, such Man. - -Thus endeth Aprils abstract, agréeing with Aprils husbandrie. - -* * * In 1577 st. 11 is followed by sts. 20, 21, 22; then follows-- - -Such Mistres such Nan, -such master such man. -By such ill gestes, -poore Cis il restes. -Such fautes as thease -good dame will ease. -These faultes all ten, -abhorreth all men. -A warning for Cysse -for doing amysse. - -[1] Sts. 1-5 are not in 1577. - -[2] cf. _post_, ch. 48, st. 21. - - - - -48. - - -¶ _Aprils husbandrie. - -Chap._ 38. - - -Swéete April showers, -Doo spring Maie flowers. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -1[1] -In Cambridge shire forward to Lincolne shire way, - the champion maketh his fallow in May. -Then thinking so dooing one tillage woorth twaine, - by forcing of weede, by that meanes to refraine. - -2 -If April be dripping, then doo I not hate, - (for him that hath little) his fallowing late, -Else otherwise fallowing timelie is best, - for sauing of cattel, of plough and the rest. - -3 -Be suer of plough to be readie at hand, - er compas ye spred that on hillocks did stand: -Least drieing so lieing, doo make it decaie, - er euer much water doo wash it awaie. - -4 -Looke now to prouide ye of meadow for hay, - if fennes be vndrowned, there cheapest ye may.[2] -In fen for the bullock, for horse not so well, - count best the best cheape,[E284] wheresoeuer ye dwell. - -5 -Prouide ye of cowmeate, for cattel at night, - and chiefly where commons lie far out of sight: -Where cattel lie tied without any meat, - that profit by dairie can neuer be great. - -[Sidenote: Put poles to your hophils.] - -6 -Get into thy hopyard with plentie of poles, - amongst those same hillocks deuide them by doles. -Three poles to a hillock[3] (I pas not how long)[4] - shall yeeld thee more profit, set deeplie and strong. - -[Sidenote: Felling of timber.] - -7 -Sell barke to the tanner er timber yee fell, - cut lowe by the ground[5] or else doo ye not well. -In breaking[6] saue crooked, for mill and for ships, - and euer in hewing saue carpenters chips.[E285] - -8 -First see it well fenced er hewers begin, - then see it well stadled,[7][E286] without and within; -Thus being preserued and husbandlie donne, - shall sooner raise profit, to thee or thy sonne. - -[Sidenote: Stadling of woods.] - -9 -Leaue growing for stadles the likest and best, - though seller and buier dispatched the rest. -In bushes, in hedgerowe, in groue, and in wood, - this lesson obserued is needfull and good. - -10 -Saue elme, ash and crabtree, for cart and for plough, - saue step for a stile, of the crotch of the bough. -Saue hazel for forks, saue sallow for rake, - saue huluer[8] and thorne, thereof flaile for to make. - -[Sidenote: Discharge thy woods.] - -11 -Make riddance of carriage, er yeere go about, - for spoiling of plant that is newlie come out. -To carter (with oxen) this message I bring, - leaue oxen abrode[9] for anoieng the spring.[E287] - -12[10] -Allowance of fodder some countries doo yeeld, - as good for the cattel as haie in the feeld. -Some mowe vp their hedlonds[11] and plots among corne, - and driuen to leaue nothing, vnmowne, or vnshorne. - -13 -Some commons are barren, the nature is such, - and some ouer laieth the common too much. -The pestered commons small profit doth geeue, - and profit as little some reape I beleeue. - -14 -Some pester the commons, with iades and with geese, - with hog without ring and with sheepe without fleese. -Some lose a daie labour with seeking their owne, - some meet with a bootie they would not haue knowne.[E288] - -15 -Great troubles and losses the champion sees,[12] - and euer in brauling, as wasps among bees: -As charitie that waie appeereth but small, - so lesse be their winnings, or nothing at all. - -16 -Where champion wanteth[E289] a swineherd for hog, - there many complaineth of naughtie mans dog. -Where ech his owne keeper appoints without care, - there corne is destroied er men be aware. - -17 -The land is well harted with helpe of the fold, - for one or two crops, if so long it will hold. -If shepherd would keepe them from stroieng of corne, - the walke of his sheepe might the better be borne. - -18 -Where stones be too manie, annoieng thy land, - make seruant come home with a stone in his hand. -By daily so dooing, haue plentie yee shall, - both handsome for pauing and good for a wall. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Dairie matters.] - -19 -From April beginning, till Andrew be past, - so long with good huswife, hir dairie doth last. -Good milchcow and pasture, good husbands prouide, - the resdue good huswiues knowes best how to guide. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Ill huswiferie.] - -20 -Ill huswife vnskilful to make hir owne chees, - through trusting of others hath this for hir fees. -Her milke pan and creame pot, so slabbered and sost, - that butter is wanting and cheese is halfe lost. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -21 -Where some of a cow doo raise yeerelie a pound, - with such seelie huswiues no penie is found. -Then dairie maid (Cisley) hir fault being knowne, - away apace trudgeth, with more than hir owne. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Ill huswiues saiengs.] - -22 -Then neighbour, for Gods sake, if any you see, - good seruant for dairie house, waine[13] her to mee.[E290] -Such maister such man,[E291] and such mistris such maid, - such husband and huswife, such houses araid.[14] - -[1] Sts. 1-5 are not in 1577. - -[2] "Now ye may see what medows are well laid up, and what not, and -accordingly chuse your ground."--T.R. - -[3] "I suppose in our Author's time they made the Hills less than they -do now."--T.R. 1710. - -[4] "Overpoling (especially in height) is worse than underpoling."--T.R. - -[5] "Six inches at the but may be more worth than two foot in another -part."--T.R. - -[6] "Sawing out; it being called breaking-up by workmen in those parts -near where our Author lived."--T.R. - -[7] "To stadle a Wood is to leave at certain distances a sufficient -number of young Trees to replenish it."--T.R. - -[8] "or Holly ... heavy enough for flail swingels."--T.R. - -[9] T.R. reads "leave not oxe abroad," and explains spring to mean the -young buds of felled underwood. - -[10] Sts. 12 to 18 are not in 1577. - -[11] "The laying of headlands for grass is frequently used in Norfolk -to this day."--T.R. 1710. - -[12] "Our Author liv'd in the Reigns of King Henry the Eighth, King -Edward the Sixth, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth: during which time -there were several commotions about the taking in of Common Field -Land.... The greatest part of the privileges of Common Fields, -etc., are but so many privileges to wrong and quarrel with their -neighbours."--T.R. - -[13] waynes, 1573 (M.); wayne. 1577 - -[14] and house is araid. 1573 (M.); "such houses arayde." 1577. - - - - -49. - -¶ _A lesson for dairie maid Cisley, of ten toppings gests._[E292] - - -(a) -As wife that will - good husband plese, -Must shun with skill - such gests as these. - -(b) -So Cisse that serues - must marke this note, -What fault deserues - a brushed cote. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Ten toppings gests vnsent for.] - -(c) -Gehezie, Lots wife, and Argusses eies,[E293] - Tom piper, poore Cobler, and Lazarus thies, -Rough Esau, with Mawdlin, and Gentils that scrall, - With Bishop that burneth, thus knowe ye them all.[1] - -(d) -_These toppingly gests be in number but ten, -As welcome in dairie as Beares among men. -Which being descried, take heede of[2] you shall, -For danger of after claps, after that fall._ - -[Sidenote: ¶ White and drie.] - -1 -Gehezie his sicknes was whitish and drie, -such cheeses, good Cisley, ye floted[3] too nie.[E294] - -[Sidenote: Too salt.] - -2 -Leaue Lot with her piller (good Cisley) alone, -much saltnes in whitemeat is ill for the stone. - -[Sidenote: Full of eies.] - -3 -If cheeses in dairie haue Argusses eies, -tell Cisley the fault in hir huswiferie lies.[4][E295] - -[Sidenote: Houen.] - -4 -Tom Piper hath houen and puffed vp cheekes, -if cheese be so houen, make Cisse to seeke creekes.[E296] - -[Sidenote: Tough.] - -5 -Poore Cobler he tuggeth his leatherlie trash, -if cheese abide tugging, tug Cisley a crash.[E297] - -[Sidenote: Full of spots.] - -6 -If Lazer[5] so lothsome in cheese be espied, -let baies amend Cisley, or shift hir aside.[E298] - -[Sidenote: Full of heares.] - -7 -Rough Esau was hearie from top to the fut, -if cheese so appeareth, call Cisley a slut.[E299] - -[Sidenote: Full of whey.] - -8 -As Mawdlin wept, so would Cisley be drest, -for whey in hir cheeses, not halfe inough prest. - -[Sidenote: Full of gentils.] - -9 -If gentils be scrauling, call magget the py,[E300] -if cheeses haue gentils, at Cisse by and by. - -[Sidenote: Burnt to the pan.] - -10 -Blesse Cisley (good mistris) that Bishop doth ban -for burning the milke of hir cheese to the pan.[E301] - -[11] -_If thou (so oft beaten)[6] - Amendest by this: - -I will no more threaten, - I promise thee Cis._ - -[12] -Thus dairie maid Cisley, rehearsed ye see, - what faults with ill huswife, in dairie house bee. -Of market abhorred, to houshold a griefe, - to maister and mistris, as ill as a thiefe. - -Thus endeth Aprils husbandrie. - -[1] With bishop that turneth and burneth up all. 1573 (M.) and 1577. - -[2] if. 1577. - -[3] "Floting is taking off the Cream."--T.R. - -[4] "Because she did not work the Curd well together."--T.R. - -[5] "An inner corruption.... Chiefly occasioned from their using milk -soon after calving."--T.R. - -[6] - -Amend so oft beaten - for doing amisse. 1577. - - - - -50. - -¶ _Maies abstract. - -Chap._ 39. - - -1 -Put lambe from eawe, -to milke a feawe. - -2 -Be not too bold, -to milke and to fold. - -3 -Fiue eawes alow, -to euerie cow. - -4 -Shéepe wrigling taile -hath mads without faile. - -5 -Beat hard in the réede -where house hath néede. - -6 -Leaue cropping from May -to Mihelmas day. -Let Iuie be killed, -else trée will be spilled. - -7 -Now threshers warne -to rid the barne. - -8 -Be suer of hay -till thend of May. - -9 -Let shéepe fill flanke, -where corne is too ranke. -In woodland leuer,[1] -in champion neuer. - -10 -To wéeding away, -as soone as yée may. - -11 -For corne here réede,[E302] -what naughtie wéede. - -12 -Who wéeding slacketh, -good husbandrie lacketh. - -13 -Sowe buck or branke, -that smels so ranke. - -14 -Thy branke go and sowe, -where barlie did growe. -The next crop wheat -is husbandrie neat. - -15 -Sowe pescods some, -for haruest to come. - -16 -Sowe hemp and flacks, -that spinning lacks. - -17 -Teach hop to clime, -for now it is time. - -18 -Through fowles & wéedes -poore hop ill spéedes. -Cut off or crop -superfluous hop: -The titters or tine -makes hop to pine.[2] - -19 -Some raketh their wheat, -with rake that is great. -So titters and tine -be gotten out fine. - -20 -Now[3] sets doe craue -some wéeding to haue. - -21 -Now draine as ye like -both fen and dike. - -22 -Watch bées in May, -for swarming away. -Both now and in June, -marke maister bées tune. - -23 -Twifallow thy land, -least plough else stand. - -24 -No longer tarrie, -out compas to carrie. - -25 -Where néede doth pray it, -there sée ye lay it. - -26 -Set Jack and Jone -to gather vp stone. - -27 -To grasse with thy calues, -take nothing to halues.[E303] - -28 -Be suer thy neat -haue water and meat. - -29 -By tainting of ground, -destruction is found. - -30 -Now carrege get -home fewell to fet. -Tell fagot and billet -for filching gillet.[E304] - -31 -In sommer for firing -let citie be buying. -Marke colliers packing -least coles be lacking. -(Sée opened sack) -for two in a pack. - -32 -Let nodding patch -go sléepe a snatch. - -33 -Wife as[4] you will, -now plie your still. - -34 -Fine bazell[5] sowe, -in a pot to growe. -Fine séedes sowe now, -before ye sawe how. - -35 -Kéepe ox from cow, -for causes ynow. - -Thus endeth Maies abstract, agréeing with Maies husbandrie. - - -¶ Two other short remembrances. - - -[36] -From bull cow fast -till Crowchmas[6] be past. -From heifer bul hid thée -till Lammas[7] doth bid thée. - -Here ends Maies short remembrances. - -* * * Sts. 14, 15, 19, are not in 1577. - -[1] euer. 1577. - -[2] now take out fine. 1577. - -[3] New. 1577. - -[4] yf. 1577. - -[5] Bezell. 1577. - -[6] Saint Helens daie (_side note_). - -[7] August (_side note_). - - - - -51. - -_Maies husbandrie. - -Chap._ 40. - - -Cold Maie and windie, -Barne filleth vp finelie. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: Essex and Suffolke.] - -1 -At Philip and Jacob,[E305] away with the lams - that thinkest to haue any milke of their dams. -At Lammas leaue milking, for feare of a thing: - least (_requiem æternam_) in winter they sing. - -[Sidenote: Milking of eawes.] - -2 -To milke and to fold them is much to require, - except yee haue pasture to fil their desire. -Yet manie by milking (such heede they doo take), - not hurting their bodies much profit doo make. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -3 -Fiue eawes to a cow, make a proofe by a score, - shall double thy dairie, else trust me no more. -Yet may a good huswife that knoweth the skill, - haue mixt and vnmixt at hir pleasure and will. - -4 -If sheepe or thy lambe fall a wrigling with taile, - go by and by search it, whiles helpe may preuaile: -That barberlie handled[E306] I dare thee assure, - cast dust in his arse, thou hast finisht thy cure. - -5 -Where houses be reeded[1] (as houses haue neede), - now pare off the mosse, and go beat in the reed. -The iuster ye driue it, the smoother and plaine, - more handsome ye make it to shut off the raine. - -[Sidenote: Leaue off cropping.] - -[Sidenote: Destroie Iuie.] - -6 -From Maie til October leaue cropping, for why? - in wood sere, whatsoeuer thou croppest wil dy. -Where Iuie imbraceth the tree verie sore, - kill Iuie, or else tree wil addle no more.[E307] - -7 -Keepe threshing for thresher, til Maie be come in, - to haue to be suer fresh chaffe in the bin. -And somewhat to scamble, for hog and for hen, - and worke when it raineth for loitering men.[E308] - -[Sidenote: Count store no sore.] - -8 -Be sure of haie and of prouender some, - for labouring cattel til pasture be come. -And if ye doo mind to haue nothing to sterue, - haue one thing or other, for all thing to serue. - -9 -Ground compassed wel and a following[2] yeare, - (if wheat or thy barlie too ranke doo appeare) -Now eat it with sheepe or else mowe it ye may, - for ledging, and so, to the birds for a pray. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Wéeding.] - -10 -In Maie get a weede hooke, a crotch and a gloue,[E309] - and weed out such weedes as the corne doth not loue: -For weeding of winter corne now it is best, - but June is the better for weeding the rest. - -[Sidenote: Ill wéeds.] - -11 -The May weed doth burn[E310] and the thistle doth freat,[E311] - the fitchis[3] pul downward,[E312] both rie and the wheat. -The brake and the cockle[E313] be noisome too much, - yet like vnto boddle[E314] no weede there is such. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -12 -Slack neuer thy weeding, for dearth nor for cheape, - the corne shall reward it er euer ye reape. -And specially where ye doo trust for to seede,[4] - let that be well vsed, the better to speede. - -[Sidenote: Sowing of branke.] - -13 -In Maie is good sowing, thy buck[E315] or thy branke,[E316] - that black is as pepper, and smelleth so ranke. -It is to thy land, as a comfort or muck, - and al thing it maketh as fat as a buck. - -14[5] -Sowe buck after barlie, or after thy wheat, - a peck to a roode (if the measure be great); -Three earthes see ye giue it, and sowe it aboue, - and harrow it finelie if buck ye doo loue. - -15 -Who pescods would gather, to haue with the last, - to serue for his houshold till haruest be past, -Must sowe them in Maie, in a corner ye shal, - where through so late growing no hindrance may fal.[E317] - -[Sidenote: ¶ Sowing of flax and hempe.] - -16 -Good flax and good hemp for to haue of hir owne, - in Maie a good huswife will see it be sowne. -And afterward trim it, to serue at a neede, - the fimble to spin and the karl for hir seede.[E318] - -17 -Get into the hopyard, for now it is time,[6] - to teach Robin hop on his pole how to clime: -To follow the Sunne, as his propertie is,[E319] - and weede him and trim him, if aught go amis. - -[Sidenote: Ill neighbours to the hop.] - -18 -Grasse, thistle and mustard seede, hemlock and bur, - tine, mallow and nettle, that keepe such a stur. -With peacock and turkie, that nibbles off top, - are verie ill neighbors to seelie poore hop. - -19 -From wheat go and rake out the titters or tine, - if eare be not foorth, it will rise againe fine. -Use now in thy rie, little raking or none, - breake tine[7] from his roote, and so let it alone.[E320] - -[Sidenote: Wéeding of quickset.] - -20 -Bankes newly quicksetted, some weeding doo craue, - the kindlier nourishment thereby to haue. -Then after a shower to weeding a snatch, - more easilie weede with the roote to dispatch. - -[Sidenote: Now draine ditches.] - -21 -The fen and the quamire,[8][E321] so marrish be kind, - and are to be drained, now wine to thy mind: -Which yeerelie vndrained and suffered vncut, - annoieth the meadowes that thereon doo but. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Swarming of bées.] - -22 -Take heede to thy bees, that are readie to swarme, - the losse thereof now is a crownes worth of harme:[9] -Let skilfull be readie and diligence seene, - least being too careles, thou losest thy beene. - -[Sidenote: Twifallowing.] - -23 -In Maie at the furthest, twifallow thy land, - much drout may else after cause plough for to stand: -This tilth being done, ye haue passed the wurst, - then after who ploweth, plow thou with the furst. - -[Sidenote: Carie out compas.] - -24 -Twifallow once ended, get tumbrell and man, - and compas that fallow as soone as ye can. -Let skilfull bestow it, where neede is vpon, - more profit the sooner to follow[10] thereon. - -25 -Hide hedlonds with muck, if ye will to the knees, - so dripped and shadowd with bushes and trees:[E322] -Bare plots full of galles,[11] if ye plow ouerthwart, - and compas it then, is a husbandlie part. - -26 -Let children be hired, to lay to their bones, - from fallow as needeth to gather vp stones. -What wisedome for profit aduiseth vnto, - that husband and huswife must willingly do. - -[Sidenote: Forth to grasse with thy calues.] - -27 -To gras with thy calues in some medow plot nere, - where neither their mothers may see them nor here. -Where water is plentie and barth to sit warme, - and looke well vnto them, for taking of harme. - -[Sidenote: Let not cattel want water.] - -28 -Pinch neuer thy wennels of water or meat, - if euer ye hope for to haue them good neat: -In Sommer time dailie, in Winter in frost, - if cattel lack drinke, they be vtterly lost. - -[Sidenote: Ouerlay not thy pastures.] - -29 -For coueting much ouerlay not thy ground, - and then shall thy cattel be lustie and sound. -But pinch them of pasture, while Sommer doth last, - and lift at their tailes er an Winter be past.[E323] - -[Sidenote: Get home thy fewel.] - -30 -Get home with thy fewell, made readie to fet, - the sooner the easier carrege to get: -Or otherwise linger the carrege thereon, - till (where as ye left it) a quarter be gon. - -[Sidenote: Husbandrie for Citizens.] - -31 -His firing in Sommer, let Citizen buie, - least buieng in Winter make purse for to crie. -For carman and collier harps both on a string, - in Winter they cast to be with thee to bring.[12] - -[Sidenote: Sléeping time.[E324]] - -32 -From Maie to mid August, an hower or two, - let patch[E325] sleepe a snatch, how soeuer ye do, -Though sleeping one hower refresheth his song, - yet trust not hob growthed[E326] for sleeping too long. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Stilling of herbes.] - -33 -The knowledge of stilling is one pretie feat, - The waters be holesome, the charges not great.[E327] -What timelie thou gettest, while Sommer doth last, - thinke Winter will helpe thee, to spend it as fast. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -34 -Fine bazell desireth it may be hir lot, - to growe as the gilloflower, trim in a pot, -That ladies and gentils, for whom she doth serue, - may helpe hir as needeth, poore life to preserue.[13] - -35 -Keepe oxe fro thy cow that to profit would go, - least cow be deceiued by oxe dooing so: -And thou recompenced for suffering the same, - with want of a calfe and a cow to wax lame. - -Thus endeth Maies husbandrie. - -[1] "Reeding is no where so well done as in Norfolk and Suffolk.... It -will bear a better slope than any other thatch."--T.R. - -[2] See footnote 10, below. - -[3] "or, as some call it, the Tine-tare."--T.R. - -[4] to for seed. 1577. - -[5] Sts. 14 and 15 are not in 1577. - -[6] "I am told that 20_s._ an acre is the common Price for looking -after a hop ground."--T.R. - -[7] Misprinted "time." - -[8] quamer. 1577. - -[9] "The Proverb says, 'A Swarm in May is worth a Load of Hay.'"--T.R. -1710. Mavor says a swarm might fetch 15_s._ in his time (1812). - -[10] The author of _Tusser Redivivus_ and Mavor prefer _fallow_; though -M. says that all standard editions read _follow_. Cf. st. 9, above. - -[11] gales. 1577. - -[12] "In our Author's time, and not long since, the Yarmouth and -Ipswich Colliers were laid up in the Winter, and then the Spring Market -was always dearest."--T.R. - -[13] "Most people stroak Garden Basil, which leaves a grateful Smell -on the Hand; and he will have it, that such stroaking from a fair lady -preserves the life of the Basil."--T.R. - - - - -52. - -¶ _Junes abstract. - -Chap._ 41. - - -1 -Wash shéep for to share, -that shéepe may go bare. - -2 -Though fléese ye take, -no patches make. - -3 -Share lambes no whit, -or share not yit. - -4 -If meadow be growne, -let meadow be mowne. - -5 -Plough early ye may, -and then carrie hay. - -6 -Tis good to be knowne, -to haue all of thine owne. -Who goeth a borrowing, -goeth a sorrowing.[E328] - -7 -Sée cart in plight, -and all things right. - -8 -Make drie ouer hed, -both houell and shed. - -9 -Of houell make stack, -for pease on his back. - -10[1] -In champion some, -wants elbow rome. - -11 -Let wheat and rie, -in house lie drie. - -12 -Buie turfe and sedge, -or else breake hedge. - -13 -Good store howse néedfull -well ordred spéedfull. - -14 -Thy barnes repaire, -make flower[2] faire. - -15 -Such shrubs as noie, -in sommer destroie. - -16 -Swinge brembles & brakes,[E329] -get forkes and rakes. - -17 -Spare hedlonds[3] some, -till haruest come. - -18 -Cast ditch and pond, -to lay vpon lond. - -_A lesson of hopyard._ - -19 -Where hops will growe, -here learne to knowe. -Hops many will coome, -in a roode of roome. - -20 -Hops hate the land, -with grauell and sand. - -21 -The rotten mold -for hop is worth gold. - -22 -The sunne southwest -for hopyard is best. - -23 -Hop plot once found, -now dig the ground. - -24 -Hops fauoreth malt, -hops thrift doth exalt: -Of hops more réede, -as time shall néede. - -Thus endeth Junes abstract, agreeing with Junes husbandrie. - -[1] Sts. 10-12 are omitted in 1577. - -[2] _Query_, floor. - -[3] hedlong. 1577. - - - - -53. - -¶ _Junes husbandrie. - -Chap._ 42. - - -Calme weather in June -Corne sets in time. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: Shéepe sharing.] - -1 -Wash sheepe (for the better) where water doth run, - and let him go cleanly and drie in the sun. -Then share him and spare not, at two daies an end, - The sooner the better his corps will amend.[E330] - -[Sidenote: Beware of euill shéepe shearers.] - -2 -Reward not thy sheepe (when ye take off his cote) - with twitchis and patches, as brode as a grote.[E331] -Let not such vngentlenesse happen to thine, - least flie with hir gentils doo make it to pine. - -[Sidenote: Sheare lambes in Julie.] - -3 -Let lambes go vnclipped, till June be halfe worne, - the better the fleeses will growe to be shorne. -The Pie will discharge thee for pulling the rest:[E332] - the lighter the sheepe is, then feedeth it best. - -[Sidenote: Mowing time.] - -4 -If meadow be forward, be mowing of some; - but mowe as the makers may well ouercome:[E333] -Take heede to the weather, the wind and the skie, - if danger approcheth, then cock apace[E334] crie. - -5 -Plough earlie till ten a clock, then to thy hay, - in plowing and carting, so profit ye may. -By little and little, thus dooing ye win: - that plough shall not hinder when haruest comes in.[E335] - -6 -Prouide of thine owne to haue all things at hand, - least worke and the workman vnoccupide stand. -Loue seldome to borowe that thinkest to saue, - for he that once lendeth twise looketh to haue.[E336] - -[Sidenote: Trim well thy carts.] - -7 -Let cart be well searched without and within, - well clouted and greased, er hay time begin. -Thy hay being carried, though carter had sworne, - carts bottome well boorded is sauing of corne. - -8 -Good husbands that laie to saue all things vpright, - for tumbrels and cart, haue a shed readie dight. -Where vnder the hog may in winter lie warme: - to stand so enclosed, as wind doo no harme. - -[Sidenote: A houell is set vpon crotches[1] and couered -with poles and strawe.] - -9 -So likewise a houell will serue for a roome, - to stack on the peason, when haruest shall coome. -And serue thee in winter, more ouer than that, - to shut vp thy porklings thou mindest to fat. - -10[2] -Some barnroome haue little, and yardroome as much, - yet corne in the field appertaineth to such: -Then houels and rikes they are forced to make, - abrode or at home for necessities sake. - -11 -Make sure of breadcorne (of all other graine), - lie drie and well looked to, for mouse and for raine. -Though fitchis and pease, and such other as they, - (for pestring too much) on a houell ye ley. - -12 -With whinnes or with furzes thy houell renew, - for turfe or for sedge, for to bake and to brew: -For charcole and sea cole, as also for thacke, - for tallwood and billet, as yeerlie ye lacke. - -[Sidenote: The husbandlie storhouse.] - -13 -What husbandlie husbands, except they be fooles, - but handsome haue storehouse, for trinkets and tooles: -And all in good order, fast locked to ly, - what euer is needfull, to find by and by. - -14 -Thy houses and barnes would be looked vpon, - and all things amended er haruest come on. -Things thus set in order, in quiet and rest, - shall further thy haruest and pleasure thee best. - -15 -The bushes and thorne with the shrubs that do noy, - in woodsere[3][E337] or sommer cut downe to destroy: -But where as decay to the tree ye will none, - for danger in woodsere, let hacking alone. - -[Sidenote: Mowe downe brakes and meadow.] - -16 -At Midsommer, downe with the brembles and brakes, - and after, abrode with thy forks and thy rakes: -Set mowers a mowing, where meadow is growne, - the longer now standing the worse to be mowne. - -[Sidenote: Mowe hedlonds at haruest or after in the -seueral fields.] - -17 -Now downe with the grasse vpon hedlonds about, - that groweth in shadow, so ranke and so stout. -But grasse vpon hedlond of barlie and pease, - when haruest is ended, go mowe if ye please. - -18 -Such muddie deepe ditches, and pits in the feeld, - that all a drie sommer no water will yeeld, -By fieing[E338] and casting that mud vpon heapes, - commodities many the husbandman reapes. - - -_A lesson where and when to plant good Hopyard._ - - -19 -Whome fancie persuadeth, among other crops, - to haue for his spending, sufficient of hops,[E339] -Must willinglie follow, of choises to chuse, - such lessons approoued, as skilfull doo vse. - -[Sidenote: Naught for hops.] - -20 -Ground grauellie, sandie, and mixed with clay, - is naughtie for hops any maner of way; -Or if it be mingled with rubbish and stone, - for drines and barrennes, let it alone. - -[Sidenote: Good for hops.] - -21 -Choose soile for the hop of the rottenest mould, - well doonged and wrought, as a garden plot should -Not far from the water (but not ouerflowne) - this lesson well noted is meete to be knowne. - -22 -The Sunne in the south, or else southly and west, - is ioy to the hop, as a welcomed gest; -But wind in the north, or else northly east, - to hop is as ill as a fraie in a feast. - -[Sidenote: Now dig thy new hop ground.] - -23 -Meete plot for a hopyard once found as is told, - make thereof account, as of iewell of gold. -Now dig it and leaue it, the Sunne for to burne, - and afterward fence it, to serue for that turne. - -[Sidenote: The praise of hops.] - -24 -The hop for his profit I thus doo exalt, - it strengtheneth drinke, and it fauoreth malt. -And being well brewed, long kept it will last, - and drawing abide, if ye drawe not too fast. - -[1] "forked posts."--T.R. - -[2] Sts. 10-12 are omitted in 1577. - -[3] goodsere. 1577. - - - - -54. - -¶ _Julies abstract. - -Chap._ 43. - - -1 -Go sirs and away, -to ted and make hay. -If stormes drawes nie, -then cock apace crie. - -2 -Let hay still bide, -till well it be dride. -(Hay made) away carrie, -no longer then tarrie. - -3 -Who best way titheth, -he best way thriueth. - -4 -Two good hay makers -woorth twentie crakers. - -5 -Let dallops[1] about -be mowne and had out. -Sée hay doo looke gréene, -sée féeld ye rake cléene. - -6 -Thry fallow I pray thée, -least thistles bewray thée. - -7 -Cut off, good wife, -ripe beane with a knife. - -8 -Ripe hempe out cull, -from karle to pull. -Let séede hempe growe, -till more ye knowe. - -9 -Drie flax get in, -for spinners[2] to spin. -Now mowe[3] or pluck -thy branke or buck. - -10 -Some wormewood saue, -for March to haue. - -11 -Mark Physick true, -of wormewood and rue.[4] -Get grist to the mill, -for wanting at will.[E340] - -Thus endeth Julies abstract, agréeing with Julies husbandrie. - -[1] dalors. 1577. - -[2] mayde. 1577. - -[3] Go reape. 1577. - -[4] - -Some woormwood saue -for March to haue. 1577. - - - - -55. - -¶ _Julies husbandrie. - -Chap._ 44. - - -No tempest, good Julie, -Least corne lookes rulie. - -Forgotten month past, -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: Hay haruest.] - -1 -Go muster thy seruants, be captaine thy selfe, - prouiding them weapon and other like pelfe. -Get bottles and walletts, keepe field in the heat, - the feare is as much, as the danger is great. - -2 -With tossing and raking and setting on cox, - grasse latelie in swathes is hay for an ox:[E341] -That done, go and cart it and haue it away, - the battel is fought, ye haue gotten the day. - -[Sidenote: Pay thy tithes.] - -3 -Pay iustly thy tithes whatsoeuer thou bee, - that God may in blessing send foison to thee. -Though Vicar[1] be bad, or the Parson as euill, - go not for thy tithing thy selfe to the Deuill. - -4 -Let hay be well made, or auise else auouse,[E342] - for molding in goef,[2] or of firing the house. -Lay coursest aside for the ox and the cow, - the finest for sheepe and thy gelding alow. - -5 -Then downe with the hedlonds, that groweth about, - leaue neuer a dallop vnmowne and had out. -Though grasse be but thin, about barlie and pease, - yet picked vp cleane ye shall find therein ease. - -[Sidenote: Thry fallowing.] - -6 -Thry fallow[E343] betime, for destroieng of weede, - least thistle and duck[3] fall a blooming and seede, -Such season may chance, it shall stand thee vpon, - to till it againe, er an Sommer be gon. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Gathering of garden beanes.] - -7 -Not rent[4] off, but cut off, ripe beane with a knife, - for hindering stalke of hir vegetiue life. -So gather the lowest, and leaning the top, - shall teach thee a trick, for to double thy crop.[E344] - -[Sidenote: ¶ Gather yellow hempe.] - -8 -Wife, pluck fro thy seed hemp the fiemble hemp clene, - this looketh more yellow, the other more grene: -Vse ton for thy spinning, leaue Mihel the tother, - for shoo thred and halter, for rope and such other.[E345] - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -9[5] -Now pluck vp thy flax, for the maidens to spin, - first see it dried, and timelie got in. -And mowe vp thy branke, and away with it drie, - and howse it vp close, out of danger to lie. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Wormewood get against fleas and infection.] - -10 -While wormwood[E346] hath seed, get a handful or twaine, - to saue against March to make flea to refraine: -Where chamber is sweeped, and wormwood is strowne, - no flea for his life dare abide to be knowne. - -11[6] -What sauer is better (if physick be true), - for places infected, than wormwood and rue. -It is as a comfort for hart and the braine, - and therefore to haue it, it is not in vaine. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Be sure of bread and drinke for haruest.] - -12 -Get grist to the mill, to haue plentie in store, - least miller lack water, as many doo more.[E347] -The meale the more yeeldeth, if seruant be true, - and miller that tolleth, take none but his due. - -Thus endeth Julies husbandrie. - -[1] curat. 1577. - -[2] mow. 1614. - -[3] dock. 1577. - -[4] rend. 1573 (M.), 1577. - -[5] St. 9 wanting in 1577. - -[6] St. 11 wanting in 1577. - - - - -56. - -¶ _Augusts abstract. - -Chap._ 45. - - -1 -Thry fallowing won, -get compassing don. - -2 -In June and in Awe -swinge brakes (for a lawe). - -3 -Pare saffron plot, -forget it not. -His dwelling made trim, -looke shortly for him: -When haruest is gon, -then saffron comes on. - -4 -A little of ground -brings saffron a pound. -The pleasure is fine, -the profit is thine. -Kéepe colour in drieng, -well vsed woorth buieng. - -5[1] -Maids, mustard séed reape, -and laie on a heape. - -6 -Good neighbors in déede, -change séede for séede. - -7 -Now strike vp drum,[2] -cum haruest man cum. -Take paine for a gaine, -one knaue mars twaine.[E348] - -8 -Reape corne by the day,[3] -least corne doo decay. -By great is the cheaper, -if trustie were reaper. - -9 -Blowe horne for sleapers, -and chéere vp thy reapers.[4] - -10 -Well dooings who loueth, -thes haruest points proueth. - -11 -Paie Gods part furst, -and not of the wurst.[E349] - -12 -Now Parson (I say),[5] -tith carrie away. - -13 -Kéepe cart gap wéele, -scare hog from whéele. - -14[6] -Mowe hawme to burne, -to serue thy turne: -To bake thy bread, -to burne vnder lead. - -15 -Mowne hawme being dry, -no longer let ly. -Get home thy hawme, -whilst weather is cawme. - -16 -Mowne barlie lesse cost, -ill mowne much lost. - -17 -Reape barlie with sickle, -that lies in ill pickle.[7] -Let gréenest stand, -for making of band. -Bands made without dew, -will hold but a few. - -18 -Laie band[8] to find her, -two rakes[9] to a binder. - -19 -Rake after sieth, -and pay thy tieth. -Corne carried all, -then rake it ye shall. - -20 -Let shock take sweate, -least gofe take heate. -Yet it is best reason, -to take it in season.[E350] - -21 -More often ye turne, -more pease ye out spurne. -Yet winnow them in, -er carrege begin. - -22 -Thy carting plie, -while weather is drie. - -23 -Bid gouing (clim)[10] -goue iust and trim. -Laie wheat for séede, -to come by at néede. -Séede barelie cast, -to thresh out last. - -24 -Lay pease vpon stacke, -if houell ye lack. -And couer it straight, -from doues that waight. - -25 -Let gleaners gleane, -(the poore I meane). -Which euer ye sowe, -that first eate lowe. -The other forbare, -for rowen[11] to spare. - -26 -Come home lord singing, -com home[12] corne bringing.[E351] -Tis merie in hall, -when[13] beards wag all.[E352] - -27 -Once had thy desire, -pay workman his hire. -Let none be beguilde, -man, woman, nor childe. - -28 -Thanke God[14] ye shall, -and adue for all. - - -_Works after haruest._[15] - - -29 -Get tumbrell in hand, -for barlie land. - -30 -The better the muck, -the better good luck. - -31 -Still carrege is good, -for timber and wood. -No longer delaies, -to mend the high waies. - -32 -Some loue as a iewell, -well placing of fewell. - -33 -In piling of logs, -make houell for hogs. - -34 -Wife, plow doth crie, -to picking of rie. - -35 -Such séede as ye sowe, -such reape or else mowe. - -36 -Take shipping or ride, -Lent stuffe to prouide. - -37 -Let haberden lie, -in peasestraw drie. - -38 -When out ye ride, -leaue a good guide. - -39 -Some profit spie out, -by riding about. -Marke now, thorow yéere, -what cheape, what déere. - -40 -Some skill doth well -to buie and to sell. -Of théefe who bieth, -in danger lieth. - -41 -Commoditie knowne, -abrode is blowne. - -42 -At first hand bie, -at third let lie. - -43 -Haue monie prest, -to buie at the best. - -44 -Some cattle home bring, -for Mihelmas spring.[E353] -By hauke and hound, -small profit is found. - -45 -Dispatch, looke home, -to loitring mome. -Prouide or repent, -milch cow for Lent. - -46 -Now crone[16] your sheepe, -fat those ye kéepe. -Leaue milking old cow, -fat aged vp now. - -47 -Sell butter and chéese, -good Faires few léese. -At Faires go bie, -home wants to supplie. - -48 -If hops looke browne, -go gather them downe. -But not in the deaw, -for piddling with feaw. - -49 -Of hops this knack, -a meanie doo lack.[17] -Once had thy will,[18] -go couer his hill. - -50 -Take hop to thy dole, -but breake not his pole. - -51 -Learne here (thou stranger) -to frame hop manger. - -52 -Hop poles preserue, -againe to serue. -Hop poles by and by, -long safe vp to dry. -Least poles wax scant, -new poles go plant.[19] - -53 -The hop kell dride, -will best abide. -Hops dried in loft, -aske tendance oft. -And shed their séedes, -much more than néedes.[20] - -54 -Hops dride small cost, -ill kept halfe lost. -Hops quickly[21] be spilt, -take héede if thou wilt. - -55 -Some come, some go, -This life is so. - -Thus endeth Augusts abstract, agréeing with Augusts husbandrie. - -* * * Stanza 47 is st. 49 in Septembers Abstract in 1577; st. 48 is 50, -second couplet reads-- - -But not in a deawe, -nor pidling with feawe. 1577. - -[1] Sts. 5, 6 are wanting in 1577. - -[2] droom. 1577. - -[3] Get reapers by day. 1577. - -[4] giue gloues to, etc. 1573 (M.) and 1577. - -[5] That parson may. 1577. - -[6] Sts. 14, 15, are wanting in 1577. - -[7] - -Reape barley with hand, -that will not stand. 1577. - -[8] hand. 1577. - -[9] rakers. 1577. - -[10] In 1577, Bid goeuing clim. _Query_, abbreviation for Clement. - -[11] rewen. 1577. - -[12] cart. 1573 (M.), 1577. - -[13] let. 1577. - -[14] so. 1577. - -[15] The Works after Haruest are not in editions previous to 1580 (M.). -But stanzas 47 and 48 are in Septembers Abstract. 1577.--Ed. - -[16] _i.e._ pick out the crones.--T.R., but cf. Glossary. - -[17] put in thy pack. 1577. - -[18] fyll. 1577. - -[19] ley new to plant. 1577. - -[20] The third couplet is omitted in 1577. - -[21] soone. 1577. - - - - -57. - -¶ _Augusts husbandrie. - -Chap._ 46. - - -Dry August and warme, -Doth haruest no harme. - -Forgotten month past -Doe now at the last. - -[Sidenote: Thry fallowing.] - -1 -Thry fallow once ended, go strike by and by, - both wheat land and barlie, and so let it ly. -And as ye haue leisure, go compas the same, - when vp ye doo lay it, more fruitfull to frame. - -[Sidenote: Mowing of brakes.] - -2 -Get downe with thy brakes, er an showers doo come, - that cattle the better may pasture haue some. -In June and in August, as well doth appeere, - is best to mowe brakes, of all times in the yeere. - -[Sidenote: Paring of saffron.] - -3 -Pare saffron[E354] betweene the two S. Maries daies,[E355] - or set or go shift it, that knowest the waies. -What yeere shall I doo it (more profit to yeeld?) - the fourth in garden, the third in the feeld. - -[Sidenote: ¶ Huswiferie.] - -4 -In hauing but fortie foote workmanly dight, - take saffron ynough for a Lord and a knight. -All winter time alter[1] as practise doth teach, - what plot haue ye better, for linnen to bleach.[2] - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -5[3] -Maides, mustard seede gather, for being too ripe,[E356] - and weather it well, er ye giue it a stripe:[4] -Then dresse it and laie it in soller vp sweete, - least foistines make it for table vnmeete. - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -6[5] -Good huswifes in sommer will saue their owne seedes, - against the next yeere, as occasion needes. -One seede for another, to make an exchange, - with fellowlie neighbourhood seemeth not strange. - -[Sidenote: Corne harvest.] - -7 -Make sure of reapers, get haruest in hand, - the corne that is ripe, doo[6] but shed as it stand. -Be thankfull to God, for his benefits sent, - and willing to saue it with earnest intent. - -[Sidenote: Champion by great, the other by day.] - -8 -To let out thy haruest, by great[7] or by day, - let this by experience leade thee a way. -By great will deceiue thee, with lingring it out, - by day will dispatch, and put all out of dout.[E357] - -9 -Grant haruest lord[8][E358] more by a penie or twoo, - to call on his fellowes the better to doo: -Giue gloues to thy reapers,[9] a larges[E359] to crie, - and dailie to loiterers haue a good eie. - -[Sidenote: Good haruest points.] - -10 -Reape wel, scatter not, gather cleane that is shorne, - binde fast, shock apace, haue an eie to thy corne. -Lode safe, carrie home, follow time being faire, - goue iust in the barne, it is out of despaire. - -11[10] -Tithe dulie and trulie, with hartie good will, - that God and his blessing may dwell with thee still: -Though Parson neglecteth his dutie for this, - thanke thou thy Lord God, and giue erie man his. - -[Sidenote: Parson looke to thy tithe.] - -12 -Corne tithed (sir Parson) to gather go get, - and cause it on shocks to be by and by set: -Not leauing it scattering abrode on the ground, - nor long in the field, but away with it round. - -[Sidenote: Kéepe hog from cart whéele.] - -13 -To cart gap and barne, set a guide to looke weele, - and hoy out (sir carter) the hog fro thy wheele: -Least greedie of feeding, in following cart, - it noieth or perisheth, spight of thy hart. - -14 -In champion countrie a pleasure they take, - to mowe vp their hawme, for to brew and to bake. -And also it stands them in steade of their thack, - which being well inned, they cannot well lack. - -15 -The hawme is the strawe of the wheat or the rie, - which once being reaped, they mowe by and bie: -For feare of destroieng with cattle or raine, - the sooner ye lode it, more profit ye gaine. - -[Sidenote: Mowing of barlie.] - -16 -The mowing of barlie, if barlie doo stand, - is cheapest and best, for to rid out of hand:[E360] -Some mowe it and rake it, and sets it on cocks, - some mowe it and binds it, and sets it on shocks. - -[Sidenote: Binding of barlie.] - -17 -Of barlie the longest and greenest ye find, - leaue standing by dallops,[E361] till time ye doo bind: -Then early in morning (while deaw is thereon), - to making of bands till the deaw be all gon. - -[Sidenote: Spreading of barlie bands.] - -[Sidenote: ¶] - -18 -One spreadeth those bands, so in order to ly, - as barlie (in swatches) may fill it thereby: -Which gathered vp, with the rake and the hand, - the follower after them bindeth in band. - -[Sidenote: Tithe of rakings.] - -19 -Where barlie is raked (if dealing be true), - the tenth of such raking to Parson is due: -Where scatring of barlie is seene to be much, - there custome nor conscience tithing should gruch.[11] - -20 -Corne being had downe (any way ye alow), - should wither as needeth, for burning in mow: -Such skill appertaineth to haruest mans art, - and taken in time is a husbandly part. - -[Sidenote: Usage of peason.] - -21 -No turning of peason till carrege ye make, - nor turne in no more, than ye mind for to take: -Least beaten with showers so turned to drie, - by turning and tossing they shed as they lie. - -[Sidenote: Lingring Lubbers.] - -22 -If weather be faire, and tidie[12][E362] thy graine, - make speedily carrege, for feare of a raine: -For tempest and showers deceiueth a menie, - and lingering lubbers loose many a penie. - -[Sidenote: Best maner of gouing corn in the barn.] - -23 -In gouing at haruest, learne skilfully how - ech graine for to laie, by it selfe on a mow: -Seede barlie the purest, goue out of the way, - all other nigh hand goue as just as ye may. - -[Sidenote: Pease stack.] - -24 -Stack pease vpon houell abrode in the yard, - to couer it quicklie, let owner regard: -Least Doue and the cadow, there finding a smack,[E363] - with ill stormie weather doo perish[E364] thy stack. - -[Sidenote: Leaue gleaning for the poore.] - -25 -Corne carred, let such as be poore go and gleane, - and after, thy cattle to mowth it vp cleane. -Then spare it for rowen, till Mihel be past, - to lengthen[E365] thy dairie no better thou hast. - -26 -In haruest time, haruest folke, seruants and all, - should make all togither good cheere in the hall: -And fill out the black boule of bleith[E366] to their song, - and let them be merie all haruest time long. - -[Sidenote: Pay trulie haruest folke.] - -27 -Once ended thy haruest, let none be begilde, - please such as did helpe thee, man, woman, and childe. -Thus dooing, with alway such helpe as they can, - thou winnest the praise of the labouring man. - -[Sidenote: Thanke God for all.] - -28 -Now looke vp to Godward, let tong neuer cease - in thanking of him, for his mightie encrease: -Accept my good will, for a proofe go and trie: - the better thou thriuest, the gladder am I. - -[End of Augusts Husbandry in 1577.] - - -_Works after Haruest._[13] - - -29 -Now carrie out compas, when haruest is donne, - where barlie thou sowest, my champion sonne: -Or laie it on heape, in the field as ye may, - till carriage be faire, to haue it away. - -30 -Whose compas is rotten and carried in time, - and spred as it should be, thrifts ladder may clime.[E367] -Whose compas is paltrie and carried too late, - such husbandrie vseth that many doo hate.[E368] - -[Sidenote: Carriage of fewell.] - -31[14] -Er winter preuenteth, while weather is good, - for galling of pasture get home with thy wood. -And carrie out grauell to fill vp a hole: - both timber and furzen, the turfe and the cole. - -[Sidenote: Well placing of fewell.] - -32 -Howse charcole and sedge, chip and cole[15] of the land, - pile tallwood and billet, stacke all that hath band. -Blocks, rootes,[16] pole and bough, set vpright to the thetch: - the neerer more handsome in winter to fetch. - -[Sidenote: Houell for hogs.] - -33 -In stacking of bauen, and piling of logs, - make vnder thy bauen a houell for hogs, -And warmelie enclose it, all sauing the mouth, - and that to stand open, and full to the south. - -34 -Once haruest dispatched, get wenches and boies, - and into the barne, afore all other toies. -Choised seede to be picked and trimlie well fide, - for seede may no longer from threshing abide. - -35 -Get seede aforehand, in a readines had, - or better prouide, if thine owne be too bad. -Be carefull of seede, or else such as ye sowe, - be sure at haruest, to reape or to mowe. - -[Sidenote: Provision for Lent.] - -36[17] -When haruest is ended, take shipping or ride, - Ling,[E369] Saltfish and Herring, for Lent to prouide. -To buie it at first, as it commeth to rode, - shall paie for thy charges thou spendest abrode. - -37 -Choose skilfullie Saltfish, not burnt at the stone,[18] - buie such as be good, or else let it alone. -Get home that is bought, and goe stack it vp drie, - with peasestrawe betweene it, the safer to lie. - -[Sidenote: Compassing of barlie land.] - -38 -Er euer ye iornie, cause seruant with speede - to compas thy barlie land where it is neede. -One aker well compassed, passeth some three, - thy barne shall at haruest declare it to thee. - -39 -This lesson is learned by riding about, - the prices of vittels, the yeere thorough out. -Both what to be selling and what to refraine, - and what to be buieng, to bring in againe.[E370] - -40 -Though buieng and selling doth woonderfull well, - to such as haue skill how to buie and to sell: -Yet chopping and changing I cannot commend, - with theefe[19] and his marrow, for feare of ill end. - -41 -The rich in his bargaining needes not be tought, - of buier and seller full far is he sought. -Yet herein consisteth a part of my text, - who buieth at first hand, and who at the next. - -[Sidenote: Buieng at first hand.] - -42 -At first hand he buieth that paieth all downe, - at second, that hath not so much in the towne, -At third hand he buieth that buieth of trust, - at his hand who buieth shall paie for his lust.[E371] - -[Sidenote: Readie monie bieth best cheape.] - -43 -As oft as ye bargaine, for better or wurse, - to buie it the cheaper, haue chinkes in thy purse -Touch kept is commended, yet credit to keepe, - is paie and dispatch him, er euer ye sleepe. - -[Sidenote: Hauking.] - -44 -Be mindfull abrode of Mihelmas[20] spring, - for thereon dependeth a husbandlie thing: -Though some haue a pleasure, with hauke vpon hand, - good husbands get treasure, to purchase their land. - -[Sidenote: Winter milch cow.] - -45 -Thy market dispatched, turne home againe round, - least gaping for penie, thou loosest[21] a pound: -Prouide for thy wife, or else looke to be shent, - good milch cow for winter, another for Lent. - -[Sidenote: Old ewes.] - -46 -In traueling homeward, buie fortie good crones, - and fat vp the bodies of those seelie bones. -Leaue milking and drie vp old mulley thy cow, - the crooked and aged, to fatting put now. - -[Sidenote: Buieng or selling of butter and chéese.] - -47[22] -At Bartilmewtide, or at Sturbridge faire,[E372] - buie that as is needfull, thy house to repaire: -Then sell to thy profit, both butter and cheese, - who buieth it sooner, the more he shall leese. - -[Sidenote: Hops gathering.] - -48 -If hops doo looke brownish, then are ye too slowe, - if longer ye suffer those hops for to growe. -Now sooner ye gather, more profit is found, - if weather be faire and deaw of a ground. - -[Sidenote: Increasing of hops.] - -49 -Not breake off, but cut off, from hop the hop string, - leaue growing a little againe for to spring. -Whose hill about pared, and therewith new clad, - shall nourish more sets against March to be had. - -[Sidenote: The order of hops gathering.] - -50 -Hop hillock discharged of euerie let, - see then without breaking, ech pole ye out get. -Which being vntangled aboue in the tops, - go carrie to such as are plucking of hops. - -[Sidenote: Hop manger.] - -51 -Take soutage or haier (that couers the kell), - set like to a manger and fastened well: -With poles vpon crotchis as high as thy brest, - for sauing and[23] riddance is husbandrie best.[E373] - -[Sidenote: Saue hop poles.] - -52 -Hops had, the hop poles that are likelie preserue, - (from breaking and rotting) againe for to serue: -And plant ye with alders or willowes a[24] plot, - where yeerelie as needeth mo poles may be got. - -[Sidenote: Drieng of hops.] - -53 -Some skilfullie drieth their hops on a kell, - and some on a soller, oft turning them well. -Kell dried will abide, foule weather or faire, - where drieng and lieng in loft doo dispaire. - -[Sidenote: Kéeping of hops.] - -54 -Some close them vp drie in a hogshed or fat, - yet canuas or soutage is better than that: -By drieng and lieng they quickly be spilt: - thus much haue I shewed, doo now as thou wilt. - -55 -Old fermer is forced long August to make, - his goodes at more leisure away for to take. -New fermer he thinketh ech houre a day, - vntill the old fermer be packing away.[E374] - -Thus endeth and holdeth out Augusts husbandrie, till Mihelmas Eue. - -Tho. Tusser. - -[1] after. 1577. - -[2] "Saffron makes a very good Sward, whereon Linnen may lye hollow and -bleach well enough."--T.R. - -[3] Stanza 5 is wanting in 1573 (M.) and 1577. - -[4] "Beating it upon a Hurdle or some other rough thing."--T.R. - -[5] St. 6 is wanting in 1573 (M.) and 1577. - -[6] doth. 1614. - -[7] "Our Author is justly against letting Harvest by the great, for -whoever does will certainly find himself cheated or slighted."--T.R. - -[8] "Some stay'd sober working man, who understands all sorts of -Harvest Work."--T.R. Cf. Matt. ix. 38. - -[9] "Where the Wheat is thistly."--T.R. - -[10] Stanzas 11, 14, and 15 are not in 1577. - -[11] "This alludes to the custom of Norfolk, where the Parson takes his -Tyth in the Swarth, the Farmer also clears the Swarths, and afterwards -with a Drag-Rake rakes his ground all over."--T.R. - -[12] "Tidy is an old Word signifying neat, proper, or in Season, from -the word Tide."--T.R. - -[13] Not in editions previous to 1580 (M.). Portions are in Septembers -Husbandry 1577.--_Ed_. - -[14] Stanzas 31-33 are in Septembers Husbandry. 1577. - -[15] turfe. 1577. - -[16] Block rootes. 1577. - -[17] Sts. 36-46 appear as sts. 25-35 in Septembers Husbandry. 1577. - -[18] "Such Fish as is dry'd on the Beach in too hot Weather."--T.R. - -[19] knaue. 1577. - -[20] Mighelmas. 1577. - -[21] lossest. 1577. - -[22] Sts. 47-54 occur as sts. 49-56 of Septembers Husbandry. 1577. - -[23] of. 1577. - -[24] some. 1577. - - - - -58. - -¶ _Corne Haruest equally deuided into ten partes. - -Chap._ 47.[1] - - -1 -One part cast forth, for rent due out of hand,[E375] - -2 -One other part, for seede to sowe thy land. - -3 -Another part, leaue Parson for his tieth. - -4 -Another part for haruest, sickle and sieth. - -5 -One part for plowwrite, cartwrite, knacker and smith, - -6 -One part to vphold thy teemes that drawe therewith. - -7 -One part for seruant and workmans wages lay. - -8 -One part likewise for filbellie day by day. - -[Sidenote: For naperie sope and candle, salt and -sauce, tinker[2] and cooper, brasse and pewter.] - -9 -One part thy wife for needfull things doth craue. - -10 -Thy selfe and childe, the last one part would haue. - -[11] -Who minds to cote, - vpon this note, - may easily find ynough: -What charge and paine, - to litle gaine, - doth follow toiling plough. - -[12] -Yet fermer may - thanke God and say, - for yeerlie such good hap: -Well fare the plough,[E376] - that sends ynough - to stop so many a gap. - -[1] This chapter is wanting in 1573 (M.); but is in 1577. - -[2] timber. 1577. - - -59. - -¶ _A briefe conclusion, where you may see, -Ech word in the verse, to begin with a T. - -Chap._ 48. - - -[Sidenote: Triue for contriue.] - -The thriftie that teacheth the thriuing to thriue, -Teach timelie to trauerse the thing that thou triue. -Transferring thy toiling, to timelines tought. -This teacheth thee temprance, to temper thy thought. - -Take trustie (to trust to) that thinkest to thee, -That trustily thriftines trowleth to thee. -Then temper thy trauell to tarie the tide, -This teacheth thee thriftines twentie times tride. - -Take thankfull thy talent, thanke thankfully those -That thriftilie teacheth thy time to transpose. -Troth twise to thee teached, teach twentie times ten. -This trade thou that takest, take thrift to thee then.[E377] - -[Thomas Tusser (1577).] - - - - -60. - -[_Mans age deuided into twelue seauens._ 1614.] - -¶ Mans age deuided here ye haue, - By prentiships, from birth to his graue. - -_Chap._ 49. - - -7 _The first seuen yeers bring vp as a childe,_[E378] -14 _The next to learning, for waxing too wilde._ -21 _The next keepe vnder sir hobbard de hoy,_ -28 _The next a man no longer a boy._ -35 _The next, let lustie laie wisely to wiue,_ -42 _The next, laie now or else neuer to thriue._ -49 _The next, make sure for terme of thy life,_ -56 _The next, saue somewhat for children and wife._ -63 _The next, be staied, giue ouer thy lust,_ -70 _The next, thinke hourely whither thou must._ -77 _The next, get chaire and crotches to stay,_ -84 _The next, to heauen God send vs the way._ - -Who looseth their youth, shall rue it in age: -Who hateth the truth, in sorowe shall rage. - - - - -61. - -¶ Another diuision of the nature of mans age. - -_Chap._ 50. - - -The Ape, the Lion, the Foxe, the Asse, -Thus sets foorth man, as in a glasse. - -[1] -Ape _Like Apes we be toieng, till twentie and one,_ -Lyon _Then hastie as Lions till fortie be gone:_ -Foxe _Then wilie as Foxes, till threescore and three,_ -Asse _Then after for Asses accounted[1] we bee._ - -[2] -Who plaies with his better, this lesson must knowe, - what humblenes Foxe to the Lion doth owe. -Foxe, Ape with his toieng[E379] and rudenes of Asse, - brings (out of good hower) displeasure to passe. - -[1] accompted. 1577. - - - - -62. - -_Comparing good husband with vnthrift his brother, -The better discerneth the tone from the tother._[E380] - -_Chap._ 51 - - -1 -Ill husbandrie braggeth, - to go with the best: -Good husbandrie baggeth - vp gold in his chest. - -2 -Ill husbandry trudgeth, - with vnthrifts about: -Good husbandry snudgeth, - for fear of a dout. - -3 -Ill husbandrie spendeth - abrode like a mome: -Good husbandrie tendeth - his charges at home. - -4 -Ill husbandrie selleth - his corne on the ground: -Good husbandrie smelleth - no gain that way found. - -5 -Ill husbandrie loseth, - for lack of good fence: -Good husbandrie closeth, - and gaineth the pence. - -6 -Ill husbandrie trusteth - to him and to hur:[E381] -Good husbandrie lusteth - himselfe for to stur. - -7 -Ill husbandrie eateth - himselfe out a doore: -Good husbandrie meateth - his friend and the poore. - -8 -Ill husbandrie daieth,[E382] - or letteth it lie: -Good husbandrie paieth, - the cheaper to bie. - -9 -Ill husbandrie lurketh, - and stealeth a sleepe: -Good husbandrie worketh, - his houshold to kéepe. - -10 -Ill husbandrie liueth, - by that and by this:[E383] -Good husbandrie giueth - to erie man his. - -11 -Ill husbandrie taketh, - and spendeth vp all: -Good husbandrie maketh - good shift with a small. - -12 -Ill husbandry praieth - his wife to make shift: -Good husbandrie saieth - take this of my gift. - -13 -Ill husbandry drowseth - at fortune so auke: -Good husbandrie rowseth - himselfe as a hauke. - -14 -Ill husbandrie lieth - in prison for debt: -Good husbandrie spieth - where profit to get. - -15 -Ill husbandrie waies - has to fraud what he can -Good husbandrie praies - hath of euerie man. - -16 -Ill husbandrie neuer - hath welth to keep touch -Good husbandrie euer - hath penie in pouch. - -[17] -Good husband his boone, - Or request hath a far. -Ill husband assoone - Hath a tode with an R.[E384] - - - - -63. - -¶ _A comparison betweene Champion countrie and seuerall. - -Chap._ 52. - - -1 -The countrie[1] enclosed I praise, - the tother delighteth not me, -For nothing the wealth it doth raise, - to such as inferior be. -How both of them partly I knowe, - here somewhat I mind for to showe.[2] - -[Sidenote: Champion.] - -2 -There swineherd that keepeth the hog, - there neatherd, with cur and his horne, -There shepherd with whistle and dog, - be fence to the medowe and corne. -There horse being tide on a balke, - is readie with theefe for to walke. - -3 -Where all thing in common doth rest, - corne field with the pasture and meade, -Though common ye doo for the best, - yet what doth it stand ye in steade? -There common as commoners vse, - for otherwise shalt thou not chuse.[3] - -4 -What laier much better then there, - or cheaper (thereon to doo well?) -What drudgerie more any where - lesse good thereof where can ye tell? -What gotten by Sommer is seene: - in Winter is eaten vp cleene. - -5 -Example by Leicester shire, - what soile can be better than that? -For any thing hart can desire, - and yet doth it want ye see what. -Mast, couert, close pasture, and wood, - and other things needfull as good. - -[Sidenote: Enclosure.] - -6 -All these doo enclosure bring, - experience teacheth no lesse, -I speake not to boast of the thing, - but onely a troth to expresse. -Example (if doubt ye doo make): - by Suffolke and Essex go take.[E385] - -[Sidenote: Seuerall.] - -7 -More plentie of mutton and biefe, - corne, butter, and cheese of the best, -More wealth any where (to be briefe), - more people, more handsome and prest, -Where find ye? (go search any coast) - than there where enclosure is most. - -8 -More worke for the labouring man, - as well in the towne as the feeld: -Or thereof (deuise if ye can) - more profit what countries doo yeeld? -More seldome where see ye the poore, - go begging from doore vnto doore? - -[Sidenote: Champion countrie.] - -9 -In Norfolke behold the dispaire - of tillage too much to be borne: -By drouers from faire to faire, - and others destroieng the corne. -By custome and couetous pates, - by gaps, and by opening of gates.[4][E386] - -10 -What speake I of commoners by, - with drawing all after a line: -So noieng the corne, as it ly, - with cattle, with conies,[5] and swine. -When thou[6] hast bestowed thy cost, - looke halfe of the same to be lost. - -11 -The flocks of the Lords of the soile - do yeerly the winter corne wrong: -The same in a manner they spoile, - with feeding so lowe and so long. -And therefore that champion feeld - doth seldome good winter corne yeeld. - -[Sidenote: Champion noiances.] - -12[7] -By Cambridge a towne I doo knowe, - where many good husbands doo dwell; -Whose losses by losels doth showe,[E387] - more here than is needfull to tell: -Determine at court what they shall, - performed is nothing at all.[E388] - -13 -The champion robbeth by night, - and prowleth and filcheth by day: -Himselfe and his beast out of sight, - both spoileth and maketh away -Not onely thy grasse, but thy corne, - both after, and er it be shorne. - -14 -Pease bolt with thy pease he will haue, - his houshold to feede and his hog: -Now stealeth he, now will he craue, - and now will he coosen and cog. -In Bridewell a number be stript, - lesse woorthie than theefe to be whipt.[E389] - -15 -The oxboy, as ill is as hee, - or worser, if worse may be found: -For spoiling from thine and from thee, - of grasse and of corne on the ground. -Laie neuer so well for to saue it, - by night or by daie he will haue it. - -16 -What orchard vnrobbed escapes? - or pullet dare walke in their jet? -But homeward or outward (like apes) - they count it their owne they can get. -Lord, if ye doo take them,[E390] what sturs! - how hold they togither like burs! - -17 -For commons these commoners crie, - enclosing they may not abide: -Yet some be not able to bie - a cow with hir calfe by hir side. -Nor laie not to liue by their wurke, - but theeuishlie loiter and lurke. - -18 -The Lord of the towne is to blame, - for these and for many faults mo.[E391] -For that he doth knowe of the same, - yet lets it vnpunished go. -Such Lords ill example doth giue, - where verlets[E392] and drabs so may liue. - -19 -What footpathes are made, and how brode! - annoiance too much to be borne: -With horse and with cattle what rode - is made thorow erie mans corne! -Where champions ruleth the roste,[E393] - there dailie disorder is moste. - -20 -Their sheepe when they driue for to wash, - how careles such sheepe they doo guide! -The fermer they leaue in the lash, - with losses on euerie side. -Though any mans corne they doo bite, - they will not alow him a mite. - -21 -What hunting and hauking is there! - corne looking for sickle at hand: -Actes lawles to doo without feare, - how yeerlie[8] togither they band. -More harme to another to doo, - than they would be done so vntoo. - -22 -More profit is quieter found - (where pastures in seuerall bee:) -Of one seelie aker of ground, - than champion maketh of three. -Againe what a ioie is it knowne, - when men may be bold of their owne! - -[Sidenote: Champion.] - -[Sidenote: Seuerall.] - -23 -The tone is commended for graine, - yet bread made of beanes they doo eate: -The tother for one loafe haue twaine, - of mastlin, of rie, or of wheate. -The champion liueth full bare, - when woodland full merie doth fare. - -[Sidenote: Champion.] - -[Sidenote: Seuerall.] - -24 -Tone giueth his corne in a darth, - to horse, sheepe, and hog euery daie; -The tother giue cattle warme barth, - and feede them with strawe and with haie. -Corne spent of the tone so in vaine: - the tother doth sell to his gaine. - -[Sidenote: Champion.] - -[Sidenote: Seuerall.] - -25 -Tone barefoote and ragged doth go, - and readie in winter to sterue: -When tother ye see doo not so, - but hath that is needfull to serue. -Tone paine in a cotage doth take, - when tother trim bowers doo make. - -[Sidenote: Champion.] - -[Sidenote: Seuerall.] - -26 -Tone laieth for turfe and for sedge, - and hath it with woonderfull suit: -When tother in euerie hedge, - hath plentie of fewell and fruit. -Euils twentie times worser than thease, - enclosure quickly would ease. - -[Sidenote: Seuerall.] - -27 -In woodland the poore men that haue - scarse fully two akers of land, -More merily liue and doo saue, - than tother with twentie in hand. -Yet paie they as much for the twoo - as tother for twentie must doo. - -28 -The labourer comming from thence, - in woodland to worke any where: -(I warrant you) goeth not hence, - to worke anie more againe there. -If this same be true (as it is:) - why gather they nothing of this? - -29 -The poore at enclosing doo grutch, - because of abuses that fall, -Least some man should haue but too much, - and some againe nothing at all. -If order might therein be found, - what were to the seuerall ground? - -Thus endeth Husbandry. 1577. - -Here followeth Huswifery. 1573. - - -* * * "It is likely this was wrote soon after Ket's rebellion, as a -dissuasive from the like, and to persuade the poorer sort quietly to -endure Enclosures."--T.R. - -[1] countery. 1577. - -[2] - -Because of them both I do know - I mind thereof somewhat to show. 1577. - -[3] - -There common as commoners do, - As good else to cobble a shoe. 1573 (M.) and 1577. - -[4] "In Norfolk (in our Author's time) there was a considerable -Rebellion, call'd Ket's Rebellion against Inclosures, and to this -day they take the Liberty of throwing open all Enclosures out of the -Common Field, these are commonly call'd Lammas Lands, and half Year -Lands."--T.R. - -[5] sheep and with swine. 1577. - -[6] one. 1577. - -[7] Stanzas 12-21 are not in 1577. - -[8] _Query_, yarely. - - - - -64. - -¶ _The description of an enuious and naughtie neighbour.[E394] - -Chap._ 53.[1] - - -An enuious neighbour is easie to finde, -His cumbersome fetches are seldome[2] behinde. -His hatred procureth from naughtie to wurse, -His friendship like Iudas that carried the purse.[E395] -His head is a storehouse, with quarrels full fraught, -His braine is vnquiet, till all come to naught. -His memorie pregnant, old euils to recite, -His mind euer fixed each euill to requite. -His mouth full of venim, his lips out of frame,[E396] -His tongue a false witnes, his friend to defame. -His eies be promooters, some trespas to spie, -His eares be as spials,[E397] alarum to crie. -His hands be as tyrants, reuenging ech thing, -His feete at thine elbow, as serpent to sting. -His breast full of rancor, like Canker[3] to freat, -His hart like a Lion, his neighbour to eat. -His gate like a sheepebiter,[E398] fleering aside, -His looke like a coxcombe,[E399] vp puffed with pride. -His face made of brasse, like a vice in a game, -His iesture like Dauus,[E400] whom Terence doth name. -His brag as Thersites,[E401] with elbowes abrode. -His cheekes in his furie shall swell like a tode.