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diff --git a/old/51785-h/51785-h.htm b/old/51785-h/51785-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 35b4391..0000000 --- a/old/51785-h/51785-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2929 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Journal, by Various. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.ph3{ - text-align: center; - font-size: large; - font-weight: bold; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - - - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -/* Images */ -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poem { - margin-left:10%; - margin-right:10%; - text-align: left; -} - -.poem br {display: none;} - -.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} - - .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - .poem span.i24 {display: block; margin-left: 12em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, -Science, and Art, No. 728, December 8, 1877, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, No. 728, December 8, 1877 - -Author: Various - -Editor: William Chambers - Robert Chambers - -Release Date: April 18, 2016 [EBook #51785] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL, DEC 8, 1877 *** - - - - -Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_769" id="Page_769">{769}</a></span></p> - -<h1>CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL<br /> -OF<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.</h1> - -<div> -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - -<p class='center'> - -<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> - -<a href="#THE_HIDDEN_BOX">THE HIDDEN BOX.</a><br /> -<a href="#FIRES_AND_THEIR_CAUSES">FIRES AND THEIR CAUSES.</a><br /> -<a href="#A_CAST_OF_THE_NET">A CAST OF THE NET.</a><br /> -<a href="#SEA-LIONS">SEA-LIONS.</a><br /> -<a href="#ANCIENT_STREETS_AND_HOMESTEADS">ANCIENT STREETS AND HOMESTEADS OF ENGLAND.</a><br /> -<a href="#JAPANESE_FANS">JAPANESE FANS.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_PIXIES">THE PIXIES.</a><br /> - -<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> - -</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/header.png" width="600" height="294" alt="Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art. Fourth Series. Conducted by William and Robert Chambers." /> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" width="85%"> -<tr><td align="left"><b><span class="smcap">No.</span> 728.</b></td><td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1877.</b></td><td align="right"><b><span class="smcap">Price</span> 1½<i>d.</i></b></td></tr> -</table></div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div> - - -<h2><a name="THE_HIDDEN_BOX" id="THE_HIDDEN_BOX">THE HIDDEN BOX.</a></h2> - -<p class='ph3'>A TALE OF THE COVENANTERS.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Something</span> like two centuries ago, while the persecution -against the Covenanters was raging in -Scotland, many were forced, for conscience' sake, -to give up all and retire to out-of-the-way places, -to be out of the reach of their enemies. Among -others, a well-to-do farmer of the name of MacWilliam, -reduced to penury by the fines imposed -upon him and the confiscation of his lands, withdrew -from the home of his youth; and having -rented a moorland farm in a remote parish of a -neighbouring county, he settled down there with -his wife and family. Hillfoot—for such was the -name of the farm—lay in a hollow between two -hills of moderate elevation, which rose with a -gentle slope on each side. A burn ran through -the farm, and about two miles farther on, joined -a river of some importance. Almost at the confluence -of the two the glen took a sharp turn to -the left, and thus rendered Hillfoot invisible from -the main road, which followed the course of the -larger stream.</p> - -<p>Though the farm was of considerable extent, -little more than a living for the family could be -made about it, for heather was more abundant -on the hills than grass; and good arable land -was out of the question, for the district was so -late that cereals could barely ripen, and even the -meadows along the holms by the burn-side yielded -but scanty crops. It was in this place, however, -that James MacWilliam had elected to spend -his latter days. All around the house the outlook -was no doubt bleak and bare and far from -encouraging; but all that he loved most dearly -were with him, and if he had not the comfort and -luxury of former days, he had what he prized -more than all earthly things—freedom to worship -God in the way it seemed best to himself. At -the time of his removal to Hillfoot he was about -forty years of age, and his wife two or three years -his junior. They had been married some fifteen -years, and two children—a son and daughter—had -blessed their union. John, a lad of fourteen, -assisted his father in the tending of their flocks -and in the working of the farm; while their -daughter Barbara, two years younger, helped her -mother in the house; and although she was not -strong enough yet to do the heavy work, by the -sweetness of her temper and the blitheness of her -nature her presence enlivened all about her and -made the heavy task seem light.</p> - -<p>Years rolled on; and though they often heard -of the persecution and dreadful punishment their -fellow-countrymen, nay even their fellow-parishioners -were suffering, still in their remote and -unsuspected retreat they were allowed to live on -in peace. Ten years had passed, and with them -many changes had come over Hillfoot and its -inmates. Death had not left it inviolate, for the -wife and mother, not strong at best, had been ill -able to stand the privations and hardships which -the family had endured since settling there. It -was with sad hearts that her husband and family -saw her pining away; and although they put forth -every effort and tried every expedient that love -could devise to prolong her life, she sank lower -and lower; and when autumn was merging into -winter, and the heather-bells were beginning to -wither, she passed away. Barbara, on whose -shoulders the household duties had long before -this fallen, was now no longer a girl, but a comely -lass of twenty-two. Her tall graceful figure, kindly -manner, and sweet disposition made her beloved -by all who knew her, and brought her many -admirers. She had become betrothed to a young -man, a shepherd on a neighbouring farm, and -but for the ailing health and subsequent death of -her mother, was to have been married the following -summer.</p> - -<p>John, on whom, from the decrepitude of his -father, the management of the farm had now -devolved, had applied himself with so much -earnestness to his task, and things had so prospered -in his hands, that the family were in a much better -condition than they had ever been since their -coming there.</p> - -<p>Of all the neighbours they had come in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_770" id="Page_770">{770}</a></span> -contact with, James Morton of Burnfoothill was -the one with whom they had the most dealings. -Morton's wife had been dead for many years; but -his only daughter Janet, a young woman about -Barbara's age, kept house for her father. At -bottom, Morton was an honourable enough man, -but he was grasping and worldly, and cared little -for those things which his neighbour MacWilliam -regarded as most sacred. Between the old folks -accordingly there had been little coming and -going; but Barbara and Janet were fast friends, for -the two girls had forgathered among the braes -shortly after the former had come to Hillfoot, and -an intimacy was then formed which grew closer -as they grew older, and which now rendered the -two almost inseparable.</p> - -<p>John MacWilliam had also found something of -a kindred spirit in Janet, and from taking a deep -interest in her welfare, he gradually awoke to -the consciousness of regarding her with a true -and honest affection. He had long worshipped at -a distance; but now that his mother was dead, -and his sister betrothed to a neighbouring swain, -he determined to approach the object of his -love and tell her the state of his feelings. An -opportunity was not long in presenting itself. -Janet came on a visit to Hillfoot one lovely -June afternoon, and in the evening, as she -was preparing to go home, John volunteered to -accompany her. They sallied out and wended -their way down the burn-side. The sun was -sinking behind the hills; the sky was bright and -clear and peaceful overhead, and as the shadows -lengthened, a dead calm seemed to descend on all -things around. Nothing was to be heard save the -purling of the brook at their feet, or the bleat of -the lambs far up the hillside. The quiet beauty -touched the hearts of both as they tripped along, -and caused them to linger by the way, that they -might the longer gaze on the tranquil scene. -Seating themselves on a grassy knowe, with the -maiden's hand clasped in his, he told in simple yet -passionate language how he had long regarded her -with the deepest affection and that she alone could -make him happy. Need more be said? They -rose to go, for the shadows were deepening; and -as they sauntered down the glen hand in hand, -it was agreed that he should ask her father's consent -that very night.</p> - -<p>When they entered Burnfoothill, Morton was -much surprised to see John at such an unusual -hour; and when he learned his errand, was not -overpleased, for he had calculated that his daughter, -of whom he was justly proud, would make a better -match, since he was rich, and she being his only -child, was the heiress-apparent to all his possessions. -Accordingly, he would give his consent -only on two conditions, and these were, that -John should buy Hillfoot and portion it to his -daughter! When John heard these conditions, -his heart died within him; and he parted that -night from Janet like a man in a dream; and, -despairing of ever being able to fulfil the conditions, -he retraced his steps up the glen with a -heavier heart and less elastic step than when an -hour or two before he had come down. When -he reached home, he knelt by his bedside and -prayed to the Father of all mercies for help to -enable him to bear up with his trouble.</p> - -<p>Throughout the long night he pondered and -racked his brain for some expedient whereby he -might raise the necessary funds and remove the -only obstacle between himself and his happiness, -and carry Janet home in triumph—his reward and -joy. The day dawned; and as he prepared to -go forth to his first duty in the morning, that of -looking after the sheep, he felt as if there was no -life in him—as if there was nothing to live for now. -But the old adage says truly—the darkest hour is -just before the dawn. Seizing his staff, he stalked -forth and began to ascend the hill. He had hardly -reached the top when he saw right in front of him -a man looking carefully amongst the heather as if -for something he had lost. He appeared to be a -stranger to the place; and his dress shewed him -to be no shepherd; and John, surprised that such a -person should be there at so early an hour, went -forward and accosted him. The stranger started -when he heard a voice, for he had not noticed -any one approaching, but answered cheerily the -'Good-morrow' addressed to him. At first he -regarded his interrogator with some suspicion; -but the frank open countenance of the latter soon -dispelled all doubt; and when John asked whether -he had lost anything, the stranger proceeded to -tell him the following story.</p> - -<p>He began: 'I am a captain in the Scottish -army; and the other day while sitting in my house -in Edinburgh I received a message to come to the -Tolbooth jail, as an old friend desired very particularly -to see me. Wondering who this friend in the -Tolbooth could be, I set out, and having arrived -there you can judge of my surprise when I recognised -in the prisoner before me an old comrade -and fellow-officer, Bertram by name. We had -served together under Leslie, and had been fast -friends. After some years, Captain Bertram left -his regiment and went up to London. What he -went for I could never learn, but I lost sight of -him from that time, until he sent for me to come -to the Tolbooth. His history he told me had -been an eventful one; and he had passed through -much since I had seen him last. Amongst other -things, he had allied himself with the ringleaders -in the Ryehouse Plot; and when that conspiracy -had become known to the government, my friend -the captain fled with all haste from London and -made the best of his way to Scotland. Though -he had made many narrow escapes, he got across -the Border safe enough, and was congratulating -himself on having at last reached a haven of safety, -when he learned to his surprise that the limbs of the -law were still on his track, and that even there he -was not safe. He hurried north as fast as possible, -thinking to find refuge in the Highland glens; but -his pursuers had been gaining on him, and as he -was traversing this part of the country—I take -it to be on the top of this very hill—he saw his -pursuers, a party of red-coats, come over the top -of yonder hill on the other side of the valley. -He had carried with him from England a small -box of extremely valuable jewellery, by selling -which he would have as much as keep him in his -old age and forced retirement. But when he -saw the soldiers so close on him, he hid the box -in a tuft of heather, so that if he were taken it -might not fall into the hands of his enemies; and -if he did escape he might have an opportunity -of coming back and recovering it. He was, however, -captured before he reached Glasgow, which I -believe is not more than twelve miles from here; -thence he was taken to Edinburgh and confined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_771" id="Page_771">{771}</a></span> -in the Tolbooth, where I saw him. I interested -myself in his case, and used all my influence to get -him set free; but the evidence of his guilt was too -decided to admit of a doubt, and the government -was in no forgiving mood. He was tried, condemned, -and has been executed. The night before -his execution he sent for me and described the place -where he had left his box of valuables, and asked -me to go and search for them and take the use of -them. From the description I got of the hill, I -think this must be the one, and my errand here -this morning is to find this lost treasure.'