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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+Title: Horse Stories
+       And Stories of Other Animals
+
+Author: Thomas W. Knox
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2016 [EBook #51949]
+Last Updated: March 15, 2018
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HORSE STORIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger from page images generously
+provided by Google Books
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HORSE STORIES
+
+And Stories Of Other Animals
+
+Experience of Two Boys in Managing Horses, With Many Anecdotes of
+Quadrupedal Intelligence
+
+By Thomas W. Knox
+
+Author Of “Dog Stories And Dog Lore,” “The Boy Travellers,” “The Young
+Nimrods,” “Marco Polo For Boys And Girls,” “The Voyage Of The Vivian,”
+ “Decisive Battles Since Waterloo,” Etc., Etc.
+
+New York: Cassell Publishing Company
+
+1890
+
+[Illustration: 0002]
+
+[Illustration: 0008]
+
+
+
+
+
+HORSE STORIES AND STORIES OF OTHER ANIMALS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+_Charley and George--What they Wanted--The Lesson of Kindness--Story
+of Old Jane--The Horse that Went for Assistance--A Grateful
+Patient--Engine-house and Training-school of the New York Fire
+Department--Wonderful Intelligence of Fire-horses--Likes and
+Dislikes--Memory in Horses--Anecdotes of Old Army Horses--A Good Story
+of a Faithful Dog._
+
+[Illustration: 0014]
+
+I wish I had a horse of my own,” said Charley Graham, as he saw one of
+his friends riding on a pony which had recently been presented to him by
+his father.
+
+“And I'd like one, too,” exclaimed his brother George.
+
+“Well,” said Charley? “suppose we ask father about it. Perhaps he'd give
+them to us, when he knows Henry Johnson has one.”
+
+“That's so,” was the reply, “as I've heard him say he believed in boys
+knowing how to ride.”
+
+There was an animated discussion as to the probabilities of the granting
+of the request, and also as to the best form of presenting it. It was
+agreed that the petition should be made that evening, shortly after
+dinner. The youths were good students of human nature, and had observed
+that Mr. Graham was in his best humor after partaking of a satisfactory
+meal. In this respect he was not unlike the rest of the world.
+
+Charley and George were two youths with whom the readers of “Dog Stories
+and Dog Lore” are already acquainted. Their adventures in rearing and
+training two dogs, a Newfoundland and a Black-and-tan Terrier, are
+familiar to many young people. We are about to learn of their experience
+with horses and other quadrupeds, and will join them in listening to
+stories of animal intelligence in various parts of the world.
+
+Mr. Graham received the request of his sons with a complacency that
+greatly encouraged them, but, before giving an answer, he questioned
+them as to their knowledge of horses. It was not very extensive, to be
+sure, as it was limited to a knowledge of the horses then in the stable,
+and none of these had been trained to the saddle. Next he asked them how
+they would treat the animals in case they should become the possessors
+of what they wanted.
+
+“I would treat them kindly,” replied Charley, “and I am sure George
+would do the same. We have got along so nicely with Rover and Dash, by
+always treating them kindly, that we believe the same plan will do with
+horses. Are we right?”
+
+“Yes,” replied Mr. Graham; “the horse has a great deal of affection for
+his master when the latter is his friend, though perhaps not as much as
+the dog. Horses may be taught to do a great many things; they vary in
+intelligence and disposition, like dogs, and men too, for that matter.
+Where they are intelligent and of good disposition they are capable of
+an amount of training that will surprise most people.”
+
+“Here is a story which I found to-day in a newspaper,” continued
+the gentleman, “which will illustrate what I was saying about the
+intelligence of the horse. It is told by a writer for _Every Other
+Sunday_, about a favorite animal that was called Jane. The author of the
+story says:
+
+“'She was large and strong, a good carriage horse, obedient to the least
+touch of rein or inflection of voice, and so gentle that she was the
+best possible playfellow for our youngest, a child of ten years, who was
+never happier than when in company with Jane.
+
+“'Little Emily was not long in learning to harness after she once made
+Jane's acquaintance; and the great horse would bend her head down meekly
+while the child, mounting a chair, succeeded after great effort in
+putting on the bridle. Again Jane would stand with quiet patience while
+her little mistress tried to curry her, combed out her long mane and
+tail, patted and hugged her, ran about and under her, or climbed up for
+a ride on her broad back.
+
+“'One fair spring day we went for a long drive in the woods. It was so
+mild and lovely under the oaks and pines, and we found such treasures of
+flowers that we lingered and lingered, and were tempted to explore some
+grassy unused wood roads that looked especially inviting. In so doing we
+lost our way, and before we could again find the open country road
+the sun had set. Jane started off for home at a good pace; but it was
+distant several miles, and the darkness gathered fast. It was a cloudy,
+starless evening. Soon we could not see distinctly even the horse's
+length in front of us; but we knew Jane could be trusted, so we gave
+her a loose rein and let her take her own way. She was trotting
+briskly along a quiet lane, when suddenly she stopped. We could see no
+approaching team or any obstacle in the way, so bade Jane go on. To our
+astonishment the horse, for the first time in all our experience of her,
+refused to obey. She paid no attention to rein or voice, and only tossed
+her head a little at the unwelcome touch of the whip. We could see that
+she kept turning her head, and looking back at us in a gentle, wistful
+way. Clearly something was wrong. The driver threw down the reins, and
+springing from the carriage, walked up to the horse's head. Then the
+mystery wras explained.
+
+“'A few paces in front of Jane, seated right in the wheel-rut, was
+a little child,--a curly-haired, blue-eyed baby of two years. He was
+patting the earth with one little hand, and looking up in a sweet,
+wondering way at the great horse, looming above him through the dusk. He
+was not directly in the horse's path; Jane could have passed him easily
+enough. How could she know that the swift-turning wheels behind her,
+which she herself could not? see, would reach and harm the child?
+
+“'Our good Jane! How glad we were of the disobedience that had troubled
+us so much a moment before! How we stroked and petted and praised her,
+even before we lifted the pretty baby from his perilous position, and
+carried him to the nearest house, with injunctions to the young Irish
+mother, who had many children about her, to take better care of the
+youngest!'”
+
+“That's a very nice story,” said Charley, as his father paused. “I've
+read something like it in an English book; it was about a gentleman that
+was riding one night along a road and happened to be hit on the head by
+a projecting limb of a tree. He was stunned by the blow and fell to the
+ground. The horse went at once to the house he had started from, which
+was about a mile away; the family had gone to bed, but he made such a
+noise at the door as to rouse them. When some one came out he turned
+around and immediately led the way to where his master was lying
+senseless in the road.”
+
+“And I've read about a horse,” remarked George, as his brother paused,
+“that showed its gratitude to a lady that had befriended it. It was in
+an open piece of ground near her house and the poor animal's shoulder
+was raw and bleeding. She coaxed him to come to her by giving him pieces
+of bread, and then she covered the wound with some adhesive plaster
+which she spread on a piece of leather. Then the horse went to grazing
+again, evidently feeling very much better. A little while afterward the
+horse's master came and led him away.
+
+“The next day the horse came again to the lady's gate, and after looking
+around a while he put his head over it and whinnied. The lady went
+out and found that the plaster was gone from the sore spot; she put on
+another, and the next day the horse came again for the same attention,
+which was given. After that the plaster remained and the horse
+recovered. Ever after that when he saw the lady he showed his gratitude
+by whinnying and then rubbing his nose very gently against her.
+Sometimes he came to the gate and called her, and she used to go out and
+pet him, which seemed to give him a great deal of pleasure.”
+
+“After those two stories,” said Mr. Graham, “I think you ought to have
+the horses you want. I'll buy them for you in a few days, and in the
+meantime we'll go to the training school for the horses of the New York
+Fire Department and see how they educate the animals there.”
+
+Charley and George were delighted with the prospect of having horses
+of their own, and waited with some impatience for the purchase of their
+steeds. The day after the conversation just narrated they accompanied
+their father to one of the engine-houses and afterward to the training
+school. They were greatly interested in what they saw there, and Charley
+afterward wrote an account of the visit. He was assisted by a reporter
+for one of the newspapers whom he happened to meet in the engine-house,
+and we are permitted to copy the following from their story:
+
+“The engine house was a big square room, smelling horsey and strong, yet
+was scrupulously clean and neat and resplendent with the polished steel
+and brass and the painted woodwork of the engine and hose-cart and
+chiefs wagon. In this particular engine-house the hose-cart happened
+to be in the front of the room, before the street doors, with the horse
+stalls on either side of it, against the sides of the room. The stalls
+were parallel with the hose-cart. Back of the hose-cart was the engine,
+big and shiny, with the 'ready' steam hissing into it through pipes from
+the boiler below. The chiefs cart was at one side of the engine, and in
+a corner of the room was the fuel wagon. In the side stalls stood two
+magnificent white horses--silent, motionless, but with ears erect, and
+wide open eyes watching the foreman and the strangers and apparently
+very anxious to join in the conversation.
+
+“Suddenly a jingle bell in the room beat a lively rattle, and the fire
+gong began to ring out an alarm. The firemen slid down from upstairs on
+the polished rods of brass which stretched from the ground floor through
+scuttle-holes into the firemen's sitting-room, and took their several
+stations. The man on 'house watch' counted the gong strokes. As the
+electric snap on the bits of the horses in their stalls were unfastened,
+the horses jumped to their places at a bound, down came the hanging
+harness upon them, and collar, headstall and reinbit were fastened by
+ready hands in less than two seconds. Before the gong stopped sounding,
+engine and men and horses were ready to rush into the street if the
+alarm should turn out to be a call from their part of the city. The
+alarm did not so turn out, and all went back to their places.”
+
+On the way from the engine-house to the training school in Harlem,
+Charley asked how the horses were obtained and where they came from. On
+this point the newspaper man enlightened him.
+
+“The horses are generally selected,” said he, “by Captain Joseph Shea,
+who has charge of the training school, or by one of his assistants. They
+only deal with dealers whom they know to be trustworthy, and who have,
+in fact, furnished most of the horses to the department for years.
+Strength, agility, intelligence, kindness--these are the traits the
+buyers look at.
+
+“When a horse has been picked out, he is sent to the training stables,
+and Captain Shea takes him in hand. The horse is set to tugging big
+loads, is punched, examined, trotted and exercised generally for fifteen
+days. Captain Shea has an old fire-engine at his quarters, and the horse
+is drilled with this, too, and is taught to notice and to mind the gong.
+If Captain Shea doesn't like the horse, the animal is sent back to the
+dealer or his former master. No horses are bought except on probation.
+If the horse seems to be a good one. Captain Shea sends him to some
+engine-house for practical trial. There the horse is made to do the same
+kind of work that other horses do, and if after fifteen days more the
+officer in command of the company doesn't like him, back he goes to the
+stables. It he is a very bad or stupid horse, the department rejects
+him finally. But the department has other uses for horses, of course,
+besides that of tugging engines and trucks to fires. It needs horses for
+supply wagons and in its repair shops, and in a great many other places,
+and if the horse can be used at all he is put at these kinds of work.”
+
+[Illustration: 0020]
+
+When our friends reached the training school they were cordially
+welcomed by Captain Shea, to whom Mr. Graham presented a letter of
+introduction. Then they were shown through the establishment, and
+during the visit the Captain talked in a very interesting way about the
+intelligent animals which he had in charge.
+
+“Some horses are kind o' dead like,” said he. “We coax 'em and show
+'em over and over again what to do, but it's no use--they never know
+anything. Then an intelligent horse is sometimes vicious, and though
+very quick at getting to fires has some trick or other, so that we
+always have to be on the lookout. But a horse, if he's got the making of
+a good fire-horse in him, generally gets to learn his business in about
+three months. I have come to believe more and more that a horse is about
+as intelligent as a man. We can let some of 'em out in the street, and
+when they hear the gong sound they'll come back to the engine-house and
+get by the pole in a jiffy. Now you take a good horse for a tender, he
+don't wait for his driver to get into the seat, but out he goes when the
+engine goes, driver or no driver. A good tender horse'll never be more
+than 100 feet behind the engine as he goes down the street.
+
+“A horse comes to know his feeding times, and he gets restless and
+uneasy when those times come, though I suppose all horses do the same. A
+fire-horse gets so accustomed to regularity, though, that he knows
+when he ought to be fed just as if he could read the clock. The driver
+generally feeds and takes care of the horses, though he consults with
+the company officer about what he shall give 'em. He puts the feed in
+the forward corner of the stall, opposite the corner across which the
+horse has to rush to his engine. Otherwise the latter corner would get
+slippery, and the horse would stumble as he dashed across it.
+
+“One of the hardest things we have to teach a horse is to leave his
+food and get to the engine when the gong sounds. It's a good test of the
+stubbornness or docility of a horse, whichever way you've a mind to put
+it, whether he'll do this or not. There are a great many horses in
+the department that wont do it. Most of those which will, are the old
+horses. It annoys a real spirited horse to run out to the pole every
+don't get a chance to snap the collars, and at noontime it's generally a
+race between the men and the horses to see who gets to the pole first.”
+
+[Illustration: 0022]
+
+“Do the horses know the difference between false alarms and real ones?”
+ Charley asked.
+
+“Why, certainly,” was the reply, “a horse knows he's going to a fire. I
+know he does, and every man who knows anything about a fire horse knows
+so too. With all their mad rush as they go down the street they are
+cautious, and they don't rely on the driver's rein to tell time the gong
+strikes and not start with the engine. He frets and worries and whinnies
+and acts just as teased as a horse can. They get to know some signals
+though, and they play us some cute tricks. Now, at noon every day every
+engine company gets the time on the gong from headquarters, and the
+horses come out as usual. But some of 'em get to know that they never go
+out of the house on that signal, and they whirl around after coming to
+the pole and get back to the stalls again. The men who have to snap the
+collars have to be mighty quick or they them when to turn out of the way
+of an obstruction. They get to know the location of hydrants in their
+district and they pull right up to them. They can tell when they're
+coming near a fire just as well as the driver can, and when they smell
+the smoke or see the blaze they give a lively tug on the engine. I think
+a horse can tell whether it is a big fire or not, too. The noise of
+other engines they hear going to the fire excites them. When they get to
+the fire, too, they're alive, you bet. You know the place of a horse on
+a tender at a fire is at the back of the engine. Well, when a horse has
+pulled the tender right up to the burning building, so that the men can
+use the hose, after the hose is unwound the horse will turn and trot
+back to its engine, just as unconcernedly as can be, and will pick its
+engine out from all the others.
+
+“It's a queer thing about the likes and dislikes horses will take. They
+are just as queer about that as men and women are. Of course, horses are
+of all kinds and some will let anybody pet 'em and some wont let anybody
+come near 'em while they are in the stalls. But often a horse will take
+a great notion or a great aversion to some one man in the company. I was
+in a company once six years with a team of horses, and one of the horses
+would always kick at the assistant foreman whenever he got a chance.
+Sure as death, whenever Dick got behind that horse, the horse'd raise on
+him. Dick was a kind, good enough feller, too. That same horse'd let any
+other man in the company do what he wanted with him.
+
+“A good many of these stories are true about horses that have been in
+the service of the department and mustered out, minding the gong when
+they happen to hear it, and getting excited and going to fires when an
+engine passes them on the street. I remember once driving an engine down
+Broadway on the run, and we passed an old, worn-out, miserable-looking
+horse on one of the street-cleaning department's carts. The man who
+was loading the cart had just, put an ash can on the cart wheel as we
+passed, and was getting ready to dump it. The old horse pricked up his
+ears, gave a big snort, and started after us pell mell, scattering the
+ashes right and left. He was an old fire-horse, sure enough. We turned
+a corner, and I don't know whether they ever stopped him or not. A good
+many of our horses go into the streetcleaning department when we get
+through with them. We keep horses till they get pretty old, though, if
+they are good ones. Old horses know the ropes so well that they are good
+to have around, but, of course, we can't keep 'em always, and they lose
+their snap after a while.”
+
+“That reminds me,” said Mr. Graham, “of the story of a horse that had
+been in an English cavalry regiment and was sold in his old age and put
+to the prosaic work of hauling a common cart. One day some cavalrymen
+were exercising and were rather taken by surprise when a horse dragging
+a cart laden with sand came among them and took his place in line as
+though he belonged there. The carter who owned the horse came rushing
+after him, and when the officer scolded him for what the animal had done
+the poor man protested that he couldn't tell why he did it. The horse
+started at the sound of the trumpet and his owner was unable to control
+him.
+
+“Inquiry into the history of the horse showed that he had been for a
+long time in the cavalry service, and the officers were so well pleased
+with his performance that they bought him for a good price and relieved
+him from dragging a cart for the future.”
+
+“There are many stories of the same sort,” continued Mr. Graham, “all
+tending to show that the horse has an excellent memory. In one of the
+books there is a funny anecdote of how a clergyman's wife was once
+dragged around in her carriage by a horse that had belonged to an
+artillery company. She had gone in her carriage to witness an artillery
+parade, and when the company began its evolutions the horse could not
+be restrained but joined in the exercise. Round and round he dragged the
+lady in spite of her screams and also in spite of all that the driver
+could do in his efforts to check the steed. It was not a graceful
+performance for a clergyman's wife to be engaged in, and the animal was
+sold and sent elsewhere very soon afterward.”