[E402] -His colour like ashes, his cap in his eies, -His nose in the aire, his snout in the skies. -His promise to trust to as slipprie[4] as ice, -His credit much like to the chance of the dice. -His knowledge or skill is in prating[5] too much, -His companie shunned,[6] and so be all such. -His friendship is counterfait, seldome to trust, -His dooings vnluckie and euer vniust. -His fetch is to flatter, to get what he can, -His purpose once gotten, a pin[7] for thee than. - -[1] This chapter precedes the Author's Life in 1577 edition. - -[2] sieldome. 1614. - -[3] Coprus. 1577. - -[4] slipper. 1577. - -[5] parting. 1577. - -[6] shenned. 1577. - -[7] penny. 1577. - - -[In the edition of 1577 the following piece is inserted here.] - - - - -64.* - -_To light a candell before the Deuill._[E403] - - - To beard thy foes shews forth thy witt, - but helpes the matter nere a whit. - -My sonne, were it not worst - to frame thy nature so, -That as thine vse is to thy friend, - likewise to greet thy foe: -Though not for hope of good, - yet for the feare of euill, -Thou maist find ease so proffering vp - a candell to the deuill. - -This knowne, the surest way - thine enemies wrath to swage; -If thou canst currey fauour thus, - thou shalt be counted sage. -Of truth I tell no lye, - by proofe to well I knowe, -The stubborne want of only this - hath brought full many lowe. - -And yet to speak the trouth - the Deuill is worse then naught, -That no good turne will once deserue, - yet looketh vp so haught. -Exalt him how we please, - and giue him what we can, -Yet skarcely shall we find such Deuill - a truly honest man. - -But where the mighty may - of force the weake constraine, -It shal be wysely doone to bow - to voyd a farther payne, -Like as in tempest great, - where wind doth beare the stroke, -Much safer stands the bowing reede - then doth the stubborne oke. - -And chiefly when of all - thy selfe art one of those -That fortune needes, will haue to dwell - fast by the Deuils nose: -Then (though against thine hart) - thy tongue thou must so charme -That tongue may say, where ere thou come - the Deuill doth no man harme. - -For where as no reuenge - may stand a man in steede, -As good is then an humble speech, - as otherwise to bleede. -Like as ye see by him - that hath a shrew to wife, -As good it is to speak her faire - as still to liue in strife. - -Put thou no Deuill in boote - as once did master Shorne:[E404] -Take heede as from madde bayted bull - to keepe thee fro his horne. -And where ye see the Deuill - so bold to wrest with lawe, -Make _congé_ oft, and crouch aloofe, - but come not in his clawe. - -The scholer forth of schoole - may boldlier take his mind, -The fields haue eyes, the bushes eares, - false birds can fetch the wind.[E405] -The further from the gone - the safer may ye skippe, -The nerer to the carters hand - the nerer to the whippe. - -The neerer to the whippe - the sooner comes the jerke, -The sooner that poore beast is strucke - the sooner doth he yerke. -Some loueth for to whippe, - to see how ierkes will smart, -In wofull taking is that horse - that nedes must drawe in cart. - -Such fellow is the Deuell, - that doth euen what he list, -Yet thinketh he what ere he doth - none ought dare say, but whist. -Take therefore heed, my sonne, - and marke full well this song, -Learne thus with craft to claw the deuell, - else liue in rest not long. - - - - -65. - -¶ _A sonet against a slanderous tongue._[E406] - -¶ _Chap._ 54. - - -Doth darnell good, among the flowrie wheat? -Doo thistles good, so thick in fallow spide? -Doo taint wormes good, that lurke where ox should eat -Or sucking drones, in hiue where bees abide? -Doo hornets good, or these same biting gnats? -Foule swelling toades, what good by them is seene? -In house well deckt, what good doth gnawing rats? -Or casting mowles, among the meadowes greene? -Doth heauie newes make glad the hart of man? -Or noisome smels, what good doth that to health? -Now once for all, what good (shew who so can?) -Doo stinging[1] snakes, to this our Commonwealth? - - _No more doth good a peeuish slanderous toung, - But hurts it selfe, and noies both old and young._[E407] - -[1] stinking. 1577. - - - - -66. - -¶ _A sonet vpon the Authors first seuen yeeres seruice. - -Chap._ 55. - - -Seuen times hath Janus[E408] tane new yéere by hand, -Seuen times hath blustring March blowne forth his powre: -To driue out Aprils buds, by sea and land, -For minion Maie, to deck most trim with flowre. -Seuen times hath temperate Ver,[E409] like pageant plaide, -And pleasant Æstas eke hir flowers told: -Seuen times Autumnes heate hath béene delaide,[E410] -With Hyems boistrous blasts, and bitter cold. -Seuen times the thirtéene Moones[E411] haue changed hew, -Seuen times the Sunne his course hath gone about: -Seuen times ech bird hir nest hath built anew, -Since first time you to serue, I choosed out. - - _Still yours am I, though thus the time hath past, - And trust to be, as[1] long as life shall last._ - -[1] so. 1577. - - - - -67. - - Man minded for to thriue - must wisely lay to wiue. - What hap may thereby fall - here argued find ye shall. - -¶ _The Authours Dialogue betweene two Bachelers, of wiuing and -thriuing by Affirmation and Obiection._[E412] - -_Chap._ 56. - - - _Affirmation._ -[1] -Frend, where we met this other day, -We heard one make his mone and say, - Good Lord, how might I thriue? -We heard an other answere him, -Then make thee handsome, trick and trim, - And lay in time to wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[2] -And what of that, say you to mee? -Do you your selfe thinke that to be - The best way for to thriue? -If truth were truely bolted out,[E413] -As touching thrift, I stand in dout, - If men were best to wiue. - - _Affirmation._ -[3] -There is no doubt, for proue I can, -I haue but seldome seene that man - Which could the way to thriue:[E414] -Vntill it was his happie lot, -To stay himselfe in some good plot,[E415] - And wisely then to wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[4] -And I am of an other minde, -For by no reason can I finde, - How that way I should thriue: -For where as now I spend a pennie, -I should not then be quit with mennie, - Through bondage for to wiue. - - _Affirmation._ -[5] -Not so, for now where thou dost spend, -Of this and that,[E416] to no good end, - Which hindereth thee to thriue: -Such vaine expences thou shouldst saue, -And daily then lay more to haue, - As others do that wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[6] -Why then do folke this prouerbe put, -The blacke oxe neare trod on thy fut,[E417] - If that way were to thriue? -Hereout a man may soone picke forth, -Few feeleth what a pennie is worth, - Till such time as they wiue. - - _Affirmation._ -[7] -It may so chaunce as thou doest say, -This lesson therefore beare away, - If thereby thou wilt thriue: -Looke ere thou leape, see ere thou go, -It may be for thy profite so, - For thee to lay to wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[8] -It is too much we dailie heare, -To wiue and thriue both in a yeare,[E418] - As touching now to thriue: -I know not herein what to spie, -But that there doth small profite lie, - To fansie for to wiue. - - _Affirmation._ -[9] -In deede the first yeare oft is such, -That fondly some bestoweth much, - A let to them to thriue: -Yet other moe may soone be founde, -Which getteth many a faire pounde, - The same day that they wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[10] -I graunt some getteth more that day, -Than they can easily beare away, - Nowe needes then must they thriue: -What gaineth such thinke you by that? -A little burden, you wote what, - Through fondnesse for to wiue. - - _Affirmation._ -[11] -Thou seemest blinde as mo[E419] haue bin, -It is not beautie bringeth in - The thing to make thee thriue: -In womankinde, see that ye do -Require of hir no gift but two, - When ere ye minde to wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[12] -But two, say you? I pray you than -Shew those as briefly as you can, - If that may helpe to thriue: -I weene we must conclude anon, -Of those same twaine to want the ton, - When ere we chance to wiue. - -[Sidenote: Honestie and huswiferie.] - - _Affirmation._ -[13] -An honest huswife, trust to mee, -Be those same twaine, I say to thee, - That helpe so much to thriue: -As honestie farre passeth golde, -So huswiferie in yong and olde, - Do pleasure such as wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[14] -The honestie in deede I graunt, -Is one good point the wife should haunt, - To make hir husband thriue: -But now faine would I haue you show, -How should a man good huswife know, - If once he hap to wiue? - - _Affirmation._ -[15] -A huswife good betimes will rise, -And order things in comelie wise, - Hir minde is set to thriue: -Vpon hir distaffe she will spinne, -And with hir needle she will winne, - If such ye hap to wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[16] -It is not idle going about, -Nor all day pricking on a clout, - Can make a man to thriue: -Or if there be no other winning, -But that the wife gets by hir spinning, - Small thrift it is to wiue. - - _Affirmation._ -[17] -Some more than this yet do shee[1] shall, -Although thy stocke be verie small, - Yet will shee helpe thee thriue: -Lay thou[2] to saue, as well as she, -And then thou shalt[3] enriched be, - When such thou hapst[4] to wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[18] -If she were mine, I tell thee troth, -Too much to trouble hir I were loth, - For greedines to thriue: -Least some should talke, as is the speech, -The good wiues husband weares no breech,[E420] - If such I hap to wiue. - - _Affirmation._ -[19] -What hurts it thee what some do say, -If honestlie she take the way - To helpe thee for to thriue? -For honestie will make hir prest, -To doo the thing that shall be best, - If such ye hap to wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[20] -Why did _Diogenes_ say than, -To one that askt of him time whan, - Were best to wiue to thriue? -Not yet (quoth[5] he) if thou be yong, -If thou waxe old, then holde thy tong, - It is too late to wiue.[E421] - - _Affirmation._ -[21] -Belike he knew some shrewish wife, -Which with hir husband made such strife, - That hindered him to thriue: -Who then may blame him for that clause, -Though then he spake as some had cause, - As touching for to wiue? - - _Obiection._ -[22] -Why then I see to take a shrew, -(As seldome other there be few) - Is not the way to thriue: -So hard a thing I spie it is, -The good to chuse, the shrew to mis, - That feareth me to wiue.[E422] - - _Affirmation._ -[23] -She may in something seeme a shrew, -Yet such a huswife as but few, - To helpe thee for to thriue: -This prouerbe looke in mind ye keepe, -As good a shrew is as a sheepe,[E423] - For you to take to wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[24] -Now be she lambe or be she eaw, -Giue me the sheepe, take thou the shreaw, - See which of vs shall thriue: -If she be shrewish thinke for troth, -For all her thrift I would be loth - To match with such to wiue. - - _Affirmation._ -[25] -Tush, farewell then, I leaue you off, -Such fooles as you that loue to scoff, - Shall seldome wiue to thriue: -Contrarie hir, as you do me, -And then ye shall, I warrant ye, - Repent ye if ye wiue. - - _Obiection._ -[26] -Friend, let vs both giue iustly place, -To wedded man to iudge this cace, - Which best way is to thriue: -For both our talke as seemeth plaine, -Is but as hapneth in our braine, - To will or not to wiue. - - ¶ _Wedded mans iudgement - Vpon the former argument._ - -[Sidenote: Moderator.] - -[27] -As Cock that wants his mate, goes rouing all about, -With crowing early and late, to find his louer out: -And as poore sillie hen, long wanting cock to guide, -Soone droopes and shortly then beginnes to peake aside: -Euen so it is with man and wife, where gouernment is found, -The want of ton the others life doth shortly soone confound. - -[28] -In iest and in earnest, here argued ye finde, -That husband and huswife togither must dwell, -And thereto the iudgement of wedded mans minde, -That husbandrie otherwise speedeth not well: -So somewhat more nowe I intende for to tell, -Of huswiferie like as of husbandrie tolde, -How huswifelie huswife helpes bring in the golde. - -[1] they. 1577. - -[2] you. 1577. - -[3] you shall. 1577. - -[4] you hap. 1577. - -[5] quod. 1577. - -_Thus endeth the booke of_ Husbandrie. - -[Finis (1577).] - - - - -The points of Huswiferie, vnited to the comfort of Husbandrie, newly -corrected and amplified, with diuers good lessons for housholders to -recreate the Reader, as by the Table at the end hereof more plainlie -may appeere. - - -Set forth by Thomas Tusser Gentleman. - - - - -68. - -_To the right Honorable and my especiall good Ladie and Maistres, the -Ladie Paget._[E424] - - -1 -Though danger be mickle, -and fauour so fickle, -Yet dutie doth tickle - my fansie to wright: -Concerning how prettie, -how fine and how nettie, -Good huswife should iettie,[1] - from morning to night. - -2 -Not minding[2] by writing, -to kindle a spiting, -But shew by enditing, - as afterward told: -How husbandrie easeth, -to huswiferie pleaseth, -And manie purse greaseth - with siluer and gold. - -3 -For husbandrie wéepeth, -where huswiferie sléepeth, -And hardly he créepeth, - vp ladder to thrift: -That wanteth to bold him, -thrifts ladder to hold him, -Before it be told him, - he falles without shift. - -4 -Least many should feare me, -and others forsweare me, -Of troth I doo beare me - vpright as ye sée: -Full minded to looue all, -and not to reprooue all, -But onely to mooue all, - good huswiues to bée. - -5 -For if I should mind some, -or descant behind some, -And missing to find some, - displease so I mought: -Or if I should blend them, -and so to offend them, -What stur I should send them - I stand in a dought. - -6 -Though harmles ye[3] make it -and some doo well take it, -If others forsake it, - what pleasure were that? -Naught else but to paine me, -and nothing to gaine me, -But make them disdaine me - I wot ner for what. - -7 -Least some make a triall, -as clocke by the diall, -Some stand to deniall, - some murmur and grudge: -Giue iudgement I pray you, -for iustlie so may you, -So fansie, so say you, - I make you my iudge. - -8 -In time, ye shall try me, -by troth, ye shall spy me, -So finde, so set by me, - according to skill: -How euer trée groweth, -the fruit the trée showeth,[E425] -Your Ladiship knoweth, - my hart and good will. - -9 -Thogh fortune doth measure, -and I doo lacke treasure, -Yet if I may pleasure - your Honour with this: -Then will me to mend it, -or mend er ye send it, -Or any where lend it, - if ought be amis. - -Your Ladiships Seruant, - -_Thomas Tusser._ - -[1] yettie. 1557. - -[2] minded. 1577. - -[3] I. 1577. - - - - -69. - -¶ _To the Reader._[1] - - -1 -Now listen, good huswiues, what dooings are here - set foorth for a daie, as it should for a yere. -Both easie to follow, and soone to atchiue, - for such as by huswiferie looketh to thriue.[E426] - -2 -The forenoone affaires, till dinner (with some,) - then after noone dooings, till supper time come. -With breakfast and dinner time, sup, and to bed, - standes orderlie placed, to quiet thine hed. - -3 -The meaning is this, for a daie what ye see, - that monthlie and yeerlie continued must bee. -And hereby to gather (as prooue I intend), - that huswiuelie matters haue neuer an end. - -4 -I haue not, by heare say, nor reading in booke, - set out (peraduenture) that some cannot brooke, -Nor yet of a spite, to be dooing with enie, - but such as haue skared me many a penie. - -5 -If widow, both huswife and husband may be, - what cause hath a widower lesser than she? -Tis needfull that both of them looke well about: - too careles within, and too lasie without. - -6 -Now therefore, if well ye consider of this, - what losses and crosses comes dailie amis. -Then beare with a widowers pen as ye may: - though husband of huswiferie somewhat doth say.[E427] - -[1] "First introduced in the edition of 1580" (M.). - - - - -70. - -¶ _The Preface to the booke of Huswiferie._ - - -1 -Take weapon away, of what force is a man? -Take huswife from husband, and what is he than? - -2 -As louers desireth together to dwell, -So husbandrie loueth good huswiferie well. - -3 -Though husbandrie seemeth to bring in the gaines, -Yet huswiferie labours seeme equall in paines. - -4 -Some respit to husbands the weather may send, -But huswiues affaires haue neuer an end. - - - - -71. - -As true as thy faith, -Thus huswiferie saith. - - -[Sidenote: The praise of huswiferie.] - -_I serve for a daie, for a weeke, for a yere, -For life time, for euer, while man dwelleth here. -For richer, for poorer, from North to the South, -For honest, for hardhead, or daintie of mouth. -For wed and vnwedded, in sicknes and health, -For all that well liueth, in good Commonwealth. -For citie, for countrie, for Court, and for cart, -To quiet the head, and to comfort the hart. - - - - -72. - -¶ _A description of Huswife and Huswiferie._[E428] - - -1 -Of huswife doth huswiferie challenge that name, - of huswiferie huswife doth likewise the same, -Where husband and husbandrie ioineth with thease, - there wealthines gotten is holden with ease. - -2 -The name of a huswife what is it to say? - the wife of the house, to the husband a stay. -If huswife doth that, as belongeth to hur: - if husband be godlie,[1] there needeth no stur. - -3 -The huswife is she that to labour doth fall, - the labour of hir I doo huswiferie call. -If thrift by that labour be honestlie[2] got: - then is it good huswiferie, else is it not. - -4 -The woman the name of a huswife doth win, - by keeping hir house, and of dooings therein. -And she that with husband will quietly dwell, - must thinke on this lesson, and follow it well. - -[1] wittie. 1577. Cf. _post_, ch. 100, st. 6. - -[2] be sued or got. 1577. - -[Finis (1577).] - - - - -73. - -_Instructions to Huswiferie._[E429] - - - Serue God is the furst, - True loue is not wurst. - -1 -A dailie good lesson, of huswife in deede, - is God to remember, the better to speede. - -2 -An other good lesson, of huswiferie thought, - is huswife with husband to liue as she ought. - - Wife comely no griefe, - Man out, huswife chiefe. - -3 -Though trickly to see to, be gallant to wiue, - yet comely and wise is the huswife to thriue. - -4 -When husband is absent, let huswife be chiefe, - and looke to their labour that eateth hir biefe. - - Both out not allow, - Keepe house huswife thow. - -5 -Where husband and huswife be both out of place, - there seruants doo loiter, and reason their cace.[E430] - -6 -The huswife so named (of keeping the house,) - must tend on hir profit, as cat on the mouse. - - Seeke home for rest, - For home is best. - -7 -As huswiues keepe home, and be stirrers about, - so speedeth their winnings, the yeere thorow out. - -8 -Though home be but homely, yet huswife is taught, - that home hath no fellow to such as haue aught.[E431] - - ¶ Vse all with skill, - Aske what ye will. - -9 -Good vsage with knowledge, and quiet withall, - make huswife to shine, as the sunne on the wall. - -10 -What husband refuseth all comely to haue, - that hath a good huswife, all willing to saue. - - Be readie at neede, - All thine to feede. - -11 -The case of good huswiues, thus daily doth stand, - what euer shall chance, to be readie at hand. - -12 -This care hath a huswife all daie in hir hed, - that all thing in season be huswifelie fed. - - By practise go muse, - How houshold to vse. - -13 -Dame practise is she that to huswife doth tell, - which way for to gouerne hir familie[E432] well. - -14 -Vse labourers gently, keepe this as a lawe, - make childe to be ciuill, keepe seruant in awe. - - Who careles doe liue, - Occasion doe giue. - -15 -Haue euerie where a respect to thy waies, - that none of thy life any slander may raies. - -16 -What many doo knowe, though a time it be hid, - at length will abrode, when a mischiefe shall bid. - - No neighbour reprooue, - Doe so to haue looue. - -17 -The loue of thy neighbour shall stand thee in steede, - the poorer, the gladder, to helpe at a neede. - -18 -Vse friendly thy neighbour, else trust him in this, - as he hath thy friendship, so trust vnto his. - - ¶ Strike nothing vnknowne, - Take heede to thine owne. - -19 -Reuenge not thy wrath vpon any mans beast, - least thine by like malice be bid to like feast. - -20 -What husband prouideth with monie his drudge, - the huswife must looke to, which waie it doth trudge. - - - - -74. - -_A digression._ - - -[1] -Now, out of the matter, this lesson I ad, - concerning cock crowing, what profit is had. -Experience teacheth, as true as a clock: - how winter night passeth, by marking the cock. - -[2] -Cock croweth at midnight, times few aboue six, - with pause to his neighbour, to answere betwix. -At three a clock thicker, and then as ye knowe, - like all in to Mattens, neere daie they doo crowe. - -[Sidenote: Cocke crowing.] - -[3] -At midnight, at three, and an hower ere day, - they vtter their language, as well as they may. -Which who so regardeth what counsell they giue, - will better loue crowing, as long as they liue. - - For being afraid, - Take heede good maid: - Marke crowing of cock, - For feare of a knock. - -[4] - ¶ _The first cock croweth._ -Ho, Dame it is midnight: what rumbling is that? - The next cock croweth.[1] -Take heede to false harlots, and more, ye wot what. - - If noise ye heare, - Looke all be cleare: - Least drabs doe noie thee, - And theeues destroie thee. - -[5] - ¶ _The first cock croweth._ -Maides, three a clock,[E433] knede, lay your bucks,[E434] or go brew, - The next cock croweth. -And cobble and botch, ye that cannot buie new. - - Till cock crow agen, - Both maidens and men: - Amend now with speede, - That mending doth neede.[2] - - -[6] - ¶ _The first cock croweth._ -Past fiue a clock, Holla: maid, sleeping beware, - The next cock croweth. -Least quickly your Mistres vncouer your bare. - - Maides, vp I beseech yee, - Least Mistres doe breech yee: - To worke and away, - As fast as ye may. - -[1] showeth, here and in stanzas 5 and 6. 1577. - -[2] - -Both mayden and man -mend now what ye can. -Leave gibber gabber -mend slibber slabber. 1577. - - - - -75. - -¶ _Huswiferie._ - - [Now listen, good huswiues, what doings are here - set out for a day as it should for a yere. 1577.] - -¶ _Morning workes._[1] - - No sooner some vp, - But nose is in cup. - -1 -Get vp in the morning as soone as thou wilt, -with ouerlong slugging good seruant is spilt. - -2 -Some slouens from sleeping no sooner get vp, -but hand is in aumbrie, and nose in the cup. - - That early is donne, - Count huswifely wonne. - -[Sidenote: Morning workes.] - -3 -Some worke in the morning may trimly be donne, -that all the day after can hardly be wonne. - -4 -Good husband without it is needfull there be, -good huswife within as needfull as he. - - Cast dust into yard, - And spin and go card. - -5 -Sluts corners auoided shall further thy health, -much time about trifles shall hinder thy wealth. - -6 -Set some to peele hempe or else rishes to twine, -to spin and to card, or to seething of brine. - - Grind mault for drinke, - See meate do not stinke. - -7 -Set some about cattle, some pasture to vewe, -some mault to be grinding against ye do brewe. - -8 -Some corneth, some brineth, some will not be taught, -where meate is attainted, there cookrie is naught. - -[1] This and other sub-titles are not in 1577. - - - - -76. - -¶ _Breakefast doings._ - - - To breakefast that come, - Giue erie one some. - -[Sidenote: Breakefast.] - -1 -Call seruants to breakefast by day starre appere,[E435] -a snatch and to worke, fellowes tarrie not here. - -2 -Let huswife be caruer, let[1] pottage be heate, -a messe to eche one, with a morsell of meate. - - No more tittle tattle, - Go serue your cattle. - -3 -What tacke in a pudding, saith greedie gut wringer, -giue such ye wote what, ere a pudding he finger. - -4 -Let seruants once serued, thy cattle go serue, -least often ill seruing make cattle to sterue. - -[1] see. 1577. - - - - -77. - -¶ _Huswifely admonitions._ - - -[Sidenote: Thée for thriue.] - - Learne you that will thee, - This lesson of mee.[1] - -1 -No breakefast of custome prouide for to saue, -but onely for such as deserueth to haue. - -2 -No shewing of seruant what vittles in store, -shew seruant his labour, and shew him no more. - - Of hauocke beware, - Cat nothing will spare. - -3 -Where all thing is common, what needeth a hutch? -where wanteth a sauer, there hauocke is mutch. - -4 -Where window is open, cat maketh a fray, -yet wilde cat with two legs is worse by my fay. - - Looke well vnto thine, - Slut slouthfull must whine. - -5 -An eie in a corner who vseth to haue, -reuealeth a drab, and preuenteth a knaue. - -6 -Make maide to be clenly, or make hir crie creake, -and teach hir to stirre, when hir mistresse doth speake. - - Let hollie wand threate, - Let fisgig be beate. - -7 -A wand in thy hand, though ye fight not at all, -makes youth to their businesse better to fall. - -8 -For feare of foole had I wist[2][E436] cause thee to waile, -let fisgig be taught to shut doore after taile. - - Too easie the wicket, - Will still appease clicket. - -9 -With hir that will clicket make daunger to cope, -least quickly hir wicket seeme easie to ope. - -10 -As rod little mendeth where maners be spilt, -so naught will be naught say and do what thou wilt. - - Fight seldome ye shall - But vse not to brall. - -11 -Much bralling with seruant, what man can abide? -pay home when thou fightest, but loue not to chide. - -12 -As order is heauenly where quiet is had, -so error is hell, or a mischiefe as bad. - - What better a lawe - Than subjects in awe? - -13 -Such awe as a warning will cause to beware, -doth make the whole houshold the better to fare. - -14 -The lesse of thy counsell thy seruants doe knowe, -Their dutie the better such seruants shall showe. - - Good musicke regard, - Good seruants reward. - -15 -Such seruants are oftenest painfull and good, -that sing in their labour, as birdes in the wood. - -16 -Good seruants hope iustly some friendship to feele, -and looke to haue fauour what time they do weele. - - By once or twise - Tis time to be wise. - -17 -Take runagate Robin, to pitie his neede, -and looke to be filched, as sure as thy creede. - -18 -Take warning by once, that a worse do not hap, -foresight is the stopper of many a gap. - - Some change for a shift, - Oft change, small thrift. - -19 -Make fewe of thy counsell to change for the best, -least one that is trudging infecteth the rest. - -20 -The stone that is rolling can gather no mosse,[E437] -for maister and seruant, oft changing is losse. - - Both liberall sticketh, - Some prouender pricketh. - -[Sidenote: One liberall.] - -21 -One dog for a hog, and one cat for a mouse, -one readie to giue is ynough in a house: - -22 -One gift ill accepted, keepe next in thy purse, -whom prouender pricketh are often the wurse. - -[1] How daintie some be. 1573. - -[2] "A wise man saith not, had I wist."--Uncertain Author in _Tottel's -Miscellany_ (p. 244, Arber's ed.). - - - - -78. - -¶ _Brewing._ - - - Brew somewhat for thine, - Else bring vp no swine. - -[Sidenote: Brewing.] - -1 -Where brewing is needfull, be brewer thy selfe, -what filleth the roofe will helpe furnish the shelfe: - -2 -In buieng of drinke, by the firkin or pot, -the tallie ariseth, but hog amendes not.[1] - - Well brewed, worth cost, - Ill vsed, halfe lost. - -3 -One bushell well brewed, outlasteth some twaine, -and saueth both mault, and expences in vaine.[2] - -4 -Too new is no profite, too stale is as bad, -drinke dead or else sower makes laborer sad.[E438] - - Remember good Gill, - Take paine with thy swill. - -[Sidenote: Séething of graines.] - -5 -Seeth grains in more water, while grains be yet hot, -and stirre them in copper, as poredge in pot. - -6 -Such heating with straw, to haue offall good store, -both pleaseth and easeth, what would ye haue more? - -[1] Score quickely ariseth, hog profiteth not. 1577. - -[2] Two troubles for nothing, is cost to no gaine. 1577. - - - - -79. - -¶ _Baking._[E439] - - - Newe bread is a driuell. - Much crust is as euill. - -[Sidenote: Baking.] - -1 -New bread is a waster, but mouldie is wurse, -what that way dog catcheth, that loseth the purse. - -2 -Much dowebake I praise not, much crust is as ill, -the meane is the Huswife, say nay if ye will. - - - - -80. - -¶ _Cookerie._ - - - Good cookerie craueth, - Good turnebroch saueth. - -[Sidenote: Cookerie.] - -1 -Good cooke to dresse dinner, to bake and to brewe, -deserues a rewarde, being honest and trewe. - -2 -Good diligent turnebroch and trustie withall, -is sometime as needfull as some in the hall. - - - - -81. - -¶ _Dairie._ - - - Good dairie doth pleasure, - Ill dairie spendes treasure. - -[Sidenote: Dairie.] - -1 -Good huswife in dairie, that needes not be tolde, -deserueth hir fee to be paid hir in golde. - -2 -Ill seruant neglecting what huswiferie saies, -deserueth hir fee to be paid hir with baies.[E440] - - Good droie[E441] woorth much.[1] - Marke sluts and such. - -3 -Good droie to serue hog, to helpe wash, and to milke, -more needfull is truelie than some in their silke. - -4 -Though homelie be milker, let cleanlie be cooke, -for a slut and a slouen be knowne by their looke. - - In dairie no cat, - Laie bane for a rat. - -[Sidenote: Traps for rats.] - -5 -Though cat (a good mouser) doth dwell in a house, -yet euer in dairie haue trap for a mouse. - -6 -Take heede how thou laiest the bane for the rats, -for poisoning seruant, thy selfe and thy brats. - -[1] Though droy be, etc. 1577. - - - - -82. - -¶ _Scouring._ - - - No scouring for pride, - Spare kettle whole side. - -[Sidenote: Scouring.] - -1 -Though scouring be needfull, yet scouring too mutch, -is pride without profit, and robbeth[1] thine hutch. - -2 -Keepe kettles from knocks, set tubs out of Sun, -for mending is costlie, and crackt is soone dun. - -[1] rubbeth. 1573, 1577. - - - - -83. - -_Washing._ - - - Take heede when ye wash, - Else run in the lash. - -[Sidenote: Washing.] - -1 -Maids, wash well and wring well, but beat ye wot how, -if any lack beating, I feare it be yow. - -2 -In washing by hand, haue an eie to thy boll, -for launders and millers, be quick of their toll. - - Drie sunne, drie winde, - Safe binde, safe finde. - -3 -Go wash well, saith Sommer, with sunne I shall drie, -go wring well, saith Winter, with winde so shall I. - -4 -To trust without heede is to venter a ioint, -giue tale and take count, is a huswifelie point. - - Where many be packing, - Are manie things lacking. - -5 -Where hens fall a cackling, take heede to their nest, -where drabs fall a whispring, take heede to the rest. - -6 -Through negligent huswifes, are many things lacking, -and Gillet suspected will quickly be packing. - - - - -84. - -_Malting._ - - - Ill malting is theft, - Wood dride hath a weft. - -[Sidenote: Malting.] - -1 -House may be so handsome, and skilfulnes such, -to make thy owne malt, it shall profit thee much. - -2 -Som drieth with strawe, and some drieth with wood, -wood asketh more charge, and nothing so good.[E442] - - Take heede to the kell, - Sing out as a bell. - -3 -Be suer no chances to fier can drawe, -the wood, or the furzen, the brake or the strawe. - -4 -Let Gillet be singing, it doth verie well, -to keepe hir from sleeping and burning the kell. - - Best dride best speedes, - Ill kept, bowd breedes. - -5 -Malt being well speered, the more it will cast, -malt being well dried, the longer will last. - -6 -Long kept in ill soller, (vndoubted thou shalt,) -through bowds without number loose quickly thy malt.[E443] - - - - -85. - -¶ _Dinner matters._ - - - For hunger or thirst, - Serue cattle well first. - -[Sidenote: Dinner time.] - -1 -By noone[E444] see your dinner, be readie and neate, -let meate tarrie seruant, not seruant his meate. - -2 -Plough cattle a baiting, call seruant to dinner, -the thicker togither, the charges the thinner. - - Togither is best, - For hostis and gest. - -3[1] -Due season is best, altogither is gay, -dispatch hath no fellow, make short and away. - -4 -Beware of Gill laggoose, disordring thy house, -mo dainties who catcheth, than craftie fed mouse! - - Let such haue ynough, - That follow the plough. - -5 -Giue seruant no dainties, but giue him ynough, -too many chaps walking,[E445] do begger the plough. - -6 -Poore seggons halfe starued worke faintly and dull, -and lubbers doo loiter, their bellies too full. - - Giue neuer too much, - To lazie and such. - -7 -Feede lazie that thresheth a flap and a tap, -like slothfull, that all day be stopping a gap. - -8 -Some litherly lubber more eateth than twoo, -yet leaueth vndone that another will doo. - - Where nothing will last, - Spare such as thou hast. - -9 -Some cutteth thy linnen, some spoileth[2] their broth, -bare table to some doth as well as a cloth. - -10 -Treene dishes be homely, and yet not to lack, -where stone is no laster take tankard and iack. - - Knap boy on the thums, - And saue him his crums. - -11 -That pewter is neuer for manerly feastes, -that daily doth serue so vnmanerly beastes. - -12 -Some gnaweth and leaueth, some crusts and some crums, -eat such their own leuings, or gnaw their own thums. - - Serue God euer furst, - Take nothing at wurst. - -[Sidenote: Grace before and after meate.] - -13 -At Dinner, at Supper, at morning, at night, -giue thankes vnto God, for his gifts so in[3] sight. - -14 -Good husband and huswife, will sometime alone, -make shift with a morsell and picke of a bone. - - Inough thou art tolde, - Too much will not holde. - -15 -Three dishes well dressed, and welcome withall, -both pleaseth thy friend and becommeth thine hall. - -16 -Enough is a plentie,[E446] too much is a pride, -the plough with ill holding, goes quicklie aside. - -[1] Stanzas 3-12 are not in 1577. - -[2] spilleth. 1577. - -[3] in thy. 1577. - - - - -86. - -¶ _Afternoone workes._ - - - Make companie breake, - Go cherish the weake. - -[Sidenote: Afternoone workes.] - -1 -When Dinner is ended, set seruants to wurke, -and follow such fellowes[1] as loueth to lurke. - -2 -To seruant in sicknesse see nothing ye grutch, -a thing of a trifle shall comfort him mutch. - - Who manie do feede, - Saue much they had neede. - -3 -Put chippings[E447] in dippings, vse parings to saue, -fat capons or chickens that lookest to haue. - -4 -Saue droppings and skimmings, how euer ye doo, -for medcine for cattell, for cart and for shoo. - - Leane capon vnmeete, - Deere fed is vnsweete. - -5 -Such ofcorne as commeth giue wife to hir fee, -feede willingly such as do helpe to feede thee. - -6 -Though fat fed is daintie, yet this I thee warne, -be cunning in fatting for robbing thy barne. - - Peece hole to defende. - Things timely amende. - -7 -Good semsters be sowing of fine pretie knackes, -good huswifes be mending and peecing their sackes. - -8 -Though making and mending be huswifely waies, -yet mending in time is the huswife to praies. - - Buie newe as is meete, - Marke blanket and sheete. - -9 -Though Ladies may rend and buie new ery day, -good huswifes must mend and buie new as they may. - -10 -Call quarterly seruants to court and to leete,[E448] -write euerie Couerlet, Blanket, and Sheete. - - Shift slouenly elfe, - Be gayler thy selfe. - -11 -Though shifting too oft be a theefe in a house, -yet shift slut and slouen for feare of a louse. - -12 -Graunt doubtfull no key of his chamber in purse, -least chamber doore lockt be to theeuerie a nurse. - - Saue feathers for gest, - These other rob chest. - -[Sidenote: Saue feathers.] - -13 -Saue wing for a thresher, when Gander doth die, -saue feather of all thing, the softer to lie. - -14 -Much spice is a theefe, so is candle and fier, -sweete sauce is as craftie as euer was frier. - - Wife make thine owne candle, - Spare pennie to handle. - -[Sidenote: Candle making.] - -15 -Prouide for thy tallow, ere frost commeth in, -and make thine owne candle, ere winter begin. - -16 -If pennie for all thing be suffred to trudge, -trust long, not to pennie, to haue him thy drudge. - -[1] marchants. 1577. - - - - -87. - -¶ _Euening workes._ - - - Time drawing to night, - See all things go right. - -[Sidenote: Euening workes.] - -1 -When hennes go to roost go in hand to dresse meate, -serue hogs and to milking and some to serue neate. - -2 -Where twaine be ynow, be not serued with three, -more knaues in a companie worser they bee. - - Make lackey to trudge, - Make seruant thy drudge. - -3 -For euerie trifle leaue ianting thy nag, -but rather make lackey of Jack boie thy wag. - -4 -Make seruant at night lug in wood or a log, -let none come in emptie but slut and thy dog. - - False knaue readie prest, - All safe is the best. - -5 -Where pullen vse nightly to pearch in the yard, -there two legged foxes keepe watches and ward. - -6 -See cattle well serued, without and within, -and all thing at quiet ere supper begin. - - Take heede it is needeful, - True pittie is meedeful. - -7 -No clothes in garden, no trinkets without, -no doore leaue vnbolted, for feare of a dout. - -8 -Thou woman whom pitie becommeth the best, -graunt all that hath laboured time to take rest. - - - - -88. - -¶ _Supper matters._ - - - Vse mirth and good woorde, - At bed and at boorde. - -[Sidenote: Supper time huswiferie.] - -1 -Provide for thy husband, to make him good cheere, -make merrie togither, while time ye be heere. - -2 -At bed and at boord, howsoeuer befall, -what euer God sendeth be merrie withall. - - No brawling make, - No ielousie take. - -3 -No taunts before seruants, for hindring of fame, -no iarring too loude for auoyding of shame. - -4 -As fransie and heresie roueth togither, -so iealousie leadeth a foole ye wot whither. - - Tend such as ye haue, - Stop talkatiue knaue. - -5 -Yong children and chickens would euer be eating, -good seruants looke dulie for gentle intreating. - -6 -No seruant at table vse sausly to talke, -least tongue set at large out of measure do walke. - - No snatching at all, - Sirs, hearken now all. - -7 -No lurching,[E449] no snatching, no striuing at all, -least one go without and another haue all. - -8 -Declare after Supper, take heede therevnto, -what worke in the morning ech seruant shall do. - - - - -89. - -¶ _After supper matters._ - - - Thy soule hath a clog, - Forget not thy dog. - -[Sidenote: Workes after supper.] - -1 -Remember those children whose parents be poore, -which hunger, yet dare not craue[1] at thy doore. - -2 -Thy Bandog[E450] that serueth for diuerse mishaps, -forget not to giue him thy bones and thy scraps. - - Make keies to be keepers, - To bed ye sleepers. - -3 -Where mouthes be many, to spend that thou hast, -set keies to be keepers, for spending too fast. - -4 -To bed after supper let drousie go sleepe, -least knaue in the darke to his marrow do creepe. - - Keepe keies as thy life, - Feare candle good wife. - -5 -Such keies lay vp safe, ere ye take ye to rest, -of dairie, of buttrie, of cubboord and chest. - -6 -Feare candle in hailoft, in barne, and in shed, -feare flea smocke and mendbreech, for burning their bed. - - See doore lockt fast, - Two keies make wast. - -7 -A doore without locke is a baite for a knaue, -a locke without key is a foole that will haue. - -8 -One key to two locks, if it breake is a greefe, -two keies to one locke in the ende is a theefe. - - Night workes troubles hed, - Locke doores and to bed. - -9 -The day willeth done whatsoeuer ye bid, -the night is a theefe, if ye take not good hid. - -10 -Wash dishes, lay leauens, saue fire and away, -locke doores and to bed, a good huswife will say. - - To bed know thy guise, - To rise do likewise. - -[Sidenote: Bed time.] - -11 -In winter at nine, and in sommer at ten, -to bed after supper both maidens and men. - -[Sidenote: Time to rise.] - -12 -In winter at fiue a clocke, seruant arise, -in sommer at foure is verie good guise.[E451] - - Loue so as ye may - Loue many a day. - -13 -Be lowly not sollen, if ought go amisse, -what wresting may loose thee, that winne with a kisse. - -14 -Both beare and forebeare now and then as ye may, -then, wench God a mercie, thy husband will say. - -[1] to. 1577. - - - - -90. - -¶ _The ploughmans feasting daies._ - - - This would not be slept, - Old guise must be kept. - -1 -Good huswiues, whom God hath enriched ynough, - forget not the feastes that belong to the plough. -The meaning is onelie to ioie and be glad, - for comfort with labour is fit to be had. - -[Sidenote: Leicestershire.] - - Plough Monday.[E452] -2 -Plough Monday, next after that Twelftide is past, - bids out with the plough, the woorst husband is last. -If ploughman get hatchet or whip to the skreene, - maides loseth their cock if no water be seene.[E453] - -[Sidenote: Essex and Suffolke.] - - Shroftide.[E454] -3 -At Shroftide to shrouing, go thresh the fat hen, - if blindfild can kill hir, then giue it thy men. -Maides, fritters and pancakes ynow see ye make: - let slut haue one pancake, for companie sake. - - [Sidenote: Northamptonshire.] - - Sheepe shearing. -4 -Wife make vs a dinner, spare flesh neither corne, - make wafers and cakes, for our sheepe must be shorne. -At sheepe shearing neighbours none other thing craue, - but good cheere and welcome like neighbours to haue. - -[Sidenote: Leicestershire.] - - The wake day.[E455] -5 -Fill ouen full of flawnes,[E456] Ginnie passe not for sleepe, - to morow thy father his wake day will keepe. -Then euerie wanton may daunce at hir will, - both Tomkin with Tomlin, and Jankin with Gill. - - Haruest home. -6 -For all this good feasting, yet art thou not loose, - till ploughman thou giuest his haruest home goose.[E457] -Though goose go in stubble, I passe not for that, - let goose haue a goose, be she leane, be she fat. - -[Sidenote: Essex and Suffolke.] - - Seede cake. -7 -Wife, some time this weeke, if the wether hold cleere, - an end of wheat sowing we make for this yeere. -Remember you therefore though I doo it not: - the seede Cake, the Pasties, and Furmentie pot.[E458] - - Twise a week roast. -8 -Good ploughmen looke weekly, of custome and right, - for roast meat on Sundaies and Thursdaies at night. -This dooing and keeping such custome and guise, - they call thee good huswife, they loue thee likewise. - - - - -91. - -¶ _The good huswifelie Physicke._ - - -[1] -Good huswiues prouides, ere an sicknes doo come, - of sundrie good things in hir house to haue some. -Good Aqua composita,[E459] Vineger tart, - Rose water and treakle, to comfort the hart. - -[2] -Cold herbes in hir garden for agues that burne, - that ouer strong heat to good temper may turne. -While Endiue and Suckerie, with Spinnage ynough, - all such with good pot herbes should follow the plough. - -[3] -Get water of Fumentorie, Liuer to coole, - and others the like, or els lie like a foole. -Conserue of the Barberie, Quinces and such, - with Sirops that easeth the sickly so much. - -[Sidenote: Physition.] - -[4] -Aske _Medicus_ counsell, ere medcine ye make, - and honour that man, for necessities sake. -Though thousands hate physick, because of the cost, - yet thousands it helpeth, that else should be lost. - -[Sidenote: Good diet.] - -[5] -Good broth and good kéeping do much now and than, - good diet with wisedome best comforteth man. -In health to be stirring shall profit thée best, - in sicknes hate trouble, séeke quiet and rest. - -[Sidenote: Thinke on thy soule and haue a good hope.] - -[6] -Remember thy soule, let no fansie preuaile, - make readie to Godward, let faith neuer quaile. -The sooner thy selfe thou submittest to God, - the sooner he ceaseth to scourge with his rod. - - - - -92. - -¶ _The good motherlie nurserie._ - - -[1] -Good huswiues take paine, and doo count it good luck, - to make their owne brest their owne childe to giue suck. -Though wrauling and rocking be noisome so neare, - yet lost by ill nursing is woorser to heare. - -[2] -But one thing I warne thee, let huswife be nurse, - least husband doo find thée too franke with his purse. -What hilback and filbellie maketh away, - that helpe to make good, or else looke for a fraie. - -[3] -Giue childe that is fitly, giue babie the big, - giue hardnes to youth and to roperipe a twig. -Wee find it not spoken so often for naught, - that children were better vnborne than vntaught, - -[4] -Some cockneies[E460] with cocking are made verie fooles, - fit neither for prentise, for plough, nor for schooles. -Teach childe to aske blessing, serue God, and to church, - then blesse as a mother, else blesse him with burch. -Thou huswife thus dooing, what further shall néede? - but all men to call thée good mother in déede. - - - - -93. - -¶ _Thinke on the poore._ - - -Remember the poore, that for Gods sake doo call, - for God both rewardeth and blesseth withall. -Take this in good part, whatsoeuer thou bee: - and wish me no woorse than I wish vnto thee. - - - - -94. - -¶ _A comparison betweene good huswiferie and euill._[E461] - - - Comparing togither, good huswife with bad, - The knowledge of either, the better is had. - -1 -Ill huswiferie lieth - till nine of the clock. -Good huswiferie trieth - to rise with the cock. - -2 -Ill huswiferie tooteth, - to make hir selfe braue.[E462] -Good huswiferie looketh - what houshold must haue. - -3 -Ill huswiferie trusteth - to him and to hir. -Good huswiferie lusteth - hir selfe for to stir. - -4 -Ill huswiferie careth - for this nor for that. -Good huswiferie spareth - for feare ye wot what. - -5 -Ill huswiferie pricketh - hir selfe vp in pride. -Good huswiferie tricketh - hir house as a bride. - -6 -Ill huswiferie othing - or other must craue. -Good huswiferie nothing, - but needfull will haue. - -7 -Ill huswiferie mooueth - with gossep to spend. -Good huswiferie loueth - hir houshold to tend. - -8 -Ill huswiferie wanteth - with spending too fast. -Good huswiferie canteth[1][E463] - the lenger to last. - -9 -Ill huswiferie easeth - hir selfe with vnknowne. -Good huswiferie pleaseth - hir selfe with hir owne. - -10 -Ill huswiferie brooketh - mad toies in hir hed. -Good huswiferie looketh - that all things be fed. - -11 -Ill huswiferie bringeth - a shilling to naught. -Good huswiferie singeth, - hir cofers full fraught. - -12 -Ill huswiferie rendeth, - and casteth aside. -Good huswiferie mendeth, - else would it go wide. - -13 -Ill huswiferie sweepeth - her linnen to gage. -Good huswiferie keepeth, - to serue hir in age. - -14 -Ill huswiferie craueth - in secret to borow. -Good huswiferie saueth - to day for to morow. - -15 -Ill huswiferie pineth, - not hauing to eate. -Good huswiferie dineth, - with plentie of meate. - -16 -Ill huswiferie letteth - the Diuell take all. -Good huswiferie setteth - good brag of a small. - - Good huswife good fame hath of best in the towne, - Ill huswife ill name hath of euerie clowne. - -[1] scanteth. 1577. - -_Thus endeth the booke of Huswiferie._ - - - - -95. - -_For men a perfect warning -How childe shall come by larning._ - - -1 -All you that faine would learne the perfect waie, -To haue your childe in Musick something séene, -Aske nature first what thereto she doth saie, -Ere further suite ye make to such a Quéene. -For doubtlesse _Grossum caput_ is not he -Of whom the learned Muses séene will be.[E464] - -2 -Once tride that nature trim hath done hir part, -And Ladie Musick farre[1] in loue withall, -Be wise who first doth teach thy childe that Art, -Least homelie breaker mar fine ambling ball.[E465] -Not rod in mad braines hand is that can helpe, -But gentle skill doth make the proper whelpe. - -3 -Where choise is hard, count good for well a fine,[E466] -Skill mixt with will, is he that teacheth best: -Let this suffice for teaching childe of thine, -Choose quickly well for all the lingring rest. -Mistaught at first how seldome prooueth well! -Trim taught, O God, how shortly doth excell! - -4 -Although as ships must tarrie winde and tide, -And perfect howers abide their stinted time; -So likewise, though of learning dailie tride, -Space must be had ere wit may thereto clime. -Yet easie steps, and perfect way to trust, -Doth cause good spéede, confesse of force we must. - -5 -Thus in the childe though wit ynough we finde, -And teacher good néere hand or other where, -And time as apt as may be thought with minde, -Nor cause in such thing much to doubt or feare. -Yet cocking Mams,[E467] and shifting Dads[E468] from schooles, -Make pregnant wits to prooue vnlearned fooles. - -6 -Ere learning come, to haue first art thou taught, -Apt learning childe, apt time that thing to frame, -Apt cunning man to teach, else all is naught, -Apt parents, glad to bring to passe the same. -On such apt ground the Muses loue to bilde, -This lesson learne; adue else learned child. - -[1] ? faire [1614]. - -[In the edition of 1573, The Sonnet to Lady Paget, which follows the -Posies, is placed here.] - - - - -96. - -¶ The description of a womans age by vi. times xiiij yeeres -prentiship, with a lesson to the same. - - -14. Two first seuen yeeres, for a rod they doe whine, - -28. Two next, as a perle in the world they doe shine, - -42. Two next, trim beautie beginneth to swerue, - -56. Two next, for matrones or drudges they serue, - -70. Two next, doth craue a staffe for a stay, - -84. Two next, a beere to fetch them away. - -A Lesson ( Then purchase some pelfe, - ( by fiftie and thrée: - ( or buckle thy selfe, - ( a drudge for to bée. - - - - -97. - -¶ _The Inholders posie._[1] - - -[1] -At meales my friend who vitleth here, and sitteth with his host, -Shall both be sure of better chere, and scape with lesser cost.[E469] - -[2] -But he that will attendance haue, a chamber by himselfe, -Must more regard what pains do craue than passe of worldly pelfe. - -[3] -Let no man looke to purchase linne[E470] with pinching by the waie, -But laie before he takes his Inne to make his purse to paie. - -[4] -For nothing paie and nothing praie, in Inne it is the gise, -Where no point gain, there no point pain, think this if you be wise. - -[5] -For toiling much and spoiling more, great charge smal gains or none, -Soone sets thine host at needams shore,[2][E471] to craue the beggers bone. - -[6] -Foreséeing this, come day or night, take vp what place ye please. -Vse mine as thine, let fortune spight, and boldly take thine ease. - -[1] Not in edition of 1573. - -[2] A pun recorded by Ray. Needham is in Suffolk (M.). - - - - -98. - -¶ _Certaine Table Lessons._ - - -1 -Friend, eat lesse, and drinke lesse,[1] and buie thee a knife, - else looke for a caruer not alway too rife. -Some kniueles their daggers for brauerie weare, - that often for surfetting neede not to feare.[E472] - -2 -At dinner and supper the table doth craue - good fellowly neighbour good manner to haue. -Aduise thee well therefore, ere tongue be too free, - or slapsauce be noted too saucie to bee. - -3 -If anything wanteth or seemeth amis, - to call for or shew it, good maner it is. -But busie fault finder, and saucie withall, - is roister like ruffen, no manner at all. - -4 -Some cutteth the napkin, some trencher will nick, - some sheweth like follie, in many a trick. -Let such apish[2] bodie so toieng at meate, - go toie with his nodie, like ape in the streate.[E473] - -5 -Some commeth vnsent for, not for thy good cheere, - but sent[3] as a spiall, to listen and heere. -Which being once knowne, for a knaue let him go, - for knaue will be knauish, his nature is so. - -[1] eateles and drinkles. 1577. - -[2] Let apishle. 1577. - -[3] bent. 1577. - - - - -99. - -¶ _Lessons for waiting servants._ - - -1 -One diligent seruiture, skilfull to waight, - more comelieth thy table than other some eight, -That stand for to listen, or gasing about, - not minding their dutie, within nor without. - -2 -Such waiter is fautie that standeth so by, - vnmindful of seruice, forgetting his ey. -If maister to such giue a bone for to gnaw, - he doth but his office, to teach such a daw. - -3 -Such seruiture also deserueth a check, - that runneth out fisging[E474] with meat in his beck. -Such rauening puttocks for vittles so trim, - would haue a good maister to puttock with him. - -4 -Who daily can suffer, or else can afoord, - his meat so vp snatched that comes from his boord? -So tossed[1] with cormorants, here and there some, - and others to want it that orderlie come? - -5 -Good seruiture waieth (once dinner begon,) - what asketh attendance and what to be don. -So purchasing maister a praise with the best, - gets praise to himselfe, both of maister and gest. - -[1] toesed. 1577. - - - - -100. - -¶ _Husbandly posies for the hall._ - - -1 -Friend, here I dwell, and here I haue a little worldly pelfe, -Which on my friend I kéepe to spend, as well as on my selfe. - -2 -What euer fare you hap to finde, take welcome for the best, -That hauing then disdaine thou not, for wanting of the rest. - -3 -Backbiting[E475] talk that flattering blabs know wily how to blenge, -The wise doth note, the friend[E476] doth hate, the enmie will reuenge. - -4 -The wise will spend or giue or lend, yet kéepe to haue in store, -If fooles may haue from hand to mouth, they passe vpon no more. - -5 -Where ease is sought, at length we sée, there plentie waxeth scant, -Who careles liues go borow must, or else full often want. - -6 -The world doth think the welthy man is he that least shall néed, -But true it is the godlie[1] man is he that best shall spéed. - -[1] Cf. _ante_, ch. 72, st. 2. - - - - -101. - -¶ _Posies for the parler._ - - -1 -As hatred is the serpents noisome rod, -So friendship is the louing gift of God. - -2 -The dronken friend is friendship very euill, -The frantike friend is friendship for the Deuill. - -3 -The quiet friend all one in word and déede -Great comfort is, like ready gold at néede. - -4 -With bralling fooles that wrall for euerie wrong, -Firme friendship neuer can continue long. - -5 -In time that man shall seldome friendship mis, -That waith what thing touch kept in friendship is. - -6 -Oft times a friend is got with easie cost, -Which vsed euill is oft as quickly lost. - -7 -Hast thou a friend, as hart may wish at will? -Then vse him so to haue his friendship still. - -8 -Wouldst haue a friend, wouldst knowe what friend is best? -Haue God thy friend, who passeth all the rest. - - - - -102. - -¶ _Posies for the gests chamber._ - - -1 -The slouen and the careles man, the roinish[E477] nothing nice, -To lodge in chamber comely deckt, are seldome suffred twice. - -2 -With curteine som make scaberd clene, with couerlet their shoo, -All dirt and mire some wallow bed, as spanniels vse to doo. - -3 -Though bootes and spurs be nere so foule, what passeth some thereon? -What place they foule, what thing they teare, by tumbling thervpon. - -4 -Foule male some cast on faire boord, be carpet nere so cléene, -what maners careles maister hath, by knaue his man is séene. - -5 -Some make the chimnie chamber pot to smell like filthie sink, -Yet who so bold, so soone to say, fough, how these houses stink? - -6 -They therefore such as make no force what comly thing they spil, -Must haue a cabben like themselues, although against their wil. - -7 -But gentlemen will gently doe where gentlenes is sheawd, -Obseruing this, with loue abide, or else hence all beshreawd. - - - - -103. - -¶ _Posies for thine owne bed chamber._ - - -1 -What wisdom more, what better life, than pleseth God to send? -what worldly goods, what longer vse, than pleseth God to lend? - -2 -What better fare than well content, agréeing with thy wealth?[1] -what better gest, than trustie friend, in sicknes and in health? - -3 -What better bed than conscience good,[2] to passe the night with sléepe? -what better worke than daily care fro sinne thy selfe to kéepe? - -4 -What better thought, than think on God and daily him to serue? -What better gift than to the poore that ready be to sterue? - -5 -What greater praise of God and man, than mercie for to shew?[3] -who merciles shall mercie finde, that mercie shewes to few? - -6 -What worse despaire, than loth to die for feare to go to hell? -what greater faith than trust in God, through Christ in heauen to dwell? - -[1] what mirth to godly welth. 1577. - -[2] quiet rest. 1577. - -[3] - -----than hatred to forsake -What merciles shall mercy get, that mercy none will take. 1577. - -[1573 M.]. - - - - -104. - -¶ _A Sonet to the Ladie Paget._ - - -[1] -Some pleasures take, -and cannot giue, -but onely make - poore thanks their shift: -Some meaning well, -in debt doo liue, -and cannot tell - how else to shift. - -[2] -Some knock and faine -would ope the doore, -to learne the vaine - good turne to praise: -Some shew good face, -and be but poore, -yet haue a grace, - good fame to raise. - -[3] -Some owe and giue, -yet still in det, -and so must liue, - for aught I knowe: -Some wish to pay, -and cannot get, -but night and day - still more must owe. - -[4] -Euen so must I, for seruice past, -Still wish you good while life doth last. - - - - -105. - -¶ _Principall points of Religion._ - - -1 -To praie to God continually, -To learne to know him rightfully. - -2 -To honour God in Trinitie, - -3 -The Trinitie in vnitie. -The Father in his maiestie, -The Sonne in his humanitie, -The holie Ghosts benignitie, -Three persons, one in Deitie. - -4 -To serue him alway holily, - -5 -To aske him all thing needfully, - -6 -To praise him in all companie,[1] - -7 -To loue him alway hartilie,[2] - -8 -To dread him alway christianlie,[3] - -9 -To aske him mercie penitently,[4] - -10 -To trust him alway faithfully, - -11 -To obey him alway willingly, - -12 -To abide him alway patiently, - -13 -To thanke him alway thankfully, - -14 -To liue here alway vertuously, - -15 -To vse thy neighbour honestly, - -16 -To looke for death still presently,[E478] - -17 -To helpe the poore in miserie, - -18 -To hope for heauens felicitie, - -19 -To haue faith hope and charitie, - -20 -To count this life but vanitie: -be points of Christianitie. - -[1] alway worthely. 1577. - -[2] steadfastlie. 1573 (M.), 1577. - -[3] fearfullie. 1573 (M.), 1577. - -[4] heartilie. 1573 (M.), 1577. - - - - -106. - -¶ _The Authors beleefe._ - - -[Sidenote: God the Father.] - -1 -This is my stedfast Créede, my faith, and all my trust, -That in the heauens there is a God, most mightie, milde and iust. -A God aboue all gods, a King aboue all kings, -The Lord of lords, chiefe gouernour of heauen and earthly things. - -[Sidenote: Maker of Heauen.] - -2 -That power hath of life, of death, of heauen and hell, -That all thing made as pleaseth him, so woonderfull to tell: -That made the hanging Skies, so deckt with diuers lights, -Of darknes made the chéerfull daies, and all our restfull nights. - -[Sidenote: The earth.] - -3 -That clad this earth with herbe, with trées, and sundrie fruites, -With beast, with bird, both wild and tame, of strange and sundrie suites: -That intermixt the same with mines like veines of Ore, -Of siluer, golde, of precious stones, and treasures many more. - -[Sidenote: The waters, frost and snowe.] - -4 -That ioyned brookes to dales, to hilles fresh water springs, -With riuers swéete along the méedes, to profit many things: -That made the hoarie frosts, the flakie snowes so trim, -The honie deawes, the blustering windes, to serue as pleaseth him. - -[Sidenote: The seas.] - -5 -That made the surging seas, in course to ebbe and flo, -That skilfull man with sailing ship, mought trauell to and fro: -And stored so the same, for mans vnthankfull sake, -That euery nation vnder heauen mought thereby profit take. - -[Sidenote: The soul of man.] - -6 -That gaue to man a soule, with reason how to liue, -That doth to him and all things else, his blessing dailie giue: -That is not séene, yet séeth how man doth runne his race, -Whose dailie workes both good and bad, stand knowne before his face. - -[Sidenote: Thunder and plagues.] - -7 -That sendeth thundring claps, like terrours out of hell, -That man may know a God there is, that in the heauens doth dwel: -That sendeth threatning plagues, to kéepe our liues in awe, -His benefites if we forget, or do contemne his lawe. - -[Sidenote: Full of mercie.] - -8 -That dailie hateth sinne, and loueth vertue well, -And is the God of Abraham, Isac, and Israell, -That doth displeasure take, when we his lawes offend, -And yet amids his heauie wrath, his mercie doth extend. - -[Sidenote: Christ the Sonne.] - -9 -This is that Lord of hostes, the father of vs all, -The maker of what ere was made, my God on whom I call: -Which for the loue of man, sent downe his onelie sonne, -Begot of him before the worldes were any whit begonne. - -[Sidenote: Christes birth. Christ, God and man.] - -10 -This entred Maries wombe, as faith affirmeth sure, -Conceiued by the holy Ghost, borne of that virgine pure; -This was both God and man, of Jewes the hoped king, -And liued here, saue onely sinne, like man in euerie thing. - -[Sidenote: Christ, our Messias.] - -11 -This is that virgins childe, that same most holie Preist, -The lamb of God, the prophet great, whom scripture calleth Christ, -This that Messias was, of whom the Prophet spake, -That should tread down the serpents head and our attonement make. - -[Sidenote: Christes passion.] - -12 -This Judas did betray, to false dissembling Jewes, -Which vnto Pilat being Judge, did falsely him accuse: -Who (through that wicked Judge) and of those Jewes despight, -Condemned and tormented was, with all the force they might. - -13 -To liuing wight more euill, what could such wretches do? -More pearcing wounds, more bitter pains, than they did put him to? -They crowned him with thorne, that was the king of kings, -That sought to saue the soule of man, aboue all worldly things. - -[Sidenote: Christes death.] - -14 -This was that Pascall lambe whose loue for vs so stood, -That on the mount of Caluerie,[1] for vs did shed his blood: -Where hanging on the Crosse, no shame he did forsake, -Till death giuen him by pearcing speare, an ende of life did make. - -[Sidenote: Christes buriall.] - -[Sidenote: Christes descension.] - -15 -This Ioseph séeing dead, the bodie thence did craue, -And tooke it forthwith from the crosse, and laid it in his graue, -Downe thence he went to hell, in vsing there his will,[E479] -His power[2] I meane, his slained corps in tumb remaining still. - -[Sidenote: Christes resurrection.] - -[Sidenote: Christes ascension.] - -16 -From death to life againe, the third day this did rise, -And séene[E480] on earth to his elect, times oft in sundrie wise: -And after into heauen, ascend he did in sight, -And sitteth on the right hand there, of God the father of might. - -[Sidenote: Christ shall be our iudge.] - -17 -Where for vs wretches all, his father he doth pray, -To haue respect vnto his death, and put our sinnes away: -From thence with sounded trump, which noise all flesh shall dread, -He shall returne with glorie againe, to iudge the quicke and dead. - -[Sidenote: The Iudges sentence.] - -18 -Then shall that voice be heard, Come, come, ye good to mée, -Hence, hence to hell you workers euill, where paine shall euer bée: -This is that louing Christ, whom I my Sauiour call, -And onely put my trust in him, and in none else at all. - -[Sidenote: God the holy Ghost.] - -19 -In God the holy Ghost, I firmely do belieue, -Which from the father and the sonne a blessed[3] life giue, -Which by the Prophets spake, which doth all comfort send, -Which I do trust shall be my guide, when this my life shall ende. - -[Sidenote: The Catholike Church.] - -20 -A holy catholike Church, on earth I graunt there is, -And those which frame their liues by that, shall neuer do[4] amis: -The head whereof is Christ, his word the chiefest post: -Preseruer of this temple great, is God the holy Ghost. - -[Sidenote: The Communion of Saints.] - -21 -I do not doubt there is a multitude of Saints, -More good is don resembling them, than shewing them our plaints: -Their faith and workes in Christ, that glorie them did giue, -Which glorie we shall likewise haue, if likewise we do liue. - -[Sidenote: Forgiueness of sinnes.] - -22 -At God of heauen there is, forgiuenesse of our sinnes, -Through Christes death, through faith in it, and through none other ginnes: -If we repentant here, his mercie dailie craue, -Through stedfast hope and faith in Christ, forgiuenes we shall haue. - -[Sidenote: Mans resurrection.] - -23 -I hope and trust vpon the rising of the flesh, -This corps of mine that first must die, shall rise againe afresh: -The soule and bodie euen then, in one shall ioyned bée, -As Christ did rise from death to life, euen so through Christ shall wée. - -[Sidenote: Life euerlasting.] - -24 -As Christ is glorified, and neuer more shall die, -As Christ ascended into heauen, through Christ euen so shall I: -As Christ I count my head, and I a member of his, -So God I trust for Christes sake, shall settle me in blis. - -[25] -Thus here we learne of God, that there be persons thrée, -The Father, Sonne, the holy Ghost, one God in trinitée, -In substance all like one, one God, one Lord, one might, -Whose persons yet we do diuide, and so we may by right. - -[26] -As God the Father is the maker of vs all, -So God the Sonne redéemer is, to whom for helpe we call, -And God the holy Ghost, the soule of man doth winne, -By moouing hir to waile for grace, ashamed of hir sinne. - -[27] -This is that God of gods, whom euerie soule should loue, -Whom all mens hearts should quake for feare his wrath on them to moue: -That this same mightie God, aboue all others chiefe, -Shall saue my soule from dolefull Hell, is all my whole beliefe. - -[1] Caluerine. 1577. - -[2] soule. 1577. - -[3] proceeding. 1577. - -[4] speede. 1577. - - - - -107. - -_Of the omnipotencie of God, and debilitie of man._ - - -1 -O God thou glorious God, what god is like to thée? -What life, what strength is like to thine, as al the world may see? -The heauens, the earth, the seas, and all thy workes therein, -Do shew (to who thou wouldst to know)[E481] what thou hast euer bin. - -2 -But all the thoughts of man, are bent to wretched euill, -Man doth commit idolatrie bewitched of the Deuill. -What euill is left vndone, where man may haue his will, -Man euer was an hypocrite, and so continues still. - -[Sidenote: What these 4 principal diuels do signifie.] - -3 -What daily watch is made, the soule of man to slea, -By Lucifer, by Belzabub, Mammon, and Asmodea? -In diuelish pride, in wrath, in coueting too much, -In fleshly lust the time is spent, the life of man is such. - -4 -The ioy that man hath here, is as a sparke of fier, -His acts be like the smoldring smoke, himselfe like dirt and mier. -His strength euen as a réede, his age much like a flower, -His breth or life is but a puffe, vncertaine euerie hower.