</p> - -<p>When he had finished his story, John immediately -volunteered to help him in his search -for the box; and the stranger being nothing loath, -the two started to look, and continued the search -until the sun had mounted high in the heavens. -The stranger, unused to the rough and uneven -ground of the hill, was completely knocked up, -and determined to give up the search as useless, -remarking that it reminded him of looking for -a needle in a haystack. After being pressed -to go down and partake of some refreshments—which, -however, the stranger declined—and as -they were on the point of parting, John asked -him to leave his address, so that if he did find the -box, he would be able to let him know. The -stranger did so, and promised a handsome reward -if the box was found and brought to Edinburgh. -They parted, the stranger to make the best of his -way to the village, which lay some four miles off, -and thence take horse to Glasgow; John to go -his rounds amongst the sheep, which had been -neglected while the search was going on.</p> - -<p>Whilst he was thus occupied, he kept turning -over in his mind what had passed between the -stranger and himself, and it suddenly occurred to -him that here was an opportunity of raising at -least a little money, for should he find the box, -the stranger had promised a handsome reward. -At the thought, a wild tumultuous joy filled his -breast, and he eagerly hastened to finish his round -and get back home, so that when he had breakfasted -he might renew the search. He was, -however, so far behind his usual time of arrival -that he found his kinsfolk in consternation at his -protracted stay. Fearing some accident had befallen -his son, the old man was on the point of -going out to seek for him when he made his -appearance. John told them the cause of his delay; -and also declared his intention of going out to -continue the search as soon as he had satisfied his -hunger.</p> - -<p>The story told by her brother made a great -impression on Barbara, and she, after sitting wrapt -in thought for a few minutes, exclaimed: 'It <i>must</i> -have been him!' Her brother in surprise asked -what she meant; and then she told how, one -afternoon two or three months before, she had -wandered up the burn-side with her seam in her -hand, and had seen a man running along the hill -as fast as the nature of the ground would permit; -and as he ran she saw him halt, and as it were -bend down amongst the heather, and then start -off to run again. She stood and watched him till -he went out of sight, thinking it was perhaps -some poor Covenanter chased by 'Kirke's Lambs,' -who at that time were the terror of the country; -but having watched some time longer, and seeing -no one in pursuit, she concluded it would simply -be a shepherd on some errand of despatch, and -thought no more about it. Her brother's recital, -however, had brought the circumstance to her -memory; and laying the two things together, she -inferred that it must have been Captain Bertram -she had seen, and that when she saw him stoop, -he had concealed the box of valuables.</p> - -<p>When John heard his sister's story, he eagerly -questioned her whether she could trace the man's -course along the hill or point out the place where -she had seen him stoop. Barbara was uncertain, -but volunteered to accompany her brother and -indicate, so far as she could remember, the spot he -was so anxious to find. Hurriedly partaking of -the food his sister had prepared for him, in a very -few minutes the two issued forth to begin the -search. They agreed that it would be better to go -to the place where she had been standing when she -saw the fugitive, so that she might have a better -idea of where to look. They accordingly held their -way up the valley, and as they were going he told -her all that had passed the night before, and -explained how it was that he was so eager to fall -in with the concealed treasure. She, with all the -ready sympathy of a sister, entered into his spirit; -and when they had reached the place where she -thought she had been standing, she proposed that -he should go up the hill, and in that way she -might be more able to tell definitely at what distance -the man had been out. The suggestion -seemed good, and was immediately carried out; -and at the distance of nearly half a mile from -where she was standing, she signalled him to -stop. She immediately ascended, and as soon as -she had reached him the search began in earnest. -Sticking his staff in the ground where he had -been standing, he hung his plaid upon it; and -then Barbara and he going out something like -fifty yards, and taking different directions, each -described a semicircle with the plaid as centre, -meeting on the opposite side. They continued -the process, narrowing the circle every round, -till they had come within five yards of the plaid; -but all to no purpose. The task seemed hopeless, -and they were on the point of abandoning the -search in the space they had inclosed with the -first round, when Barbara, with a joyful cry, drew -forth the box from a thick bunch of heather!</p> - -<p>The two then hurried home to make known -their good fortune to their father, and also to -consult how they should let Captain Hamilton, -John's friend of the morning, know that they had -found the box. There were no telegraph wires in -those days which could flash the news to its -destination in a few minutes; nor were there even -mails from so remote a place, by which letters -could be carried with anything like safety or -precision. The only way therefore that seemed to -be advisable was that John should take the box -and carry it all the way to Edinburgh and hand it -over to the rightful owner. It was accordingly -resolved that he should start very early next -morning, which would enable him to reach -Edinburgh that day, and take the box with him. -To effectually conceal it, Barbara put up two pairs -of blankets of her own weaving into a bundle, with -the box inside; and when the east was beginning -to turn gray, John set out with his bundle on his -back, and some cakes and cheese in his pocket. -On he trudged with a light step and lighter -heart, for he felt he was on the eve of having -his dearest wish fulfilled. Long before its inhabitants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_772" id="Page_772">{772}</a></span> -had begun to stir, he passed through Glasgow, -then an insignificant city compared with its -present grandeur and prosperity. While it was -still early, halting by the wayside he quenched his -thirst at a neighbouring spring, and then walked -on, passing many villages by the way. By midday -he reached Falkirk, and having there done -justice to his cakes and cheese, he pushed on; and -as the sun was sinking in the west he reached -Edinburgh, and with little difficulty sought out -the address given him by his friend the captain.</p> - -<p>He found that that gentleman lived in one of the -most fashionable houses in the town; and when -he knocked at the door and asked to see Captain -Hamilton, the page told him in a very rough -manner that his master had no time to waste on -such as he. John felt nettled at this impertinence, -but respectfully desired him to tell his master that -the shepherd with whom he had been speaking -the morning before, was at the door, and wished to -see him. The page very reluctantly went; and -when he delivered his message, was not a little -surprised to see the alacrity with which his master -obeyed the summons. The captain took John into -his private room, and there eagerly asked him if he -had found the box. For an answer, John quietly -drew the article asked for from his bundle and -handed it to the captain, who took it, and having -produced the key which Bertram had given him -when he told him the story, opened the box and -found the contents all safe. He did not tell John -what was the value of the jewels it contained; but -after having been made acquainted with the mode -in which the treasure had been recovered, he produced -a bag containing one thousand guineas, and -handed it to the faithful shepherd, as the reward -of his honesty and fidelity. He at the same time -pressed him to accept of his hospitality for that -night; to which John readily consented, being -thoroughly worn out by his long and tiresome -journey. Ordering meat to be set before his guest, -he waited till he had had enough, and then conducted -him to a bedroom for the night.</p> - -<p>It would hardly be possible to describe the -feelings of John when he found himself alone. -An overpowering sense of gratitude to his -heavenly Father filled his breast, and falling on -his knees, he poured forth a fervent prayer of -thanksgiving for what he had received. In the -munificent reward he had earned, he saw the -highest aim of his ambition won, and his dearest -hopes consummated. Having at length retired to -rest, his thoughts kept him awake for some time; -but tired Nature soon asserted herself, and he sunk -into a deep and refreshing slumber, and slept until -the beams of the rising sun shining into his room -roused him, and warned him that it was time to -be taking the road. He rose, dressed himself, -and was on the point of leaving, when the butler -knocked at the door and told him breakfast was -laid for him in the hall. Gratefully partaking of -the offered cheer, he then set forth on his journey -homeward, where he arrived as the gloaming -was deepening into night. His story was soon -told; and when he held forth the bag of gold and -declared how much it contained, and assured them -that it was all his own, his sister fairly broke -down and wept for very joy. John then told his -father the whole story of how he had trudged -to the Scottish metropolis, and what he had -there found; and he in the fullness of his heart -embraced his children, and thanked God who had -been so bountiful to them.</p> - -<p>There is little more to tell. The muirland farm -changed owners, and the house was repaired. James -Morton was no longer opposed to the marriage of -his daughter Janet with John MacWilliam, for his -son-in-law elect was no longer a poor tenant -farmer, but an independent laird; and before -another summer had come and gone, a new mistress -had begun to rule at Hillfoot, and Barbara -had been wedded to her shepherd-swain. It is -unnecessary to follow them further in detail; -suffice it to say that John and Janet lived long and -happily together, and had the pleasure of seeing -their sons and daughters grow up around them; -and when he died, he left Hillfoot to his eldest -son, charging him neither to sell it nor to leave -it. Well and faithfully has that injunction been -carried out, for to this day a descendant of the -MacWilliams is in possession of Hillfoot.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="FIRES_AND_THEIR_CAUSES" id="FIRES_AND_THEIR_CAUSES">FIRES AND THEIR CAUSES.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> oft-repeated words, 'Cause unknown,' appended -to the daily reports of the conflagrations -which occur all over the country—such as that, -for instance, which lately occurred at Inveraray -Castle, but which is now supposed to have been -caused by lightning—furnish matter for grave -reflection. A glance at the report of one of -the largest fire brigades will shew us that -the causes (when ascertained) are of the most -varied description. It appears that the candle -is the most destructive weapon to be found in -an ordinary household, for conflagrations lighted -by its help far outnumber those credited to any -other cause. Curtains come next on the black list. -The next large figures are given to 'Spark from -fire,' followed by 'Foul flues.' Next in order -may be noticed 'Gas,' 'Children playing with -fire,' 'Tobacco-smoking,' 'Spontaneous ignition,' -and lastly 'Incendiarism.'</p> - -<p>There is no doubt that many a fire owes its -origin to causes quite beyond the control of the -tenant of the house in which it occurs, and that -the scamping manner in which builders' work is -often done is the prime cause of many a fire which -is put down as unaccounted for. The ends of -joists are left protruding into chimneys, or a thin -hearthstone is set upon a bed of timber. In both -cases the wood becomes so dry and hot that it is -ready to take fire from the first spark that settles -near it. Overheated flues represent a source of -danger which is also attributable to the careless -builder; for if the flue were so placed that its -heat could not affect adjacent woodwork, it would -be always as safe when hot as when cold. It is -true that by act of parliament builders are -obliged to preserve a certain distance between -flues and timber; but surveyors cannot always -reckon on their instructions being carried out, and -cases are unfortunately rare nowadays where -workmen will do their duty in such matters -without constant supervision. Lath and plaster -divisions between houses are also illegal; but -buildings, and more especially warehouses, are -now of such vast extent, that they really represent -aggregations of small houses in which the act of -parliament concerning party-walls becomes a dead-letter.