+
+“Yes,” said Captain Shea, “and there's the old chestnut of a story
+about the war-horse that had been sold to a milkman and was used by his
+daughter for carrying milk to customers. She had a can of milk hung at
+each side of the saddle and used to go around in this way to serve out
+the article where it was wanted.
+
+“The same thing happened as in the other cases. There was a troop of
+cavalry getting ready for the parade, and as the trumpeter gave a
+signal the milk-horse went in and took his place in the ranks; the girl
+couldn't stop him and he didn't seem to mind the fact that he wasn't at
+all equipped like the rest. The milk-cans were not exactly a part of a
+cavalryman's outfit, but that wasn't any affair of the horse. He knew
+the bugle-call and was obeying orders.”
+
+On the way home from the training school of the fire department
+several other stories of the same sort were given, but as they were all
+illustrative of what we have mentioned it is hardly necessary to repeat
+them. It is proper to say that the memory of the youths was a great
+deal freshened by what they heard, and they did their part in recalling
+stories of equine intelligence.
+
+“While you are waiting for your horses, as I may not be able to find
+suitable ones immediately,” said Mr. Graham, “you had better give your
+attention to some of the books which tell about these animals.”
+
+“What books shall we get, father?” said Charley, when the foregoing
+suggestion was made.
+
+“There are several excellent works about horses,” was the reply, “but I
+will not give you a large number at the start. There is a large volume
+called 'The Book of The Horse,' by Mr. Sidney, which I would advise you
+to get, and there's 'Horse and Man,' by Rev. J. G. Wood, the author of
+Wood's 'Natural History' and kindred works. 'The Book of The Horse' is a
+companion to 'The Book of The Dog,' and tells a great deal you will wish
+to know; it not only describes the different varieties of the horse but
+gives directions for arranging their stalls, caring for them in health
+and illness, training them for the saddle or to harness, and for nearly
+everything belonging to the animal we are discussing. You'll find enough
+in it to keep you busy for some time.”
+
+Mr. Graham wrote an order for his bookseller to deliver these books to
+the boys, and as soon as they obtained the volumes they had no thought
+of anything except to peruse the pages. What they learned in the course
+of their reading we will ascertain in the next chapter.
+
+On their way home the youths met Mr. Webb, the gentleman who had given
+them so much advice relative to the training of Rover and Dash. They
+told him about their father's promise and he congratulated them on their
+good fortune.
+
+As they were separating Mr. Webb told them he had just received a letter
+from an old friend, George M. Elwood, of Rochester, New York, who was
+like himself a great lover of dogs. “He tells me an interesting story
+about a dog,” said Mr. Webb, “and I know you will enjoy it. Dogs and
+horses go together,” he continued, “and this dog story will equal any
+horse story that you are likely to hear.”
+
+So saying he drew a letter from his pocket and read the following
+extract:
+
+“About the year 1840 my father, James L. Elwood, then living in
+Rochester, N. Y., owned a very fine dog that enjoyed a considerable
+degree of local celebrity.
+
+[Illustration: 8026]
+
+He rejoiced in the ambitious name of Bonaparte, being familiarly called
+'Boney,' which latter name described him very nearly, for he was a
+monster, standing over thirty inches high at the shoulder. In
+markings and make-up he is said to have closely resembled Landseer's
+'Distinguished Member of the Humane Society.' He was remarkable for
+his intelligence as well as his unvarying good temper and was a prime
+favorite with young and old in the then little city, especially among
+children, toward whom he, in common with most members of his race,
+exhibited great affection and devotion.
+
+“Among those who bear this noble animal in affectionate remembrance,
+many stories are still told illustrating his unusual sagacity and
+reasoning powers. The possession of this latter faculty by dogs is, I
+know, doubted by many, who ascribe all evidence of it to 'instinct,'
+whatever that may be besides reason, but that it does exist and
+manifests itself by the same processes that it does in the human animal,
+every true lover of a good dog religiously believes and mantains.
+
+“The following incident will serve to illustrate 'Boney's' thinking'
+faculty, and I may say, parenthetically, that the facts herein given
+are thoroughly vouched for by those who remember the circumstances
+in detail. My father was, at that time, engaged in a banking office
+located, on the Court-house Square. In those more honest times bank
+robbery had not reached its present degree of refined skill, and it was
+the habit of his associate and himself, on going to dinner at mid-day,
+simply to turn the key in the safe, leaving the bank open, with no other
+guard than 'Boney,' who remained on duty until their return.
+
+“One day, during this noon hour, two well known business men and
+customers of the bank chanced to meet on the side-walk in front of the
+office. They had some business transaction, in which one wished to pay
+the other a considerable sum of money. It was proposed to step into the
+bank, where, outside of the counter, was a table with, chairs for the
+convenience of customers, and there complete the transaction, which was
+accordingly done. While one of the gentlemen was engaged in writing a
+receipt, the other produced a large package of bank bills and proceeded
+to count out the required sum. 'Boney' got up from where he was lying,
+and, knowing both of the gentlemen, came over to where they were
+sitting, wagging his huge brush in friendly recognition and stood
+watching their proceedings. When the first gentleman had finished
+counting the bills, he pushed them across the table to the second,
+saying 'There, I think you will find that right.' At that moment the dog
+lifted his huge paw and laid it squarely on the pile of bills. There was
+no demonstration of unfriendliness on his part, but a quiet air of
+such firm determination that neither gentleman felt inclined to meddle
+further with the money. In vain they coaxed and ordered him to 'Go lie
+down, sir!' and there the three sat for nearly an hour. At the end of
+that time, to the infinite relief of at least two of the trio, my father
+came in, and as soon as he reached the table, 'Boney' took down his paw
+as quietly as he had placed it there and went back to his accustomed
+rug. The money was paid and receipt passed without any farther attention
+on his part, and the gentlemen departed, their annoyance at the awkward
+delay in their affairs entirely cancelled by their admiration for the
+dog's sagacity.
+
+“Now I do not presume to infer that 'Boney' really knew the value of the
+money, as such, but he did understand that it was a commodity which was
+not allowed to change hands in that office except in the presence of
+some duly authorized representative of the bank. I think any one, who
+accepts the fact, will be prepared to believe that the dog recognized
+his duty, as he understood it, to firmly insist that no money should
+be transferred until the return of some duly accredited and responsible
+party.”
+
+[Illustration: 0028]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+_Pitting up the Stables--Loose Boxes and their Uses--Stable
+Fittings--Light, Ventilation and Drainage--Cobweb and Major--How to
+tell a Horse's Age--Do Horses understand Language?--Starting a balky
+Horse--The Horse that knew the Doxology--Horses telling Time by
+the Clock--Famous Horse Trainers: Rarey, Gleason, and Sullivan the
+Whisperer--How Cruiser was Tamed--Horse-breaking in Texas--“Creasing”
+ Wild Horses._
+
+Mr. Graham told his boys they might fit up the stable for their horses
+in whatever way suited them best; he gave them this permission in the
+confident belief that they would thereby be led to learn more about the
+animals and their needs than if the stables were turned over to them
+already fitted. The correctness of his judgment was shown by the
+earnestness with which the youths proceeded to inform themselves on the
+subject.
+
+“There's plenty of room in the stable,” said Charley, “and so we'll have
+a 'loose box' for our horses in addition to the ordinary stalls. Mr.
+Sidney says it is desirable to have one box for every two stalls and
+therefore one box will be enough for us.”
+
+“How large shall the box be?” George asked.
+
+“Not less than twelve feet by fourteen if we have the space for it,”
+ was the reply, “but even a much smaller box is better than none at
+all. Where space is limited one of the stalls may be made into a box by
+putting a gate across the end of it. A space large enough for a horse to
+turn around in, so Mr. Sidney says, is of great advantage sometimes to a
+sick, or very tired horse, or to one that is obliged to be idle several
+days at a time. When horses are in good health and steady use they
+haven't much need of boxes, and as we propose to keep our horses healthy
+and use them, too, one box will be enough for both of us.”
+
+Then came the question of ventilation, which did not require a long
+debate. The youths were agreed at the start that horses as well as other
+animals require plenty of light and air; Mr. Graham had been of the
+same opinion before them, and had built his stable upon intelligent
+principles. It was on a dry foundation, was well drained, no unsavory
+gutters or sewers near it, and the windows were numerous and well
+arranged. He had taken especial pains with the windows and his orders to
+the grooms were very strict as to the proper ventilation of the stable.
+
+“Unless you watch the grooms closely,” said Mr. Graham to Charley,
+“you'll very likely find them keeping the windows of the stable closed
+when they should be open. Grooms like to heat their horses into a
+condition of moisture in order to give their coats a silky appearance,
+and their best way of doing this is to keep the windows closed and the
+air foul. The colonel of an English regiment has said on this subject
+that the horses of his command live in stables that are constantly open
+to the air, and consequently are very rarely out of sorts; the same
+gentleman has a pack of hunting horses at his country seat, and his
+manager keeps them in stables that are close and hot. The hunters are
+constantly sick and he attributes it to the bad air in which they are
+confined.”
+
+“Some people use deodorisers about their stables,” the gentleman
+continued, “but I have always found that when cleanliness and fresh
+air are insisted upon no deodorisers are needed. With a stable properly
+ventilated, well-paved, and kept at all times clean the horses will be
+in good health and disinfectants may be thrown away.”
+
+Charley was exercised in mind as to the best form of feeding and
+drinking arrangements for his horse, and pondered some time on the
+subject.
+
+The result of his deliberation was that he chose a trough with a rack
+at one side, the former for grain and the latter for hay. The tie, or
+fastening, for the horse was a patent one so arranged that the slack of
+the halter was taken up by a sliding weight inside. Mr. Graham had lost
+a valuable horse some years before by the animal becoming entangled in
+a long halter, and ever after that he had his stables provided with
+fastenings that would render entanglement impossible.
+
+At the suggestion of the groom the headstall was provided with several
+inches of chain next to the animal's head, so as to discourage any
+possible inclination he might have to bite it. Some horses will use
+their teeth on anything, and if they once succeed in gnawing off their
+halters and getting loose it is not easy to break them of the habit.
+
+Various articles for use in the stable were procured and made ready by
+the time the horses were bought. When the animals were sent home the
+two boys could hardly stay out of the stable long enough to take their
+meals, so anxious were they to see that proper attention was given to
+their prizes.
+
+[Illustration: 0031]
+
+Charley's horse was a medium sized animal and was said to have come
+from Kentucky. The first question of the youth was as to the age of the
+creature, to which Mr. Graham replied that he must find out for himself.
+
+This was a subject that had not been investigated; it demanded immediate
+study and away went Charley to his books again. In a few days he
+considered himself competent to tell a horse's age, and his practice on
+his own steed showed that he was not far out of the way.
+
+[Illustration: 0032]
+
+“But do you know, father that I'll have to violate a very old
+injunction,” said Charley, as he proceeded to the study of the subject.
+
+“How so?”
+
+“You gave me the horse, did you not?” queried the youth.
+
+“Certainly,” replied Mr. Graham.
+
+“Well, then,” quoth the boy with a smile, “Isn't there an old adage that
+says 'never look a gift horse in the mouth'?”
+
+“Yes,” the father answered, his face reflecting the smile of the son,
+“but all rules have their exceptions, and we'll make one in the present
+case.”
+
+We haven't space for all that Charley learned about the way in which the
+age of horses is shown by their teeth. The novice who is buying a
+horse should not rely upon himself in this matter, and it is not at all
+probable that Mr. Graham would have allowed the youth to make a purchase
+on the strength of his limited study of the subject. A great deal
+of observation and practice are necessary and even then one may be
+deceived. The best judges of horses have been defrauded by the tricks of
+dealers, who can reduce the apparent age of an animal by careful filing
+of the teeth. The general appearance of the creature, the smoothness of
+his skin, the shape of the limbs and head, and many other things must be
+taken into consideration as well as the condition of his teeth.
+
+Charley's horse was pronounced about four years old, while that
+of George was not far from five. Both the animals were of gentle
+disposition and the boys made friends with them at once.
+
+Charley decided that his horse should be called Cobweb, while George
+thought that Major would be a good name for his steed. Accordingly
+the animals were known as Cobweb and Major and very quickly knew their
+names. In this respect a horse is very much like a dog and learns to
+associate a word with himself when it is frequently repeated.
+
+“Do you think horses understand language?” George asked his brother one
+day while they were exercising Cobweb and Major.
+
+“I'm quite sure they do,” was the reply. “I went to see some trained
+horses that were being exhibited by a man named Bartholebeen a secret
+sign given to the horse by the trainer, but we were positively assured
+there was nothing of the kind.
+
+[Illustration: 0034]
+
+“That the horses all knew their names was very evident, for they stood
+up in a row and each one walked out when his name was called, either by
+the trainer or by persons in the audience. They were bright, intelligent
+horses and perfectly docile; after the performance was over the audience
+went among the horses and petted them and not one showed the least sign
+of ill temper. On the contrary they seemed to appreciate the attention
+they received and to be proud of it.”
+
+“I have noticed,” said George, “that the horses on the street cars
+understand the meaning of the conductor's bell. When they are going mew.
+The horses did a great many things just as he told them, and to make
+sure there was no trickery about the matter he asked the audience to
+give some of the orders.”
+
+“How was that?”
+
+“Why, when a horse was standing at the front of the stage the trainer
+would ask the audience to tell the animal which way to make a circle,
+whether to the right or left. The horse would hesitate a moment after
+the order was given and then he turned in the when he was asked to. This
+was done several times; perhaps there may have they stop at the sound of
+the bell, and when they are standing they start up as soon as the bell
+rings.”
+
+“I've observed that, too,” was the reply, “and the drivers say it only
+takes a few days for a green horse to understand it. And a car horse
+after a little experience learns just about how long a time should be
+required for a passenger to enter or leave a car, and when the time is
+exceeded he is apt to show impatience.”
+
+“Henry Johnson was telling me an amusing story the other day,” said
+George, “about how a man started a balky horse on the street in New
+York.”
+
+“How was that?” Charley asked.
+
+“Henry was going along Broadway,” said George, “and saw a crowd around
+a handsome horse that was attached to an equally handsome carriage. One
+man had him by the bit, another by the tail, a couple of men put their
+shoulders against his ribs and heaved as hard as they could but the
+animal was as immovable as a house.
+
+“When everybody was in despair, a stranger appeared, and stepping out of
+the crowd said to the driver, “'I'll show you how to make that horse go.'
+
+“The driver retired, and the stranger took the horse confidently by
+the mouth, opened it and looked into it, examined his teeth for a few
+minutes, then seized the beast by the bridle, and to the astonishment
+of the crowd, the horse started off at a good gait, drawing the carriage
+after him with perfect ease.
+
+“The success of the stranger's method of persuading a balky horse to go
+was so surprising that Henry asked the man how he did it.
+
+“'It's very simple,' said he. 'Of course you didn't see me, but I took a
+chip of wood which I picked up from the sidewalk and placed it under
+the horse's tongue. The presence of that bit of pine chip diverted the
+horse's attention. He forgot all about being balky, and when I took hold
+of the bridle he started off like any other horse. A horse can think of
+only one thing at a time and you want to keep that fact in mind when you
+are training him.'”
+
+“I heard a groom say the other day,” Charley remarked when George had
+ended his story, “that you could often start a balky horse by pretending
+to do something to the harness. Fasten and unfasten some of the straps,
+be very busy about it for several minutes, then take the reins and give
+the order to go on in an ordinary tone and quite likely the horse will
+start off without hesitation. Gleason, the famous horse trainer, acts on
+this principle when he is handling vicious horses; he puts a string in
+the animal's mouth that incommodes him though it does not hurt him.
+The horse concentrates his thoughts upon how he will get rid of the
+incumbrance and hasn't any time to be ugly. And what's more, he follows
+the trainer all round the ring and keeps him constantly in sight for
+fear he'll go away without removing the string.”
+
+“Did you ever hear of a horse that knew the doxology?” George asked.
+
+“No!” replied his brother in a tone of surprise. “He must have belonged
+to a clergyman.”
+
+“So he did,” was the ready answer. “He belonged to a preacher in the
+country and had been driven by him for eighteen years. The preacher said
+he had so often driven the horse to church and left him standing near
+by, that the horse learned the doxology, and whenever it is sung he
+begins to neigh, knowing that he is going home soon.”
+
+“I heard a gentleman say recently,” Charley responded, “that the school
+horses in the riding academies in New York can tell the time by the
+clock.”
+
+“Nonsense!” said George. “That's too much to believe.”
+
+“So I think,” was the reply, “and probably the gentleman didn't mean it
+literally. He explained that the horses are used for an hour at a time
+and they seem to know almost exactly when they have been in the ring
+for that period. They go around perfectly docile and obedient to their
+riders till just about as the hour is up, when they turn toward the
+mounting block and intimate very plainly that they think it is time for
+them to be relieved of duty and sent back to the stable. In the same
+way when they are taken into Central Park they know all the turns of
+the bridle path, and are very ready to take those that lead back to the
+stable.”
+
+“You mentioned Gleason, the horse trainer, just now,” said George; “I
+wonder how these famous trainers have such control over horses?”
+
+“I've been trying to find out,” was the reply, “but can't tell. Some
+of them say it is no secret, while others make a great deal of mystery
+about the matter. They teach others how to control horses, but it is
+rarely the case that their pupils are able to accomplish anywhere near
+as much as the masters. One of the most remarkable men in this line
+of business was Rarey, an American, who became famous in Europe about
+thirty years ago for subduing horses that had been quite unmanageable;
+I was reading about him this morning and was particularly impressed with
+one thing that he said.”