[E482] - -5 -But for the holy Ghost, and for his giftes of grace, -The death of Christ, thy mercie great, man were in wofull case. -O graunt us therefore Lord, to amend that is amisse, -And when from hence we do depart, to rest with thee in blisse. - - - - -108. - -_Of Almes deedes._ - -_Eleemosyna prodest homini in vita, in morte, & post mortem. - -Out of S. Augustine._ - - -[1] -For onely loue to God, more Christian like to liue, -And for a zeale to helpe the poore, thine almes daily giue. -Let gift no glorie looke,[E483] nor euill possesse thy minde: -And for a truth these profites thrée, through almes shalt thou finde. - -[2] -1 First here the holy Ghost shall daily through his grace, -Prouoke[E484] thée to repentant life, Gods mercie to embrace. - -2 Of goods and friends (by death) when thou thy leaue must take, -Thine almes déedes shall claspe thy soule, and neuer it forsake. - -[3] -3 When God shall after death, call soone for thine account, -thine alms then through faith in Christ, shal al things els surmount. -But yet for any déede, put thou no trust therein, -but put thy trust in God (through Christ) to pardon thée thy sin. - -[4] -For else as cackling hen with noise bewraies hir nest, -Euen so go thou and blaze thy déeds, and lose thou all the rest. - - - - -109. - -_Of_ malus homo. - -Malus homo, _out of S. Augustine._ - - -Of naughtie man, I read, two sundrie things are ment, -The ton is man, the other naught, which ought him to repent. -The man we ought to loue, bicause of much therein, -The euill in him we ought to hate, euen as a filthie sin. -So doth thy daily sinnes the heauenly Lord offend, -But when thou dost repent the same, his wrath is at an end. - - - - -110. - -_Of two sorts of people._ - -_Of two sorts of men, the tone good, and tother bad, out of S. -Augustine._ - - -Since first the world began, there was and shall be still, -Of humane kind two sundrie sorts, thon good and thother ill: -Which till the iudgement day, shall here togither dwell, -But then the good shall vp to heauen, the bad shall downe to hell. - - - - -111. - -_Of what force the devil is if he be resisted._ - - -_Diabolo cùm resistitur, est vt formica: Cùm -verò eius suggestio recipitur, fortis est vt leo._ - -Out of S. Augustine. - -When Sathan we resist, a Pismier shall he be, -But when we séeme to giue him place, a Lion then is he. - - - - -112. - -¶ _Eight of S. Barnards verses, both in Latine and English with one -note to them both._[1][E485] - - - 1 - _Cur mundus militat, sub vana gloria, - Cuius prosperitas, est transitoria? - Tam citò labitur, eius potentia, - Quàm vasa figuli, quæ sunt fragilia?_ - -1 -Why[2] so triumphes the world, in pompe and glorie vaine, -Whose state so happie thought, so fickle[3] doth remaine? -Whose brauerie slipprie stands, and doth so soone decaie, -As doth the potters pan, compact of brittle claie? - - 2 - _Plus crede literis, scriptis in glacie, - Quàm mundi fragilis, vanæ fallaciæ, - Fallax in præmijs, virtutis specie, - Quæ nunquam habuit tempus fiduciæ._ - -2 -More credite sée thou giue, to letters wrote in ise, -Than vnto vaine deceits, of brittle worlds deuise. -In gifts to vertue due, beguiling many one, -Yet those same neuer haue long time to hope vpon. - - 3 - _Magis credendum est, viris fallacibus, - Quàm mundi miseris prosperitatibus, - Falsis insanijs et voluptatibus, - Falsis quoque studijs et vanitatibus._ - -3 -To false dissembling men more trust is to be had, -Than to the prosperous state of wretched world so bad: -What with voluptuousnes, and other maddish toies, -False studies won with paine, false vanities and ioies. - - 4 - _Dic vbi Salomon, olim tam nobilis? - Vel vbi Samson est, dux invincibilis? - Vel dulcis Ionathas, multùm amabilis? - Vel pulcher Absolon, vultu mirabilis?_ - -4 -Tell where is _Salomon_, that once so noble was? -Or where now _Samson_ is, in strength whome none could pas? -Or woorthie _Ionathas_, that prince so louely bold? -Or faier _Absolon_, so goodlie to behold? - - 5 - _Quò Cæsar abijt, celsus imperio? - Vel Diues splendidus, totus in prandio? - Dic vbi Tullius, clarus eloquio? - Vel Aristoteles, summus ingenio?_ - -5 -Shew whither is _Cesar_ gone, which conquered far and néere? -Or that rich famous _Carle_,[E486] so giuen to bellie chéere: -Shew where is _Tullie_ now, for eloquence so fit? -Or _Aristoteles_, of such a pregnant wit? - - 6 - _O esca vermium! ô massa pulueris! - O ros! ô vanitas! cùr sic extolleris, - Ignoras penitùs vtrùm cras vixeris, - Fac bonum omnibus, quàm diu poteris._ - -6 -O thou fit bait for wormes![E487] O thou great heape of dust! -O dewe! O vanitie! why so extolst thy lust? -Thou therefore ignorant, what time thou hast to liue, -Doe good to erie man, while here thou hast to giue. - - 7 - _Quàm breue festum est, hæc mundi gloria? - Vt umbra hominis, sic eius gaudia, - Quæ semper subtrahit, æterna præmia, - Et ducunt hominem, ad dura deuia._ - -7 -How short a feast (to count) is this same worlds renowne? -Such as mens shadowes be, such ioies it brings to towne. -Which alway plucketh vs from Gods eternall blis: -And leadeth man to hell, a iust reward of his. - - 8 - _Hæc mundi gloria, quæ magni penditur, - Sacris in literis, flos fæni dicitur, - Vt leue folium, quod vento rapitur, - Sic vita hominum, hac vita tollitur._ - -8 -The brauerie of this world, estéemed here so much, -In Scripture likened is, to flowre of grasse and such: -Like as the leafe so light, through winde abrode is blowne, -So life in this our life, full soone is ouerthrowne.[4] - -[1] "These eight verses of St. Bernard seem to have been extremely -popular at one period.... In the 'Paradise of Dainty Devices,' first -printed in 1576, we find translations of the same words" (Mason). - -[2] Who. 1577. - -[3] unsteady. 1577. - -[4] - -.... which wind abrod doth blowe, -So doth this worldly life, the life of man bestow. 1577. - - - - -113. - -¶ _Of the Authors linked Verses departing from Court to the Country._[1] - - -1 -Muse not my friend to finde me here, )(For fortunes looke,[E488] -Contented with this meane estate: )(Hath changed hew: -And séeme to doo with willing chéere, )(And I my booke, -That courtier doth so deadly hate. )(Must learne anew. - -2 -And yet of force, to learne anew, )(But where a spight, -Would much abash the dulled braine: )(Of force must bée: -I craue to iudge if this be trew, )(What is that wight, -The truant child that knowth the paine. )(May disagrée? - -3 -No, no, God wot, to disagrée, )(For lordlie bent, -Is ventring all to make or mar: )(Must learne to spare: -If fortune frowne we dailie sée, )(And be content -It is not best to striue too far. )(With countrie fare. - -4 -From daintie Court to countrie fare, )(Where néede yet can, -Too daintie fed[E489] is diet strange: )(None other skill: -From cities ioy, to countrie care, )(Somtime poore man -To skillesse folke is homelie change. )(Must breake his will. - -5 -If courtlie change so breaketh will )(If court with cart -That countrie life must serue the turne: )(Must be content,[E490] -What profit then in striuing still, )(What ease to hart, -Against the prick to séeme to spurne? )(Though mind repent? - -6 -What gaine I though I doo repent, )(As néede doth make -My crotches[2] all are broke and gon: )(Old age to trot: -My woonted friends are careles bent, )(So must I take, -They feare no chance I chance vpon. )(In woorth my lot. - -7 -Now if I take in woorth my lot, )(Behold the horse -That fatall chance doth force me to, )(Must trudge for pelfe, -If ye be friends embraid[3] me not, )(And yet of forse, -But vse a friend as friends should do. )(Content it selfe. - -[1] "In the edition of 1573 this piece is entitled 'Of the Author's -departing from the Court to the Country,' and the verses are printed -consecutively--four long lines and then four short lines."--M. So, in -1577. - -[2] chrotches. 1577. - -[3] upbraid. 1614. - - - - -114. - -_The Authors life._[1] - - -[Sidenote: Epodium.] - -1 -Now gentle friend, if thou be kinde, -Disdaine thou not, although the lot -Will now with me no better be, - than doth appere: -Nor let it grieue, that thus I liue, -But rather gesse, for quietnesse, -As others do, so do I to, - content me here. - -2 -By leaue and loue, of God aboue, -I minde to shew, in verses few, -How through the breers, my youthfull yeeres, - haue runne their race: -And further say, why thus I stay, -And minde to liue, as Bee in hiue, -Full bent to spend my life to an end, - in this same place.[2] - -[Sidenote: Borne at Riuenhall in Essex.] - -3 -It came to pas, that borne I was -Of linage good, of gentle blood, -In Essex laier, in village faier, - that Riuenhall hight: -Which village lide by Banketree side, -There spend did I mine infancie, -There then my name, in honest fame, - remaind in sight. - -[Sidenote: Set to song schoole.] - -4 -I yet but yong, no speech of tong, -Nor teares withall, that often fall -From mothers eies, when childe out cries, - to part hir fro: -Could pitie make, good father take, -But out I must, to song be thrust, -Say what I would, do what I could, - his minde was so. - -[Sidenote: Queristers miserie.] - -[Sidenote: Wallingford Colledge.] - -5 -O painfull time, for euerie crime, -What toesed eares,[E491] like baited beares! -What bobbed lips, what ierks, what nips! - what hellish toies! -What robes,[E492] how bare! what colledge fare! -What bread, how stale! what pennie Ale![E493] -Then Wallingford, how wart thou abhord - of sillie boies! - -[Sidenote: Singing mens commissions.] - -6 -Thence for my voice, I must (no choice) -Away of forse, like posting horse, -For sundrie men, had plagards then,[E494] - such childe to take: -The better brest,[3][E495] the lesser rest, -To serue the Queere, now there now heere -For time so spent, I may repent, - and sorrow make. - -[Sidenote: Iohn Redford an excellent Musician -[organist of St. Paul's. M.]] - -7 -But marke the chance, my self to vance, -By friendships lot, to Paules I got, -So found I grace, a certaine space, - still to remaine: -With Redford there, the like no where, -For cunning such, and vertue much, -By whom some part of Musicke art, - so did I gaine. - -[Sidenote: Nicholas Vdall[E496] schoolmaster at Eton.] - -8 -From Paules I went, to Eaton sent, -To learn streight waies, the latin phraies, -Where fiftie three stripes giuen to mee, - at once I had: -For fault but small, or none at all, -It came to pas, thus beat I was, -See Udall see, the mercie of thee, - to me poore lad. - -[Sidenote: Trinitie hall in Cambridge.] - -9 -From London hence, to Cambridge thence, -With thanks to thee, O Trinitee, -That to thy hall, so passing all,[4] - I got at last: -There ioy I felt, there trim I dwelt, -There heauen from hell, I shifted well, -With learned men, a number then, - the time I past. - -[Sidenote: Quartan ague.] - -[Sidenote: Lord Paget good to his seruants.] - -10 -Long sicknes had, then was I glad -To leaue my booke, to proue and looke, -In Court what gaine, by taking paine, - mought well be found: -Lord Paget than, that noble man, -Whose soule I trust is with the iust, -That same was hee enriched mee, - with many a pound. - -[Sidenote: The hope we haue of the dead.] - -11 -When[5] this betide, good parents dide, -One after one, till both were gone, -Whose petigree, who list may see, - in Harolds Booke:[E497] -Whose soules in blis be long ere this, -For hope we must, as God is iust, -So here that craue shall mercie haue, - that mercie looke. - -[Sidenote: The vices of the Court.] - -12 -By Court I spide, and ten yeres tride -That Cards and Dice, with Venus vice, -And peeuish pride, from vertue wide, - with some so wraught: -That Tiburne play[E498] made them away, -Or beggers state as euill to hate, -By such like euils, I saw such dreuils, - to come to naught. - -[Sidenote: The Court commended.] - -13 -Yet is it not to be forgot, -In Court that some to worship come, -And some in time to honour clime, - and speede full well: -Some haue such gift, that trim they shift, -Some profite make, by paines they take, -In perill much, though oft are such, - in Court that dwell. - -[Sidenote: The nobilitie at variance in -Edward the 6 daies.] - -[Sidenote: Katewade.] - -14 -When court gan frowne and strife in towne, -And lords and knights, saw heauie sights, -Then tooke I wife, and led my life - in Suffolke soile. -There was I faine my selfe to traine, -To learne too long the fermers song, -For hope of pelfe, like worldly elfe, - to moile and toile. - -[Sidenote: At Katewade in Suffolke this -booke first deuised.] - -15 -As in this booke, who list to looke, -Of husbandrie, and huswiferie, -There may he finde more of my minde, - concerning this: -To carke[6] and care, and euer bare, -With losse and paine, to little gaine, -All this to haue, to cram sir knaue, - what life it is. - -[Sidenote: Ipswich commended.] - -16 -When wife could not, through sicknes got, -More toile abide, so nigh Sea side, -Then thought I best, from toile to rest, - and Ipswich trie: -A towne of price,[E499] like paradice, -For quiet then, and honest men, -There was I glad, much friendship had, - a time to lie. - -[Sidenote: The deth of his first wife.] - -17 -There left good wife this present life, -And there left I, house charges lie, -For glad was he, mought send for me, - good lucke so stood: -In Suffolke there, were euerie where, -Euen of the best, besides the rest, -That neuer did their friendship hid, - to doo me good. - -[Sidenote: Newe maried in Norfolk.] - -18 -O Suffolke thow, content thee now, -That hadst the praies in those same daies, -For Squiers and Knights, that well delights - good house to keepe: -For Norfolke wiles, so full of giles,[E500] -Haue caught my toe, by wiuing so, -That out to thee, I see for mee, - no waie to creepe. - -[Sidenote: Mistres Amie Moone.] - -19 -For lo, through gile, what haps the while, -Through Venus toies, in hope of ioies, -I chanced soone to find a Moone,[7] - of cheerfull hew: -Which well a fine me thought did shine, -Did neuer change, a thing most strange, -Yet kept in sight, hir course aright, - and compas trew. - -[Sidenote: The charges following a yoong wife.] - -20 -Behold of truth, with wife in youth, -For ioie at large, what daily charge, -Through childrens hap, what opened gap, - to more begun. -The childe at nurse, to rob the purse, -The same to wed, to trouble hed. -For pleasure rare, such endlesse care, - hath husband wun. - -[Sidenote: West Diram Abbie.] - -[Sidenote: Land-lordes at variance.] - -21 -Then did I dwell in Diram sell,[E501] -A place for wood, that trimlie stood, -With flesh and fish, as heart would wish: - but when I spide -That Lord with Lord could not accord, -But now pound he, and now pound we, -Then left I all, bicause such brall, - I list not bide. - -[Sidenote: Sir Richard Soothwell.] - -22 -O Soothwell, what meanst thou by that, -Thou worthie wight, thou famous knight, -So me to craue, and to thy graue, - go by and by? -O death thou fo, why didst thou so -Ungently treat that Iewell great, -Which opte his doore to rich and poore, - so bounteously? - -[Sidenote: His vij executors.] - -23 -There thus bestad, when leaue I had, -By death of him, to sinke or swim, -And rauens I saw togither draw, - in such a sort: -Then waies I saught, by wisdome taught, -To beare low saile, least stock should quaile, -Till ship mought finde, with prosperous winde, - some safer port. - -[Sidenote: Norwich Citie.] - -[Sidenote: Norwich qualities.] - -24 -At length by vew, to shore I drew, -Discharging straight both ship and fraight, -At Norwich fine, for me and mine, - a citie trim: -Where strangers wel may seeme to dwel, -That pitch and pay, or keepe their day, -But who that want, shall find it scant - so good for him. - -[Sidenote: Maister Salisburie deane of Norwich.] - -25 -But Salisburie how were kept my vow, -If praise from thee were kept by mee, -Thou gentle deane, mine onely meane, - there then to liue? -Though churles such some to craue can come, -And pray once got, regard thee not, -Yet liue or die, so will not I, - example giue. - -[Sidenote: In 138 houres I neuer made drop of -water.] - -26 -When learned men could there nor then, -Deuise to swage the stormie rage, -Nor yet the furie of my dissurie, - that long I had: -From Norwich aire, in great despaire, -Away to flie, or else to die, -To seeke more helth, to seeke more welth, - then was I glad. - -[Sidenote: Faiersted parsonage in Essex.] - -27 -From thence so sent, away I went, -With sicknes worne, as one forlorne, -To house my hed, at Faiersted,[E502] - where whiles I dwelt: -The tithing life, the tithing strife, -Through tithing ill, of Jacke and Gill, -The dailie paies, the mierie waies, - too long I felt. - -[Sidenote: Lease for parsons life.] - -28 -When charges grew, still new and new, -And that I spide, if parson dide, -(All hope in vaine) to hope for gaine, - I might go daunce: -Once rid my hand of parsonage land, -Thence by and by, away went I, -To London streight, to hope and waight, - for better chaunce. - -[Sidenote: London commended.] - -29 -Well London well, that bearst the bell -Of praise about, England throughout, -And dost in deede, to such as neede, - much kindnes shew: -Who that with thee can hardly agree, -Nor can well prais thy friendly wais, -Shall friendship find, to please his mind, - in places few. - -[Sidenote: Vnthrifts order.] - -30 -As for such mates, as vertue hates, -Or he or thay, that go so gay, -That needes he must take all of trust, - for him and his: -Though such for we by Lothburie go, -For being spide about Cheapeside, -Least Mercers bookes for monie lookes, - small matter it is. - -[Sidenote: The plague at London [1574, 1575].[E503]] - -[Sidenote: Trinitie College in Cambridge.] - -31 -When gaines was gon, and yeres grew on, -And death did crie, from London flie, -In Cambridge then, I found agen, - a resting plot: -In Colledge best of all the rest, -With thanks to thee, O Trinitee,[8] -Through thee and thine, for me and mine, - some stay I got. - -[Sidenote: Youth ill spent makes age repent.] - -32[E504] -Since hap haps so, let toiling go, -Let seruing paines yeeld forth hir gaines, -Let courtly giftes, with wedding shiftes, - helpe now to liue: -Let Musicke win, let stocke come in, -Let wisedome kerue, let reason serue, -For here I craue such end to haue, - as God shall giue. - -[Sidenote: A lesson for yonger brothers.] - -33 -Thus friends, by me perceiue may ye, -That gentrie standes, not all by landes,[E505] -Nor all so feft, or plentie left - by parents gift: -But now and then, of gentlemen, -The yonger sonne is driuen to ronne, -And glad to seeke from creeke to creeke, - to come by thrift. - -[Sidenote: A true lesson.] - -34 -And more by this, to conster is, -In world is set, ynough to get, -But where and whan, that scarsely can, - the wisest tell: -By learning some to riches come, -By ship and plough some get ynough, -And some so wiue that trim they thriue, - and speede full well. - -[Sidenote: Hardnes in youth not the worst.] - -[Sidenote: Cocking of youth not the best.] - -35 -To this before, adde one thing more, -Youth hardnes taught, with knowledge wraught, -Most apt do prooue, to shift and shooue, - among the best: -Where cocking Dads[E506] make sawsie lads, -In youth so rage, to beg in age, -Or else to fetch a Tibourne stretch, - among the rest. - -[Sidenote: Not pride in youth, but welth in age -needfull.] - -36 -Not rampish toie, of girle and boie, -Nor garment trim, of hir or him,[E507] -In childhoode spent, to fond intent, - good end doth frame: -If marke we shall, the summe of all, -The end it is, that noted is, -Which if it bide, with vertue tride, - deserueth fame. - -[Sidenote: Man doth labour and God doth blesse.] - -37 -When all is done, lerne this my sonne, -Not friend, nor skill, nor wit at will, -Nor ship nor clod, but onelie God, - doth all in all: -Man taketh paine, God giueth gaine, -Man doth his best, God doth the rest, -Man well intendes, God foizon sendes, - else want he shall.[E508] - -[Sidenote: A contented minde is worth all.] - -38 -Some seeke for welth, I seeke my helth, -Some seeke to please, I seeke mine ease, -Some seeke to saue, I seeke to haue - to liue vpright: -More than to ride, with pompe and pride, -Or for to iet,[9][E509] in others det, -Such is my skill, and shall be still, - for any wight. - -39 -Too fond were I, here thus to lie, -Unles that welth mought further helth, -And profit some should thereby come, - to helpe withall: -This causeth mee well pleasde to bee, -Such drift to make, such life to take, -Enforsing minde remorse to finde, - as neede neede shall. - -[Sidenote: Happie that liues well, vnhappie -dies euill.] - -40 -Friend, al thing waid, that here is said, -And being got, that paies the shot, -Me thinke of right haue leaue I might, - (death drawing neere:) -To seeke some waies, my God to praies, -And mercy craue, in time to haue, -And for the rest, what he thinkes best, - to suffer heere. - -[1] First added to the 1573 edition.--M. - -[2] "The author means London; but though it is believed he died there, -it is evident from the sequel, that he left it on account of the -plague."--M. - -[3] Cf. Shakespere's Twelfth Night, ii. 3. - -[4] "Till it was repaired, between 1740 and 1750, it is said to have -been but a poor-looking place; and which is reported to have been -characterized by Dr. Mar, the Vice-Chancellor, when speaking of it to -the King of Denmark, as _le petit coigne._"--M. - -[5] While. 1577. - -[6] carp. 1573. - -[7] His second wife. - -[8] Founded in 1546. - -[9] set. 1573. - -FINIS. - -[Of edition of 1580, but see over.] - - - - -[115.] - -_Of Fortune._ - -The following poem is not to be found after the edition of 1573 and its -reprint of 1577.--M. - -_Fortuna non est semper amica, -Superbiam igitur semper devita._ - - -1 -Though Fortune smiles, and fawnes vpon thy side, - Thyself extol for that no whit the more; -Though Fortune frownes and wresteth al thing wide, - Let fancy stay, keepe courage still in store; - For chance may change as chance hath don before: -Thus shalt thou holde more safe then honour got, -Or lose the losse,[1] though Fortune will or not. - -2 -Thy friend at this shall dayly comfort haue, - When warely thus, thou bearest thy selfe vpright, -Thy foes at this shall gladly friendship craue, - When hope so small is left to wrecke their spight, - For lowly liefe withstandeth enuy quight: -As floeting ship, by bearing sayl alowe, -Withstandeth stormes when boistrous winds do blowe. - -3 -Thy vsage thus in time shall win the gole, - Though doughtful haps, dame fortune sendes betweene, -And thou shalt see thine enemies blow the cole, - To ease thine hart much more then thou dost weene, - Ye though a change most strangely should be seene, -Yet friend at neede shall secret friendship make, -When foe in deede shal want his part to take. - -[1] lesse. M. - - - - -_A Table of the points of Huswiferie mentioned in this Booke._ - - -The Authors Epistle to the Ladie Paget. - -The Authors Epistle to the Reader. - -The Authors Preface to his booke of huswiferie. - -The praise of huswiferie. - -A description of huswife and huswiferie. - -Instructions to huswiferie. - -A digression to cockcrowing. - -Huswiferie morning workes. - -Huswifelie breakefast workes. - -Huswifelie admonitions or lessons. - -Brewing. - -Baking. - -Cookerie. - -Dairie. - -Scouring. - -Washing. - -Malting. - -Dinner time huswiferie. - -Huswifelie afternoone workes. - -Huswifelie Euening workes. - -Supper time huswiferie. - -After Supper workes of huswiferie. - -Of bedtime in winter and sommer. - -The times to rise in winter and sommer. - -Of bearing and forbearing. - -The Ploughmans feasting daies. - -The good huswifelie physicke. - -The good motherlie nurserie. - -A precept of thinking on the poore. - -A comparison betwéene good huswiferie and bad. - -The meanes for children to attaine to learning. - -A description of womans age from fourtéene to fourescore and foure. - -The Inholders posie. - -Certaine table lessons. - -Lessons for waiting seruantes. - -Husbandly posies for ye hal. - -Posies for the Parler. - -Posies for the gestes chamber. - -Posies for thine own bed chamber. - -A Sonet to the Ladie Paget. - -Principall pointes of Religion. - -The Authors beliefe. - -Of the omnipotencie of God and debilitie of man. - -Of almesdéedes. - -Of _malus homo_. - -Of two sortes of people. - -Of what force the deuill is if he be resisted. - -Eight of Saint Barnards verses in Latine and English, to be soong both -by one note. - -Of the Authors departing from the Court. - -The Authors life of his owne penning. - -[Of Fortune.] - -FINIS. - - - - - -¶ Imprinted at London, by Henrie Denham, dwelling at Paternoster Row, -at the figure of the Starre, being the assigne of William Seres. - - -Cum priuilegio Regiæ Maiestatis. - - - - -¶ A hundreth good pointes of husbandrie. - - -A hundreth good pointes, of good husbandry, -maintaineth good household, with huswifry. -Housekeping and husbandry, if it be good: -must loue one another, as cousinnes in blood. -The wife to, must husband as well as the man: -or farewel thy husbandry, doe what thou can. - - - - -¶ _To the right honorable and my speciall good lord and maister, the -lord Paget, Lord priuie seale._ - - -T The trouth doth teache, that tyme must serue. -H (How euer man, doth blase hys mynde) -O (Of thynges most lyke, to thryue or sterue:) -M Much apt to iudge, is often blynde. -A And therfore, tyme it doth behoofe: -S Shall make of trouth, a perfit proofe. - -T Take you my lord, and mayster than, -U (Unlesse mischaunce mischaunseth me:) -S Such homely gyft, of your own man, -S Synce more in court, I may not be: -E and let your praise, wonne here tofore, -R Remayne abrode, for euermore. - -M My seruyng you, thus vnderstande, -A And god his helpe, and yours withall: -D Dyd cause good lucke, to take myne hande -E Erecting one, most lyke to fall: -M My seruing you, I know it was, -E Enforced this, to come to passe. - -S So synce I was, at Cambridge tought, -O Of court ten yeres, I made a say; -N No musike than, was left vnsought, -A A care I had, to serue that way, -M My ioye gan slake, then made I chaunge, -E Expulsed myrth, for musike straunge. - -M My musike synce, hath been the plough, -E Entangled with, some care among: -T The gayn not great, the payn enough, -H Hath made me syng, another song. -A And if I may, my song auowe; -N No man I craue, to iudge but you. - - ¶ Your seruant, - - Thomas Tusser. - - - - - ¶ _Concordia paruæ res crescunt - Discordia maximæ dilabuntur._ - - -1. -Where couples agree not, is rancor and poysen, -where they two kepe house, than is neuer no foysen: -But contrary lightly, where couples agree, -what chaunseth by wisdom, looke after to see. - -2. -Good husbandes, that loueth good housholdes to kepe, -be sometime full carefull, when others do slepe: -To spend as they may, or to stop at the furst, -for running behinde hand, or feare of the wurst. - -3. -Then count with thy purse, when thy haruest is in, -thy cardes being tolde, how to saue or to win: -But win or els saue, or els passe not to farre, -For hoping to make, least thou happen to marre. - -4. -Make money thy drudge, for to folow thy warke, -and Wisdom thy steward, good Order thy clarke: -Prouision thy cator, and all shall goe well, -for foysen is there, where prouision doth dwell. - -5. -With some folke on sundayes, their tables do reke: -and halfe the weke after, their diners to seke. -At no tyme to much, but haue alway ynough: -is housholdy fare, and the guyse of the plough. - -6. -For what shal it profet, ynough to prouide, -and then haue it spoiled, or filched aside: -As twenty lode busshes, cut downe at a clappe, -such hede may be taken, shall stoppe but a gappe. - -7. -Good labouring threshers, are worthy to eate, -Good husbandly ploughmen, deserueth their meate, -Good huswiuely huswiues, that let for no rest, -should eate when they list, and should drinke of the best. - -8. -Beware raskabilia, slouthfull to wurke, -proloiners and filchers, that loue for to lurke: -And cherishe well willers, that serueth thy nede, -take time to thy Tutor, God sende the good spede. - - - - -¶ August. - - -9. -When haruest is done, all thing placed and set, -for saultfishe and herring, then laie for to get: -The byeng of them, comming first vnto rode, -shal pay for thy charges, thou spendest abrode. - -10. -Thy saultfishe well chosen, not burnt at the stone, -or drye them thyselfe, (hauing skill is a lone:) -Brought salfe to thy house, would be packed vp drie, -with pease strawe betweene, least it rot as it lie. - -11. -Or euer thou ride, with thy seruauntes compound, -to carry thy muckhilles, on thy barley ground: -One aker wel compast, is worth akers three, -at haruest, thy barne shall declare it to thee. - -12. -This good shalt thou learne, with thy riding about, -the prises of thinges, all the yere thoroughout: -And what time is best, for to sell that thou haue, -and how for to bye, to be likely to saue. - -13. -For bying and selling, doth wonderfull well, -to him that hath wit, how to by and to sell: -But chopping and chaungeing, may make such a breck, -that gone is thy winninges, for sauing thy neck. - -14. -The riche man, his bargaines are neuer vnsought, -the seller will fynde him, he nede not take thought: -But herein consisteth, a part of our text, -who byeth at first hand, and who at the next. - -15. -He byeth at first hand, that ventreth his golde, -he byeth at second, that dare not be bolde: -He byeth at third hand, that nedes borrow must, -who byeth of him, than shall pay for his lust. - -16. -When euer thou bargain, for better or wurse, -let alway one bargain, remain in thy purse: -Good credit doth well, but good credit to kepe, -is pay and dispatche him, or euer thou slepe. - -17. -Be mindeful abrode, of thy Mighelmas spring, -for theron dependeth, a marueilous thing: -When gentiles vse walking, with hawkes on their handes, -Good husbandes, with grasing doe purchase their landes. - -18. -And as thou come homeward, bye xl. good crones, -and fatte me the bodies, of those sely bones: -With those and thy swine, or and shrouetyde be past, -thy folke shal fare well, where as others shal fast. - -19. -Thy saffron plot, pared in saint mary daies, -for pleasure and profit, shal serue many waies: -With twenty foote square, knowing how for to doo, -shal stede both thine own house, and next neighbour too. - - - - -¶ September. - - -20. -Threshe sede and goe fanne, for the plough may not lye, -September doth bid, to be sowing of rye: -The redges well harrowde, or euer thou strike, -is one poynt of husbandry, rye land do like. - -21. -Geue winter corne leaue, for to haue full his lust, -sowe wheate as thou mayst, but sowe rye in the dust: -Be carefull for sede, for such sede as thou sowe, -as true as thou liuest, loke iustly to mowe. - -22. -The sede being sowne, waterforow thy ground, -that rain, when it cummeth, may runne away round: -The diches kept skowred, the hedge clad with thorne, -doth well to drayne water, and saueth thy corne. - -23. -Then furth with thy slinges, and thine arowes & bowes, -till ridges be grene, kepe the corne from the crowes: -A good boye abrode, by the day starre appere, -shall skare good man crowe, that he dare not come nere. - -24. -At Mihelmas, mast would be loked vpon, -and lay to get some, or the mast time be gon: -It saueth thy corne well, it fatteth thy swyne; -In frost it doth helpe them, where els they should pine. - - - - -¶ October. - - -25. -The rye in the ground, while September doth last: -October for wheate sowing, calleth as fast. -What euer it cost thee, what euer thou geue, -have done sowing wheate, before halowmas eve. - -26. -The mone in the wane, gather fruit on the tree, -the riper, the better for graffe and for thee. -But michers, that loue not to bie nor to craue: -make some gather sooner, els fewe should they haue. - -27. -Or winter doe come, while the weather is good: -for gutting thy grounde, get the home with thy wood. -Set bauen alone, lay the bowghes from the blockes: -the drier, the les maidens dablith their dockes. - -28. -For rooting thy grounde, ring thy hogges thou hast nede -the better thou ring them, the better they fede. -Most times with their elders, the yong ones kepe best: -then yoke well the great knaues, and fauour the rest. - -29. -But yoke not thy swine, while thine akorne time last: -for diuers misfortunes, that happen to fast. -Or if thou loue eared, and vnmaimed hogges: -giue eie to thy neighbour, and eare to his dogges. - - - - -¶ November. - - -30. -Get vp with thy barley lande, dry as thou can: -at March (as thou layest it) so loke for it than. -Get euer before hande, drag neuer behinde: -least winter beclip thee, and breake of thy minde. - -31. -At Hallowmas, slaughter time sone commeth in: -and than doth the husbande mans feasting begin. -From that time, to Candlemas weekely kill some: -their offal for household, the better shal come. - -32. -All soules that be thursty, bid threshe out for mawlt: -well handled and tended, or els thou dost nawlt. -Thencrease of one strike is a pek for thy store: -the maker is bad els, or pilfreth the more. - -33. -For Easter, at Martilmas hange vp a biefe: -for pease fed and stall fed, play pickpurse the thiefe. -With that and fat bakon, till grasse biefe come in: -thy folke shall loke cherely, when others loke thin. - -34. -Set gardeine beanes, after saint Edmonde the king: -the Moone in the wane, theron hangeth a thing. -Thencrease of one gallonde, well proued of some: -shall pleasure thy householde, ere peskod time come. - -35. -Except thou take good hede, when first they apere, -the crowes will be halfe, grow they neuer so nere. -Thinges sowne, set or graft, in good memory haue: -from beast, birde and weather to cherishe and saue. - - - - -¶ Decembre. - - -36. -Abrode for the raine, when thou canst do no good; -then go let thy flayles, as the threshers were wood. -Beware they threshe clene, though the lesser they yarne: -and if thou wilt thriue, loke thy selfe to thy barne. - -37. -If barne rome will serue, lay thy stoouer vp drye -and eche kinde of strawe, by hitselfe let it lie. -Thy chaffe, housed sweete, kept from pullein and dust: -shall serue well thy horses, when labour they must. - -38. -When pasture is gone, and the fildes mier and weate: -then stable thy plough horse, and there giue them meate. -The better thou vse them, in place where they stande: -more strength shall they haue, for to breake vp thy lande. - -39. -Giue cattell their fodder, the plot drie and warme: -and count them, for miring or other like harme. -Trust neuer to boyes, if thou trust well to spede: -be serued with those, that may helpe at a nede. - -40. -Serue first out thy rie strawe, then wheate & then pease, -then otestrawe then barley, then hay if you please. -But serue them with haye, while thy straw stoouer last, -they loue no more strawe, they had rather to fast. - -41. -Kepe neuer such seruantes, as doth thee no good, -for making thy heare, growing thorrough thy hood. -For nestling of verlettes, of brothels and hoores: -make many a rich man, to shet vp his doores. - - - - -¶ Christmas. - - -42. -Get Iuye and hull, woman deck vp thyne house: -and take this same brawne, for to seeth and to souse. -Prouide vs good chere, for thou knowst the old guise: -olde customes, that good be, let no man dispise. - -43. -At Christmas be mery, and thanke god of all: -and feast thy pore neighbours, the great with the small, -yea al the yere long, haue an eie to the poore: -and god shall sende luck, to kepe open thy doore. - -44. -Good fruite and good plenty, doth well in thy loft: -then lay for an orcharde, and cherishe it oft. -The profet is mickell, the pleasure is mutch; -at pleasure with profet, few wise men will grutch. - -45. -For plantes and for stockes, lay afore hand to cast: -but set or remoue them, while twelue tide doe last. -Set one from another, full twenty fote square: -the better and greater, they yerely will bare. - - - - -¶ January. - - -46. -When Christmas is done, kepe not Christmas time still: -be mindefull of rering, and loth for to kill. -For then, what thou rerist thou nede not to dout: -will double thy gaine, ere the yere come about. - -47. -Be gredy to spende all, and careles to saue: -and shortly be nedy, and redy to craue. -be wilfull to kill, and vnskilfull to store: -and sone giue vp houskeping, longe any more. - -48. -Thy calues then, that come betwene new yere and lent: -saue gladly for store, lest thou after repent. -For all thing at that time, that colde feleth some: -shall better beare colde, when the next winter come. - -49. -Weane no time thy calfe, vnder xl daies olde: -and lay for to saue it, as thou sauest golde. -yet calues that doe fal, betwene change and the prime: -pas seldome to rere them, but kill them in time. - -50. -For stores of thy swine, be thou carefull betwix: -of one sow at one time, rere seldome past six. -The fewe that she kepe, much the better shal bee: -of all thing, one good is worth steruelinges three. - -51. -Geld vnder the dame, within fornight at least: -and saue both thy money, and life of the beast. -But gelde with the gelder, as many one doe: -and of halfe a dosen, go geld away two. - -52. -Thy coltes for the sadle, geld yong to be light: -for cart doe not so, if thou iudgest a right. -Nor geld not, but when they be lusty and fat: -for there is a point, to be learned in that. - -53. -Geld marefoles, but titts ere and nine dayes of age: -they die els of gelding, some gelders wil gage. -But marefoles, both likely of bulke and of bone: -kepe such to bring coltes, let their gelding alone. - -54. -For gaining a trifle, sell neuer thy store: -for chaunsing on worse, then thine owne were before. -More larger of body, the better for brede: -more forward of growing, the better they spede. - -55. -Thy sowes, great with fare, that come best for to rere: -loke dayly thou seest them, and count them full dere. -For that time, the losse of one fare of thy sowe: -is greater, then losse of two calues of thy kowe. - -56. -A kow good of milk, big of bulke, hayle and sounde, -is yerely for profet, as good as a pounde. -And yet, by the yere haue I proued ere now: -as good to the purse, is a sow as a kow. - -57. -Kepe one and kepe both, so thou maist if thou wilt: -then all shall be saued, and nothing be spilt. -Kepe two bease, and one sow, and liue at thine ease: -and no time for nede, bye thy meate but thou please. - -58. -Who both by his calues, and his lambes will be knowne: -may well kill a neate, and a shepe of his owne. -And he, that will rere vp a pig in his house: -shall eate sweter bakon, and cheaper fed sowse. - -59. -But eate vp thy veale, pig and lambe being froth: -and twise in a weeke, go to bed without broth. -As that man that pas not, but sell away sell: -shall neuer kepe good house, where euer he dwell. - -60. -Spende none but thyne owne, howsoeuer thou spende: -nor haft not to god ward, for that he doth sende. -Tythe truly for al thing, let pas of the rest: -the iust man, his dealinges god prospereth best. - -61. -In January, husbandes that powcheth the grotes: -will breake vp their lay, or be sowing of otes. -Sow Jauiuer Otes, and lay them by thy wheate; -in May, bye thy hay for thy cattel to eate. - - - - -¶ Februarij. - - -62. -In Feuerell, rest not for taking thine ease: -get into the grounde with thy beanes, and thy pease. -Sow peason betimes, and betimes they will come: -the sooner, the better they fill vp a rome. - -63. -In euery grene, where the fence is not thine: -the thornes stub out cleane, that the grasse may be fine. -Thy neighbours wil borow, els hack them beliue: -so neither thy grasse, nor the bushes shall thriue. - -64. -Thy seruant, in walking thy pastures aboute: -for yokes, forkes and rakes, let him loke to finde oute. -And after at leyser let this be his hier: -to trimme them and make them at home by the fier. - -65. -When frostes will not suffer to ditche nor to hedge: -then get the an heate, with thy betill and wedge. -A blocke at the harthe, cowched close for thy life: -shall helpe to saue fier bote, and please well thy wife. - -66. -Then lop for thy fewel, the powlinges well growen: -that hindreth the corne, or the grasse to be mowen. -In lopping, and cropping, saue Edder and stake -thyne hedges, where nede is to mende or to make. - -67. -No stick, nor no stone, leaue vnpicked vp clene: -for hurting thy sieth, or for harming thy grene. -For sauing of al thing, get home with the rest, -the snow frozen hardest, thy cart may goe best. - -68. -Spare meddowes at shroftide, spare marshes at paske: -for feare of a drougth, neuer longer time aske. -Then hedge them, and ditche them, bestow thereon pence: -for meddow and corne, craueth euer good fence. - -69. -And alway, let this be a part of thy care: -for shift of good pasture, lay pasture to spare. -Then seauer thy groundes, and so keping them still: -finde cattel at ease, and haue pasture at will. - - - - -¶ Marche. - - -70. -In Marche, sow thy barley thy londe not to colde: -the drier the better, a hundreth times tolde. -That tilth harrowde finely, set sede time an ende: -and praise, and pray God a good haruest to sende. - -71. -Sow wheate in a meane, sow thy Rie not to thin; -let peason and beanes, here and there, take therein. -Sow barley and otes, good and thick doe not spare: -giue lande leaue, her sede or her wede for to bare. - -72. -For barley and pease, harrow after thou sowe: -for rye, harrow first seldome after I trowe. -Let wheat haue a clodde, for to couer the hedde: -that after a frost, it may out and goe spredde. - - - - -¶ A digression from husbandrie: -to a poynt or two of huswifrie. - - -[72a] -Now here I think nedeful, a pawse for to make; -to treate of some paines, a good huswife must take. -For huswifes must husbande, as wel as the man: -or farewel thy husbandrie, do what thou can. - -[72b] -In Marche, and in Aprill, from morning to night: -in sowing and setting, good huswiues delight. -To haue in their gardein, or some other plot: -to trim vp their house, and to furnish their pot. - -[72c] -Haue millons at Mihelmas, parsneps in lent: -in June, buttred beanes, saueth fish to be spent. -With those, and good pottage inough hauing than: -thou winnest the heart, of thy laboring man. - - - - -¶ Aprill. - - -[72d] -From Aprill begin, til saint Andrew be past: -so long with good huswiues, their dairies doe last. -Good milche bease and pasture, good husbandes prouide: -good huswiues know best, all the rest how to guide. - -[72e] -But huswiues, that learne not to make their owne cheese: -with trusting of others, haue this for their feese. -Their milke slapt in corners, their creame al to sost: -their milk pannes so flotte, that their cheeses be lost. - -[72f] -Where some of a kowe, maketh yerely a pounde: -these huswiues crye creake, for their voice will not sounde. -The seruauntes, suspecting their dame lye in waighte: -with one thing or other, they trudge away straight. - -[72g] -Then neighbour (for gods sake) if any such bee; -if you know a good seruant, waine her to mee. -Such maister, suche man, and such mistres suche mayde -such husbandes and huswiues, suche houses araide. - -[72h] -For flax and for hemp, for to haue of her owne: -the wife must in May, take good hede it be sowne. -And trimme it, and kepe it to serue at a nede: -the femble to spin, and the karle for her sede. - -[72i] -Good husbandes, abrode seketh al well to haue: -good huswiues, at home seketh al well to saue. -Thus hauing and sauing, in place where they meete: -make profit with pleasure, suche couples to greete. - - - - -¶ May. - - -73. -Both Philip and Jacob, bid put of thy lammes: -that thinkest to haue any milke of their dammes. -But Lammas aduiseth thee, milke not to long: -for hardnes make pouerty, skabbed among. - -74. -To milke and to folde them, is much to require: -except thou haue pasture, to fill their desire. -But nightes being shorte, and such hede thou mayst take -not hurting their bodies, much profit to make. - -75. -Milke six ewes, for one kowe, well chosen therefore: -and double thy dayrie, els trust me no more. -And yet may good huswiues, that knoweth the skill: -haue mixt or vnmixt, at their pleasure and will. - -76. -For gredy of gaine, ouerlay not thy grownde: -and then shall thy cattell, be lusty and sownde. -But pinche them of pasture, while sommer time last: -and plucke at their tailes, ere & winter be past. - -77. -Pinche weannels at no time, of water nor meate: -if euer thou hope to have them good neate. -In sommer at al times, in winter in frost: -if cattell lacke drinke, they be vtterly lost. - -78. -In May at the furdest, twy fallow thy lande: -much drougth may cause after, thy plough els to stande. -That tilth being done, thou hast passed the wurste: -then after, who plowgheth, plowgh thou with the furste. - - - - -¶ June. - - -79. -In June get thy wedehoke, thy knife and thy gloue: -and wede out such wede, as the corne doth not loue. -Slack no time thy weding, for darth nor for cheape: -thy corne shall reward it, or euer thou reape. - -80. -The maywede doth burne, and the thistle doth freate: -the Tine pulleth downe, both the rie and the wheate. -The dock and the brake, noieth corne very much: -but bodle for barley, no weede there is such. - -81. -In June washe thy shepe, where the water doth runne: -and kepe them from dust, but not kepe them from sunne -Then share them and spare not, at two daies anende, -the sooner, the better their bodies amende. - -82. -Rewarde not the shepe, when thou takest his cote: -with two or three patches, as brode as a grote; -The flie than and wormes, will compel it to pine: -more paine to thy cattell, more trouble is thine. - -83. -But share not thy lammes, till mid July be worne: -the better their cotes will be growne to be shorne. -The pie will discharge thee, for pulling the reste: -the lighter the shepe is, then fedeth it beste. - -84. -Saint Mihel byd bees, to be brent out of strife: -sajnt John bid take honey, with fauour of life. -For one sely cottage, set south good and warme: -take body and goodes, and twise yerely a swarme. - -85. -At Christmas take hede, if their hiues be to light: -take honey and water, together wel dight. -That mixed with strawes, in a dish in their hiues: -they drowne not, they fight not, thou sauest their lyues. - -86. -At midsommer downe with thy brimbles and brakes: -and after abrode, with thy forkes and thy rakes. -Set mowers a worke, while the meddowes be growne; -the lenger they stande, so much worse to be mowne. - -87. -Prouide of thine owne, to haue all thing at hande: -els worke and the workman, shall oftentimes stande. -Loue seldome to borow, that thinkest to saue; -who lendeth the one, will loke two thinges to haue. - -88. -Good husbandes that laye, to saue all thing vpright: -for Tumbrels and cartes, haue a shed redy dight. -A store house for trinkets kept close as a iayle: -that nothing be wanting, the worthe of a nayle. - -89. -Thy cartes would be searched, withoute and within; -well cloughted and greased, or hay time begin. -Thy hay being caried, though carters had sworne: -the cartes bottome borded, is sauing of corne. - - - - -¶ Julii. - - -90. -Then muster thy folke, play the captaine thyselfe: -prouiding them weapon, and suche kinde of pelfe. -Get bottels and bagges, kepe the fielde in the heate: -the feare is not muche, but the daunger is great. - -91. -With tossing and raking, and setting on cox: -the grasse that was grene, is now hay for an ox. -That done, leaue the tieth, lode thy cart and awaye: -the battell is fought, thou hast gotten the daye. - -92. -Then doune with thy hedlondes, thy corne rounde about -leaue neuer a dalop, vnmoune or had out. -Though grasse be but thinne, about barley and pease: -yet picked vp clene, it shall do thee good ease. - -93. -Thryfallowe betime, for destroing of weede: -least thistle and dock, fall a bloming and seede. -Such season may hap, it shall stande the vpon: -to till it againe, or the somer be gone. - -94. -And better thou warte, so to doe for thy hast: -then (hardnes) for slougth make thy lande to lie wast. -A redy good forehorse, is dainty to finde: -be hindred at first, and come alway behinde. - -95. -Thy houses and barnes, would be loked vpon: -and all thing amended, or haruest come on. -Thinges thus set in ordre, at quiet and rest: -thy haruest goeth forwarde and prospereth best. - -96. -Sainct James willeth husbandes, get reapers at hande: -the corne, being ripe doe but shead as it stande. -Be sauing and thankfull, for that god hath sent: -he sendeth it thee, for the selfe same entent. - -97. -Reape well, scatter not, gather cleane that is shorne: -binde fast, shock a pase, pay the tenth of thy corne. -Lode salfe, carry home, lose no time, being faier: -golfe iust, in the barne, it is out of dispaier. - -98. -This done, set the pore ouer all for to gleane: -and after thy cattel, to eate it vp cleane. -Then spare it for pasture, till rowen be past: -to lengthen thy dayrey, no better thou hast. - -99. -Then welcome thy haruest folke, seruauntes and all: -with mirth and good chere, let them furnish thine hall. -The haruest lorde nightly, must geue the a song: -fill him then the blacke boll, or els he hath wrong. - -100. -Thy haruest thus ended, in myrth and in ioye: -please euery one gently, man woman and boye. -Thus doing, with alway, such helpe as they can: -thou winnest the name, of a right husband man. - - _Finis._ - -Nowe thinke vpon god, let thy tonge neuer cease: -from thanking of him, for his myghty encrease. -Accept my good wil, finde no fault tyll thou trye: -the better thou thryuest, the gladder am I. - - - - -¶ _A sonet or brief rehersall of the properties of the twelue monethes -afore rehersed._ - - -As Janeuer fryse pot, bidth corne kepe hym lowe: -And feuerell fill dyke, doth good with his snowe: -A bushel of Marche dust, worth raunsomes of gold -And Aprill his stormes, be to good to be solde: -As May with his flowers, geue ladies their lust: -And June after blooming, set carnels so iust: -As July bid all thing, in order to ripe: -And August bid reapers, to take full their gripe. -September his fruit, biddeth gather as fast: -October bid hogges, to come eate vp his mast: -As dirtie Nouember, bid threshe at thine ease: -December bid Christmas, to spende what he please: - So wisdom bid kepe, and prouide while we may: - For age crepeth on as the time passeth away. - - Finis. - -Thinges thriftie, that teacheth the thriuing to thriue; -teache timely to trauas, the thing that thou triue. -Transferring thy toyle, to the times truely tought: -that teacheth the temperaunce, to temper thy thought. - To temper thy trauaile, to tarrye the tide: -this teacheth the thriftines, twenty times tride. -Thinke truely to trauaile, that thinkest to thee: -the trade that thy teacher taught truely to the. - Take thankfully thinges, thanking tenderly those: -that teacheth thee thriftly, thy time to transpose. -The trouth teached two times, teache thou two times ten -this trade thou that takest, take thrift to the then. - - - - -¶ Imprinted at London in flete strete within Temple barre, at the sygne -of the hand and starre, by Richard Tottel, the third day of February, -An. 1557. _Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum._ - - - - - -NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -(Notes signed M. are from Dr. Mavor's edition of 1812, and those signed -T.R. are from Hilman's _Tusser Redivivus_, 1710.) - -[E1] "Er in aught be begun;" that is, before a beginning be made in -anything, the verb being used impersonally. - -[E2] The directions which are stated briefly in the Abstract will be -found in the Month's Husbandry in the stanza bearing the same number. - -[E3] "Pilcrowe," the mark of a new paragraph in printing (¶). A -corruption of _paragraph_, through _parcraft, pilcraft_, to _pilcrow_. -"Paragrapha, _pylcraft_ in wrytynge."--Medulla Gramm. "_Paragraphus, -Anglice_ a pargrafte in wrytynge."--Ortus. "Paragraphe or _Pillcrow_, -a full sentence, head or title."--Cotgrave. "A _Pilkcrow_, vide -Paragraph."--Gouldman. - -[E4] "Crosserowe." "Shee that knowes where Christes crosse stands, will -neuer forget where great A dwells."--Tom Tell-Trothe's New Year's Gift -(New Shakspere Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. 33. "The Christs-crosse-row or -Horne-booke, wherein a child learnes it."--Cotgrave. The alphabet was -called the _Christ-cross-row_, some say because a cross was prefixed to -the alphabet in the old primers; but as probably from a superstitious -custom of writing the alphabet in the form of a cross as a charm. This -was even solemnly practised by the Bishop in the consecration of a -church. See Picart's Relig. Ceremonies, vol. i. p. 131.--Nares. - -[E5] "A medicine for the cowlaske." In Sloane MS. 1585, f. 152, will be -found a recipe for the cure of diarrhœa, the components of which appear -to be the yolk of a new-laid egg, honey, and fine salt. - -[E6] In the edition of 1557, the first stanza of the Epistle reads -somewhat differently; see p. 220. - -[E7] "Time trieth the troth," in Latin "Veritas temporis filia," occurs -in Tottel's Miscellany, 1557, repr. 1867, p. 221.--Hazlitt's English -Proverbs. - -[E8] "Vnlesse mischance mischanceth me" = unless fortune is unkind to -me. - -[E9] "Remaine abrode for euermore," _i.e._ be given to the writings of -others. - -[E10] It is noticeable that though in the Author's Epistle he spells -his name, most probably for convenience sake, as Tuss_a_r, he on all -other occasions spells it Tuss_e_r, which is no doubt correct. In the -edition of 1557 the name is spelt correctly, although the corresponding -line of the stanza commences with the letter _a_. See p. 220. - -[E11] "Like Iugurth, Prince of Numid." Jugurtha, an illegitimate son of -Mastanabal, after the death of Micipsa murdered his two sons and seized -on the sovereignty of Numidia. War was declared against him by the -Romans, and after some time Metellus drove him to such extremes that -he was obliged to take refuge with his father-in-law, Bocchus, by whom -he was given up to Marius, was carried in triumph to Rome, and finally -starved to death. The history of the war against him is related in -Sallust's _Bellum Jugurthinum_. - -[E12] "With losses so perfumid;" _i.e._ pervaded, thoroughly imbued; we -use _imbued_ nearly in the same way. - -[E13] Harrison, in his Description of England (E.E.T. Soc. ed. -Furnivall, part i. p. 241), gives a very bad character to the landlords -of his day: "What stocke of monie soeuer he [the farmer] gathereth and -laieth vp in all his yeares, it is often seene, that the landlord will -take such order with him for the same, when he renueth his lease, which -is commonlie eight or six yeares before the old be expired (sith it -is now growen almost to a custome, that if he come not to his lord so -long before, another shall step in for a reuersion, and so defeat him -out right) that it shall neuer trouble him more than the haire of his -beard, when the barber hath washed and shaued it from his skin. And -as they commend these, so (beside the decaie of house-keeping whereby -the poore haue beene relieued) they speake also of three things that -are growen to be verie grieuous vnto them, to wit, the inhansing of -rents, latelie mentioned; the dailie oppression of copiholders, whose -lords seeke to bring their poore tenants almost into plaine seruitude -and miserie, dailie deuising new meanes, and seeking vp all the old, -how to cut them shorter and shorter, _doubling, trebling, and now and -then seuen times increasing their fines_; driuing them also for euerie -trifle to loose and forfeit their tenures, (by whom the greatest part -of the realme dooth stand and is mainteined,) to the end they may -fleece them yet more." See also Norden's Surveyor's Dialogue, ed. 1607, -p. 51. - -The following curious prayer is in Edward the Sixth's Liturgies:--"The -earth is Thine, O Lord, and all that is contained therein, -notwithstanding Thou hast given possession of it to the children of -men, to pass over the time of their short pilgrimage in this vale of -misery. We heartily pray Thee to send Thy Holy Spirit into the hearts -of those that possess the grounds, pastures, and dwelling-places of the -earth, that they, remembering themselves to be Thy tenants, may not -rack nor stretch out the rents of their houses and lands, nor yet take -unreasonable fines and incomes after the manner of covetous worldlings, -but so let them out to others, that the inhabitants thereof may both -be able to pay the rents, and also honestly to live and nourish their -families, and relieve the poor. Give them grace also to consider that -they are but strangers and pilgrims in this world, having here no -dwelling-place, but seeking one to come; that they, remembering the -short continuance of their life, may be contented with that which -is sufficient, and not join house to house and land to land, to the -impoverishment of others; but so behave themselves in letting out -their lands, tenements, and pastures, that after this life they may be -received into everlasting dwelling-places, through, etc." - -[E14] "Fleeces" = fleecings, frauds, impositions. It _may_, perhaps, be -used literally, of selling wool at a loss. - -[E15] "Ictus sapit." This corresponds to our proverb, "The burnt child -dreads the fire," or perhaps more nearly to "Once bit, twice shy." -In the "Proverbs of Hendyng" we find it as: "The burnt child fire -dreadeth, quoth Hendyng." Ray, in his "Collection of Proverbs," edit. -1737, says: "Piscator ictus sapit; struck by the scorpion fish, or -pastinaca, whose prickles are esteemed venomous." - -[E16] If Tusser is here writing literally, the price of his book, in -"the golden days of good Queen Bess," was only a groat or two at the -utmost.--M. - -[E17] "Shere" = shire; the construction is--don't think that _every_ -bit of land (or county) can profit by following my directions, for -soils differ. Compare chapter 19, stanza 8, p. 48. - -[E18] "Must keepe such coile;" must bustle about, exert themselves. Cf. -Scott's "Lord of the Isles," canto v. stanza 1: "For wake where'er he -may, man wakes to care and _coil_." And Shakspere: "I pray you watch -about Signor Leonata's door; for the wedding being there to-morrow, -there is a great _coil_ to-night." - -[E19] In the edition of 1570 the first stanza of the "Preface to the -Buier" reads as follows: - -"What lookest thou herein to haue? - Trim verses thy fansie to please? -Of Surry so famous that craue, - Looke nothing but rudenes in these." - -The reference in the third line being to Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, -author of the Translation of the second and fourth Books of the Æneid -of Virgil, and of numerous other poems, who was executed in 1547. - -[E20] In the footnote to this Preface it is stated that the metre is -peculiar to Shenstone, but this is incorrect, as it is also used by -Prior: "Despairing beside a clear stream." - -[E21] "The sea for my fish," _i.e._ for my fishpond. - -[E22] With "The Ladder to Thrift" we may compare the following "Maxims -in _-ly_," from the Lansdowne MS. 762, f. 16_b_ (see Babees Book, ed. -Furnivall, p. 247): - -"Aryse erly, -Serue God devowtely, -And the worlde besely, -Doo thy werk wisely, -Yeue thyne almes secretly, -Goo by the waye sadly, -Answer the people demuerly, -Goo to thy mete appetitely, -Sit therat discretely, -Of thy tunge be not to liberally, -Arise therfrom temperally, -Go to thy supper soberly, -And to thy bed merely, -Be in thyn Inne jocundely, -Please thy loue duely, -And slepe suerly." - -[E23] "Familie," here used in the sense of the Latin original _familia_ -= household, servants. Compare chap. 73, st. 13. - -[E24] Compare Shakspere, Richard II. Act ii. sc. 4, 24: "And crossly to -the good all fortune goes." - -[E25] "To bridle wild otes fantasie," _i.e._ to restrain the excesses -of youth. - -[E26] "Well to account of which honest is not;" never think highly of -that which is not honourable, or honestly come by. - -[E27] Cf. Hebrews xiii. 4: "Marriage is honourable in all, and the bed -undefiled." Tusser evidently does not appreciate "love in a cottage." - -[E28] "Giue ouer to sudgerne, that thinkest to thee;" _i.e._ make up -your mind to settle down in one place and to give up roaming about, if -you hope to prosper, lest the grumbling of your hosts and the wants of -the nurses prove too expensive for you. Compare "The Dialogue of Wiving -and Thriving," ch. 67 stanza 3, p. 152. - -[E29] Dr. Mavor suggests that the third line of this stanza should -read: "Of tone _or_ them both," "meaning, if we smell the savour of -saving or winning or them both." - -[E30] A fool and his money are soon parted. - -[E31] "Good bargaine a dooing," etc. When you have a chance of making -a good bargain, don't let every one know; but when you want to sell -anything, then let it be published abroad as widely as possible. In the -first case don't hesitate or haggle about it, but "take the ball on the -hop;" in the second, don't be in a hurry to take the first offer, if -you are not ashamed of what you wish to sell. - -[E32] "Of the complaint of such poore tenants as paie _rent corne_ -vnto their landlords, I speake not, who are often dealt withall very -hardlie. For beside that in the measuring of ten quarters, for the most -part they lose one through the iniquitie of the bushell (such is the -greedinesse of the appointed receiuers thereof), fault is found also -with the goodnesse and cleannesse of the graine. Wherby some peece of -monie must needs passe vnto their purses to stop their mouths withall, -or else my lord will not like of the corne: 'Thou are worthie to loose -thy lease, etc.' Or if it be cheaper in the market, than the rate -allowed for it is in their rents, then must they paie monie, and no -corne, which is no small extremitie."--Harrison, part i. p. 301. - -[E33] "In this quatrain all the later editions of our author read -uniformly _misers_ for _michers_ (thieves or pilferers). What kind -of _misers_ 'unthriftiness' would make never seems to have been -considered. 'Careless and rash' is a gallicism for carelessness and -rashness."--M. "Mychare, _capax, cleps, furunculus._"--Prompt. Parv. - -"_Mychers_, hedge crepers, fylloks and lushes, -That all the somer kepe dyches and bushes." - --The Hyeway to the Spytell House, ed. Atterson, ii. 11. - -See also Townley Mysteries, pp. 216, 308. "_Caqueraffe_, a base -_micher_, scurvie hagler, lowsie dodger, etc. _Caqueduc_, a niggard, -_micher_, etc."--Cotgrave. - -[E34] "Make hunger thy sauce." This is the proverb "hunger is the best -sauce," which is reckoned amongst the aphorisms of Socrates: "Optimum -cibi condimentum fames, sitis potus."--Cicero, De Finibus, Bk. II. - -[E35] "Mastive, _Bandog, Molossus_."--Baret's Alvearie, 1580. "The -tie-dog or band-dog, so called bicause manie of them are tied up in -chaines and strong bonds, in the daie time, for dooing hurt abroad, -which is an huge dog, stubborne, ouglie, eager, burthenous of bodie -(and therefore but of little swiftnesse), terrible and fearfull to -behold, and oftentimes more fierce and fell than anie Archadian or -Corsican cur.... They take also their name of the word 'mase' and -'theefe' (or 'master theefe' if you will), bicause they often stound -and put such persons to their shifts in townes and villages, and are -the principall causes of their apprehension and taking."--Harrison, -Descrip. of England, part ii. pp. 44-5. "We han great _Bandogs_ will -teare their skins."--Spenser, Shep. Cal. September. - -[E36] "The credite of maister," etc. If servants are allowed the credit -or trust, which should only be allowed to their master and mistress, -much trouble will be the result. - -[E37] "Be to count ye wote what," that is, nothing to signify, of -little importance. - -[E38] "So, twentie lode bushes," etc. So, without proper management, -twenty loads of bushes may be so wasted as only to serve for the -stopping of a single gap. - -"A" = one, a single: a very common use in Early English; cf. William of -Nassington's "Myrrour of Lyfe," lines 2, 3; - -"Fader and Sonne and Haly Gaste -That er _a_ God als we trowe maste"--that is, _one_ God. - -[E39] Some, upon Sundays, have their tables covered with smoking -dishes, and then have to seek, _i.e._ do without dinners for the rest -of the week. - -[E40] "Skarborow warning." Grose says it means, "A word and a blow -and the blow first." R. J. S. in Notes and Queries, 1st Ser. i. 170, -adds that it is a common proverb in Yorkshire. Fuller states that the -saying arose from "Thomas Stafford, who in the reign of Mary, A.D. -1557, with a small company, seized on Scarborough Castle, and before -the townspeople had the least notice of their approach." Another -explanation is that, if ships passed the castle without saluting -it, a shotted gun was fired at them. In a ballad by Heywood another -derivation is given: - -"This term _Scarborow warning_ grew (some say) - By hasty hanging for rank robbery theare. -Who that was met, but suspect in that way, - Strait he was trust up, whatever he were." - -This implies that Scarborough imitated the Halifax gibbet law.--N.& -Q. 1st Ser. i. 138. In a letter by Toby Matthew, Bishop of Durham, to -the Archbishop of York, Jan. 19, 1603, he writes: "When I was in the -midst of this discourse I received a message from my Lord Chamberlain -that it was his Majesty's pleasure that I should preach before him -on Sunday next, which _Scarborough warning_ did not only perplex me, -but so puzzel me as no mervail if somewhat be prætermitted, which -otherwise I might have better remembered."--N. & Q. 4th Ser. xii. 408. -"_Scarborough warning_. The antiquity of the phrase is shown by its -occurrence in Puttenham's 'Arte of English Poetrie,' ed. 1589. The -following is the passage, from p. 199 of Arber's reprint: [We have] -'many such prouerbiall speeches: as, _Totnesse is turned French_, for -a strange alteration: _Skarborow warning_, for a sodaine commandement, -allowing no respect or delay to bethinke a man of his busines.'"--Note -by Rev. W. Skeat. See also Ray's Proverbs. - -[E41] "Sir I arest yee;" that is, the Sheriff's officer, who, touching -your arm, would use these words. - -[E42] "Legem pone," a curious old proverbial or cant term for _ready -money_. - -"There are so manie Danaes now a dayes, - That love for lucre, paine for gaine is sold; -No true affection can their fancie please, - Except it be a Iove, to raine downe gold - Into their laps, which they wyde open hold; -If _legem pone_ comes, he is receav'd, -When _vix haud habes_ is of hope bereav'd." - --The Affectionate Shepheard, 1594. - -"But in this there is nothing to bee abated, all their speech is _legem -pone_, or else with their ill custome they will detaine thee."