</p> - -<p>Among the ascertained causes of fire are those<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_773" id="Page_773">{773}</a></span> -which occur in the various workshops where -hazardous trades are carried on. These naturally -shew an increase since steam-power has become -such a universal aid to nearly every kind of -human labour; necessitating furnaces which remain -kindled for weeks or months together. -Apart from this source of risk, there are numerous -trades where such inflammables as turpentine, -naphtha, spirits of wine, and combinations of them -in the form of varnishes, are in daily use to a very -large extent. The familiarity which such constant -use provokes breeds a contempt which often resolves -itself into a negligence almost criminal in -its nature. Drying-stoves afford another dangerous -item in the list of fires connected with the trades; -japanners, cabinet-makers, and hosts of others using -such stoves as a necessity of their business. Hot-water -pipes for heating purposes also represent the -cause of a large number of fires, the most dangerous -kind being those which are charged with -water and hermetically sealed. The reason of this -is easily explained. Water boils at a temperature -far below that necessary to ignite woodwork; but -when confined in such pipes as we have described, -it will rise in temperature to an extent only -measured by the strength of the material which -holds it. A soft metal plug is sometimes inserted -in these pipes, so that should any unusual degree -of heat be approached, it will melt out, and thus -relieve the pressure; but such a good precaution -is by no means universal.</p> - -<p>The pipes which are used for carrying off -heated air, and which are placed above gas-burners, -are too often allowed to pass between the -ceiling and the floor above without any regard to -the obvious danger incurred. The various close -stoves which were introduced to public notice at -the time when the price of coal was suddenly -doubled, although no doubt economical, are not so -safe as the old form of kitchen range, which many -a careful housewife has likened to a cavern. The -whole of the air which rises through the flue of -a closed stove actually passes through the fire, and -thus attains a very exalted temperature. In the -old stoves, on the other hand, the hot air is always -largely diluted with that which is attracted to the -chimney from all quarters. It is evident therefore -that the chances of fire in the flue of the former -are much greater than in that of the latter.</p> - -<p>Theatres may be said to combine within their -walls all the risks which we have as yet alluded -to, for they represent factories where work of a -most diversified kind is carried on, and where both -open and closed fires are in constant use. At -pantomime time especially, the number of persons -employed in the various workshops of a large -theatre is to the uninitiated quite marvellous. -Carpenters and 'property-men' (those clever -workmen who can make everything from a bunch -of carrots to a parish pump) represent a constant -source of danger from fire, in that they deal with -inflammable material, and require the aid of heat -for their size and glue. It is obviously important -in a little kingdom where all is make-believe—where -the most solid masonry is wood and canvas, -where the greenest trees are dry as tinder, where -even limpid streams are flimsy muslin, nay, where -the moon itself is but a piece of oiled calico—that -there should be no mistake about the reality -of the precautions against accidental fire. In most -theatres, rules are in force of the most stringent -character, extending even to such details as -clearing so many times a day the accumulated -shavings from the carpenters' shops. If such a -sensible law were enforced in other places besides -theatres, it would be a preventive measure of very -great value.</p> - -<p>Shavings are perhaps the most dangerously inflammable -things to be found about a building. -A block of wood is a difficult thing to set on fire; -but when reduced to the form of shavings, a mere -spark will turn it into a roaring fire. The same -thing may be said in a minor degree of a lump of -iron, which when reduced to filings can be burnt -in the flame of a common candle. It is often this -difference of bulk which will decide whether a -material is practically inflammable or not. Paper -affords another example of the same principle; tied -tightly in bundles it may smoulder, while in loose -sheets its inflammability is evident.</p> - -<p>It is stated upon good authority that in one-third -of the number of fires which occur the cause is -not ascertained. The plan long ago adopted in -New York, and which has led to a sensible -diminution in the number of fires there, has not, -for some reason, found favour with the authorities -in this country. We allude to the custom of convening -a coroner's court to inquire into the origin -of every fire which takes place. There is little -doubt that such inquiries would educate thoughtful -householders into taking precautions which -might not otherwise strike them as being at all -necessary. The importance of such precautions is -manifest when we learn that in London alone -there are on the average three fires in every -twenty-four hours. If this wholesale destruction -were reported of an Eastern city, where the houses -are of wood, and are sun-dried by incessant -tropical heat, there would be some excuse for it. -But here at home, where bricks and mortar are -so common, it is certainly astonishing that fires -should be so prevalent.</p> - -<p>It would seem that it is a much easier task to -set an entire house on fire, than it is with deliberate -intention, and with proper combustibles, to -light a stove for the purpose of boiling a kettle. -This latter operation is not so simple as it appears -to be, as any one may prove who has not already -tried his, or her, hand at it. In fact, an efficient -or bad house-servant may be almost at once -detected by the ease or difficulty with which -she lights her fires. The inefficient servant will -place some crumpled paper in the grate, and will -throw the best part of a bundle of wood on the -top of it, crowning the whole with a smothering -mass of coal; and will expect the fire to burn. -The good servant will, on the other hand, first -clear her grate, so as to insure a good draught; -she will then place the wood above the paper, -crossing the sticks again and again; then the -coals are put in deftly one by one, affording interstices -through which the flames will love to -linger; a light is applied; and the kettle will -soon be singing acknowledgments of the warm -ardour with which it has been wooed. Contrast -this with the other picture, where double the fuel -is wasted, and where smoke and dirt make their -appearance in lieu of tea and toast. We venture -to say that a badly managed kitchen fire, with its -train of unpunctual meals, leads to more general -loss of temper than all the other minor domestic -troubles put together. The stove is usually the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_774" id="Page_774">{774}</a></span> -scapegoat on which the offending servant lays her -incompetence (the cat clearly could establish an -<i>alibi</i>); but the most perfect of ranges would not -remedy the fault. The only real reason for such -a state of things is the prevalence of sheer -stupidity. Molly's mother was taught by Molly's -grandmother to light a fire in a certain way, and -Molly's descendants will, from persistence of habit, -continue to light fires in that manner, be it good -or evil, until the end of time. It is quite clear -that the same stupidity which causes an intentional -fire to fail, will occasionally lead to a pyrotechnic -exhibition which has been quite unlooked -for. For instance, cases are not unknown where -servants have used the contents of a powder-horn -for coaxing an obstinate fire to burn; the loss of a -finger or two generally giving them sufficient hint -not to repeat the experiment.</p> - -<p>The general use of gas has done much to reduce -the number of conflagrations, for it has replaced -other illuminators far more dangerous; but it has -at the same time contributed a cause of accident -which before its use could not exist. So long as -people will insist on looking for an escape of gas -with a lighted candle, so long will their rashness -be rewarded with an explosion. It is not customary, -where there is a doubt as to whether a cask -contains gunpowder or not, to insert a red-hot -poker into the bung-hole. Yet such a proceeding -would be scarcely less foolhardy than the detection -of the presence of gas by means of flame. -The test in both cases is most thorough, but it is -too energetic in its action to be of any value but -to those who wish to rise in the world too -suddenly.</p> - -<p>Drunkenness is a well-known source of burnt-out -dwellings, the habitual tippler being too -often left to his own devices in the matter of -matches and candles. The usual faculty of double -vision with which an inebriated man is gifted, -leads to a divided claim upon the extinguisher, -which naturally points to a disastrous sequel. -Even sober people will be guilty of the most -hazardous habits, such as novel-reading in bed -with a candle placed near them on a chair; for -novels, like some other graver compositions, are -occasionally apt to induce slumber; and the first -movement of the careless sleeper may imperil his -life, as well as the lives of others who may be -under the same roof with him.</p> - -<p>The caprices of female dress have also often led -to fatal accidents from fire, and crinoline skirts -had in their day much to answer for. But at the -present time petticoats seem to have shrunk in -volume to the more moderate dimensions of an -ordinary sack, so that we are not likely to hear -of accidents from this particular cause until some -fresh enormity is perpetrated in the name of -fashion. We may mention in this connection -that tungstate of soda (a cheap salt) will render -muslins, &c. uninflammable. But strange to say, -it is not generally adopted, even on the stage, -where the risks are so multiplied, because it is said -to prevent the starch drying with due stiffness! -We have all heard of what female courage is -capable when little ones are in danger, but we -hardly thought that it was equal to the task of -risking precious life for the appearance of a muslin -dress. We can only bow, and say—nothing.</p> - -<p>Where fires have been traced to spontaneous -combustion, it has generally been found that some -kind of decomposing vegetable matter has been -the active instrument in their production. Cotton-waste -which has been used for cleaning oily -machinery and then thrown aside in some forgotten -corner, sawdust on which vegetable oil has -been spilt, and hemp, have each in its turn been -convicted of incendiarism. The simple remedy is -<i>to avoid the accumulation of lumber and rubbish -in places where valuable goods and still more -valuable lives are at stake</i>. Occasionally fires -have been accidentally caused by the concentration -of the sun's rays by means of a lens or of -a globe of water, and opticians have for this reason -to be very careful in the arrangement of their -shop-windows. A case lately occurred where a -fire was occasioned, it was supposed, by a carafe of -water that stood on the centre of a table. The -sun's rays had turned it into a burning-glass! It -is stated, with what amount of truth we cannot -say, that fires in tropical forests are sometimes -caused by the heavy dewdrops attached to the -foliage acting the part of lenses.</p> - -<p>The advance which has been made during the -last twenty years in all appliances connected with -the art of extinguishing fires, has done much to -limit or rather localise the dangers of such catastrophes; -for whereas in the old days the lumbering -'parish squirt' was the only means of defence, -we have now in all large towns steam fire-engines -capable of throwing an immense stream of water -with force enough to reach the topmost floors of -very high buildings. The aforesaid 'squirt' was -capable of little more than wetting the outside of -contiguous buildings, with a view to prevent the -spread of the original fire, which generally burnt -itself out. But now our engines furnish a power -which will often smother a large fire in the course -of half an hour or less. Moreover, our well organised -fire brigades are trained to convey the hose -to the nucleus of the flames, and much heroism -is shewn in the carrying out of this dangerous -duty. It will be especially interesting to the -readers of this <i>Journal</i> to note that the first really -efficient brigade was formed in Edinburgh by the -late lamented Superintendent Braidwood. He was -afterwards employed in a like service for London, -where his devotion to duty eventually cost him -his life. Like a true soldier, he died 'under fire.'</p> - -<p>And now for a few simple precautions.</p> - -<p>Let some member of the family visit every -portion of the house before it is shut up for the -night. (While he is seeing to the safety of the -fires and lights, he can also give an eye to bolts -and bars, and thus fulfil another most necessary -precaution.) See that there is no glimmering of -light beneath the bedroom doors for any unreasonable -time after the inmates have retired to rest. -Insist on ascertaining the cause of any smell of -burning. It may be only a piece of rag safely -smouldering in a grate, but satisfy yourself upon -the point without delay. Do not rake out a fire -at night, but allow it to burn itself out in the -grate. (We have already referred to the danger -of hearthstones set upon timber.) Do not allow -an unused fireplace to be closed up with a screen -unless it is first ascertained that there is no collection -of soot in the chimney, and no communication -with any other flue from which a spark may -come. Caution servants not to throw <i>hot</i> ashes -into the dust-bin. Let the slightest escape of gas -be remedied as soon as possible, and remember<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_775" id="Page_775">{775}</a></span> -that the common form of telescope gasalier requires -water at certain intervals, or it will become a -source of danger. Finally, forbid all kinds of -petroleum and benzoline lamps to be trimmed -except by daylight. (A lamp was the initial cause -of the great Chicago fire.)