+
+“What was that?” queried his brother.
+
+“That you must never show either fear or anger in dealing with a horse.
+He says you should always treat him kindly, speak to him in gentle
+tones, let him regard you as a friend, pat him and call him endearing
+names, and be perfectly familiar with him. But probably there was
+something more than this in his method, as some of the horses that he
+subdued were not of a character to be soothed by kind words when he
+started in with them.”
+
+“Isn't he the man that conquered the English horse Cruiser?” George
+asked.
+
+“Yes,” was the reply. “When Mr. Rarey went to England a good many people
+thought he was playing a trick upon them, and somebody published a
+suggestion that he should try his skill upon a famous horse called
+Cruiser. Cruiser was so vicious that no one could approach him, and he
+had not been touched with a curry-comb for months. He kicked the planks
+of his stall to pieces and once he broke off an iron bar an inch in
+diameter by pulling it with his teeth.”
+
+“How long did it take Mr. Rarey to conquer this ferocious animal?”
+
+“About three hours,” was the reply. “At the end of that time his owner,
+Lord Dorchester, was able to mount Cruiser and ride him, a thing that
+nobody had done for three years. The horse was perfectly gentle after
+that and would follow his master like a dog. Mr. Rarey afterwards tamed
+a zebra and rode him, and he did other things that a great many people
+had believed impossible.”
+
+“How carious!” exclaimed George.
+
+[Illustration: 0038]
+
+“Yes, it was indeed,” replied Charley, “but other men have done very
+much the same sort of thing. I've been reading about an Irishman named
+James Sullivan, who was called the 'Whisperer' by the people of his
+neighborhood, as they believed he was able to make the horses understand
+what he wanted by whispering to them.”
+
+“What could he do?”
+
+“No matter how unruly the horse or mule that was put into his hands, he
+was able to make it perfectly docile in half an hour. Exactly what he
+did nobody knew, and the secret died with him.
+
+“He used to ask that the stable where they kept the horse on which he
+was to operate should be shut, and he was to be left alone with the
+animal until he gave the signal for opening the door. In about half an
+hour he would give the signal and when the people entered they found
+the horse lying down and the man and horse playing together in the
+most friendly way imaginable. From that time on the horse was perfectly
+docile, no matter how bad his temper had been before. Horses that had
+refused to be shod and had resisted all the efforts of other trainers
+became thoroughly obedient in the short time he was with them; they
+obeyed others just as readily as they did the man who tamed them.”
+
+In the evening following the foregoing conversation, one of the boys
+asked Mr. Graham about the different ways of breaking horses to saddle
+or harness.
+
+“That is a branch of the horse business I don't think it desirable for
+you to engage in,” was the reply, “but it is well for you to know about
+it.”
+
+“Various methods are pursued by trainers,” he continued, “and a great
+deal depends upon the character of the horse. Most of the horse-breakers
+are coarse, rough fellows, and employ the harshest means for subduing
+the animals they take into their charge. Some horses are readily tamed,
+and if an animal is played with by children when a colt, and grows up
+among them, it is generally the case that he can be ridden without the
+least resistance. He should be accustomed to have a blanket folded over
+his back when he is very young, then a saddle should be placed upon him,
+and after a few days of this practice a very light person may mount the
+saddle. Coaxing and caressing will do a great deal; it is said that the
+Arabs do not have to 'break' their horses at all, for the simple reason
+that the animals associate with the family and are accustomed to be
+ridden by the children of their owners when they are the merest colts.”
+
+[Illustration: 0040]
+
+“Here's an account of how they break horses in Texas,” said Mr. Graham,
+as he took up a newspaper, from which he proceeded to read as follows:
+
+“There are but a few men who make it a business to break horses, and who
+possess sufficient skill and patience to conquer the fiery spirit of the
+most vicious animal. These 'wild horse riders,' as they are called, in
+addition to receiving the use of the horse while handling him, get fees
+ranging from five dollars to twenty-five dollars. Fearless Frank, a
+well-known Texas tamer, had been engaged to break a magnificent sorrel,
+called Mad Ranger. Ranger was a spoiled horse. He had been caught
+several times for the purpose of being saddled and bridled, but the
+tamers had been unable to do anything with him.
+
+“The horse-lot was inclosed by massive logs and stout timbers, capable
+of successfully resisting the most determined effort on the part of
+the beasts to escape. Connected with the large enclosure were several
+smaller ones, and into one of these Ranger was driven. Frank then took
+from his saddle a coil of three-quarter-inch rope, forty feet long,
+and a second coil about half as long, but much heavier, and an oilcloth
+slicker. Thus equipped, he slipped into the inclosure and faced the
+horse. Making a noose in one of the coils, he quickly threw it over
+Ranger's head and fastened the other end to a post called the tug-post.
+The animal commenced to rear and plunge, but at every plunge the slack
+in the rope was taken up, and Ranger was soon alongside the post. Here
+he was made secure with a Spanish knot, which his struggles only served
+to tighten.
+
+“Seizing the old slicker, the trainer next hit the horse over the head
+and neck, causing the animal to rear and kick. The horse was soon tired
+out, and the blows that fell upon him scarcely caused him to wince. The
+trainer next took his long rope and fastened it around Ranger's head in
+such a manner that it served as a halter. The other end of the rope was
+secured to the post. A rope was then placed around the animal's body in
+such a manner that it would not slip, and another rope was fastened to
+his hind foot. The rope attached to the foot was drawn through the one
+around his body and the end taken by the trainer.
+
+“A couple of hard pulls brought the foot up to the stomach, and the
+horse was compelled to stand on three legs, thus unable to kick or rear.
+The trainer then patted the horse on the head and slipped the bridle on.
+Then the saddle was put in the proper place, and the stirrups 'hobbled,'
+to prevent any injury to the animal, should he fall. The rider then
+seated himself in the saddle, the ropes were taken from the horse's feet
+and body, the gate of the pen opened, and horse and rider dashed out on
+the prairie. For fully an hour the infuriated animal reared, plunged
+and jumped about, vainly endeavoring to throw his rider, but finally,
+becoming exhausted, came to a standstill, and had to be urged even to
+walk. It was then that the horse was broken.”
+
+“And now,” said Mr. Graham, after pausing a moment, “did you ever hear
+of how they used to capture wild horses in Texas by 'creasing' them?”
+
+“I've read about it,” replied Charley, “but forget exactly how it was
+done.”
+
+“Well,” responded Mr. Graham, “here's an account by a man who was once
+in the business and knows all about it. Shall I read it?”
+
+Both the youths were anxious to hear about this manner of taking horses,
+whereupon their father gave them the following in the words of Mr. Hill,
+an experienced cattle raiser of Texas:
+
+“In the early days of the cattle business in Texas, from 1857 to 1860,
+the ranges were overrun by bands of wild horses. These animals were a
+great nuisance, as they would get mixed with our loose horses and
+run them off when any one approached. As a rule, they were a rough,
+ill-shaped set of beasts, and almost untamable, so that few attempts
+were ever made to catch them, it being considered best to shoot them and
+thus get rid of a disturbing influence in our horse herds.
+
+“Sometimes, however, a really fine animal would be seen and the
+ranchmen would try hard to secure it. But the ordinary mode of
+capture--lassoing--could seldom be used against wild horses, as these
+beasts were very shy, and even a poor horse, carrying no weight, could
+outstrip a very fine animal with a man on his back.
+
+[Illustration: 0043]
+
+“In this extremity the Texans used to resort to a means of capturing the
+horses which is, I believe, exclusively American. It was discovered, I
+do not know how, that a blow upon a particular sinew in a horse's neck,
+located just above where the spine joins the skull, would paralyze the
+animal temporarily without doing it any permanent injury. In those days
+the Texans were nearly without exception fine shots, and at short range
+could send a rifle ball with phenomenal accuracy.
+
+“The horses could not be approached on foot, and it was impossible
+to catch them on horseback. But, not to be overcome by any such
+difficulties, the cowboys discovered a way to capture them. Taking his
+rifle, a hunter would crawl through the thick chaparral until within
+fifty or sixty yards of the horse he desired to secure. Then, taking
+careful aim, he would endeavor to send a bullet through the top of the
+neck so as to strike the sinew. When this was properly done the horse
+would fall as if struck by lightning and remain insensible for ten or
+fifteen minutes, recovering completely in an hour or two, with no worse
+injury than a slight wound in the back of the neck that soon healed. Of
+course many bullets went astray and hundreds of horses were killed, but
+a good marksman would secure about one horse in three that he attempted
+to 'crease' as this mode of capture was called.
+
+“The weapon universally employed in creasing mustangs was the old
+Hawkins rifle, which carried a bullet not much larger than a pea, had
+a set trigger and required but a small charge of powder. Hundreds of
+mustangs, always the best animals in the herd, used to be creased
+every year, and this practice was kept up until the herds had entirely
+disappeared.
+
+“Some of the horses thus secured were very tough and fleet animals, but
+few were of any practical use. Nearly all were irreclaimably vicious,
+even when judged from the Texas standpoint. Even when broken to the
+saddle, they could only be ridden by the very best horsemen, and were
+always on the lookout to do their riders an injury. Strange to say, they
+seldom tried to kick, but a man had to be continually on the lookout for
+their fore feet and teeth. They only used their hind feet when a man
+was about to mount, but nearly every one of them had a trick of kicking
+forward as soon as the rider put his foot in the stirrup, and unless he
+was wary he would receive a terrible blow on the leg. I used to own a
+horse that, I believe, could scratch himself between the ears with
+his hind foot, his hind leg being apparently made of India rubber. The
+instant he felt a foot in the stirrup his hind hoof would come forward
+with the speed of lightning, in the attempt to inflict a most vicious
+kick. I gave up mounting him in the usual way and always used to vault
+into the saddle without touching the stirrups, a feat easily enough
+performed in my younger days, although I would have some difficulty in
+doing it now. I used to like to ride wild horses, but after one or two
+narrow escapes from their deadly fore feet, which they would use if a
+man carelessly stood in front of them, I gave it up and stuck to the
+tame stock.”
+
+Other stories about horses consumed the evening, and at length the
+boys said “Good-night” and went to bed, where they doubtless dreamed of
+exciting experiences among the wild horses of Texas and other regions
+where those animals abound.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+_How Miss Lake's Circus Horses were Restored--Music under
+Disadvantages--A Lady's Adventure with an Intelligent Horse--The
+Horse who got his Mate out of Trouble--Friendship of a Bull and a
+Donkey--Intelligence of the Donkey--His Affection--Glen. Dix's Pet--How
+Dr. Hammond's Mule saved his Life--Old Jennie--Uncle Jake's
+dumb Critters--Cruelty of Blinders and Check-reins--Anecdote of
+Macadam--Torture by Thoughtlessness--Cobweb and Major in Harness._
+
+One of the stories told daring the evening was about the seizure of
+some circus horses in Nashville, Tennessee, at the time of the American
+civil war. Lake and North's Circus was performing there during the
+winter of 1864, while the town was held by the Northern army and
+threatened by the Confederates.
+
+“At 9 o'clock on the morning of the 6th of December the company was in
+the practice ring, drilling for a new grand entry. They had nineteen
+ring horses, including three black stallions, which Miss Lake, the
+daughter of one of the proprietors, used to drive in a manège act, and
+which she had trained herself on her father's Kentucky farm, and loved
+as a Kentucky girl will love her horses.
+
+“The band had just finished the first bar when in stalked an officer of
+the army, and called Lake aside.
+
+“'You have nineteen horses here, I see,' he said; 'one of them is lame;
+we don't want him, but the others are confiscated. Rather a fine
+lot. Suppose we say a hundred apiece for them.' Then he made out a
+requisition on the Treasury for $1800--handed it to Lake, called in his
+men, and in five minutes left the company with a show on its hands and
+only one lame horse to do all the equestrian business.
+
+“Miss Lake cried and some of the men used hard language, but all the
+same, for four days they gave a show twice a day with that one lame
+horse. Then Miss Lake got desperate. She was a mere girl, and with
+a girl's audacity she did a thing which an older person would have
+considered the wildest folly.
+
+“'John,' she said to the clown, 'I'm going to General Wilson to get my
+horses. I want them and they want me.'
+
+[Illustration: 0047]
+
+“Nothing that anybody could say would hold her back, and so away she
+went to General Wilson's headquarters. She marched in on General Wilson
+and asked for her horses back. She had a sweet and winning way, and when
+she cried and told him how heartsick she was for her horses, and how
+much she knew they missed her, the General let his feelings get the
+better of his sense of duty, and gave her an order for every horse taken
+from the circus.
+
+“One of Wilson's orderlies afterwards gave a reason for giving the
+horses back, which, while it is not so romantic, may be partly true. The
+horses were all trained for ring service and most of them were trained
+to dance to the music, and to fall upon their knees and sides upon being
+touched upon the haunches with a spur or the whip. The whole bunch was
+turned over to a military band as their mounts, and the orderly said
+that during the four days that the band was mounted on those beasts
+there was not an hour when one of them was not dancing around so that he
+could not keep time, or else horse and man--sometimes three or four
+of them--were rolling on the ground together, the musicians having
+unwittingly given the horse his lying-down cue.”
+
+The boys laughed heartily over this anecdote, and then Charley told a
+story he had read somewhere about a horse which belonged to a lady who
+used to ride him in the hunting field. She had had him for three or
+four years and was constantly petting him and giving him sugar and
+other dainties. There was a great friendship between them and the horse
+manifested his affection for his mistress in many ways.
+
+One day while jumping a hedge, horse and rider fell into a ditch; the
+lady was quite under the horse, her head being between and slightly in
+front of his fore legs, but there was only a little of his weight that
+rested on her.
+
+[Illustration: 0051]
+
+Several men came to her assistance, and at first it was thought that
+the only way of rescuing her would be by digging her out. It was finally
+decided to move the horse forward and then lift him up, but there was
+great fear that in his efforts to rise he would trample on the lady and
+seriously, if not fatally, injure her. She was able to speak with the
+men, and told them she was confident the horse would carefully avoid
+harming her. Her confidence was justified by the result, as he managed
+to get on his feet without giving her the least scratch, beyond a slight
+mark on her face, which was made by the first movement of his knees and
+could not be avoided.
+
+Then George told about two horses belonging to Mr. Allen of Minnesota,
+that were greatly attached to each other. One day Mr. Allen tied them
+with strong ropes, about fifty yards apart, where they could eat the
+grass close to the shore of the little lake. Then he went to a house a
+little distance away and lay down to take a nap. He hadn't been there
+long before he heard the sound of a horse's footsteps, and a moment
+afterward one of his favorites put his head into the door.
+
+The animal gave a slight neigh and then started back towards the lake.
+Mr. Allen was greatly surprised to find that the horse had broken loose
+from his fastenings, and also that he had left his mate; surmising that
+something was wrong, he immediately followed to the edge of the
+lake, where he found the other horse lying in the water with his feet
+entangled in the rope, and devoting all his efforts to keep his head
+above the surface. Mr. Allen at once proceeded to extricate him from his
+trouble, and as he did so the other horse manifested his joy in every
+way he could.
+
+“Three things that mark the intelligence of the horse are shown by this
+incident,” remarked Mr. Graham. “In the first place, he had the sense to
+understand that his mate was in serious trouble; secondly, he knew his
+master could relieve him; and thirdly, he realized that he must exert
+all his strength to break his own rope, a thing he had never done before
+and never tried to do afterwards.”
+
+Next Charley read a little incident which he said was written by Charles
+L. Edwards for the _American Naturalist_. It was in these words:
+
+“While riding along a country road in the environs of Cincinnati, Ohio,
+about the first of last October, I noticed a remarkable and very amusing
+display of animal intelligence. In a field beneath some trees, at the
+bottom of a very high hill, stood facing each other a donkey and a young
+bull. The bull was standing very patiently, slightly nodding his head
+up and down, while the donkey, with a rather heavy stick about two feet
+long in his mouth, was scratching his companion's forehead. Once the
+donkey dropped his instrument, but, without hesitation, lowered his
+head, picked up the club again with his teeth, and continued scratching
+very gravely, to the evident satisfaction of the bull. We often see two
+cows 'rubbing horns,' and whether this was a return for a similar favor
+from the bull or not, the donkey very clearly realized his poverty in
+the matter of horns and happily supplied the deficiency.”
+
+“Folks call the donkey stupid,” said George, “but certainly that one
+showed a great deal of intelligence. Is the donkey really as stupid as
+he is said to be?”
+
+[Illustration: 0051]
+
+“He is not,” answered Mr. Graham, “and there are plenty of anecdotes
+to show his intelligence. He has been known to open a gate by carefully
+lifting the latch, and after returning to the yard, he would shut
+the gate, so that any trespass of which he had been guilty during his
+absence would not be laid to his charge.
+
+[Illustration: 8052]
+
+A donkey will follow a kind master or mistress just like a dog, and he
+fully equals the horse in showing his appreciation of kind treatment.”
+
+Gen. John A. Dix owned a donkey that lived to the age of forty-two
+years, and endeared himself to his master and the members of the family
+by his docility and almost human intelligence.