--G. -Minshul, Essays in Prison. - -[E43] "_Oremus_," from Lat. _orare_ = to beg, here means making excuses -for non-payment of debts. - -[E44] "_Præsta quæsumus_" = lend me, I pray. Compare _Preste_ = a loan, -_Pretoes_ = loans, in Halliwell. A lender hates to hear a man say -_Præsta_. - -[E45] The word "collects" is used here in its original meaning of short -prayers; thus the prayers before the Epistle and Gospel in the Prayer -Book are called Collects, as containing briefly the lessons of the -Epistle and Gospel. - -[E46] "Nor put to thy hand," etc.; that is, do not meddle in the -business of other people, and be careful whom you assist, lest by being -too free and generous you yourself may be put to inconvenience. Ray -gives: "Put not thy hand between the bark and the tree," that is, do -not meddle in family affairs. - -[E47] Tusser here, while acknowledging the necessity and advantages of -the practice of "giving credit" in business, impresses strongly upon -his readers the dishonesty and danger of promiscuous borrowing and -lending, either to relations or friends, winding up with the advice -never to trust a man who has once broken his engagements, without a -surety, and never to lend a second time to a man who is angry with you -for asking for payment of what he already owes. - -[E48] "The foole at the bottom, the wise at the brim;" referring to -the proverb, "Better spare at brim than at bottom," that is, "Better -be frugal in youth, than be reduced to the necessity of being saving -in age." Ray also gives another proverb of a similar character, -"'Tis too late to spare when the bottom is dry." "Sera in fundo -parsimonia."--Seneca, Epist. i. - -[E49] "Felix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum." Cf. Barbour's Bruce, -ed. Skeat, p. 612. - -[E50] "Stands thee vpon." Compare Shakspere, King Richard II. Act ii. -sc. 3, 138: "_It stands_ your grace _upon_ to do him right;" and, - - "_It stands_ me much _upon_, -To stop all hopes whose growth may damage me." - --Richard III. Act iv. sc. 2, 59. - -[E51] "Jankin and Jenikin" are only names for servants in general. - -[E52] - -"The proverb says, and who'd a proverb cross? -That stones, when rolling, gather little moss." - --Vade Mecum for Malt Worms, 1720, p. 6 (part 2). - -See also Ray's Proverbs. Cf. - -"On the stone that styll doth turne about, -There groweth no mosse." - --Sir T. Wiat, "How to use the Court," l. 4. - -A similar proverb occurs in Piers Plowman, A Text, Passus x. l. 101: -"Selden moseth the marbelston that men ofte treden." Cf. also, "Syldon -mossyth the stone þat oftyn ys tornyd and wende."--"How the good wife -taught her daughter," pr. in Q. Elizabeth's Achademy, ed. Furnivall, -p. 39. In the Verses on Lord Burghley's Crest (printed in Thynne's -Animaduersions, Chaucer Soc. ed. Furnivall), stanza 32, we read: - -"And prouerbe olde was not deuis'd in veyne, -That 'roolinge stone doth neuer gather mosse'; -Who lightly leaves in myddest of all his peine, -His former labor frustrates with his losse; -But who continues as he did begynne, -Withe equall course the pointed goale doth wynne." - -See also chapt. 77. st. 20, p. 170. - -[E53] "Of all [the lawyers] that euer I knew in Essex, Denis and -Mainford excelled, till John of Ludlow, alias Mason, came in place, -vnto whome in comparison they two were but children: for this last -in lesse than three or foure yeares, did bring one man (among manie -else-where in other places) almost to extreame miserie (if beggerie -be the vttermost) that before he had the shauing of his beard, was -valued at two hundred pounds (I speake with the least) and finallie -feeling that he had not sufficient wherwith to susteine himselfe and -his familie, and also to satisfie that greedie rauenour, which still -called vpon him for new fees, he went to bed, and within foure daies -made an end of his wofull life, euen with care and pensiuenesse. After -his death also he so handled his sonne, that there was neuer sheepe -shorne in Maie, so neere clipped of his fleece present, as he was of -manie to come: so that he was compelled to let awaie his land, bicause -his cattell and stocke were consumed, and he no longer able to occupie -the ground."--Harrison, Descript. of Eng. part i. pp. 206-7. - -"Daw" = a chattering fool. See Peacock's Glossary (Eng. Dial. Soc.). - -[E54] From this stanza it would seem that sportsmen did not hesitate -to trespass on the lands of others in former days any more than at -present, but in such cases Tusser recommends the "mild answer which -turneth away wrath," and sets out the advantages of courteousness and -respect to one's superiors. - -[E55] "That flesh might be more plentifull and better cheaper, -two daies in the weeke, that is Fryday and Saturday, are specially -appointed to fish, and now of late yeares, by the prouidence of our -prudent Princesse, Elizabeth, the Wednesday also is in a manner -restrained to the same order, not for any religion or holinesse -supposed to be in the eating of fish rather than of flesh, but onely -for the ciuill policie as I haue said. That as God hath created both -for man's use, so both being used or refrained at certaine seasons, -might by that entercourse be more abundant. And no doubt, if all daies -appointed for that purpose were duly obserued, but that flesh and fish -both would be much more plentifull, and beare lesse price than they -doe. For accounting the Lent season, and all fasting daies in the yeare -together with Wednesday and Friday and Saturday, you shall see that the -one halfe of the yeare is ordeined to eate fish in."--Cogan's Haven of -Health, ed. 1612, p. 138. - -"It is lawfull for euerie man to feed vpon what soeuer he is able -to purchase, except it be vpon those daies whereon eating of flesh -is especiallie forbidden by the lawes of the realme, which order is -taken onelie to the end our numbers of cattell may be the better -increased, and that aboundance of fish which the sea yeeldeth, more -generallie receiued. Beside this, there is great consideration had in -making of this law for the preseruation of the nauie, and maintenance -of conuenient numbers of sea faring men, both which would otherwise -greatlie decaie, if some meanes were not found whereby they might be -increased."--Harrison, Descript. of Eng. part i. p. 144. - -The following menu for a fish day is given in the Liber Cure Cocorum, -p. 54, ed. Morris: - - "For a servise on fysshe day. - -"Fyrst white pese and porray þou take, -Cover þy white heryng for goddys sake; -Þen cover red heryng, and set abufe, -And mustard on heghe, for goddys lufe; -Þen cover salt salmon on hast, -Salt ele þer wyth on þis course last. -For þe secunde course, so god me glad, -Take ryse and fletande fignade, -Þan salt fysshe and stok fysshe take þou schalle, -For last of þis course, so fayre me falle. -For þe iii cours sowpys done fyne, -And also lamprouns in galentyne, -Bakun turbut and sawmon ibake -Alle fresshe, and smalle fysshe þou take -Þerwith, als troute, sperlynges, and menwus with al, -And loches to horn sawce versance shal." - -See also the Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, p. 50. - -[E56] "Setteth his soule vpon sixe or on seauen," that is, risks his -life on the cast of a die. - -[E57] "Sit downe Robin and rest thee." I was inclined to think that -this was the burden of some ballad, but Mr. Chappell, to whom I -applied, is of opinion that it was not. - -"An habitation inforced," etc., _i.e._ it is better to settle down, -even late in life, than not at all. Comp. chap. 10, stanza 8, p. 19. - -[E58] For a great portion of the year the only animal food eaten was -in a salted state. In the autumn as much meat was cured as would last -the winter; and until the pastures had been for some time abundant, -that is, not until Midsummer, there were no means of fattening cattle. -After the winter months, veal and bacon were welcomed as the precursors -of fresh beef; and those who lived near the sea-coast enjoyed the -addition of fresh fish; but the state of the roads prevented the inland -parts of the country partaking of this benefit. The consumption of fish -during Lent and on other fast-days, comprising a great part of the -year, being expressly directed by statute, the people, even after the -abolition of the old religion, provided themselves at several large -fairs held almost expressly for the sale and distribution of salt-fish. - -[E59] "Veale and Bakon is the man," _i.e._ is the proper food, or is in -season. - -[E60] "Martilmas beef," beef killed at Martinmas, and dried for -winter use. "Biefe salted, dried up in the chimney, Martlemas -biefe."--Hollyband's Dict. 1593. See note to l. 383 of Wallace, in -Specimens of Eng. Literature, ed. Skeat, p. 391. - -"Beefe is a good meate for an Englysshe man, so be it the beest be -yonge, and that it be not kowe-flesshe; for olde beefe and kowe-flesshe -doth ingender melancolye and leporouse humoures. Yf it be moderatly -powderyd, that the groose blode by salte may be exhaustyd, it doth make -an Englysshe man stronge, the education of hym with it consyderyd. -Martylmas beef, whiche is called 'hanged beef' in the rofe of the -smoky howse, is not laudable; it maye fyll the bely, and cause a man -to drynke, but it is euyll for the stone, and euyll of dygestyon, and -maketh no good iuce. If a man haue a peace hangynge by his syde, and -another in his bely, that the whiche doth hange by the syde shall do -hym more good, yf a showre of rayne do chaunse, than that the which is -in his bely, the appetyde of mans sensualyte notwithstandynge."--Andrew -Boorde's Dyetary, E. E. Text Soc. edit. F. J. Furnivall, chap. xvi. - -"In a hole in the same Rock was three Barrels of nappy liquour; thither -the Keeper brought a good Red-Deere Pye, cold Roast Mutton, and an -excellent shooing-horn of hang'd _Martimas_ Biefe."--1639, John Taylor, -Part of this Summers Travels, p. 26. - -"_Bacon_ is good for carters, and plowe men, the which be euer -labouryng in the earth or dunge; but and yf they haue the stone and vse -to eate it, they shall synge 'wo be to the pye!' Wherefore I do say -that coloppes and egges is as holsome for them as a talowe candell is -good for a horse mouth, or a peece of powdred Beefe is good for a blere -eyed mare."--A. Boorde, Regyment, fo. K iii. b. - -"As for _bacon_ it is in no wise commended as wholsome, especially for -students, or such as haue feeble stomacks. But for labouring men it is -conuenient according to that Latine prouerbe, grosse meate for grosse -men."--Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 116. - -[E61] The farmers in old times were greater economists than now. "Old -crones and such old things," it seems, fell commonly to their own -share, while the best meat was probably sold.--M. Compare also 21. 1. - -[E62] "All Saints doe laie," etc. All Saints' Day expects or lays -itself out for pork and souse, sprats and smelts for the household. - -"When it [the bore] is killed, scalded, and cut out, of his former -parts is our brawne made, the rest is nothing so fat, and therefore -it beareth the name of sowse onelie, and is commonly reserved for the -serving-man and hind, except it please the owner to have anie part -ther of baked, which are then handed of custome after this manner. -The hinder parts being cut off, they are first drawne with lard, and -then sodden; being sodden, they are sowsed in claret wine and vineger -a certeine space and afterward baked in pasties, and eaten of manie -in steed of the wild bore, and trulie it is very good meat. The -pestles [legs] may be hanged up a while to drie before they be drawne -with lard if you will, and thereby prove the better."--Harrison, -Descrip. of Eng. part ii. p. 11. - -"_Spurlings_ are but broad _Sprats_, taken chiefly on our Northern -coast; which being drest and pickled as Anchovaes be in Provence, -rather surpass them than come behind them in taste and goodness.... As -for Red Sprats and _Spurlings_, I vouchsafe them not the name of any -wholesome nourishment, or rather of no nourishment at all; commending -them for nothing, but that they are bawdes to enforce appetite and -serve well the poor man's turn to quench hunger."--Muffett, p. 169, -quoted in The Babees Book, ed. Furnivall. "Smelt = Spirling or Sparling -in Scotland, Salmo Sperlanus."--Yarrell, Names of British Fishes. "A -Sperlynge, _ipimera, sperlingus_."--Catholicon Anglicum. See also -Glossary to Specimens of Early Eng., ed. Morris and Skeat. - -[E63] "Embrings." Ember days or weeks, set apart for consecrating to -God the four seasons of the year, and for imploring his blessing by -fasting and prayer. They were settled by the Council of Placentia -A.D. 1095.--M. _Embring_ is a more correct form, being nearer to A.S. -_ymbren_. A connexion with Ger. _quatember_ is out of the question. - -[E64] See as to the law relating to fasting and fish days, note E55 on -10. 51. - -[E65] "Leaue anker in mud," _i.e._ drift, and break away from their -anchorage. - -[E66] "It is an ill winde turnes none to good," _i.e._ turns to good -for none. - -"An yll wynd that blowth no man good, - The blower of whych blast is she; -The lyther lustes bred of her broode - Can no way brede good propertye." - --Song against Idleness, by John Heywood, _circa_ 1540. - -"Ah! Sirra! it is an old proverb and a true -I sware by the roode! -It is an il wind that bloues no man to good." - --Marriage of Wit and Wisdom, 1570. - -Quoted in Hazlitt's Handbook of Proverbs, p. 240. - -[E67] "If great she appereth," _i.e._ if seen through a dense -atmosphere, which causes her to appear much larger, it is an indication -of approaching rain. The reverse is the case when the atmosphere is -rare, and the orb of the moon appears small. - -[E68] "Tyde flowing is feared," etc. "The Spaniards think that all -who die of chronic diseases breathe their last during the ebb."--The -Doctor, p. 207. Compare also in David Copperfield, "Mr. Barkis going -out with the tide." Tusser, however, seems to mean that it was the flow -and not the ebb which was dangerous to sick persons. - -[E69] - -"He that fast spendeth must need borrow, -But when he must pay again, then is all the sorrow." - --MS. of 15th cent. in Rel. Antiqua, vol. i. p. 316. - -[E70] September is the month when the annual labours of agriculture -begin their round, and it is therefore, justly, put first in the -Calendar of farming. Some, indeed, take their bargains from Lady-day; -but this is by no means so convenient as Michaelmas.--M. - -[E71] The off-going tenant of champion or open field, as is still -customary, allows the in-coming tenant to summer fallow that portion of -the ground which is destined for wheat. But the occupier of woodland -or inclosures holds the whole till the expiration of his term, unless -certain stipulations are made by lease; and without a lease, neither -the real interest of the tenant nor the landowner can be consulted.--M. - -[E72] "Buieng or selling of pig in a poke," i.e. making a blind bargain. - - "A good cochnay coke, -Though ye loue not to bye the pyg in the poke, -Yet snatche ye at the poke, that the pyg is in, -Not for the poke, but the pyg good chepe to wyn." ---Heywood's Dialogue (1546), ed. 1562, part ii. cap. 9. - -See also Hazlitt's Handbook of English Proverbs, p. 413. - -[E73] A _gofe_ is a _mow_ (rick); and the _gofe_-ladder is for the -thresher to ascend and descend, in order to throw down the sheaves with -the assistance of the _short pitch-fork_, while the _long_ was probably -for pitching the straw. The _straw-fork_ and _rake_ were to turn the -straw from off the threshed corn, and the _fan_ and _wing_ to clean -it. A _cartnave_ might be required to stand on in this operation. A -_casting shovel_, such as maltmen use, enables the farmer to select the -best and heaviest grain for seed, as they always fly farthest if thrown -with equal force.--M. - -[E74] A _skep_ is a small basket or wooden vessel with a handle, to -fetch corn in and for other purposes.--M. - -[E75] "_Aperne_ is an old provincial pronunciation, adopted from -a still older _napern_ or _nappern_; and Halliwell observes, that -_nappern_ is still the pronunciation in the North of England. This word -is interesting as illustrating two points: (1) the shifting of _r_, -so that the various pronunciations of _apern_ and _apron_ correspond -to the variations _brid_ for _bird_, and _burd_ for _bride_; and (2) -the loss of the initial _n_; for _apron_ is for Fr. _naperon_, a large -napkin; see Roquefort and Wedgwood. _Naperon_, without _n_ and _e_, is -_apron_; without _n_ and _o_, it is _apern_."--Rev. Walter W. Skeat in -N. & Q. 1869. - -[E76] "To make whyte lethyre. Take halfe an unce of whyte coperose -and di. ȝ. of alome, and salle-peter the mowntance of the yolke of an -egge, and yf thou wolle have thy skynne thykke, take of whetmele ij -handfulle, and that is sufficient for a galone of water; and if thou -wolle have thy skynne rynnyng, take of ry mele ij handfulle, and grynd -alle thyes saltes smale, and caste hem into lewke warme water, and -let heme melt togedyre, and so alle in ewene warme water put therein -thy skynne. And if hit be a velome skynne, lett hit be thereinne ix -days and ix nyȝtes ... and if hit be a parchement skyne, let hit ly -thereinne iv days and iv nyȝtes; ... thanne take coperose of the -whyttest the quantité of ij benys for j skynne and the yolke of j egge, -and breke hit into a dysse, and than put water over the fyre, and put -thereinne thy coperas, and than put thy yolke in thy skyne, and rub hit -alle abowte, and thanne ley thy skynne in the seyde water, and let hit -ly, ut dictum est."--From the Porkington MS. 15th cent. - -[E77] A Pannel and Ped have this difference, the one is much shorter -than the other, and raised before and behind, and serves for small -burdens; the other is longer and made for Burdens of Corn. These are -fastened with a leathern Girt, called a Wantye.--T.R. Miss Mitford, -in her "Recollections," writes that her father, who used to ride a -favourite gentle blood-mare, had a _pad_ constructed, perched and -strapped upon which, and encircled by his arm, she used to accompany -him. - -[E78] A cart or wagon whose wheels are hooped and clouted with iron is -called in Lincoln a _shod-cart_ or _shod-wain_. In the Paston Letters, -ed. Gairdner, vol. ii. p. 245, we have "_clot shon_" = boots tipped -with iron. "Clowte of a shoo, _pictasium_."--Prompt. Parv. Cf. Milton, -Comus, l. 634: - - "The dull swain -Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon." - -In Lancashire a "Clout-nail" is a large nail used for fixing iron -_clouts_ on the wooden axle-trees of carts. - -[E79] "Ten sacks," each holding a coome or four bushels, are only -sufficient for a single load of wheat; but farms were not so large, nor -the produce so great when Tusser wrote. - -[E80] A _pulling hook_ is a barbed iron for drawing firing from the -wood stack.--M. - -[E81] "A nads" = an adze, an instance (like a nall = an awl, above) of -the _n_ of the article being joined to the following vowel. Similarly -we have "atte nale" = at the ale-house, a corruption of A.S. æt þan -ale.--See Piers Plowman, ed. Skeat, B. Text, Prologue, l. 43. So in -Sir Thomas More's Workes, 1557, p. 709, we have "A verye nodypoll -_nydyote_" for _idiot_. Other instances of the prefixed _n_ are "nonce, -a nother, nagares (= augers)." Cf. "One axe, a bill, iiij _nagares_, ij -hatchettes, an ades," etc.--Shakspereana Genealogica, 1869, p. 472. - -[E82] "A Douercourt beetle" is explained by Dr. Mavor as "one that is -large (like the rood of Dover once so celebrated) and capable of making -a great noise," and he adds that "there is an old proverb 'A Dover -Court: all speakers and no hearers.'" But this explanation is entirely -erroneous: there is no reference whatever to _Dover_, but, as the -following extract will show, a Dovercourt beetle simply means one made -of the wood of the elms of Dovercourt in Essex, which were celebrated -for their soundness and lasting qualities: "Of all the elms that euer I -saw, those in the south side of _Douer court_, in Essex neere Harwich, -are the most notable, for they growe, I meane, in crooked maner, that -they are almost apt for nothing else but nauie timber, great ordinance, -and _beetels_; and such thereto is their naturall qualitie, that being -vsed in the said behalfe, they continue longer, and more long than -anie the like trees in whatsoeuer parcell else of this land, without -cuphar [cracking], shaking or cleauing, as I find."--Harrison, Descr. -of Eng. part i. p. 341. - -[E83] In the Hist. of Hawsted, Suffolk, by Sir J. Cullum, 2nd ed. p. -216, we are told that there, in the 14th century, oxen were as much -used as horses; and, in ploughing heavy land, would go forward where -horses would stop. "A horse kept for labour ought to have every night -the 6th part of a bushel of oats; for an ox, 3½ measures of oats, 10 of -which make a bushel, are sufficient for a week." - -[E84] "The ploughstaff is alluded to by Strutt (Manners and Customs, -ii. 12): 'The ploughman yoketh oxen to the plough, and he holdeth the -plough-stilt [_i.e._ principal hale or handle] in his left hand, and -in his right hand the _ploughstaff_ to break the clods.' See plate 32 -(vol. i.) in Strutt, and the picture of a plough at work prefixed to -Mr. Wright's edition of Piers the Plowman, copied from MS. T. [MS. R. -3. 14, Trin. Coll. Camb.]."--Piers Plowman, ed. Skeat, B. vi. 105. - -[E85] "Moether" [and "mother", 16. 14.]. This word is derived by Sir -H. Spelman from Danish _moer_ = an unmarried girl. "_Puera_, a woman -chylde, callyd in Cambrydgeshyre a _modder_." "_Pupa_, a yonge wenche, -a gyrle, a _modder_."--Elyot's Lat. Dict. 1538. "_Fille_, a maid, -girle, _modder_, lasse."--Cotgrave. Ben Jonson uses the word in his -"Alchymist": "Away, you talk like a foolish _mauther_."--Act iv. sc. 7. -Richard Brome also has it in the Eng. Moor, Act iii. sc. i.: - -_P._ "I am a _mother_, that do want a service. - -_Qu._ O, thou'rt a Norfolk woman (cry thee mercy,) - Where maids are _mothers_, and _mothers_ are maids." - -"I have been informed by an intelligent friend, who is a native of -Norfolk, that on a certain trial in that county, it was asked who was -the evidence of what had been stated. The answer was, 'A _mather_ -playing on a planchard.' The Judge was nonplussed, till the meaning was -explained, namely, 'A girl playing on the floor.'"--M. - -[E86] "Hoigh de la roy," that is, excellent or proper; but why, I -cannot say. - -[E87] A _cradle_ is a three-forked instrument of wood, on which the -corn is caught as it falls from the scythe, and thus is laid in regular -order. It is heavy to work with; but is extremely useful for cutting -barley or oats, which are intended to be put into sheaves.--M. - -[E88] Tar was the common salve for all sores in cattle. "Two pounds of -tar to a pound of pitch," is a good composition for sheep marks.--M. -"Every shepherd used to carry a _tar-box_, called a _tarre-boyste_ in -the Chester Plays, p. 121, or a _terre-powghe_ (= tar pouch) in P. -Pl. Crede, l. 618. It held a salve containing tar which was used for -anointing sores in sheep. Compare - -"Heare is tarre in a potte -To heale from the rotte." - --Chester Plays, p. 120. - -See also History of Agriculture and Prices in England, by J. E. Thorold -Rogers, vol. i. p. 31. Note to P. Plowman, ed. Skeat, C. x. 262-264. - -[E89] "Sealed and true," _i.e._ certified and stamped as correct. In -Liber Albus, ed. Riley, p. 233, we read: "No brewster or taverner shall -sell from henceforth by any measure but the gallon, pottle, and quart; -and that these shall be _sealed_ with the seal of the Alderman," etc. -See also the Statute of Sealed Measures, _id._ p. 290. - -[E90] _Striking_ is the last ploughing before the seed is committed to -the ground; previously to which the ridges are to be harrowed. - -[E91] "Sowe barlie and dredge." In the 13th century the grain crops -chiefly cultivated in England were wheat, "berecorn," _dragg_, or a -mixture of vetches and oats, beans and pease. The regulations for -the brewers of Paris in 1254 prescribe that they shall brew only "de -grains, c'est à savoir d'orge de mestuel, et de _dragèe_." "_Dredge_ -mault, malt made of oats, mixed with barley malt, of which they make -an excellent quick sort of drink."--Bp. Kennett's Gloss. "A mixture of -oates and barley; and at present used very seldom in malting."--T.R. -"_Dragée_ aux chevaux, provender of divers sorts of pulse mixed -together."--Cotgrave. From Way's Notes in Prompt. Parv. s. v. Dragge. - -[E92] Forby (Vocab. 1830) says: "Crow-keeper, a boy employed to scare -crows from new sown land. Lear, in his madness, says: 'That fellow -handles his bow like a crow-keeper.' Besides lustily whooping, he -carries an old gun, from which he cracks a little powder, and sometimes -puts in a few stones, but seldom hits, and still seldomer kills a -crow." Cf. Romeo and Juliet, Act i. sc. 4: "Scaring the ladies like a -crow-keeper." - -[E93] A Marsh Wall is a Sea bank, made with considerable slope to -sea-ward, which is called a Break or Breck; it is faced with Turf which -sometimes is worn by the sea, or Holes made in it by Crabs, etc. The -Foreland is a piece of Land that lies from the foot of the Bank to -Sea-ward, and must be well look'd after, that it wear not away or come -too near the Bank (as the Workmen term it).--T.R. - -[E94] A brawner should be kept cool and hard, which encreaseth his -shield, as the skin of the shoulder is called.--M. - -[E95] Measles in hogs are small round globules or pustules that lie -along the muscles; and are occasioned by uncleanness and want of -water.--M. - -[E96] The retting of hemp, as it is called, should be done with care. -It should be taken out of the water as soon as it begins to swim. The -smell left by hemp and flax is extremely unpleasant, as travellers in -the flax districts of the North of Ireland well know. - -[E97] "In time of plenty of mast, our red and fallow deere will not -let to participat thereof with our hogs, more than our nete: yea, our -common pultrie also, if they may come vnto them. But as this abundance -dooth prooue verie pernicious vnto the first, so the egs which these -latter doo bring foorth (beside blackenesse in color and bitternesse of -tast,) haue not seldome beene found to breed diuerse diseases vnto such -persons as haue eaten of the same."--Harrison, Descrip. of Eng. part i. -p. 339. - -[E98] If your dog sets chaunting (crying) these lawless hogs, haunting -(or frequenting) your fields so often, he does you a benefit. - -[E99] _Shaken_ timber is such as is full of clefts and cracks. -_Bestowe_ and _stick_ it, is to lay the boards neatly on each other, -with sticks between, to admit the air. - -[E100] The _hook and line_ is a cord with a hook at its end to bind up -anything with, and carry it away.--M. - -[E101] "Flaies," probably a misprint in the edition of 1580 for -_flails_, which is the reading of the other editions. - -[E102] Cotgrave has: "Hastiveau, a _hasting_ apple or peare;" and -"Hastivel, as Hastiveau; or a soon-ripe apple, called the St. John's -apple." Lacroix (Manners, Customs, etc., during the Middle Ages, p. -116) mentions "hastiveau, an early sort of pear." - -[E103] "Vergis and perie." "Verjuice is well known to be the juice -of Crabs, but it is not so much taken notice of, that for strength -and flavour it comes little short if not exceeds lime-juice."--T.R. -"Verjuice, or green juice, which, with vinegar, formed the essential -basis of sauces, and is now extracted from a species of green grape, -which never ripens, was originally the juice of sorrel; another sort -was extracted by pounding the green blades of wheat."--Lacroix, -Manners, Customs and Dress, during the Middle Ages, p. 167. - -[E104] Make up your hedges with brambles and holly. "Set no bar" = put -no limit, do not leave off planting quicksets while the months have an -R in their names. See chap. 35, stanza 6, p. 77, and note E112, for 19. -33. - -[E105] Laying up here signifies the first plowing, for Barley it is -often plow'd, so as that a Ridge-balk in the middle is covered by two -opposite furrows.--T.R. - -[E106] By Fallow is understood a Winter-fallow, or bringing Ground to a -Barley Season.--T.R. - -[E107] "Brantham" parish, in Essex, in which Cattiwade is situated, -and the place where Tusser first commenced farming. The average yield -of corn in his time was, on each acre well tilled and dressed, twenty -bushels of wheat, thirty-two of barley, and forty of oats and pulse. - -[E108] Wheat does not thrive well either on very poor or very rich -land. If the land is _peeled_ or poor, the grain is _burnt_ or -_steelie_, and if _proud_ (too heavily manured), the grain is apt to -run to straw. - -[E109] "There grows in several parts of Africa, Asia, and America, a -kind of corn called Mays, and such as we commonly name _Turkey wheat_. -They make bread of it, which is hard of digestion, heavy in the -stomach, and does not agree with any but such as are of a robust and -hail constitution."--A Treatise on Foods, by Mons. L. Lemery, London, -1704, p. 71. - -[E110] _Breadcorne_ and _drinkcorn_ mean wheat and barley, the first -being used for the making of bread, the second for malting purposes. -Mr. Peacock, in his Glossary of Manley, etc., has: "_Breadcorn_, corn -to be ground into _breadmeal_ (_i.e._ flour with only a portion of the -bran taken out, from which brown bread is made); not to be used for -finer purposes. It is a common custom of farmers, when they engage a -bailiff, to give him a certain sum of money per annum, and to allow -him also his _breadcorn_ at 40_s._ per quarter." Cf. Piers Plowman, C. -Text, Passus ix. 61: "A boussel of _bredcorne_." - -[E111] Hazlitt gives as a proverb: "To play the devil in the bulmong." -An acre of bullimong land was worth 33_s._ 4_d._; see note E370. - -[E112] According to Norden (Surveyor's Dialogue, 1607, p. 239) the -best mode of making a quickset hedge is as follows: "The plants of -whitethorne, mixed here and there with oke and ash"; if the plants -are not easily procured, then "the berries of the white or hawthorne, -acornes, ash keyes mixed together, and these wrought or wound up in a -rope of straw, wil serve, but they will be somewhat longer in growing. -Make a trench at the top or in the edge of the ditch, and lay into it -some fat soyle, and then lay the rope all along the ditch, and cover -it with good soile also, then cover it with the earth, and ever as any -weedes or grasse begins to grow, pull it off and keepe it as cleane as -may be from all hindrances, and when the seeds begin to come, keepe -cattle from bruising them, and after some two or three yeares, cut the -yong spring by the earth, and so will they branch and grow thick, and -if occasion serve, cut them so again alwayes, preserving the oake and -ashe to become trees." The best time to lay the berries in this manner -is "in _September_ or _October_, if the berries be fully ripe." - -[E113] A "porkling" was worth 28_d._ at the time. See note E370. - -[E114] With reference to the "daintiness" of the Flemings, many of whom -were settled on the East coast, compare the following: - -"Now bere and _bacon_ bene fro Pruse ibrought -Into Flaundres, as loved and fere isoughte; -Osmonde [a kind of iron], coppre, bowstaffes, stile [steel], and wex, -Peltre-ware [hides], and grey, pych, terre, borde, and flex, -And Coleyne threde, fustiane, and canvase, -Corde, bokeram; of olde tyme thus it wase. -But the _Flemmyngis_, amonge these thinges dere, -In comen lowen [love] beste _bacon_ and bere. -Thus arre they hogges; and drynkyn wele ataunt [so much]; -Farewel, Flemynge! hay, harys, hay, avaunt!" - --Wright's Political Songs, ii. 171. - -[E115] _Light fire_, as it is termed, is still used in Norfolk.--M. - -[E116] "Bowd eaten malt." "The more it be dried (yet must it be doone -with soft fire) the sweeter and better the malt is, and the longer it -will continue, whereas if it be not dried downe (as they call it), but -slackelie handled, it will breed a kind of worme, called a _wiuell_, -which groweth in the floure of the corne, and in processe of time will -so eat out it selfe, that nothing shall remaine of the graine but euen -the verie rind or huske."--Harrison, Description of England, part i. -pp. 156-7. R. Holme says that "the Wievell eateth and devoureth corn -in the garners; they are of some people called _bowds_."--Acad. of -Arm. Bk. ii. p. 467. "Bruk is a maner of flye, short and brodissh, -and in a sad husc, blak hed, in shap mykel toward a golde _bowde_, -and mykhede [size] of twyis and þryis atte moste of a gold _bowde_, a -chouere, oþer vulgal can y non þerfore."--Arundel MS. 42, f. 64. The -name _gold bowde_ probably denotes a species of _Chrysomela_, Linn. -Way, in Prompt. Parv. - -[E117] See note E5 on "A Medicine for the Cowlaske." Sloes gently -baked in an oven are best preserved. They are an excellent and cheap -remedy for laxity of the bowels, in men or cattle, if judiciously -used.--M. - -[E118] Dr. Mavor suggests that as Tusser is pretty correct in his -rhymes, he probably wrote _beasty_ originally. In Pegge's Forme of -Cury, 1780, p. 111, are given two recipes for the prevention of -_Restyng_ in Venisoun. - -[E119] "Stouer." _Stover_ is the term now applied to the coarser hay -made of clover and artificial grasses, which is kept for the winter -feed of cattle. But in Shakespeare's time the artificial grasses were -not known in England, and were not introduced till about the middle of -the seventeenth century. In Cambridgeshire I am informed that hay made -in this manner is not called "stover" till the seeds have been threshed -out. In the sixteenth century the word was apparently used to denote -any kind of winter fodder except grass hay. Compare - -"Thy turfy mountains, where live nibbling sheep, -And flat meads thatch'd with _stover_, them to keep." - --Shakspere, Tempest, Act iv. sc. I; - -and Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. 145, - -"And others from their Carres, are busily about, -To draw out Sedge and Reed, for Thatch and _Stover_ fit." - -"Stover" is enumerated by Ray among the South-and East-Country words as -used in Essex, and is to be found in Moor's Suffolk Words and Forby's -Vocabulary of East Anglia. - -[E120] See note E61. - -[E121] In cleaning corn for _seed, casting_ or throwing it with a -_casting shovel_ (see 17. 1) from one heap to another, in order to -select the heaviest grains, which will always go farthest, is an -excellent practice: but in _malting_, this is not necessary, as the -light grains and seeds of weeds may be skimmed off in the cistern.--M. - -[E122] Wheat is well known to work better in grinding and baking after -it has undergone a natural heat in the rick or mow. Wheat that is -threshed early keeps with difficulty.--M. - -[E123] "Rauening curres" seem to have been as great a nuisance in -Tusser's time as at present, in spite of what Dr. Mavor terms one of -the "few patriotic taxes which we have to boast of." - -[E124] St. Edmund's Day (20th November) may probably be the proper time -for planting garlic and beans; but why the moon should be "in the wane" -we are not informed, though, according to Tusser, "thereon hangeth a -thing." The moon was formerly supposed to extend her power over all -nature, and not over the tides and weather only. - -[E125] The farmer who "looks to thrive" must "have an eye," not only -to his barn, but also to the cruel habits or tricks of his servants; -otherwise he may find his cattle maimed or otherwise injured, and his -poultry made "to plaie tapple vp taile," a cant expression, meaning -to tumble head over heels. Cf. the Scotch phrase, "coup your creels." -Cotgrave, _s.v. Laisser_ and _Houseau_, has an exactly parallel -expression: "_Il a laissé ses houseaux_, he hath tipped up the heeles, -or is ready to doe it; he hath got him to his last bed; he is even as -good as gone; he is no better then a dead man." The Catholicon Anglicum -also gives "Top ouer tayle, _precipitanter_: to cast tope ouer tayle, -_precipitari_." - -[E126] The leathern bottle, from its size, must have been a most -convenient vehicle for the removal of corn and other stolen property. - -[E127] Our author does not appear to have had any idea of the use of -soot as a top-dressing to land, but its value is now well understood, -as one of the greatest improvers of cold, mossy grasslands. - -[E128] It is leanness and ill-dressing that occasion nits and lice, not -the state of the weather when they are taken to house. - -[E129] The rack ought to be accessible on all sides, and perhaps high -enough for small cattle to escape under it from their more powerful -adversaries.--M. - -[E130] "_Barth_." Wedgwood includes this under _berth_, the seaman's -term for snug anchorage for themselves or their vessels. See Glossary. - -[E131] "A _fires-bird_, for that she sat continually by the fire -side."--Tom Tell-Trothe's New Yeare's Gift, New Shakspere Soc. ed. -Furnivall, p. 12. - -[E132] "Beath." Bathing at the Fire, as it is commonly called, when the -wood is yet unseasoned, sets it to what purpose you think fit.--T.R. - -[E133] "Camping." "Goals were pitched 150 or 200 yards apart, formed -of the thrown-off clothes of the competitors." Each party had two -goals 10 or 15 yards apart. The parties, 10 to 15 aside, stand in line -facing their own goals and each other, at 10 yards distance, midway -between the goals and nearest that of their adversaries. An indifferent -spectator throws up the ball--the size of a cricket ball--midway -between the confronted players, whose object is to seize and convey -it between their own goals. The shock of the first onset to catch the -falling ball is very great, and the player who seizes it speeds home -pursued by his opponents, through whom he has to make his way, aided by -the jostlings of his own sidesmen. If caught and held, or in imminent -danger of it, he _throws_ the ball, but must in no case _give_ it, to -a comrade, who, if it be not arrested in its course, or he be jostled -away by his eager foes, catches it, and hurries home, winning the -game or _snotch_ if he contrive to _carry, not throw_, it between the -goals. A holder of the ball caught with it in his possession loses -a _snotch_. At the loss of each of these the game recommences after -a breathing time. Seven or nine _snotches_ are the game, and these -it will sometimes take two or three hours to win. Sometimes a large -football was used, and the game was then called "_kicking camp_," and -if played with the shoes on, "_savage camp_."--Abridged from Major -Moor's Description. - -Ray says it prevailed, in his time, most in Norfolk, Suffolk, and -Essex. It was new to Sir T. Browne on his settling in Norfolk, and is -not mentioned by Strutt amongst the "Sports and Pastimes of the English -People." - -Mr. Spurdens, in his Supplement to Forby's Vocabulary, remarks: "The -contests were not unfrequently fatal to many of the combatants. I have -heard old persons speak of a celebrated _Camping_, Norfolk against -Suffolk, on Diss Common, with 300 on each side. Before the ball was -thrown up, the Norfolk men inquired tauntingly of the Suffolk men if -they had brought their coffins. The Suffolk men after fourteen hours -were the victors. Nine deaths were the result of the contest within -a fortnight. These were called _fighting camps_, for much boxing was -practised in them." Cf. - -"This faire floure of womanheed - Hath two pappys also smalle, -Bolsteryd out of lenghth and breed, - Lyche a large _Campyng ball_." - --Lydgate. - -_Camping Land_ was a piece of ground set apart for the game. A field -abutting on the churchyard at Swaffham was willed for the purpose -by the Rector in 1472. At East Bilney and Stowmarket are pieces of -ground still called _Camping land_. Sir John Cullum, in his "History -of Hawstead, Suffolk," describes the _Camping-pightle_ as mentioned -A.D. 1466. "_Campar_ or _pleyar_ at foott balle, _campyon_ or -_champyon_."--Prompt. Parv. "Camping is Foot Ball playing, at which -they are very dextrous in Norfolk; and so many People running up and -down a piece of ground, without doubt evens and saddens it, so that the -Root of the Grass lies firm.... The trampling of so many People drives -also the Mole away."--T.R. - -[E134] "All quickly forgot as a play on a stage." Comp. Shakspere, -As you Like it, Act ii. sc. 7: "All the world's a stage," etc., and -Merchant of Venice, Act i. sc. 1, where Antonio calls the world -"A stage where every man must play a part." "Totus mundus agit -histrionem," from a fragment of Petronius, is said to have been the -motto on the Globe Theatre. Calderon wrote a play called El Teatro del -Mundo (The Theatre of the World). It is remarkable for containing the -lines: - -"En el teatro del mundo -Todos son representantes," - -_i.e._ in the stage of the world all men are players.--W. W. S. In the -old play of Damon and Pythias (Dodsley's Old Plays, ed. Hazlitt, iv. -31) the following occurs: - -"Pythagoras said that this world was like a stage, -Where many play their parts: the lookers on, the sage -Philosophers are, said he, whose part is to learn -The manners of all nations, and the good from the bad to discern." - -The same comparison occurs also in Don Quixote, part ii. cap. 12. See -note E378. - -[E135] Psalm cxliv. 4. - -[E136] "Atrop." "The fatall sisters," Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, -daughters of Erebus and the Night, were supposed to spin out the life -of man as it were a long thread, which they drew out in length, till -his fatal hour had arrived; but if by any other casualty his days were -shortened, then _Atropos_ was said to have cut the thread in two. Hence -the old verse: "Clotho colum bajulat, Lachesis trahit, Atropos occat." - -[E137] "Euer among," an expression of frequent occurrence in Early -English, meaning "constantly, continually." Compare the Mod. Eng. "all -the while." In a Carol of the fifteenth century, we read: - -"Thys endus nyȝth -I saw a syȝth, - A stare as bryȝt as day; -And _ever among_ -A mayden song - Lullay, by by, lullay." - -And in another: - -"Our der Lady she stod hym by, -And wepe water ful bytterly, - And terys of blod _ever among_." - -[E138] "As onely of whom our comfort is had." The expression is -obscure, but the meaning is clear: as the only one from whom our -comfort (or strength) is derived. - -[E139] "Good husbands," that is, good husbandmen or farmers. - -[E140] "Then lightly," an old form of expression. Tusser means that -poor people are then _probably_ or _generally_ most sorely oppressed. -Cf. "Short summer _lightly_ has a forward spring."--Shakspere, Richard -III. Act iii. sc. 1. - -[E141] "Few Capons are cut now except about Dorking in Surrey; they -have been excluded by the turkey, a more magnificent, but perhaps not a -better fowl."--Pegge's Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 19. - -[E142] "Vpon the tune of King Salomon." Mar. 4, 1559, there is a -receipt from Ralph Newberry for his licence for printing a ballad -called "Kynge Saloman," Registr. Station. Comp. Lond. notat. A fol. -48a. Again in 1562, a licence to print "iij balletts, the one entituled -'Newes oute of Kent;' the other, a 'Newe ballat after the tune of Kynge -Solomon;' and the third, 'Newes oute of Heaven and Hell.'"--_Ibid._ -fol. 75a. Again, _ibid._ "Crestenmas Carowles auctorisshed by my lord -of London." A ballad of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba is entered in -1567, _ibid._ fol. 166a.--Warton's Hist. of Eng. Poetry, ed. Hazlitt, -vol. iii. p. 428. - -[E143] There is some confusion here, although the sense is clear; -probably we should read, "and _flies_ from sinne," etc. - -[E144] "Michel cries," _i.e._ to delay the operation of cutting, and -therefore the cries of the animals, till Michaelmas, will have the -effect of getting them into such condition as better to please the -butchers' eyes. - -[E145] "Bulchin," a double diminutive = _bull-ock-in_, cf. _man-ik-in_. - -"For ten mark men sold a little _bulchin_; -Litille less men tolde a bouke of a motoun; -Men gaf fiveten schillynges for a goos or a hen." - --R. de Brunne's Chronicle, ed. Hearne, i. 174. - -See also Langtoft, p. 174, and Middleton, iii. 524. - -[E146] "Apricot;" in Shakspere, and in other writers of that century, -apricock; in older writers abricot and abrecocke; from L. _præcoqua_ -or _præcocia_ = early, from the fruit having been considered to be an -early peach. A passage in Pliny (Hist. Nat. xv. 12) explains its name: -"Post autumnum maturescunt Persica, æstate _præcocia_, intra xxx annos -reperta." Martial also refers to it in the following words: - -"Vilia materius fueramus praecoqua ramis, -Nunc in adoptivis persica cara sumus." - --Liber xiii. Ep. 46. - -The English, although they take their word from the French, at first -restored the _k_, and afterwards adopted the French termination, -_apricot_.--See a paper on the word in N.& Q. for November 23, 1850. "I -account the _White peare-plum stocks_ the best to _Inoculate Aprecock -buds upon_, although they may be done upon other _Plum-stocks_ with -good successe, if they be good juycie stocks, able to give a good -nourishment, for _Aprecock trees_ require much nourishment."--Austen's -Treatise on Fruit Trees, 1657, p. 57. Cotgrave (Fr. Dict.) gives, -"Abricot: m. The Abricot, or Apricocke plum." Minsheu (Span. Dict. -1599) has, "Albarcoque, or Alvarcoque, m. an apricocke." Compare -Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 1. 169: "Feed him with apricocks and -dewberries"; and Rich. II. Act iii. sc. 4, 29: "Go bind you up yon -dangling apricocks." - -[E147] "Boollesse." In the Grete Herball _bolays_, in Prompt. Parv. -_bolas_. Prunus communis, Huds.; var. insititia, L. In Bacon's Essays -xlvi. the name is spelt "_bullises_." - -[E148] "Cheries." Austen, in his Treatise on Fruit Trees, Oxford, 1657, -p. 56, enumerates the following kinds of cherries: "The _Flanders -Cherry_, most generally planted, is a great bearing fruit. The _May -Cherries_ are tender, and the trees must be set in a warm place. The -_Black-hart Cherry_, a very speciall fruit, and a great bearing fruit, -and doubtlesse exceeding proper to presse for wine either to drink of -itselfe, or to mix the juyce with _Cider_ to give it a _colour_ as -_Clarret-wine_, it being of a deepe red, and a small quantity of it -will colour a gallon of _Cider_ or _White wine_. There is a _Cherry_ -we call the _great bearing Cherry_ of M. Milleu. It may very well be -called the _great bearer_, for the trees seldome fayle of great store -of fruits, although in a cold and sharp spring." - -[E149] "Chestnuts." Often spelt, but improperly, _chesnut_, as though -the _cheese_-like nut. From the O. Fr. _Chastaigne_, and the Ital. -_Castagna_, we learn its true derivation, namely from _Castanæa_ in -Thessaly, its native place. - -[E150] "Cornet plums" = cornel plums; called also cornel cherry. O. Fr. -_cornille_, now _cornouille_, L. Lat. _cornolium_, from Lat. _cornus_ = -a cornel cherry tree. - -[E151] "The _Damasco-plum_ is a good fruit and the trees beare -well."--Austen's Treatise on Fruit Trees, 1657. - -[E152] Andrew Boorde, in his Introduction of Knowledge, ed. Furnivall, -p. 283, says: "_Fylberdes_ be better than hasell nuttes; yf they be -newe, and taken from the tree, and the skyn or the pyth pulled of, they -be nutrytyue, and doth increase fatnes." - -[E153] "Goose beries." Dr. R. A. Prior says: "From the Flemish _kroes_ -or _kruys berie_, Swed. _krusbär_, a word that bears the two meanings -of 'cross-' and 'frizzle-berry,' but was given to this fruit with the -first meaning, in reference to its triple spine, which not unfrequently -presents the form of a cross. This equivocal word was misunderstood and -taken in its other sense of 'frizzle-berry,' and translated into German -and herbalist Latin as '_kraüsel-beere_,' and '_uva crispa_.' The Fr. -_groseille_ and Span. _grosella_ are corruptions of Ger. _kraüsel_." - -[E154] "Some Authors affirme that there have been _Vine-yards_ in -England in former times, though they be all destroyed long since. -Divers places retaine the name of Vine yards still, at _Bromwell Abby_ -in _Norfolke_ and at Elie in Cambridgshiere which afforded _Wine_; what -else is the meaning of these old Rimes? - -"'Quatuor sunt Elie, Lanterna, Capella Marias -Et molendinum, nec non dans Vinea vinum.' - -"Englished thus: - -"'Foure things of Elie Towne much spoken are, -The Leaden Lanthorn, Maries Chappell rare, -The mighty Mil-hill in the Minstre field, -And fruitful _Vine-yards_ which sweet wine doe yeeld.' - -"And doubtlesse men might plant Vines with good successe, to make good -wine even with us. There are many kinds of Vines, but I know none so -good, and fit for our climate as the _Parsley Vine_ or Canada Grape, we -see by experience yearly it beares abundance of fruit unto perfection. -And whosoever would plant Vines in England I think he cannot meet -with a better kind than the _Parsley Vine_ both for _bearing_ and -_goodnesse_. The _Fox grape_ is a faire _large Fruit_ and a very -_great bearer_ although not of so much esteem as divers others. The -_Frantiniack Grape_ is of great accompt with many, and is a speciall -fruit where it comes to perfect ripenesse, which it hardly does, except -the Vine be set upon the _South-wall_ where it may have _much sun_. -The _Red_ and _White Muskadine Grape_ are speciall fruits and beare -very well, and come to perfect ripenesse if the Vine grow upon the -_South-wall_ or upon the _Easte-wall_ which is best next. There is the -_Curran Grape, Cluster Grape_, and many other kinds of good grapes, and -the fruits are _better_ or _worse_ according to the _place_ they grow -in: If they have _much sun_, and be _well ordered_, the fruit will be -_better_ and _sooner ripe_."--Austen's Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1657. - -[E155] "There are very many kinds of _Plums_, many more than of -Cherries. I esteeme the _Mustle Plum_ one of the best, being a faire -large black plum, and of an excellent rellish, and the _trees beare -abundantly_. The Damazeene also is an excellent fruit. The _Violet_ and -_Premorden_ Plum-trees are very _great bearing trees_, and the fruits -pleasant and good. The _White Peare-plum-stocks_ are accounted the -best, and the _Damson-stocks_ the worst for grafting upon."--_Ibid._ p. -57. - -[E156] "Hurtillberies (= Whortleberries) called 'Hurts' for shortness -at Godalming. I suspect this may be connected with Hurtmoor, the name -of a dale near Godalming."--Note by Rev. W. W. Skeat. "'Hurtilberries' -for 'whortleberries,' itself a corruption for 'myrtleberries.'"--Dr. -Prior, Popular Names of British Plants, 1870. - -[E157] "Medlars, called in Normandy and Anjou _meslier_, from Lat. -_mespilus_, but as the verb _mesler_ became in English _meddle_, so -this fruit also, although a word of different origin, took a _d_ for an -_s_ and became _medlar_."--_Ibid._ - -"The Kernells [of medlers] bruised to dust, and drunk in liquor -(especially where Parsly roots have been steeped), doe mightily drive -out stones and gravell from the kidneyes."--Austen, Treatise on Fruit -Trees, 1657, p. 84. - -[E158] "The _Iuyce of Mulberries_ is knowne by experience to be a -good remedy for a sore mouth, or throat, such as are perfectly ripe -relax the belly, but the unripe (especially dry'd) are said to bind -exceedingly, and therefore are given to such as have _Lasks and -Fluxes_."--_Ibid._ p. 84. - -[E159] "Peach, in old works spelt Peske, Peesk, Peshe, and Peche, O. -Fr. _pesche_, L. _Persica_, formerly called _malum persicum_ = Persian -apple, from which the Arabs formed their name for it with the prefix -_el_ or _al_, and thence the Spanish _alberchigo_."--Dr. R. A. Prior. - -Austen, in his work already quoted, says (p. 58): "Of _Peaches_ there -are divers kinds. I know by experience the _Nutmeg and Newington_ -Peaches to be excellent fruits, especially the _Nutmeg_ Peach." - -[E160] Evidently a misprint for Peare-plums, which is the reading -of all the later editions. Austen, in his Treatise on Fruit Trees, -recommends that Peaches be grafted on plum stocks, such as the _White -Peare-plum-stock_. - -[E161] The word "Quince" preserves only a single letter of its -original form. A passage in the Romaunt of the Rose shows an early -form of the word, and also exhibits _chestnut_ and _cherry_ in a -transitional stage of adoption from the French. The author of the -Romaunt writes: - -"And many homely trees there were, -That peaches, _coines_, and apples bere; -Medlers, plummes, peeres, chesteines, -Cherise, of which many one faine is." - -It is evident that the English word is a corruption of the French -_coing_, which we may trace through the Italian _cotogna_ to Lat. -_cotonium_ or _cydonium malum_, the apple of Cydon, a town in -Crete.--Taylor's Words and Places. In the Paston Letters, i. 245, -occurs the word "chardequeyns," that is, a preserve made of quinces. -See also the Babees Book, E.E.T. Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 152. In the -ordinances of the household of George, Duke of Clarence, p. 103, -_charequynses_ occur under the head of spices, their price being 5 -shillings "the boke," or £2 10_s._ for 10 lbs., A.D. 1468. - -[E162] "Respis." In Turner's Herbal called _Raspis_ or _Raspices_, the -latter of which is apparently a double plural. Probably from _resp_, -a word that in the Eastern counties means a shoot, a sucker, a young -stem, and especially the fruit-bearing stem of raspberries (Forby). -This name it may owe to the fact that the fruit grows on the young -shoots of the previous year. - -[E163] "Reisons," most probably currants. "Raysouns of -Coraunte."--Pegge's Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 16. - -Turner (Names of Herbes) says the currant tree is called "in some -places of England a _Rasin_ tree."--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E164] "Seruice trees." Dr. R. A. Prior, in his Popular Names of -British Plants, 1870, p. 209, says: "Service-, or, as in Ph. Holland's -Pliny more correctly spelt, Servise-tree, from L. _Cervisia_, its fruit -having from ancient times been used for making a fermented liquor, a -kind of beer: - - "Et pocula læti -Fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea _sorbis_. - --Virg. Georgics III. 379. - -"Diefenbach remarks (Or. Eur. 102): 'bisweilen bedeutet cervisia einen -nicht aus Getreide gebranten Trank;' and Evelyn tells us in his Sylva -(ch. xv.), that 'ale and beer brewed with these berries, being ripe, -is an incomparable drink.' The _Cerevisia_ of the ancients was made -from malt, and took its name, we are told by Isidore of Seville, from -_Ceres, Cereris_, but this has come to be used in a secondary sense -without regard to its etymological meaning, just as in _Balm-tea_ -we use tea in the sense of an infusion, without regard to its being -properly the name of a different plant." Wild Service, the rowan tree; -_Pyrus aucuiparia_, Gärt. - -[E165] "Wallnuts are usually eaten after meales to close up the -stomach, and help digestion. And according to _Avicen_ (Can. lib. 2, -cap. 501), recentes sunt meliores stomacho (the newer the better for -the stomach). Bread or Bisket may be made of the meale being dried. The -young nuts peeled are preserved, and candied for Banquetting stuffe: -and being ripe the Kernells may be crusted over with sugar, and kept -long. _Avicen_ says (Can. lib. 2, cap. 501): 'Iuglans ficubus et Rutâ -medicina omnibus venenis': Wallnuts with Figs and Rue is a preservative -against all poison. Schol. Salern. reckons _Wallnuts_ for one of the -six things that resist poyson: - -'Allia, Nux, Ruta, Pyra, Raphanus cum Theriaca: -Hæc sunt Antidotum contra mortale venenum.' -Garlicke, Rue, Peares, Treacle and Nuts: -Take these and then no deadly poyson hurts. - -Mithridates the great: his preservative was (as is recorded by Pliny, -Nat. Hist. lib. 23, c. 18), '_Two Wallnuts_, two Figs, 20 leaves of -Rue and a grain of salt stamped together,' which taken no poyson that -day could hurt him. _Greene Wallnuts_ about Midsommer distilled and -drunk with vineger, are accounted a certain preservative against the -Pestilence."--Austen's Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1657. "_Walnuts_ be -hurtful to the memory, and so are Onyons, because they annoy the eyes -with dazeling dimnesse through a hoate vapour."--T. Newton, Touchstone, -ed. 1581, f. 125_b_. The original prescription of the antidote of -Mithridates, discovered by Pompey among the archives of the king, was -very simple. Q. Serenus tells us that - - "Magnus scrinia regis -Cum raperet victor, vilem deprehendit in illis -Synthesin, et vulgata satis medicamina risit: -Bis denum rutæ folium, salis et breve granum, -Juglandesque duas, terno cum corpore ficus." - -Cf. Piers Plowman, C. Text, Pass. xiii. 143: - -"As in a _walnote_ withoute ys a byter barke, -And after þat biter barke be þe shele aweye, -Ys a curnel of comfort kynde to restorie." - -On which see Mr. Skeat's note. - -[E166] "Warden appulles rosted, stued, or baken, be nutrytyue, -and doth comfort the stomache, specyally yf they be eaten with -comfettes."--Andrew Boorde's Dyetary, ed. Furnivall, E.E.T. Soc. p. -284. And again, _ibid._ p. 291, as a remedy for the Pestilence: "Let -hym vse to eate stued or baken wardens, yf they can be goten; yf not, -eate stued or baken peers, with comfettes: vse no grosse meates, but -those the which be lyght of dygestyon." - -[E167] "Froth" refers here to veal and pig and lamb, all three. -Halliwell suggests tender as the meaning. It seems to mean _pulpy_ or -_light_. - -[E168] "Be greedie in spending," that is, he who is eager to spend and -careless in saving, will soon become a beggar, and he who is ready to -kill, and unskilful in storing, need look for no plenty. - -[E169] There are certain wheels called Dredge Wheels, by the use -of which loads may be carried thro' meadows, even if it be not a -frost.--T.R. - -[E170] "Doue houses." The Norfolk and Suffolk rebels, under Kett in -1549, say in their list of Grievances: "We p[r]ay that noman vnder -the degre of a knyght or esquyer, kepe a _dowe-house_, except it hath -byn of an ould aunchyent costome."--See Ballads from Manuscripts, ed. -Furnivall, i. 149. - -[E171] "To buie at the stub," that is, to buy on the ground or on the -spot, and do the carriage oneself. A.S. _styb_, Dutch _stobbe_ = a -stump; whence Eng. _stubborn, stubble_. - -[E172] "Edder and stake;" still in common use in Kent, Sussex, etc. See -Ray's Glossary, s.v. Yeather. - -[E173] "So far as in lopping," etc., seems to imply that the tops will -take root of themselves without planting. - -[E174] Spenser uses "Prime" in the sense of "Spring-time." See Fairy -Queene, Canto ii. st. 40, iv. 17, and vi. 13. - -[E175] "Beliue" = in the night, according to Tusser Redivivus, but -wrongly. See Mr. Skeat's note in Ray's Glossary, _s.v._ Beliue. - -[E176] Hugh Prowler is our Author's name for a night walker.--T.R. - -[E177] Harrison, ed. 1587, fo. 42, speaks of sheep, "such as bring -foorth but one at a time," as _anelings_, from which it would seem that -_twinlings_ mean sheep such as _bring forth twins_ and _not the twins_ -themselves. Dr. Mavor says: "Twin lambs are supposed to perpetuate -their prolific quality, and are therefore kept for breeders." In some -parts of Norfolk and Lincoln they will keep none but _twinlins_, but -then it is in rich land as Mershland and Holland.--T.R. - -[E178] "Peccantem" should be _peccavi_, which is the reading of the -editions of 1573, 1585, and 1597. - -[E179] "For yoke or the paile:" whether intended for the yoke or for -the dairy. - -[E180] The strongest pigs are observed to suck foremost, because there -they find milk in the greatest abundance.--M. - -[E181] "Yoong fils." We should certainly read, as required by the -rhythm of the line, _fillies_, which is found in the editions of 1573, -1577, and 1597. - -[E182] "As concerning _Arbors, Seats, etc., in Orchards and Gardens_, I -advise men to make them of _Fruit trees_, rather then of _Privet_, or -other rambling stuffe, which yeelds no profit, but only for shade. If -you make them of _Cherry-trees, Plum-trees_, or the like, there will be -the same advantage for _shade_, and all the _Fruits_ superadded. All -that can be objected is, that _Fruit-trees_ are longer in growing up -then _Privet, Virgine Bower_, or the like, whereof arbors are commonly -made. It is answered. Though _Fruit-trees_ are something longer in -covering an _Arbor_, then some other things, yet they make sufficient -amends in their _lasting and bearing fruits_."--Austen's Treatise of -Fruit Trees, 1657, p. 61. - -[E183] Oats sown in January would be most likely to rise free from -weeds, but it is not often that the season and the soil will admit -of such early culture. The whole stanza is somewhat enigmatical. The -earlier editions read uniformly: "by the hay," etc., but the more -modern have: "buy thee hay," etc., which is probably the correct -reading. The obvious meaning is, provide early what may be required, -that you may escape risk of failure and dearth. If you buy your hay in -May, you are prepared against the worst. - -[E184] _Plash_ here means to pleach down a hedge over the burrows; -_set_ means plant over the place where the burrows are, not to stop the -rabbits from coming out, but to give them a means of escape from the -dogs who might otherwise _snap_ them up before they reached their holes. - -[E185] A cage for moulting hawks was called a _mewe_. "For the better -preservation of their health they strowed mint and sage about them; and -for the speedier _mewing_ of their feathers they gave them the slough -of a snake, or a tortoise out of the shell, or a green lizard cut in -pieces."--Aubrey's Wilts. MS. p. 341. Ducange (Glossary M. et I. Lat.) -has "_Muta_, Accipitrum domuncula in qua includuntur falcones, cum -plumas mutant; accipitres enim quotannis pennas mutant." - -[E186] "All's fish they get," etc. See Gascoyne's Steele Glass, Arber's -Reprint, p. 57. - -[E187] "Feb, fill the dike." In Mr. Robinson's Whitby Glossary is given -as a weather expression of Yorkshire: "February fill-dike, and March -muck't out." Another form is in Hazlitt's Eng. Proverbs: - -"February fill dike be it black or be it white: -But if it be white, it's better to like." - -"Fevrier remplit les fosses: Mars les seche."--Fr. Provb. - -See also Swainson's Weather Folklore, pp. 40-42.--Note by Mr. J. -Britten, F.L.S. - -[E188] "Leaue iobbing," _i.e._ leave off jobbing, or pecking, with -their beaks. See Prompt. Parv. p. 36. "Bollyn, or _jowin_ wythe the -bvlle as byrdys (byllen or _iobbyn_ as bryddys K. _iobbyn_ with the byl -H.P.). _Rostro_." - -[E189] See note E112. - -[E190] Moles, for the trapping of which each parish used to maintain -a sapper and miner, are found to be excellent husbandmen, the little -heaps of friable soil which they throw up furnishing, when spread -abroad, the best of top dressings. "It may be novel to some to be -informed that moles may be taken with dogs, properly trained. This may -serve to diversify the life of a professed hunter."--M. - -[E191] As for _mole-hills_ forming a warm and dry station for lambs, -the same may be said with much greater propriety of _ant-hills_; yet -neither would be suffered to remain on a well-managed farm. - -[E192] Lease, a small enclosure near the homestall.--M. A name used in -some countries for a small piece of ground of 2 or 3 acres.--T.R. - -[E193] "Mestlen." "Years ago in Norfolk thousands of acres yeelded -no better grain crop than rye, of which the bread of farm households -was made. _Meslin_ bread made of wheat and rye in equal quantity was -for the master's table alone."--Forby. "And there at the manor of -Marlingford, and at the mill loaded both carts with _Mestlyon_ and -Wheat."--Paston Letters, iii. p. 294. "For they were neither hogs nor -devils, nor devilish hogs, nor hoggish devils, but a _mesling_ of the -two."--Fairfax. The mixed grain, meslin, was used in France in the -concoction of beer, as appears by the regulations for the brewers of -Paris, 1254, who were to use "grains, c'est à savoir, d'orge, de_ -mestuel, _et de_ dragée."--Reglements t. Louis IX. ed. Depping, p. -29. At a dinner given in 1561 to the Duke of Norfolk by the Mayor of -Norwich, there were provided: "xvj loves white bread iv_d._, xviij -loves wheaten bread, ix_d._, iij loves _mislin_ bread iij_d._"--Leland, -Itin. vi. xvii. Plot (Hist. of Oxford, p. 242) says that the -Oxfordshire land termed sour is good for wheat and "miscellan," namely -wheat and rye mixed. - -[E194] It is to be regretted, both on the score of policy and health, -that in reforming false principles, we renounced salutary practices. -Days of abstinence from flesh-meat, if not prescribed by authority, -should be voluntarily imposed on ourselves. If the fisherman purchases -bread of the farmer, the farmer in his turn ought to encourage the -fisherman, who in peace and war has the highest claims to support.--M. - -[E195] "Auens." "Avence herbe, Avancia, Sanamunda."--Prompt. Parv. By -some called _harefoot_. It was used in cookery; see Pegge's Forme of -Cury, ed. 1780, p. 13. - -[E196] "Betanie." Lat. _betonica_, said by Pliny to have been first -called _Vettonica_, from the Vettones, a people of Spain. - -[E197] "Bleets." The name of some pot-herb which Evelyn in Acetaria -takes to be the "Good Henry," and remarks of it that, "'tis insipid -enough." βλιτον [Greek: bliton] = insipid. In Lyte's Dodoens, p. 547, -are given three kinds of Blitte or Bleet, and the French name is said -to be _Pourrée rouge_. "_Suæda maritima_, or sea-blite, belongs to the -goose-foot tribe; the good-king-Henry, or _Chenopodium bonus-Henricus_, -is of the same tribe. See Flowers of the Field, by C. A. Johns."--Note -by Rev. W. W. Skeat. - -"Beets," although joined here with "bleets," no doubt refers to the -common beetroot, _Beta vulgaris_, Linn. Gerard had the "White or Yellow -Beete" in his garden.--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E198] "Bloodwoort," called also Bloody-dock, from its red veins and -stems. _Rumex sanguineus_, L. Called also _Walwort_ and Danewort in -Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 380, who says that the "fumes of Walwort -burned, driueth away Serpentes and other venemous beastes." - -[E199] "The rootes of Borage and _Buglosse_ soden tender and made -in a Succade, doth ingender good blode, and doth set a man in a -temporaunce."--A. Boorde's Dyetary, E.E.T. Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 278. - -[E200] "Burnet, a term formerly applied to a brown cloth, Fr. -_brunette_, It. _brunetta_, and given to the plant so called from its -brown flowers."