</p> - -<p>Many other precautions will suggest themselves -to the careful housekeeper. But after all, the best -precaution is common-sense, which, however, is -the least available, being the misnomer for a -faculty which is far from common.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="A_CAST_OF_THE_NET" id="A_CAST_OF_THE_NET">A CAST OF THE NET.</a></h2> - -<p class='ph3'>THE STORY OF A DETECTIVE OFFICER.</p> - - -<h3 title='CHAPTER II.'>IN FOUR CHAPTERS.—CHAPTER II.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">By</span> ten o'clock on the following morning I had -sketched out my plan, and more than that, I was -down at the water-side and looking after a lodging, -for I never let the grass grow under my feet. I -must say, however, that I very much disliked -the east end of London, and especially the river-side -part of it; everything was so dirty and -miserable and crowded, that to a man of really -decent tastes like myself, it was almost purgatory -to pass a day in it. And on this particular occasion -the weather changed the very day I went there; it -was getting on towards late autumn (October in -point of fact), and we had been having most -beautiful weather; but this very morning it came -on to rain, a close thick rain, and we didn't have -three hours of continuous fine weather while I -stopped in the east.</p> - -<p>I was not likely to be very particular about my -lodgings in one sense, though in another I was -more particular than any lodger that ever came -into the neighbourhood; and after a little trouble I -pitched upon a public-house again, chiefly because -my going in and out would attract less attention -there than at a private house; so I secured a small -second-floor back room at the <i>Anchor and Five -Mermaids</i>, or the <i>Anchor</i> as it was generally called, -for shortness.</p> - -<p>The great recommendation of the <i>Anchor and -Five Mermaids</i> was that it was nearly opposite to -Byrle & Co.'s engineering shops, a ferry existing -between the two places; this ferry was reached by a -narrow dirty lane, which ran by the side of the -<i>Anchor</i>, and I could see that numbers of the workmen -came across at dinner-time. The <i>Anchor</i> stood -at the corner, one front looking on the lane, the -other upon the river; and once upon a time there -had been, not exactly a tea-garden, but arbours or -'boxes' in front of the house, where the customers -used to sit and watch the shipping; but this was -all past now, and only the miserable remains of -the arbours were there; and it was as dull and -cheerless a place as the tavern to which Quilp took -Sampson and Sally Brass in the <i>Old Curiosity -Shop</i>, of which indeed it reminded me every time -I looked at it.</p> - -<p>I always had a readiness for scraping acquaintances; -in fact it is not much use of your being -a detective if you can't do this. If you can't -be jonnick with the biggest stranger or lowest -rough, you are no use on that lay. I really must -avoid slang terms; but 'jonnick' means hearty -and jovial; on a 'lay' means being up to some -game or business. Before the first dinner-time -had passed, I had got quite friendly with two or -three of Byrle's hands who came into the <i>Anchor</i> -to have their beer; and I learned some particulars -about the firm and then about the gatekeeper, that -helped me in my ideas.</p> - -<p>Directly after they had all gone back, I went -over too, and the dinner-traffic having ceased, I was -the only passenger. The ferryman did not like -taking me alone, but he was bound to do it; -and he looked as sulky as if he was going to be -flogged at a cart's tail. He was a tall, bony-headed -fellow, between fifty and sixty I should say; and -I noticed him particularly because of an uncommonly -ugly squint in his left eye. In accordance -with my plan, I began talking cheerfully to -him while he was pushing off from the shore; but -he didn't answer me beyond a growl. Then I -offered him some splendid chewing tobacco, which -a 'friend just over from America had given me.' -Really and truly I had bought it within a quarter -of a mile of the <i>Anchor and Five Mermaids</i>, but -he wasn't to know that. <i>I</i> can't chew; I hate the -idea; but I put a piece of the tobacco in my -mouth, knowing how fond these waterside men -are of the practice, and how friendly they get with -one of the same tastes. To my surprise, he would -not have it, and I was glad to pitch my plug into -the river when he turned his head away. But -confound these cock-eyed men! there is never -any knowing where to have them. He had not -turned far enough, I suppose, or I didn't make -proper allowances for his squint; for as I threw -my plug away with a shudder—it had already -turned me almost sick—I caught his plaguy cross-eye -staring full at me. I knew it was, by the -expression on his face; that was my only guide, -for an astronomer could not have told by his eye -in which direction he was looking.</p> - -<p>The ferryman pulled well, however; and just as -we got athwart the bows of a short thick-looking -craft—it is of no use my trying to say what kind -of a craft she was; I can't tell one from another—a -voice hailed us. 'Ay, ay,' says the boatman, -lifting his sculls; 'do you want to go ashore, -captain?' 'Yes,' returned a voice; and I looked -up and saw a man leaning over the side of the -vessel; and the boatman sending his wherry close -under the ship, the stranger slid down by a rope -very cleverly, and got in. Though the boatman -had called him 'captain,' and though he was very -clever with the rope, he didn't look altogether -like a regular sailor; he was a dark full-faced -man, with black eyes, a dark moustache, and curly -greasy-looking hair.</p> - -<p>The stranger said a few words in a very low -tone to the boatman, evidently to prevent my -overhearing, and then nothing passed until we -landed. The sulky ferryman took his fee without -a word; and I went straight to the wicket-gate of -Byrle's factory, where of course I found the gatekeeper. -I stated that I was in want of employment, -and had heard they were taking on labourers, and -so had applied for a job.</p> - -<p>'No; I don't know as we want any more hands,' -said the man, who was sitting down in a little -sentry-box; 'and we have had plenty of people -here; besides, you're lame, ain't you?'</p> - -<p>'A little,' I said, limping as I moved; 'not very -bad: a kick from a horse some years ago.'</p> - -<p>'Ah! you won't do for us then,' he said; 'but -I'm sorry for you. <i>I'm</i> lame too, from a kick of -a horse; I can't stand without my stick;' here he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_776" id="Page_776">{776}</a></span> -rose up to let me see him; 'but you see I was hurt -in the service, and the firm have provided for me. -I'm very sorry for you, for it's hard to be slighted -because you are a cripple. Here is sixpence, old -fellow, to get half a pint with, and I wish I could -make it more.'</p> - -<p>I took the sixpence, and thanked him for his -kindness; he deserved my thanks, because he wasn't -getting more than a pound a week, and had four -or five little children. I found this out afterwards.</p> - -<p>I was satisfied at having made a friend who -might prove useful; but I had one or two more -questions to ask him, and was thinking how I -could best bring them in, when he said hurriedly: -'If you could get hold of Mr Byrle by himself, he -might do something for you, for he is a very good -sort; and you seem strong enough in every other -way, and would make a good watchman, I should -think.'</p> - -<p>Yes; he did not know how good a one!</p> - -<p>'Mr Byrle senior or junior?' I asked, on the -strength of my information from the hands at the -<i>Anchor</i>.</p> - -<p>'Junior! O lor! that wouldn't do at all!' exclaimed -he with quite a gasp, as if the idea took -his breath away. 'It's a case of "O no, we never -mention it" with him. He's seldom at home, and -when he is, he and the old gentleman lead the -very—— Here you have it! Here's Mr Forey, -the only foreman in the place who would listen to -you. Now, speak up!'</p> - -<p>Mr Forey, a dark-whiskered, stoutly built man, -came up, glancing keenly at me as a stranger; so -touching my cap, I again preferred my request to -be taken on as a labourer.</p> - -<p>'I don't like lame men,' he said; 'but there does -not seem to be a great deal the matter with you. -You say you can have a first-rate character. We -shall be making changes next week, and there's -no harm in your looking round on Monday morning -at nine sharp.—Stop! I can give you a job -now. Do you know how to get to T——?'</p> - -<p>'Yes, sir,' I said.</p> - -<p>'Then take this letter to Mr Byrle, and bring -back an answer,' said Mr Forey. 'If he is not at -home, ask for Miss Doyle, who may open it. I -want an answer this afternoon; so cut off! Stay! -here's a shilling for your fare; it's only tenpence, -you know; and I'll leave eighteenpence with Bob -here at the gate for your trouble.'</p> - -<p>I took the shilling, Bob winking triumphantly -at me, as if to say it was as good as done, and I left -the yard.</p> - -<p>I was amused at having the commission, for I -wondered what Mr Byrle would say when he saw -me, and whether my disguise was so complete that -he would not recognise me at all. That would be -something like a triumph, and I almost made up -my mind that it would be so. Had Mr Forey seen -me hurrying to the station, he might again have -said that there did not seem much the matter with -me; but I walked slowly enough through the -street in which the <i>Yarmouth Smack</i> was situated, -and had a pretty good trial of my disguise and my -nerves as I passed it. Peter Tilley, dressed in a -blue slop and cord trousers, so as to look like a -dock labourer or something of that kind, was -leaning against the door-post, lazily watching the -passers-by. I made up my mind to try him; so -stopping at a lamp-post just opposite to him, I took -out my pipe, struck a match on the iron, coolly -lit the tobacco, and after one or two puffs, threw -the match into the road and walked on. He never -knew me. It was all right.</p> - -<p>The drizzling rain came down again as I got out -at T——; but luckily Mr Byrle's house was not -more than a quarter of a mile from the station; and -so resuming my limp, I got there without delay. -The man-servant who answered the door took -my letter, but told me that the old gentleman was -not at home; then on finding Miss Doyle was to -open the letter and send an answer, told me to -wait in a little room which looked as if it was -used as an office, having floor-cloth instead of -carpet, wooden chairs, and so forth. He was a -careful servant, and would not ask a stranger to -wait in the hall, where coats and umbrellas might -be had by a sharp party.</p> - -<p>I had not waited long, when the door opened, -and a young lady, whom I of course judged to -be Miss Doyle, came into the room. She was a -dark, keen-looking young party, and spoke rather -sharply. 'You are to take an answer back, I -believe?' she said.</p> - -<p>'Yes, miss,' I answered, touching my forehead, -for as you may suppose, I held my cap in my -hand.</p> - -<p>'Mr Forey only wishes me to send word; I am -not to write,' she went on; 'he wants to know if Mr -Byrle will be at the works to-morrow. He will -not. Tell Mr Forey he will leave town to-night, -and not return until the day after to-morrow. -You understand?' She spoke very sharply; so I -said: 'Yes, miss,' sharply too, and touched my -forehead again.</p> - -<p>'You need not wait,' she said; and opening the -door, I saw the servant waiting to let me out. I -knuckled my forehead again, and putting on -rather a clumsier limp than before, got out of the -house into the rain and mud. Rain and mud! -What did I care for rain and mud now?</p> - -<p>'Sergeant Nickham,' says I, when I got fairly -out of range of her windows, for I wouldn't trust -<i>her</i> with so much as a wink of mine—'Sergeant -Nickham,' I said, 'you are the boy! If you can't -command your face, there isn't a man in the force -as can. If you haven't got a memory for faces, -find me the man who has, that's all about it!'</p> - -<p>Why, of all the extraordinary capers that I -ever tumbled to in my life, I never came near -such a caper as this. Miss Doyle! <i>That</i> was -Miss Doyle, was it? Right enough, no doubt; -but if she wasn't also the sham clerk who -came and found that I was put on the watch -by Mr Byrle, I didn't know a horse from a -hedgehog—that's all. The quick look of her -eye, her sharp quick voice, the shape of her face, -the very way she stood—lor! it was all as clear -as daylight. But then I thought, and I kept on -thinking till I had got back to the works, what -could <i>she</i> have to do with stealing engine-fittings? -'Twasn't likely as she had anything to do with -that. It was past all question in my mind as to -her being the same party. I knew it for certain; -and then came the point—What did she dress -herself up for and come a-spying on me and her -uncle?—for she was Mr Byrle's niece.</p> - -<p>I hadn't got to the bottom of this by any means, -by the time I got back to the works; however, I -gave my message very respectfully to Mr Forey; -and offered Bob the gatekeeper his sixpence back, -with many thanks.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_777" id="Page_777">{777}</a></span></p> - -<p>'No, old chap,' he says; 'keep it at present. -If you get on regular, I'll take it off you and a -pint into the bargain the day you draw your first -week's cash; but a fellow out of work knows the -vally of a sixpence.'