+
+[Illustration: 9052]
+
+The little creature was, after the death of the general, domiciled
+at the family country seat, West Hampton, Long Island, where almost
+luxurious accommodations were provided for his comfort; but old age, and
+the absence of those who, in days gone by, patted his shaggy coat, and
+the sound of whose voices he would recognize and greet, no doubt tended
+to hasten physical ailments, which necessitated the request that an
+officer of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should
+put an end to the suffering of an endeared and most affectionate animal
+who, although he outlived his master and mistress, at last succumbed to
+the inevitable. He was buried near where the waves of Long Island Sound
+wash the sandy shore of West Hampton, and a mound of green sod marks the
+spot where lies the body of the humble friend of the honored soldier,
+who issued the famous patriotic mandate: “If any one attempts to haul
+down the American flag, shoot him on the spot.”
+
+“Does the mule equal the horse or donkey in intelligence?” George asked.
+
+[Illustration: 0053]
+
+“It is generally conceded that he does not,” was the reply, “but he is
+far from being the stupid animal that many people suppose. He has a
+keen nose, and can often scent danger of which his rider or driver is
+ignorant. He has a great dread of an Indian, and it is a common saying
+in the Far West that a mule will always give warning when Indians are
+about. On this subject Dr. William A. Hammond tells a good story:
+
+“One day, while the Doctor was stationed at Fort Webster, in what is now
+Arizona, he started down the canyon on a very fine large mule. The beast
+suddenly stopped abruptly and would not budge a step. Spurs were used
+to no purpose. There he stood as firm as a rock. Dr. Hammond pulled
+him around and galloped back to the fort. The next morning it was
+ascertained that at a point scarcely a hundred yards in advance of where
+the mule gained his victory some Apache Indians had ambushed the road;
+and, but for the brute's keen nose, and ears, and in resisting an
+obstinate man, short work would have been made of mule and rider.
+
+“Mules live to a great age when they are properly cared for,” continued
+Mr. Graham. “Until quite recently there was a mule named Jennie on
+Blackwell's Island, that had been there forty years, and she was
+supposed to be nearly twenty years old when she became a public charge.
+
+“Jennie has an interesting history. About forty years ago her owner had
+a mild attack of lunacy and was consigned to the insane asylum. He had
+traveled across the continent from San Francisco with Jennie it was
+said, and became so attached to the beast that he could not be persuaded
+to part with her, and the two were carried to Ward's Island together.
+The mule and the lunatic were about the same age then, and were devoted
+friends. In all kinds of weather they roamed about the asylum grounds
+together. One day Jennie was taken across to Harlem to be shod. The boat
+was moored and the animal tied to a tree by the bank, while the keeper
+went off to find the blacksmith. When he came back for the mule she
+was no longer in sight. The broken halter was lying on the ground, and
+Jennie was found that afternoon, still wet from her swim, with her old
+friend on the island. At length the lunatic died, and Jennie fell into
+the hands of the Board of Governors, and was set to work on Randall's
+Island. She dragged brick carts and lawn rollers for awhile, her size
+and age-unfitting her for heavier work, and was used for distributing
+bread in the morning among the various buildings. She was saddled, too,
+sometimes, and ridden by the children and their nurses.
+
+“Twenty-five years ago the keeper of the stables asked permission to
+kill her as an incumbrance. Isaac Bell was then one of the Charities
+Commissioners, and through his influence and interest in the matter,
+an order was issued declaring that Jennie should be retired from active
+service and live in the comparative luxury of the island's stables and
+grass plots as long as she pleased. The mule was moved once more, this
+time to Blackwell's Island, and took her quarters in the stone stable
+at the south end of the almshouse grounds. Keepers and inmates have been
+changing ever since, but in all the twenty-five years the venerable mule
+has seemed to grow scarcely a day older. She still draws light loads
+when the keepers harness her for exercise, and the Irishman in a striped
+jacket who is her involuntary groom stands in as great awe of her hind
+legs as ever. With the rest, however, she is good humored and docile,
+and has long been caressed as a pet.
+
+[Illustration: 0055]
+
+“And let me say,” continued Mr. Graham, “that if you ever own a mule,
+don't disfigure him and make him unhappy by clipping his mane and tail.
+Nature has not made him as beautiful as the horse, but, in the language
+of one of his friends, 'she has endowed him with those gifts useful
+to his race, and among those are a good mane and tail; if not as an
+adornment, yet as a protection against his enemies, the tormenting,
+biting flies. To shear these does not add to his good looks; on the
+contrary it makes him appear more unsightly. He is not to blame
+for large head and long ears; why then should these be made more
+disproportionate by clipping the mane? and why should the tail be
+reduced to a mere pendant tuft, when both are needed to protect the
+poor, overworked creature from his winged enemies? It is to be hoped
+that mule-owners will learn to consider this custom as senseless, as a
+sin against the comfort and protection of this good servant, and treat
+the despised mule with more humane consideration.'”
+
+“I found some verses to-day,” said Charley, “that I liked very much.
+They were in a paper called _Our Dumb Animals_, and illustrate the
+advantages of kindness to the creatures that cannot speak to tell their
+wants. Shall I read them?”
+
+“Certainly,” said Mr. Graham: “Read them, and let your playmates read
+them, too.”
+
+Thereupon Charley slowly read the following:
+
+
+“UNCLE JAKE'S DUMB CRITTERS.”
+
+
+          “I don't know much of languages, such as the scholars tell.
+
+          But the language of dumb critters I understand quite well.
+
+          And I think, sir--yes, I think, sir--that their voices reach the sky.
+
+          And that their Maker understands the pleading of their eye.
+
+
+          And I shouldn't be surprised, sir, if at the judgment day,
+
+          Some cruel, heartless human folks should be as dumb as they.
+
+          My house is not so elegant as many are, I know;
+
+          But my cattle are all sheltered from the wintry winds and snow.
+
+          And they are not kept on rations that leave nothing but the frame.
+
+          Or in the spring returning to 'the dust from whence they came.'
+
+
+          Ah! God hath wisely ordered, sir, that in a money way,
+
+          Starving, abusing, critters are the things that will not pay.
+
+          If any of my flock are sick or hurt in any way,
+
+          I see that they are cared for, sir, by night as well as day.
+
+          My letter's on their wool, sir--'tis all the brand I know;
+
+          My lambs--they are not tailless, for God didn't make them so.
+
+
+          Some say sheep don't need water, but I tell you it's a lie!
+
+          They're almost frantic for it, sir, the same as you or I.
+
+          My horses--you have seen them, sir, they are just what they seem;
+
+          And, if I do say it myself, they are a splendid team.
+
+          They wear no foolish blinders, and from check reins they are free;
+
+          And they never had a hurt, sir, that had been caused by me.
+
+          The way they do my bidding now.'tis really a surprise!
+
+          They know my very step, sir, and thank me with their eyes.
+
+
+          My pig pen, over yonder, I'd like, sir, to Lave shown;
+
+          My hogs--they never are the 'breed' that is but skin and bone;
+
+          I know, sir, that to fatten them they need both food and drink,
+
+          A shelter and a bed, sir, will help it on I think.
+
+          I have a yard on purpose, they can root whene'er they choose--
+
+          It seems to me like cruelty, so rings I never use.
+
+
+          There's one thing more I want to show, 'tis Hannah's hen-house, here--
+
+          Our poultry always pays us well, and just now eggs are dear--
+
+          'Tis warm and clean and bright, you see, with gravel on the ground;
+
+          There's food and water standing here each day the whole year round.
+
+          But maybe I have tired you, sir--forgive an old man's pride;
+
+          But somehow I love dumb critters, and I want their needs supplied.”
+
+
+“There's one thing in those verses I want to ask about,” said George,
+when his brother paused. “Uncle Jake says his horses 'wear no foolish
+blinders, and from check-reins they are free.' Now I want to ask why
+horses are made to wear blinders in harness, when they don't wear them
+while under the saddle! I know that the carriage horses in our stables
+don't wear blinders, but I never thought to ask why.”
+
+“It's because I've given strict orders that none of my horses shall wear
+them,” Mr. Graham answered. “And my reasons for so ordering I will give
+in the words of Dr. Humphreys, who has studied the subject and long ago
+converted me to his way of thinking. Dr. Humphreys says it is charitable
+to suppose that intelligent people are not designedly cruel. In most
+cases they are so, more from thoughtlessness than design! Nay, they are
+often quite astonished to learn--when their attention is called to the
+subject--that they have long been inflicting some cruelty unwittingly
+upon some of their dumb servants. This is a busy world, and we live in a
+very busy part of it, and we may, perhaps, be excused for not looking at
+every step lest some luckless worm be trod upon.
+
+“'The custom of having wagon or carriage horses _wear blinders_,' says
+Dr. Humphrey, 'originated at a period when horses were supposed to be
+thoroughly vicious and ill-trained, ready to run upon the slightest
+provocation; to take fright from seeing any passing object,--looking
+back in anxious dread of the whip--all of which supposes a condition of
+things now pretty well passed away. Horses are better bred and better
+trained. The Arab proverb well says: 'The pure blood horse has no vice.'
+He only wants to know what is required of him and he will do it if
+within his power. A driver who is_ fit_ to drive a horse _rarely or
+never strikes with his whip_. A mere motion of the rein or whip is all
+the horse requires, and all that most horses will submit to. The bad
+temper and the bad tricks of horses, are made so, nineteen times in
+twenty, by the causeless brutality of driver or trainer.
+
+[Illustration: 0058]
+
+“The use of the horse's eye is important. He should see what is before
+him, and on each side of him, and the ground on which he treads. Objects
+on either side of him do not frighten him _if he sees them_. It is the
+sudden appearance of unaccustomed objects that frighten nervous horses.
+The blinders contribute to this, and so far from being a preventive are
+a provocative of fright. Give the horse the use of his eye, and let him
+see the object, and he is rarely or never frightened. A shying horse is
+a horse who does not see clearly. If blinders were necessary to prevent
+horses from being frightened, why not use them on saddle horses; and
+the fact that they are never so used, disposes of the whole argument in
+their favor.
+
+“The horse needs his eyes to see the ground upon which he steps. We may
+not think so, but all animals are even more careful than men where they
+tread. A horse running over a human body will not step upon it if he has
+his eyes. But with the eyes half covered with blinders, he may do so, a
+consideration of no small importance in a crowded city.
+
+“Has it ever occurred to ask ourselves what right we have to deprive
+horses of the use of their eyes. They minister to our convenience and
+pleasure, and we give them their food and care. Nay, we may even render
+them serviceable. But we have no right to deprive them of the light of
+day or the joy of beholding surrounding objects. To assume that they
+do not prize or care for it argues but slight acquaintance with their
+nature.
+
+“Again, the non-use of an organ tends to destroy it. Fortunately the
+mass of our horses are not born of those whose eyes are habitually
+blinded, or we should, ere long, come to a race of no-eyed horses. But
+even now the blinding has not been without its curse. The eye of the
+horse is not so fine as that of the ox, the deer, or the gazelle, to say
+nothing of the increasing frequency of weak eyes--defective vision and
+blindness.
+
+“And all this comes of heedlessness. We do it because we are accustomed
+to it. We don't think of the pleasure of which we are depriving our mute
+friends. We don't think how much better the horses would look with
+the use of their eyes, or of how much light the eye would add to the
+picture.
+
+“The harness maker doesn't think of it. His business is to make as much
+of the harness as possible. To him 'there is nothing like leather.'
+The coachman doesn't think of it. So long as his position on the box is
+secure, he is satisfied.
+
+“Occasionally a sensible man--and very often he's a poor man--is seen
+driving his horse or team without taking from them the use of their
+eyes--and how other horses or teams must envy those fortunate ones. But
+the great mass with huge blinders drawn tight over their eyes, blunder
+on in the dark, their drivers and owners utterly unconscious of the
+wrong they are doing or the misery they are unconsciously inflicting.
+
+[Illustration: 0060]
+
+“And in the same spirit of thoughtlessness,” continued Mr. Graham,
+“the check-rein, or bearing-rein, as the English call it, is used upon
+horses. There ought to be a law making it an offence punishable by a
+heavy penalty, to fasten a horse's head high in the air, as we see the
+heads of many carriage-horses fastened. Mr. Bergh, the founder of the
+Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, has done much toward
+breaking up the abuse, but it still continues, in spite of his efforts.
+Many articles on the subject have appeared in the Society's paper _Our
+Animal Friends._ Here is one of them, it is entitled: “the check-rein.”
+
+“'Under the mistaken idea that this device in some way adds to the
+beauty of the horse, this poor, patient, helpless servant is submitted
+to the most cruel and prolonged torture. The horse is one of the most
+beautiful animals, because of his fine proportions and graceful curving
+outlines. His beauty can be enhanced only by good feeding, care and
+grooming. Clumsy, heavy, ill-fitting harness, trappings which conceal
+his body from view, and all devices which cause him to assume unnatural
+and constrained positions, always tend to mar his good appearance.
+Notice how his beauty is spoiled at once by destroying the graceful
+curves of his natural position, and introducing the straight lines and
+angles incident to the use of the overcheck. The grandeur and nobility
+of the animal's appearance are sadly marred by putting him into this
+foolish position, with his eyes gazing upward into the sky, his nose
+sticking straight out before him, and his straining and craning so
+ungracefully and uncomfortably. If any driver, or any one else, thinks
+it is not cruel to fasten a horse's head in such a position, let him try
+it himself. Put a man into this terrible, unnatural position, with the
+hot sun blazing into his eyes, unable to watch his steps, give him a
+burden to draw or carry, whip him into a smart run over the rough roads
+and streets, and he will soon understand why a horse with an overcheck
+is continually restlessly tossing his head and turning it from side
+to side in his vain effort to get relief from his excruciating misery.
+Stand up, throw the head back, and look steadily at the ceiling for five
+minutes, and without any bit to chafe the torn and bleeding mouth, you
+will get a vivid and lasting impression of what torture is. A horse
+allowed to hold his head in a natural position makes a beautiful and
+pleasant picture, while one tortured and disfigured by a strap extending
+over the head, is an exhibition causing discomfort to the beholder,
+and awakening his kindest sympathies and arousing his indignation. The
+overcheck contrivance was originated by a horse-jockey, whose horse,
+when rapidly driven, made a whistling noise in breathing. How any
+gentleman or lady of intelligence can consent to ride behind a horse
+which is being tortured with such a silly contrivance of cruelty it is
+difficult to imagine.'
+
+[Illustration: 0062]
+
+“In England,” continued Mr. Graham, “one of the most indefatigable
+workers for the abolition of the bearing-rein, is Mr. Edward Ford-ham
+Flower, who has published a book on the subject. In this book he says:
+
+“'It is a severe penance to any man who loves a horse to walk along the
+fashionable streets or the park, and to witness the sufferings of horses
+from this absurd and cruel practice. Little does the benevolent dowager
+who sits absorbed in the pages of the last tract of the 'Society for
+Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,' know of the sufferings of the two
+noble animals by whom she is leisurely drawn along the 'Lady's Mile.'
+She probably fancies that the high prancing step, and the toss of the
+head which scatters flakes of foam at every step, are expressions of
+pride and satisfaction at their task, when in fact they are occasioned
+by pain, and a vain attempt to obtain a momentary relief from their
+suffering. Let any one watch the horses in the park, or standing as
+they do for hours at the theaters, shops, etc., with foaming mouths, and
+tongues swollen and hanging out, trying to get a little ease to their
+poor heads and necks, by tossing them up, putting them sideways, or in
+any possible position, vainly appealing to their unheeding or ignorant
+masters, or coachmen, to slacken, if only for a few minutes, the
+torturing rein, and then say if we can call ourselves a humane people!
+
+“'It must be a source of grief to see the number of animals in carriages
+to whom this bearing-rein is applied.. The first thing is, whatever may
+be the form of the neck of the horse, to bring him, so to speak, into
+the same line, and the bearing-rein is introduced in order to bring his
+head into the required position. He is then attached to a carriage, and
+what is the next step? Perhaps the carriage is ordered to the door a
+couple of hours before it suits the convenience of the riders to enter
+it, and they let the horse stand there exposed to the heat of the sun
+and the biting of the flies; and there is the wretched animal with his
+head stuck up in the air, unable to drive away a fly. The bewigged brute
+and idiot of a coachman, of course, thinks it a very fine thing to sit
+behind these poor animals with their stuck-up heads; but his master
+ought to know better.'”
+
+Mr. Graham said that any person who doubted the ability of a horse to
+pull more with his head free, than when it is held by a check-rein,
+could easily convince himself by making a trial with a team. He then
+told a story about the Scotchman Macadam, who invented the road bearing
+his name. On one occasion Macadam was on the outside of a coach,
+traveling on one of his own roads, when the horses stopped, halfway up a
+hill. Macadam was taunted with the failure of his system, for there were
+those who disbelieved in his plan, or were jealous of the reward granted
+to him by the Government. Macadam quietly got off the coach, went to the
+horses' heads, and loosed the four bearing-reins. The horses stretched
+their necks, put their shoulders to the collar, and easily reached
+the top of the hill. He thus vindicated the success of his system, and
+taught his fellow passengers and the coachman a lesson of humanity and
+common-sense.
+
+Mr. Graham added that Barclay and Perkins, the great brewers of London,
+who own hundreds of horses, have forbidden the use of blinders or
+binding reins on any of their animals.