--Dr. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants, 1870. -Called also _Pimpinell_.--Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 138. - -[E201] "Burrage." Fr. _bourache_, M. Lat. _borago_. Apuleius says that -its original name was "_corrago_, quia cordis affectibus medetur," a -word that the herbalists suppose to have become, by change of _c_ to -_b, borrago_. See A. Boorde's Dyetary, ed. Furnivall, pp. 278-280. - -[E202] "Clarie." M. Lat. _sclarea_, from _clarus_ = clear, and prefix -_ex_. Called by the apothecaries _clear-eye_, translated into _Oculus -Christi, Godes-eie_, and _See-bright_, and eye-salves made of it. -_Salvia Sclarea_, Linn. "Called in French _Ornale_ or _Fonte-bonne_; -it maketh men dronke and causeth headache, and therefore some Brewers -do boyle it with their Bier in steede of Hoppes."--Lyte's Dodoens, ed. -1578, p. 253. - -[E203] "Coleworts." Dioscorides (quoted in Cogan's Haven of Health, -p. 49) says (lib. 2, cap. 113) that "if they be eaten last after -meats, they preserue the stomacke from surfetting, and the head from -drunkennesse. Yea some write, that if one would drinke much wine for a -wager, and not be drunke, but to haue also a good stomacke to meate, -that he should eate before the banquet raw Cabage leaues with Vinegar -so much as he list, and after the banquet to eate againe foure or fiue -raw leaues, which practice is much vsed in Germanie.... The Vine and -the Coleworts be so contrarie by nature that if you plant Coleworts -neere to the rootes of the Vine, of it selfe it will flee from them. -Therefore it is no maruaile if Colewortes be of such force against -drunkennesse; But I trust no student will prooue this experiment, -whether he may be drunken or not, if he eate Coleworte leaues before -and after a feast." - -[E204] The numerous virtues of this herb are thus summed up in the -King's Coll. MS. of the Promptorium: - -"Bis duo dat maratrum, febres fugat atque venenum, -Et purgat stomacum, sic reddit lumen acutum." - -Macer gives a detailed account, in which the following remarkable -passages occur: "þe edderes wole ete fenel, when her yen dasnyþ, and -so she getiþ ayene her clere sighte; and þer þoroghe it is founde and -preved þat fenel doþ profit to mannis yene: þe yen þat ben dusked, -and dasniþ, shul be anoynted with þe ius of fenelle rotis medeled -with hony; and þis oynement shalle put a-way alle þe dasewenesse of -hem, and make hem bryȝt." The virtue of fennel in restoring youth, -was a discovery attributed by Macer to serpents; "Þis prouiþ auctours -and filisoferis, for serpentis whan men _(sic)_ olde, and willeth -to wexe stronge, myghty, and yongly a-yean, þei gon and eten ofte -fenel, and þei become yongliche and myghty."--MS. in the possession -of H. W. Diamond, Esq. This herb is called in German _Fenchel_, Dutch -_Venckel_. In Piers Plowman mention occurs of: "A ferthyng worth of -fynkel-sede for fastinge daies;" C. vii. 360; spelt fenel in the other -texts. "Fenkylle or fenelle, _feniculum_."--Prompt. Parv. "Fenelle or -fenkelle, _feniculum, maratrum_."--Catholicon Anglicum. - -[E205] "Andreas the Herborist writeth that the root of the Langdebeefe -tyed or bounde to the diseased place, swageth the ache of the veynes -(called _Varix_) being to muche opened or enlarged and fylled with -grosse blood."--Lyte's Dodoens, 1578, p. 568. See also Gerard's Herbal, -1633. - -This is no doubt _Helminthia echioides_, Linn., of which Parkinson -(_Paradisus_) gives a good description and figure under this name, and -says, "The leaves are onely used ... for an herbe for the pot among -others." Lyte's reference is to some other plant which has "a purple -flower."--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E206] "Leek." A remnant of A.S. _porleac_, from Lat. _porrum_ and -_leac_ = a plant, Ger. _lauch_. - -[E207] "Longwort," called in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 125, Sage of Jerusalem, -"whiche herbe hath no particular vse in Physicke, but it is much vsed -in Meates and Salades with egges, as is also Cowslippes and Prymeroses, -whervnto in temperature it is much like." See also Gerard's Herbal, -1633, where it is called "Cowslips of Jerusalem." - -[E208] "Liuerwort," so called from the liver shape of the thallus, -and its supposed effects in disease of the liver. O. L. Ger. -_Steenleuerwnyt_. According to Lyte's Dodoens, p. 59, "a soueraigne -medicine against the heate and inflammation of the Lyuer, and all hoate -Feuers or Agues." _Anemone Hepatica_, Linn. - -The first portion of this note refers to a Cryptogam called Liverwort, -having nothing to do with the plant meant by Tusser.--Note by Mr. J. -Britten, F.L.S. - -[E209] "Marigolds are hote and drye, an herbe well knowen and as vsual -in the kitchin as in the hal: the nature whereof is to open at the -Sunne rising, and to close vp at the Sunne setting. It hath one good -propertie and very profitable for Students, that is by the vse thereof -the sight is sharpened. And againe the water distilled of Marigolds -when it flowreth, doth help the rednesse and inflammation of the eyes -if it be dropped into them, or if a linnen cloth wet in the water be -laid upon them. Also the powder of Marigolds dried, being put into the -hollownesse of the teeth, easeth toothach. And the juice of the herbe -mingled with a little salt, and rubbed often times vpon Warts, at -length weareth them away."--Cogan's Haven of Health, ch. 63. Called in -the Grete Herbal _Mary Gowles_, a name that seems to have originated in -the A.S. _mersc-mear-gealla_ = marsh-horse-gowl, the marsh marigold, -or _caltha_, transferred to the exotic plant of our gardens and -misunderstood as _Mary Gold_. It is often mentioned as Gold simply by -our older poets: - -"That she sprunge up out of the molde -Into a floure was named _golde_." - --Gower, ed. 1554, f. 120. - -"The yellow marigold, the sunne's own flower," says Heywood in Marriage -Triumphe, and "so called," says Hyll (Art of Gard. ch. xxx.), "for that -after the rising of the sun unto noon, this flower openeth larger and -larger; but after the noontime unto the setting of the sun the flower -closeth more and more, so that after the setting thereof it is wholly -shut up." - -"The marigold observes the sun, -More than my subjects me have done." - --K. Charles I. - -[E210] "Mercurie." A name rather vaguely applied in old works, -probably the "Good Henry, _Chenopodium Bonus Henricus_." Called also -"Allgood," Dutch _algoede_, Ger. _allgut_, from Lat. _tota bona_, -Cotgrave and Palsgrave _toutte bonne_, on account of its excellent -qualities as a remedy and as an esculent; hence the proverb: "Be thou -sick or whole, put _Mercury_ in thy koale."--Cogan, Haven of Health, -ch. 28. "The Barons Mercury, or male Phyllon dronken, causeth to -engender male children, and the Mayden Mercurie, or gyrles Phyllon -dronken, causeth to engender Gyrles or Daughters."--Lyte's Dodoens, p. -78. - -It is still much grown in some districts, as in Lincolnshire (where it -is called "Marquerry"), being boiled and eaten as spinach.--Note by Mr. -J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E211] "Nep," common Cat-mint. "Dronken with honied water is good -for them that haue fallen from a lofte, and haue some bruse or -squat, and bursting, for it digesteth the congeled and clotted -bloud, and is good for the payne of the bowels, the shortnesse of -breath, the oppillation or stopping of the breast, and against the -Jaundice."--Lyte, p. 148. See also Gerard's Herbal, 1633. "Nepe, herbe, -_Coloquintida, cucurbita_."--Prompt. Parv. "Neppe, an herbe, _herbe du -chat_."--Palsgrave. Forby gives the Norfolk simile "as white as _nep_," -in allusion to the white down which covers this plant. - -The plant referred to in the quotation from the Prompt. Parv. is not -that meant by Tusser.--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E212] "Orach," _Atriplex hortensis_, or _sativa_, formerly _Arach_, -Prompt. Parv. _Arage_, in MS. Harl. 979 _Arasches_, Fr. _arroche_, from -Low Lat. _aurago_ from _aurum_ = gold, by the addition to it of _ago_ -= wort, as in plantago, lappago, etc. At the same time its use in the -cure of jaundice, _aurugo_, may have fixed upon the plant the name of -the disease. - -"_Atriplicem_ tritam cum nitro, melle, et aceto, -Dicunt appositam calidam sedare podagram: -_Ictericis_ dicitque Galenus tollere morbum -Illius semen cum vino sæpius haustum." - --Macer, cap. xxviii. l. 7, quoted by Dr. Prior. - -[E213] "Patience," called in Lyte's Dodoens, p. 559, "Wild Docke," and -stated to be a remedy for jaundice, the "bitinges and stinginges of -Scorpions," and the tooth ache, and if "hanged about the necke it doth -helpe the kinges euill or swelling in the throte." - -[E214] If the virtues of Penny Royal, as stated in Lyte's Dodoens, p. -232, be true, the use of it might now be advantageously adopted by the -consumers of London drinking water. He says: "If at any time men be -constrayned to drinke _corrupt, naughtie, stinking,_ or salte water, -throw Penny royal into it, or strow the pouder thereof into it, and it -shall not hurte any bodie." It is sometimes called Pudding-grass, from -its being used to make stuffings for meat, formerly called _puddings_. -It is recommended by Andrew Boorde (Dyetary, ed. E.E.T. Soc. p. 281) as -a remedy for melancholy, and to comfort the spirits of men. - -[E215] "Primerose," from _Pryme rolles_, the name it bears in old -books and MSS. The Grete Herball, ch. cccl. says: "It is called _Pryme -Rolles_ of _pryme tyme_, because it beareth the first floure in _pryme -tyme_." It is also so called in Frere Randolph's Catalogue. Chaucer -writes it in one word _primerole_. (See also MS. Addit. 11, 307, f. 37: - -"He shal ben lyk the lytel bee -That seketh the blosme on the tre, -And souketh on the _prumorole_.") - -_Primerole_ is an abbreviation of Fr. _primeverole_, It. _primaverola_, -dimin. of _prima vera_, from _fior di prima vera_ = the first spring -flower. Primerole, as an outlandish unintelligible word, was soon -familiarized into _prime rolles_, and this into _primrose_. This is -explained in popular works as meaning the first rose of the spring, -a name that never could have been given to a plant that in form and -colour is so unlike a rose. But the rightful claimant is, strange -to say, the _daisy_, which in the South of Europe is a common and -conspicuous flower in early spring, while the _primrose_ is an -extremely rare one, and it is the _daisy_ that bears the name in -all the old books. See Fuchs, Hist. Stirpium, 1542, p. 145, where -there is an excellent figure of it, titled _primula veris_; and the -Ortus Sanitatis, ed. Augsb. 1486, ch. cccxxxiii., where we have a -very good woodcut of a daisy titled "masslieben, _Premula veris_, -Latine." Brunfelsius, Novum Herbarium, ed. 1531, speaking of the -Herba paralysis, the cowslip, says, p. 1590, expressly, "Sye würt von -etlichen Doctores _Primula veris_ genaunt, das doch falsch ist wann -_Primula veris_ ist matsomen oder zeitlosen." Brunschwygk (De Arte -Distillandi, 1500, book ii. c. viii.) uses the same words. The Zeitlose -is the daisy. Parkinson (Th. Bot. p. 531) assigns the name to both the -daisy and the primrose. Matthioli (ed. Frankfort, 1586, p. 653) calls -his Bellis Major "_Primo fiore maggiore_, seu _Fiore di prima vera_, -nonnullis _Primula veris major_" and figures the moon-daisy. His Bellis -minor, which seems to be our daisy, he calls "_Primo fiore minore, -Fior di primavera_, Gallis _Marguerites_, Germanis _Masslieben_." At -p. 883, he figures the cowslip, and calls that also "_Primula veris_, -Italis _Fiore di primavera_, Gallis _primevere_."--Dr. Prior's Pop. -Names of British Plants. "_Petie Mulleyn_ (whiche we call _Cowslippe_ -and _Primerose_) is of two sortes. The smaller sorte, which we call -Primerose, _Herbasculum minus_, is of diuers kindes, as yellow and -greene, single and dubble."--Lyte's Dodoens, p. 122. - -Lupton (Book of Notable Things, v. 89) speaks of "Primroses, which some -take to be Daisies."--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E216] "Rosemary," Lat. _rosmarinus_, sea-spray, from its usually -growing on the sea-coast and its odour, is recommended by Lyte for -fastening loose teeth. "Take of rewe a grete quantite, and sawge halfe -als mekille, and _rosemaryne_ the same quantitee."--MS. Linc. Med. f. -283. According to Andrew Boorde it is a remedy for "palses and for the -fallynge syckenes, and for the cowghe, and good agaynst colde." - -[E217] "Safron," Sp. _azafran_, from Arabic _al zahafaran_. On the -cultivation, etc., of Saffron in England, there is a long account in -Harrison's Description of England, book iii. cap. 24. See note E354. - -[E218] "Spinage." "Called in Arabic _Hispanach_; 'Arabicæ factionis -principes _Hispanach_, hoc est, Hispanicum olus nominant.'--Fuchs, -Hist. Stirp. p. 668. Dodoens (bk. v. 1. 5) tells us, '_Spinachiam_ -nostra ætas appellat, nonnulli _spinacheum_ olus. Ab Arabibus et -Serapione _Hispanac_ dicitur.' Brunfelsius (ed. 1531) says expressly -at p. 16, 'Quæ vulgo _spinachia_ hodie, Atriplex _Hispaniensis_ dicta -est quondam; eo quod ab Hispania primum allata est ad alias exteras -nationes.' Tragus also calls it _Olus Hispanicum_; Cotgrave, _Herbe -d'Espaigne_; and the modern Greeks σπαναχιον [Greek: spanachion]."--Dr. -R. A. Prior. - -[E219] Lyte, p. 642, says: "_Cyues_ or Rushe onions: this kinde of -Leekes is called in English Cyues, and of Turner in Latine, _Cepa -pallacana_, and in Greke Gethyun, which he Englisheth by al these -names, a Cyue, a Civet, a Chyue, or _Sweth_." - -[E220] "Tanzie," Fr. _athanasie_, contracted to _tanacée_ and -_tanaisie_. Lyte says, p. 18, that it was sold in the shops under the -name of _Athanasia_, the Greek word for immortality, and that it was so -called, "quod non cito flos inarexat." A cake used to be made in which -tansy was one of the ingredients, and which was called Tansay-Cake. The -following recipe for it is given in MS. Sloane 1986, f. 100: - -"Breke egges in bassyn, and swynge hem sone, -Do powder of peper therto anone, -Then grynde _tansay_, tho juse owte wrynge, -To blynde with tho egges, withowte lesynge. -In pan or skelet thou shalt hit frye, -In buttur well skymm et wyturly, -Or white grece thou may take therto, -Geder hit on acake, thenne hase thou do, -With platere of tre, and frye hit browne, -On brodeleches serve hit thou schalle, -With fraunche-mele* or other metis withalle." - -* A dish composed chiefly of eggs and sheeps' fat. - -In Halliwell's Dict. is also given a recipe for a dish called -_Tansie_. Cogan, in his Haven of Health, p. 65, says: "It is much vsed -among vs in England about Easter, with fried egs, not without good -cause, to purge away the fleame engendred of fish in Lent season, -whereof wormes are soone bred in them that be thereto disposed, though -the common people vnderstand not the cause, why _Tansies_ are more vsed -after Lent, than at any other time of the yeare." "To prevent being -Bug-bitten. Put a sprig or two of _Tansy_ at the bed head, or as near -the pillow as the smell may be agreeable."--T. Cosnett's Footman's -Directory, p. 292. "For to dystroy a Wrang Nayle, othewyse callyd a -Corne. Take wylde _tansey_, and grynde yt, and make yt neshe, and ley -it therto, and it wyl bryng yt owght."--Lambeth MS. 306, f. 65, quoted -in Political, Relig. and Love Poems (E. E. Text Soc. ed. Furnivall), p. -36. - -The wild tansey is not Tusser's plant.--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E221] "Blessed Thistle." "So worthily named for the singular vertues -that it hath.... It sharpneth the wit and memorie, strengthneth all the -principall parts of the bodie, quickneth all the senses, comforteth -the stomacke, procureth appetite, and hath a speciall vertue against -poyson, and preserueth from the Pestilence, and is excellent good -against any kinde of Feuer, being vsed in this manner: Take a dramme -of the powder, put it into a good draught of ale or wine, warme it and -drink it a quarter of an hour before the fit doth come, then goe to -bed, couer you well with clothes and procure sweate, which by the force -of the herbe will easily come foorth, and so continue vntill the fit be -past.... For which notable effects this herbe may worthily be called -_Benedictus_ or _Omnimorbia_, that is a salue for euery sore, not -knowen to Physitians of old time, but lately reuealed by the speciall -providence of Almighty God."--Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 545. - -[E222] "Purslane," in Turner's Herball _Purcellaine_, in the Grete -Herball _Porcelayne_, in Dodoens _Purcelayne_. "It is good against St. -Antonies fier, called _erysipelas_."--Lyte's Dodoens, p. 576. "Purslain -in Latin is called _Portulaca, a portula_ = a little gate, because they -fancied it to be like one."--Lemery's Treatise on Foods, 1704, p. 92. - -[E223] "Rampions," Fr. _raiponce_, "a word mistaken as in the case -of _cerise_ and _pease_, for a plural, and the _m_ inserted for -euphony."--Dr. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants. - -[E224] "Men say that who so taketh the seede of Rockat before he be -beaten or whipt, shalbe so hardened that he shall easily endure the -payne, according as Plinie writeth."--Lyte's Dodoens, p. 622. What a -pity Tusser did not know of this property of the Rocket! from his own -account he had plenty of opportunities of testing it at Eton. - -[E225] "Sage causeth wemen to be fertill, wherefore in times past the -people of Egypt, after a great mortalite and pestilence, constreyned -their wemen to drinke the iuyce therof, to cause them the sooner to -conceyue, and to bring foorth store of children."--Lyte's Dodoens, p. -252. - -[E226] "Sea holie." _Eryngium maritimum_, Linn. "The leaves are good -to be eaten in sallads."--Langham's Garden of Health. "The young and -tender shoots are eaten of divers either raw or pickled."--Parkinson, -Theatrum Botanicum, 1640, p. 988.--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E227] "Sampere is a weede growing neare the sea-side, and is very -plentifull about the Ile of Man, from whence it is brought to diuers -parts of England, preserved in Brine, and is no lesse wholesome than -Capers."--Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 64. The Eng. Samphire is a -corruption of the Fr. Herbe de _Saint Pierre_, from its growing on the -rocks on the sea-shore. The leaves are used in the form of a pickle as -an article of diet. - -[E228] "The _Ionians_ had so much Veneration for them that they swore -by _Cabbages_, and were therein as superstitious as the _Egyptians_, -who gave divine Honours to _Leeks_ and _Onions_, for the great Benefits -which they said they received from them."--Lemery's "Treatise on -Foods," 1704, p. 73. - -[E229] "Citrons," according to Lyte, p. 704, will cure "tremblynge -of the hart and pensiue heavinesse, wamblynges, vomitinges, and -lothsomnesse of the stomache." The citron was probably introduced into -Europe with the orange by the Arab conquerors of Spain, and first -received in England from that country. By a MS. in the Tower it appears -that in 1290, 18 Edw. I., a large Spanish ship came to Portsmouth, -and that from her cargo Queen Eleanor purchased Seville figs, dates, -pomegranates, 15 _Citrons_, and 7 _poma de orenge_.--Way in Prompt. -Parv. - -[E230] "The garden Basill is called in English _Basill Royall_ or -_Basill gentle_, and the smaller kinde is called _Bushse_ (sic) -_Basill_. The herbe brused with vineger and holden to the nose of -suche as are faynt and fallen into a sound bringeth them againe to -themselues, and the seede therof giuen to be smelled upon causeth the -sternutation or niesing."--Lyte's Dodoens, p. 241. "One thing I read in -Hollerius (Lib. i. cap. i.) of Basill, which is wonderfull. 'A certaine -Italian, by often smelling to Basill, had a scorpion bred in his -braine, and after vehement and long paines he died thereof.'"--Cogan's -Haven of Health, p. 50. See also 51. 34. - -[E231] "Costmary, L. _Costus amarus_, Fr. _coste amere_, misunderstood -as _Costus Mariæ_, an error that has very naturally arisen from this -plant having been dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, and called after -her, _Maudlin_, either in allusion to her box of scented ointment, or -to its use in the uterine affections over which she presided. In old -authors it occurs as _Herba sanctæ_ or _divæ Mariæ_."--Dr. R. Prior, -Popular Names of Brit. Plants. Called also Alecost from its having -formerly been esteemed an agreeable aromatic bitter, and much used for -flavouring ale: "If you list to make a pleasant drinke, and comfortable -to the stomache, put certaine handfuls of this herbe in the bottome of -a vesselle, and tunne up new Ale vpon it."--Cogan, Haven of Health, ch. -69. - -[E232] "Paggles," spelt also Paigle, Pagle, Pagel, Peagle, Pegyll and -Pygil, a name now confined to the Eastern Counties, and generally -assigned to the Cowslip, but by Ray and Moor to the _Ranunculus -bulbosus_. The derivation is uncertain. "Blake (yellow) as a -paigle."--Ray. In Suffolk the name is applied to the Crowfoot, the -_Cuckoo-flower_. - -[E233] "Our common germander or thistle benet is found and knowne to -bee so wholesome and of so great power in medicine, as anie other -hearbe, if they be vsed accordinglie."--Harrison, Descript. of Eng., -ed. Furnivall, pt. i. p. 326. "The iuyce of the leaues mengled with -oyle, and straked vpon the eyes, driueth away the white cloude, -called the Hawe or Pearle in the eye, and all manner dimness of the -same."--Lyte's Dodoens, p. 25. - -[E234] "That which is commonly called Sothernewood is the male kinde -of this herbe, and that which we doe call _Lauender-cotten_ is the -female, named in Latine _Cypressus_ or _Santolina_. The setting of -_Lauender-cotten_ within the house in floure pots must needes be very -wholesome, for it driveth away venemous wormes, both by strawing, and -by the sauour of it, and being drunke in wine it is a remedie against -poyson."--Cogan's Haven of Health, p. 56. - -[E235] "Mawdelin," spelt also _Maudlin, Mawdeleyn_ and _Maudeline_, -appears to have derived its name similarly to _Costmary_, q.v., and to -have been applied to the same uses. - -[E236] "Baies," Bays, from French _baie_, which is formed from -Lat. _bacca_ = a berry. In old writers _bay_ is used for a _berry_ -generally, as "the bayes of ivyne," but in time the term came to be -applied to the berries of the _sweet bay_, called by Virgil _lauri -baccas_, from their being an article of commerce; from the berry the -term was extended to the tree itself. - -[E237] "Bachelor's Buttons." So called, according to Johnson's Gerarde, -p. 472, "from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons anciently -worne in this kingdom," but according to others from "a habit of -country fellows to carry them in their pockets to divine their success -with their sweethearts." Called by Lyte (Dodoens, p. 421), _Goldcup_ -or _Gold knoppe_, and described as a double variety of the flower now -known so well as the Butterflower, or Buttercup, the Fr. _bouton d'or_. - -[E238] "Columbine," called Colourbine in Lincoln, _Aquilegia vulgaris_, -used for making stuffed chine. - -"There are many sorts of Colombines, as well differing in forme as -colour of the flowers, and of them both single and double carefully -noursed up in our gardens, for the delight both of their forme and -colours."--Parkinson, _Paradisus_, 1629, p. 271.--Note by Mr. J. -Britten, F.L.S. - -[E239] "Daffadowndilly, Daffodilly, Affodilly, and Daffodil, Lat. -_asphodelus_, from which was formed Affodilly, the name of it in all -the older writers, but subsequently confused with that of another -flower, the so-called _sapharoun_ or saffron _lily_: - -"'The thyrde _lylye_ ȝyt there ys, -That ys called felde lylye, y wys, -Hys levys be lyke to _sapharoun_, -Men know yt therby many one.' - --MS. Sloane, 1571. - -"With the taste for alliteration that is shown in popular names, the -_Sapharoun-lily_, upon blending with _affodilly_, became, by a sort -of mutual compromise, _daffadowndilly_, whence our _daffodilly_ and -_daffodil_."--Dr. R. A. Prior, Popular Names of British Plants. "Strew -me the ground with daffadowndillies."--Spenser, Shep. Cal. 140. - -[E240] "Eglantine," a word of doubtful origin. Chaucer writes it -_eglatere_ and _eglentere_. Fr. _aiglantier_, Prov. _aiglentina_ = wild -rose. Diez derives it from Lat. _aculeus_ = a prickle, through the adj. -_aculentus_. - -[E241] Feverfew (_Pyrethrum parthenium_), a genus of Composite -plants, common in our gardens, and deriving its name from having long -been employed as a popular remedy in ague and other fevers, and as an -emmenagogue. It appears to possess stimulant and tonic properties. It -is a perennial plant, and may attain a height of one or two feet. Its -leaves are flat and broad, its flowers small. It is nearly allied to -Camomile. The variety grown in gardens is well known under the name of -"golden feather." - -[E242] "Flower armor," evidently the _Floramor_, Fr. _fleur d'amour_, -from a misconception of its Latin name _Amaranthus_, as though a -compound of _Amor_, love, and _anthus_, a flower. - -[E243] "Flower de luce," the _flos deliciarum_ of the Middle Ages. -Ducange, quoting from the history of the Harcourts, says:--"Thomas, -Dux Exoniæ habet comitatum de Harcourt ... per homagium ac reddendum -_florem deliciarum_ apud Castrum de Rouen," etc. (A.D. 1423). -Another derivation is as follows:--"Louis VII. dit le Jeune, prit le -premier des _fleurs de lis_, par allusion à son nom de Loys (comme -on l'écrivait alors). On a dit dans ce temps-là _Fleur de Loys_, -puis _Fleur de Louis_, enfin, _Fleur de Lis_." (Grandmaison, Dict. -Heraldique.) The flower that he chose seems to have been a _white_ one, -for Chaucer says: - -"His nekke was white as is the flour de lis." - -In E. K.'s Glossary to Spenser's Shep. Cal. April, we read "_Flower -delice_, that which they use to misterme _Flowre deluce_ being in the -Latine called _Flos delitiarum_." - -[E244] According to Lyte the Flower Gentle is identical with the -Floramor (see above). Various species of _Amaranthus_, including the -Flower amor (43. 10), and what we now call _Celosia cristata_, or -Cockscomb, were included under this name. Parkinson (Paradisus, p. 370) -says: "We have foure or five sorts of Flower-gentle to trimme up this -our Garden withall."--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E245] "Gilliflower, formerly spelt _gyllofer_ and _gilofre_ with the -_o_ long, from Fr. _giroflée_, ltal. _garofalo_, in Douglas's Virgil -_jereflouris_, words formed from M. Lat. _garoffolum, gariofilum_, or, -as in Albert Magn. (lib. vi. cap. 22), _gariofilus_, corrupted from -Lat. _caryophyllum_ = a clove, and referring to the spicy odour of the -flower, which seems to have been used in flavouring wines to replace -the more costly clove of India. The name was originally given in India -to plants of the Pink tribe, especially the carnation, but has in -England been transferred of late years to several Cruciferous plants. -That of Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakspere was, as in Italy, _Dianthus -caryophyllus_, Linn., that of later writers and gardeners _Matthiola_ -and _Cheiranthus_, Linn. Much of the confusion in the names of plants -has arisen from the vague use of the French terms _Giroflée, Oeillet_, -and _Violette_, which were, all three of them, applied to flowers of -the Pink tribe, but subsequently extended, and finally restricted in -English to very different plants. _Giroflée_ has become _Gilliflower_, -and passed over to the _Cruciferæ, Oeillet_ has been restricted to -the _Sweet Williams_, and _Violette_ has been appropriated to one -of the numerous claimants of its name, the genus to which the pansy -belongs."--Dr. R. A. Prior. - -[E246] "Holiokes," in Huloet's Dict. Holy Hoke. Wedgwood (Etym. Dict.) -derives it from A.S. _hoc_, Welsh _hocys_ = a mallow, and says that it -obtained the title of _Holy_ from its being brought from the Holy Land, -where it is indigenous. - -[E247] "Indian Eie." This was probably a _Dianthus_ of some kind -(French _œillet_), the same perhaps which is now grown in our gardens -as Indian or Chinese Pink. - -[E248] _Laus tibi_, "a narcissus with white flowers. It groweth -plenteously in my Lorde's garden in Syon and it is called of divers -White Laus tibi."--Turner's Herball, pt. ii. b. 2. "It is very -difficult to ascertain what plant was meant by this name, which is -also mentioned by Turner in his 'Names of Herbes' (1548), and in his -'Libellus' (1538), where there is a long disquisition concerning it. It -may be _Narcissus poeticus_, L., as Mr. B. D. Jackson supposes in his -reprint of the 'Libellus' or possibly _N. biflorus_, L."--Note by Mr. -J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E249] "Lillium cum vallium," the "Lily of the Valley," in Lyte -_Lyllie Conuall_, and also termed _May Blossoms, May Lyllies_, and -_Lyryconfancy_. - -[E250] "Nigella Romana." The _Nigella Damascena_, Linn., a favourite -old-fashioned garden annual, still to be met with in gardens under the -names of "Love-in-a-mist," or "Devil-in-a-bush." - -[E251] "Pansy," or Paunce, Fr. _pensée_, thought. According to Dr. -Johnson the name is derived from Lat. _panacea_, but there is no -evidence of the plant ever having been so called, or having been -regarded as a panacea. It has received more popular names perhaps -than any other plant, both in our own and in foreign languages. The -following are some of the quaint titles given to it: "Cull me to you," -or "Cuddle me to you," "Love and Idle," "Live in Idleness," "Love in -Idleness" (originally "Love in idle," _i.e._ in vain); "Love in idle -Pances," "Tittle my fancy," "Kiss me, ere I rise," "Jump up and kiss -me," "Kiss me at the garden gate," "Pink of my John," "Herb Trinity," -and "Three faces under one hood," from the three colours combined in -one flower. It was also called "Hearts-ease," and "Flame flower" (M. -Lat. _Viola flammea_). - -_Heartsease_, a term meaning "_a cordial_," as in Sir W. Scott's -Antiquary, ch. xi., "Buy a dram to be eilding and claise, and a supper -and _hearts-ease_ into the bargain," given to certain plants supposed -to be cardiac: at present [applied] to the _pansy_ alone, but by Lyte, -Bulleyn, and W. Turner, to the _Wallflower_ equally.--Dr. R. A. Prior's -Popular Names of British Plants, which see for an account of the origin -of the name. - -[E252] "Sops-in-Wine," the Clove Gilliflower, _Dianthus caryophyllus_, -L., so called from the flowers being used to flavour wine or ale. Cf. -Chaucer's Rime of Sir Thopas, B. 1950: - -"Ther springen herbes grete and smale, -The lycorys and cetewale, -And many a clowe gilofre, -And notemuge to putte in ale, -Whether it be moyste or stale." - -"Bring Coronations and _Sops in wine_ worne of Paramoures." - ---Spenser, Shep. Cal. April. - -"Garlands of Roses and _Sopps in Wine_."--Ibid. May. E. K., in his -Glossary, says: "_Sops in Wine_, a flowre in colour much like a -_coronation_ (carnation), but differing in smel and quantitye." - -[E253] "Sweete Williams,"from Fr. _œillet_, Lat. _ocellus_, a -little eye, corrupted to _Willy_, and thence to _William_, "in -reference, perhaps, to a popular ballad, 'Fair Margaret and Sweet -William,' [printed in Ritson's Early Songs and Ballads, ed. Hazlitt, -1877] a name assigned by W. Bulleyn (f. 48) to the Wallflower, but by -later herbalists and modern gardeners, as here, to a species of pink, -_Dianthus barbatus_, Linn. According to an article in the Quarterly -Review (No. 227), it formerly bore the name of 'Sweet Saint William'; -but the writer gives no reference, and probably had no authority for -saying so."--Dr. R. A. Prior, pp. 228 and 250. - -[E254] "Sweete Johns." Apparently a variety of Sweet William. See -Parkinson's "Paradisus," pp. 319, 321, for descriptions and figures: -"The chiefe differences betweene them are, that [Sweet Williams] have -broader, and darker greene leaues, somewhat brownish, especially -towards the points, and that the flowers stand thicker and closer, -and more in number together, in the head or tuft."--Note by Mr. J. -Britten,, F.L.S. - -[E255] "Star of Jerusalem." This is usually _Tragopogon pratensis_, -L., as in Gerard, p. 736, but some other plant is likely to be meant -here.--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E256] "Tuft gilleflowers." Probably some low-growing _Dianthus_, -such as that figured as "Matted Pinkes" by Parkinson (Paradisus, p. -315).--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E257] "Veluet flowers," according to Dr. Prior, the -"love-lies-bleeding," _Amaranthus caudatus_, Linn., from its crimson -velvety tassels; according to Lyte, the same as the Flower Gentle, or -Floramor, Fr. _passevelours, A. tricolor_, Linn. - -[E258] "Eyebright." "Divers Authours write that goldfinches, linnets, -and some other Birds make use of this Herb for the repairing of their -own and their young ones sight."--Coles, "Adam in Eden," 1657, p. 46. -It is the "Euphrasy" of Milton, P. L. xi. 414. A similar story is told -of the Hawk-weed. See Pliny (lib. xx. c. 7). - -[E259] "Fumetorie," Fr. _fume terre_, Lat. _fumus terræ_, earth-smoke, -it being believed to be produced without seed from vapours arising -from the earth, as stated by Platearius: "Dicitur _fumus terræ_, quod -generatur a quadam fumositate grossâ, a terrâ resolutâ, et circa -superficiem terræ adherente." Pliny (lib. xxv. c. 13) says that it -takes its name from causing the eyes to water when applied to them, as -smoke does; - - "Take youre laxatives -Of lauriol, centaure, and _fumytere_." - --Chaucer, Nonnes Prestes Tale, 143. - -See Burton's Anat. of Melancholy, pp. 432-3 and 438, ed. 1845. - -[E260] "Woodrofe," spelt according to an old distich thus: - -"Double U, double O, double D, E, -R, O, double U, double F, E." - -It derives its name originally from the Fr. _roue_ = a wheel, dimin. -_rouelle_, the leaves being set on the stems so as to resemble the -large _rowels_ of ancient spurs. - -[E261] "Archangel." This is _Archangelica officinalis_, the stalks of -which "were formerly blanched and eaten as Celeri.... The gardeners -near London, who have ditches of water running through their gardens, -propagate great quantities of this plant, for which they have a -great demand from the confectioners, who make a sweetmeat with the -tender stalks of it cut in May."--Martyn's ed. of Miller's Gardener's -Dictionary. It is still sometimes grown in gardens for use in the -above-mentioned manner. According to Cogan (Haven of Health, p. 71), it -will cure the bite of a mad dog. - -[E262] According to Cogan "Cummin" was extensively used for washing -the face, it having the effect, if not used too often, of making the -complexion clear; if used to excess, it caused paleness. He continues, -"In Matthiolus (lib. 3, cap. 60) I reade a practise to be wrought with -_Cummine_ seedes, and (as I thinke) hath been vsed in time past of -Monkes and Friers. They that counterfait holinesse and leannesse of -bodie, doe often vse Cummine seedes in their meates, and be perfumed -therewith."--Haven of Health, p. 47. - -[E263] "Detanie." Dittany (_Origanum onites_, Linn.) was commonly -cultivated in gardens at this period. Gerard, p. 795, says it is "a hot -and sharpe hearbe," and speaks of it as biting the tongue. - -[E264] Gromell, Grummel, or Gray myle, as Turner says it should be -written, from _granum solis_ and _milium solis_ together. "That is al -one," says the Grete Herbal, "_granum solis_ and _milium solis_." The -common _gromwell_ or gray millet, _Lithospermum officinale_, Linn., -was formerly esteemed as a remedy for the stone and other diseases. -In a treatise on the virtues of plants, written in the 15th century, -Roy. MS. 18 A. vi. f. 766, the following description is given: "_Granum -solis_ ys an herbe þat me clepyþ _gromel_, or lyþewale: thys herbe haþ -leuys þat be euelong, and a lytyl white flour, and he haþ whyte seede -ischape as a ston that me clepyþ margery perl." Cotgrave gives "Gremil, -grenil, the hearb _gromill, grummell_, or _graymill_, peare-plant, -lichewall." The word is derived by Skinner "_a granis sc. lapideis, quæ -pro seminibus habet, q.d. granile._"--Way, in Prompt. Parv. "Grumelle, -_milium, gramen solis_."--Catholicon Anglicum. - -[E265] "Louage," spelt in Prompt. Parv. and in Holland's Trans. of -Pliny, _love-ache_, as though it were love-parsley. French _levesche_, -A.S. _lufestice, Levisticum officinale_, Koch. - -[E266] "Mandrake." Matthioli (lib. iv. c. 61) tells us that Italian -ladies in his own time had been known to pay as much as 25 and 30 -ducats for one of the artificial mandrakes (common white bryony) of -itinerant quacks, and describes the process of their manufacture. -They were supposed to remove sterility; hence Rachel's anxiety to -obtain them (Genesis xxx. 14). There were numerous other superstitions -regarding this plant; amongst others it was said to shriek when torn -up. See Gerard's Herbal, 1597, p. 280, and Peacock's Glossary of -Manley, etc., E. D. Soc. Lupton (Book of Notable Things, iii. 39) gives -instructions for the manufacture of Mandrakes from bryony roots. The -true Mandrake is _Atropa Mandragora_, Linn. - -[E267] Mogwort. "Mugwort, a name that corresponds in meaning with its -synonym _wyrmwyrt_, wormwood, from O.E. _mough, moghe_, or _moughte_, a -maggot or moth. - -'And wormes and _moghes_ on þe same manere -Sal þat day be in wittenes broght;' - --Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, l. 5572; - -and Wycliffe (Matt. vi. 20): - -'Where neþer ruste ne _moughte_ destruyeþ.' - -The name was given to this plant from its having been recommended by -Dioscorides to ward off the attacks of these insects. 'Mogwort, al on -as seyn some, modirwort: lewed folk þat in manye wordes conne no rygt -sownynge, but ofte shortyn wordys, and changyn lettrys and silablys, -þey corruptyn þe _o_ into _u_, and _d_ into _g_, and syncopyn _i_, -smytyn awey _i_ and _r_, and seyn mugwort.'--MS. Arundel, 42, f. 35. It -is unnecessary to have recourse to this singular process. The plant was -known both as a _moth-wort_ and as a _mother-wort_, but while it was -used almost exclusively as a _mother-wort_, it still retained, at the -same time, the name of _mugwort_, a synonym of _moth-wort_. In Ælfric's -glossary it is called _matrum herba_--Dr. R. A. Prior. See Brand's Pop. -Antiq. for an account of the superstitious custom of seeking under the -root of this plant on Midsummer-eve for a coal, to serve as a talisman -against many disasters. - -[E268] "Rew." Shakspere, Hamlet, iv. 5. 181: "There's rue for you; and -here's some for me: we may call it herb-grace o' Sundays." And Winter's -Tale, iv. 4. 74: - -"For you there's rosemary and rue; these keep -Seeming and savour all the winter long: -Grace and remembrance be to you both." - -Some suppose it to have been called "herb of grace" on account of the -many excellent properties it was held to possess, being a specific -against poison, the bites of venomous creatures, etc.; but probably it -was so called because "rue" means "repent." Cf. also Richard II. Act -iii. sc. 4. 105: - - "Here in this place -I'll set a bank of _rue_, sour herb of grace." - -[E269] "Bots." "Pease an beanes are as danke here as a dog, and this is -the next way to give poor jades the _bottes_."--Shakspere King Henry -IV. Act ii. sc. 1. "Begnawne with _bots_."--Taming of Shrew, Act iii. -sc. 2. - -"Sauin." "It is often put into horses' drenches, to helpe to cure them -of the bots, and other diseases."--Parkinson, Paradisus, p. 607. - -[E270] "Stitchwort," spelt _Stich-wurt_ in Mayer and Wright, Nat. -Antiquities, 1857, and given from a thirteenth century MS. as the -translation of "Valeriane." Supposed to possess the power of curing -a pain or _stitch_ in the sides.--See Gerard's Herbal, 1597, p. 43. -_Stellaria Holostea_, Linn. - -[E271] "Woodbine," not a _bine_ that _grows in woods_, but a creeper -that binds or entwines trees, the honeysuckle. A.S. _wudu-winde_ and -_wudu-bind_, from _wudu_ = a tree, and _windan, bindan_ = to entwine. -In Shakspere (Mids. Night Dr. Act iv. sc. 1) it seems to mean the -bittersweet: - -"So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle -Gently entwist." - -[E272] "Gregorie." "This day (12th March) seems to have been much used -as a date for agricultural observances: cf. 37. 3. In connexion with -this it is worth while to note the Suabian saying, 'Säe Erbsen Gregori' -(sow cabbage on St. Gregory's Day). See Swainson's Weather Folklore, p. -168."--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E273] "Mastiues and Mungrels." Although the influence of a very -patriotic sumptuary tax has diminished the number of dogs, we have -still 'thousands too manie.' [This may with truth be said even still.] -However, as Lent now makes little difference in the mode of living, -which it certainly did in the earlier period of the Reformation, our -dogs are not driven by our meagre fare to prey on the lambs; and -therefore need not be particularly watched on this account.--M. Mastif -is derived from O. Fr. _mestif_ = a mongrel (Cotgrave). In the Craven -dialect a great dog is still called a _masty_. See note E35. - -[E274] By "hooke or by crooke" occurs in Spenser, Faery Queene, Bk. v. -Canto 2, stanza 27; also in Heywood's Works, 1562, reprint 1867, p. 35. - -[E275] No trees appear preferable to willows for fencing hop grounds; -and none are said to be worse than elms, as they attract mildews.--M. - -[E276] "What better to skilfull," etc., that is, what can be more -profitable to the experienced farmer than to know when to be bold, that -is, to venture the early sowing of barley? - -[E277] The Mayweed (_Anthemis cotula_) is common in corn-fields and -hedgerows. "May-weed or stinking camomile."--T.R. "Resembling cammomil -but of a stinking savour and odious to bees." Coles' Dict. 1676. - -[E278] Cockle or _Cokyl_ was used by Wycliffe and other old writers in -the sense of a weed generally, but in later works has been confined to -the _gith_ or _corn-pink_. - -[E279] Our author's meaning is, sow barley, oats and pease above -furrows and harrow them in; while rye is best ploughed in with a -shallow furrow. - -[E280] "Without cost," that is, on which no expense has been incurred. - -[E281] Watering is necessary in dry seasons for what is fresh _set_ or -planted, but not for what is newly sown. - -[E282] It is to be lamented, both on account of the health and the -finances of the poor, that they are so much attached, either to solid -food, or to watery infusions of tea. Herbs, pulse and roots might often -supersede more expensive articles of diet. Spoonmeat, in this part of -the island at least, is in no high request at this period, though it -appears to have been indispensable formerly.--M. - -[E283] "There remaineth yet a third kinde of meats, which is neither -fish nor flesh, commonly called _white meats_, as egges, milk, butter, -cheese, which notwithstanding proceede and come of flesh, as egges from -the henne, and milk from the cowe. Yet because they are not plainely -flesh, they are permitted to be eaten upon the fish daies."--Cogan's -Haven of Health, ed. 1612, p. 149. - -"But how soeuer this case standeth, _white meats_, as milke, butter -and cheese, which were neuer so deere as in my time, and woont to be -accounted of as one of the chiefe staies throughout the Iland, are now -reputed as foods appertinent onelie to the inferiour sort, whilest such -as are more wealthie, doo feed vpon the flesh of all kinds of cattell -accustomed to be eaten, all sorts of fish taken vpon our coasts and in -our fresh rivers, and such diuersitie of wild and tame foules as are -either bred in our Iland or brought ouer vnto vs from other countries -of the maine."--Harrison, Descript. of England, ed. Furnivall, Part -I. p. 144. _White meats_ in Lincoln now mean the flesh of lamb, veal, -rabbits, chickens, pheasants, etc. - -[E284] "Count best the best cheape": "For it doth the buyer more credit -and service."--Ray. We still say "Cheap and nasty;" and in the Towneley -Mysteries, p. 102, there is the same sentiment: - -"Men say lyght chepe -letherly for yeeldys," - -equivalent to our English proverb: "Light cheap, litter yield." - -[E285] It is always advisable to pay carpenters their fair wages, -without any allowance of chips, which is a great temptation for them -to waste timber.--M. In hewing timber, if the workman hews square, the -seller of the timber loses all the gain of the _Wane edges_, which gain -in short is a cheat, although a very customary one.--T.R. - -[E286] "Within these fortie yeeres we shall haue little great timber -growing aboue fortie yeeres old; for it is commonlie seene that those -yong _staddles_ which we leaue standing at one and twentie yeeres -fall, are vsuallie at the next sale cut downe without any danger of -the statute, and serue for fire bote, if it please the owner to burne -them."--Harrison, Part I. p. 345. "There is a Statute made, 35 Henry -the 8, and the 1 Eliz. for the presentation of timber trees, Oake, -Ash, Elme, Aspe, and Beech: and that 12 storers and _standils_ should -bee left standing at euery fall, vpon an acre."--Norden's Surveyor's -Dialogue, 1607, p. 213. On the decrease in woods, etc., in England, -see Harrison's Description of England (New Shakspere Soc. edit. F. J. -Furnivall, Part I. p. 344) and Norden's Surveyor's Dialogue, 1607, p. -214, in the latter of which one cause is stated to be the large number -of hammers and furnaces for the manufacture of iron, and the quantity -of charcoal used in the glass-houses; there being, as he says: "now -or lately in Sussex, neere 140 hammers and furnaces for iron, and in -it, and Surry adjoyning 3,400 glasse houses: the hammers and furnaces -spend, each of them, in every 24 houres 2, 3 or foure loades of -charrcoale."--p. 215. "There is a Law in Spaine, that he that cuts down -_one Tree_, shall plant _three_ for it."--A Treatise of Fruit Trees, R. -A. Austin, Oxford, 1657, p. 128. - -[E287] "Leaue oxen abrode," etc. The Author of Tusser Redivivus is -supported in his reading of this line by the edition of 1597, which has -"leaue _not_ oxe abrode." The sense, however, may possibly be, "keep -oxen at a distance, for fear of injuring the young shoots." "_Springe_ -or ympe that commeth out of the rote."--Huloet's Abcedarium, 1552. -"Keep from biting, treading underfoot, or damage of beasts ... whereby -mischief may be done to the _Springs_, during the time limited by the -statute for such kind of wood."--Brumby Lease, 1716, in Peacock's -Glossary, E. Dial. Soc. - -[E288] "Meet with a bootie," etc., that is, as we say, find something -which was never lost. - -[E289] Wanteth = is without, does not keep. - -[E290] "Waine her to mee." Perhaps = waggon, that is, "drive, carry her -to me," but it is a forced expression. - -[E291] "Such maister such man." Another form of the proverb is, "Trim, -Tram; like master, like man." "Tel maître, tel valet" (Fr.). - -[E292] Compare with Tusser's description of the faults to be avoided in -the making of cheese the following extracts on the same subject: - -"Now what cheese is well made or otherwise may partly be perceiued by -this old Latine verse: - -Non nix, non Argos, Methusalem, Magdaleneve, -Esaus, non Lazarus, caseus ille bonus. - -That is to say, Cheese should not be white as Snowe is, nor full of -eyes as Argos was, nor old as Methusalem was, nor full of whey or -weeping as Marie Magdalen was, nor rough as Esau was, nor full of spots -as Lazarus. Master Tusser in his Booke of husbandrie addeth other -properties also of Cheese well made, which who so listeth may read. -Of this sort for the most part is that which is made about Banbury -in Oxfordshire: for of all cheese (in my judgement) it is the best, -though some preferre Cheshire Cheese made about Nantwich: and other -also commend the Cheese of other countries: But Banbury Cheese shall -goe for my money: for therein (if it be of the best sort) you shall -neither tast the renet nor salt, which be two speciall properties of -good Cheese. Now who so is desirous to eate Cheese, must eate it after -other meat, and in little quantitie. A pennyweight, according to the -old saying, is enough."--Cogan's Haven of Health, ed. 1612, pp. 158-9. - -Andrew Boorde, in his Dyetary already referred to, p. 266, mentions 5 -kinds of cheese, namely: "grene chese, softe chese, harde chese and -spermyse. Besyde these iiij natures of chese, there is a chese called -a rewene chese, the whiche, yf it be well orderyd, doth passe all -other cheses, none excesse taken." ... "Chese that is good oughte not -be to harde nor to softe, but betwyxt both; it shuld not be towgh nor -brultell; it ought not to be swete, nor tarte, nor to salt, nor to -fresshe; it must be of good savour and taledge, nor full of iyes, nor -mytes, nor magottes." - - "Yf a chees is drie, -Hit is a vyce, and so is many an eye -Yf it see with, that cometh yf sounyng brendde, -Or moche of salt, or lite of presse, it shende." - ---Palladius on Husbondrie, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Lodge, p. 154. - -With these extracts showing the essentials of good cheese, compare -the following description of Suffolk Cheese, locally termed _Bang and -Thump_, and made of milk several times skimmed: - -"Unrivall'd stands thy county cheese, O Giles! -Whose very name alone engenders smiles; -Whose fame abroad by every tongue is spoke, -The well-known butt of many a flinty joke, -Its name derision and reproach pursue, -And strangers tell of 'three times skimm'd skye blue.'" - --Blomfield. - -Its toughness has given rise to a number of local illustrations. In one -the cheese exclaims: - -"Those that made me were uncivil, -For they made me harder than the devil; -Knives won't cut me; fire won't sweat me; -Dogs bark at me, but can't eat me." - -"Hunger will break through stone walls, or anything except Suffolk -cheese," is a proverb from Ray. Mowbray says "it is only fit to be cut -up for gate latches, a use to which it is often applied." Other writers -represent it as most suitable for making wheels for wheelbarrows. - -[E293] "Argusses eies." The mythical Argus, surnamed Panoptes (the -All-seer), had a hundred eyes; he was placed by Juno to guard Io, and -at his death his eyes were transplanted to the peacock's tail. - -[E294] To fleet or skim the cream is a verb still in use in -East Anglia, and the utensil used for the purpose is termed a -_fleeting-dish_. "I flete mylke, take away the creame that lyeth above -it whan it hath rested."--Palsgr. "_Esburrer_, to fleet the creame -potte; _laict esburré_, fleeted milk; _maigne_, fleeted milke or -whaye."--Hollyband's Treasurie. "Ye _floted_ too nie" = you skimmed off -too much of the cream. - -[E295] If cheeses are full of eyes, it is a proof that the curd was not -properly worked. - -[E296] Hoven cheese is occasioned by negligence in breaking the curd; -and therefore Cisley deserves to be driven to _creeks_, or holes and -corners, for her idleness and inattention.--M. - -[E297] Tough or leathery cheese may arise from its being set too hot, -or not worked up, and the curd broken in proper time.--M. - -[E298] Various causes may bring on corruption in cheese, such as the -use of beastings, or milk immediately after calving, moisture, bruises -and such like. - -[E299] Hairs in cheese can only arise from inexcusable carelessness, or -from Cisley's combing and decking her hair in the dairy. - -[E300] Magget the py = the magpie, a pun on the word magget, in its two -meanings of 1. a maggot, 2. a magpie, commonly called in Prov. Eng. -_magot-pie, maggoty-pie_, from _mag, maggot = Meg, Maggie = Margery, -Margaret_, and _pie_; Fr. _margot_, old dimin. of _Marguerite_, -and common name of the magpie. The line, therefore, reads, "If -maggots be crawling in the cheese, fetch magget the py." "_Pie_, -meggatapie."--Cotgrave. Cf. Shakspere, Macbeth, Act iii. sc. 4, 125. - -[E301] "Cisley, in running after the Bishop in passing, as was the -practice in former times, in order to obtain his blessing, might -accidentally leave her milk on the fire; and on her return, finding -it burnt to the pan, might probably curse the prelate for her mishap, -which conduct deserved correction, or a left-handed blessing from her -mistress." So Dr. Mavor. Mr. Skeat remarks in reference to it: "That -stupid story makes me cross; it is such an evident invention, and no -soul has ever adduced the faintest proof of any such practice. The -allusion is far less circuitous, viz. to the bishops who burnt people -for heresy. That they did so is too notorious." The following extract -appears strongly to bear out Mr. Skeat's view: "When a thynge speadeth -not well we borowe speach and say '_the byshope hath blessed it_,' -because that nothynge speadeth well that they medyll withall. If the -podech be burned to, or the meate over rosted, we say '_the byshope has -put his fote in the potte_,' or '_the byshope hath played the coke_,' -because the byshopes burn who they lust, and whosoever displeaseth -them."--Quotation from Tyndale's Obedyence of a Chrystene Man, 1528, p. -166, in Brockett, North Country Glossary, 1825, page 16. If we consider -that these verses were written while the memory of the numbers who had -suffered death at the stake for their religion was still fresh in the -minds of the people, Mr. Skeat's view, borne out, as it is, by the -foregoing extract, certainly appears the more reasonable and probable. - -[E302] "Here reede": we may take this as meaning either "here read," -or, adopting the older meaning of the word _reede_ (A.S. _ræd_ = -advice, warning), as "hear my advice or warning." - -[E303] "Take nothing to halues," that is, do nothing by halves. - -[E304] "Tell fagot and billet," etc.; count your faggots and fire-wood, -to prevent the boys and girls from pilfering it, so that when you come -to fetch it you find "a quarter be gone." So also in the next stanza, -watch the coal men filling the sacks, lest you should get short weight; -and, when the coals are delivered, see the sacks opened, for fear the -coal dealer and the carman should be 'two in a pack,' or 'harp on one -string,' and between them you be defrauded. - -[E305] "Philip and Jacob," that is, St. Philip and St. James' Day, May -1st. "When flocks were more uniform as to breed and management, lambs -used to be separated from their dams on this day, for the purpose of -tithing as well as milking."--M. "Requiem æternam," a portion of the -Roman Catholic Service for the dead, hence "least _requiem æternam_ in -winter they sing" = lest they die in the winter from not having been -allowed to become sufficiently strong before being taken from their -dams, and thus being incapable of enduring the severity of the weather. - -[E306] "Barberlie handled," that is, "_secundum artem_, as a barber -surgeon would do, by first cutting away extraneous substances, and -then rubbing the part with dust."--M. Tusser Redivivus calls the -lumps of dirt and worms which gather on the wool under a sheep's tail -"_treddles_." - -[E307] During the summer season, hollow and decayed pollards in -particular, or woodsere, cannot be lopped without danger. Ivy, however, -is to be removed; or it will, by the closeness of its embraces, prevent -trees from _addling_, that is, growing or increasing in size.--M. - -[E308] The Thrasher serves the Cattle with fresh Straw, the Hogs with -Risk (offal, corn and weeds, and short knotty straw).--T.R. (May). - -[E309] "A weede hooke, a crotch, and a gloue." Fitzherbert (Boke of -Husbandry, 1586) enumerates, as "ye chyef instrumentes for weeding, -a paier of tonges made of wood and in the farther end it is nicked -to hold ye wede faster ... yf it be drye wether then must ye have a -_wedying hoke_ with a socket set upon a lytle staffe a yard longe. And -this hoke wolde be wel steled and grounde sharpe bothe behynde and -before. And in his other hande he hath a _forked stycke_ a yarde long." -The whole account of weeding in the "Boke" is very quaint. In former -days thistles were gathered from the corn for the feeding of cattle, -and the left hand of the reaper was guarded with a leathern glove: -there is an entry among the expenses of the Priory of Holy Island for -1344-5 of "gloves for 14 servants when they gathered the tythe corn, -2_s._ 8_d._" See Johnston's "Botany of the Eastern Borders."--Note by -Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E310] "The May weed doth burn" (_Anthemis cotula_, L.). The juice of -this plant is possessed of an acrid blistering property which renders -it extremely noxious to reapers. The irritating effects are produced in -a still greater degree by the seed when ripe, and are mostly manifested -in the lower extremities, from the close adhesion of the seeds by -their rough surface, aided by the friction of the shoe, causing first -abrasion, then active inflammation, and even ulceration. Dr. Bromfield -(Flora Vectensis) says: "I have been repeatedly assured by the -peasantry that they have known men incapacitated for work, and laid up, -from the injurious operation of this noxious weed, for days together in -harvest time." - -[E311] "The thistle doth fret." Fitzherbert (Boke of Husbandry) says: -"The thystell is an yll wede rough and sharpe to handle, and _freateth -away the cornes_ nyghe it." - -[E312] "The fitches pul downward." The hairy tare, _Vicia hirsuta_, L. -Fitch = vetch. - -[E313] "The cockle," _Lychnis Githago_, L. "_Cockole_ hath a large smal -[_sic_] leafe and wyll beare v or vi floures purple colloure as brode -as a grote, and the sede is rounde and blacke."--Fitzherbert, Boke of -Husbandry. - -[E314] "Boddle." The corn marigold, _Chrysanthemum segetum_, L., more -usually called boodle or buddle in the East of England; in Kent, yellow -bottle; in Scotland, gools, gules, or goolds, in allusion to the colour -of the flower. This is a very noxious weed, the non-extirpation of -which in Scotland was formerly a punishable offence: certain persons -(hence called "gool-riders") were appointed to ride through the fields -on a certain day, and impose a fine of three shillings and fourpence, -or a wether sheep, for every stalk of the plant found growing in the -corn. The custom is of great antiquity, and exists in a modified form -at the present day, the fine being reduced to a penny. Linnæus states -that a similar law exists in Denmark.--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E315] Buckwheat, Dutch _boekweit_, Ger. _buckwaitzen_, from the -resemblance of its triangular seeds to beech-nuts, a name adopted with -its culture from the Dutch.--It is a tender plant, and must be sown -late.--M. It is also very proper to sow it (bucke) before wheat, the -ground is made clean and fine by it, and it sufficing itself with a -Froth leaves the solid Strength for the Wheat.--T.R. (May). _Polygonum -Fagopyrum_, Linn. - -[E316] "Brank" = buckwheat, from a Latin word, _brance_, that occurs -in Pliny lib. xviii. cap. 7, where it seems rather to mean a barley. -"Galliæ quoque suum genus farris dedere, quod illic _brance_ vocant, -apud nos sandalam, nitidissimi grani." The word will be identical -with _blanc_, white, Port. _branco_, and equivalent to _wheat_, which -properly means "white."--Popular Names of British Plants, Dr. R. A. -Prior, 1870, p. 28. Pancakes are made of it in Holland.--T.R. - -[E317] Pidgeons, Rooks, and other Vermine, about that time begin to be -scanted, and will certainly find them [peas] out, be they in never so -by a Corner.--T.R. (May). - -[E318] Fimble, or Female Hemp, so called, I suppose, because it falls -to the Female's share to _tew-taw_ it, that is, to dress it and to spin -it, etc. The Fimble Hemp is that which is ripe soonest and fittest for -spinning, and is not worth above half as much as the _Carle_ with its -seed.--T.R. "The male is called _Charle Hempe_, and _Winter Hempe_; -the Female _Barren Hempe_ and _Sommer Hempe_."--Gerard's Herball, p. -572. "Hemp was much cultivated here until the end of the great war with -France. The _Carl_ or male hemp was used for ropes, sackcloth, and -other coarse manufactures: the _fimble_, or female hemp, was applied -to making sheets and other domestic purposes."--Peacock's Gloss. of -Manley, etc., E. D. Soc. - -It is curious that the Karl or male hemp should be in reality the -female plant, but other authors use the names in the same way. "The -femell hempe ... beareth no sede."--Fitzherbert, "Boke of Husbandry." -See also 55. 8. Gerard says the female hemp is "barren and without -seede, contrarie to the nature of that sexe."--Note by Mr. J. Britten, -F.L.S. - -[E319] The fact of the Hop being one of the plants which twine from -left to right had thus been observed as early as Tusser's time.--Note -by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E320] The tine tare ["a tare that _tines_ or encloses and imprisons -other plants, _Vicia hirsuta_."--Prior] is now seldom attempted to be -raked out, for fear of greater mischief from the practice than from its -neglect. The safest way is certainly to cut the tine near the root, but -the operation is extremely tedious.--M. - -[E321] "The Fawy riseth in Fawy moore in a verie _quaue mire_, on the -side of an hill."--Harrison, ed. 1587, Bk. i. c. 12. - -Cf. "The wal wagged and clef, and al the worlde _quaved_." - --Piers Plowman, ed. Skeat, B Text, Passus xviii. 61. - -"Quave of a myre (quaue as of a myre), _Labina_. Quavyn, as myre, -_Tremo_."--Prompt. Parv. Horman, in his chapter _de re edificatoriâ_, -observes that "a _quauery_ or a maris and unstable foundation must -be holpe with great pylys of alder rammed downe, and with a frame -of tymbre called a crossaundre (_fistucâ_)." In Caxton's Mirrour of -the World, Part II. c. 22, it is said, "understande ye how the erthe -quaueth and shaketh, that somme peple calle an erthe quaue, by cause -they fele the erthe meue and quaue vnder their feet." "Quaue myre, -_foundriere crouliere_."--Palsgrave. Forby gives Quavery-mavery = -undecided, hesitating.--Way, Note in Prompt. Parv., _s.v._ Quave. - -[E322] The meaning is, make your dunghill on the headland, especially -where shaded with trees and bushes, as they will prevent the moisture -from exhaling.--M. - -"I see in some meddowes _gaully_ places where little or no grasse at -al groweth, by reason (as I take it) of the too long standing of the -water, for such places are commonly low, where the water standeth, -not hauing vent to passe away, and therefore meanes must be first -made for the evacuation of the water: for the continual standing of -the water consumeth the grasse, and makes the place bare, and sinketh -it. In such a place, therefore, sow in the Spring-time some hay-seed, -especially the seed of the claver grasse, [clover] or the grasse -hony-suckle [trefoil], and other seeds that fall out of the finest and -purest hay: and in the sowing of it, mingle with it some good earth; -but sow not the hony-suckle grasse in too moist a ground, for it liketh -it not."--Norden's Surveyor's Dialogue, 1607, pp. 201-2. Gauls are void -spaces in Coppices which serve for nothing but to entice the Cattel -into it, to its great Damage.--T.R. - -[E323] If the land is overstocked in summer, you may, perhaps, be -obliged to assist your cattle to rise in winter; or, in other words, -"to lift at their tails."--M. Cf. 21. 14. - -[E324] It appears to have been the custom formerly to allow, in warm -weather, sleep for an hour or two. In Norfolk we are told the practice -is not quite obsolete on churning days when the mistress and maids get -up early; and likewise among the ploughmen, where two journies a day -are performed with their teams, and an interval allowed for rest.--M. -Compare the expression in the Paston Letters, i. 390, "Writan in my -slepyng tyme at after none, on Wytsonday." - -[E325] "Patch." Cf. Shakspere, Mid. Night's Dr., Act iii. sc. 2; and -Merchant of Venice, Act ii. sc. 5. - -[E326] "Growthed" = grout-hed = thick head, fat head. Cf. _growtnoul_ = -a blockhead. "_Growte nowle_ come to the King."--Promos and Cassandra, -p. 81. - -[E327] Stilling, or distilling, may be a "pretty feat," but we doubt -if it is very profitable, and if it does not furnish a temptation to -dram-drinking, under the mask of simple and medicinal _waters_.--M. - -[E328] See note E69. - -[E329] "Swinge brembles and brakes," this is, cut down with a sweeping -instrument somewhat resembling a scythe. - -[E330] "Sheep-shearing takes place only once, viz. in the month of -June; the heaviest wethers weigh sixty pounds, others from forty to -fifty pounds: they bear at the most not more than six, others four or -five pounds of wool; one of the best wethers (notwithstanding that -they are very abundant) sells for about twenty shillings, that is, ten -French francs or five thalers; the inferior sort about ten shillings, -or five francs; and the worst about six or eight English shillings. -The skin of the best wether and sheep is worth about twelve pence, -that is, four and a half German batzen; the worst about eight pence or -three batzen; a pound of wool about twelve pence, or four and a half -batzen."--Rathgeb, 1602, Rye, p. 51 (quoted in Harrison's Description -of England, ed. Furnivall, Part I. p. lxxxiii). "Running Water is best, -... but then it is oft-times very sheer and cold."--T.R. (June). - -[E331] "Grote." "In this yere [1349] the kynge caused to be coyned -grotes and half grotes, the whiche lacked of the weight of his former -coyne, ii s. vi d. in a li [_libra_, pound] Troy."--Fabyan, p. 461. The -_groat_ was only equal to about three and a half silver pennies instead -of four. - -[E332] "The Pie will discharge thee," etc., that is, the magpie will -save you the trouble, etc., alluding to birds eating vermin on sheep's -backs. - -[E333] "Ouercome" = overtake, or keep up with; don't mow more than you -can easily make, not too much at once, lest part of it be spoiled for -want of hands. - -[E334] "Cock apace." Cf. Piers Plowman, C. Text, Passus vi. 12, 13 (ed. -Skeat). - -"Canstow seruen, he seide, oþer syngen in a churche, -Oþer _coke for my cokers_, oþer to þe cart picche?" - -_i.e._ put hay into cocks for my harvest men. Mr. Skeat quotes in -his note to this passage: "Bee it also prouided, that this act, nor -anything therein contained, doe in any wise extende to any _cockers_ -or haruest folkes that trauaile into anie countrie of this realme for -haruest worke, either corne haruest, or hay haruest, if they doe worke -and labour accordingly."--Rastall, Statutes; Vagabonds, etc., p. 474. - -[E335] To employ your labourers in ploughing, or in performing other -parts of husbandry, till the dew is off the grass, is unquestionably a -saving of time, and essentially forwards the business of the farm.