</p> - -<p>The same ferryman took me back; and his -temper hadn't improved, I found. I fancied too -that he was particular watchful of me, and so I -was particular watchful of him; and from long -practice I could do it better and more secretly -than he could, although he <i>had</i> got a cross-eye. -Lor! I could tell when we were nearing that -same ship that the man climbed out of; I could -tell it by the cunning way in which the boatman -looked at me, to see if I would take any special -notice of it. I didn't know what his little game -might be, but I determined to spoil it; so I -stooped down, and was tying up my shoe, making -quite a long job of it, till after we had fairly -passed the craft, and then I looked up with an -innocent face that quite settled him.</p> - -<p>Just as we pushed up to the hard (that's the -landing-place), he says to me: 'Do you often cross -here?'</p> - -<p>'Not often,' I said; 'at anyrate, not yet. I -generally cross a little higher up.' (That was very -true; about Westminster Bridge was my place; -if he liked to think I meant somewhere about -Tooley Street or Billingsgate, of course I couldn't -help it.) 'But I have left my old quarters, and so I -shall often go this way.'</p> - -<p>'Ah,' he says, 'you live at the <i>Yarmouth Smack</i>, -don't you?'</p> - -<p>'The what?' I said. 'Where's that?'</p> - -<p>'The <i>Yarmouth Smack</i>,' he says again, pointing -to the side we had come from. I knew where the -<i>Yarmouth Smack</i> was well enough; but I shook my -head, and said: 'No; I live on this side of the -water; but I shall live anywhere when I can get -work.'</p> - -<p>He didn't say any more; I did not suppose he -would; but there was something uncommonly suspicious -in his talking about the <i>Yarmouth Smack</i>, -something more than I could believe came from -chance.</p> - -<p>In the lane, just as I was about to turn into the -side door of the <i>Anchor</i>, I met the foreign-looking -captain, who must have crossed the river before -me, as I had last seen him on the other side. He -knew me, I could tell well enough, and I knew him; -but I was not going to let him see where I was -going, so I passed the door of the <i>Anchor</i>, limping -on till he was clear; then I hurried in, went upstairs -at once, and was out in the old ruined arbours -I have spoken of in a minute. These overhung -the river at high-water (it was nearly high-tide -now), and the landing-place of the ferry was close -to them. The ferryman and the captain were talking, -as I expected they would be, while the boat -was waiting for passengers; and by standing in the -corner box, I could have heard every word they -said, if they had spoken out, as honest people -should speak. But they were that artful and suspicious, -although they could not have known there -was anybody listening, that they talked almost in -whispers, and I only caught the last bit from the -ferryman. 'No,' he says; 'he's not the party; but -I'll go up to the <i>Smack</i> to-night and make sure of -the man.'</p> - -<p>Ah! as I thought; they were both in it somehow. -But what a most extraordinary fuss and Gunpowder -Plot sort of business there was about stealing -a few bits of metal. I actually should have -felt ashamed of the East-enders, who are really -some of the sharpest folks I ever came across, if -I had not felt there was a something behind, and -that, by a lucky accident, I seemed upon the point -of finding it out.</p> - -<p>The night—my first night in the east too—was -not to pass without an adventure, and I had not -seen the last of my new acquaintance the captain. -I got very tired of the company in the <i>Anchor</i>—not -that I mind who I mix with, and if there had -been any of the factory hands about the place, I -would have sat with them until the house closed; -but they only came there at meal-times it seemed, -or on their road home. So I walked about the -neighbourhood a bit; not because it was pleasant, -for it was a wet night; and what with the rain and -the mud and the drunken sailors and the fried-fish -shops and the quarrelling there was going on, -it was anything but agreeable. The fact is I like -to know every court and alley in my district, and -there <i>were</i> some pretty courts and alleys here. -However, nobody thought me worth robbing, and -besides, I am always civil, so I never get interfered -with. It's a capital rule; the best I know; and -costs nothing.</p> - -<p>When I was coming back, and had got pretty -nearly to the <i>Anchor and Five Mermaids</i> again (it is -very absurd to give such long signs to public-houses), -I saw a very pretty girl whom I had -noticed before, standing at a corner out of the -rain; but it was not raining very much now. She -wasn't—well, I won't say what she was not, or -what she was. She was very pretty, I say, and -was doing no harm there; but two or three fellows -coming by at the moment, one of them took hold -of her roughly, and finished by almost pushing -her down. She got away from him, and drew -a door or two off; but his companions laughing at -him for being bested by a woman, he followed -her, and on her pushing him from her, gave her -a back-handed smack in the face. There were -several men loitering about, smoking and so forth, -and I heard one or two say it was a shame; but -none of them interfered; and I, being a little way -off, and not wanting to get into a row, might have -passed this over; but she called him a brute and a -coward, and he went at her to strike her again. -She ran across the road to where I stood, to avoid -him, and he followed her. Then I saw it was my -acquaintance the captain.</p> - -<p>He swore more horribly than ever I heard any -one swear, and springing forward, would certainly -have hit her down; but I jumped between them -and knocked up his arm. 'Brayvo!' said some -women, who had been attracted by the girl's -scream; and 'Brayvo!' said the men who hadn't -interfered. At once the captain turned on me, -and let fly desperately at my head; but I was not -to be had in that way, and I stopped him and -returned a hit that I know must have loosened a -couple of teeth; and then he swore again, and -began to pull off his coat. So did I.</p> - -<p>'Don't fight wid him, my darlin',' said an old -Irishwoman, who was selling herrings, laying her -hand on my arm. 'You 're an honest English boy, -and these fellows will have a knife in ye if they -can't bate ye fair.'</p> - -<p>'No, Biddy, they shan't,' said one of the men -coming forward, followed by half-a-dozen more.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_778" id="Page_778">{778}</a></span> -'If there's to be a fight, it shall be a fair one; and -mates, we'll put any fellow into six feet of mud -who only shews a knife.'</p> - -<p>His mates said so too, and they were a rough -and likely lot for it, and the river was within a -score or so of yards. So with a scowl at them (for -I do believe now he meant murder; I didn't -think of it then, although I was a policeman), he -rolled up his sleeves and came at me.</p> - -<p>He was a strong fellow, not so tall perhaps, -but certainly heavier than I was, and I daresay, -from his manner, fancied he could fight. But -fight <i>me</i>! Why, a gent once offered through -Alec Keene (he had seen me spar in private at -Alec's), to make it worth my while to leave the -police, and he would back me against any ten-stone-four -man I fancied, for a hundred; and I -was half inclined to take it too, only something -important turned up just then. Well, in two -rounds I settled the captain. He tried to catch -hold of me and throw me; but I knocked him -clean off his legs each round; and then his friends -took him away.</p> - -<p>'There's one comfort at any rate in having had -the row,' I thought: 'he'll never suppose I'm a -detective after this.'</p> - -<p>I wished, however, it had never come off, there -was such a fuss. Why, if I could have drunk -shillings and sixpences, I might have had them, -I do believe. In a place like that you get a crowd -directly; and although the affair did not last three -minutes, there was a hundred men and as many -women too, anxious to treat me; and I was naturally -obliged to drink with one or two; not at the -<i>Anchor</i> though.</p> - -<p>The affair made such a stir, that I read in one of -the local papers the next week how Jem Mace had -been down in the neighbourhood of the Docks, -incog.; and that for once the brute strength of a -boxer had been used in a good cause, and all that -sort of nonsense. I know I have always found -the best class of boxers very good fellows.</p> - -<p>Of course I was vexed at this shindy having -taken place so early, as the quieter I kept myself -the better; and I would have given five pounds to -have been out of it. My wishing this only shews -you never know what is coming; and something -came out of this street fight that I never expected.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="SEA-LIONS" id="SEA-LIONS">SEA-LIONS.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> domestication of a pair of 'sea-lions' at the -Brighton Aquarium, and the subsequent addition, -some few months ago, of a 'little stranger' to this -interesting family circle, afford an opportunity -for a brief description of some of the more -prominent points in the structure and habits of -these little-known animals. The name 'sea-lion,' -to begin with, is by no means so inappropriate or -far fetched as popular designations are usually -found to be, when submitted to scientific criticism. -For the 'sea-lion' is included by zoologists along -with the seals and walruses in the great Carnivorous -order of quadrupeds, to which, it need hardly -be remarked, the lions, tigers, bears, dogs, and -other flesh-eaters belong. The sea-lion is in fact a -large seal, and seals and walruses are simply marine -bears; and if we can imagine the body of a -familiar bear to be somewhat elongated, and that -the limbs were converted into swimming paddles, -we should obtain a rough but essentially correct -idea of the zoological position of the seals and -their neighbours.</p> - -<p>But whilst the seals and sea-lions are united -with the walruses to form a special group of carnivorous -quadrupeds, adapted to lead a life in the -sea, there exist some very prominent points of -difference between the common seals and the -less familiar sea-lions. The sea-lions and their -nearest allies are thus sometimes named 'Eared' -seals, from the possession of an outer ear; the -latter appendage being absent in the common or -True seals. And whilst the common seals waddle -in a most ungainly fashion on land, the sea-lions -are able to 'walk,' if not elegantly, at least with a -better show of comfort than their more familiar -neighbours. A glance at the structure of the sea-lion's -feet, or better still, a comparison of its -members with those of the seal, shews the reason -of its greater skill and ability in progression on the -land. The fore-limbs of the seal are, so to speak -buried in the skin, below the elbow; only a small -part of the fore-arm and hand being thus free from -the body. The hind-limbs of the seals, again, -exist in a permanently extended condition, and are -disposed backwards in a line with the tail and -body. The hind-limbs, moreover, are frequently -united with the tail by means of a connecting fold -of skin, and the whole hinder extremity of the -body in a seal may thus be regarded as forming a -large tail-fin. In swimming, the fore-limbs of the -seal are applied closely to the sides of the body, and -serve as rudders; whilst the hinder portion of the -body, hinder limbs, and tail, constitute the swimming-organs—a -work for which by their great -flexibility they are perfectly adapted.</p> - -<p>In the sea-lions on the other hand the fore-limbs -are free from the skin and body to a much greater -extent than in the seals. The 'hand' itself in the -sea-lion is exceedingly flexible, although completely -enclosed in a horny or leathery skin. The thumbs -of this hand further exist in a well developed -state; all five fingers being of nearly the same -length in the seal. As regards the hind-feet of -the sea-lion, these members, like the fore-limbs, -are freely separated from the body, at least as -far as the ankle and foot are concerned, and the -foot is turned outwards, forcibly reminding one -of the conformation of that organ in the bear. -But we may only note by way of conclusion to -these zoological characters that the teeth of the -sea-lion are decidedly of a carnivorous type. Any -one regarding the skull of a sea-lion could readily -form the idea that the animal which possessed it -was a flesh-eater. These animals usually possess -thirty-six teeth; the 'eye' teeth being of very -large size, and so placed in the jaws that any -substance entering the mouth is firmly held by -these teeth and the adjoining front teeth. The -'grinders' of the sea-lion are small, and do not -appear to be of any very great use to the animal. -These creatures swallow their food—consisting of -fishes, molluscs, and sea-birds—whole, and when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_779" id="Page_779">{779}</a></span> -a large fish is divided in two, the portion retained -in the mouth is swallowed; the portion which -tumbles into the water being afterwards seized -and duly swallowed in its turn.</p> - -<p>That the sea-lions are by no means destitute -of the craft and cunning of their land-neighbours, -is proved by the fact that they capture such birds -as the penguins by lying motionless in the water, -allowing merely the tip of the nose to appear at -the surface. The unwary bird, swooping down -upon the floating object, presumed to consist of -something eatable, is then seized and devoured by -the concealed enemy.