+
+The following, under the title “A True Horse Story,” is taken from a
+recent number of _Our Animal Friends_:
+
+“On Madison Avenue one day I paused to pat the nose of a beautiful
+horse which stood by the curb, and commiserate his misfortune, for this
+beautiful animal, though sleek of coat and shapely in body and limb, was
+apparently suffering most excruciating torture. His head had been
+checked inhumanely high, and the cruel bit, drawing tightly in his
+mouth, disfigured an animal face of unusual charm and intelligence. I
+was just fancying that the horse had begun to understand and appreciate
+my words of sympathy, when the lady who sat in the carriage holding the
+reins fumbled in her pocket, produced a lump of white sugar, and asked
+me to give it to the horse.
+
+[Illustration: 0066]
+
+“'He is very fond of sugar,' she explained, 'and I have quite won his
+heart by feeding it to him. I always carry sugar in my pocket while out
+driving, and give him a lump at every opportunity. I never knew a horse
+to be so fond of sugar. Will you please give him another lump?'
+
+“'Certainly,' I replied; 'I see that you are quite as fond of the horse
+as he is of sweets.'
+
+“'Yes, I think everything of him.'
+
+“'Then why do you torture him?'
+
+“'Torture my Prince?'
+
+“'Yes, that is just what you are doing. Do you know that the poor animal
+suffers agony because his head is checked so unnaturally high? His neck
+is drawn out straight, producing a most ungraceful angle, he holds
+his head awkwardly, the bit is hurting his mouth, and that graceful
+curvature of neck and carriage of head which are in his nature are now
+entirely lost. Why do you check him so high?'
+
+“She didn't know. She was not aware that high checking was a source
+of pain to horses, nor that it destroyed their natural beauty. She was
+amazed at the discovery.
+
+“'May I trouble you to unloosen his check?' she asked.
+
+“When the strap was unsnapped, the horse immediately lowered his head,
+straightened the cramps out of his handsome neck, shook himself to make
+sure that he had actually been released from bondage, and they looked
+around with such a grateful, delighted expression in his intelligent
+eyes that his mistress declared no more checking straps should be used
+upon him.”
+
+Cobweb and Major had both been broken to harness, as well as to the
+saddle, and some days after the conversation recorded in this chapter,
+Charley tried Cobweb in a dog-cart which his father had given him.
+Check-reins and blinders formed no part of the pretty creature's
+harness, and he seemed to appreciate his freedom from those abominations
+of modern custom. Major was tried in the afternoon of the same day,
+and his performance fully justified the faith that the boys had in the
+reformed system of driving. Not only did George and Charley declare that
+they would never use blinders or check-reins on their horses, but they
+chorussed the evils of the old practice to their young friends, several
+of whom were induced to follow their example. And of all those who did
+so, not one returned to the cruelties he had so unthinkingly practiced,
+simply because it was the fashion.
+
+[Illustration: 0069]
+
+How horses can be cured of their maladies by kind and proper treatment,
+is told in the following extract from the life of Sir Astley Cooper. His
+coachman was instructed to attend every market-morning at Smithfield,
+and purchase all the lame young horses which he thought might possibly
+be convertible into carriage or saddle horses, should they recover from
+their defects. He was never to give more than £7 ($35.00) for a horse,
+but £5 ($25.00) was the average price. In this manner thirty or forty
+horses were sometimes collected at Gaelis-bridge, his farm. Once a week
+the blacksmith came up from the village, and the horses were brought to
+him for inspection. Having discovered the cause of their lameness, he
+proceeded to perform whatever seemed to him necessary for the cure.
+The improvement produced in a short time by good feeding and medical
+attendance, appeared truly wonderful. Horses which were at first with
+difficulty driven to pasture, because of their lameness, were now with
+as much difficulty restrained from running away. Even one fortnight at
+Gaelisbridge would frequently produce such an alteration in some of them
+that it required no unskillful eye in the former owner to recognize
+the animal which he had sold. Fifty guineas were paid for one of these
+animals, which turned out a very good bargain, and Sir Astley's carriage
+was for years drawn by a pair of horses which, together, cost him only
+£12 10s.
+
+[Illustration: 0070]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+_Horses that need Check-Reins and Blinders--Proper Mode of applying
+Them--Uses of Whips and Spurs--How to Train a Horse to Follow
+You--A Horse in a Parlor--The Horse that Wouldn't be Called a
+Blackguard--Intelligence of London Bus Horses--How Horses express
+their Gratitude--Henry Bergli and the Society for Preventing Cruelty
+to Animals--A Summary of the Society's Work--What it has
+Accomplished--Friendships of Dogs and Horses--How the Horse lifted his
+Friend the Cat--Locomotive and Colt Racing--Believers in a Future Life
+for Animals--A Horse Saved his Master's Life--Tatters and What he Did._
+
+When our young friends reported to their father the result of their
+experiments at driving their horses without check-reins he was
+greatly pleased to know they had followed his advice and found it so
+satisfactory.
+
+[Illustration: 9071]
+
+They further told him that their neighbors had said it was not safe to
+give up check-reins altogether on all kinds of horses, and asked if such
+was the case.
+
+“That is quite true,” Mr. Graham answered, “and I'm glad the subject
+was mentioned. There are some horses that it would be dangerous to drive
+without some kind of a check-rein; very fresh, unruly or vicious horses
+require something to prevent their getting their heads down and running
+away, but the rein should always be so loose that when a horse has his
+head in proper position the snaffle-bit will hang down from the corners
+of the mouth instead of being drawn up into the cheeks.
+
+“Mr. Sidney says,” continued Mr. Graham, “that the object of a
+check-rein should be to divide the weight with the driver's hands so
+that when the horse drops his head below a certain point the weight
+of his mouth will come on the check-rein instead of upon the driver's
+hands. It also prevents horses, when standing still, from rubbing their
+heads against each other or against the pole where the bit is liable to
+be caught and cause an accident. Properly fitted, the check-rein does no
+harm and may be the means of preventing runaways, but unless it is slack
+when the horse has his head in a natural position it is not properly
+fitted. If a horse naturally carries his head down, like a pig, he is
+not suited for a carriage anyway, and should be employed solely as a
+working horse.”
+
+[Illustration: 0072]
+
+“Thank you, sir,” said Charley, “and Mr. Webb also said that there are
+horses which cannot be driven safely without blinders.”
+
+“Undoubtedly he is right,” was the reply, “but of all the horses now
+driven with blinders, nineteen out of twenty would be just as safe
+without them. A great deal depends on the training and early treatment
+of a horse; if he is broken without blinders he is very unlikely ever
+to need them, as he will be accustomed to the noise and sight of the
+carriage behind him and to what is going on around him. Some nervous
+horses are always looking back, and whenever the driver makes the
+least move they are apt to jump or become restive. Such horses may need
+blinders, but they should be put on in such a way as to allow a good
+range of vision in front. Several gentlemen have equipped their horses
+with narrow blinders, or more properly screens, that stand straight out
+from the side of the animal's head; he thus has a view in front and on
+both sides of him, but cannot seethe carriage and its occupant. Year by
+year the disuse of blinders increases, and we may hope for the day when
+they will be practically given up. Nobody thinks of putting them on
+saddle horses, and they are very rarely, if ever, used on trotting
+horses in harness. If not needed on race-trotters, why should they be
+placed on any other horse in harness?”
+
+The subject of check-reins and blinders having been disposed of,
+Charley's next question referred to the use of the whip in riding or
+driving, and the spur in riding.
+
+“For most purposes,” said Mr. Graham, “the whip should be more an
+article of ornament than of use. It should never be applied in anger,
+and in most applications it should be simply as a reminder. I have known
+horses that were quite lazy, and refused to move above a very slow pace,
+when their riders or drivers had no whips or spurs, but a single touch
+of either, at starting, rendered further use unnecessary. A lady's
+saddle horse requires a slight touch of the whip as an indication to
+take certain steps or to change from one pace to another. The best
+horsemen do not ride without spurs, but they very rarely use them, and
+then only for some real reason.
+
+[Illustration: 8074]
+
+There is no need for the spurs to be sharp; in fact they had better be
+blunt, as the chances of injuring the horse are thus diminished.”
+
+George asked how he could teach Major to follow him when he got off to
+walk a short distance, as frequently happens.
+
+“For instruction on that point,” said Mr. Graham, “I will refer you to
+Mr. Rarey's book, where very clear instructions are to be found. They
+are copied on page 298 of 'The Book of the Horse.'”
+
+George hunted up the paragraph and read as follows:
+
+“Provide yourself with a gig-whip and three or four carrots cut
+in slices. Lead the horse out in either a halter or a common
+watering-bridle. A closed barn or riding school is the best place for
+all instruction, because there is then nothing to distract the horse's
+attention, but a quiet lane will do as well. Begin by fondling your
+horse, talking to him in horse-language, and giving him one or two bits
+of carrot, for which, if he has not been fed recently, he will be eager,
+and begin to push his nose into your hand for more. Then commence by
+leading him forward and backward with one hand, holding the gig-whip
+trailing behind you with the other, calling to him by name, if he has
+one, all the time, as thus:--Come--come along, come along, old
+fellow, touching him up gently or sharply, as the case may be, on his
+hindquarters, with the point of the gig-lash to drive him forward, and
+fondling or rewarding him as he comes to your hand. He will soon learn
+to press forward to avoid the flick of the whip behind, and to come to
+your shoulder to be caressed and rewarded. Instead of flying from you,
+he will learn to seek safety by your side, and follow you anywhere.”
+
+“The whip has something to do with the instruction,” George remarked, as
+he read the foregoing paragraph to Charley.
+
+“Yes,” said the latter, “but you see there are more carrots and caresses
+than whips. Here's something about the use, or rather the misuse, of the
+whip which I have just found in _Our Animal Friends._ The writer appears
+to know what he wants to say.”
+
+“The whip is the parent of stubbornness in a high-spirited animal, while
+gentleness will win obedience, and at the same time attach the animal to
+us. It is the easiest thing imaginable to win the affection of animals,
+and especially horses. An apple, a potato, or a few lumps of sugar,
+given from the hand now and then, will cause the horse to prick up his
+ears at the sound of his owner's footstep, not with fear, but with a
+low whinnying note of pleasure. The confidence of the noblest beast thus
+gained, will lead him to obey the slightest intelligent tone of voice or
+indication of the bit. There is no such thing as balkiness to be found
+in a horse thus treated; he shows a desire to obey, whereas a few lashes
+of the whip, smartly applied, if he be a horse worth having, will arouse
+in him a spirit of retaliation and stubbornness that may cost the owner
+hours of trouble, and possibly danger, to life and limb. Horses are
+made gentle by kindness. They believe in the 'master' they love, and
+his voice will calm them in a moment of fear, or induce them to struggle
+forward, even when overladen, and when a whip would be sure to bring
+them to a stubborn standstill.
+
+“No man knows the true value of his horse until he has won his regard
+and confidence, as it were. The whip will never know this. A kind hand
+and gentle voice will act like magic. Thus we have known women who could
+handle and drive horses that would almost invariably show vicious traits
+in the hands of a male driver.”
+
+“And here's a good story,” said George, “which is copied from the
+_Cornhill Magazine_:
+
+“'All horses have their fancies, and know perfectly well whom they have
+to deal with. I am just now exercised with Whitefeet. One day I found
+her in the drawing-room. To reach it she had walked into the house by
+the front entrance, and after traveling a corridor some forty feet long,
+had passed through three door-ways. There she was, examining furniture,
+smelling knick-knacks, and looking out of the window. I expected a
+scene, since she was as good as wild, having never been made acquainted
+with saddle, bridle or shoe. Yet she behaved like a young lady, not
+only daintily walking about among chairs and tables without damage, but
+exhibiting solitary self-consciousness, especially when she came to look
+at herself in the mirror. This she did with much interest, getting
+first one side of her face and then the other into the most appreciable
+position. It seemed to me that she smiled. When she had gazed her fill I
+said. 'Now come out, my dear.' Then she put her warm, velvety nose into
+the hollow of my uplifted hand and followed me, as I walked backward
+like a courtier into the paddock. And yet a professional breaker had
+found her hard to manage. She was evidently too refined for him, and
+resented his coarse manners. Horses show deliberate resentment. Years
+ago we had two piebalds, Marquis and Tag. I have a portrait, but knew
+them not, as they lived before I was born. You might--it was so related
+to me when a boy by my elders--call Tag anything but a 'blackguard.'
+Tradition says that an incredulous guest, having been told this, one
+evening after dinner, went up by himself to Tag, before breakfast the
+next morning, and quietly said: 'Tag, you are a blackguard.' He was
+thankful to get into the house with only half his coat torn off his
+back. Tag flew at him, open-mouthed, at once.'”
+
+“The intelligence of horses in England is not monopolized by the high
+bred ones,” said Charley after listening to the account of White-feet
+in the parlor. “Here's what an Englishman says of the London omnibus
+horses!--
+
+“'I like riding on an omnibus; it is the best way to see London, and I
+often sit by a 'bus driver's side to the end of his stage and back. So I
+see a good deal of the 'bus horse, and I find in him an animal who well
+repays watching. Most people know that he understands the conductor's
+bell; but few know how well he understands it. The London 'bus driver
+is a very Jehu, but his cattle need very little driving. I see them stop
+when the bell rings, and I see them start when it rings again, even when
+it does so within two seconds. Yet, when the 'bus is in full roll, and
+the conductor rings twice, to show the driver that he is 'full inside,'
+the horses know the double ring and never pause in their stride. Again,
+the 'bus horse knows the policeman's signal. I am driving down Oxford
+Street. At the corner of Bond Street, an old lady wants to cross the
+road. The policeman holds up his white-gloved hand and the horses
+stop, automatically, not pulled up by Jehu. The lady safely across, the
+policeman jerks his thumb forward, and the horses start again. A heavy
+dray is in front. Without sign from Jehu, the horses swerve to right
+and circumvent it. I sometimes think the conductor might drive by merely
+pulling his bellcord, and so save the driver's wages. Further, these
+sagacious beasts know all their stoppings; they know the import of
+the cue 'higher up,' and they know the clatter of the released brake.
+Observe, too, how skilfully the 'bus-horse picks out the dryer portion
+of the wet and slippery wood pavings. And see him cleverly skate down
+Waterloo Place, after a shower of rain or water-carts, with heavy 'bus
+behind him. What other animal could do the like?'”
+
+[Illustration: 0077]
+
+“From a loaded omnibus horse, to a New York street-car horse, is a
+very natural step,” remarked George. “Listen to this account by Supt.
+Hankinson of Mr. Bergh's society, of the appreciation of kindness, which
+was manifested by some car-horses that had been turned out to rest on a
+farm near the city:
+
+“'Among the animals were three which appeared to have formed an
+attachment for each other, for no matter where one went, the others
+would follow. One of the officers had plucked several apples from a tree
+on the grounds, and while eating the fruit the horses approached, and
+stood in line before him. The first, a sorrel, had a most perfect face,
+and evidently came from the best stock. The other two appeared to be of
+ordinary breed; but all were completely run down physically, by reason
+of the hard work they had done while engaged in dragging street cars.
+The poor creatures looked longingly at the officer as he ate the fruit,
+and when the sorrel was given a piece of an apple, the other two took
+positions, one on the right, the other to the left, with the sorrel well
+in front.
+
+[Illustration: 0082]
+
+“'The sight of the group would have gladdened the heart of an artist.
+Their wistful looks beaming from beautiful eyes, as the officer
+preceeded to cut an apple into three parts and distribute it among them,
+would have pleased a sympathetic mind. When the last piece of apple was
+disposed of, and the officer moved to another part of the field, he was
+followed at a respectful distance by his dumb acquaintances, and from
+place to place, wherever duty required his presence, the three horses
+would accompany him, as if to show their appreciation of the simple
+kindness which had been shown them. A stone wall, about four feet
+high, divided the field from the highway leading to the place where
+the Society's patrol wagon, had been left, and when the officers had
+finished their work, they passed through a gate opening into the road.
+Sorrel and his companions did not propose, however, to be left in any
+such a summary manner, and followed along by the stone wall, until
+further progress was stopped by a high wooden fence.
+
+“'When about half-way down the road, the officers heard sounds of
+furious galloping, and, to their amazement, the sorrel came dashing up,
+having leaped the stone wall, a feat which his companions either could
+not or would not venture to do. He followed after the officials until
+great results from his work. Superintendent Hankinson said recently, in
+an interview with a newspaper reporter:
+
+“'We have not in these days the disgusting exhibitions of cruelty and
+brutality that disgraced civilization a quarter of a century ago. You
+rarely see lame horses dragging heavily loaded trucks or cars now. You
+seldom hear of men brutally beating their horses. People are no longer
+sickened by the spectacle of horses covered with bleeding, festering
+sores. The cattle yards are better and cleaner and healthier than they
+ever were. The swill-milk stables are gone. Dog fights and cock they had
+reached the vehicle, when he was captured and led back to the paddock.'”
+
+Charley agreed with his brother that it was an interesting story. Their
+comments upon it naturally led to a discussion of the Society for
+the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which has been mentioned in a
+preceding chapter.
+
+“You know it was founded by Mr. Bergh,” said Charley, “and before his
+death that gentleman had the satisfaction of seeing very fights are not
+as numerous as they were, and there is even an element of humanity in
+the brutal sport of pigeon shooting.
+
+“'I have no hesitation in affirming that this changed condition of
+affairs is wholly due to the labors of the Society for the Prevention
+of Cruelty to Animals. The Society was organized to work just such a
+reform, and I am sure the public will bear me out in the statement that
+its efforts have been crowned with success.