--M. - -[E336] He who is constantly borrowing tools and other things which he -ought to have of his own, lays himself under obligation to the lender, -who expects twice as much in return. - -[E337] "Woodsere" here means the proper season for felling wood. - -[E338] "Fieing." "Feigh, Fey, vb. to clean out a drain, gutter or -cesspool. 'Paid to John Lavghton in haruest for _feighinge_ the milne -becke.'--Kirton in Lindsey Ch. Acc. 1582. George Todd's _feyin'_ out -the sink hole."--Peacock's Glossary, E. Dial. Soc. 1877. To _fey_ a -ditch or pond is to empty and clean it; and the mud taken from such -places, if mixed with lime or chalk, forms an excellent compost for -pasture grounds.--M. Cf. Icel. _fægja_, to cleanse, whence our word is -derived. - -[E339] "Of late yeares also we haue found and taken vp a great trade -in planting of _hops_, whereof our moorie hitherto and vnprofitable -grounds doo yeeld such plentie and increase that there are few farmers -or occupiers in the countrie, which haue not gardens and hops growing -of their owne, and those farre better than doo come from Flanders -vnto vs. Certes the corruptions vsed by the Flemings, and forgerie -dailie practised in this kind of ware, gaue vs occasion to plant them -here at home; so that now we may spare and send manie ouer vnto them. -And this I know by experience that some one man by conuersion of his -moorie grounds into hopyards, wherof before he had no commoditie, dooth -raise yearelie by so little as twelue acres in compasse two hundred -markes; all charges borne toward the maintenance of his familie. Which -Industrie God continue! Though some secret freends of Flemings let not -to exclaime against this commoditie, as a spoile of wood, by reason -of the poles, which neuerthelesse after three yeares doo also come to -the fire, and spare their other fewell."--Harrison, Descript. of Eng., -1587, p. 206. "Lowe and spungie grounds trenched is good for hopps, -as Suffolke, Essex, and Surrie, and other places doe find to their -profit."--Norden, p. 206. Evelyn, Sylva, pp. 201, 469, ed. Hunter, -asserts that there was a petition against them temp. Henry VI., but no -record of it appears on the rolls of Parliament. Brewing with hops was -not introduced here till the reign of King Henry VIII. (Stow, Hist. p. -1038.) _Bere_, however, is mentioned in 1504. (Leland, Coll. vi. p. -30, and see Dr. Percy on Northumberland Book, p. 414.)--Pegge's Forme -of Cury, ed. 1780, p. xxiii. See a long note in Prompt. Parv., _s.v._ -Hoppe; and also "Pharmacographia," p. 496. - -[E340] For wanting at will = for fear of having none when you really -want it. - -[E341] Hay for neat cattle may be made with less labour, and more -expeditiously than for horses; because, if it is a little mow burnt, it -will not be the less acceptable to them; and besides, the fermentation -it undergoes, if not carried too far, has a natural tendency to mellow -coarse grass.--M. - -[E342] _Avise auouse_ is French jargon for _take precautions_. Ill-made -hay is apt to take fire; if much wetted with rain, to become mouldy. -Hard and fine hay is best for horses; soft and coarse hay will be more -acceptable to cattle; while short hay is coveted by sheep.--M. - -[E343] Thry fallowing, or the third plowing, should be performed -pretty early in the summer, in order that the ground may acquire -sufficient hardness to resist the seeds of thistles and other weeds, -even at the risk of requiring another stirring.--M. - -[E344] This can only refer to garden beans, but the practice is now -obsolete. - -[E345] See note E318. - -[E346] "Wormwood, a word corrupted from A.S. _wermod_, Ger. _wermuth_, -O.S. _weremede_, words which seem to be compounded with Ger. _wehren_, -A.S. _werian_ = to keep off, and _mod_ or _made_ = maggot, but which, -by an accidental coincidence of sound, have been understood as though -the first syllable were _worm_. L. Diefenbach would prefer to derive -it from a Celtic root that means "bitter," Welsh _chwerw_, Cornish -_wherow_. Be its origin what it may, it was understood in the Middle -Ages as meaning a herb obnoxious to maggots, and used to preserve -things from them, and was also given as an anthelmintic or worm -medicine. _Artemisia Absinthium_, L."--Dr. R. A. Prior, Pop. Names -of Brit. Plants. "Two sorts of _Wormewood_ are well knowen of many, -that is, our common Wormewood, and that which is called _Ponticum_, -now sowen in many gardens, and commonly called French-wormewood. And -while it is yong, it is eaten in Salats with other herbes, to the great -commoditie of the stomacke and Liuer. For it strengthneth a weake -stomacke, and openeth the Liuer and Splene. For which purpose there is -to be had in the Stilliard at London a kind of wine named Worme-wood -wine, which I would wish to be much used of all such Students as be -weake of stomacke. They may easily haue a rundlet of three or foure -gallons or lesse, which they may draw within their owne chambers as -need requireth. I was woont when appetite failed to steepe a branch -or two of common Wormewood in halfe a pint of good white wine, close -couered in some pot all night, and in the morning to straine it through -a clean linnen cloth, and put in a little sugar and warme it, and so -drinke it. Or sometime to burne a little quantitie of wine with sugar, -and a branch or two of Wormewood put into it. Wherein I have found many -times marvellous commoditie, and who so shall vse it now and then, shal -be sure of a good stomacke to meat, and be free from wormes."--Cogan's -Haven of Health, p. 55. "_Wormwood_, centaury, pennyroyal, are likewise -magnified and much prescribed, especially in hypochondrian melancholy, -daily to be used, sod in whey."--Burton, Anat. of Melancholy, p. 432. - -[E347] "As many doo more," _i.e._ as many others do. Cf. 63. 18. - -[E348] There is a proverb: "One scabb'd sheep's enough to spoil a -flock." - -[E349] In Lincolnshire corn affected by the smut is called _Parson -corn_, the reason assigned being that when tithes were paid in kind, -the sheaves that had the most smuts in them were always given to the -_parson_, if he could be seduced into taking them.--See Peacock's -Gloss. of Manley, etc., E. Dial. Soc. 1877. - -[E350] _Mow-burn_ is occasioned by the Hay being stack'd too soon, -before its own juice is thoroughly dried, and by Norfolk people is -called the _Red Raw_; not such as is occasioned by stacking it when wet -with Rain, which is a nasty musty and stinks.--T.R. - -[E351] Hentzner, p. 79 (quoted in Harrison's Description of England, -ed. F. J. Furnivall, p. lxxxiv), says: "As we were returning to our -inn (at Windsor, Sept. 14), we happened to meet some country people -celebrating their Harvest-home; their last load of corn they crown with -flowers, having besides an image richly dressed, by which, perhaps, -they would signify Ceres; this they keep moving about, while men and -women, men and maid servants, riding through the streets in the cart, -shout as loud as they can till they arrive at the barn." - -[E352] - -"Tis merie in hall, -When beards wag all." - -This proverb is of great antiquity. It occurs in the Life of Alexander -(formerly, but erroneously, attributed to Adam Davie), written in 1312, -where the words are: - -"Swithe mury hit is in halle, -When burdes wawen alle." - --Weber's Met. Rom. - -It occurs also in Shakspere, 2 Henry IV. Act v. sc. 3, and is quoted in -the _Merie Tales of Skelton_, 1567. See also Ray's Proverbs. - -[E353] "For Mihelmas spring," that is, "for fear of injuring the young -plants, etc., at Michaelmas." - -[E354] In Harrison's Descript. of England, Part II. p. 50 _et -seq._, there is a long chapter on the cultivation and uses of Saffron -in England, from which I extract the following: "As the Saffron of -England, which Platina reckneth among spices, is the most excellent -of all other; for it giueth place neither to that of Cilicia, whereof -Solinus speaketh, neither to anie that commeth from Cilicia, where it -groweth upon the mount _Taurus, Tmolus, Italie, Ætolia, Sicilia_ or -_Licia_, in sweetnesse, tincture and continuance; so of that which is -to be had amongst us, the same that grows about Saffron Walden, somtime -called Waldenburg, in the edge of Essex, first of all planted there -in the time of Edward the Third, and that of Glocestershire and those -westerlie parts, which some thinke to be better than those of Walden, -surmounteth all the rest, and therefore beareth worthilie the higher -price, by sixpence or twelue pence most commonlie in the pound.... The -heads of saffron are raised in Julie, either with plough, raising or -tined hooke; and being scowred from their rosse or filth, and seuered -from such heads as are ingendred of them since the last setting, they -are interred againe in Julie and August by ranks or rowes, and being -couered with moulds, they rest in the earth, where they cast forth -little fillets and small roots like vnto a scallion, until September, -in the beginning of which moneth the ground is pared and all weeds and -grasse that groweth vpon the same remooved, to the intent that nothing -may annoie the floure when as his time dooth come to rise. These things -being thus ordered in the latter end of the aforesaid moneth [of -September], the floure beginneth to appeere of a whitish blew, fesse, -or skie colour, and in the end shewing itselfe in the owne kind, it -resembleth almost the _Leucotion_ of _Theophrast_, sauing that it is -longer, and hath in the middest thereof three chines verie red and -pleasant to behold. These floures are gathered in the morning before -the rising of the sunne, which otherwise would cause them to welke -or flitter. And the chines being picked from the floures, these are -throwne into the doong-hill; the other dried vpon little kelles couered -with streined canuasses vpon a soft fire; wherby and by the weight that -is laied vpon them, they are dried and pressed into cakes, and then -bagged vp for the benefit of their owners. In good yeeres we gather -foure score or an hundred pounds of wet saffron of an acre, which being -dried dooth yeeld twentie pounds of drie and more. Whereby, and sith -the price of saffron is commonlie about twentie shillings in monie, or -not so little, it is easie to see what benefit is reaped by an acre of -this commoditie.... For admit that the triple tillage of an acre dooth -cost 13 shillings foure pence before the saffron be set, the clodding -sixteene pence, the taking of euerie load of stones from the same foure -pence, the raising of euerie quarter of heads six pence, and so much -for cleansing of them, besides the doong which is woorth six pence the -load to be laid on the first yeere, for the setting three and twentie -shillings and foure pence, for the paring fiue shillings, six pence for -the picking of a pound wet, etc.; yea though he hire it readie set, -and paie ten pounds for the same, yet shall he susteine no damage, if -warme weather and open season doo happen at the gathering." Harrison -then describes fully the culture of saffron, and the adulterations and -tricks practised by the dealers, and afterwards describes the virtues -of it: "Our saffron (beside the manifold vse that it hath in the -kitchin and pastrie, also in our cakes at bridals, and thanksgivings of -women) is verie profitably mingled with those medicines which we take -for the diseases of the breast, of the lungs, of the liuer, and of the -bladder; it is good also for the stomach if you take it in meat, for -it comforteth the same, and maketh good digestion: being sodden also -in wine, it not onelie keepeth a man from dronkennesse, but incorageth -also unto procreation of issue. If you drinke it in sweet wine, it -inlargeth the breath, and is good for those that are troubled with -the tisike and shortnesse of the wind: mingled with the milke of a -woman, and laied vpon the eies, it staieth such humors as descend into -the same, and taketh away the red wheales and pearles that oft grow -about them: it killeth moths if it be sowed in paper bags verie thin, -and laid vp in presses among tapistrie or apparrell: also it is verie -profitable laid vnto all inflammations, painefull aposthumes, and the -shingles, and doth no small ease vnto deafnes.... Three drams thereof -taken at once, which is about the weight of one shilling nine pence -halfe penie, is deadlie poison." - -[E355] "The two S. Maries daies," _i.e._ July 22nd, St. Mary -Magdalene's Day, and August 15th, the feast of the Assumption of the -Virgin Mary.--M. Mr. Skeat suggests that the days meant are August 15th -and September 8th, the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. - -There is no doubt Mr. Skeat is right; compare "Centory must be gotten -betweene our Lady dayes."--Langham's Garden of Health. The date is not -uncommon in Herbals.--Note by Mr. J. Britten, F.L.S. - -[E356] Mustard-seed is very apt to shed, and therefore should be -gathered before it becomes too ripe. After dressing it is to be laid in -a soller or garret. "Soller, a lofte, _garnier_."--Palsgrave. "Garytte, -hay solere."--Prompt. Parv. - -[E357] Though all the editions which I have seen read as printed in the -text, it is evident that Tusser meant exactly the opposite, viz.: - -"By day will deceiue thee, etc. -By great will dispatch, etc." - -Men who take work by the great, that is, by the job or contract, are, -as experience tells us, naturally anxious to get the work done as soon -as possible, while those who are engaged by the day as naturally try -to spin out the work as long as they can. According to Carr's _Craven -Glossary_, a Day-work is three roods of land. "Four perches make a -day-worke; ten daysworks make a roode or quarter." (Twysden MS. quoted -by Halliwell.) The latter agrees with Norden's statement: "You must -know (says he), that there goe 160 perches to one acre; 80 perches to -halfe an acre; 40 perches to one roode, which is ¼ of an acre; ten -_daies worke_ to a roode, foure perches to a daies worke; 16 foote -and a halfe to a perche." (_Surveior's Dialogue_, 1610.) In Cowel's -_Interpreter_ we read "_Day-werc of Land_, as much arable ground as -could be ploughed up in one day's work, or one journey, as the farmers -still call it." - -[E358] "Harvest lord," the principal reaper who goes first and -regulates the movements of the rest; _Harvest-Lady_, the second reaper -in the row, called in Cambridgeshire the _Harvest-Queen_. The rate at -which the _Harvest-lord_ reaped of course regulated that of the others, -and therefore Tusser recommends that he should have a penny or two -extra in order to encourage him to have an eye to the loiterers, and to -keep all up to the mark. Cf.: - -"At heighe pryme Peres lete the plowe stonde, -To ouersen hem hymself, and who-so best wrouȝte -He shulde be huyred therafter whan heruest tyme come." - --Piers Plowman, ed. Skeat, E. E. Text Soc. B Text, Passus vi. 114. - -The following particulars as to the farmer's expenses at harvest -time are quoted by Mr. Skeat in his notes to Piers Plowman, C. Text, -Passus ix. 104, from Sir J. Cullum's Hist. of Hawsted, Suffolk, 2nd -ed.: "The outgoings [in harvest] were called the costs of autumn, -and are thus stated. In 1388, [we find] the expences of a ploughman, -head reaper, baker, cook, brewer, _deye_, 244½ reapers (_sic_) hired -for 1 day; 30 bedrepes (days of work performed in harvest-time by the -customary tenants, at the _bidding_ of their lord), the men [being] -fed, according to custom, with bread and herring; 3 qrs. 3 bu. of wheat -from the stock; 5 qrs. 3 bu. of malt from the stock; meat bought, -10_s._ 10_d._; 5 sheep from the stock; fish and herrings bought, 5_s._; -herrings bought for the customary tenants, 7_d._; cheese, milk, and -butter bought (the dairy being let), 9_s._ 6_d._; salt, 3_d._; candles, -5_d._; pepper, 3_d._; spoons, dishes, and faucets, 5_d._ 30 bedrepes, -as before; 19 reapers, hired for 1 day, at their own board, 4_d._ each; -80 men, for 1 day, and kept at the lady's board, 4_d._ each: 40½ men -(_sic_) hired for 1 day, at 3_d._ each; the wages of the head reaper, -6_s._ 8_d._; of the brewer, 3_s._ 4_d._; of the cook, 3_s._ 4_d._ 30 -acres of oats tied up by the job (_per taskam_), 1_s._ 8_d._; 6 acres -of bolymong cut and tied up by the job, 3_s._ 4_d._; 16 acres of pease, -cut by the job, 8_s._; 5 acres of pease and bolymong, cut and tied -up by the job, 2_s._ 6_d._; 3 acres of wheat, cut and tied up by the -job, 1_s._ 11_d._" [Here follow similar details for 1389, including a -mention of 5 pairs of harvest-gloves, 10_d._] "What a scene of bustling -industry was this! for, exclusive of the baker, cook, and brewer, who, -we may presume, were fully engaged in their own offices, here were -553 persons employed in the first year; in the second, 520; and in a -third, 538; yet the annual number of acres, of all sorts of corn, did -not much exceed 200. From this prodigious number of hands, the whole -business must have been soon finished. There were probably 2 principal -days; for two large parties were hired, every year, for 1 day each.... -These ancient harvest-days must have exhibited one of the most cheerful -spectacles in the world. One can hardly imagine a more animated scene -than that of between 200 and 300 harvest-people all busily employed at -once, and enlivened with the expectation of a festivity, which perhaps -they experienced but this one season in the year. All the inhabitants -of the village, of both sexes, and all ages, that could work, must have -been assembled on the occasion; a muster that, in the present state of -things, would be impossible. The success of thus compressing so much -business into so short a time must have depended on the weather. But -dispatch seems to have been the plan of agriculture at this time, at -least in this village. We have seen before, that 60 persons were hired -for 1 day, to weed the corn. These throngs of harvest-people were -superintended by a person who was called the head-reaper (_supermessor_ -or _præpositus_), who was annually elected, and presented to the -lord, by the inhabitants; and it should seem that, in this village at -least, he was always one of the customary tenants. The year he was in -office, he was exempt from all or half of his usual rents and services, -according to his tenure; he was to have his victuals and drink at the -lord's table, if the lord kept house (_si dominus hospitium tenuerit_); -if he did not, he was to have a livery of corn, as other domestics -had; and his horse was to be kept in the manor-stable. He was next in -dignity to the steward and bailiff. The hay-harvest was an affair of -no great importance. There were but 30 acres of grass annually mown at -this period. This was done or paid for by the customary tenants. The -price of mowing an acre was 6_d._" - -By an "Assessment of the Corporation of Canterbury," made in 1594, the -following were the rates of wages declared payable:--"Every labourer -from Easter to Michaelmas, with meat and drink, 4_d._ per day; finding -himself, 10_d._; and from Michaelmas to Easter, with meat and drink, -4_d._; without, 8_d._ Mowers per day, with meat and drink, 8_d._; -finding themselves, 14_d._ By the acre, with meat and drink, 4_d._; -without, 8_d._ Reapers per day, with meat and drink, 6_d._; finding -themselves, 12_d._; by the acre, with meat and drink, 14_d._; without, -28_d_. Plashing and teeming of a quick hedge, 2_d._ per rod. Laying -upon the band and binding and copping of oats, 8_d._, barley, 10_d._ -Threshers by the quarter with meat and drink, for the quarter and -making clean of wheat and rye, 5_d._, oats and barley, 3_d._; without -meat and drink, for the quarter and making clean of wheat and rye, -12_d._, oats and barley, 6_d._ Making talewood, the load, 4_d._; -billets, per 1000, 12_d._ A bailiff, with livery, £3 per annum; without -livery, £3 6_s._ 8_d._"--Hasted's Antiquities of Canterbury, 1801, vol. -ii. Appendix. - -[E359] "Larges," "usually a shilling" (says Major Moor in his Suffolk -Glossary). "For this the reapers will ask you if you 'chuse to have -it hallered.' If answered, yes, they assemble in a ring, holding each -other's hands, and inclining their heads to the centre. One of them, -detached a few yards apart, calls loudly, thrice, 'Holla Lar!--Holla -Lar!--Holla Lar!--j e e s.' Those in the ring lengthen out o-o-o-o -with a low sonorous note and inclined heads, and then throwing the -head up, vociferate 'a-a-a-ah.' This thrice repeated for a shilling is -the established exchange in Suffolk." "Largesse bounty, handfuls of -money cast among the people."--Cotgrave. "Crye a larges when a rewarde -is geven to workemen, _stipem vociferare_."--Huloet's Dict. 1552. The -phrase "crie a largesse" occurs in Piers Plowman, B Text, xiii. 449. As -to the gloves given to harvest-men see above and note E309. - -[E360] Though barley is generally mown, it is a slovenly practice, -unless when performed with a cradle scythe.--M. See note E87. - -[E361] "Dallops," patches of barley which have run to straw.--M. - -[E362] Tidie means _neat, proper,_ and _in season_.--M. - -[E363] "There finding a smack," _i.e._ finding a pleasant repast. - -[E364] "Doo perish," _i.e._ cause to perish, ruin: the use of "do" in -this sense is very common in Early English. - -[E365] "Lengthen" here is equivalent to increase the extent or produce -of. - -[E366] "Fill out the black boule," etc. I am quite unable to explain -this line; the "boule of bleith" is evidently the "merry bowl," but the -epithet _black_ I do not understand. - -[E367] "Thrifts ladder may clime," _i.e._ may prosper. Cf. ch. 9. - -[E368] "_That_ many doo hate," in edd. of 1573, 1580, 1585, etc., the -reading is "_as_ many do hate." - -[E369] "Ling perhaps looks for great extolling, being counted the -beefe of the sea, and standing every fish-day (as a cold supporter) at -my Lord Maior's table: yet it is nothing but a long cod: whereof the -greater sised is called Organe Ling, and the other Codling, because -it is no longer then a Cod, and yet hath the taste of Ling: whilst it -is new it is called green-fish: when it is salted it is called Ling, -perhaps of lying, because the longer it lyeth ... the better it is, -waxing in the end as yellow as a gold noble, at which time they are -worth a noble a piece."--Muffett, pp. 154-5, quoted in the Babees Book, -ed. Furnivall. - -[E370] The following prices of various articles in Suffolk will be -interesting:--1566. A lode of straw IIII_s._--1582. A capon VI_d._; a -calfe V_s._; a firkin of butter VII_s._ VII_d._; a capon and a pullet -VI_d._; a cocke (to fight) IIII_d._ (5 cockes bought to fight); a -pullett III_d._ 5 pullets, 5 capons, 5 cockes, 1 calfe, were provided -on the reckninge day and "these are allowed in the Churchwardens' -accompte to be paide by them."--1590. To Coke for IIII combes of w otes -whh he served to the Quene VI_s._ VIII_d._; 14 rod of ditching cost -V_s._ IIII_d._--1596. Makinge a surplis for the church was II_d._; a -payer of hoose was XII_d._ another XIII_d._; makyng this boke of accts -(a single sheet written on two sides) VI_d._--1599. Three days work -ditchynge 2_s._; a hard day's work was therefore 8_d._ per day, and -a usual day's 4_d._ or 6_d._; three days thatchinge (Thos. Garrarde) -II_s._ IIII_d._; wode was II_s._ the lode.--1587 or 8. A capon vi_d._; -a calfe v_s._; a firkin of butter vii_s._ viii_d._; two capons and one -pullett vi_d._; a cocke iiii_d._; one cocke and one pullett vi_d._; -one pullett iii_d._--1583 No. 5. One short spurred cocke ii_d._; one -chycken ii_d._; one hene ii_d._--1583 No. 4. Fower combes and too -bushell of ottes at iv_s._ iv_d._ the combe; thre henes att thre pence -a pece; bowes and arrowes IIII_d._; ten milch kine 30_s._ each; seven -bullocks 7_s._ each; six calves 5_s._ each; six horses together £7; one -acre of wheat, xx_s._; one acre of Bullimong land 33_s._ 4_d._; a new -carte £11; a porkling 28_d._ - -Increased facilities of communication, and the numerous means that -farmers now possess, through the press, of obtaining information as to -prices of produce, etc., render _riding about_ almost unnecessary. - -[E371] Tusser again sets out the advantages of ready money -transactions, and of _keeping touch_, that is, punctuality and faithful -regard to engagements. He buys at first hand who pays ready money from -his own pocket; at second hand who pays ready money, but who, in order -to enable him to do so, has to borrow a portion of the amount, because -he has not so much money as he requires with him; at third hand who -buys on credit. - -[E372] "Stourbridge or Sturbich, the name of a common field extending -between Chesterton and Cambridge, near the little brook Sture, for -about half a mile square, is noted for its fair which is kept annually -on September 19th, and continues a fortnight. It is surpassed by few -fairs in Great Britain, or even in Europe, for traffic, though of late -it is much lessened. The booths are placed in rows like streets, by the -name[s] of which they are called, as Cheapside, etc., and are filled -with all sorts of trades. The Duddery, an area of 80 or 100 yards -square, resembles Blackwell Hall. Large commissions are negotiated here -for all parts of England in cheese, woolen goods, wool, leather, hops, -upholsterers' and ironmongers' ware, etc., etc. Sometimes 50 hackney -coaches from London, ply morning and night, to and from Cambridge, -as well as all the towns around, and the very barns and stables are -turned into inns for the accommodation of the poorer people. After the -wholesale business is over, the country gentry generally flock in, -laying out their money in stage-plays, taverns, music-houses, toys, -puppet-shows, etc., and the whole concludes with a day for the sale -of horses. This fair is under the jurisdiction of the University of -Cambridge."--Walker's Gazetteer, ed. 1801. See also index to Brand's -Antiquities. - -Camden says it was anciently called Steresbrigg, from the little -river Stere or Sture that runs by it (in his Britannia, under -Cambridgeshire). There have been many guesses at the name and origin -of this fair, _e.g._ that of Fuller in his History of the University, -p. 66, concerning the clothier of Kendal. The truth of the matter is -this: King John granted Sturbridge fair for the benefit of the hospital -of lepers which stood there (_v. decretum Hubert. Arch. Cantuar. in -Concil. Londinen. An._ 1200. _Regn. Johann._; Spelman, ii. 127): in -the certificatorium we are told that the keeper of the hospital holds -twenty-four and a half acres of land in the county of Cambridgeshire to -maintain these lepers. The Vice Chancellor has the same power in this -fair that he has in the town of Cambridge. The University is always -to have ground assigned for a booth by the mayor. Midsummer Fair was -granted to the Prior and Convent of Barnwell, for much the same reason -that Sturbridge was to the Lepers,--_ad eorum sustentationem_. In the -reign of Henry the Sixth the Nuns of St. Radegund had the grant of -Garlick Fair for the same reason. - -"Sturbridge Fair was formerly proclaimed by both the Corporation and -the University authorities. Originally lasting six weeks, in 1785 it -lasted only three weeks, and now it lasts but one week. A very amusing -account of its proclamation by the Vice Chancellor will be found in -Gunning's 'Reminiscences of Cambridge.'"--S. N. in Notes and Queries, -Aug. 25, 1877. - -"When th' fair is done, I to the Colledg come, -Or else I drinke with them at Trompington, -Craving their more acquaintance with my heart, -Till our next _Sturbridg Fair_; and so wee part." - --Brathwaite's Honest Ghost, 1658, p. 189. - -[E373] "When it [the malt] hath gone, or beene turned, so long [21 -days] vpon the floore, they carrie it to a kill, couered with _haire -cloth_, where they giue it gentle heats (after they haue spread it -there verie thin abroad) till it be drie, and in the meane while -they turne it often, that it may be vniformelie dried."--Harrison, -Description of England, ed. F. J. Furnivall, Part I. p. 156. - -[E374] Cf. September's Husbandry, ch. 16 st. 1. - -[E375] One part in ten is far below the present average value of land. -If the whole produce will clear _four_ rents, the industrious farmer -would have no reason to complain, though he is now subject to heavy -taxes, which, it is to be remarked are not included in the list of -outgoings.--M. - -[E376] "Well fare the plough." On a flyleaf of a MS. of Piers Plowman -(MS. R. 3, 14, in Trinity Coll. Camb.) is written, - -"God spede the plouȝ -& sende vs korne I-now." - -See print in beginning of Wright's ed. of Piers Plowman. - -[E377] The advice given in this short piece, the most difficult, -perhaps, that Tusser had written, is very good, but he has strained -alliteration to an extravagant pitch. - -[E378] In the reign of Elizabeth an Act was passed, requiring a seven -years' apprenticeship to enable a person to set up in business or -trade; and hence the idea arose of dividing human life into periods of -seven years.--M. The idea is much older; for, in Arnold's Chronicle -(edition 1811), page 157, we find:--"The vij Ages of Mā liuing ī the -World. The furst age is infance and lastith from ye byrth vnto vij yere -of age. The ij is childhod and endurith vnto xv yere age. The iij age -is adholocencye and endurith vnto xxv yere age. The iiij age is youth -and endurith vnto xxxv yere age. The v age is manhod and endurith vnto -l yere age. The vj age is [elde] and lasteth vnto lxx yere age. The vij -age of mā is crepill and endurith vnto dethe." - -See Prompt. Parv. p. 7, for another version of the above, the limits -assigned to the several stages being different, and the seventh stage -beginning at the resurrection. - -[E379] "Foxe, Ape with his toieng," etc. Dr. Mavor's edition reads, -"For Ape with his toieng," etc. - -[E380] "The tone from the tother;" the tone = that one, the tother -= that other; where the _t_ is the sign of the neuter gender, as in -tha-_t_, i-_t_; compare the Latin _d_ in i-_d_, quo-_d_, illu-_d_.--In -ch. 110, p. 201, we have the curious forms "_thon_" and "_thother_." - -[E381] "To him and to hur," that is, to every one, or to any one. Cf. -94. 3, and - -"The white lambe þat hurte was with the spere -Flemere of feendes out of hym and here." - --Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, l. 460, Six-Text ed. - -[E382] "Daieth" = dayeth, that is, appoints a _day_ on which he -promises to pay. - -Gervase Markham, in the First Part of the English Husbandman, ch. 6, -remarks:--"You may by these usuall observations, and the helpe of a -better judgement, imploy the fruits of your labours to the best profit, -and sell everything at the highest price, except you take upon you to -_give day_ and sell upon trust, which if you doe, you may then sell at -what unconscionable reckoning you will." Cf. - -"When drapers draw no gaines by _giving day_." - --Gascoigne, The Steel Glass, 1094. - -[E383] "By that and by this;" that is, by anything, or by chance. -Compare stanza 6, and chap. 67, stanza 5, p. 153. - -[E384] "A tode with an R" is an elegant euphemism for _torde_; the -meaning being that a bad husbandman is more likely to receive insults -and refusals, than compliance with his requests. Compare Wycliffe's -translation of Luke xiii. 8, as given at p. 365 of Dr. Bosworth's edit. -of the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels, with the Versions of Wycliffe -and Tyndale, London, 1865. - -[E385] "Experience should seeme to proue playnely, that Inclosures -should be profitable and not hurtfull to the common weale; for we see -the countryes where most Inclosiers be, are most wealthy, as _Essex, -Kent, Northamptonshyre,_ etc. And I have hearde a Ciuilian once say, -that it was taken for a Maxime in his lawe (this saying), 'that which -is possessed of many in common, is neglected of all;' and experience -sheweth that Tenaunts in common be not so good husbandes, as when euery -man hath his parte in seueralty; also, I have heard say, that in the -most countreyes beyonde the Sea, they knowe not what a common grounde -meaneth."--Stafford's Examination of Complaints, New Shakspere Soc., -ed. Furnivall, p. 40. - -[E386] Fitzherbert shows how a township that is worth twenty marks -a-year may be made worth £20, and the ground-work of his plan is to -enclose the land. "By enclosing," he says, "a farmer shall save meat, -drink, and wages of a shepherd; the wages of the swineherd, the which -may fortune to be as chargeable as his whole rent; and also his corn -shall be better saved from eating or destroying by cattle." - -[E387] Harman, 1567 (E. E. Text Soc., ed. Furnivall, p. 82), speaks of -"lewtering lusks and lazy _lorrels_," and in Pierce Plowman's Crede -we find in line 750, "lordes sones lowly to þo _losells_ aloute," and -in l. 755, "and leueþ swiche _lorels_ for her lowe wordes."--See Note -in Prompt. Parv. _s.v._ Lorel. Levins (Manip. Vocab. 1570) translates -_lorel_ by _nebulo, scurra_. - -[E388] Courts for presenting nuisances are generally the greatest -nuisances themselves. Under the semblance of justice, they often retard -its execution. The members, or jury who compose them, do not want the -power, but they want the independence to act right.--M. - -[E389] "In Bridewell a number be stript," etc. Although all the -editions I have been able to examine read "lesse worthie than _theefe_ -to be whipt," I suspect the correct reading to be "lesse worthie than -_theese_ to be whipt." The mistake might easily occur through the -similarity of the old _s_ and _f_. The meaning, as the lines read at -present, is not very clear, but if we adopt the suggested reading, the -sense becomes at once apparent:--"In Bridewell many are stripped for -flogging who do not deserve it so much as these." - -[E390] "Take them" = arrest them. - -[E391] "Mo," lit. = more; but also used in the sense of others. "This -use of _mo_ is not common, but there are a few examples of it. Thus in -Specimens of English, ed. Morris and Skeat, we have at p. 47, l. 51, - -"'Y sike for vnsete -Ant mourne ase men doþ _mo_.' - -"_i.e._ 'I sigh for unrest, and mourn as _other_ men do.' And on the -next page (48, l. 22) we have - -"'Mody meneþ so doþ _mo_, -Ichot ycham on of þo,' - -"_i.e._ 'The moody moan as _others_ do; I wot I am one of them.' -Somewhat similar is the expression _oþer mo_, where we should now say -_others as well_, Piers Plowman, C. Text, Passus v. 10."--Rev. W. -Skeat, in note to l. 1039 of Chaucer, Clerke's Tale, Clarendon Press -Series. _Mo_ is also used in the same sense in 67, 11, p. 154. - -[E392] "Verlets," originally a servant to a knight, below page or -squire, though often used in French Romance as equivalent to a squire. -"Pages, _varlets_, ou damoiseaux: noms quelquefois communs aux -_ecuyers_."--Cotgrave. Ducange (Gloss. M. et I. Lat.) has: "_Valeti -valecti_ appellati vulgo magnatum filii, qui necdum militare cingulum -consecuti erant: vassallorum filii _vassaleti_ dicti." Levins (Manip. -Vocab.) says: "Varlett, _verna_." See Wedgwood, Dict. Eng. Etymology, -_s.v._ Valet. - -[E393] "Ruleth the roste;" to _rule_ the _roast_ is to preside at the -board, to assign what share one pleases to the guests; hence it came -to mean to domineer, in which sense it is commonly used in our old -authors. See Nares, s.v. - -[E394] With this description of an envious neighbour compare Langland's -picture of _Invidia_ (Envy) in Piers Plowman, B. Text, E. E. Text Soc., -ed. Skeat, Passus v. l. 76. - -[E395] "His hatred procureth," etc., his hatred takes pains to bring -bad to worse, his friendship is like that of Judas who, etc., _i.e._ is -selfish. - -[E396] "His lips out of frame," _i.e._ are out of order, are not kept -in order. Cf. the expression "loose in the haft." - -[E397] "Spials;" so Spenser, Faery Queene, i. 4: - -"And privie spials plast in all his way," - -Levins (Manip. Vocab.) has "Spyall, _arbiter_." - -[E398] "Would'st thou not be glad to have the niggardly rascally -_sheepbiter_ come by some notable shame."--Shakspere, Twelfth Night, -Act ii. sc. 5. - -"Who is in this closet? let me see (_breaks it open_). Oh, -_sheepbiter_, are you here?"--Shadwell, Bury Fair, 1689. - -[E399] "Coxcombe:" see Cotgrave, s.v. _Effeminé, Enfourner, Fol, -Lambui_. - -[E400] Davus is the common name in Terence for the cunning, plotting -servant. - -[E401] Thersites, the ugliest and most scurrilous of the Greeks before -Troy. He spared in his revilings neither prince nor chief, but directed -his abuse especially against Achilles and Ulysses. The name is often -used to denote a calumniator. Cf. - -"When rank Thersites opes his mastiff jaws, -We shall hear music, wit, and oracle." - --Shakspere, Troilus and Cressida, Act i. sc. 3. - -[E402] "Shall swell like a tode." Cf. 65, 6. - -[E403] "To hold a candle to the devil is to assist in a bad cause or an -evil matter."--Ray. Hazlitt (English Proverbs, p. 407) gives "'Tis good -sometimes to hold a candle to the devil." Thus we find an anonymous -correspondent writing to John Paston: "for howr Lords love, goo tharow -with Wyll Weseter, and also plese Chrewys as ye thynke in yow hert -best for to do; for it is a comon proverbe, 'A man must sumtyme _set a -candel befor the Devyle_;' and therfor thow it be not alder most mede -and profytabyl, yet of ij harmys the leste is to be take."--Paston -Letters, ed. Gairdner, ii. 73. - -[E404] At Canterbury is a representation of Master Shorne holding up -his hand in a threatening attitude at the Devil, who is in a boot. - -[E405] "False birds can fetch the wind;" an expression taken from -hawking. To _fetch the wind_, to _take the wind_ (Bacon), and to _have -the wind_ are various forms of the same expression, the meaning of -which is to gain or take an advantage. We still use the expression "to -get to windward of another," meaning to get the better or advantage of -him. Mavor reads, "false _words_ can fetch the wind," _i.e._ slander -will spread as though borne on the wind. I do not, however, know on -what authority he has adopted this reading, as the text of 1577 gives -"birds." - -[E406] The following poem on Evil Tongues is from a MS. of the 15th -century, edited for the Percy Soc. by the late Mr. T. Wright, 1847: - - "A man that con his tong stere, - He ther not rek wer that he go." - -"Ittes knowyn in every schyre, -Wekyd tongges have no pere; -I wold thei wer brent in the fer, - That warke men soo mykyll wo. - -Ittes knowyn in every lond, -Wekyd tongges don gret wrong, -Thei make me to lyyn long, - And also in myche car. - -Ȝyf a man go in clothes gay, -Or elles in gud aray, -Wekyd tongges yet wyl say, - Wer cam the by therto? - -Ȝyf a man go in cloys ill, -And have not the world at wyl, -Wekyd tongges thei wyll hym spyll, - And seyd he ys a stake, lat hym goo. - -Now us to amend God yeve us grace, -Of repentens and of gud grace, -That we mut se hys glorius face. - Amen, Amen, for charyte." - -[E407] There is a smoothness in the versification of this sonnet, -and a succession of imagery, though drawn from common sources, which -we do not often find in Tusser. He has made a good use of the figure -_erotesis_.--M. Compare Milton, Lycidas, 45: - -"As killing as the canker to the rose, -Or _taint-worm_ to the weanling herds that graze." - -[E408] Janus, an old Italian deity, the god of the sun and the year, to -whom the month of January was dedicated. - -[E409] Ver = Spring, Æstas = Summer, Hyems = Winter. - -[E410] "Delaide;" so in Spenser, Faery Queene, ix. 30. "But to _delay_ -the heat," and in Prothalamium 3: - - "Zephyrus did softly play -A gentle spirit, that lightly did _delay_ -Hot Titan's beames." - -[E411] Alluding to the thirteen revolutions of the moon in the year. - -[E412] It appears from the Books of the Stationers' Company, on the -authority of Warton (Hist. of Eng. Poetry, vol. iii. p. 428) that -a licence was granted to T. Hackett, in the year 1562, to print "A -Dialogue of Wyvynge and Thryvynge of Tusshers with ij lessons for olde -and yonge." - -[E413] "Bolted out," a term taken from the language and usage of -millers, who use the word "to bolt" of the separation of the bran from -the flour. Cf. Chaucer, Nonnes Prior's Tale, 415: - -"But yit I can not _bult it to the bren_." - -And Spenser, Faery Queene, iv. 24: - -"He now had _boulted_ all the floure." - -"Time and nature will _bolt out_ the truth of things."--D'Estrange. -"To _boulte out_ the truth in reasoning, _limare veritatem in -disceptatione_."--Baret's Alvearie. A "Bolting Cloth" is the name in -Lincolnshire for a cloth used for sifting meal in mills. See Peacock's -Glossary, _s.v._ There was a term "boultings" or "boltings," used of -private arguings of cases in some of the Inns of Court. "Boulter, a -sifter."--Coles' Dict. 1676. - -[E414] "Could the way to thriue." _Could_ is here used in its old sense -of _knew_, or _understood_. A.S. _cunnan_, to know; _ic can_, I know; -_ic cuðe_, I knew. - -[E415] "To stay himselfe in some good plot," etc.; compare 10. 8. - -[E416] "Of this and that;" cf. 62. 10. - -[E417] "The blacke oxe neare trod on thy fut:" a proverbial expression, -meaning, you have experienced misfortune close at home. - -In Peacock's Glossary of Manley, etc. (E. D. Soc. 1877), we have: -"The _Black Bull's_ trodden on him;" that is, he is in a very bad -temper. And the following passage from Bernard's Terence is quoted: -"Prosperitie hangs on his sleeue; the _black oxe_ cannot tread on his -foot." - -"Venus waxeth old; and then she was a pretie wench, when Juno was a -young wife; now crowes foote is on her eye, and the _black oxe_ hath -trod on her foot."--Lyly's Sapho and Phao, 1584, ed. 1858, i. 199. - -Mr. George Vere Irving (Notes and Queries, 3rd Ser. xii. 488) remarks -that this expression is at this day frequently used in Scotland in -reference to a person who has experienced misfortune. See Hazlitt's -Eng. Proverbs, p. 359. - -[E418] "It is too much we dailie heare," etc. This proverbial -expression occurs in the _Townley Mysteries_, p. 86, as-- - -"A man may not wive, -And also thrive, - And all in one year." - -[E419] "As _mo_ have bin;" compare note E391. - -[E420] "The good wiues husband weares no breech." So in a song in the -MS. of the 15th cent. quoted above, the heading of which is - - "_Nova, Nova,_ sawe yow ever such, -The moste mayster of the hows weryth no brych." - -The burden of the song being - -"Lest the most mayster wer no brych." - -[E421] The same reply is attributed to Thales. See his life in Diogenes -Laertius, Bk. i. 26. - -[E422] - -"Yyng men, I red that ye be war, -That ye cum not in the snar; -For he is browt in meche car, - That have a shrow onto his wyfe. - -"In a panter I am caute, -My fot his pennyd, I may not owt; -In sorow and car he his put, - That have, etc. - -"With a qwene yif that thou run, -Anon it is told into the town; -Sorow he hath both up and down, - That have, etc." - --Song in MS. of 15th century quoted above. - -"Feareth me," that is, it frightens me, I fear, as in "me liketh" = it -pleases me, I like. - -[E423] "As good a shrew is as a sheepe," etc. This proverb appears in -_Epistolæ Hoelianæ_, ed. 1754, p. 177, in a letter dated 5th February, -1625-6, as "It is better to marry a shrew than a sheep." In Taylor's -Pastorall, 1624, we have "A shrew is better than a sheep." - -[E424] William, the first Lord Paget, and the patron of Tusser, married -Anne, daughter of Mr. Prestin, of the County of Lancaster; and to her -it is most probable the Book of Huswifery was dedicated, and not to -Margaret, the daughter of Sir H. Newton, and lady of Thomas, Lord Paget. - -[E425] "By their fruits ye shall know them, do men gather grapes of -thorns or figs of thistles?" - -[E426] The rime in the last two lines is most remarkable; apparently -_thriue_ is pronounced _threev_, as Mr. Ellis contends. - -[E427] From the last two lines of this stanza it would appear that -Tusser was a widower at the time when he wrote this Address to the -Reader, or at least when he first wrote on the subject of Huswifery. - -[E428] "A description of Huswife," etc. This antithetical description -seems to have been introduced, in order that it might correspond with -the description of Husbandry, chapter 8, p. 16.--M. - -[E429] According to Fitzherbert, the farmers' wives must have been -patterns of diligence and industry, and a variety of duties devolved -upon them which have since ceased to be required, or have fallen -with more propriety upon the other sex. They had to measure out -the quantity of corn to be ground, and see that it was sent to the -miller. The poultry, swine, and cows were under their charge; and they -superintended the brewing and baking. The garden was peculiarly the -care of the farmer's wife. She had to depend upon it for various herbs -which are no longer in use, but which could not be dispensed with when -spices were rare and costly. Besides pot-herbs, strewing-herbs were -required for the chambers, and herbs possessing medical virtues. The -list of fruits at this date was confined to a few of indigenous growth, -which were but little improved by skill and management. Tusser directs -his housewife to transplant into her garden wild strawberries from the -woods. All the writers on rural economy during this period recommend -the farmer's wife carefully to attend to her crop of flax and hemp. -When, however, Fitzherbert asserts that it is a wife's duty "to winnow -all manner of corn, to make malt, to wash, and to make hay, shear -corn, and, in time of need, help her husband to fill the muck-wain or -dung-cart, drive the plough, to load hay, corn, and such other, to go -to market and sell butter or pigs, fowls or corn," it is to be presumed -that he had in his view the smallest class of yeomen, who had no hired -servants. - -[E430] "Reason their cace," that is, gossip and argue over their -circumstances. - -[E431] "Home is home, be it never so ill." Ballad licensed in 1569-70. -Clarke (Paræm. 1639, p. 101) has with us, "home is home, be it never so -homely." On the other hand, Heywood, in his Epigrams, 1562, says: - -"Home is homely, yea, and to homely sometyme, -Where wives' footestooles to their husbandes' heads clime." - -[E432] "Familie" = household. Compare chap. 9, st. 12. - -[E433] "Maides, three a clock," etc. Compare Romeo and Juliet, Act iv. -sc. 4, 3-- - - "The second cock hath crow'd, -The curfew bell hath rung, 'tis three o'clock." - -[E434] "Lay your bucks," _i.e._ get ready the washing tubs. -Compare: "Throw foul linen upon him as if it were going to -_bucking_."--Shakspere, Merry Wives of Wind., Act iii. sc. 3. -Buck-basket, the basket in which linen is carried to the wash. -"Bouck-fatt, a washing tub."--Upton Inventories, p. 28. Cf. "And -for I can so wele wasche and so wele _bowke_, Godde has made me -his chaumberere."--The Pilgrimage of the Life of the Manhode, f. -21_b._, MS. in Libr. of St. John's Coll. Camb. "'I _bucke_ lynen -clothes to scoure of their fylthe and make them whyte, _Ie bue_. -Bucke these shyrtes, for they be to foule to be wasshed by hande, -_buez ces chemises, car elles sont trop sallies de les lauer a -sauon._'--Palsgrave. 'Buée, lie wherwith clothes are scowred; also -a _buck_ of clothes; _Buer_, to wash a _buck_, to scowre with lie; -_Buandiere_ f., a laundresse, or buck-washer.'--Cotgrave. To _buck_ -is to cleanse clothes by steeping them in lye: see _Buck_ in Webster, -Nares, Wedgwood, etc."--Rev. W. W. Skeat, note to P. Plowman, B. Text, -xiv. 19. - -[E435] The hours of meals varied at different dates. In the Myrour -of Our Lady, ed. Blunt, p. 15, we read: "At houre of tyerse [9 a.m.] -labourers desyre to haue theyr dyner." - -In Chambers's Book of Days, i. 96, we read that Gervase Markham, in -1653, makes the ploughman have three meals, viz. breakfast at 6 a.m., -dinner at half-past 3 p.m., and supper at 6 p.m. See also note E444. - -[E436] In the Library of Caius Coll. Camb. is a volume of Tracts, No. -286, one of which, published in 1555, An Account of the Cruelties of -the King of Spain, has as its motto: "Beware of Had I wiste." This is -also the title of a poem in the Paradyce of Daynty Deuyses, 1578. It is -quoted by Sir Simon D'Ewes (Diary, etc., ii. 366): - -"Telle neuere the more thoug thou myche heere, -And euere be waare of _had-y-wist_." - --Babees Book, ed. Furnivall, p. 264, l. 72. - -[E437] See note E52. - -[E438] - -"Beware that ye geue no persone palled drynke, for feere -Hit mygtt brynge many a man in disese durynge many a yere." - --John Russell's Boke of Norture, in Babees Book, p. 13. - -"Sowre ale, and dead ale, and ale the whiche doth stande a tylte is -good for no man."--Andrew Boorde, Regimen of Health. - -"Of ale and beer, as well as of wine, we find various kinds mentioned. -There were single beer, or small ale, which could do little more than -quench thirst,--and double beer, which was recommended as containing a -double quantity of malt and hops,--and double-double beer, which was -twice as strong as that,--and dagger-ale, which, as the name implies, -was reckoned particularly sharp and dangerous,--and bracket, a kind -of ale which we are unable distinctly to describe. But the favourite -drink, as well as the chief article of vulgar debauch, was a kind of -ale commonly called huffcap, but which was also termed 'mad dog,' -'angel's food,' 'dragon's milk,' and other such ridiculous names, by -the frequenters of ale-houses: 'and never,' says Harrison, 'did Romulus -and Remus suck their she-wolf with such eager and sharp devotion as -these men hale at huffcap, till they be as red as cocks, and little -wiser than their combs.' The higher classes, who were able to afford -such a luxury, brewed a generous liquor for their own consumption, -which they did not bring to the table till it was two years old. This -was called March ale, from the month in which it was brewed. But the -servants had to content themselves with a more simple beverage that -was seldom more than a month old. A cup of choice ale was often as -richly compounded with dainties as the finest wines. Sometimes it was -warmed, and qualified with sugar and spices; sometimes with a toast; -often with a roasted crab or apple, making the beverage still known -under the name of Lambs'-wool; while to stir the whole composition with -a sprig of rosemary, was supposed to give it an additional flavour. -The drinks made from fruit were chiefly cider, perry, and mum. Those -that had formerly been made from honey seem to have fallen into disuse -in consequence of the general taste for stronger potations; metheglin -being now chiefly confined to the Welsh. A simple liquor, however, -was still used in Essex, called by Harrison, somewhat contemptuously, -'a swish-swash,' made of water with a little honey and spice, but -'as differing,' he says, 'from true metheglin as chalk doth from -cheese.' He informs us, moreover, that already the tapsters of -England had learned to adulterate their ale and beer with pernicious -compounds."--Pict. Hist. of England, ii. 883. - -"In the parish of Hawsted, Suffolk, the allowance of food to the -labourer in harvest was, two herrings per day, milk from the manor -dairy to make cheese, and a loaf of bread, of which fifteen were made -from a bushel of wheat. Messes of potage made their frequent appearance -at the rustic board."--Knight, Pict. Hist. of England, i. 839. - -[E439] Harrison gives an account (pp. 153-4) of the following kinds of -bread made in England: 1. Mainchet, "commonlie called white bread, in -Latine _Primarius panis_." 2. Cheat "or wheaton bread, so named bicause -the colour therof resembleth the graie [or yellowish] wheat [being -cleane and well dressed,] and out of this is the coursest of the bran -(vsuallie called gurgeons or pollard) taken. The raueled is a kind of -cheat bread also, but it reteineth more of the grosse, and lesse of -the pure substance of the wheat." 3. Brown bread, of which there were -two kinds, viz. (_a_) of whole meal unsifted, (_b_) pollard bread, -with a little rye meal, and called Miscelin or Meslin. "In champeigne -countries much rie and barleie bread is eaten, but especiallie where -wheat is scant and geson." - -[E440] "Baies." Halliwell prints this word as _baics_ in his -Dictionary, defining it as "chidings, reproofs," and giving as his -authority Hunter's Additions to Boucher. - -[E441] "Droie." See Note in Prompt. Parv., s.v. _Dryvylle_ and _Deye_. -Probably a corruption of _droile_; a scullion, kitchen-boy, or servant -of all-work.--M. Droie also occurs in Stubbes' Anatomie of Abuses, 1583. - -[E442] "In some places it [the malt] is dried at leisure with wood -alone, or strawe alone, in other with wood and strawe togither; but -of all, the strawe dried is the most excellent. For the wood dried -malt when it is brued, beside that the drinke is higher of colour, -it dooth hurt and annoie the head of him that is not vsed thereto, -bicause of the smoake. Such also as vse both indifferentlie, doo -barke, cleaue and drie their wrood in an ouen, thereby to remooue all -moisture that shuld procure the fume, and this malt is in the second -place, and with the same likewise, that which is made with dried firze, -broome, etc.; whereas, if they also be occupied greene, they are in -maner so preiudiciall to the corne, as is the moist wood."--Harrison, -Description of England, ed. F. J. Furnivall, Part I. p. 157. - -[E443] See Note E116. - -[E444] "The husbandmen dine at high noone as they call it, and sup at -seuen or eight."--Harrison, Part I. p. 166. - -[E445] Though all the standard editions read "chaps walking," may it -not be a misprint for "chaps wagging," that is, mouths craving?--M. - -[E446] "Enough is a plentie." Cf. "Mesure is medcyne þouȝ þow moche -ȝerne."--Piers Plowman, Passus i. 35. "But mesure is a meri mene, þouȝ -men moche ȝerne."--Richard the Redeles, E.E. Text Soc., ed. Skeat, ii. -139. "Measure is treasure."--Dyce's Skelton, ii. 238, 241. "Enough is -as good as a feast."--Gascoigne's Posies, 1575. - -[E447] "Chippings." The "Chippings of Trencher-brede" in Lord Percy's -household were used "for the fedynge of my lords houndis."--Percy -Household Book, p. 353. "Other ij pages ... them oweth to _chippe_ -bredde, but too nye the crumme."--Household Ordin. pp. 71-2. In the -_Regimen Sanitatis Salerni_, ed. 1634, p. 71, we are warned against -eating crusts, because "they ingender a dust cholor, or melancholly -humours, by reason that they bee burned and dry." - -[E448] "Call quarterly seruants to court and to leete," that is, call -to account. - -[E449] "Lurching," cf. footnote 1, p. 64. - -[E450] "Bandog," cf. note E35. - -[E451] "Guise." - - "For he was laid in white Sheep's wool - New pulled from tanned Fells; -And o'er his Head hang'd Spiders webs - As they had been Bells. -Is this the _Country Guise_, thought he? - Then here I will not stay." - --Ballad, K. Alfred and the Shepherd. - -"'Tis thy _Country Guise_, I see, - To be thus bluntish still." - --Ibid. - -"The Norman _guise_ was to walke and jet up and downe the -streets."--Lambert's Peramb. of Kent, 1826, p. 320. - -[E452] "Plough Monday." "The Monday next after Twelfth-day, when our -Northern plow-men beg plow-money to drink; and in some places if the -plowman (after that day's work) come with his whip to the kitchin -hatch, and cry 'cock in pot' before the maid says 'cock on the -dung-hill,' he gains a cock on Shrove-Tuesday."--Coles' Dict. 1708. -"Among the rural customs connected with the anniversary of Christmas -were those of Plough-Monday, which fell on the first Monday after -Twelfth-day. This was the holiday of the ploughmen, who used to go -about from house to house begging for plough-money to drink. In the -northern counties, where this practice was called the fool-plough (a -corruption perhaps of _yule_-plough), a number of sword-dancers dragged -about a plough, while one of the party, called the Bessey, was dressed -for the occasion like an old woman; and another, who was the fool of -the pageant, was almost covered with skins, and wore the tail of some -animal dangling down his back. While the rest danced, one of these odd -personages went among the spectators, rattling a box, and collecting -small donations; and it is said that whosoever refused to pay had the -plough dragged to his door and the soil of his threshold ploughed -up."--Pict. Hist. of England, ii. 894. - -[E453] The Skreene was a wooden settee or settle, with a high back -sufficient to screen the sitters from the outward air, and was in the -time of our ancestors an invariable article of furniture near all -kitchen fires, and is still seen in the kitchens of many of our old -farm-houses in Cheshire. The meaning of the two lines: - -"If ploughman get hatchet or whip to the skreene, -maides loseth their cock if no water be seene," - -is, "if the ploughman can get his whip, ploughstaff, hatchet, or -anything he wants in the field to the fireside (_screen_ being here -equivalent to _fireside_) before the maid has got her kettle on, then -she loses her Shrove-tide cock, which belongs wholly to the men." - -[E454] "Shroftide." The Hen is hung at a Fellow's back who has also -some Horse Bells about him, the rest of the Fellows are blinded, and -have Boughs in their Hands, with which they chase this Fellow and his -Hen about some large Court or small Enclosure. The Fellow with his -Hen and Bells shifting as well as he can, they follow the sound, and -sometimes hit him and his Hen, other times, if he can get behind one -of them, they thresh one another well favour'dly; but the Jest is, the -Maids are to blind the Fellows, which they do with their Aprons, and -the cunning Baggages will endear their Sweet Hearts with a peeping -hole, while the others look out as sharp to hinder it. After this the -Hen is boil'd with Bacon, and store of Pancakes and Fritters are made. -She that is noted for lying a Bed long or any other Miscarriage, hath -the first Pancake presented to her, which most commonly falls to the -Dog's share at last, for no one will own it their due.--T.R. - -"Let glad Shrove Tuesday bring the pancake thin -Or fritters rich with apples stored within." - --Oxford Sausage. - -[E455] "Wake Day." The Wake-day is the day on which the Parish Church -was dedicated, called So, because the Night before it, they were used -to watch till Morning in the Church and feasted all the next day. -Waking in the Church was left off because of some abuses, and we see -here it was converted to wakeing at the Oven.--T.R. "Similar to the -church-ales, though of a still more ancient origin, were the Wakes. It -had been the custom, on the dedication of a church, or the birth-day -of a saint, for the people to assemble on the night previous, to hold -a religious vigil in the open air; and, as they remained all night -occupied in devotional exercises, this practice was called a wake. -Such a method of spending the night, however, soon gave place to very -different employments; and feasting, riot, and licentiousness became -the prevailing characteristics of these vigils. These concourses, -also, from every neighbouring town and parish, naturally suggested the -expediency of improving such opportunities for the purposes of traffic; -and hence the wakes gradually became fairs, which in some places they -still continue to be."--Pict. Hist. of England, ii. 897. - -[E456] "Flawnes;" a kind of pancake was also so called. Nettleham -feast at Easter is called the _Flown_, possibly from _flauns_ having -been formerly eaten at that period of the year: but see Babees Book, -p. 173, where Flawnes are stated to be "_Cheesecakes_ made of ground -cheese beaten up with eggs and sugar, coloured with saffron, and baked -in 'cofyns' or crusts." - -"Bread an chese, butere and milk, -Pastees and _flaunes_." - --Havelok, ed. Skeat, 644. - - _For flaunes._ - -"Take new chese and grynde hit fayre, -In morter with egges, without dysware; -Put powder þerto of sugur, I say, -Coloure hit with safrone ful wele þou may; -Put hit in cofyns þat ben fayre, -And bake hit forthe, I þe pray." - --Liber Cure Cocorum, ed. Morris, p. 39. - -[E457] A goose used formerly to be given at harvest-home, to those who -had not overturned a load of corn in carrying during harvest.--M. - -[E458] "Fyrmente is made of whete and mylke, in the whiche, yf flesshe -be soden, to eate it is not commendable, for it is harde of dygestyon; -but whan it is dygested it doth nowrysshe, and it doth strength a -man."--Andrew Boorde's Dyetary, E.E. Text Soc. ed. F. J. Furnivall, p. -263. The following recipe for making Furmenty is from the Liber Cure -Cocorum, ed. Morris, p. 7: - - _Furmente._ - -Take wete, and pyke [pick] hit fayre (and clene) -And do hit in a morter shene; -Bray hit a lytelle, with water hit spryng [sprinkle] -Tyl hit hulle, with-oute lesyng. -Þen wyndo [winnow] hit wele, nede þou mot; -Wasshe hit fayre, put hit in pot; -Boyle hit tylle hit brest, þen -Let hit doun, as I þe kenne. -Take now mylke, and play hit up -To hit be thykkerede to sup. -Lye hit up with yolkes of eyren [eggs], -And kepe hit wele, lest hit berne [burn]. -Coloure hit with safron and salt hit wele, -And servys hit forthe, Syr, at þe mele; -With sugur candy þou may hit dowce, -If hit be served in grete lordys howce. -Take black sugur for mener menne; -Be ware þerwith, for hit wylle brenne [burn]. - -The following recipes for the manufacture of Furmenty are given -in Pegge's Forme of Cury, pp. 91 and 121: 1. For to make Furmenty, -"Nym [Take] clene wete, and bray it in a morter wel that the -holys [hulls] gon al of and seyt [seethe] yt til it breste and nym yt -up, and lat it kele [cool] and nym fay re fresch broth and swete mylk -of Almandys or swete mylk of kyne and temper yt al, and nym the yolkys -of eyryn [eggs], boyl it a lityl and set yt adoun and messe yt forthe -wyth fast venyson and fresch moton." 2. For to make Formenty on a -Fische-day, "Tak the mylk of the Hasel Notis, boyl the wete wyth the -aftermelk til it be dryyd, and tak and colour yt wyth Saffroun, and -the ferst mylk cast therto and boyle wel and serve yt forth." In Mr. -Peacock's Glossary of Manley, etc., we have: "Frumerty, a preparation -of creed-wheat [wheat simmered until tender] with milk, currants, -raisins and spices in it." - -[E459] To make Aqua Composita, chap. 223: "Take of Sage, Hysope, -Rosemarie, Mynt, Spike or Lauender leaues, Marioram, Bay leaues, of -each like much, of all foure good handfulles to one galon of liquour. -Take also of Cloues, Mace, Nutmegs, Ginger, Cinnamon, Pepper, Graines, -of each a quarter of an ounce, Liquorice and Annise, of each halfe a -pound: beat the spices grosse [not fine, coarse], and first wash the -herbes, then breake them gently betweene your hands. Scrape off the -barke from the Liquorice, and cut it into thin slices, and punne [beat, -pound] the Annise grosse, then put altogether into a gallon or more of -good Ale or Wine, and let them steepe all night close couered in some -vessell of earth or wood, and the next morning after distill them with -a Limbecke or Serpentine. But see that your fire be temperate, and that -the head of your Limbecke be kept colde continually with fresh water, -and that the bottom of your Limbecke bee fast luted with Rye dough, -that so Ayre issue out. The best Ale to make Aqua Composita of is to be -made of Wheate malte, and the next of cleane Barley malte; and the best -Wine for that purpose is Sacke."--Cogan's Haven of Health, ed. 1612, -pp. 222-3. - - -[E460] A Cockney, the derivation of which word has been much disputed, -appears to me clearly to come from the verb to _cocker_, to _cock_, by -contraction, as in this passage. A _cockney_, therefore, is one who -has been brought up effeminately, and spoilt by indulgence, whether a -native of the city or of the country.--M. - -"The original meaning of _cockney_ is a child too tenderly or -delicately nurtured, one kept in the house and not hardened by -out-of-doors life; hence applied to citizens, as opposed to the -hardier inhabitants of the country, and in modern times confined -to the inhabitants of London. The Promptorium Parvulorum, and the -authorities cited in Mr. Way's note, give '_Coknay_, carifotus, -delicius, mammotrophus'; 'To bring up like a _cocknaye_, mignoter.' -'Delicias facere, to play the _cockney_.' Cf. 'Puer in deliciis -matris nutritus, Anglice, a _cokenay_.'--Halliwell. '_Cockney_, -niais, mignot.'--Sherwood. The Fr. _coqueliner_, to dandle, cocker, -fedle, pamper, make a wanton of a child, leads us in the right -direction."--Wedgwood, Etymol. Dict. "A _cockney_, a childe tenderly -brought up; a dearling. _Cockering_, mollis ilia educatio quam -indulgentiam vocamus."--Baret's Alvearie, 1580. - -[E461] In chapter 62 of the First Part of this work, p. 139, we had a -comparison between good and bad husbandry, and we are here presented -with a contrast between good and bad huswifery. - -[E462] Compare Taming of the Shrew, Act iv. sc. 3, 57: - -"With scarfs and fans and double change of _bravery_." - -[E463] "Good huswiferie _canteth_." The ed. of 1573 reads "_franteth_" -the meaning of which is "to be careful, economical." - -[E464] For boys the practice of music would be degrading, except as a -profession; and even for girls, however fashionable it may be, it is -generally worse than useless, as it occupies that time which ought to -be devoted to much more important purposes.--M. - -[E465] "Least homelie breaker," etc., that is, lest an inexperienced -teacher ruin the mind of the pupil, as an unpractised horse-breaker -will spoil a promising colt. - -[E466] "Well a fine," a phrase meaning to a good purpose, a good result. - -[E467] "Cocking Mams," that is, over-indulgent mothers. "A father to -much _cockering_, Pater nimis indulgens."--Baret's Alvearie, 1580. See -Note E460. - -[E468] "Shifting Dads," that is, fathers who are constantly shifting -their children from one school to another. - -[E469] "Assone as a passenger comes to an Inne the Host or Hostesse -visit him; and if he will eate with the Host or at a common table with -others, his meale will cost him sixe pence, or in some places but foure -pence (yet this course is lesse honourable and not used by gentlemen); -but if he will eate in his chamber he commands what meate he will, -according to his appetite, and as much as he thinkes fit for him and -his company."--Fynes Moryson's Itinerary, 1617, Part III. p. 151. - -[E470] "To purchase linne." To purchase Lynn, by petty savings, seems -to have been a proverbial mode of expression, used in ridicule of -stinginess. - -[E471] "You are on the high way to Needham."