</p> - -<p>Sea-lions may be regarded as the unknown, -or at anyrate unrecognised benefactors of the fair -sex, inasmuch as, from the rich <i>under-fur</i> which -they possess, the favourite material known as 'seal-skin' -is obtained. This latter name is entirely -misleading in its nature; the much prized material -being the produce of the sea-lion and not of a true -seal. The possession of this valuable under-fur has -contributed very largely to the causes of the indiscriminate -attack which has for years past been -made upon the sea-lions. The spirit of commercial -enterprise has resulted in a war of extermination -against these animals in certain regions, from the -effects of which it is doubtful if the species can -ultimately recover.</p> - -<p>The sea-lions differ materially from the seals in -their geographical distribution. The latter animals, -as every casual reader of a natural history text-book -knows, inhabit temperate and northern seas. -The sea-lions, on the other hand, are found to be -absent from all parts of the Atlantic Ocean save -its most southern portions. They are common on -the South American coasts, and are found inhabiting -island-groups which may be regarded as belonging -to the same zoological province as the latter -continent. The mouth of the River Plate is stated -as the most northern boundary of these animals on -the eastern side of South America, whilst on the -western or Pacific side of the New World they are -found on the Californian coasts, and are even met -with on the coasts of the Aleutian Isles and of -Japan. The Pribylov Islands, included in the -Alaska group, are regarded as forming the most -northerly point of the sea-lions' distribution; and -these islands—now in the possession of the United -States—together with the Falkland Islands and the -Cape of Good Hope, still form the three chief -sources from which the seal-fur or seal-skin of commerce -is obtained. It is also well ascertained that -sea-lions occur at Kerguelen's Land, on the New -Zealand coasts, on the Tasmanian shores, and the -east and south coasts of Australia.</p> - -<p>The average length of a large male sea-lion -ranges from six to seven or eight feet, his weight -averaging six hundred pounds. The females are -of much smaller size than the males, and measure -from four and a half to five feet in length; their -weight being from one hundred to one hundred and -fifty pounds. These animals, as might be expected, -grow slowly, and attain their full dimensions the -males in six, and the females in four years. The -habits of these animals are not only of curious and -interesting nature, but evince a decidedly high order -of intelligence. The haunts of the sea-lions are, in -whalers' <i>parlance</i>, named 'rookeries;' and in the -disposition of what may be termed their domestic -arrangements, as well as in the regulation of their -family and personal matters, these creatures appear -to be guided by instincts which, like the social -order of the ants and bees, are duly perpetuated, -and have become of hereditary character. The -sea-lions are migratory in habits, and disappear -from the majority of the haunts and breeding-places -in winter. The males are few in number as -compared with the females or 'cows,' as they are -termed; and each male receives under his protection -a larger or smaller number of females; the -oldest males possessing the largest number of -dependants. In the early spring, some old males -appear to return first to the haunts and do duty -as reconnoitring parties; the advance-guard swimming -about for several days, then landing and -cautiously investigating the state of the land; -their shore-visits being spent in a state of perpetual -sniffing, and in the careful examination -of their old haunt. About a month or six -weeks after the arrival of the advance-guard, and -after the inspection of the land has been duly -carried out, sure signs of the coming race begin to -appear in the form of hundreds of males, who select -advantageous positions on the beach, and await the -arrival of their partners. Nor is the period of -waiting an uneventful one. The best situations on -the beach are fought for with eagerness, not to say -ferocity. The descriptions given of the combats -of the males indicate that they are of the most -sanguinary description; frequent mutilations being -the results of this fight for a place on the reception-ground.</p> - -<p>On the arrival of the females, the younger males -appear to do duty as ushers, in marshalling the -'cows' to their places on the rocks and cliffs above -the beach; and the work of the selection of mates -by the males proceeds apace, until each happy -family, consisting of a male with a dozen or fifteen -cows, has been duly constituted. The progress of -selection and sea-lion courtship is frequently, we -regret to say, attended with disastrous consequences -to the lady-members of the community. -When a male, envious of the choice of his neighbour, -sees an opportunity, he does not hesitate to -avail himself of the chance, and not only to covet -but literally to steal his neighbour's mate. The -desired 'cow' is unceremoniously lifted in the -mouth of the captor, and transferred with all -possible expedition to his own family group. Great -is the sorrow of the bereaved male; but woe to -both intruder and female should the thief be -discovered in the act! A fierce and sanguinary -fight ensues, and the hapless, passive, and altogether -innocent cause of the combat, may get -dreadfully injured while the combat lasts.</p> - -<p>The young sea-lions usually appear to be born -almost immediately after the parents have landed -and been allocated to their respective establishments. -One young is produced at a birth; the -infant sea-lion being of black colour and attaining -the length of a foot. When they are four weeks old, -they enter the water, and speedily become expert in -swimming and diving; but it is alleged, and on good -authority, that occasionally the females encounter -refractory offspring, and have to exercise great -patience in coaxing unwilling youngsters to enter -the sea. The families have settled down to their -wonted existence by the beginning of August; -and we are informed that during the whole of the -period which intervenes between the arrival of -the females and the period last mentioned, the -males have not only been most assiduous in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_780" id="Page_780">{780}</a></span> -attendance upon their families, but that they have -also been existing independently of any nutriment. -The males exemplify a case of living upon -self, and appear to subsist by the reabsorption of -their fatty matters; in the same fashion as the -bears, which retire fat and well nourished to their -winter-quarters, and appear in the succeeding -spring in a lean and emaciated condition.</p> - -<p>Regarding the sea-lions and their young at -present in captivity in the Brighton Aquarium, it -is interesting to note the incidents connected with -the first 'bath' of baby <i>Otaria</i>. This prodigy in -the way of an aquarium specimen, tumbled accidentally -into the water of his tank, and apparently -caused his mamma much anxiety. It is stated -that he plunged voluntarily into the water on a -subsequent occasion, and appeared to be perfectly -at home in his native element; swimming and -diving with all the dexterity of an accomplished -professor of the art of natation. Being startled by -some sound, the young otaria dived beneath the -surface of the water, the mother seizing her -progeny by the neck, and swimming ashore with -it in her mouth. On the occasion of the writer's -visit to the Brighton Aquarium, the mother and -young were disporting themselves in the water; -the male sitting up in the tank, and giving vent to -repeated sounds, resembling exactly the hoarse -bark of a dog. We may heartily re-echo the wish, -that the happiness and amenity of this interesting -family may be disturbed by no untoward accident, -if for no other reason that they exist among us as -the representatives of a most interesting and now -comparatively scarce group of quadrupeds.</p> - -<p>It has often been disputed by naturalists whether -or not the sea-lions possess a mane. There can be -no doubt that the old males of one species at anyrate, -the <i>Otaria jubata</i> or Cook's sea-lion, the most -common form on the South American coasts, -possess a mane on the neck and shoulders. Nine -or ten different species of sea-lions are known to -zoologists, these species being distinguished from -each other by very distinct variations in the form -and structure of the skull, in the fur, &c. It must, -however, be borne in mind, that the recognition -of the exact species to which a sea-lion belongs is -frequently a very difficult matter, owing to the -differences perceptible in the fur of the two sexes -and in the fur of either sex, at different ages.</p> - -<p>The complaints of zoologists regarding the ill-regulated -and indiscriminate slaughter of the sea-lions -are, it is to be feared, as well founded as -have been our own repeated remonstrances against -the wholesale slaughter of seals. The United -States government, however, it is satisfactory to -learn, still regulate their sea-lion fisheries at the -Pribylov Islands in a methodical manner. Thus -the young males alone are killed, and the period -during which they are taken extends from June -to October; whilst the total number of sea-lions -killed annually is limited. In the South Sea -Islands, these animals were killed in such numbers -that they are now exceedingly scarce; British and -Americans alike, slaying the sea-lions without in -the slightest degree discriminating between the -sexes, or between young and old seals. It is to be -hoped, for the sake of science as well as of commerce, -that time has taught us wisdom in this -respect. We have seen how necessary legislation -has become to insure the prosperity of our home-fisheries; -and now that the Royal Commissioners -have finished their labours in behalf of crabs and -lobsters, salmon and herring, it would be well for -the public interests if Mr Frank Buckland and his -coadjutors were empowered to look after the sea-lion -and the seal.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="ANCIENT_STREETS_AND_HOMESTEADS" id="ANCIENT_STREETS_AND_HOMESTEADS">ANCIENT STREETS AND HOMESTEADS -OF ENGLAND.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">With</span> kindly regard for the names, the places, -and the landmarks of our forefathers, which may -be called the sentimental side of our national -stability, are usually, but unfortunately not invariably -combined the good sense which improves -but does not destroy, and the good taste which -recognises the intrinsic beauty of antiquity, its -harmony with our history, and the dignity which -it lends to the present. Foreigners are always -deeply impressed by the 'ancientness' of England, -by the maintenance of the old names, and the -blending together in our cities of the convenience -and luxury of modern life, with the memorials of -a past as grand as any country has to boast of, -and marked by far less vicissitude.</p> - -<p>Among the evidences of the stability of England -to which the attention of her own students -of her history and that of foreign visitors may -most worthily be directed, is the minor monumental -history which Mr Alfred Rimmer illustrates, -and whose value and interest the Dean of -Chester points out in an interesting volume entitled -<i>Ancient Streets and Homesteads of England</i> -(London: Macmillan & Co.); the history of the -old buildings which still remain in the old streets -of our old cities, in our villages and in our -hamlets.</p> - -<p>It is pleasant to ramble with Mr Rimmer from -county to county of the old land, gathering as we -go a great company from the past; and assuredly -all will agree that no better starting-point can -be found than Chester, the pride of archæologists, -the boast of historians, the city whose renown -has been touched into equal brilliance and tenderness -by the genius of Sir Walter Scott. An -American traveller has well described the charm -of the city. 'It is full,' he says, 'of that delightful -element of the crooked, the accidental, -the unforeseen, which, to eyes accustomed to -eternal right angles and straight lines, is the -striking feature of European street scenery. The -Chester streets give us a perfect feast of crookedness—of -those random corners, projections, and -recesses, those innumerable architectural surprises -and caprices and fantasies which offer such a delicious -holiday to a vision nourished upon brown -stone fronts.' Shrewsbury perhaps gives at first -sight a more vivid picture of a fine old English -town, but it has not so many treasures hidden -away under modern exteriors. It is likely, Mr -Rimmer tells us, that even the oldest inhabitant -of Chester is ignorant of the ancient relics which -the city contains. Though the origin of the -famous 'Rows' is disputed—some antiquaries -holding them to belong to the Roman era of the -city, and to have been simply an extension of the -vestibule of Roman architecture; while others -consider that they were built as a refuge for the -citizens during any sudden attack of the Welsh—there -is but one estimate of their quaint old-world -beauty; and perhaps there is no relic of the past<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_781" id="Page_781">{781}</a></span> -in all England which has more stirring memories -to arouse than Chester Castle, with its Julius -Cæsar's tower still standing firm against the influence -of time, and its tradition of Hugh Lupus -Hall.