+
+“'Just let me instance some phases of cruelty that were very common in
+this city in the early days of the Society, but which are very rarely
+heard of now:
+
+“'What an ordinary spectacle it once was to see a horse, dragging a
+heavily laden cart or truck, fall from sheer exhaustion in the street!
+And the brutal driver would take a rung from his cart and beat the
+poor animal in the most horrible manner about the head and body. That
+spectacle is very rare in these days. Drivers of horses are particular
+now not to overload their trucks, and they think a good deal, if the
+horse happens to fall, before using a cart rung on him.
+
+“'You remember, too, how certain dealers in poultry used to go through
+the streets carrying fowls by the legs and letting their heads drag
+along the sidewalk. Nowadays fowls are transported about the city in
+crates.
+
+“'Bit burrs are not quite as numerous now as they were some years ago.
+They were quite a 'fad' in society once. They were made of leather about
+three inches in diameter, and one such was thickly studded with long,
+sharp tacks. These burrs were fastened to the bit and placed on each
+side of the horse's mouth. They were a constant source of agony to the
+horse, but they pleased society because they made the horses jump and
+prance as though possessed of an exuberance of animal spirits. The
+horse's attitude and antics were magnificent, but it was magnificent
+agony, for those tacks tore and lacerated the tender flesh about the
+mouth in the most horrible manner. That burr was a most diabolical
+instrument of torture.
+
+“'Another society 'fad' which the Society stopped, or rather
+ameliorated, was the practice of clipping horses as cold weather
+approached. The Society's officers frequently saw teams that had just
+been clipped standing in front of houses in Fifth Avenue or before the
+big dry-goods establishments for hours, shivering with cold. Of course,
+they looked very neat and glossy, but the deprivation of the animal's
+covering was a horrible cruelty.
+
+[Illustration: 9081]
+
+The Society's protest had its effect, and those who clipped their horses
+after that had the humanity to provide them with blankets.
+
+“'Glanders and farcy, those contagious diseases, incurable in man as
+well as in beast, are not by any means as prevalent as they once were.
+And this is owing to the work of the Society in compelling people to
+keep their stables in good condition. Those diseases are the result of
+neglect, bad food, and damp, ill-ventilated stables.
+
+“'Through the efforts of the Society an element of humanity has been
+introduced into the treatment of the cattle sent to New York for
+slaughter. The treatment these poor creatures got at one time was simply
+barbarous. We have officers at all the stock yards and abattoirs, and
+they make it their business to see that the animals are properly fed
+and cared for, and that their quarters are kept in a cleanly, healthy
+condition. A great reform has been consummated, too, by the Society, in
+the method of transporting live stock.
+
+“'And speaking of live stock, reminds me of an incident that happened in
+the early days of the Society. Mr. Bergh--and how we all will miss him
+now that he is gone--was going through Chambers Street one day, when he
+saw two men leading a cow and her calf. The calf was literally skin and
+bones. There was a rope about the cow's neck and another about the calf's.
+The cow's udder was fearfully distended with the milk within it, and
+the calf made continual efforts to get at it, but the man pulled the
+poor little thing away. Well, Mr. Bergh stopped the man, took the rope
+from the calf's neck, and the moment he did so the famished thing made a
+dash for that distended udder and drank its fill. The men protested, but
+Mr. Bergh was inexorable, and he stood there during twenty minutes, the
+center of a crowd of five hundred people, while the poor calf got the
+first good square meal of its life.
+
+[Illustration: 0082]
+
+“'Dog fights and cock fights--brutal, cruel, demoralizing
+exhibitions--were quite a feature of metroplitan life at one time,
+but are, happily, becoming more and more rare. People who like that
+so-called 'sport,' to indulge their propensity are now found to sneak
+off like so many thieves or felons to some stable or loft in the
+country, and there have their 'fun' in the constant fear of interruption
+by Mr. Bergh or of the police.
+
+“'The Society, at one time, had great trouble with the street railroad
+companies, which persisted in driving lame, crippled, sick and disabled
+animals; in salting their tracks and overloading their cars to a fearful
+degree. But there has been a marked reform in all these particulars,
+and I think I can say the car horses of the city to-day are in very good
+condition.
+
+“There can be no doubt that the twenty-two years of the Society's
+existence have been fraught with great good to the animals that minister
+to the needs of man. Our Society has grown to enormous proportions, and
+has branches in every State and city, and almost every town and village,
+in the country. Since its organization the Society in New York has
+prosecuted 13,850 cases in the courts, suspended 35,108 disabled animals
+from work, humanely destroyed 24,099 horses disabled past recovery, and
+removed 4444 disabled horses from the streets in its ambulances.
+Last year the Society prosecuted 797 cases of cruelty in the courts,
+suspended 3456 disabled animals from work, destroyed 2546 disabled
+horses, destroyed 1102 small animals disabled past recovery, removed
+522 disabled horses from the streets in ambulances, and received and
+investigated 3773 complaints.
+
+“It must not be supposed that the existence of so many cases of cruelty
+indicates an increase in the cruel treatment of animals; the large
+figure is rather due to the greater facilities the Society now possesses
+for the detection of such offences.
+
+“Our paid officers are of course limited in number, but every humane
+person in New York can be said to be a detective of the Society. We
+receive a great many complaints, investigate them thoroughly, and then
+report to the complainants the result of such investigations. People
+write to tell us a certain man is in the habit of beating his horse or
+of feeding swill to his cows, or that a dog is dying in a vacant lot
+up-town, or that boys are in the habit of stoning birds in a certain
+locality. All these things we look into, and when we catch the guilty
+parties practicing the cruelty complained of we arrest and prosecute
+them. With all these aids it is clear the work of the Society has been
+very much simplified and more thorough, but it can be much more so by a
+further cooperation of the public. That we look for and hope to obtain.”
+
+Our young friends agreed that Mr. Bergh had done a great work which
+should be commemorated by a monument in his honor. “Magnificent
+monuments have been erected to men far less deserving than he,” said
+Charley. “If the animals whom he befriended could contribute, many
+thousands of dollars would be subscribed at once. All the more noble
+was his philanthropy, because the objects of it could never know their
+benefactor.”
+
+Charley and George were not long in possession of their horses before
+they discovered that quite an attachment had been formed between Cobweb
+and Rover, which was followed by a similar friendship between Major
+and Dash. Whenever the horses were taken out for exercise the dogs
+accompanied them and seemed to enjoy the run very much. At night the
+dogs slept in the stalls with the horses, coiling up under the manger
+while the steeds were standing, but nestling down among their feet or
+close to their bodies when they were lying down.
+
+“That's nothing remarkable,” said Mr. Graham, when the boys told him of
+the equine and canine friendships.
+
+“Dogs and horses are very often mutually attached and sometimes are able
+to be of service to each other.”
+
+“How is that?” Charley asked.
+
+“There is a story told of an English gentleman who had a fine hunting
+horse, which was so fond of a greyhound that he was always uneasy when
+the latter was out of sight. The gentleman used to call at the stable to
+have the dog take a walk with him, and when he did so the horse always
+looked after him and neighed uneasily. When the dog returned to the
+stable he always ran immediately to the horse and licked his nose, the
+horse returning the greeting by rubbing the dog's back.”
+
+“One day when the groom had taken the horse out for exercise the dog
+followed, and during the promenade he was attacked by a larger dog
+which threw him down and was rapidly getting the best of the encounter.
+Thereupon the horse threw back his ears, and in spite of the efforts of
+the groom to restrain him, he rushed at the strange dog and seized him
+with his teeth. He took a good grip of the dog's back that made him quit
+his hold on the greyhound, and then he shook him till the skin gave way.
+Under these circumstances the strange canine was not disposed to renew
+the attack on the greyhound, but ran off as fast as his wounds would
+permit. As he did so the horse pranced about very proudly, and was
+evidently quite happy at being of service to his smaller friend.”
+
+“I've read,” said Charley, “about a horse and cat that were great
+friends, the cat generally sleeping in the horse's manger. When the
+horse was going to have his oats, he used to take the cat very gently by
+the skin on her back, just as cats pick up their kittens, and lift her
+into the next stall, so that she wouldn't be in his way while he was
+eating his food. How he learned that cats should be lifted in that way
+was a mystery, but he certainly did it so that he never hurt her in the
+least. She seemed to understand it perfectly, and whenever he put her
+out of the manger she stayed away till he had eaten his oats. He always
+liked to have her about him, and she frequently climbed on his back and
+seemed perfectly at home there.”
+
+“Here's a story,” said George, “about a race between a colt and a
+locomotive, and according to the account, it was a lively race. It was
+printed in the _Pittsburgh Despatch_, and here it is:
+
+“'Information comes of a remarkable and exciting race between an express
+train, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and a three-year-old colt
+one day last week. The colt belongs to Vince Carpenter, at Limestone
+Station, in Carter County, Kentucky. When the express train arrived
+at Limestone, on the day in question, the colt stepped on the track in
+front of the engine, and when the train started the colt started also,
+keeping some distance ahead of the engine until a large trestle was
+reached at the next stopping-point, a distance of five and a quarter
+miles from Limestone. The colt started over the trestle, but fell down,
+and the race came to an end. The engine stopped, a rope was attached to
+the colt and it was removed from the track.
+
+“'In the race of five and a quarter miles, which was reported to have
+been made in the short time of thirteen minutes, the colt jumped several
+cow gaps, crossed numerous small trestles, and ran around one or two
+bridges.'”
+
+[Illustration: 0086]
+
+Charley's mention of the friendship between a horse and a cat naturally
+turned the conversation in the direction of cats, and led to several
+stories about those domestic favorites. We will give some of these
+anecdotes in the next chapter. Before the conference broke up, George
+asked a question which he had seen in a newspaper: “Is there any future
+life for animals?”
+
+Mr. Graham said he had never given the subject a thought, and had no
+opinion to offer. He read the following, which was written for _Our Dumb
+Animals_ by George T. Angell, in answer to the question, in the very
+words in which George had asked it:--
+
+“We answer, John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, thought there was. So
+did those eminent Christian Bishops, Jeremy Taylor and Butler. Coleridge
+advocated it in England, Lamartine in France, and Agassiz in America.
+Agassiz, the greatest scientist we ever had on this continent, was a
+firm believer in some future life for the lower animals. A professor of
+Harvard University, has compiled a list of one hundred and eighty-five
+European authors who have written on the subject. Among the leading
+clergy in Boston, who have publicly expressed their belief in a future
+life for animals, are Joseph Cook, Trinitarian, and James Freeman Clark,
+Unitarian. Some years ago a man left by will for Mr. Bergh's Society, a
+hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Relatives contested the will on
+the ground that he was insane because he believed in a future life for
+animals. The judge, in sustaining the will, said that he found that more
+than half of the human race believed the same thing.”
+
+“Why do I love horses? Listen, and I will tell you,” said a gentleman,
+whom the author of this volume has known for nearly twenty years. He is
+a prominent man of business in New York, but modestly declines to have
+his name in print, so we will call him Mr. A..
+
+“When a boy, living at home on a Vermont farm, my father owned a pair of
+spirited grays, one being a special pet, never seeming weary and never
+refusing to go anywhere or to do any service asked of him. His mate was
+of the other sort, sulky, ugly, and a thorough shirk. My pet had formed
+a strong personal attachment for me, would always whinney when he heard
+my step, in fact seemed to have the love of a dog for his master.
+
+“Coming down the mountain with a heavy load, by a road plowed out for a
+single track, and snow three feet and more deep on either side, we met
+an old gentleman and lady in a single cutter, who could not or thought
+they could not, turn from the road to allow us to pass.
+
+“The off horse, the ugly one, refused to turn into the snow, and I
+stepped forward of him, taking him by the head, standing in the snow
+half my depth. Instead of accepting my invitation to follow my lead, he
+reared and came down upon me, throwing me on my back, with my head just
+out from under his chest, both of us lying at full length in the snow.
+
+“Now my pet showed his love and that he saw where the trouble lay.
+Taking his mate by the side of the lip in his teeth, he lifted him up
+upon his fore feet, then supposing his duty done, let go his hold, when
+at once the rascal came down again, this time with one knee upon my
+chest, nearly crushing it in, and making breathing almost impossible.
+
+“The old gentleman and lady screamed, and I feared fright of my horses
+would be an added danger, but instead, no wise man's head was ever
+clearer as to duty in time of danger, than was that of my equine friend.
+Taking his mate again by the side of his lip and with a strong grip of
+his teeth, he lifted and held him sitting on his haunches as a dog
+would have done, and with one fore foot bowed out on either side of me.
+Getting hold of the harness I dragged myself from under my captor, when
+Billy showed in no doubtful manner that he meant all he had done. His
+whinney was like a cry of joy. He called to me, danced, rubbed his head
+against me, and showed plainly as language could have done that instinct
+and love had joined in saving my life. Was it reason or instinct or
+inspiration.
+
+“It seemed like a dog's thoughtful, unselfish love, but in the story
+of horses, I have never known such devotion. Now you know why I love
+horses, and why cruelty to one of them is, to me, like a cruel injury to
+a true friend.”
+
+A lady, with whom the author of this volume is well acquainted, writes
+as follows on this subject:
+
+“I think that blinders ought to be abolished by law, but if we cannot
+get rid of them that way, every friend of the horse should exert all
+possible influence to induce people to abandon their use. When I first
+obtained my horse 'Tatters' he had never been driven with an open
+bridle, and had never been used under a saddle, but he had the
+reputation of being exceedingly gentle and afraid of nothing except the
+steam railways and the elevated cars. The statement was correct, as he
+would stand up and strike toward them with his front feet, snorting and
+trembling in great terror. I needed a horse both for riding and driving,
+so I ventured to try him under the saddle before purchasing.
+
+“I am not a very fearless person, as you know, so I went through all the
+prescribed rules laid down for horse-breakers, such as giving him the
+saddle to smell and examine before placing it on his back, putting the
+skirt of my riding habit under his nose to rub with his upper lip and
+feel of in his own way, which he did very thoroughly, taking about seven
+minutes before he seemed entirely satisfied. After mounting and riding
+round the ring once, I feared Mr. 'Tatters' was balky, for if I wanted
+him to pass between other riders he would stop suddenly and refuse to
+move on until a space of six or eight feet was made for his horseship
+to pass, then he would trot along quietly until the same thing occurred,
+and so on, until I bethought me that perhaps he was under the impression
+that the carriage was behind him. I then wheeled him around two or three
+times in as small a space as possible, at which he showed considerable
+fear and he kept a sharp look out for splinters.
+
+“After about two weeks of this performance daily a fine afternoon
+tempted me to a ride in the park. Then the question of 'blinders'
+came up, and each of the 'horsey' people at the stable contributed his
+quantum of caution to the effect that Tatters would shy at everything
+and run away for nothing the first time he went out and saw much, but I
+argued there was no help for it; one could not put blinders on a saddle
+horse, and there was a heap of courage in remembering that Tatters had
+not worn blinders when he went to the blacksmith's to be shod.
+
+“I shall never forget the delightful afternoon we--Tatters and I--had.
+Tatters enjoyed the prospect of the fun--turning his head from side to
+side, and every little while heaving a great sigh of satisfaction which
+every lover and owner of a horse recognizes and understands.
+
+“Our usual run now is around the reservoir and park, then up to Macomb's
+Dam bridge. Glad of company when it is congenial, good company for each
+other when alone. One day, being with a friend who wished to ride over
+to the Riverside Drive, I assented, forgetting for the moment that we
+must pass under the elevated railway in order to get there from Seventh
+Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Street. Fearing ridicule, I
+would not turn back after assenting to the proposition; so, taking an
+extra firm grip of the saddle and with a good deal of thumping in the
+region of my watch-pocket as we approached the dredded object, and
+assuring Tatters in the sweetest tones possible that 'Nothing will
+harm the boy! Missis wouldn't let anything hurt her Tatters,' etc.
+etc.--imagine my surprise when Tatters, after looking up at the passing
+train and then turning his head first to the left and then to the
+right, seeing where the train and the noise came from and where it went,
+quietly walked along under it perfectly satisfied.
+
+[Illustration: 0090]
+
+“I at once made up my mind that if he could see the objects which
+worried him we should get along better together, so I determined that I
+would take the blinders off the next time he went in harness. The people
+at the stable where I keep him tried, in every way, to discourage my
+doing so. 'He will be scared and run away when he sees the carriage
+behind him, and will kick and smash it to pieces.' 'It will never be
+safe for you to do it.' 'He will see everything at the side of the road,
+and you can't drive him at all that way,' and so on, without end. But; I
+had a woman's obstinacy and determined to try him.
+
+“When they found I would have my way they said I must have him handled
+by a trainer and driven in a breaking cart until he was accustomed to
+the open bridle.
+
+“So it was arranged, and I made an appointment with the trainer. Tatters
+was harnessed into the breaking cart, and with a good stout kicking
+strap attached. Then the trainer--looking as though he dreaded the
+job--took the reins and mounted the seat--carefully watched by about
+twenty grooms, who had come out on the sidewalk to see the fun, and were
+offering bets on the result. The trainer drove from Fifty-ninth Street
+up the Boulevard about a dozen blocks and back again, passing under the
+elevated trains each time. Tatters never behaved better in his life.