--Ray. - -[E472] The braggadocios and coxcombs of the day would use their -daggers to carve with, which were perfectly harmless for any other -purpose. Forks were yet strangers to an English dinner-table. Knives -were first _made_ in England, according to Anderson, in 1563. A -meat-knife of Queen Elizabeth's, mentioned in Nichols's "Progresses," -had "a handle of white bone and a conceyte in it." In the same work -we read of "a dozen of horn spoons in a bunch," as the instruments -"meetest to eat furmenty porage with all;" also of "a folding spoon of -gold," and "a pair of small snuffers, silver-gilt."--Pictorial History -of England, ii. 856. - -[E473] "Go toie with his nodie." The edition of 1573 reads "go toy -with his noddy, with ape in the street," and more recent editions -read "go toy with his noddy-like ape in the street." This reading has -been adopted by Dr. Mavor. Peacock's Gloss. gives "Noddipol a sillie -person. 'Whorson _nodipol_ that I am!'--Bernard's Terence, 43. 'A verye -_nodypoll_ nydyote myght be ashamed to say it.'--The Workes of Sir -Thomas More, 1557, p. 209." - -[E474] "Fisging." The Rev. W. Skeat, in his note to Piers Plowman, -C. Text, Passus x. l. 153, "And what frek of þys folde _fiskeþ_ þus -a-boute," remarks: "_Fisketh_, wanders, roams. As this word is scarce, -I give all the instances of it that I can find. In Sir Gawayne and the -Grene Knight, ed. Morris, l. 1704, there is a description of a foxhunt, -where the fox and the hounds are thus mentioned:-- - -'& he fyskez hem by-fore · þay founden hym sone'--_i.e._ - -and he (the fox) runs on before them (the hounds); but they soon found -him. 'Fyscare abowte ydylly; Discursor, discursatrix, vagulus vel -vagator, vagatrix.'--Prompt. Parv. p. 162. 'Fiskin abowte yn ydilnesse; -Vago, giro, girovago.'--Ibid. - -'Such serviture also deserveth a check, -That runneth out _fisking_, with meat in his beck [_mouth_].' - --Tusser, Five Hundred Points, etc., ed. Mavor, p. 286. - -'Then had every flock his shepherd, or else shepherds; now they do not -only run _fisking about_ from place to place, ... but covetously join -living to living.'--Whitgift's Works, i. 528. 'I _fyske_, ie fretille. -I praye you se howe she _fysketh_ about.'--Palsgrave. '_Trotière_, a -raumpe, fisgig, _fisking_ huswife, raunging damsell.'--Cotgrave. - -'Then in cave, then in a field of corn, -Creeps to and fro, and _fisketh_ in and out.' - --Dubartas (in Nares). - -'His roving eyes rolde to and fro, -He _fiskyng_ fine, did mincyng go.' - --Kendalls's Flower of Epigrammes, 1577 (Nares). - -'Tom Tankard's cow.... -Flinging about his halfe aker, _fisking_ with her tail.' - --Gammer Gurton's Needle, i. 2. - -'_Fieska_, to _fisk_ the tail about; to _fisk_ up and down.'--Swedish -Dictionary, by J. Serenius. '_Fjeska_, v.n. to fidge, to fidget, to -_fisk_.'--Swed. Dict. (Tauchnitz)." - -[E475] In the Rolls of Parliament, at the opening of the Parliament of -2 Rich. II. in the year 1378, we find--"Qui sont appellez _Bacbyters_ -sont auxi come chiens qi mangeont les chars crues," etc. In the Ancren -Riwle (Camden Soc. ed. Morton), p. 86, are described two kinds of -_backbiters_, who are defined generally as "Bacbitares, þe biteð oðre -men bihinden"; the two kinds are 1. those who openly speak evil of -others, and 2. those who under the cloak of friendship slander others. -The latter is stated to be far the worse. In an Old Eng. Miscellany (E. -E. Text Soc. ed. Morris), p. 187, we are told that "Alle _bacbytares_ -heo wendeþ to helle."--Rev. W. W. Skeat, note to P. Plowman, B. v. 89. - -[E476] "The friend doth hate." The edition of 1585 reads, evidently by -a misprint, _fiends_. - -[E477] "Roinish," lit. scurvy, hence coarse, rough. "_Rongneux_, -scabbie, mangie, scurvie."--Cotgrave. It occurs twice in the "Romaunt -of the Rose," ll. 988 and 6190. In the form _rinish_, signifying -"wild, jolly, unruly, rude," it is found among the Yorkshire words in -Thoresby's Letter to Ray, reprinted by the Eng. Dial. Soc. "Rennish," -in the sense of "furious, passionate," which is in Ray's collection of -North-country words, is, perhaps, another form of the word. - -[E478] "Still presently," _i.e._ always as close at hand. - -[E479] "In vsing there his will," that is, in doing so he acted of his -own free will. - -[E480] "Seene" = appeared, showed himself. - -[E481] "Do show" (to who thou wouldst to know). The meaning is -perfectly clear, but the manner in which it is expressed is very -curious. We may paraphrase it thus: "doth show to him whom thou wishest -to teach." - -[E482] Compare Psalm ciii. 15, 6. - -[E483] "Let gift no glorie looke," that is, in giving alms look for -(expect) no praise or earthly reward for so doing. - -[E484] "Provoke" = urge. - -[E485] In the edition of 1577 the arrangement of this chapter is -somewhat different. The Latin verses are first printed by themselves, -and headed "Sancti Barnardi dicta," and after comes the English -version, with the following title: "Eight of Saint Barnardes verses, -translated out of Latin | into english by this Aucthor for one kind | -of note to serue both ditties." The translation in the "Paradise of -Dainty Devices," mentioned by Mason, is by Barnaby Rich, under the -signature of "My Luck is Loss." The following is the first verse, -transcribed for comparison with Tusser's version: - -"Why doth each state apply itself to worldly praise? -And undertake such toil, to heap up honour's gain, -Whose seat, though seeming sure, on fickle fortune stays, -Whose gifts are never prov'd perpetual to remain? -But even as earthen pots, with every fillip fails: -So fortune's favour flits, and fame with honour quails." - -[E486] "Carle." M. Licinius Crassus, surnamed Dives, or the Rich, one -of the first Roman Triumvirate, and celebrated for his avarice and love -of the table. - -[E487] "O thou fit bait for wormes!" In the Treatise of Vincentio -Saviolo, printed in 1595 with the title "Vincentio Saviolo his -Practise. In two Bookes. The first intreating of the use of the Rapier -and Dagger. The second of Honor and Honorable Quarrels," the printer's -device has the motto: "O wormes meate: O froath: O vanitie: why art -thou so insolent." Compare "As you Like it," Act iii. sc. 2, 59, "Most -shallow man! thou worm's meat!" - -[E488] "For fortunes looke." In editions of 1573 and 1585 the reading -is "For fortune, look." It is evident that these verses were written -at the time when our author first retired from court, and that they -were appended to this work long after. They allude to recent events, -to "fatal chance," and to other circumstances, which would have been -obliterated from the mind after the lapse of so many years.--M. See -Tusser's Autobiography, ch. 114, stanza 14, p. 208. - -[E489] "Too daintie fed;" that is, to one who has been accustomed to -luxury, and high living. - -[E490] "If court with cart, etc." If one, who has been a courtier, must -put up with the life of the country. - -[E491] "What toesed eares." _Toese_, or _touze_, to worry (as a dog -does a bear), properly used of the dressing of wool, and thence -metaphorically, as in Spenser, Faerie Queene, xi. 33, - -"And as a beare, whom angry curres have _touz'd_:" - -to the dog who pulls the fell off the bear's back. Cf. the old name for -a dog, _Towzer_. Coles renders _tose_ or _toze_ by "_carpo, vellico_." -Baret, Alvearie, 1580, gives, "to Tosse wooll, _carpere lanam_." -Compare chap. 99. 4, p. 189, "so _tossed_ with comorants," which is -spelt _toesed_ in the ed. of 1577, and _teazed_ in those of 1580 and -1585. - -[E492] "What robes." The livery or _vestis liberata_, often called -robe, allowed annually by the college.--Warton, Hist. of Eng. Poetry. - -[E493] Penny-ale is common, thin ale. It is spoken of in Piers Plowman, -ed. Skeat, Passus xv. l. 310, as a most meagre drink, only fitted for -strict-living friars. It was sold at _a penny a gallon_, while the best -ale was _four pence_. - -"Peny ale and podyng ale she poured togideres -For labourers and for lowe folke, þat lay by hym-selue." - --Piers Plowman, B. Text, Passus v. 220. - -[E494] "Sundrie men had plagards then." See remarks in Biographical -Sketch, p. xii. - -[E495] "The better brest," etc. On these words Hawkins, in his Hist. of -Music, ed. 1853, ii. 537, remarks: "In singing, the sound is originally -produced by the action of the lungs, which are so essential an organ -in this respect, that to have a _good breast_ was formerly a common -periphrasis to denote a _good singer_." Cf. Shakspere, Twelfth Night, -Act ii. sc. 3, "By my troth, the fool hath an excellent breast." -Halliwell quotes: - -"I syng not musycall -For my _brest_ is decayd." - --Armonye of Byrdes, p. 5. - -Ascham, in his Toxophilus, says, when speaking of the expediency -of educating youths in singing: "Trulye two degrees of men, which -have the highest offices under the king in all this realme, shall -greatly lacke the vse of singinge, preachers and lawyers, because they -shall not, without this, be able to rule theyr _brestes_ for euerye -purpose."--Lond. 1571, fo. 86; and in Strype's Life of Arch. Parker it -is stated that "In the Statutes of Stoke College, Suffolk, founded by -Parker, is a provision in these words: 'of which said queristers, after -their _breasts_ are changed, will the most apt of wit and capacity be -holpen with exhibitions of forty shillings.'" - -[E496] Nicholas Udall was the author of our oldest known comedy -"Roister Doister." He was born 1505, and was Master first at Eton and -afterwards at Westminster, at both of which places he became notorious -for the severity of his punishments. He wrote several dramas, now lost, -one of which, "Ezekias," was acted before Queen Elizabeth at Cambridge, -and, in all probability, "Roister Doister" was intended to be performed -by his pupils. - -[E497] As to Tusser's pedigree see letter from the Windsor Herald, in -the Biographical Sketch, p. xii. - -[E498] "Tiburne play." Tyburn appears from authentic records to have -been used as a place of execution in the time of Edward III. and -probably before. See also stanza 35 post. There was another place of -execution, in the parish of St. Thomas-a-Waterings, in Southwark, -called for distinction Tyburn _of Kent_. See Pegge's Kenticisms, ed. -Skeat, Proverb 11, and Dr. Johnson's Poem of London, l. 238, and the -note on it in Hales's Longer Eng. Poems, 1872, p. 313. - -[E499] "A towne of _price_." A common expression in old English, -meaning of high estimation, noble. See Halliwell, s.v. - -[E500] "Norfolk wiles," etc. The East Anglians were noted for their -litigious propensities. Fuller, in his Worthies, says, "Whereas -_pedibus ambulando_ is accounted but a vexatious suit in other -counties, here (where men are said to study law as following the -plough-tail) some would persuade us that they will enter an action -for their neighbour's horse but looking over their hedge." An Act was -passed in 1455 (33 Henry VI. cap. 7) to check the litigiousness of the -district: "Whereas, of time not long past, within the city of Norwich, -and the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, there were no more but 6 or 8 -attornies at the most that resorted to the King's Courts, in which time -great tranquillity reigned in the said city and counties, and little -trouble or vexation was made by untrue and foreign suits. And now so it -is, that in the said city and counties, there be fourscore attornies -or more, the more part of them having no other thing to live upon but -only his gain by the practice of attorneyship, and also the more part -of them not being of sufficient knowledge to be an attorney, which -come to every fair, market, and other places, where is any assembly -of people, exhorting, procuring, moving and inciting the people to -attempt untrue foreign suits for small trespasses, little offences -and small sums of debt, whose actions be triable and determinable in -Court Barons; whereby proceed many suits, more of evil will and malice -than of the truth of the thing, to the manifold vexation and no little -damage of the inhabitants of the said city and counties, and also to -the perpetual destruction of all the Courts Baron in the said counties, -unless convenient remedy be provided in this behalf; the foresaid Lord -the King considering the premises, by the advice, assent and authority -aforesaid, hath ordained and established, that at all times from -henceforth there shall be but six common attornies in the said County -of Norfolk, and six common attornies in the said County of Suffolk, and -two common attornies in the said City of Norwich, to be attornies in -the Courts of Record; and that all the said fourteen attornies shall be -elected and admitted by the two Chief Justices of our Lord the King for -the time being, of the most sufficient and best instructed, by their -discretions." East Anglians were frequently called "Barrators," that -is, incitors to lawsuits (O. Fr. _bareter_, to deceive, cheat). - -[E501] "Diram sell." West Dereham Abbey, near Downham, Norfolk, founded -by Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, for Præmonstratensian -canons. - -[E502] Faiersted, a parish about four miles from Witham, and near our -author's birthplace. - -[E503] The plague, to which Tusser evidently alludes, according -to Maitland, raged in London in 1574 and 1575. It must have been -subsequent to 1573, as the edition of that date does not contain this -or the following stanza. - -[E504] This and the preceding stanzas were first introduced in the -edition of 1580. - -[E505] Cf. - -"The rank is but the guinea stamp, -A man's a man for a' that." - --Burns. - -[E506] "Cocking Dads." Cf. ch. 95, stanza 5, p. 186. - -[E507] "Of hir or him." See note E381. - -[E508] "L'homme propose, Dieu dispose." - -[E509] "Or for to iet," etc. "The Normane guise was, to walke and -_jet_ up and downe the streetes, with great traines of idle serving men -following them."--Lambarde's Peramb. of Kent, Reprint of 1826, p. 320. -"_Jetting_ along with a giant-like gate."--Tom Tel-Troth's Message, New -Shak. Soc. ed. Furnivall, p. 125. "Rogue, why winkest thou? Jenny, why -_jettest_ thou?"--R. Holme, Names of Slates, Bk. iii. ch. v. p. 265. -"_Item_, That no scholler be out of his college in the night season, or -goe a _Jetting_, and walke the streetes in the night season, unlesse he -goe with the Proctors, uppon the payne appointed in the ould Statutes -of the University, which is not meate. And they declare that it is -the auncient custome, that the Proctors shall not goe a _Jetting_, -without the licence of the Vice Chancellor, unlesse it be in Time of -some suddayne danger or occasion."--Cole's MSS. vol. 42, in the British -Museum. - - - - -GLOSSARY. - - -_Those words which occur only in the edition of_ 1557 _are marked with -an asterisk._ - -_The references are to the Chapters and Stanzas; thus_, 36/23 _means -chapter_ 36, _stanza_ 23. _The usual abbreviations are used_. - - -Ad, 36/23, _v. imp._ add. - -Addle, 51/6, _v._ increase in bulk.--T.R. Icel. _ödlask_ = to gain, -earn. "Adylle, _adipisci, acquirere_--Cath. Anglicum. - -Adue, 3/8, _int._ adieu, farewell. - -Aduise, 10/41, _s._ care, notice. "Take aduise of thy rent" = make -preparations for paying your rent, by laying by for that purpose. - -Afoord, 99/4, _v._ afford. - -After claps, 49/_d, s. pl._ disagreeable consequences. - -Whane thy frende ys thy foo, -He wolle tell alle and more too; - Beware of after clappes! - --MS. Lansd. 762, f. 100. - -After crop, 18/20, _v._ extract a second crop from the land. - -Aile, 35/31, _v._ _affects_, is the matter with. A.S. _eglan_. - -Aker, 10/14, _s._ acre. - -Alexanders, 40/1, _s. pl._ the horse parsley. "_Alexandre_, the hearb -great parsley, Alexanders or Alisaunders."--Cotgrave. See Lyte's -Dodoens, p. 609. - -All in all, 4/2, the principal point. - -Alley, 15/35, _s._ paths, walk. - -Allow, 33/30; Alow, 15/32, _v. pr. t._ recommend, approve of. O. Fr. -_alouer_, from Lat. _laudare_. - -Aloft, 33/56, _adv._ up. - -Alowe, 115/2, _adv._ low down, deep; cf. 114/23. Cf. "Why somme be -_alowe_ and somme alofte."--P. Plowman, B. Text, xii. 222. - -Ambling, 95/2, _adj._ trotting, cantering. - -Amends, 10/58, _s._ reparation, amendment. - -Amisse, 89/13, _adv._ amiss, wrong. - -Amitie, 9/18, _s._ friendship. - -Andrew, 48/19, St. Andrew's Day, 30th November. - -Among, 1/5, _adv._ at times; 27/4, euer among = constantly, always. - -Anker, 13/5, _s._ anchor. - -Annis, 45/1, _s._ anise. Lat. _anisum_. - -Anoieng, 48/11, _v._ injuring, damaging. O. Fr. _anoier_, from Lat. -_nocere_. - -Anue, 10/37, _adv._ anew, again. - -Aperne, 17/4, _s._ an apron. Fr. _naperon_, a large cloth, from Lat. -_nappa_. O. Fr. _appronaire_ = a woman's apron; _appronier_ = a -blacksmith's apron. "Barmeclothe or naprun."--Prompt. Parv. - -Aqua composita, 91/1, see note E459. - -Araid, 48/22, _pp._ kept in order, regulated. O. Fr. _arraier_. A.S. -_gerædan_ = to get ready. - -Arbor, 35/45, _s._ an arbour. O. Fr. _herbier_. - -Armer, 2/4, _s._ help, assistance. - -Arse, 51/4, _s._ buttocks, hind part. A.S. _ears, ærs_. - -As, 57/47, which. - -Assaie, 1/4, _s._ trial. O. Fr. _assai_. - -Asunder, 17/11, _v._ break asunder or in pieces. - -Atchiue, 69/1, _v._ finish, complete. O. Fr. _achiever_. - -Athit, 16/6, _adj._ (?), "ill-breeders."--Mavor. -Ill-conditioned.--Wright's Prov. Dict. - -A too, 17/9, _adv._ in two, asunder. - -Attainted, 75/8, _pp._ tainted; the expression "touched" is also in -use. O. Fr. _attaint_, from Lat. _attingere_. - -Attonement, 106/11, _s._ atonement. - -Auke, 62/13, _adj._ unlucky (_lit._ backward, inverted, confused). -"Awke or wronge, _sinister_."--Prompt. Parv. - -Aumbrie, 75/2, _s._ cupboard, pantry. See Prompt. Parv. _s.v._ -_Awmebry_. L. Lat. _almonarium_. See also Wedgwood, s.v. _Ambry_. - -Auailes, p. 2, _v. pr. t._ is useful or profitable. - -Auens, 39/1, _s._ herb bennet--_geum urbanum_. Welsh _afans_. The roots -gathered in the spring and put into ale give it a pleasant flavour. - -Auise Avouse, 55/4, "is French jargon for _assure_ yourself, _take -care_."--Mavor. - -Auouch, 10/12, _v._ own, acknowledge. - -"I'll avouch it to his head." ---Shak. Mids. Night's Dream, i. 1. - -Awe, 56/2, _s._ August. - -Ayer, 16/20, _s._ air. - - -B. - -Baggage, 21/21, _s._ foul stuff, perhaps from Fr. _bagasse_. - -Baggedglie tit, 16/6, worthless beasts, baggagely. - -Baies, 81/2, _s. pl._ chidings, reproof. Halliwell has this word, -misspelt _baics_, as from Hunter's additions to Boucher. - -Bailie, 10/18, _s._ bailiff, steward. Lat. _bajulus_. Fr. _bailli_. - -Baiting, 85/2, feeding, eating. - -Balke, 63/2, _s._ "What is in some places called a mier bank, being -narrow slips of land between ground and ground."--T.R. A.S. _balc_. -Welsh _valc_, a strip of land. "A balke or banke of earth ranged or -standing up betweene two furrowes."--Baret's Alvearie. Halliwell, s.v. -Balk, refers to this passage and explains Balke as a piece of timber. - -Ball, 95/2, _s._ a common name for a horse. In the Prompt. it is -applied to a sheep, and in the Privy Purse expenses of Henry VIII. p. -43, to a dog. - -Band, 56/17, _s._ bands or ropes of straw. - -Bandes, 9/24, _s._ bonds, engagements. - -Bandog, 10/19, _s._ a dog always tied up on account of his fierceness; -according to Bewick a species of mastiff crossed with a bull-dog. Dutch -_band-hond_. - -Bane, 81/6, _s._ poison. - -Bane, 46/23, _s._ ruin. A.S. _bana_. O. Icel. _bani_. - -Banish, 9/29, _v._ free, clear. - -Banket, 28/3, _v. pr. t._ feast, banquet. - -Barberies, 34/3, _s._ barberry; _berberis vulgaris_, Linn. - -Barberlie, 51/4, _adv._ like a barber. - -Bare, 74/6, _adj._ uncouer your bare = strip the clothes off and whip -you. - -Barelie, 63/23, _s._ barley. - -Bargaine, 16/3, _s._ contract, agreement. - -Barth, 33/26, _s._ shelter. "Barth, ground floor, floor."--Spurrell's -Welsh Dict. "A warm place or pasture for calves or lambs."--Ray. "A -place near the farm-house well-sheltered."--T.R. - -Bartilmewtide, 57/47, St. Bartholomew's Day, 24th August. - -Bassel, 42/1, Bazell, 50/34, _s._ basil, much used in cookery, -especially in France. _Ocymum basilicum_.--Gerard's Herball. So -called probably from its being used in some royal (βασιλικον[Greek: -basilicon]) medicine or bath. - -Baulme, 42/2, _s._ balsam, contracted from Lat. _balsamum_. - -Bauen, 57/33, _s._ light loose faggots. O. Fr. _baffe_ = a faggot. -"Baven, the smaller trees whose sole use is for the fire."--Skinner. - -Bayted, 64*/7, _pp._ baited. - -Beare off, 17/2, _v._ ward off, keep off. - -Beare out, 16/10, _v._ keep off, protect from. - -Beares, 20/1, _v. pr. t._ provides, furnishes. - -*Bease, 57, _s. pl._ beasts, cows. - -Beastlie, 20/2, _adj._ stupid, careless. - -Beath, 23/9, _v._ to place before the fire, to straighten by heating. - -Beck, 46/28, _s._ beak. - -*Beclip, 30, _v._ anticipate, surprise. - -Bedstraw, 19/40, _s._ clean straw. - -Beene, 51/22, _s._ property, wealth. Fr. _bien_. - -Beere, 96/84, _s._ bier. - -Beetle, 22/1, _s._ a wooden club or mallet, its head hooped with iron, -and studded all over with nails, used for splitting wood. - -Beggerie, 10/40, _s._ beggary, poverty. - -Begilde, 57/27, Beguilde, 10/56, _pp._ cheated, disappointed. - -Begon, 99/5, _pp._ begun. - -Behoouing, 2/5, _adj._ belonging, proper to. - -Bellifull, 46/27, _s._ sufficiency, satisfaction. - -Bent, 113/3, _pp._ inclined, disposed. - -Beshreawd, 102/7, _pp._ ruined, cursed. Connected with the _shrew_ -mouse, to which deadly qualities were at one time attributed. - -Bestad, 114/23, _pp._ circumstanced, situated. - -Bestowe, 16/34, _v. imp._ place, arrange. - -Betanie, 45/3, _s._ the plant Betony, _Betonica officinalis_, Linn. - -Betwix, 74/2, _adv._ between. A.S. _betwix_. - -Bewraies, 108/4, _v. pr. t._ betrays. - -Bex, 37/12, _s. pl._ beaks. Fr. _bec_, pl. _becs_. - -Biefe, 21/11, _s._ beef. - -Big, 33/36, _s._ teat, pap. A.S. _bige_, a bosom.--Bailey's Dict. 1735. -It also occurs in Gifford's Dialogue on Witches, 1603. - -Bil, 17/8; Bill, 33/22, _s._ billhook. - -Bilde, 95/6, _v._ build. - -Billet, 53/12, _s._ chopped-up wood. - -Bin, 107/1, _pp._ been. - -Blabs, 100/3, _s. pl._ chatterboxes, talkative persons. "_Cacqueteur, -babillard, baquenaudier, bavard_. A _blab_, a long tongue: one that -telleth whatsoever he heareth."--Nomenclator, 1585. - -Blade, 19/14, _s._ blades of grass. - -Blaze, 108/4, _v._ spread abroad the report of, blaze abroad. Cf. -Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 7. A.S. _blæsan_, to blow. - -Blenge, 100/3, _v._ blenge, mix. - -Blessed thistle, 44/1, _s._ so called from its supposed power of -counteracting the effects of poison; _Carduus benedictus_. - -Blew, 43/3, _adj._ blue. - -Blindfild, 90/3, _adj._ blindfold. - -Blisse, 2/3, _v._ bless, praise. - -Block in the fier, 10/57, a block of wood in the fire. - -Blocks, 17/11, _s. pl._ blocks of wood, trunks and stumps of trees. - -Bloodwoort, 39/4, _s._ bloody-veined dock, _Rumex sanguineus_. - -Blouse, 16/37, _s._ red-faced wife or girl. "A girl or wench whose -face looks red by running abroad in the wind and weather is called a -_blouz_, and said to have a _blouzing_ colour. "--Kennett, MS. Lansd. -1033. See also Thoresby's Letter to Ray, E.D. Soc. B. 17. - -Blowne, 2/10, _pp._ reported. - -Bobbed, 114/5, _pp._ pouting. - -Boddle, 51/11, _s._ "a weed like the Mayweed, but bears a large yellow -flower."--T.R. From Dutch _buidel_, a purse, because it bears _gools_ -or _goldins_, gold coins, Dutch _gulden_, a punning allusion to its -yellow flowers. - -Boies, 57/34, _s. pl._ boys. - -Bold, 2/9, _v. pt. t._ embolden, encourage. - -Bold, 63/22, _adj._ proud. - -Boll, 83/2, _s._ washing-bowl, tub. - -Bolted, 67/2, _pp._ sifted, examined. Bolted-bread = a loaf of sifted -wheat meal mixed with rye. See _Bolt_ and _Bolting-cloth_ in Peacock's -Gloss. of Manley and Corringham. - -Boollesse, 34/4, _s._ bullace, small tartish plums, black or yellow. -Called in Cambridgeshire "Cricksies." "I believe the word to be Celtic: -Irish _bulos_, a prune, Breton _polos_, a bullace, Gaelic _bulaistear_, -a bullace, a sloe."--Note by Rev. W. W. Skeat. "A bullace, frute, -_pruneolum_."--Manip. Vocab. - -Boone, 62/17, _s._ request, prayer. - -Boord, 23/12, _s._ boards, planks. - -Boorde, 88/1, _s._ the table, meals. - -Bootie, 48/14, _s._ booty, prey. - -Borough, 33/7, _s._ burrows, warren. A.S. _beorg_, _beorh_. - -Botch, 74/5, _v. imp._ patch. - -Botles, 43/3, _s._ chrysanthemum. "Boyul or bothule, herbe or Cowslope, -_Vactinia_."--Prompt. Parv. - -Bots, 45/22, _s. pl._ a disease (worms) troublesome to horses. Gaelic -_botus_, a bott; _boiteag_, a maggot. - -Bottle, 21/15, _s._ the leathern bottle. - -Bowd, 19/39, _s._ weevil, _Curculio granarius_; bowd-eaten = eaten by -weevils. "Bowde, malte worme." "Malte bowde or wevyl."--Prompt. Parv. - -Bowe, 17/13, _s._ bow. - -Bows, 36/12, _s. pl._ boughs, sticks. A.S. _bog, boh._ - -Brag, 19/14, _s._ boast, sham, pretence; 94/16, value, estimation. - -Braggeth, 62/1, _v. pr. t._ boasts, brags. Welsh _bragiaw_. Fr. -_braguer_. - -Brake, 15/33, _s._ underwood, ferns, etc. Brakes, "Their light firing -in Norfolk, that is wherewith they bake and brew."--T.R. - -Brall, 77/11, _v._ quarrelling, scolding. - -Bralling, 101/4, _adj._ brawling, quarrelsome. - -Brank, 19/20, _s._ Buck-wheat. _Polygonum fagopyrum_. "_Brance_, -bearded red wheat."--Cotgrave. "_Brance_" occurs in Pliny's Hist. Nat. -xviii. c. 7. - -Brats, 81/6, _s. pl._ children. - -Brauling, 48/15, _s._ quarrels, contention. - -Braue, 94/2, _adj._ fine, grand. - -Brauerie, 9/12, _s._ show, boast. - -Brawne, 31/2, _s._ brawn, originally the flesh of the wild boar, but -used for flesh generally. O. Fr. _braon, braion_. - -Brawneth, 16/22, _v. pr. t._ fatteneth. - -Breaching, 2/11, _s._ breaking, breach. - -Breadcorne, 19/20, _s._ "leguminous crops."--Wright's Dict. - -Breaker, 95/2, _s._ horse-breaker. - -Breaketh his credit, 10/37, fails to do what he has promised. - -Breakhedge, 15/36, _s._ trespassers and others who break down fences, -or make gaps in hedges. - -Breathely, 33/38, _adj._ worthless. See Halliwell, s.v. Bretheling. - -Brecke, 16/16, _s._ breach, gap. A.S. _brecan_, to break. - -Breede, 10/31, _v._ cause, generate. - -Breeders, 12/2, _s. pl._ good time for breeding. - -Breeding, 2/10, _s._ origin, source. - -Breers, 114/2, _s. pl._ briars, thorns, hence troubles and difficulties. - -Bremble, 36/23, _s._ bramble, briar. - -Brest, 11/7, _v._ nurse. - -Brest, 114/6, _s._ voice. See note E495. - -Breth, 107/4, _s._ breath. - -Bribing, 10/27, _v._ thieving, stealing. "I _bribe_, I pull, I -pyll."--Palsgrave. See Mr. Skeat's note to P. Plowman, xxiii. 262. - -Brineth, 75/8, _v. pr. t._ cure with brine or salt. - -Brooketh, 94/10, _v. pr. t._ endures, allows. - -Brothell, 10/20, _v._ riotous, dissipated. See Halliwell, _s.v._ -Brethel. - -Brows, 33/11, feed on, nibble. O. Fr. _brouster_ from _broust_, -a sprout. "Yode forth abroade unto the greenewood to _browze_ or -play."--Spenser, Shep. Cal. May. "_Browse_, or meat for beastes in -snowtyme. _Vesca_."--Huloet. - -Brue, 15/33, _v._ brew. A.S. _briwan_. - -Brush, 17/14, _s._ underwood, brushwood. - -Brushed cote, 49/_b_, a beating; cf. "a dusted jacket." - -Buck, 50/13, _s._ buckwheat. Dutch _boekweit_. - -Buckle, 96/84, _v. imp._ prepare, get ready; cf. _buckle to_. - -Bucks, 74/5, _s. pl._ a quantity of linen washed at once, a tub-full of -linen ready for washing. _Bouckfatt_, a washing-tub (Unton Inventories, -p. 28). Lay your bucks = get your linen ready for washing. - -Buglas, 39/5, _s._ bugloss, _Lycopsis arvensis_, Linn. - -Buie, 3/8, _v._; Buieng, 56/4, buy. - -Bulchin, 33/36, _s._ a bull-calf. - -Bullimong, 19/30, _s._ a mixture of oats, peas and vetches, or -buckwheat. Possibly a corruption of Lat. _pulmentum_. - -Burch, 92/4, _s._ the rod, birch. - -Burrage, 39/7, _s._ borage. _Borago officinalis_. The flowers were -supposed to be cordial and excitative of courage, especially if infused -in wine; whence the derivation Celtic _borr_, pride, _borrach_, a -haughty man. - -Burs, 63/16, _s. pl._ the burdock. "_Bourre_, the downe or hairie coat, -wherewith divers herbs, fruites, and flowers are covered."--Cotgrave. - -Bushets, 37/19, _s. pl._ small shoots from bushes. - -Busht, 42/1, _adj._ thick, spreading. - -Buttrice, 17/4, _s._ a farrier's tool used in shoeing horses to pare -the hoofs. - -Buttrie, 89/5, _s._ pantry, cupboard. - -Buzard, 46/28, _s._ buzzard. - -By and bie, 57/15, _adv._ presently. - - -C. - -Cabben, 16/23, _s._ house, sty. - -Cace, 67/26, _s._ case, point. - -Cadow, 46/28, _s._ jackdaw. "_Cadesse_, Daw, Jackdaw."--Cotgrave. -"Cad-dow, a Jackdaw or Chough, Norfolk."--Bailey's Dict. See note in -Prompt. Parv., s.v. Cadaw. - -Calling, 9/1, _s._ station in life. - -Camamel, 42/3, _s._ Camomile. Lat. _chamæmelum_. χαμαιμηλον [Greek: -chamaimeilon], earth-apple, from the smell of its flowers. - -Campe, 22/24, _v._ to play football. A.S. _camp_ = a contest. See Ray's -Glossary, E. D. Soc. p. xvi. - -Campers, 22/24, _s. pl._ football players. See note E133. - -Campions, 43/5, _s._ Red Lychnis or Campion, _Lychnis diurna_. - -Candlemas, page 84, footnote 5, _s._ 2nd February, so called from -the great number of lights used on that day, being the feast of the -Purification of the Virgin Mary. - -Canteth, 94/8, _v. pr. t._ ? scanteth, _i.e._ is economical. The edition -of 1573 reads _franteth_, which is a Somerset word meaning _to be -careful_. Canteth, according to Halliwell, means "divides," _i.e._ does -not use up everything at once, but only what is wanted for the time. - -Canuas, 57/54, _s._ canvas. - -Capitaine cheefe, 10/19, head or chief captain. - -Capon, 31/3, _s._ a castrated cock. - -Careles, 35/4, _adj._ unwilling, not anxious. - -Carkas, 26/4, _s._ corpse, body. Fr. _carcasse_. - -Carke, 114/15, _v._ to be anxious. "I carke, I care, I take thought, -_je chagrine_"--Palsgrave. "Waile we the wight whose absence is our -_carke_."--Spenser, Shep. Cal. November. - -*Carnels, 101, _s. pl._ seeds of the haw, briar, etc. Cf. ch. 18. st. -48 and 36. 13. - -Carrege, 56/21, _s._ carrying home. - -Carren, 18/36, _s._ carrion, carcasses, M.E. _caroigne_. Fr. -_charogne_, from It. _carogna_, Lat. _caronem_. - -Carrenly, 19/36, _adj._ rotting, putrifying. - -Cart gap, 56/13, _s._ the openings for carts to pass from one field to -another. - -Cartwrite, 58/5, _s._ cartwright. - -Cast, 10/41, _v._ to count up, reckon. - -Cast, 20/3, _v. pr. t._ to clean the threshed corn by casting it from -one side of the barn to the other, that the light grains and dust may -fall out. For this purpose is used a _skuttle_, q.v. - -Cast, 33/52, _v. imp._ give over, throw up. - -Casting, 65/8, _adj._ that throw up the earth as they burrow through it. - -Cater, 10/16, _s._ caterer, provider. "_Cater_ a steward, a -manciple, a prouider of Cates."--Baret's Alvearie. "Cates, dainty -provisions."--Bailey's Eng. Dict. 1737. - -Cawme, 56/15, _adj._ calm, settled. - -Challenge, 72/1, _v._ claim. O. Fr. _chalenger_. - -Champion (title), _s._ plain open country. Fr. _champagne_, from Lat. -_campania_, from _campus_ = a field. "Worstershire, Bedfordshire, and -many other well-mixt soiles, where the Champaigne and couert are of -equall largeness."--G. Markham, Husbandman's Recreations, c. i. - -Champions, 16/2, _s. pl._ inhabitants of counties where lands are open -and unenclosed. - -Chancing, 9/30, _v._ happening, falling out. - -Chapman, 19/27, _s._ bargainer, dealer. A.S. _ceapman_. - -Charge, 84/2, _s._ trouble, expense. Compare All's Well that Ends Well, -ii. 3, 121: "She had her breeding at my father's charge." - -Charged, 10/8, _pp._ burdened, busy, anxious. - -Charges, 23/6, _s. pl._ works, troubles. - -Charuiel, 45/4, _s._ the plant Chervil. _Chærophyllum temulentum_, -Linn. Whence A.S. _cærfille_, Fr. _cerfeuil_. - -Chaunting, 16/31, _v._ crying, yelling. - -Cheanie, 2/6, Jeanie, Jennie. - -Cheere, 22/28, _v._ enjoy oneself. - -Cheere, 57/26, _s._ enjoyment, merriment. - -Chees, 48/20, _s._ cheese. Lat. _caseus_; whence O. H. Ger. _chasi_, -A.S. _cêse_. - -Chein, 17/10, _s._ chain. - -Cherie, 33/58, _s._ cherry. Lat. _cerasus_; whence A.S. _cirse_, Fr. -_cerise_. - -Chikins, 38/33, _s. pl._ chickens, young fowls. - -Chinke, 46/27, _s._ money. A word formed from the sound of coin -_jingling_ together. - -Chip, 57/32, _s._ wood-choppings. - -Chippings, 86/3, _s. pl._ fragments of bread. "_Chapplis_, -bread-chippings."--Cotgrave. - -Choised, 57/34, _pp._ selected, chosen. Fr. _choix_, choice. - -Chopping, 57/40, _s._ exchange, barter. "Choppe and chaunge, -_mercor_."--Huloet. A.S. _ceapan_. - -Churle, 10/50, _s._ an ill-bred, disagreeable person. A.S. _ceorl_, a -freeman of the lowest rank. - -Cinqfile, 45/5, _s._ cinquefoil. _Potentilla_, Linn. - -Clap, 10/22, _s._ blow, stroke; "at a clap" = at once. - -Clapper, 36/25, _s._ a rabbit burrow or warren. "Cony hole or -_clapar_"--Palsgrave. "A _clapper_ for conies, i.e. a heap of -stones, earth, with boughes or such like wherinto they may retire -themselves."--Minsheu. Fr. _clapier_. L. Lat. _clapa_. - -Clarie, 39/9, _s._ meadow sage. _Salvia pratensis_. - -Clauestock, 17/20, _s._ a chopper for splitting wood. - -Cleerely, 16/25, _adj._ clear. - -Clicket, 77/9, _v._ chatter. "If I disturb you with my _clicketten_, -tell me so, David, and I won't."--C. Dickens in David Copperfield. "A -tatling huswife, whose _clicket_ is ever wagging."--Cotgrave. - -Clim, 56/23, _s._ ? Clement. - -Clime, 57/30, _v._ climb. A.S. _climban_. - -Clod, 114/37, _s._ earth, hence = landed property. - -Clog, 89/1, _s._ charge, duty. - -Closet, 14/3, _s._ retirement, seclusion. - -Closeth, 62/5, _v. pr. t._ incloses, fences in. - -Closier, page 2, _s._ enclosures. Fr. _closure_. - -Clot, 33/24, _s._ clods. A.S. _clûd_. "Clodde or clotte lande, -_occo_."--Huloet. - -*Cloughted, 89, _pp._ See Clouted. - -Clout, 67/16, _s._ piece of cloth. A.S. _clût_, a little cloth. Mid. -Eng. _clout, clutian, clutien_, to patch. - -Clouts, Cloutes, 17/10, _s._ an instrument similar to the _plowstaff_, -shod with iron and used for breaking large clods, etc. - -Clouted, 17/6, _pp._ "having the Axle-tree armed with Iron -plates."--T.R. O. Fr. _clouet_, dimin. of _clou_, a nail, from Lat. -_clavus_. See Nares, s.v. Clout. - -Coast, 63/7, _s._ country, district. O. Fr. _coste_, from Lat. _costa_, -a rib, side. - -Coast man, 36/22, _s._ masters of coasting vessels. - -Cobble, 74/5, _v. imp._ patch, mend. - -Cock, 53/4, _v. imp._ put into cocks, or small stacks. - -Cocking, 95/5, _adj._ over-indulgent. - -Cockle, 46/13, _s._ the weed corn-rose, _Agrostemma githago_, Linn. -Cockle or Cokyl is used by Wycliffe and other old writers in the sense -of a weed generally. - -Cockneies, 92/4, _s. pl._ spoilt or effeminate boys. See note E460, and -Halliwell, s.v. Cockney. - -Cocks, 57/16, _s. pl._ small conical heaps of hay or corn. - -Codware, 19/26, _s._ all plants that bear pods (or cods); peas, beans, -etc. "Pescodde, _escosse de poix_."--Palsgrave. A S. _codd_. Welsh, -_cod, cwd_, a small bag. - -Coeme, Coome, 17/7, _s._ a measure of half a quartern. A.S. -_cumb_.--Somner. "There is no such word in A.S. as _cumb_; it is one -invented by Somner, so that the (so-called) A.S. _cumb_ is really -derived from Eng. _coomb_"--Note by Rev. W. W. Skeat. - -Cofer up, 10/61, _v._ to hoard up, lock up. - -Cofers, 16/4, _s. pl._ money-boxes. - -Cog, 63/14, _v._ cheat, defraud. "Cog a dye, to load a die."--Cotgrave. -"A cogger, _un pipeur_. To cogge, _piper_"--The French Schoolemaster, -1636. - -Coile, 4/1, _s._ bustle, hard work; cf. Fr. _cuellée_, a mob, tumult. - -Cold, 91/2, _adj._ cooling. - -Cole, 57/31, _s._ turf, peat. - -Colewort, 39/10, _s._ or collet, cabbage. _Brassica oleracea_, Linn. - -Collembines, 43/4, _s. pl._ columbine. Lat. _columbina_, _adj._ from -_columba_, a pigeon, from the resemblance of its nectaries to the -heads of pigeons in a ring round a dish, a favourite device of ancient -artists.--Dr. R. A. Prior. - -Comfort, 19/19, _s._ strength, fertility. - -Commodities, 37/17, _s. pl._ advantages. - -Compact, 112/1, _pp._ composed. Lat. _compactus_, from _compango_. -"Love is a spirit all _compact_ of fire."--Venus and Adonis, 149. - -Compas, 47/3, _s._ manure, compost. O. Fr. _compost_, from Lat. -_compositum_. - -Compassing, 56/1, _s._ manuring. - -*Compast, 11, _pp._ manured. - -*Compound, 11, _v. imp._ agree, arrange. - -Confer, page 2, _v._ compare. Lat. _conferre_. - -Confound, 67/27, _v._ destroy, spoil. - -Conie, 15/20, _s._ a term of endearment. - -Conies, 63/10, _s. pl._ rabbits. Welsh _cwning_. Irish _coinni_. Lat. -_cuniculus_, cognate with Lat. _cuneus_ (what cleaves, a wedge), and -comes from the Sanskrit root _khan_ = to dig.--Palmer. - -Conserue, 91/3, preserve. - -Constancie, 9/23, _s._ consistency, firmness. - -Conster, 114/34, _v._ understand. - -Contemne, 106/7, _v. pr. t._ despise. Lat. _contemnere_. - -Continue, 19/35, _v._ to breed from, to keep up stock from. - -Contrarie, 67/25, _v. imp._ oppose, contradict. - -Cooples, 10/6, _s._ couples, husband and wife. - -Coosen, 63/14, _v._ cheat, swindle. Shakespere's _cozen_. - -Copie, 47/8, _s._ coppice. - -Coresie, 19/24, _s._ annoyance, trouble. - -Cornet plums, 34/7, _s._ cornel plums, cornel cherries. - -Corneth, 75/8, _v. pr. t._ preserve and season, cure. - -Corps, 53/1, _s._ body. - -Cost, 32/5, _s._ coast, country. See Coast. - -Costmarie, 42/4, _s._ costmary, called also ale-cost, _Balsamita -vulgaris_. - -Cote, 58/11, _v._ cogitate, reflect. - -Coted, 2/8, _v. pt. t._ took note of, wrote down. "Howe scripture -shulde be _coted_ (quoted)."--Skelton, Colin Clout, l. 758. - -Count, 10/21, _v._ reckon, "be to counte" = be of account, be worth. - -Counterfait, 64/29, _adj._ counterfeit, sham, false. - -Coursest, 55/4, _adj._ coarsest. - -Court, 86/10, _s._ account, examination. - -Cousleps, 42/5, _s. pl._ cowslips. - -Couert, 63/5, covert, underwood. - -Couertlie, 9/5, _adv._ closely. - -Cowlaske, page 4, _s._ diarrhœa in cattle. See Fletcher's Differences, -1623, p. 33. Laske, _v._ = to _relax_, slacken. See Glossary to -"William of Palerne," E. E. Text Soc. edit. Skeat. - -Coxcombe, 64/18; Coxcome, 10/48, _s._ The cap of the licensed fool -had often on the top a cock's head and comb and some of the feathers. -Therefore he "strives for a coxcome" = he will only succeed in proving -his own folly. - -Crabs, 15/17, _s. pl._ crab apples. - -Cracketh, 10/37, _v. pr. t._ half breaks, injures. - -Cradle, 17/14, _s._ "A three-forked instrument of wood, on which the -corn is caught as it falls from the sithe."--T.R. - -Crake, 18/21, _v._ brag, boast. Dutch _kraaken_. - -Crakers, 54/4, _s. pl._ boasters. - -Cram, 114/15, _v._ feed up, satisfy. - -Creake, 47/2, "to cry creak" = "to be afraid," "to desist from any -object, to repent."--Halliwell. - -Credit crackt, 4/1, credit or trust broken. - -Creekes, 49/4, _s. pl._ corners, seek creekes = hide herself. - -Creekes, 38/26, _s. pl._ servants. - -Creepinglie, 9/32, _adv._ stealthily, by degrees. - -Cresies, 40/5, _s._ cress. Fr. _cresson_. M. Lat. _crissomum_ from Lat. -_crescere_, to grow, "a celeritate crescendi." - -Crome, 17/19, _s._ "Like a dung-rake with a very long handle."--T.R. - -Crone, 56/46, _v. imp._ pick out the crones, i.e. the old ewes. The -meaning is, weed out your flocks. - -Crones, 12/4, _s. pl._ "Ewes, whose teeth are so worn down that they -can no longer keep their sheep-walk."--T.R. - -Crooked, 57/46, _adj._ deformed. - -Croppers, 18/19, _s._ the best or most productive crops. - -Croppers, 19/20, _s. pl._ persons who extract crop after crop from the -land. - -Crosse, 46/9, _s._ a cross-piece. - -Crosse, 9/29, _v._ happen, result unfavourably. - -Crosses, 9/29, _s._ troubles, misfortunes. - -Crosserowe, page 3, _s._ called also Christcrossrow; the alphabet. "A -is the name of the first letter in the _Crosrowe_."--Baret's Alvearie. - -Crotch, 51/10, _s._ "a curved weeding tool."--T.R. - -Crotches, 60/11, _s. pl._ crutches. A.S. _cryce_. L. Lat. _croccia, -crucca_. H. Ger. _krücke_. - -Crotchis, 57/51, _s. pl._ crooks, hooks. O. Fr. _croche_. - -Crowchmas, 50/36, _s._ St. Helen's Day, 3rd May, being the feast of -the Invention of the Holy Cross. - -Crowe, 46/9, _s._ crowbar. - -Cubboord, 89/5, _s._ cupboard. - -Culters, 17/10, _s. pl._ coulters. - -Cumbersome, 10/13, _adj._ troublesome, vexatious, oppressive. - -Cummin, 45/6, _s._ cumin, a plant resembling fennel, cultivated for its -seeds, which have a bitterish warm taste, and are used like those of -anise and carraway. Arabic _kammûn_. Hebrew _kammôn_. - -Cunnie, 36/25, _s._ rabbit. - -Currant, 10/44, _adj._ current coin, good coin. - -Currey, 64*/2, _v._ gain by flattery. On the origin of this phrase see -"Leaves from a Word-Hunter's Note Book," by Rev. A. S. Palmer, p. 63. - -Custome, 77/1, _s._ custom, habit; of custome = as a matter of course. - -Curtesie, 9/8, _s._ courtesy, respect. - - -D. - -*Dablith, 27, _v. pr. t._ make wet and dirty. - -Dads, 95/5, _s. pl._ fathers. - -Daffadondillies, 43/7, _s. pl._ daffodils. _Narcissus pseudonarcissus_, -Linn. - -Daieth, 62/8, _v. pr. t._ names some future day for payment, i.e. buys -on credit. - -"The moste part of my debtters have honestly payed, -And they that were not redy I have gently _dayed_." - --Wager's Cruell Debter, 1566. - -*Dainty, 94, _adj._ difficult, lit. choice, excellent. - -Dallops, 54/5, _s. pl._ "A patch or bit of ground lying here and there -among the corn."--T.R. 57/17, "Tufts of corn such as are commonly seen -where dung-heaps have stood too long, or in shady places."--T.R. - -Damsens, 34/8, _s. pl._ damsons, contracted from _damascene_ = the -_Damascus_ plum. - -Dank, 22/11, _adj._ damp, wet. - -Dare, 2/7, _v._ pain, grieve. A.S. _daru_, hurt. - -Darnell, 65/1, _s._ darnel, the plant _Lolium perenne_. "Darnell or -Iuraye in Englishe also called Raye."--Dodoens, Newe Herball, 1578. - -Darth, 63/24, _s._ dearth, dearness of food, etc. - -*Daunger, 90/8, risk. - -Daw, 99/2, _s._ simpleton, sluggard. - -Day, 57/8, _s._ day-work, time-work. - -Dead, 78/4, _adj._ flat (beer). Cf. "Pallyd, as drynke, -_emortuus_."--Prompt. Parv. - -Deaw, 56/48, _s._ dew, damp. - -Deckt, 106/2, _pp._ adorned, beautified. - -Defende, 86/7, _v._ avoid, prevent. - -Deintily, 19/37, _adv._ dearly. - -Delaide, 66/7, _pp._ tempered, moderated. - -Delue, 21/19, _v. imp._ dig. A.S. _delf, delfan_ = to dig, from Goth. -_dailjan_ = to deal, divide. Cf. Ger. _thal_, Eng. _dale_. - -Deluing, 36/17, _pr. p._ burrowing. - -Depart, 10/56, _v. imp._ give away, part with. - -Descant, 68/5, _v._ comment. O. Fr. _deschanter_, from L. Lat. -_discantare_. - -Despaire, 57/10; Dispaire, 63/9, _s._ injury, damage. - -Despight, 106/12, _s._ despite. - -Det, 114/38, _s._ debt. - -Detanie, 45/8, _s._ Dittany or Pepperwurt, apparently a corruption of -Lat. _dictamnus_, of which Dodoens says:--"It is fondly and unlearnedly -called in English Dittany. It were better in following the Douchemen to -call it Pepperwurt."--Book v. c. 66. Welsh _Ddittain_. - -Dew-retting, 16/25, _s._ steeping flax by leaving it out all night on -the grass. See Water-retting. - -Diall, 68/7, _s._ sundial. - -Dible, 46/24, _s._ a planting or setting stick, a dimin. of _dib = -dip_ and allied to _tip_ = a sharp point. "_Debbyll_, or settyng -stycke."--Huloet. - -Dicing, 10/40, _s._ gambling. - -Didall, 17/19, _s._ "A triangular spade, as sharp as a knife, excellent -to bank ditches, where the earth is light and pestered with a sedgy -weed."--T.R. - -Dide, 114/11, _v. pt. t._ died. - -Digest, 11/4, _v._ quiet, sooth. - -Dight, 23/19, _pp._ prepared, treated. A.S. _dihtan_. - -Dike, 3/7, _s._ ditch, dike, fence. A.S. _díc_. - -Dill, 44/3, _s._ dill. A.S. _dil. Antheum graveolens_. - -Dippings, 86/3, _s. pl._ dripping, grease, etc., collected by the cook. - -Discharge, 53/3, _v._ relieve you of the trouble. - -Discurtesy, 9/19, _s._ incivility, rudeness. - -Dispaire, 57/53, _v._ injure, depreciate. - -Dissurie, 114/26, _s._ the strangury. - -Distaffe, 67/15, _s._ distaff. - -Docking the dell, 10/40, dissipation. See Grose's Dict. s.v. _Dock_. - -Docks, 17/11, _s. pl._ weeds. - -*Dockes, 27, _s. pl._ ? - -Dole, 33/16, _s._ share. - -Doles, 48/6, _s. pl._ boundary marks, either a post or a mound of -earth; also, a balk or slip of unploughed ground. - -Dolt, 33/37, _s._ stupid, fool. - -Don, 106/21, _pp._ done. - -Doo of, 33/39, _v. imp._ get rid of. - -Doong, 19/29, _s._ dung, manure. - -Doong Crone, 17/7, _s._ a crook or staff with hooked end for drawing -dung. - -Doonged, 53/21, _pp._ dunged, manured. - -Doted, 2/8, _v. pt. t._ became foolish, was silly. Fr. _dotter, -radoter_, to dote, rave.--Cotgrave. Cf. Piers Plowman, "Thou _doted_ -daffe." - -Doughtful, 115/3, _adj._ doubtful. - -Douse, 10/7, _s._ strumpet, prostitute; the same word as _Doxy_. -Halliwell, _s.v._ Douce, quotes this passage, and renders _douse_ by "a -pat in the face," but s.v. Dowse he gives the correct meaning. - -Dout, 87/7, _s._ danger, risk, difficulty. - -Doues, 56/24, _s. pl._ doves, pigeons. - -Dowebake, 79/2, _s._ dough, underbaked bread. - -Drab, 77/5, _s._ sloven, loose woman. - -Dragons, 45/7, _s._ the herb Serpentine, Serpentarie, or Dragonwort. - -Dredge, 16/13, _s._ a mixture of oats and barley. "Dragge, menglyd -corne (drage or mestlyon), _mixtio_."--Prompt. Parv. See Note E91. - -Drest, 49/8, _pp._ treated. - -Dreue, 35/42, Driue, 33/42, _v._ follow you up, press you. - -Dreuils, 114/12, Driuell, 79/1, _s._ wasters, spendthrifts. - -Drift, 10/13, _s._ end, aim, design, 114/39, course, such drift to make -= to drift along in such a manner. - -Drines, 53/20, _s._ dryness. - -Drinke corn, 18/24, _s._ barley. - -Driping, 35/14, _v._ dripping on, keeping wet. - -Driue, 16/20, _v._ drive out of their hives for the purpose of taking -the honey. - -Droie, 81/3, _s._ a drudge, servant. See note in Prompt. Parv. s.v. -_Deye_. - -Drousie, 89/4, _adj._ the drowsy, the sleepy. - -Drout, 14/3, _s._ drought, dry weather. - -Drowseth, 62/13, _v. pr. t._ droops, gives way. - -Drudge, 7/1, _s._ slave, mean servant. - -Duck, 55/6, _s._ docks, dockweed. - -Dun, 82/2, _pp._ finished, done for. - -Dy, 35/24, _s._ a die, as close as a dy = as close as possible. - - -E. - -Earthes, 35/50, _s. pl._ a ploughing. A.S. _earian_. Lat. _arare_, to -plough. In the Catholicon Anglicum we find "A dayserth or daysardawe, -_juger, jugerum_." See also Ray and Halliwell, s.v. _Arders_. - -Easeth, 94/9, _v. pr. t._ indulges, pleases. - -Eaw, 67/24, _s._ ewe. - -Eb, 14/5, _s._ ebb. A.S. _ebba_. - -Ech, 57/23, _adj._ each. - -Edder, 33/13, _s._ "Such fence wood as is commonly put upon the top of -Fences and binds or interweaves each other."--T.R. - -Edish, 18/4, _s._ stubble after the corn is cut. Roughings. _Edisc_ is -an old Saxon word signifying sometimes _roughings, aftermathes_. See -Glossaries, B 15, B 16, E. D. Soc. - -Edmond, St., 20/12, St. Edmund's Day, 20th November. - -Eie, 57/9, _s._ eye, attention. - -Eiebright, 44/5, _s._ common eyebright, _Euphrasia officinalis_, -formerly much used as a remedy for diseases of the eye. - -Eies, 114/4, _s. pl._ eyes. - -Eke, 66/6, _adv._ also, too, A.S. _eac, ec_. - -Elfe, 114/14, _s._ creature; 86/11, a servant. - -Elues, 22/3, _s. pl._ young cattle. - -Embraid, 113/7, _v. imp._ upbraid, abuse. - -Embrings, 12/6, _s. pl._ the Ember-days, being the Wednesday, Friday, -and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, the feast of Whitsuntide, -the 14th September, and the 13th December. - -Endiue, 91/2, _s._ endive. - -Enuite, 16/32, _v._ invite, call. - -Er, 56/21, _adv._ ere, before. Er an = ere than = before that. - -Erecting, 1/1, _pr. p._ sustaining, strengthening. - -Erie, 57/11; Ery, 18/17, _adj._ every. - -Estate, 10/3, _s._ condition, position. - -Etch, 36/3, _s._ stubble, edish, q.v. - -Exceptions, 19/25, _s. pl._ differences, distinctions. - -Exeltred, 17/6, _adj._ furnished with an axle-tree. - -Expulsed, 1/4, _v. pt. t._ expelled, drove away. - -Extolst, 112/6, _v. pr. t._ praise, extol. - -Ey, 99/2, _s._ attention, forgetting his eye = neglecting his duty by -staring or gaping about. See Eie. - - -F. - -Fall, 35/32, _v. pr. t._ are born. - -Falleth, 20/1, _v. pr. t._ falls off, loses flesh. - -Falt, 35/43, _s._ fault. - -Fansies, 2/13, _s._ fancies, whims. - -Fare, 2/5, _s._ treatment. - -Fare, 33/33, _v._ farrow, litter. - -Fare, 10/32, _v._ prosper, fare. A.S. _faran_. - -Farnesse, 14/4, _s._ distance, length. - -Fasting daie, 10/51, _s._ a day on which it was forbidden to eat food -of any description. - -Fat, 18/34, _adj._ fattened beasts. - -Fat, 57/54, _s._ vat, vessel. - -Fats up, 15/28, _v. pr. t._ fattens up. - -Fautie, 99/2, _adj._ faulty. - -Fauoreth, 52/24, _v. pr. t._ help, improve. - -Fay, 77/4, _s._ faith, word. O. Fr. _fei_. - -Feaw, 56/48, _adj._ few, a few. - -Feawe, 50/1, _adj._ little time, while. A.S. _feawe_, few. - -Fees, 33/12, _s. pl._ pay, reward. - -Feft, 114/33, _pp._ enfeoffed, endowed. - -Fellowes, 57/9, _s. pl._ companions, mates. O. Icel. _félagi_, a -companion. - -Fellowlie, 10/55, _adj._ friendly, neighbourly. Cf. - -"Mine eyes ... -Fall _fellowly_ drops." - --Tempest, Act v. sc. i. 64. - -See also Abbot's Shaksperean Grammar, § 447. - -Fence, 63/2, _s._ defence, protection. - -Fenell, 39/13, _s._ fennel. _Fœniculum vulgare_. - -Fennie, 35/44, _adj._ mouldy, vinewed. "_Moisi_; mouldy, hoary, -vinowed."--Cotgrave. - -Ferme, 10/13, _s._ farm. - -Fermer, 19/18, _s._ farmer. - -Fetches, 64/2, _s. pl._ tricks, stratagems. Harrison, Descript. of -Eng., has: "it be a vertue to deal without anie suspicious _fetches_," -p. 115, ed. 1587. - -Fetherfew, 43/9, _s._ feverfew. So named from its supposed febrifugal -qualities. A.S. _feferfuge_. - -Fetters, 17/21, _s. pl._ chains for the feet. - -Fewell, 50/30, _s._ fuel. O. Fr. _fouaille_, from L. Lat. _focale_, -from Lat. _focus_, a hearth. - -Fide, 21/21, _pp._ purified, cleansed. - -Fie, 20/21, _v._ cleanse. Icel. _fægja_. Cf. Ger. _fegen_. - -Fieing, 53/18, _v._ cleaning out. Feying, "Cleaning a Ditch or Pond, so -as the water may come clear."--T.R. See _Fie_. - -Fiemble, 55/8, _adj._ a corruption of _female_, the female hemp. - -*Fierbote, 65, _s._ the right to take wood for burning. See Peacock's -Gloss. of Manley and Corringham, E.D.S. - -Filbeards, 34/9, _s. pl._ filberts. Various derivations have been -given for this word: one, the most probable, from _full_ and _beard_, -referring to the long _beard_ or husk with which it is provided: cf. -Ger. _bart-nusz_ = _bearded nut_. - -Filbellie, 10/40, _s._ extravagance in food. - -Filchers, 10/54, _s. pl._ pilferers. Scot. pilk = to pick. "She has -pilkit his pouch."--Jamieson. - -Filcheth, 63/13, _v. pr. t._ steals, pilfers. - -*Fildes, 38, _s. pl._ fields. - -Fisgig, 77/8, _s._ a worthless fellow: a light-heeled wench.--Craven. -"A fisgig, or fisking housewife, _trotière_."--Howell, 1660. Still in -use in Lincolnshire. - -Fishdaie, 10/51, _s._ a day in which fish is allowed to be eaten, but -no flesh. - -Fitchis, 53/11, _s. pl._ tares, vetches. - -Fitly, 92/3, _adj._ suitable, fit. - -Flacks, 50/16, _s._ flax. A.S. _fleax_. O. H. Ger. _flaks_. - -Flaies, 18/3 _s. pl._ flails. - -Flap, 85/7, _s._ a stroke with the flail. - -Flawnes, 90/5, _s. pl._ "A custard, generally made in raised paste. -Fr. _flan_, a custard or egg-pie." "A _flawne_ or custard."--Baret's -Alvearie, 1580. - -Fleering, 64/17, _v. pr. p._ laughing, grinning. "To _fleer_ and -scorn at our solemnity."--Shakspere, Rom. and Jul. i. 5. "I _fleere_, -I make an yvell countenaunce with the mouthe by vncoveryng of the -tethe."--Palsgrave. - -Fleming, 37/22, Flemming, 18/37, _s._ Dutchmen, Dutch coasting traders. - -Flixe, 18/41, _s._ a flux. - -Floted, 49/1, _v. pt. t._ skimmed off the cream. "Flet, as mylke or -other lyke, _despumatus_."--Prompt. Parv. "_Escréme_, fleeted as -milk."--Cotgrave. - -*Flotte, 72/_e_, _pp._ skimmed. - -Flower, 52/14, _s._ ? floor. - -Flower armor, 43/10, _s._ The "floure gentill or purple velvet -floure."--Lyte's Dodoens, p. 168. Fr. _Floramor_, in Cotgrave _la noble -fleur_, from its resemblance to the plumes worn by people of rank. -_Amaranthus tricolor_. - -Flower gentle, 43/12, _s._ a species of Amaranth. _Amaranthus spinosa_. - -Flower de luce, 43/11, _s._ Iris, or flower-de-luce. Fr. -_fleur-de-lis_. A plant of the genus _Iris_, in particular _Iris -pseudacorus_, the yellow Iris or water flag. - -Foison, 35/4; Foizon, 114/37, _s._ plenty. "Foyzon is winter -food."--T.R. Fr. _foison_, from Lat. _fusionem_, from _fundere_. -Cotgrave gives "_Foison_: f. store, plentie, abundance, great -fullnesse, enough." The word still exists in the Scotch _foison_ or -_fusion_, and the adj. _fusionless_ or _fissenless_. Forby explains it -as "Succulency, natural nutritive moisture," as _e.g._ "there is no -_foison_ in this hay." - -Foistines, 57/5; Foistnes, 21/5; Foystines, 20/5, _s._ mustiness, -mould. O. Fr. _fust_, a cask, _fusté_, tasting or smelling of the cask, -musty. - -Foisty, 19/39, _adj._ musty. - -Fondlie, 10/26; Fondly, 67/9, _adv._ foolishly. _Fon_ = to play the -fool. Jamieson, Scott. Dict. - -For, 9/9, _prep._ in spite of, regardless of. - -For, 9/18. Here and in numerous instances in Tusser _for_ means "for -fear of," "to prevent." - -Forbearer, 13/3, _s._ one who refuses. - -Forborne, 13/2, _pp._ withheld, refused. - -*Forehorse, 94, _s._ one who is always in advance with his work, never -behindhand; the opposite to a procrastinator. - -Forke, 22/9, _s._ pitchfork, hayfork. - -*Fornight, 51, _s._ a fortnight. - -Forrough, 16/15, _s._ furrow. A.S. _furh_. - -Foyson, 10/6, _s._ plenty. See Foison. - -Fough, 102/5, _interject_, faugh! phew! an exclamation. - -Fraid, 2/8, _v. pt. t._ frightened, made afraid. - -Fraie, 53/22, _s._ quarrel, fray. - -Fraight, 114/24, _s._ freight, cargo. - -Frailnes, 10/62, _s._ frailty, uncertainty. - -Frame, 57/1, _v._ make. - -Framed, 2/15, _pp._ arranged, composed. - -Fransie, 88/4, _s._ madness. - -Fraud, 62/15, _v._ obtain by fraud. - -Fraught, 64/5, _pp._ laden, freighted. - -Fray, 77/4, _s._ disturbance, trouble. - -Freat, 23/2, _v. imp._ be vexed. - -Freat, 51/11, _v._ damage, decay, eat away. - -"As doth an hidden moth -The inner garment _fret_." - --Spenser, Faery Queene, ii. 34. - -See Wedgwood's Dict. _s.v._ Fret. - -Freeseth, 35/1, _v. pr. t._ freezes. A.S. _freosan_. O. Icel. _friosa_. -Dan. _fryse_. - -Frier, 86/14, _s._ friar. - -Fritters, 90/3 _s. pl._ small pancakes with apples in them. "Frytoure, -_lagana_ (a pancake)."--Prompt. Parv. "A fritter or pancake; a kind of -bread for children, as _fritters_ and wafers."--Baret's Alvearie, 1580. - -Froth, 35/3, _adj._ tender, perhaps originally = pulpy. - -Frower, 17/8, _s._ a frow, an iron instrument for rending or splitting -laths. Also called _Frommard_. - -Fumetorie, 44/7; Fumentorie, 91/3, _s._ Fumitory. _Fumaria -officinalis_, so called from its rank disagreeable smell: formerly used -as an anti-scorbutic: it is called _erthesmok_ [earthsmoke] in MS. -Sloane 5, f. 5. - -Furmentie pot, 90/7, _s._ hulled wheat boiled in milk, and seasoned -with cinnamon, sugar, etc. See note E458. - - -G - -Gadding, 10/51, _v._ going about gossipping. - -Gaffe, 22/18, _v._ man, gaffer. "Formerly a common mode of address, -equivalent to _friend, neighbour_."--Halliwell. - -Gage, 94/13, _s._ pawn, sweepeth to gage = hurries to pledge or place -in pawn. - -*Gage, 53, _v._ assert, maintain. - -Galling, 57/31, _v._ causing sore or bare places. - -Gallond, 19/42, _s._ gallon. - -Gap, 114/20, _s._ an opening, cause. - -Gaping, 57/45, _pr. p._ being greedy, grasping. - -Garlike, 21/12, _s._ garlic. - -Garmander, 42/8, _s._ germander. Fr. _gamandrée_, from Lat. _chamædrys_. - -Garson, 33/41, _s._ boy, lad. Fr. _garçon_. - -Gasing, 99/1, _pr. p._ gazing, staring. - -Gate, 64/17, _s._ walk, gait. - -Gayler, 86/11, _s._ guardian, housekeeper. - -Geanie, 2/6, _adj._ profitable, useful. A.S. _gægn_, fit, suitable. -Robert de Brunne in his History of England, 3376, has, "a _geiner_ way" -= a more direct advantageous way. Scot. _gane_, fit, useful. Lanc. -_gainest_ way = the shortest cut. - -Geld, 15/17, _s._ castrate, spay. - -*Gentiles, 17, _s. pl._ gentle-folk. - -Gentilie, 9/14, _adv._ kindly, with proper respect. - -Gentils, 49/_c_, _s. pl._ gentles, maggots. - -Gentlenes, 102/7, _s._ gentlemanly manners. - -Gently, 102/7, _adv._ as gentlemen, in a gentlemanly manner. - -Gentrie, 114/33, _s._ true nobility. - -Gesse, 114/1, _v. imp._ guess, believe. - -Gest, 4/2, _s._ a guest. A.S. _gest_. - -Get, 9/5, _v._ earn. - -Gettings, 9/5, _s._ earnings. - -Giddie braine, 10/23, _adj._ giddy, unsteady. - -Giles, 114/18, _s. pl._ traps, deceits. - -Gillet, 50/30, _s._ lad. Gael, _gille, giolla_, a lad. Halliwell gives -"an instrument for thatching" as the meaning in this passage, but why, -I do not know. - -Gillian spendal, 23/18, wasteful, careless housekeeper. - -Giloflowers, 15/42, _s. pl._ carnations, pinks. Fr. _giroflée_, -from Lat. _caryophyllus_, a clove, from the clove-like smell of the -flowers.--Wedgwood. - -Gin, 10/19, _s._ trap. - -Ginnes, 106/22, _s. pl._ means, contrivances. - -Ginnie, 90/5, Jenny. - -Ginny, 33/38, _s._ a name for a filly. Mavor reads Jilly. - -Gise, 97/4, _s._ fashion, way. - -Gloues, 57/9, _s. pl._ gloves. - -God night, 18/49. A phrase equivalent to "it is all over," "it is too -late." - -Goef, 55/4, _s._ the stack or rick. - -Goeler, 46/4, _adj._ "The Goeler is the yellower, which are the best -setts, old roots (of hops) being red."--T.R. A.S. _geolewe_. - -Gofe, 56/20, _s._ rick, stack. In Addit. MS. 1295, a Lat. Eng. Vocab. -written in Norfolk in the 15th century, occur "_Gelimo_, to golue, -_Ingelimum_, golfe." Palsgrave gives "a _goulfe_ of corne." - -Gofe ladder, 17/1, _s._ a ladder for hay ricks. - -Gole, 115/3, _s._ goal, prize. - -Goom, 33/59, _s._ gum. - -Goordes, 41/5, _s. pl._ gourds. Lat. _cucurbita_. - -Gossep, 94/7, _s._ gossips, companions. - -Got, 114/16, _pp._ caught. - -Gotten, 10/4, _pp._ earned, acquired. - -Gould, 3/3, _s._ gold, money. - -Goue, 57/10, _pp._ laid up in the barn in the straw. Another form -of _Goaf_. "_Goulfe_ of corne, so moche as may lye betwene two -postes."--Palsgrave. Dan. _gulve_ = to lay corn sheaves on the floor, -from Dan. _gulv_, a floor. - -Gouing, 57/23, _v._ laying up in the barn in the straw. See Goue. - -Graffing, 46/10, _s._ grafting. O. Fr. _grafe_, from Lat. _graphium_, a -pencil, from the resemblance of the graft to a pointed pencil. - -Grassebeefe, 12/4, _s._ beef of an ox fattened upon grass. - -Grate, 10/29, _s._ prison (grating). - -Greaseth, 68/2, _v. pr. t._ bribes, enriches. - -Great, 57/8, by great = task or piece-work, in contradistinction to -_day_-work. - -Greedie gainfull, 2/13, _adj._ greedy for gain. - -Greefe, 89/8, _s._ trouble, worry. - -Gregorie, 46/2. St. Gregory's Day, 12th March. - -Grinstone, 17/8, _s._ grindstone. - -Gromel, 45/9, _s._ the plant Gromwell. _Lithospermum arvense_, Linn. - -Grosest, 19/18, _adj._ heaviest, thickest, Fr. _gros_. - -Grosse, 18/18, _adj._ coarse. - -Grossum caput, 95/1, a blockhead, stupid. - -Grotes, 33/46, _s. pl._ money (groats). L. Ger. grot = a large piece -(of money), so called because before this coin was issued by Edward -III., the English had no larger silver coin than the penny. - -Gruch, 57/19; Grutch, 86/2, _v._ grudge. O. Fr. _grouchier_, to grumble. - -Grutching, 10/8, _s._ grumbling. - -Guise, 89/12, *Guyse, 5, _s._ habit, custom. - -Gunstone, 10/19, _s._ a ball of stone, used in heavy artillery before -the introduction of iron shot.--Nares' Gloss. - -Gutted, 46/4, _pp._ taken off from the old roots. - -*Gutting, 27, _v._ cutting up, making ruts in. - - - -H. - -Haberden, 23/12, _s._ "that kind of cod which is usually -salted."--Nares. ? Aberdeen haddocks. - -Hacking, 53/15, _v._ hewing down, cutting of trees. - -Had I wist, 77/8, lit. "had I known:" foole had I wist = foolish and -useless regrets. - -*Haft, 60, _v. imp._ "Act like a miser, be a niggard. The sentence -then reads 'Be not niggardly towards God of the goods He sends you.' -_Haft_, to grasp (an extension of the verb _to have_), and hence to -save, be a niggard, is preserved in _hafter_, a miser, saver; which see -in my Notes to P. Plowman, l. 197, p. 117. See nine examples of this -word in Skelton, ed. Dyce, ii. 108."--Note by Rev. W. W. Skeat. The -word, however, seems to bear even a stronger meaning, for Cooper, in -his "Thesaurus," 1584, has "_Cauilla_, a mocke, a scoffe, an haftyng -question, a cauill." The words "haft not to godward" thus may mean "do -not grumble at, find fault with, or question the justice of what God -sends you." - -Haie, 63/24, _s._ hay. A.S. _haga_. - -Haier, 57/51, _s._ cloth made of goats' hair. - -Haile, 15/34, _adj._ sound, strong. A.S. _hæl_. - -Hailoft, 89/6, _s._ hay-lofts. - -Haithorne, 34/28, _s._ hawthorn. A.S. _hagaþorn_ from _haga_ = hedge, -haw. Ger. _hagedorn_. - -Hallomas, 23/1, _s._ the Feast of All Saints. Hallowmas, _i.e._ All -Saints' Day, Nov. 1, was, in Tusser's time, ten days nearer the winter -solstice than now. - -Hallontide, 21/1. All Saints' Day, 1st November. - -Handsome, 48/18, _adj._ useful, ready, _handy_. A.S. _hand, hond_, the -hand. Prompt. Parv. gives "handsum, _manualis_." - -Handsomly, 21/24, _adv._ neatly, trimly. - -Hardhead, 71/4, _adj._ hardy, brave. - -Hardlie, 10/50, _adv._ with difficulty. - -Harlots, 74/4, _s. pl._ tramps, vagrants, or disreputable characters of -either sex. "An harlott, _balator, rusticus_."--Cathol. Anglicum. - -Harmes, 16/15, _s._ in harm's way, in danger. - -Harolds Booke, 114/11, _s. pl._ the Books of the College of Heralds. - -Hart, 19/13, _s._ strength, fertility. - -Harted, 48/17, _pp._ provided with a good heart, or, as we should now -say, a good bottom; strengthened. - -*Harthe, 65, _s._ hearth. - -Hartilie, 10/55, _adj._ hearty. - -Hartstong, 45/10, _s._ the Heartstongue, _Ceterach officinarum_, so -called from the shape of the frond. - -Hastings, 18/32, _s. pl._ an early variety of peas, "soone ripe, soone -rotten."--D. Rogers' Naaman. - -Hauke, 56/44, _s._ hawking, falconry. - -Haunt, 67/14, _v._ follow, pursue, be accustomed. O. Fr. _hanter_, to -pursue. - -Haunting, 16/31, _adj._ frequenting, in the habit of coming. - -Hauocke, 77/3, _s._ havoc, waste. - -Hawe, 36/13, _s._ the berries of the hawthorn, hips. - -Hawme, 55/14, _s._ haulm, straw. "Haulm, straw left in an esh or -gratten; stubble, thatch. Sax. hælme, _culmus, calamus_. Icel. halmur, -_palea_."--Bish. Kennett's MS. Ray gives "haulm or helm, stubble -gathered after the corn is inned." - -Hazard, 23/11, _s._ danger. - -Heale, 19/37, _v._ to recover, be cured. - -Healthsom, 11/8, _adj._ healthy, invigorating. - -*Heare, 41, _s._ hair. - -Hearesaie, 2/10, _s._ hearsay, report. - -Hearie, 49/7, _adj._ hairy, full of hairs. A.S. _hær._ O. Icel. _här_, -hair. - -Heate, 76/2, _pp._ heated, hot. - -Heawers, 47/8, _s. pl._ woodcutters. A.S. _heawan_, to cut. - -Hed, 89/9, _s._ head, mind. - -Hedlonds, 52/17, _s. pl._ headlands. - -Hew, 113/1, _s._ colour, "changed hew" = have changed, become -unfavourable. - -Hew prowler, 35/25. "Hugh Prowler is our Author's name for a -night-walker."--T.R. - -Hid, 2/11, _s._ care, heed. A.S. _hédan_. - -Hier, 23/9, _s._ business, duty. - -Hight, 114/3, _v. pt. t._ was called, named. O. Eng. _higt, higte_. -A.S. _hâtte_ from _hatan_, to call, name. - -Hilback, 10/40, _s._ cover back, _i.e._ clothes, extravagance in dress. -Kennett, MS. Lansdowne 1033.--Halliwell. A.S. _hilan, helan_, to cover. - -Hindring, 88/3, _v._ injuring, damaging. - -Hir, 35/51, _poss. pr._ their. A.S. _heor_. - -Hobbard de Hoy, 60/3, _s._ a lad approaching manhood. "Hober-de-hoy, -half a man and half a boy."--Ray's Gloss. - -Hogscote, 17/21, _s._ a pen or sty for hogs. - -Holds, 33/40, _v. pr. t._ equals, gains equal. - -Holiokes, 43/15, _s. pl._ hollyhocks. A.S. _holihoc_. - -Homelie, 1/2, _adj._ plain, homely, unpretending. - -Hone, 46/9, _s._ "a common rubber or whetstone."--T.R. - -Honie, 106/4, _adj._ sweet. - -Horehound, 45/11, _s._ horehound. A.S. _hara-hune_, or possibly a -corruption of Lat. _urinaria_, the plant being considered a sovereign -remedy in cases of strangury and dysuria. - -Horselock, 17/21, _s._ shackles for horses' feet. - -Horseteeme, 17/10, _s._ team of horses. - -Hostis, 10/8, _s. pl._ entertainers. - -Housholdry, 9/11, _s._ furniture and articles for domestic use. - -Houell, 52/8, _s._ barn, outhouse. - -Houen, 49/4, _pp._ swelled. A.S. _hebban, hefan_ (pp. _hofen_), to -heave, raise. O. H. Ger. _hevan_. - -Hower, 107/4, _s._ hour. - -Howse, 57/32, _v. imp._ house. - -Hoy, 57/13, _v. imp._ drag, frighten, drive away by crying, "hoy, hoy!" - -Hull, 36/23, _s._ holly. - -Huluer, 48/10, _s._ holly. O. Icel. _hulfr_. - -Hurtilberies, 34/13, _s. pl._ the hurtle-berry or whortleberry, -bilberry. - -Hutch, 10/47, _s._ money chest or box. A.S. hwæca = chest, an -unauthorised (? invented) form, due to Somner. O. Fr. _houche_. - - -I. - -*Iayle, 88, _s._ a gaol, prison. - -Ictus sapit, 2/8. Lat. Prov. See Note E15. - -Indian eie, 43/16, _s._ the Pink, so called from the eye-shaped marking -of the corolla. - -Inholder, 97/1, _s._ innkeeper. - -Inned, 23/19, _pp._ saved, housed. - -Intreating, 88/5, _s._ treatment. - -Inuest, 11/8, _v._ surround. - -Ise, 112/2, _s._ ice. - -Isop, 42/9, _s._ hyssop. A name assigned in the Authorised Version of -the Bible to the caper. - -Ist, 5/3, is it. - -Iuie, 50/6, *Iuye, 42, _s._ ivy. A.S. _ifig_. - - -J. - -Jack, 17/20, _s._ a horse or wooden frame upon which wood is sawn. - -Jack, 85/10, _s._ a drinking vessel containing half a pint according to -Grose, and quarter of a pint according to Pegge, and Peacock's Gloss. -of Manley and Corringham. - -Jade, 17/3, _s._ an ill-tempered horse. - -Janting, 87/3, _v._ driving. Cotgrave gives another form of the word -in English. "_lancer un cheval_. To stirre a horse in the stable till -hee sweat withall; or (as our) to iaunt; an old word." "Jaunt" is found -in Romeo and Juliet, ii. 5, 26, "What a _jaunt_ have I had!" and in -line 53 of the same scene: - -"To catch my death with _jaunting_ up and down." - -Cf. also Richard II. v. 5, 94. - -Jarring, 88/3, _s._ quarrelling, scolding. - -Jerke, 64*/9, _s._ stroke, blow. See Yerke. - -Jet, 114/38, _v._ strut about, walk proudly. Fr. _jetter_. - -"Along the streetes as he doth _jetting_ passe, -His outside showes him for an inward asse." - --Rowland's Knave of Hearts, 1613. - -Jettie, 68/1, _v._ walk or strut about. - -Jobbing, 37/12, _v._ pecking. "As an ass with a galled back was feeding -in a meadow, a raven pitched upon him, and their sate _jobbing_ of the -sore."