</p> - -<p>Next to the completeness of the ancient walls -of Chester, its carved woodwork strikes the visitor -as an instance of conservation. The carved front -of the house which belonged to Randal Holme, -who left valuable records of the city, is much -more ancient than the date it bears (1664); and -though the house called Bishop Lloyd's is now -divided into tenements, the splendid remains of -its ceilings and fireplaces are preserved. A little -beyond it stand the beautiful cottages, with their -carving intact, into which Stanley House has been -divided. Here the Earl of Derby, who was executed -at Bolton in 1657, passed his last day. Some -of the famous carved oak furniture of this historic -mansion found its way a few years ago into the -possession of Mr Sly, the landlord of the celebrated -<i>King's Arms Inn</i> at Lancaster, and was sold in the -spring of the present year at the dispersion of his -collection. One magnificent black oak bedstead -splendidly carved is now in the possession of the -Duke of Norfolk. Looking at the beautiful carved -fronts of the cottages, and thinking of the terrible -time in which the chief of the great House of -Stanley left his ancestral home for ever, we are -reminded of the quaint story which the earl's -gentleman, Mr Bagaley, related concerning that -departure. 'One Lieutenant Smith, a rude fellow,' -he says, 'came in with his hat on, and told my -lord he came from Colonel Duckenfield the -governor, to tell his lordship he must be ready for -his journey to Bolton. My lord replied: "When -would have me to go?" "To-morrow, about -six in the morning," said Smith. "Well," said -my lord, "commend me to the governor, and tell -him I shall be ready by that time." Then said -Smith: "Doth your lordship know any friend or -servant that would do the thing your lordship -knows of? It would do well if you had a friend." -My lord replied: "What do you mean—to cut off -my head?" Smith said: "Yes, my lord; if you -could have a friend." My lord said: "Nay, sir; if -those men that would have my head will not find -one to cut it off, let it stand where it is."'</p> - -<p>The Blue Posts, 'God's Providence' House, with -its inscription of thanksgiving that its inmates had -been spared from the plague; the beautiful gabled -house in Whitefriars, with its fine mouldings and -traceries, are but a few of the memorials of the -past over which one lingers in Chester, before -passing on to the eastern part of the county, where -one finds a special treat in the old town of Congleton, -which presents features of successive periods of -antiquity in its still and picturesque streets, and is -surrounded on all sides by venerable family seats. -Mr Rimmer's drawing of the old <i>Lion Inn</i> gives a -charming idea of a black-and-white gabled hostelry, -with a vast porch resting on stone pillars, and supporting -a room above it. The interior preserves -all its old characteristics, and has a quiet ponderousness -about it, as of an inn to which wayfarers -came in coaches with armed outriders on horseback, -with led-horses charged with baggage, or in -heavy wagons. The idea of railways or smart dog-carts, -or the pertness of all modern vehicles in fact, -in connection with the <i>Lion Inn</i>, has a kind of -impertinence about it.</p> - -<p>Over the Cheshire border in Shropshire there is -a great deal of interest for the student of the street -architecture of the past; and in that county picturesque -old inns abound. We find one at Ellesmere, -with the grass growing in the vast courtyard, built -round by the now empty stables, which were so -full of life and bustle in the old coaching days. -Mr Rimmer's very brief mention of Ellesmere -implies that it is a much less important place than -in reality it is; and all he says about Shropshire -conveys an impression that he has not studied -the antiquarian aspect of his subject at all so -deeply as its artistic.</p> - -<p>Two miles from Oswestry lies Whittington -village, a perfect example of the solid and beautiful -in village architecture, with the gateway of -Peveril's Castle opening into it, and the birthplace -of Sir Richard Whittington left to the choice of -the visitor. Oswestry itself is an exceedingly -interesting town; portions of the old wall still -remain, with several stone and half-timbered -houses of great antiquity; but it is seldom thoroughly -explored, because the tourist is generally -anxious to reach the county town of Shropshire, -that famous city of Shrewsbury, which we know -better perhaps through Shakspeare than through -the historical chronicles of its life. The author -might, however, have accorded more lengthened -notice to Oswestry, which, if tradition may be -relied upon, dates from the fourth century of the -Christian era, and which undoubtedly derives its -name from the overthrow and martyrdom of -Oswald, the Christian king of Northumberland, who -was vanquished there by Penda, the pagan king of -Mercia.</p> - -<p>Oswestry is stated to have been the site of a -castle built in 1149 by Magod, one of the princes -of Powys. It then passed, by marriage, into the -hands of a Norman lord of Cher; and it was -here that in 1164 Henry II. assembled the army -with which he marched to Chirk, in his vain -attempt to subjugate the principality. In 1277 -Edward I. surrounded the town by a wall which -was a mile in circumference, had four gates, -and was further defended by a moat. In the -thirteenth century both castle and town were -destroyed by fire. Many scenes of our martial -history pass before the mind's eye of the visitor to -Oswestry. In 1403, Owen Glyndyr (or Glendower) -marched from thence towards Shrewsbury at the -head of twelve thousand men, intending there to -unite his forces to those of the Earl of Northumberland -and his son. Tradition, however, alleges that -by the time he reached Shelton, two miles from -Shrewsbury, he found the royal forces were -engaged in battle with their enemy. The story of -that eventful day is one out of which to make -a mental picture as one contemplates the approach -to Shrewsbury. Hotspur and his father had encamped -on the previous night at a place called -Berwick, nearly opposite Shelton, and they calculated -on being joined there by Glendyr. They -sorely needed his aid; the rebel army numbered -only fourteen thousand men, while that of the -king numbered twenty-six thousand. In vain they -waited; in vain a few unsuccessful attempts were -made at a compromise, and then at a place still -known as Battlefield, and in a field yet called -'the King's Croft,' the battle was joined. Before, -however, the first blow was struck, Harry Hotspur -called for his sword, and was informed by his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_782" id="Page_782">{782}</a></span> -attendant that he had left it at Berwick. The -iron warrior, who was about cheerfully to encounter -a force greatly outnumbering his own, -turned pale. 'I perceive,' he said, 'that my plough -is drawing its last furrow, for a wizard told me -that I should perish at Berwick, which I vainly -interpreted of that town in the north.'</p> - -<p>The Welsh chieftain climbed into the tree and -beheld the conflict; at what period of the engagement -is not told; but as he concluded the king -would be victorious, he quietly came down -again, and leaving Percy to defeat and death, -marched back to his mountains. The old oak yet -remains; but for the forty years during which we -have known it, it has been in a failing condition. -One by one its great boughs have yielded to the -storm, or broken beneath their own weight; and -it is now propped up with crutches and bound -together with iron hoops. Probably in another -half-century the place which has known it for at -least six centuries will know it no more.</p> - -<p>One of Mr Rimmer's illustrations shews us a -street in Shrewsbury which may justly claim to -be one of the most perfect examples of English -streets yet remaining, if not the most perfect. The -beautiful old gabled houses with their projecting -richly carved fronts are in excellent preservation, -and for a considerable distance a person walking -down the middle of the street can touch them on -each side; such was the economy of room in -walled cities, which renders their physiognomy -just the opposite to that of villages, in which the -wide spaces constitute an especial beauty. Behind -the city rise the Haughmond hills, clear and sharp, -and wooded to their summits. Mr Rimmer tells -us, that when the sun rises red over these hills, -and especially if this red rising be accompanied by -noise of wind, it is a certain sign of a stormy day; -thus proving the truth of Shakspeare's description -of how 'bloodily the sun began to peer above yon -bosky hill,' upon the fatal day of the battle of -Shrewsbury. Says Prince Henry to his father:</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i24">The southern wind<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Doth play the trumpet to his purposes;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And by the hollow whistling in the leaves<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Foretells a tempest and a blustering day.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>We wish we could find in the facts a sanction -for the author's statement, that in no town in -England are the interesting remains, dear to the -antiquary and the student, more scrupulously taken -care of than in Shrewsbury; but we have before -us the eloquent and pleading testimony to the -contrary of Mr Ansell Day, the enthusiastic and -indefatigable champion of the rights and the dignity -of the old city; and on comparing his description -of Shrewsbury a hundred years ago with -Shrewsbury as it now is, we learn how much has -been lost within a century. A hundred years ago, -Shrewsbury boasted five churches of renowned -beauty. The Abbey and the collegiate church of -St Mary still remain, deeply interesting to the -antiquary and to the visitor. But what has been -the fate of the three others—of St Chad's, of St -Alkmond's (so spacious, so beautiful, famous for -its exquisite tower, and built by a sister of King -Alfred), and of St Julian's? St Chad's requiring -reparation, a country builder was employed, whose -well-intentioned performance caused the tower to -fall in and destroy a portion of the church. Instead -of the damage being repaired, the old church was -pulled down, and an expensive, hideous, and inconvenient -structure was erected in its place. The -other two churches were destroyed, without even -the excuse of preliminary damage; indeed so strong -and in such perfect repair were they, that their -demolition was an exceedingly costly process; and -the buildings which replace them are curiosities -of ugliness. A hundred years ago, the ancient -town was surrounded by walls with square towers -at intervals, alike interesting and characteristic; -only a few hundred yards of the wall now remain, -and one tower alone stands, the solitary memento -of the past. The ancient Abbey buildings too -have been swept away; the Guesten House, -formerly the scene of splendid and historical -hospitality; the Refectory, where a parliament once -assembled to meet its king; and of all the grandeur -of the past, only the ancient pulpit remains, a -beautiful object indeed, but an unmeaning one in -its isolation.</p> - -<p>Wenlock, Bridgenorth, Ross, and Monmouth -with its ancient massive gate, bridge, and market-place, -are full of beautiful remains; and Worcester -brings many a remembrance of the historic -past before our minds while we gaze on Mr -Rimmer's drawings of the Corn-market, Friar -Street, and the Close of the beautiful cathedral, -where Henry II. and his queen were crowned, and -King John is buried. In old Worcester, the -days of the Great Rebellion seem quite modern, -and Charles II. and his unlucky brother, men -of only the recent past. A beautiful and impressive -drawing is that of the <i>New Inn</i>, Gloucester, -that hostelry of a strange history, for it was -designed to accommodate the pilgrims who used to -go in crowds to the shrine raised in the Abbey -Church of Gloucester over the remains of the murdered -King Edward II. The vast old hostelry -is enormously strong and massive, and covers an -immense area. It is fully half of timber, principally -chestnut-wood. Tewkesbury, Exeter, and -Glastonbury are full of beautiful remains, finely -rendered in this book. The Abbot's Kitchen at -Glastonbury is one of the relics of the past best -known in all England; here St Patrick passed -the last years of his life, and here King Arthur is -said to have been buried.</p> - -<p>At Winchester are found grand examples of the -domestic architecture of the fifteenth century, in -addition to the superb ecclesiastical edifices of the -city; Cardinal Beaufort's Tower, and St Cross, -whose noble gateway, approached from the Southampton -Road, is seen through great elms and -walnut-trees, where the long lines of quaint high -chimneys form with the church and the foliage an -exquisitely picturesque combination. We pass on -in the artist's company to Guildford, where the -gateway of Esher Palace still remains to remind us -of Wolsey's residence there after his downfall; to -Salisbury, which differs from other old cities in -having nothing Roman, Saxon, or Norman about it, -but being purely English and unique; to Canterbury, -with its wonderful wealth of antiquities, -ecclesiastical, domestic, and military, all preserved -with jealous care; to Rochester, with its grand and -gloomy castle, and the noble cathedral, around -which there hangs an atmosphere of romance; to -Rye, with its ancient grass-grown streets, gabled -houses, and church clock, said to be the oldest -in England; to St Albans, which has just been -raised by the Queen to the dignity of a city;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_783" id="Page_783">{783}</a></span> -and from whose abbey the first books printed -in England were issued; to Banbury, with its Old -Parliament House, where Cromwell's fateful parliament -sat, and the <i>Roebuck Inn</i>, which contains -a room accounted the most beautiful Elizabethan -apartment of the early style in existence. This -was Oliver's council-chamber, after the taking of -Banbury Castle.