+'Now,' I said, after walking him around the phaeton with the top first
+up, and then down, 'harness him into it and drive him up the Boulevard
+and back again,' and the trainer did so, with the same result. Then I
+got into the phaeton alone and drove around Central Park and up over the
+bridge at the end of Seventh Avenue, and Tatters never showed the least
+alarm, and he did not worry and sweat when going fast, as before; but,
+on the contrary, seemed to enjoy the novelty. He has never been driven
+with a blind bridle since, and never will be as long as I have him. He
+certainly goes better than ever before, he is no longer afraid of the
+trains on the elevated railway, he used to be scared when bicycles came
+up alongside of him, and now he pays no attention to them.
+
+“It seems to me that when a horse can see anything properly he doesn't
+mind it half as much as when he hears a noise and can't see what is
+making it. Horses are slow in understanding, but once convinced they
+never forget. When we are near a railway or anything else that is likely
+to frighten him I talk to Tatters and let him take his own time to see
+what it is, and then he concludes he isn't to be harmed, and pays no
+attention to it the next time he sees it. He is a great pet; he eats
+out of my hand and is very careful not to let his teeth harm me, he
+recognizes my voice, points his ears and whinnies whenever I go into
+the stable and say, 'Where's my Tatters?' He appreciates every little
+kindness, and seems to try to do his best to please me. We are great
+friends; I always try to understand what he is thinking about, and act
+accordingly. No one can win the confidence of a horse without being kind
+to it, and above all---patient.”--S. A. D.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+_Cats Among the Ancient Egyptians--Feline Peculiarities--Prince
+Krapotkine's Cat--Sailor s Superstitions About Cats--How a Cat Asked
+for a Surgical Operation--Steamboat Cats and their Travels--Display of
+Feline Gratitude--The Cat that Gathered Apples for Its Master--Putting
+Out a Fire--Cats as Foster-mothers for Rabbits, Foxes and Other Small
+Animals--Fishing with Hook and Line--Superstitions of Cats--Fashionable
+Cat Parties--How Dan saved the House from Burning--A wonderful Troupe of
+Performing Cats--The Lesson of Kindness to Pussy._
+
+
+As intimated in the last chapter, cats were the subject of conversation
+between Mr. Graham and his sons, after the story of the horse that
+lifted the cat out of his manger when he wanted to eat his oats.
+
+[Illustration: 9094]
+
+Several feline anecdotes were related, and then the further
+consideration of the topic was postponed until the next evening, when
+Mr. Webb formed one of the party. Henry Johnson happened in during the
+course of the evening and contributed his share to the general fund of
+entertainment.
+
+“Cats are among the earliest animals domesticated by man,” said Mr.
+Graham, “but possibly they are ante-dated by the horse and dog. We find
+these three animals appearing on the sculptures and paintings of the
+ancient Egyptians, by whom cats were held in the highest reverence.
+Temples were erected in their honor, their bodies were mummified after
+death, sacrifices and devotions were offered up to them, and it was
+customary for a family to shave off its eyebrows whenever a cat died in
+its house.”
+
+“Superstitions concerning cats have descended to the present time,” Mr.
+Webb remarked, when Mr. Graham paused. “In the Middle Ages, they were
+supposed to be the familiars of witches, and a black cat was an object
+of dread rather than of veneration, as it was supposed to be the
+embodiment of Satan. Sailors formerly had a dread of cats on shipboard,
+as a sign of ill-luck, and to a considerable extent this belief
+continues among them to-day. Many people predict rain when they see a
+cat washing its face, and a cat-call on a housetop is by some persons
+held to be a sign of death. It was a current belief in the Middle Ages
+that a cat had nine lives, and the saying is a common one how. The
+prevalence of this belief has been the cause of a great many cruelties
+inflicted on this graceful animal.
+
+“Cats do not usually attach themselves to persons,” continued Mr.
+Webb, “their preference being rather for places than individuals. This
+preference gave rise to the belief, which was endorsed by Buffon and
+other naturalists, that the cat is incapable of affection, and retains
+in its domesticated state its savage ferocity, which is merely disguised
+by cunning and restrained by selfishness. But there are many stories
+told, on perfectly good authority, to illustrate the affection of cats
+for their owners and friends, though it is proper to say that instances
+of personal affection are far less numerous in the cat than in the dog.”
+
+[Illustration: 0095]
+
+“Dr. Johnson and Southey were fond of cats,” said Mr. Graham. “Southey
+declared that no house was properly furnished without a child rising
+three years and a kitten rising three weeks. Lord Chesterfield left a
+sum of money for the support of his favorite cat, Prince Krapotkine,
+like other famous captives, has a prison pet--a cat,--which has been a
+jail bird almost from its birth, and has grown to be a great favorite
+with the Prince. Like Sir Walter Scott's cat, this cat can do everything
+but talk.”
+
+[Illustration: 0096]
+
+Mr. Graham then read the following from Prince Krapotkine's story of his
+prison life:--
+
+“When the cat wants my door opened, it does not mew, it stretches itself
+to its full length and shakes the latch with its paw. If the door had
+another kind of fastening, it would certainly open it by raising the
+latch. It knows perfectly well the meaning of all the bells which ring
+in the prison--that to bid the inmates to rise in the morning, that
+which sounds before soup is served. Its dictionary is very limited, but
+it understands perfectly the meaning of the words it knows. Thus, in the
+evening when I walk in my room, it performs all sorts of gambols, and by
+making certain special sounds, endeavors to make me play with it at hide
+and seek--it plays this game exactly as children do, and insists that
+each party should hide in his turn--or to draw a string along for it to
+run after. If, in reply to its invitation to play, I say to it, 'What do
+you want? Food? Drink?' it is displeased, and goes with a sulky air to
+sit behind my little stove. But when I say, 'the string?' it replies
+immediately by two sounds, concerning the affirmative tone of which
+there can be no doubt. I could relate other instances of sagacity, but I
+do not wish to impose upon the credulity of your readers.
+
+[Illustration: 9098]
+
+There is, however, an interesting point which it would be well to have
+cleared up. Are cats susceptible to music? Without being able to affirm
+positively, I believe they are. When my cat was little, it several times
+seemed to us that it found a real pleasure in listening to some air of
+a pleasing cadence. For example, the waltz from Faust, provided it was
+sung by a very high and pure voice. We even thought that music caused
+it to assume almost a sentimental air. It is unnecessary to say that my
+cat, like all others, is very susceptible to caresses, and, for I must
+confess its faults, to flattery. In general, cats are less intelligent
+than dogs, but, by care and attention, their intelligence can be highly
+developed. I am sorry that I have not sufficient time, or I should
+undertake the education of my cat by a system of cards, as proposed by
+Lubbock.”
+
+“Speaking of sailors' superstitions about cats,” said Mr. Webb, “a lady
+told me not long ago that she bought a Persian cat in Calcutta and
+brought it home on a sailing ship. Every time they were becalmed the
+sailors would try to get her cat and throw it overboard, for they think
+that doing so would raise a wind.
+
+“This is an old superstition of the mariner. It would be hard to say how
+it originated, but it is probable that it was originally intended as
+a sacrifice to Neptune, the god of the sea; as on land the gods were
+propitiated by the offerings of the devout, so Jack sought to calm
+the sea god's fury by offering him a cat. The old sailor, even in this
+meaning of the word 'cat's-paw.' It is simply a quaint idea of the
+marine, who sees in the sudden and peculiar zephyr that ruffles the
+water, a resemblance to the frolics of the cat. Does pussy jump around
+good-humoredly there will be a good breeze and fair. But when she arches
+her back and swells her tail, then look out, for her scowling look will
+be as a calm to the storm it foreshadows, and the flashes from her
+eyes but as sparks to the blue streaks of zig-zag lightning which will
+certainly soon illuminate the sky.”
+
+“I've a story about an intelligent cat that belonged to a doctor,”
+ said Charley. “I found it in the _Tribune_; it is dated at Deposit, and
+signed O. T. Bundy.”
+
+All listened while Charley read the following:
+
+“My cat, which we knew by the name of 'Peter,' was a sufferer from a
+large abscess on the lower jaw, directly underneath. I attempted to
+lance it, with what proved to be a broken pointed instrument. He cried
+while the attempt was being made, but did not run away from me, advanced
+age, regards the cat as a veritable weather gauge. The old landsman
+is often puzzled to account for some of the strange sea terms, and
+questions are often asked as to the although I did not hold him, or try
+to. Of course I failed to introduce the instrument into the sore, and
+showed what I held in my hand. I then took a sharp lance from the case
+and showed it to him.
+
+[Illustration: 8099]
+
+He came up directly to me and raised his head in such a way that the
+sore was exposed, and held it in this position until I had completely
+opened the abscess and withdrawn the lance, not crying or offering to go
+away from me. Now the blunt tool was torture, and it gave him no
+relief, yet he must have thought from my talk and manner that relief was
+intended, or he would never have held still for the second trial.”
+
+“Here's a story about a steamboat cat,” said George, “which was written
+by somebody for the _New Orleans Pickayune_.”
+
+“In July the steamer. _Golden Rule_ arrived here from Cincinnati. A
+little common gray cat lived on the boat, that had been left at Bayou
+Sara, by accident. She had stepped on the wharf boat and had not
+returned in time. The officers on the _Golden Rule_ felt sorry to lose
+her, for she had left three little kittens behind, who missed their
+mother sadly. But, to the surprise of all, the next boat that arrived
+down brought puss as a passenger or stowaway. She remained on board in
+her new quarters till near midnight, then made her way to the _Golden
+Rule_.
+
+[Illustration: 0100]
+
+The watchman saw her come on board and witnessed the happy meeting
+between the kittens and their mother. I was a passenger on the boat as
+she returned to Cincinnati that trip, and puss was quite a heroine. But,
+alas, the temptations to visit wharf boats was so strong that she got
+left behind again, somewhere on the Indiana side of the Ohio, I have
+forgotten the town. Real grief was manifested by her friends when they
+missed her; they thought she was lost to them forever. On their arrival
+at Cincinnati, the steward left the boat, and the kittens disappeared
+with him. Three or four days afterward the _Ariadne_ arrived from below,
+and the gray pussy came up on her. No one knows how she found out that
+boat was bound up the river instead of down, for other boats had stopped
+at that place, but only this one going up to Cincinnati. Puss was soon
+installed in her old home again, but the kittens were gone, and she was
+lonesome; so she went out on the wharf-boat and found a poor, forlorn
+kitten nearly as large as herself. This she carried in her mouth up into
+the cabin of the _Golden Rule_ and placed it on a chair, and insisted
+that it should be noticed and caressed, nor would she eat until it was
+supplied, and she had it with her last winter.”
+
+“That steamboat cat reminds me of one in New Haven,” said Henry, who
+felt that it was his turn to tell a story. “I found the anecdote in the
+_New Haven News_:
+
+“'A curious story is told of a cat which lives on the Starin steamboat
+dock. The cat will occasionally take a notion to visit New York, and if
+driven off the boat at one place, will be seen to jump on at another, in
+time to avoid getting left. She will stay in New York two or three
+days at a time, and when her visit is concluded, will return and remain
+contented in New Haven for a season, until the fever for traveling comes
+on again. The persistency and ingenuity of the cat in boarding the boat
+for one of these journeys excites wonder, as the cat has a family of
+kittens living in New Haven. These kittens appear to be resigned to the
+temporary absence of their mother, but are always glad when she gets
+back from New York.'”
+
+“There are many instances of the display of gratitude by cats,” Mr. Webb
+remarked. “One of the best I know of is told by a lady in California, as
+follows:
+
+“'My cat, with regard to his meals, is a most grateful cat, and, however
+hungry he may be, he never thinks of eating until he has purred his
+thanks and rubbed his head against my hand. This trait of character was
+once displayed in the most affecting manner. One day 'Pret' had been
+shut up in the loft, on account of a lady visitor who had a strange
+antipathy to cats. I was going to town that day, and did not return
+until after midnight. As I was going upstairs I heard 'Pret's' voice
+calling me in a very anxious manner, and, on inquiry, I found that the
+poor cat had been forgotten, and had been shut up all day without a
+morsel of food or a drop of milk. Of course I immediately procured some
+milk and meat and carried it up to him. The poor creature was half wild
+with happiness when he heard my footsteps, and on seeing the plate of
+meat and saucer of milk he flew at them like a mad thing. But scarcely
+had he lapped a drop of milk when he left the saucer, came up to me with
+loud purring, and caressed me, as if to express his thanks. Then he went
+to the plate, but only just touched it with his nose, and again came to
+thank me for having attended to his wants, both of food and drink. It
+quite brought the moisture to my eyes to see the affectionate creature,
+though nearly wild with hunger and thirst, refrain from enjoying his
+food until he had returned thanks.'”
+
+Mr. Graham said the Californian story reminded him of a Connecticut one,
+that appeared a short time before, in a New Haven paper. The story was
+that Mr. George Baldwin had several apple and pear trees, and last fall
+his cat awoke to the fact that these trees bore fruit which his master's
+family liked to eat.
+
+[Illustration: 9102]
+
+One day in October, the cat's owner was surprised by the action of his
+pet. The animal was walking slowly about one of the trees, stopping
+every minute or two to gaze up at the apples on the boughs. After
+completing its tour of inspection, the cat climbed the tree, and slowly
+made its way out on a limb toward what was probably the ripest and
+largest apple of several bushels of fruit on the trees. When it reached
+its goal, the animal made several attempts to break the stem with its
+teeth, and finally succeeded. It had taken care to bite off a bit of the
+stem long enough to be securely held, and with its prize in its mouth
+the cat began its descent. Once on the ground, the apple was carried
+to a porch and laid by the side of a door opening into the house. The
+exploit was frequently repeated by Mr. Baldwin's sagacious puss, and the
+side of the porch was usually lined with apples.
+
+“Did anybody ever hear,” said Charley, “of the cat that shared its
+dinner with its master?”
+
+Nobody had heard of this wonderful cat, thereupon Charley read the
+following from the _Manchester Times_:
+
+“A member of the Zoological Society says: I once had a cat who always
+sat up to the dinner-table with me and had his napkin round his neck,
+and his plate and some fish. He used his paw, of course, but he was very
+particular, and behaved with extraordinary decorum. When he had finished
+his fish I sometimes gave him a piece of mine. One day he was not to be
+found when the dinner bell rang, so we began without him. Just as the
+plates were put round for the entrée, puss came rushing upstairs and
+sprang into his chair with two mice in his mouth. Before he could be
+stopped he dropped a mouse on to his own plate, and then one on to mine.
+He divided his dinner with me as I had divided mine with him.”
+
+There was a laugh all around over this amusing incident, and when it
+subsided, George asked what became of the mouse which the cat put on its
+master's plate. History seemed to be silent on that point, but whether
+the youth supposed the dainty was or was not devoured by the gentleman,
+we will not inquire. The subject was not discussed, as the attention
+of the party was next turned to a cat that put out a fire. The incident
+happened in Monongahela, Pa., and was as follows:
+
+A family went out to a meeting, leaving Master Tom, a favorite cat, in
+sole occupation of the house.
+
+[Illustration: 8103]
+
+On their return the cat's actions led to an examination, when his feet
+were found to be blistered. The sitting-room served to explain matters.
+A live coal had been thrown out and set the carpet on fire. Puss had
+evidently clawed out the fire for a considerable distance about the spot
+burned, leaving nothing but a center of ends, charred and frizzled. All
+the circumstances indicated that the cat had put out the fire.
+
+“Cats are very fond of valerian,” said Mr. Graham, “and I have heard of
+a woman in St. Thomas who turned this fact to practical use.”
+
+“How was that?” queried Mr. Webb.
+
+“She detected the odor of sewer gas in her parlor,” was the reply, “and
+as the landlord from whom she leased the house would not believe in the
+existence of the gas, she hit upon a device to convince him. She first
+poured a quantity of valerian down the pipe of one of the basins in the
+upper story. The odor of valerian presently filled the parlor below.
+Procuring two cats she turned them loose in the parlor. They immediately
+evinced delight at the odor, and ran to an adjoining closet where it was
+strongest. They finally jumped upon a shelf in the closet, and there, by
+their contentment, showed that they had traced the odor to its source.
+The householder sent for a plumber, who, removing the lath and plaster,
+discovered a leak in the pipe which communicated with the sewer.”
+
+[Illustration: 0105]
+
+Feline peculiarities were discussed at the conclusion of the foregoing
+story. Some one told about a cat in Missouri, which had four kittens,
+and one day she went into the woods and brought in two young rabbits,
+which she added to her family. She licked and caressed the little
+rabbits, just as she did her own kittens, and the new comers got along
+with the others on perfectly friendly terms.
+
+Then somebody else told about four young foxes in Indiana that have been
+adopted by a cat. She seems to manifest as much maternal solicitude and
+motherly fondness for them as though they were her own. The foxes
+have accepted the situation in a spirit of meekness, and are seemingly
+satisfied. This was followed by a story of a cat whose kittens had been
+drowned; she found three young squirrels that she adopted and tenderly
+nursed.
+
+“That is not so strange,” said Mr. Graham, “as the performance of a
+French cat, which I read about in the _Revue Scientifique_. One day the
+cat came into the house, having in its mouth a sparrow, caught in the
+neighboring garden. Scarcely had puss entered the room when she let
+the bird free, evidently for the purpose of playing with it, as is the
+custom of cats with mice before devouring them. The sparrow, having one
+of its wings injured, could not escape by flying, but boldly began to
+attack its huge enemy by fierce blows on the nose with its beak. The cat
+seemed astonished at the attack, and beat a retreat. From that moment
+the two seemed to forget their natural instincts and came to a mutual
+understanding. The truce continued and gradually grew to a fraternal
+friendship. They ate, played and slept together. Often they ran about
+the house, the sparrow perched on the cat's back, and sometimes carried
+gently in the cat's mouth, from which it was released on the first wish
+to be free. When feeding together, puss never touched a morsel till her
+friend had first partaken.”