--L'Estrange's Esop. - -John Baptist, 12/4. The feast of St. John the Baptist, 24th June. - -Jornie, 57/38, _v. pr. t._ go on a journey, start. - -Just, 57/10, _adv._ neatly, trimly. - - -K. - -Karle hempe, 15/24, _s._ the male hemp. See Glossary of Manley and -Corringham (E. D. Soc. No. VI.), by E. Peacock. - -Keies, 89/3, _s. pl._. keys, locks. - -Kell, 57/51, _s._ hop-kiln. - -Kerue, 114/32, _v._ (carve), set out, arrange. - -Kest, 11/3, _v. imp._ cast, turn. - -Kiffe, 10/30, _s._ kith, kindred, relations. - -Kinde, 46/20, _s._ nature, natural way. A.S. _cynd_. - -Kirnels, 36/13, _s. pl._ pips, seeds. A.S. _cyrnel_. - -Knacker, 58/5, _s._ a cart, collar and harness maker, chiefly employed -by farmers. - -Knackes, 86/7, _s. pl._ knickknacks, trifles. - -Knap, 85/11, _v. imp._ rap, knock. - -Knauerie, 9/13, _s._ roguery, craft, deceit. - -Knede, 74/5, _v. imp._ knead. A.S. _cnedan_. O. H. Ger. _chnetan_. - -Kniueles, 98/1, _adj._ having no knives. "When knives were not laid for -the guests, as at the present period, they would use their daggers to -carve with, which were harmless as to any other purpose."--Mavor. - -Knot, 22/22, _s._ flower-beds laid out in fanciful shapes. See Bacon's -Essay Of Gardens, ed. W. A. Wright, p. 189: "As for the making of -_knots_, or figures, with divers coloured earths, that they may lie -under the windowes of the house, on that side, which the garden stands, -they be but toyes." Compare also Love's Labour's Lost, i. 1, 249: "Thy -curious-_knotted_ garden;" and Milton's Paradise Lost, iv. 242: - -"Flowers worthy of Paradise, which not nice art -In beds and curious _knots_, but nature boon -Pour'd forth profuse." - -And Shakspere, Richard II. iii. 4, 46. - -Knotted, 42/13, _adj._ jointed. "The _knotted_ rush-ringes, and gilte -Rosemaree."--Spenser, Shep. Cal. November. - - -L. - -Lackey, 87/3, servant, messenger. - -Lag, 20/15, _v. pr. t._ pilfer, steal. - -Lagged, 36/25, _pp._ caught. - -Laggoose, 85/4, _s._ laggard, lazy. - -Laie, 4/1, 9/32, _v._ plan, intend, purpose. - -Laie, 35/46, Lay, 35/48, _s._ untilled land, grass land, lea. - -Laier, 63/4, _s._ soil, ground. - -Laier, 20/27, _s._ beds, litter. - -Lammas, 50/36, _s._ Lammas Day, the 1st August. A.S. _hlâfmaesse_. O. -Eng. _loafmas_, the bread-feast or feast of first fruits. - -Lamming, 35/21, _s._ lambing. - -Lams, 51/1, _s._ lambs. - -Langdebiefe, 39/16, _s._ Wild bugloss. See Mr. Britten's note, E205. - -Larkes foot, 43/18, _s._ Larkspur, or Larksclaw. _Delphinium_, Linn. - -Lash, 63/20, _s._ dirt, mud; leaue in the lash = leave in the lurch, -or, perhaps, in the snare, trap. See next word. - -Lash, 10/15, _s._ the leash in which an animal is caught or held, hence -"to run in the lash" = to fall into the snare. - -Lasheth, 23/18, _v. pr. t._ lavisheth, wastes. - -Lashinglie, 9/6, _adv._ lavishly, freely. - -Lash out, 9/6, _v._ lavish, spend. - -Laster, 85/10, _s._ is no laster = will not or does not last, i.e. is -soon broken. - -Launders, 83/2, _s. pl._ washers, laundresses. - -Lauender cotten, 42/12, _s._ the Garden cypres, -_Chamæcyparissus_.--Lyte's Dodoens, ed. 1578, p. 29. - -Lauender spike, 42/11, _s._ spike lavender, _Lavandula spica_, from -M. Lat. _lavendula_, from _lavare_ = to wash, as being the plant used -to scent newly-washed linen, whence the expression of "laid up in -lavender." The essential oil distilled from this plant, which is nearly -allied to the common Lavender, is called in French Essence d'Aspic, -and in English Oil of Spike. It is used in porcelain painting and in -veterinary medicine. See Pharmacographia, p. 430. - -Lawe, 56/2, _s._ rule, for a lawe = as a rule. - -Laxe, 19/41, _s._ looseness, diarrhœa. See Cowlaske. - -Lay, 10/60, _v. pr. t._ plan, try. - -Lay land, 33/49, _s._ untilled lands. "Lay lande, _terre nouvellement -labourée_."--Palsgrave. - -Lead, 56/14, _s._ a cauldron, copper, or kettle. Gaelic _luchd_ = -a pot, kettle. "That stemede as a forneys of a _leede_."--Chaucer, -Prologue to C. T. l. 202. "Make þe broys in þe _led_."--Havelok, ed. -Skeat, 924. - -Lease, 33/49, _s._ a pasture. "A lease is a name used in some -countries for a small piece of ground of two or three acres."--T.R. -O.E. _leswen_, to pasture, from A.S. _læsu_, a pasture, _lǽswian_, to -pasture. - -Leaueled, 46/7, _pp._ levelled, measured. - -Leauens, 89/10, _s. pl._ the barm and meal laid together for -fermentation: _to lay the leavens or leavance_ = to put them together -for that purpose. See Halliwell, s.v. Leavance. - -Leese, 56/47, _v. imp._ lose, miss. - -Leete, 86/10, _s._ a manor court. - -Lemmans, 40/2_a_, _s. pl._ lemons. Arabic _laimûn_. - -Lent stuffe, 63/36, _s._ provisions for Lent. - -Lesse, 2/8, _s._ lease, term. Fr. _lais, laissement_, the lease or -instrument by which a holding of any kind is let (_laissé_) to a tenant. - -Let, 57/50, _s._ hindrance, obstacle. - -Letted, 23/2, _pp._ hindered, delayed. - -Lettis, 39/18, _s._ lettuce. Lat. _lectuca_, from Greek γαλὰ [Greek: -gala] gen. γάλακτος [Greek: galaktos], milk, and ἔχω [Greek: echo], to -contain, through _lattouce_, an older form (still retained in Scotland). - -"Letuce of lac derivyed is perchaunce; -Ffor mvlk it hath or yeveth abundaunce." - --Palladius on Husbondrie, E. E. Text Soc. ed. Lodge, 51/216. - -Leuer, 50/9, _adv._ sooner, rather. A.S. _leofer_. - -Lick, 23/6, _v._ lick themselves. - -Licoras, 45/13, _s._ liquoras. - -Licour, 22/23, _s._ water, drink. - -Lide, 114/3, _v. pt. t._ lay, was situate. - -Lie in the dust, 10/32, cease, be done away with. - -Lieng alonge, 19/25, lying at a distance. - -Linage, 114/3, _s._ lineage, family. - -Lightly, 46/20, _adv._ easily. - -Likest, 35/34, _adj._ most likely, promising. - -Lillium cum-vallium, 43/20, _s._ Lily of the valley, or Lily-convally. -Lat. _Lilium convallium_, a name taken from Canticles ii. 1, "I am the -lily of the valleys." - -Line, 17/5, _s._ rope (?). - -Ling, 57/36, _s._ a fish (_Lota molva_) resembling a cod, but longer -and more slender. When salted, it is extensively used for food in -Scotland and Ireland. Fr. _lingue_, O. Dutch, _linghe_. - -Linne, 97/3, _s._ the town of Lynn. "To purchase Lynn" seems to -have been a proverbial mode of expression used in ridicule of -stinginess.--Mavor. - -Linnen, 94/13, _s._ linen. - -Litherly, 85/8, _adj._ lazy, idle. - -Lively spide, 3/2, quickly seen. - -Liuerwort, 39/20, _s._ so called from the _liver_ shape of the thallus. -Lyte (Dodoens, ed. 1587, p. 411) tells us it is "a sovereign medicine -against the heate and inflammation of the liver." - -Loiterers, 2/6, _s. pl._ hangers on, dependents. - -*Lone, 10, _s. pl._ a loan, grant from God. - -Longing, 16/10, _s._ desire, what it requires. - -Longwort, 39/19, _s._ lungwort, _Pulmonaria maculosa_. - -Looke, 5/1, 10/4, _v._ look for, seek, expect. - -Loose, 57/22, _v. pr. t._ lose, waste. - -Lop, 33/13, _s._ the faggot wood of a tree. - -Lordlie, 113/3, _adv._ to live in a lordly or grand style. - -Losels, 63/12, _s. pl._ worthless, abandoned fellows. Prompt. Parv. has -"Lorel or losel, or ludene, _lurco_." - -Louage, 45/12, _s._ Lovage. _Ligusticum Scoticum_, Linn. - -Lowe, 23/24, _adj._ not advanced, if Spring is taken to mean the -_season_; or, not grown up, if Spring is the _young grass_. - -Lowe, 63/11, _adv._ low, feeding so lowe = to allow the flocks to eat -the pasture too low or short. - -Lower, 20/17, _v._ scowl, look discontented. - -Lubberlie, 9/16, _adj._ lazy, idle. "Thither this lusking -_lubber_ softly creeped." _Tom Tel Troth's Message_, New Shak. -Soc. ed. F. J. Furnivall, p. 128. "_Baligaut, m._ an vnweldie -_lubber_, great lobcocke, huge luske, mishapen lowt, ill-fauoured -flabergullion."--Cotgrave. - -Lubbers, 57/22, _s. pl._ louts, awkward fellows. Welsh _llob_ = a heavy -lump, _llabi_ = a looby. Gaelic _leobhair_ = a lubber.--Wedgwood. - -Lug, 87/4, _v._ drag, draw. - -Lurched, 23/3, _pp._ robbed of their food, being left in the _lurch_. - -Lurching, 88/7, _s._ greediness. L. Lat. _lurcare_, to swallow food -greedily. "To _lurch_, devour, or eate greadily, _ingurgito_."--Baret's -Alvearie. Cf. Bacon's Essays, xlv. - -Lurke, 86/1, _v._ idle, loiter about. - -Lurketh, 62/9, _v. pr. t._ lounge, dawdle about. The same as Lusk. -Harman, p. 82, speaks of "lewtering luskes and lazy lorrels." - -Lust, 15/10, _s._ desire. - -Lustie, 60/5, _adj._ strong, lusty. - - -M. - -Mads, 50/4, _s. pl._ maggots, worms. Another form of _moth_. - -Magget the py, 49/9, the magpie. See note E300. - -Maides, 90/3, _s. pl._ maidens, girls. - -Maierom, 42/13, _s._ marjoram, from Lat. _majorana_, with the change of -_n_ to _m_, as in "Holm, Lime," etc. - -Maine, 19/17, _adj. = meint_, i.e. _mixed_ wheat. See _Mung_ or -_muncorn_ in Halliwell. - -Mainecombe, 17/3, _s._ a comb for horses' manes. - -Maine sea, 14/4, the ocean, the high sea. Cf. the expression "the -Spanish main." - -Male, 102/4, _s._ mail-bag, portmanteau, or sack. - -Mallow, 33/6, _s._ the field mallow. - -Mams, 95/5, _s. pl._ mothers, mammas. - -Manerly, 85/11, _adj._ polite, decent. - -Mar, 95/2, _v._ spoil, ruin. - -*Marefoles, 53, _s. pl._ fillies. - -Marke, 17/17, _s._ marking tool. - -Marres, 20/14, _v. pr. t._ spoils, interrupts. - -Marrow, 57/40, _s._ a mate, companion. "Marwe, or felawe yn trauayle -or mate, _socius, compar, sodalis_."--Prompt. Parv. See Towneley -Mysteries, p. 110, and quotations in Craven Glossary and Jamieson. - -Marsh men, 17/19, _s. pl._ farmers in the fen and marshy country. - -Martilmas, 12/3. The feast of St. Martin, 11th November. See Note E60. - -Mast, 63/5, _s._ the fruit of the oak and beech and other forest trees. -A.S. _mǽst_. Ger. _mast_, from Gothic _matan_, to nourish. - -Mastlin, 63/23, _s._ mixed corn. See Mestlen. - -Mates, 114/30, _s. pl._ companions. - -Mawdlin, 49/_c_, _s._ Magdalene. - -Mawdelin, 42/14, _s._ Maudlin. _Balsamita fæminea_.--Gerard's Herball. - -Meade, 63/3, _s._ meadow. A.S. _mǽd, meadu_, genitive, _meadewes_. - -Meake, 17/14, _s._ "a hook at the end of a handle five foot -long."--T.R. "A _meag_ or _meak_, a pease-hook."--Ray. Also in Coles' -Dict. 1676. - -Meane, 114/25, means, help. - -Meanie, 2/6, _adj._ many. - -Measling, 16/23, becoming measly. "_Masyl_ or _mazil_, -sekenesse."--Prompt. Parv. - -Measure, 68/9, _v._ be moderate, be within measure. - -Meated, 17/12, _pp._ fed. - -Meateth, 62/7, _v. pr. t._ feeds, supports. - -Medcin, 33/19, _s._ medicine. - -Meedeful, 87/7, _adj._ thankful. - -Meedes, 106/4, _s. pl._ meadows. See Meade. - -Mendbreech, 89/6, _s._ one who sits up late at night to mend his -clothes. - -Mercurie, 39/22, _s._ Mercury, or Good King Henry, is largely grown by -cottagers in Lincolnshire. This plant, the _Chenopodium bonus henricus_ -of botanists, bears tender young leaves resembling spinach, which, when -cooked, are but little inferior in flavour to the finest asparagus. -It is a robust-growing perennial, and, when once planted in deep, -rich soil, requires no further cultural attention than a dressing of -well-decomposed manure during the winter. - -Mestlen, 37/21, _s._ a mixture of wheat and rye. "Mastilȝone, -_bigermen, mixtilio_."--Cath. Ang. "_Framois_, meslin of oats -and barlie mixed." "_Meteil_, messling or misslin, wheat and rie -mingled."--Cotgrave. - -Mew, 36/26, _s._ a cage for moulting. - -Michel, 33/32, Mihel, 57/25, Mihell, 12/4, _s._ Michaelmas. The feast -of St. Michael and All Angels, 29th September. - -Michers, 10/15, _s. pl._ lurking thieves, skulkers. "Mecher, a lytell -thefe, _laronceau_."--Palsgrave. Now common as a term for a truant. -Cf. Shak. I Henry IV. ii. 4: "Shall the blessed sun of heaven prove a -_micher_ and eat blackberries." - -Mickle, 68/1, _adj._ great, much. - -Mier, 107/4, _s._ mire, filth. A.S. _myre._ - -*Mier, 38, Mierie, 114/27, _adj._ filthy, muddy. - -Mihelmas, 57/44, Michaelmas. - -*Millons, 72/_c, s. pl._ melons. See Musk Million. - -Mind, 68/5, _v._ notice, comment on. - -Mind, 63/1, _v. pr. t._ intend, have in mind, wish. - -Minion, 66/4, _adj._ pleasant, agreeable, favourite. Fr. _mignon_. L. -Lat. _mignonetus, gratissimus, minna,_ love. - -Minnekin, 10/20, _adj._ little, perhaps with the idea of the modern -contracted form "minx." - -Miring, 23/3, _v._ being stuck in bogs. - -Mis, 16/8, _v._ want, be without. - -Mischiefe, 23/4, _v._ hurt, injure. - -Mischieued, 10/36, _adj._ unfortunate, ruined. - -Misdeeme, 30/3, _v._ misjudge. A.S. _deman_, to judge. - -Mislike, 23/16, _v._ displease, not suit. - -Mistle, 33/12, _s._ mistletoe. A.S. _mistel_. O. H. Ger. _mistil_. - -Mitch, 17/17, _adj._ large. - -Mite, 63/20, _s._ the smallest piece. A.S _mite_. - -Mo, 33/57, _adj._ more, others. A.S. _mâ_. - -Moether, 17/13, Mother, 16/14, _s._ a girl. A woman and her mawther = a -woman and her daughter. "Moder, servaunte or wench."--Prompt. Parv. - -Mogwort, 45/15, _s._ mugwort, _Artemisia vulgaris_, Linn. - -Moile, 4/1, _v._ to work hard, drudge. Lat. _moliri_, to struggle. "In -the earth we _moile_ with hunger, care and paine."--Mirror for Magist. -ed. 1610. - -Molding, 55/4, _v._ becoming musty, or mouldy. - -Mome, 62/3, _s._ blockhead, fool. "A gull, a ninny, a _mome_."--Florio, -p. 81. "A youth will play the wanton, and an olde man proove a -_mome_."--Drayton, Skeltoniad. - -Mone, 67/1, _s._ complaint, lamentation. - -Mooueth, 94/7, _v. pr. t._ moves or exerts herself, plans. - -Mother, 16/14, _s._ a girl. See Moether. - -Moulspare, 17/18, _s._ mole spear. - -Mow, 17/19, _s._ stack of hay or corn. A.S. _muwa_. L. Lat. _mugium_. - -Mowles, 36/17, _s. pl._ moles. - -Mowse, 38/3, _v. pr. t._ mouth, bite. - -Mowth, 57/25, _v._ eat. - -Muck, 51/13, _s._ manure. - -Mulley, 57/46, a common name for a cow in Suffolk. - -Mungrels, 46/3, _s. pl._ cur dogs, mongrels. A.S. _menegan_, to mix, -hence an animal of a mixed breed, a hybrid. - -Musk Million, 40/8, _s._ the musk melon. "Pickled cowcombers I have -bought a pecke for threepence, and _musk mellions_, there hath beene -cast five or sixe loads of them in one day to their hogs."--Taylor's -Works, 1630. See Lyte's Dodoens, p. 590. - -Myslen, 16/11, _s._ mixed corn. Mestlyone or monge corne or -dragge.--Prompt. Parv. See Dredge and Mestlen. - - -N. - -Nads, 17/9, _s._ an adze. - -Naile, 17/8, _s._ nails. - -Nall, 17/4, _s._ an awl. - -Naughtie, 53/20, _adj._ useless, unfit. - -Naughtly, 10/4, _adv._ by unfair or improper means. - -Nauewes, 41/6, _s. pl._ wild navew. _Brassica napus_, L. Fr. _naveau_, -from _napellus_, dimin. of _napus_ = the rape. - -*Nawlt, 32, ? _nawt_, nothing. - -Neat, 50/28, _s._ cattle. A.S. _neât_, horned cattle. - -Neatherd, 63/2, _s._ herdsman, the man who attends to the cattle. - -Needams shore, 97/5. "A punning proverb recorded in Ray; and signifying -that waste and extravagance bring a man to want or need."--Mavor. - -Needfullie, 9/15, _adv._ necessarily. - -Ne forte, 23/10, Latin, lest by chance. - -Nep, 39/24, _s._ cat mint, a contraction from the Lat. _nepeta_. - -Nest, 11/6, _v._ nestle, settle. - -*Nestling, 41, _v._ harbouring, supporting. - -Nettie, 68/1, _adj._ natty, neat. O. Fr. _net_, from Lat. _nitidus_. - -Nice, 102/1, _adj._ careful, particular. - -Nick, 98/4, _v._ cut, notch. - -Nie, 16/4, _adj._ near, convenient. - -Nips, 114/5, _s. pl._ pinches. - -Niggerly, 27/4, _adj._ niggardly, miserly. Icel. _hnöggr_, sparing, -miserly. Cf. Ger. _knicker_, a niggard. - -Nittes, 21/23, _s. pl._ the eggs of a louse or other insects. A.S. -_hnitu_. - -Noble, 16/16, _s._ noble, a gold coin of the value of 6_s._ 8_d._ - -Noddies, 18/20, Nodie, 98/4, _s. pl._ simpletons, fools. - -"Ere you come hither, proove I was somebody, -The king delighted in me, now I am a _noddy_." - --Damon and Pythias, i. 174. - -Noe, 7/4, _s._ Noah. - -Noiance, 16/8, _s._ injury, trouble. - -Noie, 52/15, _v. pr. t._ are injurious, noxious. - -Noieth, 57/13, _v. pr. t._ suffer harm or injury. - -Noisome, 10/8, _adj._ injurious, damaging. - -Norfolk wiles, 114/18, "Essex miles, Suffolk stiles, Norfolk wiles, -many men beguiles."--Old East Anglian saw. See note E500. - -Nowles, 36/17, _s. pl._ the hillocks, little mounds. A. S. cnoll, -_cacumen_. "Nolle, _idem quod_ nodul."--Prompt. Parv. - -Noy, 53/15, _v._ hurt, are injurious. See Noie. - -Noyer, 13/2, _s._ one that hurts or injures. - -Nurteth, 20/28, _v. pr. t._ poke or push with the horns.? connected -with Fr. _nuire_, Lat. _nocere_. Halliwell quotes from Gawayne _nirt_ = -a cut, hurt. - -Nurture, 10/57, _s._ training. - - -O. - -Of, 106/12, _prep._ through, in consequence of. - -Of, 106/2, _prep._ out of, from. - -Of, 19/22, _prep._ after. - -Of, 64*/4, _prep._ with, by means of. - -Ofcorne, 86/5, _s._ offal or waste corn. - -Office, 99/2, _s._ duty. Lat. _officium_. - -Oke, 19/31, _s._ oaks. A.S. _Æc_. - -Ope gap, 16/36, hedge or fence breakers. - -Open, 16/38, _v._ bark, open his mouth. - -Opprest, 19/29, _pp._ troubled, laden. - -Opte, 114/22, _v. pt. t._ opened. - -*Or and, 18, before. Cf. Er an. - -Orach or Arach, 39/26, _s._ Orach. _Atriplex sativa alba. Atriplex -sativa purpurea_.--Gerard's Herball, ed. 1633. - -Orderlie, 9/8, _adv._ in due order. - -Orengis, 40/4_a, s. pl._ oranges. Arabic, _nârandj_. L. Lat. _arantia_, -from its first title, _pomum aurantium_, golden apple. - -Otemell, 46/26, _s._ oatmeal. A.S. _âta_, oat, and _mæl_, meal. - -Otes, 46/13, _s. pl._ oats. - -Othing, 94/6, one thing. - -Out, 16/17, _adv._ outdoor, open air. - -Ouercome, 53/4, _v._ manage, keep up with. - -Ouerly, 23/21, _adv._ all over. - -Over reaching, 2/11, cheating, deceiving. - -Ouerthwart, 46/9, _prep._ across. A.S. _oferþweorh_. O. Eng. _outhwar, -thweorh_. O. Norse, _thwert_. - -Ox bowes, 17/10, _s. pl._ the bow of wood which goes round the neck of -an ox. - -Oxboy, 63/15, _s._ the boy who attends to the cattle. - -Oxteeme, 17/10, _s._ team of oxen. - -Oxyokes, 17/10, _s. pl._ yokes for oxen. - - -P. - -Pad, 17/21, _s._ padlock. - -Paggles, 43/25, _s. pl._ cowslip, primrose, paigles. In Suffolk the -_Cuckoo flower_. See note E232. - -Paier, 17/13, _s._ pair, couple. - -Paine, 3/1, _s._ pains, trouble. - -Painfull, 77/15, _adj._ painstaking, careful. - -Painfull, 2/13, _adj._ full of trouble, requiring care. - -Painted, 5/3, _pp._ adorned; the _sermo ornatus_ of Cicero. - -Paltrie, 57/30, _adj._ poor, worthless. - -Panel, 17/5, _s._ a pannier. A _pannel_ and _ped_ have this difference: -the one is much shorter than the other, and raised before and behind, -and serves for smaller burdens; the other is longer and made for -Burdens of Corn. These are fastened with a leathern Girt called a -Wantye.--T.R. - -Parasites, 10/27, _s. pl._ flatterers, hangers on. - -Pare, 2/7, _v._ injure, damage, impair. - -Pared, 46/4, _pp._ cleaned and cleared of all superfluous roots. - -Partition, page 2, _s._ division. - -Pas, 48/6, _v. pr. t._ care. "As for these silken-coated staves, I -_pass_ not."--Shakspere, 2 Henry VI. iv. 2. - -Pask, 46/2, _s._ Easter. Lat. _Pascha_. - -Passeth, 102/3, _v. pr. t._ think, reflect. See Pas. - -Pasties, 90/7, _s. pl._ pies. - -Patch, 51/32, _s._ originally a fool, jester, here = the farm labourer. -Ital. _pazzo_, which Florio ("New Worlde of Wordes") defines as -"foolish, fond, mad, rash, doting, rauing or simple. Also a foole, a -gull, an idiot, a mad man, a naturall." By some, however, it is derived -from the _patched_ or motley coat of the jester. - -Patches, 53/2, _s. pl._ places where the shearer has cut the skin of -the sheep, wounds. - -Pates, 63/9, _s. pl._ persons. - -Pauncies, 43/24, _s._ pansies, heartsease. "There's _pansies_, that's -for thoughts."--Shakspere, Hamlet, iv. 5. - -Pay, 77/11, _v._ pay home = give a strong, sharp blow. - -Peake, 67/27, _v._ to look thin or sickly, "Dwindle, _peak_ and -pine."--Shakspere, Macbeth, i. 3. - -Pearch, 87/5, _v._ perch, roost. - -Peasebolt, 18/38, _s._ "pease in the Hawm or Straw."--T.R. - -Peaseetch, 19/5, _s._ the aftermath of a crop of peas. See Etch. - -Peasefed, 18/27, _adj._ fed on peas. - -Peason, 53/9, _s. pl._ pease. - -"Prick _peason_ and beanes, if thy garden be dry, -At change of the moone, and in beautiful skye." - --Almanack, 1615. - -Peccantem, 35/28. See note E178. - -Peck, 17/12, _s._ a peck measure. - -Ped, 17/5, _s._ a pannier, a large capacious basket, in which fowls, -eggs, fish, etc., are hawked about the country. Peder, a small farmer -(Lincoln), "Pedde, idem quod panere, _calathus_."--Prompt. Parv. -"Pedder, _revolus, negociator_."--Cathol. Anglic. See also Halliwell, -sub. voc. - -Peeces, 2/7, _s._ pieces, in parts. - -Peele, 75/6, _v._ strip. "_Peler_. To bauld, or pull the haire off; -also to pill, pare, barke, unrinde, unskin."--Cotgrave. - -Peeler, 35/51, _s._ an impoverisher. - -Peeling, 33/51, _s._ impoverishing. - -Pelfe, 55/1, _s._ apparatus, implements. - -Peneriall, 39/29, _s._ penny-royal. _Mentha pulegium_, from Lat. -_puleium regium_, through Dutch _poley_, in the old Herbals called -_puliol royal_; its Latin name being derived from its supposed efficacy -in destroying _fleas_ (_pulices_). See Pliny (b. xx. cap. 54). - -Penie, 2/13, _s._ penny, money. - -Penurie, 9/6, _s._ destitution, want. - -Perareplums, 34/18, _s. pl._ some variety of plum either lost or -unknown (if not a misprint). - -Perceley, 39/28, _s._ parsley. A.S. _peterselige_. Lat. _petroselinum_. - -Percer, 17/6, _s._ a piercer, gimlet. - -Perie, 18/48, _s._ perry. - -Perle, 96/28, _s._ pearl, jewel, ornament. - -Perseneps, 41/8, _s. pl._ parsnips. Spelt in the old herbals _Pasnep_ -and _Pastnip_, from Lat. _pastinaca_. - -Pester, 48/14, _v._ overcrowd with stock, abbreviated from O. Fr. -_empestrer_ = to entangle the feet or legs, to embarrass, from Fr. -_pasturon_, L. Lat. _pastorium_, a fetter by which horses are prevented -from wandering in the pastures. - -Pestring, 53/11, _v._ being in the way or troublesome. "_Empestrer_, to -pester, intricate, intangle, trouble, incomber."--Cotgrave. - -Petigree, 114/11, _s._ pedigree, genealogy. - -Pewter, 85/11, _s._ pewter vessels. - -Philip and Jacob, 51/1. The feast of Saints Philip and James, 1st May. - -Phraies, 114/8, _s._ phrase, language. - -Pickle, 56/17, _s._ condition, state. - -Piddling, 63/48, _v._ "going about pretending to work but doing little -or nothing, as after illness a man is said to go _piddling_ about, -though as yet unable to do much."--Halliwell. - -Pie, 53/3, _s._ magpie. - -Piggen, 16/14, _s._ pigeons. - -Pike, 17/15, _s._ a pitching fork with two or three prongs for cocking -corn not put into sheaves. - -Pilch, 15/39, _v. pr. t._ pilfer. See also Filchers. - -Pilcrowe, page 2, _s._ the mark ¶. "Pylcrafte in a booke, -_asteriskus_."--Prompt. Parv. - -Pilferie, 9/4, _s._ theft, fraud. O. Fr. _pelfrer_, to plunder. - -Pinched, 10/30, _pp._ in straitened circumstances, in need or want. - -Pinching, 9/6, _adj._ extreme, pressing. - -Pinching, 97/3, _s._ economy. - -Pinwood, 17/20, _s._ pegwood, _i.e._ wood that does not split, for -making wooden pins or pegs of. - -Pionées, 45/16, _s._ pl. The peony. _Pæonia corallina_. The seeds of -this plant were used as a spice, and also as a medicine. See note in -Liber Albus, p. 351. - -Pismier, 111, _s._ ant. - -Pitch and pay, 114/24, pay ready money. - -Placing, 56/32, _v._ arranging, stacking. - -Plagards, 114/6, _s. pl._ commissions, instruments. - -Planked, 17/2, _pp._ boarded. - -Plantine, 44/10, _s._ Plantain. The Water-plantain was formerly -regarded as a specific against hydrophobia: from _planta_, sole of the -foot, from the shape of the leaf. - -Plash, 36/15, _v. imp._ lower and narrow a broad-spread hedge by -partially cutting off the branches and entwining them with those left -behind. "_Plesser_, to plash, fould, to bow, or plait young branches -one within another; also to thicken a hedge, or cover a walke, by -plashing."--Cotgrave. In 36/15 it means to _pleach_ down a hedge over -the burrow, so as to protect it. - -Pleasure, 7/6, _v._ to please. - -Plight, 16/34, _s._ condition. - -Plot, 9/7, _s._ piece of ground, farm. - -Plot, 12/1, _s._ plan, rule. - -Plough Monday, 90/2. The Monday next after Twelfth Day. See note E452. - -Ploughstaff, 17/11, _s._ an instrument like a paddle for cleaning a -plough, or clearing it of weeds, stalks, etc. - -Plowmeat, 47/12, _s._ food made of corn. - -Plowwrite, 58/5, _s._ plough wright. - -Plump, 19/41, _v. imp._ throw in. - -Pod, 17/6, _s._ "a box or old leather bottle nailed to the side of the -cart to hold necessary implements, or perhaps grease."--Mavor. Cf. Ped. - -Poke, 16/3, _s._ a bag, sack, "buy a pig in a poke" = to buy without -seeing what one is buying. - -Poling, 35/45, _s._ supporting with poles. - -Pollard, 19/16, _s._ a mixture of bran and meal. - -Pollenger, 35/13, _s._ pollard trees, brushwood. - -Pompions, 41/7, _s. pl._ pumpkins. Fr. _pompon_. - -Poppie, 45/17, _s._ poppy. A.S. _papig_. - -Poret, 39/31, _s._ a scallion; a leek or small onion. O. Fr. _porette_. -Lat. _porrum_; called _Porrectes_ in the Forme of Cury, p. 41. - -Porkling, 19/34, _s._ young swine. Cf. _Bulchin_, q.v. - -Posie, 97/1, _s._ a poetical inscription. Udal writes it _poisee_. -"There was a superscription or _poisee_ written on the toppe of the -crosse."--St. Luke, c. 23. - -Pot, 15/43, _s._ the pot for cooking purposes. - -Pottage, 76/2, _s._ pottage, soup. Fr. _potage_. - -Pottle, 21/12, _s._ a pottle, a measure of two quarts. - -Pouch, 62/16, _s._ pocket, purse. A.S. _pocca_. - -Poucheth, 35/46, _v. pr. t._ pockets. - -Pound, 114/21, _v._ fight, beat. - -*Powlinges, 66, _s. pl._ the branches or shoots of pollard trees. -Still called _Pollengers_. - -Practise, 73/13, _s._ practice, experience. - -Practisie, 9/5, _s._ conduct, practices. - -Praies, 114/18, _s._ praise. - -Prating, 64/27, _s._ talking, chattering. - -Pray, 114/25, _s._ prey, booty, plunder. - -Preferment, 10/57, _s._ advancement, assistance. - -Prentise, 92/4, _s._ apprenticeship, business. - -Prentiships, 60, _s. pl._ periods of seven years, that being the -duration of an apprenticeship, or 'prenticeship. - -Prest, 56/43, _adj._ ready. - -Prest, 63/7, _adj._ neat, tidy. Tusser Redivivus says, "An old word for -Neat or Tight; I suppose comes from women being _strait-laced_." Ital. -_presto_. O. Fr. _prest_, Fr. _prêt_. - -Prest, 49/8, _pp._ pressed. Fr. _presser_. - -Pretie, 86/7, _adj._ pretty, dainty. A.S. _prætig_. - -Preuenting, 10/62, _pr. p._ anticipating. Lat. _prevenire_, to go -before. - -Price, 114/16, _s._ renown, high estimation. Lat. _pretium_. - -Pricketh, 77/22, _v. pr. t._ makes proud or puffs up. - -Pricking, 67/16, _v._ embroidering, doing fancy work. - -Pride, 19/12, _s._ excessive richness. "The ground having his _pride_ -abated in the first crop"--G. Markham. - -Prie, 35/15, _s._ privet. - -Prim, 15/42, _s._ another name for the "privet;" called also "primwort." - -Prime, 14/3, _s._ the time of the new moon, as change is the time of -the full moon. - -Prime grass, 35/18, _s._ earliest grass. See footnote 10, p. 84. - -Priuie, 10/12, _adj._ aware, acquainted. - -Priuie, 15/42, _s._ privet. _Ligustrum vulgare_. - -Procureth, 64/3, _v. pr. t._ contrives, brings about. - -Promooters, 64/11, _s. pl._ informers. - -Prooue, 46/1, _v. imp._ try, have some experience of. - -*Prouision, 4, foresight. Lat. _providere_. - -*Pullein, 37, Pullen, 87/5, _s. pl._ poultry, fowls. "Pullayne, -poullane, _poullaille_."--Palsgrave. See also Pulter. - -Pullet, 63/16, _s._ chicken. - -Pulter, 21/9, _s._ fowl keeper or breeder. "_Poullailler, m._ a poulter -or keeper of pullaine."--Cotgrave. - -Pultrie, 21/9, _s._ poultry. - -Purkey Wheat, 19/17, maize. - -Purloiners, 10/54, _s. pl._ thieves, pilferers. Spelt "_pro_loiners" in -edit. of 1577. - -Purse penniles, 10/28, _adj._ a purse without a penny, empty pursed. - -Purslane, 40/10, _s._ water purslane. _Portulaca domestica_.--Gerard's -Herball, ed. 1633. From _porcellus_, a little pig; the plant being a -favourite food of swine. - -Put to, 10/30, _v._ place. - -Puttocks, 38/33, _s. pl._ kites, hawks. "Puttok, bryd, -_milvus_."--Prompt. Parv. In 99/3 the meaning is, voracious fellows. - - -Q. - -Quaile, 15/34, _v._ fail. - -Quaile, 91/6, _s._ be shaken. - -Quamier, 33/56, _s._ quagmire, bog. O. Eng. quavemire. - -Queenes gilleflowers, 43/27, _s._ the Dame's Violet, also called -Rogue's or Winter gilliflower. _Hesperis matronalis_, L. - -Queere, 114/6, _s._ choir. "Queere, _chorus_."--Cath. Anglicum. - -Quickset, 18/33, _s._ quickset hedge. - -Quick setted, 35/45, _pp._ enclosed with a quickset hedge. - -Quieter, 63/22, _adv._ more easily, quietly. - -Quight, 115/2, _adv._ completely, entirely. - -Quite, 15/7, _v. pr. t._ requite, repay. - - -R. - -Rabetstock, 17/20, _s._ a rabbet-plane, a joiner's tool for cutting -rabbets. - -Rable, 22/17, _s._ crowd, number. - -Rage, 114/35, _adj._ wild, dissipated. - -Raise, 9/16, _v._ stir up. - -Rampions, 40/12, _s._ rampion, _rapuntium_.--Gerard's Herball. - -Ranke, 53/17, _adj._ strong, rank. - -Ranker, 10/6, _s._ ill-feeling, quarrelling. - -Raskabilia, 10/54, _s._ packs of rascals. Cf. Mid. Eng. _rascaille_. -"Rascalye, or symple puple, _plebs_."--Prompt. Parv. - -Ratling, 19/34, _s._ the rattle. - -Rawing, 16/25, _s._ the aftermath of a Meadow Water.--T.R. "Raweyne, -hey, _fenum serotinum_."--Prompt. Parv. See also Rowen. - -Reame, 3/3, _s._ kingdom, country. O. Fr. _realme, reaume_. - -Reasnable, 10/14, _adj._ fair, equitable, reasonable. - -Reastie, 20/2, _adj._ rusty, rancid. "Reest as flesche, -_rancidus_."--Prompt. Parv. "I _reast_, I waxe ill of taste, as -bacon."--Palsgrave. See Wedgwood, s.v. Reasty. - -Recken, 10/43, _v._ to compute, count. - -Redele, page 3, _s._ riddle. "Rydel or probleme, _enigma_."--Prompt. -Parv. A.S. _rǽdelse_. - -Reeded, 51/5, _pp._ thatched with reeds. - -Reeding, 2/10, _s._ reading, study. A.S. _rédan_. - -Reeke, 10/24, _v._ smoke. A.S. _rêcan_. - -Refraine, 48/1, _v._ stop, prevent. - -Rehersed, 45/1, _pp._ mentioned, named. Fr. _rehercer_, properly to go -over again like a harrow (Fr. _herce_) over a ploughed field. - -Reisons, 34/21, _s. pl._ currants. "Raysouns of Corante."--Pegge's -Forme of Cury, ed. 1780, p. 16. - -Relent, 23/11, _v._ become soft. - -Rendrit, 24, _v._ = render it, _i.e._ return, requite it. - -Rent, 55/7, _pp._ torn, plucked. - -Rept, 18/43, _pp._ reaped, gained. - -Resdue, 48/19, _s._ residue, remainder. Fr. _résidu_. Lat. _residuum_. - -Respe, 15/27, Respies, 44/12, _s._ Raspberries. - -Respit, 70/4, _s._ rest, respite. - -Restfull, 106/2, _adj._ full of rest, resting. - -Retcheles, 10/23, _adj._ reckless, careless. A.S. _recceleas_. - -Reuengement, 9/18, _s._ revenge. - -Rew, 45/18, _s._ rue. - -Rife, 98/1, _adj._ abundant, common. - -Rifle, 17/14, _s._ "a rifle or ruffle is no more than a bent stick -standing on the butt of a sithe-handle."--T.R. Now called a _bale_. - -Rigging, 16/37, _pr. p._ making free with, knocking about. - -Rigs, 15/37, _v. pr. t._ make free with. - -Ringle, 33/54, _v. imp._ ring, put rings through the snouts. - -Ringling, 16/32, _v._ ringing of swine to prevent their tearing up the -ground. - -Riping, 37/7, ripening. - -Rikes, 53/10, _s. pl._ ricks. A.S. _hreac_, a heap. - -Rise, 40/5_a_, _s._ rice. - -Rishes, 75/6, _s. pl._ rushes. A.S. _risce_. Lat. _ruscum_. - -Riuet, 19/16, _s._ bearded wheat. "Dog-wheat, a bearded species, called -in Mark-lane, _rivets_."--Forby. - -Rode, 57/36, _s._ harbour. - -Roinish, 102/1, _adj._ mean, rough, coarse. Fr. _rogneux_. "The roynish -clown."--Shakspere, As You Like It, ii. 2. - -Roister like, 98/3, blustering. "They ruffle and _roist_ it out." -Harrison's Eng. ed. F. J. Furnivall, New Shakspere Soc. Pt. I, p. -77. "This is the very _royster_ that gagg'd and bound me, Sir."--The -Reformation, 1673. - -Rokat, 40/13, _s._ garden rocket. Fr. _roquette. Eruca -sativa_.--Gerard's Herball, ed. 1633. - -Roong, 15/29, _pp._ have rings put through their noses to prevent them -from tearing up the ground. - -Roperipe, 92/3, _s._ one old enough to be flogged. "Deserving of -hanging."--Howell, 1660. - -Roste, 63/19, _s._ rule the roste = domineer, have the sway. According -to Richardson equivalent to "_rule the roost_," an expression of which -every farm yard would supply an explanation. - -Rottenly, 18/11, _adj._ rich, crumbly. - -Roule, 17/8, _s._ a rule, measure. - -Roules, 10/54, _v._ roll in, bring in. - -Rowe, 36/12, _s._ row, a rowe = in a row. - -Rowen, 57/25, aftermath of mown meadows. "_Rowen_ is a field kept up -till after Michaelmas, that the corn left on the ground may sprout into -green."--Bailey's Dict. See Rawing above, and Rawings in Ray's Gloss. - -Rowleth, 46/15, _v. pr. t._ roll. O. Fr. _roler_, Ger. _rollen_, from -Lat. _rotulare_. - -Rubstone, 17/14, _s._ a sandstone for a scythe. "The rub or buckle -stone which husbandmen doo occupie in the whetting of their -sithes."--Harrison, Description of England, Pt. 2, p. 64. - -Rudenes, 2/9, _s._ want of refinement, plainness, homeliness. - -Ruffen, 98/3, _s._ ruffian, scoundrel. - -Runciuall peas, 41/9, _s. pl._ marrow-fat peas. Supposed to be derived -from Span. _Roncesvalles_, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees, where -gigantic bones of old heroes were pretended to be shown; hence the name -was applied to anything of a size larger than usual. - -Runnagate, 77/17, runaway. "White-livered _runagate_."--Shakspere, -Richard III. iv. 4. - -Runt-wood, page 84, footnote 8, _s._ stumps of underwood. "Neither -young poles nor old runts are suitable for building."--Holland. - -Rydgis, 16/9, _s. pl._ ridges. - - -S. - -Sad, 17/12, _adj._ disappointed, vexed. - -Saddle, 35/37, _s._ the saddle, riding. We still say "a saddle horse," -"a cart horse," meaning a horse for riding or carting. - -Saile, 114/23, _s._ sail, beare low saile = to live humbly -or economically. "Than bear so _low a sail_, to strike to -thee."--Shakspere, 3 Hen. VI. v. 1. Cf. also 3 Henry VI. iii. 3. - -Sallets, 40/1, _s. pl._ salads. - -Sallow, 22/26, _s._ a species of willow. A.S. _salig_. - -Salue, 4/2, _s._ ointment, salve. - -Sampire, 40/6, _s._ samphire. _Crithmum marinum_.--Gerard's Herball, -1633. - - "Half way down, -Hangs one that gathers _samphire_, dreadful trade." - --Shakspere, Lear, iv. 6. - -Sauer, 10/10, _s._ scent, inkling. - -Sauer, 77/3, a person to look after and see that things are not wasted. - -Sauerie, 39/35, _s._ savoury. Fr. _savorée_. Lat. _satureja_. - -Sauerlie, 9/3, _adj._ frugal, gained by saving. - -Sauin, 45/22, _s._ savin. _Juniperus sabina_, Linn. - -Sawsie, 114/35, _adj._ saucy, impudent. - -Saxefrage, 44/13, _s._ saxifrage. Lat. _saxifraga_, from _saxum_, a -rock, and _frango_, to break, being supposed to disintegrate the rocks, -in the crevices of which it grows, and thence to dissolve stone in the -bladder. Called in Scotland _Thirlstane_, which has the same meaning. - -Scaberd, 102/2, _s._ scabbard. - -Scamble, 51/7, _v._ scramble for. - -Scant, 56/52, _adj._ scarce, wanting. - -Scant, 114/24, _adv._ scarcely. So in Bacon's "Table of Coulers," I. -"The Epicure that will _scant_ indure the Stoic to be in sight of him." -Cf. also Romeo and Juliet, i. 2. - -Scanted, 2/14, _adj._ limited, stinted, grudged. Cf. also note E317. - -Scape, 97/1, _v._ escape, get off. - -Scare, 56/13, _v. imp._ drive away. - -Scotch, 33/17, _v. pr. t._ cut, hew. - -Scoutwatch, 10/19, _s._ watch, guard. - -Scowles, 10/23, _v. pr. t._ scowls, frowns, is ill-tempered. - -Scrall, 49/_c, v. pr. t._ crawl. "To scrall, stir, _motito_"--Coles' -Lat. Dict. "And the river shall _scral_ with frogs."--Wiclif, Exodus -viii. 3. - -Scrauling, 49/9, _pr. p._ crawling. - -Scruplenes, page 4, _s._ scruples, scrupulousness. Lat. _scrupulus_, a -little stone such as may get into a traveller's shoe and distress him; -hence, a source of doubt or distress. - -Sea holie, 40/17, _s._ sea-hulfer, sea-holm; a plant of the genus -_Eryngium_ (_E. maritimum_). A.S. _hulfer_, holly. - -Sealed, 17/18, _adj._ certified, stamped. - -Seame, 21/2, _s._ a quarter of corn. A.S. _seam_. - -Secresie, 9/20, _s._ secrets, private concerns. - -Sedge collars, 17/12, _s. pl._ collars made of sedge or reeds. - -Seede, 51/12, _v._ obtain seed from. - -Seede cake, 90/7, "a festival so called at the end of wheat-sowing in -Essex and Suffolk, when the village is to be treated with seed cakes, -pasties, etc."--Warton. - -Seeith, 19/41, _v. imp._ boil. - -Seeke, 10/24, _v._ seek, "their dinners to seeke" = their dinners have -to be sought, i.e. are lacking. - -Seelie, 48/21, _adj._ silly, simple. A.S. _sælig_. O. L. Ger. _salig_. - -Seene, 95/1, _adj._ practised, experienced. - - "Its a schoolmaster -Well _seen_ in music." - --Shakspere, Taming of Shrew, i. 2. - -Seene, 106/16, _v. pt. t._ appeared. Lat. _visus est_. - -Seeth, 78/5, _v. imp._ boil. - -Seeue, 17/3, _s._ sieve, sifter. - -Seggons, 85/6, _s. pl._ poor labourers. "_Seg-head_, a -blockhead."--Craven Cf. _Segger_, Chester Plays, ii. 51. - -Sell, 114/21, _s._ cell, abbey. - -Semsters, 86/7, _s. pl_ needlewomen, seamstresses. A.S. _seamestre_. - -Seruice-trees, 34/24, _s. pl._ more correctly spelt _Servise-tree_, -from Lat. _cervisia_, its fruit having from ancient times been used for -making a fermented liquor, a kind of beer. - -Seruiture, 99/1, _s._ servant, attendant. - -Set, 36/25, _v. imp._ plant round, set. - -Set, 35/45, _s._ the young shoots. - -Setteth, 10/60, _v. pr. t._ risks. "Setteth his soule upon sixe or on -seauen" = "risks his soul on the cast of a die." - -Seuer, 15/40, _v. imp._ separate, sort. - -Seuerall, title, _adj._ inclosed land, divided into fields by fences. -L. Lat. _separalis_. - -Sewe, 15/17, _v. imp._ drain. Cf. sewer. Welsh, _sych_, dry. Cf. Lat. -_siccus_. See Pegge's Kenticisms. - -Shackles, 17/21, _s. pl._ shackles. A.S. _scacul_. Dutch, _schakel_, a -link of a chain. - -Shack time, 16/30, _s._ the time during which the shaken-out grain -remains on the ground after harvest. "_Shack_, Norfolk, a general -common for hogs, from the end of harvest till seed time. To go at -_shack_, to go at large."--Coles' Dict. 1676. Brockett's Glossary -gives: "_Shack, shak,_ to shed, or shake, as corn in harvest. Then -_shack-fork_, a shake-fork." "_Shacking-time_, the season when malt is -ripe."--Kersey's Eng. Dict. 1715. Wedgwood (Eng. Etym.) says: "Shack -is the shaken grain remaining on the ground when the gleaning is over, -the fallen mast (Forby). Hence to _shack_, to turn pigs or poultry into -the stubble field to feed on the scattered grain. _Shack_, liberty of -winter pasturage, when the cattle are allowed to rove over the tillage -land." Forby gives "_Shack_, sb. the acorns or mast under the trees." -Compare the provincial "Shucks," the pods or shells from which peas -have been _shaken_, or, as it is frequently called, "_shook_." - -Share, 52/1, _v._ shear. - -Shares, 17/10, _s._ plough shares. - -Sharing, 17/16, _adj._ shearing. - -Shaue, 17/6, _s._ spokeshave. - -Sheawd, 102/7, _pp._ shown, displayed. - -Shed, 57/7, _v._ lose the grains of corn. - -Sheepebiter, 64/17, _s._ a thief, lit. a wolf, a cant phrase. See -Halliwell, s.v. - -Shent, 57/45, _pp._ ruined, disgraced. A.S. _scendan_. - -Shere, 3/7, _s._ shire, county. A.S. _scire_. - -Shift, 9/39, _v._ manage, fare. - -Shift, 104/1, _s._ excuse, makeshift. - -Shifting, 95/5, _adj._ changing, often removing. - -Shifting, 10/27, 10/34, _v._ trickery, cheating, acting shiftingly. - -Shiftingly, 9/26, _adv._ by tricks or mean shifts. - -Shock, 56/20, _s._ a certain number of bundles or sheaves of corn (in -some parts twelve). "A _shocke_ of wheate, _meta tritici_."--Withal's -Dict. 1608. - -Shock, 57/10, _v. imp._ collect into _shocks_ or heaps of twelve -sheaves. - -Shod, 17/6, _pp._ tired. - -Sholue, 17/1, _s._ shovel. - -Shoo, 102/2, _s._ pl. shoes. A.S. _sceo_, a shoe, pl. _sceon_. - -Shot, 114/40, _s._ expense, reckoning. - -Showreth out, 14/3, _v. pr. t._ is showery, rainy weather. - -Shreaw, 16/17, _s._ thief, rascal, 67/24, _s._ shrew, scold. See Shrew. - -Shred pies, 31/3, _s. pl._ mince pies, the meat being cut up into -_shreds_. A.S. _screâdan_, small pieces. "No matter for plomb-porridge -or _shrid pies_."--Sheppard's Epigrams, 1651. - -Shrew, 64*/6, _s._ scold. "Shrewe, _pravus_. Schrewyd, _pravatus, -depravatus_."--Prompt. Parv. - -Shroftide, 90/3, _s._ Shrove Tuesday, the day before the first day of -Lent. - -Shrouing, 90/3, _s._ to be merry, probably derived from the sports and -merriment of Shrovetide. See Halliwell, s.v. Shrove. - -Shut, _v._ 51/5, shoot, throw; 37/13, shoot out, spring up. - -Sieth, 35/25, _s._ scythe. A.S. siðe. - -Siethes, 39/39, _s. pl._ chives, spelt in Hollyband's Dict. 1593, -_sieves_, from Fr. _cive, Allium fissile_, L. - -Sirops, 91/3, _s. pl._ sirups. - -Siszers, 17/4, _s._ scissors. - -Sithe, 17/14, _s._ scythe. - -Skare, 2/7, _v._ frighten. Icel. _skirra_ = to drive away. - -Skared, 69/4, _pp._ frightened, cheated of. - -Skavel, 17/19, _s._ a kind of spade, having its sides slightly turned -up, used in draining, and cleaning narrow ditches. Compare _scuffle_, a -garden hoe, and _shovel_. - -Skep, 17/3, _s._ a basket made of rushes or straw. - -Skill, 114/38, _s._ plan, design. - -Skillesse, 113/4, _adj._ simple, homely. - -Skirrets, 40/19, _s. pl._ the water-parsnip. _Sium latifolium_, -contracted from _skirwort_, its older name, a corruption of -_sugar-wort_. Ger. _zucker-wurzel_. - -Skreene, 90/2, _s._ fire-screen. See note E453. - -Skreine, 17/16, _s._ sieve, screen. O. Fr. _escrein_. - -Skuppat, 17/19, _s._ a spade used in draining and making narrow -ditches. Belgian _schup_, a spade. - -Skuttle, 17/16, _s._ a screen for cleaning corn, i.e. a large broad and -shallow shovel for casting threshed corn from one side of the barn to -the other that light grains and dust may fall short. - -Slab, 15/35, _s._ the outside cut of sawn timber. - -Slabbered, 48/20, _pp._ dirtied, beslobbered. L. Ger. and Dut. -_slabbern_. - -Slained, 106/15, _pp._ slain, murdered, but perhaps we should read -_stained_. - -Slake, 1/4, _v._ to slacken. - -Slapsauce, 98/2, _s._ "a parasite."--Minsheu. "A lickedish, a lickerish -fellow, a _slapsawce_."--Nomenclator, 1585. - -*Slapt, 72_e_, _pp._ - -Slea, 107/3, _v._ slay, kill. A.S. _slean_. - -Sled, 17/11, _s._ sledge, truck. Ger. and Dutch _slede_. Icel. _sledi_. -A.S. _slidan_, to slide. - -Slept, 90/1, _pp._ slipt, forgotten, omitted. - -Slise, 35/20, _v. imp._ slice, cut. - -Sliuers, 23/1, _s. pl._ pieces of split wood, chips. A.S. _slifan_. - -Slugging, 75/1, _s._ lying late in bed. - -Sluts, 75/5, _s. pl._ slovens, slatterns. Ger. _schlutte_. Dutch _slet_. - -Smack, 57/24, a pleasant repast. - -Smalach, 45/20, _s._ celery, or water parsley. The _small ache_ or -parsley as compared with the _hipposelinum_ or great parsley. - -Small nuts, 34/22, Smalnut, 33/57, _s._ hazel nuts. - -Snag dragons, 43/30, _s. pl._ snapdragons, so called from its corolla -resembling the _snap_ or snout. Dut. _sneb_ of some animal. Called by -Lyte "Calf's snowte." - -Snorting, 9/16, _adj._ snoring, sleepy. A.S. _snora_, a snoring. - -Snudgeth, 62/2, _v. pr. t._ is economical or saving, or, works quietly -or snugly. In Lanc. _snidge_. A.S. _snid_. Danish _snedig_, cunning. -'Thus your husbandrye, methincke, is much more like the life of a -covetous _snudge_, that ofte very evill proves, then the labour of a -goode husbande, that knoweth well what he doth."--Ascham, Toxophilus, -p. 6. - -Sockle, 35/30, _v. imp._ suckle, provide with milk. - -Sod, 22/27, _pp._ boiled. - -Soketh, 19/2, _v. pr. t._ wets, soaks. - -Soles, 17/21, _s. pl._ a collar of wood, put round the neck of cattle -to confine them to the post. - -Sollen, 89/13, _adj._ sullen, sulky. - -Soller, 57/5, _s._ garret, loft, or upper room. "_Solarium_, an upper -room, chamber, or garret which in some parts of England is still called -a _sollar_."--Kennett, Gloss. p. 134. - -Sooth, 10/61, _v._ to flatter. - -Sops in wine, 43/31, _s._ a kind of pink resembling a carnation; the -clove pink. "The rose and speckled flowre cald sops-in-wine."--The -Affectionate Shepheard, 1594. - -Sorell, 39/36, _s._ sorrell. Fr. _surelle_, a dimin. from L. Ger. -_suur_ = sour, from the acidity of the leaves. _Rumex acetosa_, L. - -Sost, 48/20, _pp._ dirty, foul. "Of any one that mixes several -slops, or makes any place wet or dirty, we say in Kent, he makes a -_soss_."--Kennett MS. - -Souse, 12/5, _s._ pig's feet and ears pickled. - -Soutage, 57/51, _s._ bagging for hops, or coarse cloth. See More's MS. -Additions to Ray's North Country Gloss. - -Southly, 16/20, _adv._ facing the south. - -Sowce, 19/37, _v. imp._ steep in brine, pickle. - -Sower, 35/51, _adj._ sour. - -Spare, 113/3, _v._ economize, be sparing. - -Spareth, 10/35, _v. pr. t._ are economical, save. - -Spars, 33/16, _s. pl._ rafters. - -Speedfull, 52/13, _adj._ useful, profitable. - -Speeding, 2/10, _s._ progress, success. - -Speered, 84/5, _pp._ sprouted, a term in malting. "I _spyer_ as corne -dothe whan it begynneth to waxe rype, _je espie_."--Palsgrave. - -Spent, 15/41, _pp._ used, consumed. - -Sperage, 40/18, _s._ asparagus. Lemery in his Treatise on Foods, 1704, -gives as the etymology: _ab aspergendo_, sprinkling, because 'tis -convenient to water them! - -Spials, 64/12, _s. pl._ spies. Fr. _épier_. O. Fr. _espier_, whence our -_espy, spy_. Low Lat. _espia_. - -Spide, 2/9, _v. pr. t._ beheld, saw. - -Spight, 57/13, _s._ as a spite or grief to. - -Spight, 97/6, _v._ spite, be unpropitious. - -Spil, 102/6, _v. pr. t._ spoil, ruin. - -Spilled, 50/6, Spilt, 56/54, _pp._ ruined, spoilt. A.S. _spillan_. - -Spring, 48/11, _s._ young buds of felled underwood. - -Spurlings, 12/5, _s. pl._ smelts. "Spurlin, a smelt, Fr. -_esperlan_."--Skinner. Sparling, smelts of the Thames.--Brockett's -N. C. Glossary. "First a sprat, then a small sparling, then a -sparling."--R. Holme, p. 325. - -Squatteth, 16/38, _v. pr. t._ sit or crouch down. Welsh _yswatian_, to -squat, lie flat. - -Squier, 10/57, _s._ squire, gentleman. - -Stadled, 48/8, _pp._ "to stadle a Wood is to leave at certain distances -a sufficient number of young trees to replenish it."--T.R. - -Staddles, 47/9, Stadles, 48/9, _s. pl._ young growing trees left after -cutting underwood. - -Staid, 2/8, _v. pt. t._ kept, detained. - -Staie, 10/7, _s._ means of support. - -Staie, 19/40, _v._ prevent, stop. - -Staied, 60/9, _adj._ steady, staid. - -Stalfed, 21/11, _adj._ stall-fattened. - -Stamp, 18/48, _v. imp._ bruise, pound. - -Stands thee upon, 10/39, are suitable, proper for. To _stand_ a person -_on_ is _to be incumbent_ upon him, _it is his duty_.--Wilbraham, -Gloss. of Cheshire Words, 1818. - -Star of Bethlehem, 43/34, _s._ Star of Bethlehem. _Ornithogalum -umbellatum_, a bulbous plant having a white star-like flower, like -pictures of the stars that indicated Our Lord's birth. - -Star of Jerusalem, 43/35, _s._ perhaps sunflower or turn-sole. Ital. -_girasole_, familiarized into _Jerusalem_. - -Stay, 114/31, _s._ rest, quiet. - -Steade, 63/3, _s._ in steade = to advantage. - -*Stede, 19, _v._ suffice, profit. - -Steelie, 19/12, _adj._ hard, firm. - -Steepe, 46/6, _adj._ a steepe = steeply. - -Steeres, 36/8, _s. pl._ oxen in their third year. A.S. _steor_. - -Sterue, 103/4, _v._ starve, perish. A.S. _steorfan_. - -*Steruelings, 50, _s. pl._ half-starved animals. - -Stick, 16/34, _v. imp._ to stick boards = to arrange them neatly one -upon another with sticks between.--T.R. - -Still, 33/53, _v. imp._ quiet, stop from growing. - -Still, 44/1, _v._ distill. - -Still, 50/33, _s._ a still. Lat. _stilla_, a drop. - -Stinted, 95/4, _pp._ appointed, settled. - -Stirre, 77/6, _v._ move quickly, bestir herself. - -Stitchwort, 45/23, _s._ stitchwort, chickweed, _Stellaria media_, Linn. - -Stocke gilleflowers, 43/36, _s._ now shortened to stock, from stock, -the trunk or woody stem of a tree or shrub, added to _gilliflower_ to -distinguish it from plants of the pink tribe, called, from their scent, -_Clove-gilleflowers_. - -Stocks, 22/13, _s. pl._ young trees. - -Stoutnes, 9/9, _s._ force. - -Stouer, 20/16, _s._ winter food for cattle, fodder from thrashed -corn, whether straw, chaff, or colder (broken ears of corn), from -the Old French _estavoir, estovoir, estouvier_, A.N. _estovers_, or -_estouvoir_, which denotes, according to Roquefort (Glossaire de la -langue Romane), 'provision de tout ce qui est nécessaire.' - -Strangenes, 3/1, _s._ strangeness. - -Strawforke, 17/1, _s._ a pitchfork. - -Strawisp, 19/38, _s._ wisps of straw. - -Streight waies, 114/8, _adv._ at once. - -Strike, 16/9, _v. pr. t._ striking is the last ploughing before the -seed is committed to the earth.--M. - -Strike, 17/1, _s._ a bushel measure. "Robert Webb of Shottre oweth me -iiij_s._ iiij_d._ lent hym in money for making ix _strycke_ and a half -of malt."--Will of John Cocks of Stratford-on-Avon, dated May 27th, -1600. - -Stripe, 57/5, _s._ "beating upon a Hurdle or some other rough -thing."--T.R. - -Stroieng, 48/17, _s._ destruction, injury. O. Fr. (_de_)_struire_. Lat. -_struere_. - -Stroken, 35/31, _pp._ stroked, kindly treated. - -Strowing, 42/1, _adj._ for strewing. - -Stroyal, 10/23, _s._ waste all, wasteful. - -Stub, 35/9, _s._ stump, buie at the stub = buy on the ground. A.S. -_stybb_, allied to Lat. _stipes_. - -Stub, 33/47, _v. imp._ grub up. - -"And badd hym take a mattock anon, -And _stubbe_ the olde rote away, -That had stonde there many a day." - --MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, f. 129. - -Stud, 33/16, _s._ the uprights in a lath and plaster wall. "In manie -places there are not above foure, six, or nine inches between _stud_ -and _stud_."--Harrison, Pt. I, p. 233. - -Stur, 62/6, _v._ move about, exert. - -Sturs, 63/16, _s. pl._ disturbances, commotions. - -Substanciallie, 9/23, _adv._ in reality, truly. - -Subtiltie, 9/17, _s._ cunning, artfulness, deceit. - -Sucker, 23/4, _s._ assistance, help, succour. - -Suckerie, 91/2, Suckery, 39/38, _s._ succory, the wild endive, chicory. -Fr. _chicorée_, often replaced by fraudulent dealers with dandelion -roots, _Cichorium Intybus_, L. - -Sudgerne, 10/8, _v._ settle down. Fr. _sojourner_. Cf. Barbour's Bruce, -E. E. Text Soc. ed. Skeat, 6/26, 16/47, and 20/356. - -Suer, 84/3, _adj._ sure, careful. O. Fr. _seur, segur_. Lat. _securus_. - -Suerty, 9/24, _s._ being security or surety. - -Suite, 18/49, _s._ description, kind. - -Suretie, 10/28, _s._ security, bail. - -Swage, 114/26, _v._ assuage. - -Swatches, 57/18, _s. pl._ rows or ranks of barley, etc. - -Swathes, 55/2, _s. pl._ the line of grass or corn cut and thrown -together by the scythe in mowing. Cotgrave gives: "_Gerber des -javelles_ to bind corne of _swath_ into sheaues, to sheaue vp corne." -"Fœni striga. Monceaux de foin par ordre. The _swathe_ or strake of -grasse, as it lyeth mowne downe with the sithe."--Nomenclator. - -Sweate, 56/20, _s._ a sweating, _i.e._ feel the effects of the heat. - -Sweete Johns, 43/33, _s._ a species of _Dianthus_ or pink, called also -_Sweet John's-wort_. - -Swerue, 96/42, _s._ fail, depart. - -Swill, 78/5, _s._ hog's-wash. - -Swim, 10/59, _v._ to abound, to overflow. - -Swinge, 52/16, _v. imp._ cut down with the long swinging scythe used -for that purpose. - - -T. - -Tack, 12/3, Tacke, 76/3, _s._ substance. A tough piece of meat is said -to have plenty of _tack_ in it. - -Taile, 77/8, _s._ back. - -Taint wormes, 65/3, _s. pl._ "A small red spider called _taint_ is by -the country people accounted a deadly poison to cows and horses."--Sir -T. Browne. - -Tale, 83/4, _s._ tally, reckoning. - -Talent, 59/9, _s._ the gifts and powers entrusted by God. Of course the -reference is to the Parable. - -Tallie, 78/2, _s._ score, bill, charge. - -Tallwood, 53/12, _s._ wood cut for billets. "Tall woode, pacte wodde to -make byllettes of, _taillee_."--Palsgrave. - -Tampring, 17/16, _v._ tempering, mixing, thus the Bible speaks of -"_untempered_ mortar." - -Tane, 66/1, _pp._ taken. - -Tanzie, 39/40, _s._ tansy, _Tanacetum vulgare_, Linn. - -Tapple up taile, 21/14. See note E125. - -Tarie, 16/11, _v._ delay, keep back. - -Tarragon, 40/21, _s._ tarragon. _Tragum vulgare_.--Gerard's Herball. -Used for perfuming vinegar in France. O. Fr. _targon_. - -Tarrie, 85/1, _v._ wait for, await. - -Tawnie, 43/3, _adj._ yellowish. - -Ted, 54/1, _v._ to spread abroad new-cut grass. "I teede hay, I tourne -it afore it is made in cockes, _je fene_."--Palsgrave. - -Tedder, 10/9, _s._ tether, "live within one's tether" = "within the -limits of one's income." - -Teddered, 16/33, _pp._ tethered, tied up. - -Teemes, 58/6, _s. pl._ teams. - -Tell, 50/30, _v. imp._ count. - -Temmes lofe, 16/11, _s._ "that made of a mixture of wheat and rye out -of which the coarser bran is taken."--T.R. "_Miche_, a fine manchet; -the country people of France call so also a loafe of boulted bread or -_tems_ bread."--Cotgrave. - -Temper, 91/2, _s._ condition. - -Tend, 10/39, _v. imp._ attend. - -Tendance, 56/53, _s._ attention, care. - -Tendeth, 62/3, _v. pr. t._ attends to, looks after. - -Tere, 19/30, _s._ tares. - -Thacke, 53/12, _s._ thatch, roof covering. "Erige, holme or -_thacke_."--Huloet, 1552. "Thakke, _tegmen, tectura_."--Vocab. MS. - -Thacker, 36/24, _s._ thatcher. "A proud _thacker_ of Theeva would laugh -them to scorn."--Pilkington's Works, 381. - -Thee, 10/8, _v._ thrive, prosper. "A very late example of this word; at -this time it was nearly obsolete. A.S. _théon_, to thrive, flourish. - -"God that sittis in trinite, -Gyffe thaym grace wel to _the_ -That lystyns me a whyle." - --MS. Cantab., Ff. v. 48, f. 47. - -Theeuerie, 86/12, _s._ dishonesty. - -Thencrease, 21/2, for the encrease = the increase, gain. - -Thend, 19/40, for "the end." - -Thetch, 57/32, _s._ thatch. - -Thicker, 74/2, _adv._ more frequently. - -Thies, 49/_c, s. pl._ thighs, limbs. A.S. _theoh_. Icel. _thio_. - -Thiller, 17/4, the shaft-horse, also the last horse in a team. A.S. -_thil_, a pole or shaft. "Thylle horse, _veredus_."--Prompt. Parv. - -Thoes, 19/40, pr. those. - -Thon, 110, the one. - -Thorow, 15/15, _v._ pass through. - -Thother, 110, the other. - -Thresh, 90/3, _v. imp._ whip, thrash. - -Thresher, 86/13, _s._ a duster of furniture. - -Thrift, page 3, _s._ fortune, success, prosperity. Icel. _thrif_. - -Thriftie, 59/1, _adj._ thrifty, economical. - -Thrift's ladder, 57/30, _s._ the ladder or road to fortune. - -Thry-fallowing, 56/1, _s._ "the third fallow; perhaps also -cross-fallowing."--Mavor. "The third plowing of a summer fallow."--T.R. - -Thwack, 18/3, _v. imp._ thump, beat together. - -Tiburne stretch, 114/35, an execution. See note E498. - -Tide, 63/2, _pp._ tied, fastened. - -Tidie, 57/22, _adj._ "An old word signifying neat, proper, or in -season, from the word Tide."--T.R. - -Tieth, 56/19, _s._ tithe. - -Tilman, 16/4, _s._ farm labourers, ploughmen, etc. - -Tilth, 4/2, _s._ tillage, cultivation. A.S. _tilð_, from _tilian_, to -till. - -Tilth, 47/2, the ground tilled. - -Tilture, 38/21, _s._ tillage, cultivation. - -Time, 39/41, _s._ thyme. θυμος [Greek: thymos], from θυω [Greek: thuo], -fumigate, and identical with Lat. _fumus_, from its being used in -sacrifices. - -Timelie, 55/9, _adv._ in time. - -Timely, 16/19, _adv._ early, soon. - -Tine, 50/18, _s._ wild vetch or tare, a plant that _tines_ or encloses -and imprisons other plants. _Vicia hirsuta_. - -Tith, 56/12, _s._ tithe. - -Tithers, 10/52, _s. pl._ payers of tithes. - -Tithing, 10/52, _s._ paying tithes or dues. - -Tits, 15/6, _s. pl._ horses. The phrase "a nice _tit_" is still in use. - -Titters, 50/18, _s. pl._ a noxious weed amongst corn. - -Tittle tattle, 22/3, chattering, gossipping. - -To, 18/6, _prep._ for, as. - -Tode, with an R, 62/17, _s._ See note E384. - -Toesed, 114/5, _pp._ pulled, pinched. Cf. "to _tease_, or card wool." -A.S. _tæsan_, to pull, pluck. - -Toieng, 61/1, _pr. p._ playing, amusing ourselves. - -Toies, 57/34, _s. pl._ amusements, occupations. - -Toile, 2/11, _s._ labour, work. - -Tolleth, 55/12, _v. pr. t._ takes toll. - -Ton, ... tother, 55/8, the one ... the other. - -Tone, 10/10, the one. - -Tooteth, 94/2, _v. pr. t._ looks or strives anxiously. "_Tooting_ and -prying."--Taylor's Workes, 1630, i. 119. - -Toppingly, 49/1, _adj._ ? - -Tost, 2/11, _v. pt. t._ agitated, harassed. Cf. _tease_. - -Touch, 57/43, _s._ faith, honour, to keep touch, to keep faith, -perform a promise. The phrase occurs in the Ballad of "George -Barnwell," line 42. - -Traie, 17/16, _s._ a mason's hod. - -Traine, 32/2, _s._ draw. Fr. _trainer_, from L. Lat. _trahinare_, from -Lat. _trahere_. - -Transpose, 59/10, _v._ arrange, dispose of. - -Trauell, page 2, _s._ labour, work. Fr. _travail_. - -Trauerse, 59/2, _v._ start upon, proceed upon. - -Treachery, 9/27, _s._ breach of faith, perfidy. - -Treene, 85/10, _adj._ wooden. - -Trew, 113/2, _adj._ true. - -Trick, 15/35,_ adj._ neat, clean, tidy. - -Tricketh, 94/5, _v. pr. t._ dresses up, furnishes. - -Trickly, 73/3, _adj._ neat, tidy. - -Trim, 23/9, _v._ repair. - -Trim, 3/2, _adv._ quickly, at once, easily. A.S. _trum_. - -Trimlie, 57/34, _adv._ neatly, cleanly. - -Trinkets, 17/5, _s. pl._ porringers (Halliwell), Ray gives: -counterfeits and trinkets, _s. pl._ porringers and saucers. Cheshire. -See note in Prompt. Parv. - -Triue, 59/2, _v. pr. t._ (for contrive), attempt, try. - -Troffe, 17/9, _s._ a trough. - -Trope, 28/2, _s._ a phrase. From Greek τροπὸς [Greek: tropos], a -turning, lit., the use of a word or expression in a different sense -from that which properly belongs to it. - -Troth, 1/1, _s._ truth. See an article on the derivation of this word -in "Leaves from a Word Hunter's Note Book," by Rev. A. S. Palmer, 1876, -p. 73. - -Trowleth, 59/6, _v. pr. t._ helps on, moves towards. Welsh _troliaw_, -to _troll_ or trundle. - -Trudge, 73/20, _v._ go, be spent. - -Trudgeth, 10/21, _v. pr. t._ labours, journey's far. - -Trull, 36/4, _s._ girl, lass. - -Trustilie, 9/22. _adv._ confidingly. - -Tullie, 112/5, Cicero. - -Tumb, 106/15, _s._ the tomb, grave. - -Tumbrel, 16/7, _s._ a tumbril, a dung-cart. - -Turfe, 52/12, _s._ turf, peat. "Turfe of flagge, swarde of the erthe, -_cespes_."--Prompt. Parv. "A Turfe, _cespes_."--Cathol. Angl. - -Turnebroch, 80/2, _s._ Before the introduction of _jacks_, spits were -turned either by dogs trained for the purpose, or by lads kept in the -family, or hired, as occasion arose, to turn the spit, or _broach_. -These boys were the _Turn-broaches_. See Halliwell. - -Turn up, 46/18, _v._ deck, ornament. - -Twelftide, 90/2, _s._ Twelfth Day, i.e. January 6th, twelve days after -Christmas. "At the city of New Sarum is a very great faire for cloath -at _Twelftyde_ called Twelfe Market."--Aubrey's Wilts. MS. Roy. Soc. p. -333. - -Twifallow, 50/23, _v. imp._ till twice, plough twice. See Thry-fallowing. - -Twiggers, 35/28, _s. pl._ first-class breeders. See Halliwell, s.v. - -Twigging, 35/28, _s._ fast breeding. - -Twinlings, 35/28, _s. pl._ twins (according to Dr. Mavor, but see note -E177). - -Twinning, 35/28, _s._ bearing twins. - -Twise, 59/11, _adv._ twice. - -Twitcher, 17/17, _s._ instruments used for clinching the -_hog-rings_.--Mavor. - -Twitchis, 53/2, _s._ pl. wounds, cuts. - - -U. - -Undeskanted, 10/39, _pp._ untalked of. - -Vndooeth, 10/46, _v._ ruins, destroys. - -Vnfainedlie, 9/38, _adv._ unfeignedly, in truth. - -Vnlustie, 19/24, _adj._ poor. - -Vnmeete, 57/5, _adj._ unfit. A.S. _unmæte_. - -Vnsauerie, 9/15, _adj._ wasteful, ruinous. - -Vnshaken, 16/34, _adj._ perfect, in good order, free from _shakes_. - -Vnspilt, 16/8, _pp._ not wasted. - -Vntackle, 23/6, _v._ unyoke. - -Vntangled, 57/50, _pp._ freed from the hop vines. - -Vnthrift, 6/3, _s._ a prodigal, spendthrift. - -Vnthriftely, 9/30*, _adv._ wastefully. - -Vsher, 10/17, _s._ doorkeeper. O. Fr. _ussier, huissier_, from _uis, -huis_, a door. - - -V. - -Vaine, 18/8, _s._ liking, fancy. - -Vainfull, 2/13, _adj._ vain, fickle. - -Valerian, 45/24, _s._ Valerian. _Valeriana officinalis_, Linn. - -Vance, 114/7, _v._ advance. - -Vantage, 3/7, _s._ advantage, profit. - -Vegetiue, 55/7, _adj._ belonging to the plant. - -Vent, 19/27, _s._ sale, disposal. Fr. _vente_, from Lat. _vendere, -venditum_, to sell. "There is no _vent_ for any commoditie except -wool."--Sir W. Temple. - -Venter, 83/4, _v._ venture, risk. - -Ventrest, 19/35, _v. pr. t._ risk, venture. - -Vergis, 18/42, _s._ verjuice, the juice of crab-apples, or other unripe -fruit. Fr. _verjus_, from _vert_, green and _jus_, juice. - -Verie, 92/4, _adj._ true, real. - -Verlets, 63/18, _s. pl._ rascals, scoundrels. O. Fr. _varlet, vaslet_, -now _valet_. - -Vermin, 33/7, _v._ destroy the vermin. - -Vew, 114/24, _s._ view, sight. - -Vewe, 75/7, _v._ view, examine. - -Vice, 64/19, _s._ buffoon. The fool or punchinello of old shows. -"Light and lascivious poems, uttered by these buffoons or _vices_ in -plays."--Puttenham, ii. 9, p. 69. - -Villeny, 9/21, _s._ unfair or mean treatment. - -Vitleth, 97/1, _v. pr. t._ eats, dines. - -Vittels, 57/39, _s. pl._ provisions, food. - -Voyd, 64*/4, _v._ avoid. - - -W. - -Wadling, 35/45, _s._ wattling, wattled fence. "Wattles are wood -slit."--T.R. - -Wadmus (? Wadmul), page 37, note 1, a very thick, coarse kind of -woollen cloth, made originally of Iceland wool. Icel. _vadmâl_. -Halliwell, s.v. _Wadmal_. - -Wag, 87/3, _s._ messenger. - -Waid, 114/40, _pp._ considered, reflected on. - -Waieth, 99/5, Waith, 101/5, _v. pr. t._ considers, reflects. - -Waight, 56/24, _v. pr. t._ watch, wait about. - -Waights, 10/44, _s._ weights, measures. - -Waight, 99/1, _v._ attend or wait at table. - -Waine, 48/22, _v. imp._ fetch, bring, lit. to convey in a _wain_ or -wagon. - -Waine, 16/7, _s._ waggon. A.S. _wæn, wägen_. - -Wake day, 90/5, _s._ a village festival, kept originally on the day of -the dedication of the parish church. See note E455. - -Walke, 48/17, _s._ pasturing. - -Wallow, 102/2, _v. pr. t._ make dirty, cover. - -Wand, 33/45, _v. imp._ inclose with poles. - -Wanteth, 94/8, _v. pr. t._ is in want. - -Wantey, 17/5, _s._ a rope or leathern girdle, by which burdens are tied -to the back of a horse; _wamb-tie_, a belly-band. - -Wanton, 90/5, _s._ merry girl. O. E. _wantowen_, from _wan-_, prefix -signifying lack or _want_, and _togen_, _pp._ of _teon_, to educate. - -Wardens, 34/26, _s. pl._ a large baking pear. "I would have him roasted -like a _warden_."--Beau. and Flet. - -Warely, 115/2, _adv._ carefully, warily. - -Wares, 22/19, _s. pl._ productions. - -Warily, 10/34, _adv._ discreetly, cautiously. A.S. _wær_. - -Warrener, 33/7, _s._ the keeper of a warren. - -Wart, 114/5, _v. pr. t._ wert, wast. - -Waster, 79/1, _s._ wasteful. - -Water furrow, 19/7, _v. imp._ draw furrows across the ridges in the -lowest part of the ground to act as drains or water-courses. "A watir -furre, _elix_."--Cathol. Anglicum. - -Water-retting, 16/25, _s._ retting is the process of steeping flax in -water to separate the fibres. "Rettyn tymber, hempe or other like, -_rigo, infundo_."--Prompt. Parv. - -Wayest, 10/4, _v._ considerest. - -Weather, 57/5, _v. imp._ dry in the open air. - -Weene, 67/12, _v. pr. t._ think. A S. _wenan_. - -Webster, 15/17, _s._ a weaver. A.S. _webbestre_, a female weaver. - -*Wedehoke, 79, _s._ a weeding tool. - -Weeles, 36/31, _s. pl._ snares or traps for fish made of osiers or -twigs. "A weele, a wicker net, wherewith fishes being once entred, -there is no way for them to get out; a bow net."--Nomenclator. - -"There plenty is of roches, bleakes, or eeles, -Which fishermen catche in their nets and weeles." - --Newe Metamorphosis, 1600. - -Wefte, 84/1, _s._ a loss. - -Well a fine, 114/19, to a good end or purpose. - -Welthines, 10/36, _s._ plenty, wealth. - -Wenches, 57/34, _s. pl._ girls. - -Wennel, 20/28, _s._ a calf just _weaned_. "A lambe, or a kidde, or a -_weanell_ wast."--Spenser, Shep. Cal. September. - -Wether, 90/7, _s._ weather. - -Wheat plums, 34/27, _s. pl._ a large fleshy plum, sometimes called the -bastard Orleans plum. - -Wheele ladder, 17/6, _s._ "probably a frame on the side of a cart to -support hay or corn when the load is to be increased."--Mavor. - -Whelpe, 95/2, _s._ child. - -Whereas, 21/25, _adv._ wherever. - -Whight, 15/12, _adj._ white. - -Whinnes, 53/12, _s. pl._ whin, furze. - -Whipstock, 21/14, _s._ the handle of a whip. - -"Bought you a whistle, and a _whip-stalk_ too, -To be revenged on their villainies." - --Span. Tragedy, iii. 180. - -Whist, 64*/10, _v._ be silent, be hushed. "Keepe the _whisht_, and -thou shalt heare it the sooner."--Terence in Eng. 1641. - -Whit, 2/4, _s._ a point, no whit, not in the slightest degree. A.S. -_wiht_, a creature, thing. Gothic _waiht_. - -Whitch, 35/6, which sort. - -Whit leather, 17/4, _s._ leather dressed with alum, salt, etc., -remarkable for its pliability and toughness. "I think I'm as hard as a -nut, and as tough as _whit-leather_."--Howitt. - -Whitemeat, Whitmeat, 47/20, _s._ eggs, milk, butter, cheese, etc. - -Wicket, 77/9, _s._ mouth. - -Wight, 3/6, _s._ person, man. A.S. _wiht_. Gothic _waiht_. - -Wild otes fantasie, 9/30*, the fancies or excesses of youth. Cf. -"sowing his wild oats." - -Wiles, 114/18, _s. pl._ tricks, deceits. - -Wilfull, 35/4, _adj._ ready, hasty. - -Wimble, 17/6, _s._ auger. "An auger or _wimble_, wherwith holes are -bored, _terebra_ and _terebrum_."--Baret's Aluearie, 1580. _Gimlet_ is -the dimin. from _wimble_. - -Wine, 51/21, _v. imp._ win, make to please. - -Wit, 16/3, _s._ sense, good judgment. A.S. _witt_. - -Wither, 57/20, _v._ dry. - -Wonne, 75/3, _pp._ managed, made up. - -Wood, 13/5, _adj._ mad. A.S. _wod_. - -Woodrofe, 44/17, _s._ sweet woodruff, _Asperula odorata_. A.S. -_wudurôfe_. - -Woodsere, 51/6, _s._ the month or season for cutting wood; but see next -word. "If wood be cut after the sunne decline from us till he come to -the equinoctial (which time they call _woodsere_), it will never grow -againe."--Heydon, Def. of Astrology, 1603. - -Woodsere, 53/15, _s._ "By woodsere is meant decayed or hollow -Pollards."--T.R.; but in his note to this passage he says, "Woodsere is -the season of felling wood."--T.R. - -Woorser, 10/32, Worser, 63/15, _adv._ worse, a double comparative. A.S. -_wyrsa_. - -Woorth, 113/7, _s._ in worth = for what I am worth, _i.e._ as I can, -what I can get. - -Wot, 94/4, _ v. pr. t._ ye know not what, an indefinite expression. - -Wote, 10/21, _v. pr. t._ know. A.S. _witan_; _pt. t. Ic wat_, I know. - -Wounder, 2/2, _s._ wounder, slayer. A.S. _wundian_, to wound. - -Wrall, 101/4, _v. pr. t._ quarrel. - -Wraught, 114/35, _pp._ supplied, furnished. - -Wrauling, 92/1, _s._ quarrelling. - -Wrecke, 115/2, _v._ wreak, vent. A.S. _wrecan_. - -Wrest, 11/1, _v._ turn, force away. - -Wrest, 10/61, _v._ steal away, plunder. - -Wresting, 89/13, _s._ struggling for, fighting for. - -Wright, 68/1, _v._ write. - -Wringer, 2/13, _s._ extortioner. - -Write, 86/10, _v. imp._ mark, write the name on. - -Wud, 33/16, _s._ wood. A.S. _wudu_. - -Wull, 35/21, _s._ wool. A.S. _wull_. Gothic _wulla_. - - -Y. - -Yarn, 21/13, _v. pr. t._ earn. A.S. _gearnian_. - -Yeane, 33/21, _v._ bring forth young. A.S. _eanian_. - -Yeerlie, 63/21, _adv._ ? = yarely, readily. A.S. _gearu_. O. L. Ger. -_garu_. - -Yerke, 64*/9, _v._ kick, wince. "They flirt, they _yerk_, -they backward fling."--Drayton. "_Tire_, a kick, yark, jerk, -jert."--Cotgrave. - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Fiue Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie, by -Thomas Tusser - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 51764 *** |