</p> - -<p>After visiting Ely, Ipswich, Norwich, Lady -Jane Grey's house at Leicester, and the crumbling -ruins which only remain of the Abbey, we are -bidden to the Fen counties, whose picturesqueness -few are aware of, though their architectural -beauties, especially those of Lincolnshire, are -well known; and we are shewn among many other -curious things the market-place at Oakham, all -roofed and shingled with solid old oak. There is a -singular custom at Oakham: every peer of the -realm on first passing through the town has either -to pay a fine or to present the town with a shoe -from his horse; the shoe is then nailed up on the -castle gate, or in some conspicuous part of the -building. Queen Elizabeth has left a memento of -this nature at Oakham, as also have George IV. -and Queen Victoria. These shoes are often gilt, -and stamped with the name and arms of the donor.</p> - -<p>The county of Nottingham is also amply illustrated; -and we find a drawing of the famous -<i>Saracen's Head Inn</i> at Southwell, which dates -from the time of Henry IV., and where Charles I. -gave himself up to the Scotch commissioners. -The beautiful Minster, and the splendid ruins of -the palace, once the residence of the archbishops of -York, and many an old house and quiet glimpse of -the home-life of the long past, are to be seen at -Southwell, the place which monarchs and nobles -vied with each other to endow and adorn. Warwickshire -is but little noticed in this book beyond -the inevitable Warwick Castle and Kenilworth; -and yet how rich the land of the elm is in village, -street, and homestead antiquity.</p> - -<p>We would have welcomed further details of -Coventry, that most interesting ancient city, the -scene of the first days of the triumph of Henry -VII., and of one term of the dreary imprisonment -of Mary, Queen of Scots; the city of the wonderful -church of St Michael, which may truly be called a -dream—a poem in stone. York, Beverley, Durham, -Lancaster, and Carlisle, all these the artist-author -sets before us with their treasures of architecture -and illustration of the social life of the -past. Perhaps we linger longest over the noble -views of Durham Castle, and the majestic cathedral -with its three grand towers, which occupies one of -the finest sites in England, and with the wooded -bluff beneath it, is reflected in the broad bosom of -the Wear. The author leads us so far north as -Carlisle, but has not much to point to there of -great antiquity. The Border city had to fight too -hard for ages for her mere existence, to have means -or leisure for the beautifying or refining arts. Her -name is otherwise writ in history.</p> - -<p>We are grateful to Mr Rimmer for this work, -which will, we hope, give the impulse to much -more literature of a similar order. There is a great -need of closely studied and well-written histories -of the old cities and towns of the United Kingdom, -which, if not conceived merely in the dry antiquarian, -nor yet in the simply picturesque artistic -spirit, would induce readers to recognise, and lead -them to explore the archæological treasures of -their own countries, which may be reached with -ease, and might, with the assistance of books of -this kind, be studied with equal pleasure and -profit.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="JAPANESE_FANS" id="JAPANESE_FANS">JAPANESE FANS.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">During</span> the past few years, Japanese fans have -become so popular in this country, that a few brief -remarks respecting them and the manner in which -they are manufactured—culled from the published -Report by Her Majesty's Consul on the -trade of Hiogo and Osaka—may perhaps prove -acceptable to our readers.</p> - -<p>Osaka, we learn, is the principal city for the -manufacture of the <i>ogi</i> or folding fans, which are -those almost exclusively exported, all descriptions -of the bamboo kind being made there; the figures, -writing, &c. required for their adornment are -executed at Kioto. The prices vary from a few -pence up to six pounds sterling per hundred, and -occasionally even higher prices are given, though -the bulk consists of the cheaper sorts. The -superior kinds of fans, it may be mentioned parenthetically, -which are termed <i>uchiwa</i> by the -Japanese, are manufactured at Kioto, and are -extensively used by the better classes of the -natives.</p> - -<p>The following are the principal features in the -account which Mr Consul Annesley gives of the -details connected with <i>ogi</i> or folding fans. As -in many other branches of industry, the principle -of division of labour is carried out in the -fan-making trade. The bamboo ribs are made in -Osaka and Kioto by private individuals in their -own houses, and combinations of the various -notches cut in the lower part are left to one of -the finishing workmen, who forms the various -patterns of the handle according to plans prepared -by the designer. In like manner the designer -gives out to the engravers the patterns which -his experience teaches him will be most likely -to be saleable during the ensuing season; and -when the different blocks have been cut, it still -rests with him to say what colours are to be -used for the two sides of each fan. In fact, this -official holds, if not the best paid, at anyrate the -most important position on the staff in ordinary. -When the printed sheets which are to form the -two sides of the fans have been handed over to the -workman, together with the sets of bamboo slips -which are to form the ribs, his first business is to -fold the two sheets of which the fan is to be composed, -so that they will retain the crease, and this is -done by putting them between two pieces of paper, -well saturated with oil, and properly creased. -The four are then folded together and placed under -a heavy weight.</p> - -<p>When sufficient time has elapsed, the sheets -are taken out, and the moulds used again, the -released sheets being packed up for at least -twenty-four hours in their folds. The next process -is to take the ribs, which are temporarily -arranged in order on a wire, and 'set' them into -their places on one of the sheets, after it has been -spread out on a block and pasted. A dash of paste -then gives the woodwork adhesive powers, and -that part of the process is finished by affixing the -remaining sheet of paper. The fan has to be -folded up and opened three or four times before -the folds take the proper shape; and by the time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_784" id="Page_784">{784}</a></span> -the fan is put by to dry, it has received far more -handling than any foreign paper could stand; -indeed foreign paper has been tried, and had to -be given up, as unsuitable for the work; but with -great care the Osaka fan-makers had been able to -make some fans with printed pictures which had -been sent over from America, though they were -invariably obliged to use one face of Japanese -paper.</p> - -<p>The qualities of native paper now used are not -nearly so good as those of which the old fans -were made, and in consequence, the style of manufacture -has had to be changed. Instead of first -pasting the two faces of the fan together and then -running in pointed ribs, the ribs are square and -are pasted in their places in the manner described -above. The outside lacquered pieces and the fancy-work -are all done in Osaka and Kioto, and some -of the designs in gold lacquer on bone are really -artistic; but the demand for the highly ornamented -description of fans is not sufficient to encourage the -production of large quantities of first-class work. -When the insides are dry, the riveting of the -pieces together, including the outer covering, is -rapidly done, and a dash of varnish quickly finishes -the fan.</p> - -<p>The highest price that was ever given for a -fan in the days of seclusion from the outer world -rarely exceeded a sovereign; but since the arrival -of foreigners in the country, some few have been -made to order at prices varying from two to three -pounds sterling. The general prices of ordinary -fans range from two or three shillings to three -pounds per hundred, though an extraordinarily -expensive fan is turned out at ten pounds per -hundred. The sale of fans in olden times seldom -exceeded ten thousand a year for the whole country; -but in recent years no less than three millions per -annum have been exported from the ports of Osaka -and Yokohama alone. In concluding these brief -notes, it may be interesting to mention that the -number of fans ordered in Japan for the Centennial -Exhibition at Philadelphia reached the large figure -of eight hundred thousand, the estimated cost of -which was ten thousand pounds, and that these -were over and above the ordinary annual export -alluded to before.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="THE_PIXIES" id="THE_PIXIES">THE PIXIES.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Among</span> the superstitions still far from being extirpated -in Wales and some parts of Devonshire, is a -belief in exceedingly small beings known as pixies. -From anything we can learn, the pixies resemble -the fairies of old English superstition, but with -this difference, that pixies possess that love of fun -and mischief which reminds us of the Puck of -Shakspeare. When a pixy has been successful -in any trick upon travellers, it is said to send -forth a peal of laughter and to tumble head over -heels to shew its delight; this has become proverbial -in Devonshire; so that if any one laughs -immoderately, he is said to laugh 'like a pixy.' -The following pixy story is still current.</p> - -<p>In a little country-place in the prettiest part of -Devonshire there lived a miller's daughter, who -was betrothed to a young farmer of the neighbourhood. -For some time their course ran as -smoothly as could be desired. But the young -man began to cast looks of suspicion on another -admirer of his betrothed, and to let a jealous -demon rankle within him, whispering to him -that he no longer held the first place in the -damsel's affections.</p> - -<p>The miller's daughter, besides possessing considerable -personal attractions, had the reputation -of being the neatest and most industrious housewife -in the place; and so the pixies, who invariably -tried to aid the industrious, took her under -their especial protection. They removed everything -harmful from her path, and were always at -hand to do her a service; she herself meanwhile -being quite unconscious of the presence of the -small people. One pixy used to place flowers on -her window-sill every morning, and the maiden -innocently dreamt that they were offerings from -her lover, and prized them accordingly. One -morning early about this time the young man -passed before her house, and noticed the flowers -upon the window-sill. Jealousy immediately took -possession of him, and he saw in the simple flowers -the offerings of a more favoured admirer. Just then -the window was opened gently, and the miller's -daughter appeared; and unconscious of the watcher -lurking behind the hedge, she took up the rosebuds -which formed her morning's gift and pressed -them to her lips. Then she withdrew, taking the -flowers with her, and leaving him to rage inwardly -at what he considered her perfidy.</p> - -<p>From that morning his behaviour towards her -was changed, and he became gloomy and morose, -throwing out hints of his suspicions from time to -time, which troubled the gentle maiden, without -her being able to comprehend any reason for it all. -But the pixies, seeing how matters stood, determined -to convince the moody fellow of her truth, -and at the same time to punish him for his unreasonable -jealousy. So one evening, when he was -coming home from a market-town (perhaps top-heavy), -he was pixy-led in a meadow just below -the miller's house, through which he had to pass. -Hosts of pixies gathered for the occasion, armed -with nettles, thistles, and small bushes of thorn-trees. -With these formidable weapons they pricked, -stung, and mercilessly belaboured the unfortunate -young man, dancing around him with mocking -gestures, and chasing him from one end of the field -to another.</p> - -<p>Thus harassed, they kept him until the morning -dawned, when one pixy came forward with a -beautiful bunch of flowers, which he delivered to -another pixy, who carried it off, and climbing up -the vine that covered the side of the miller's -house, laid the bouquet on the maiden's window-sill. -Then he disappeared, followed quickly by -the rest of the pixies, leaving the young man (who -now saw from what quarter the flowers had come) -to meditate on the matter. The result of his -meditations was, that before another day was gone, -he went to his betrothed and told her the doubts -he had gone through, and the manner in which -the pixies had freed him from those doubts; and -the whole affair was then settled to the satisfaction -of everybody concerned, including the pixies.</p> - -<p>Stories of this sort are wonderfully poetical, and -may amuse young folks, but they are two centuries -out of date, and we may hope that matters -are educationally in train to supersede them by -materials quite as droll and a little more rational.</p></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class='center'>Printed and Published by <span class="smcap">W. & R. Chambers</span>, 47 Paternoster -Row, <span class="smcap">London</span>, and 339 High Street, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class='center'><i>All Rights Reserved.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p>[Transcriber's Note—the following changes have been made to this text:<br /> -<br /> -Page 770: daugher changed to daughter.]</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular -Literature, Science, and Art, No. 728, December 8, 1877, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL, DEC 8, 1877 *** - -***** This file should be named 51785-h.htm or 51785-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/7/8/51785/ - -Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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