+
+“I read not long ago,” said Charley, “a story about a friendship between
+a cat and a rat. It was signed C. A. B., and appeared in Our Animal
+Friends. Here it is:
+
+“'My cousin was much plagued by rats; they were so troublesome that
+every method was used to exterminate them. One day the cook thought she
+would try to scald them, and, watching her opportunity, threw a pail
+of boiling water, which covered the back of one, taking the hair and a
+portion of the skin off,--but he was enabled to reach his hiding place.
+Some days afterward a rat was seen eating from the same dish with the
+cat, having no hair on its back and appearing quite feeble. The cook
+called the attention of her mistress to the fact, and told the story of
+her throwing the scalding water some days before, and that the rats had
+ceased to be troublesome since.
+
+“'Time rolled on, and it became quite an amusement to the family to
+watch for the coming of the rat, and the eating of its regular meals
+with the cat, and the little gambols indulged in together after eating.
+
+“'In the course of the summer the family went on a visit, and closed
+their house for a few months, but made provision for the favorite cat,
+that she should stay with a relative in the same town.
+
+“'Upon their return in the fall they called upon their relative for the
+cat, as the house was much infested with rats, and learned from them,
+that soon after they had left, an ugly-looking rat, without any hair on
+its back, made its appearance and used to eat with the cat, till one day
+one of the family killed it. Since that time they couldn't get the cat
+to eat anything, and she would not stop in the house, but had gone to a
+neighbor's. They caught her several times and brought her back, but she
+wouldn't remain with them.
+
+“'My cousin, after hearing the particulars, became much interested, and
+chided herself for her thoughtlessness in not letting her relative know
+the curious story of the rat while making provision for the care of her
+cat. She went to the neighbor, but the cat would take no notice of her.
+She persevered and took the cat to her old home, but the cat wouldn't
+stay--off she would run to the neighbor she had selected as her friend.
+They got the daintiest food they could select, they coaxed and petted
+her, kept the door closed, and did everything they could to win back her
+confidence; but she wouldn't eat or taste a thing in the house, and they
+finally gave up in despair and allowed her to have her own way.
+
+[Illustration: 0108]
+
+“'They never could get that cat to notice any one of the family or to
+come into the house again. Was this _instinct?_Was it reason? Was it a
+type of chivalry and grandeur in the animal not yet recognized by man?”
+
+“Some time ago,” said Mr. Webb, “The _New York World_ published a story
+about a cat that lived in Eighteenth Street, in that city, and was
+called 'Ears.' The _World_ said of her:
+
+“'She can fetch and carry like a retriever, and when her mistress throws
+a paper out of a third-floor window, Ears climbs into a basket fixed
+outside on a pulley, shuts the lid, and quietly lets herself down to the
+ground. Then she gets the paper, hides away in the basket and mews as
+a signal to be drawn up. She will play dead and alive and allow the
+wickedest boy alive to whirl her around his head by the tail. She takes
+a bath every day of her own accord and rocks herself to sleep on the
+back of a rocking-chair. The canary that lives in the same house uses
+her as a riding-horse, and every morning Ears gallops round and round
+the room with the bird on her back.'”
+
+“I thought cats didn't like water,” said Charley, “and never took a bath
+except by accident.”
+
+“They dislike water very much,” replied Mr. Webb, “as their fur has very
+little oil in it to resist the effect of moisture. I knew a cat at the
+Wawayanda Club, on Great South Bay, Long Island, that used to go into
+the water to catch small fishes; she didn't seem to mind the wetting, or
+rather she cared less for it than for a fish dinner. I read recently of
+a mill on a stream in South Carolina, belonging to a man named Pruitt.
+Pruitt owns a large cat that, as soon as the mill is stopped, by
+shutting down the gate, will immediately run down behind the mill and
+get on a log just over the sheeting over which the water is flowing. She
+will then look intently into the water, which is from eighteen inches to
+two feet deep, until she spies a fish; she then plunges into the water,
+frequently burying herself under it, but almost always coming out with a
+fish. She then sits quietly down on a rock near by and enjoys her meal.
+
+[Illustration: 0109]
+
+“A newspaper of Portland, Maine,” said Mr. Graham, “published a story
+some years ago about a cat that used to catch fish with a hook and
+line.”
+
+“Of course every one laughed at the absurdity of the idea, all except Mr.
+Graham, who didn't relax the muscles of his face, but declared that he
+believed the story to be true. “And so will you,” he continued, “when
+you hear the details.”
+
+“By all means give us the details, then,” said Mr. Webb.
+
+“Well, this is the story as I remember it. The cat belonged in a
+counting house or office that was on one of the piers in the harbor and
+had a trap-door in the floor through which dust was swept. Fishes swam
+under the pier and the clerks in the office used to bait a hook and
+lower the line through the trap-door to catch a fish for the cat's
+dinner. She sat and looked on at the proceeding and very soon learned
+that the trembling of the line was the signal that a fish had been
+secured on the hook.
+
+“One day the clerk who had baited the hook and set the line was busy at
+his desk when the line trembled and puss knew that the time to haul in
+had arrived. The clerk did not come promptly enough to suit her; so she
+seized the line and drew it up 'hand over hand,' or rather 'paw over
+paw.' The clerk looked on in surprise as she hauled up the line and
+secured the fish, and ever after that she was allowed to do her own
+fishing. She never got up to the ability of baiting the hook and setting
+the line, but she certainly did all the rest of the work. The newspaper
+that I read it in said hundreds of citizens of Portland had seen that
+cat take her own fish, and the story is so well vouched for that I have
+no doubt of its truth.”
+
+“Cats are more skillful in the use of their paws than many people
+believe,” said Mr. Graham. “For instance, listen to the following:
+
+“A clergyman, the Rev. R. Lane, at Claverack, Columbia County, that was
+once asked at a school examination; 'How many toes has a cat?' Can you
+tell?”
+
+Charley shook his head and admitted that he didn't know. George and
+Henry were equally unlearned on that point, and the former asked how the
+question was answered at the school.
+
+“Not one of the pupils in the school could tell,” said Mr. Webb, “and
+then the principal was applied to for a solution. He also, with a
+good-natured smile, gave it up, when one of the teachers, determined not
+to be beaten by so simple a question, hit on the idea of sending out a
+delegation of boys to scour the neighborhood for a cat.
+
+“That brings up the question,” said Mr. Webb turning to the boys: the
+idea was announced, the whole class wanted to join in the hunt. Several
+boys went out and soon returned successful. A returning board was at
+once appointed, and the toes counted, when to the relief of all it was
+learned that a cat possesses eighteen toes, ten on the front feet and
+eight on the hind feet.”
+
+“The _Kingston Freeman_ writes as follows: 'There is a young lady in the
+town of Claverack who has a pet cat which she has taught to sit at the
+table, and with a napkin about its neck it takes meat from a plate with
+its paws as dexterously as an epicure. When given a piece of meat on a
+fork it will hold the fork in its fore-paws and take the meat from the
+tines, and when given a cup of milk it will hold up the cup and drink.
+The cat has a well-developed 'thumb' on each fore-paw.'”
+
+[Illustration: 0111]
+
+“Cats are inquisitive,” Mr. Graham remarked, “and examine new
+things with a great deal of care. They are not altogether free from
+superstition and sometimes display great alarm at things they do not
+understand. Théophile Gautier tells of a cat he had which was a great
+pet and used to sit for hours and watch him at his work.
+
+“One day Gautier brought home a parrot; the cat surveyed the bird
+carefully and evidently came to the conclusion that it was a green
+chicken. It showed no alarm whatever until the parrot spoke. Then a
+great fear came over the cat; it arched its back, enlarged its tail and
+fled in terror, and not for days could it again be persuaded to enter
+the room where the parrot was.
+
+“It is not uncommon for cats to play with a soap bubble without
+appearing to be astonished or mystified by its sudden disappearance.
+In one case, however, puss was so demoralized at the mystery as to grow
+big-tailed, and spit at any soap bubble which might happen to fall to
+the floor and drift across it. Another, which up to that time had never
+seen a colored person, fled so precipitately from a good-looking negro
+girl, that it tumbled into a grating, from which it could not be coaxed
+until hunger overcame its terror; and the oddity of it was that puss
+herself was as black as a coal.”
+
+“There is fashion in everything,” said Mr. “Webb, “and a New York
+newspaper says that cat-parties are the latest sensation. Recently a
+young girl, the happy possessor of a fine maltese cat, invited a number
+of her friends to bring their pet cats to five o'clock tea, each cat
+to have a ribbon about its neck, corresponding to that worn by its
+mistress. At the appointed hour the cats made their appearance, in
+charge of their respective owners. After the feline introductions had
+taken place, some of which were the reverse of friendly, games were
+introduced, and soft balls, toy mice and other objects dear to pussy's
+heart were provided. These pastimes, however, were sometimes marred by
+a vigorous slap, when two strangers came in collision, and once the
+belligerent pussies had to be separated by friends. When tea was
+announced, a table furnished with saucers of milk and small cakes, with
+cushioned stools, was disclosed.
+
+[Illustration: 0113]
+
+The floral decorations consisted of catnip, lavender, grasses, and
+bright flowers. The cats, placed on their respective stools, and
+attended by their mistresses, partook of the good cheer set before them.
+Their behavior was quite correct. With their fore-paws on the table,
+they lapped the milk with becoming propriety. When all were satisfied,
+there was a comical sight. Each pussy began making her toilet, and the
+face-washing was decorous in the extreme. After leaving the table a
+spray of catnip was given each kitty, and the feline happiness was
+complete. These sprigs were tossed in the air, caught, and lovingly
+caressed. As each kitty departed, it was presented with its ball or toy
+mouse as a memento of the party.”
+
+“Before we separate,” said Mr. Graham, glancing at the clock as a hint
+that it was time to bring the conference upon felines to an end, “let
+me tell you of a cat that saved a house from being burned. His name was
+Dan, and he was the property of a little boy who was very kind to his
+furry pet.
+
+[Illustration: 9114]
+
+The time came at last when Dan could repay this kindness; and he did so.
+One cold winter night all had gone upstairs to bed, and were sleeping
+soundly. Dan was cosily rolled up on his nice warm mat behind the
+kitchen stove, when all at once the room became very light. Dan awoke;
+and what should he see but the broom, which had been left standing a
+little too near the stove, all on fire. In a few moments the house would
+have been ablaze, but Dan thought of his master; so away he trotted
+upstairs to his room.
+
+“Dan called with a very loud voice, 'Mew, mew, mew'; but his master did
+not hear him. Then he said, 'Mew, mew, mew,' still louder; but that did
+not awake him. Then he jumped upon the bed, pulling back the bed-clothes
+with his paw, and gently struck his master in the face. This aroused
+the sleepy boy, and he very soon learned the meaning of Dan's strange
+actions. He jumped out of bed, ran downstairs, and put out the fire
+before it had got under very great headway. The story was told afterward
+in the local newspaper and Dan became a hero in the place where he
+lived.”
+
+A few more cat stories were told in spite of the lateness of the hour,
+and it was agreed in conclusion that cats greatly resemble dogs, horses
+and children, too, in being influenced by their surroundings, training
+and teaching. A child taught to be cruel, or to lie and steal in early
+life, is not likely to be a good or useful member of society. Horses
+and dogs are made vicious by bad treatment or gentle by kindness, and
+a cat's conduct will depend very largely upon its surroundings and
+education.
+
+[Illustration: 0115]
+
+A writer in Harper's _Young People_ gives the following interesting
+account of a wonderful troupe of performing cats at the Winter Circus in
+Paris:
+
+“M. Bonnetty, the owner and trainer of these performing cats, believed,
+in spite of all opinions to the contrary, that puss belonged among
+animals of the highest intelligence. He collected cats of all kinds, and
+set patiently to work to educate them. The result has been wonderful,
+and puss has shown that when treated kindly she is capable of great
+things, and is a most willing slave, affectionate and gentle, and always
+ready to do her master's bidding.
+
+[Illustration: 0116]
+
+“M. Bonnetty never gives puss a harsh word or a blow, for those arouse
+her hatred, and she never forgets them. His work has been accomplished
+by coaxing and caressing. He usually begins the training with kittens,
+but he has had almost as great success with cats which have been several
+years old when they reached his hands. At first he keeps them in a large
+apartment for several months, feeding them and petting them until he
+has won their entire confidence and affection. Then pussy's education
+begins. The first exercises are very simple, such as jumping through
+a hoop and climbing a pole, until by degrees puss, obedient to her
+master's voice, will do every trick that a beast of her size is capable
+of.
+
+“After a year's training the graceful creatures make their first
+appearance in public. This is the time of trial, for it sometimes
+happens that the little feline artist will perform beautifully when
+alone with her master, but will be frightened and confused by the music,
+the glare of lights, and the crowd of people at the circus.
+
+“There are fourteen beautiful pussies in the troupe, and the tricks they
+do are wonderful. They play with mice and birds, holding them in their
+paws and even in their teeth without doing them the slightest injury;
+they jump through a blazing hoop held up by the trainer, perform
+graceful gymnastic exercises on the backs of thirty-two chairs placed
+in a row, march around in time to music like little soldiers, and group
+themselves in many graceful and comical attitudes. And the best part
+of it is that the pussies seem to take as much delight in their amusing
+capers as do the crowds of children who watch them; and when a thousand
+little clapping hands applaud them, they form in a row and look as
+pleased and proud as if they understood what it was all about. Perhaps
+they do.
+
+“A gentleman who went with M. Bonnetty to visit the cats in the room
+where they live found them all sleeping in graceful groups around a
+glowing stove, for an educated cat loves heat as well as her more humble
+sisters, and cannot be kept in good condition without it. As the trainer
+and his friend entered the room fourteen pair of little eyes opened,
+little ears were pricked up on the alert, and the pussies arose,
+stretching themselves and purring, and at once crowded around their
+master, rubbing against him, and reaching up to be caressed, while one
+little white cat named Gora climbed up to his shoulder and nestled in
+his neck. 'Yes, they all have names,' said their master, 'and they know
+them. There are Juno and Brutus and Caesar and Mayor and Lucette and
+Boulanger--he's that large cat. He's as gentle and loving and playful
+as a kitten. You know every word I am saying, don't you, old fellow?'
+he added, as a beautiful, glossy tiger cat, with large liquid eyes,
+came forward purring and showing every sign of feline delight and
+satisfaction.
+
+[Illustration: 0118]
+
+“The star of the troupe is named Tibert, after the famous cat in the
+ancient romance of 'Reynard and the Fox.' Tibert is two years old. He
+is very agile and skillful. He leads the company in the jump through
+blazing hoops, and his greatest delight is to turn somersaults over the
+backs of chairs.
+
+“The performing cats lead very temperate and regular lives. They are
+given an airing every day, and the large room where they live is lighted
+and sunny and well supplied with soft cushions for beds. They are fed at
+regular hours on bread and milk, and once a day they have all the liver
+they can eat, as that has been found to be the most healthy meat for
+them. They always have a pan of water, for water is something of which
+every full-grown cat needs an abundant supply.
+
+“The cats in this troupe are all of the common varieties, black and
+white cats, tigers, Maltese, and tortoise-shell. The trainer has tried
+in vain to teach the Persian and Angora cats. They are beautiful for
+pets, but they are not agile, nor capable of much affection, and they
+have very little brains and a short memory. When M. Bonnetty needs
+recruits for his troupe, he seeks them among the cats that climb roofs
+at night and prowl over back-yard fences, as among these despised and
+persecuted creatures he has discovered the highest degrees of docility,
+sagacity, and intelligence.”
+
+[Illustration: 0119]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+_The Elephant--Differences between Indian and African Elephants--The
+Begging Elephant of Willenoor--Recognition of a Friend--What the
+Elephant Enjoys--Elephant Working a Pump--One that Served as a Nursemaid
+to Children--Madame Duphot's Pet, Nirjara--The Elephant who Remembered
+an Injury--How Wild Elephants are Caught--Tame Elephants used
+for Hunting Wild Ones--Manjari and what he did--Securing the
+Captives--Driving a Herd into a Keddali--Laws against Killing
+Elephants--The Sagacity of a Young Elephant in Robbing a Garden._
+
+We will go at once from a small animal to a large one,” said Mr. Graham
+at their next conversation about the intelligence of quadrupeds.
+“And not only to a large one but to the largest four-footed animal in
+existence.”
+
+“That must be the elephant,” said Charley, “as he is conceded to be the
+largest land animal in the world.”
+
+“Yes,” replied the gentleman, “and what can you tell me about him?”
+
+“He belongs to the order of _Pachydermata_ and the section
+_Proboscidean_,” the youth answered, “and his ordinary height at the
+shoulder is about eight feet, though there are many elephants that
+exceed ten feet. He is very bulky in proportion to his height and
+length, the weight of a large elephant being about five tons. He can
+sleep standing and often does so, but it is incorrect to suppose, as
+some people do, that he cannot lie down on account of the shortness and
+stiffness of his legs. He is very sure-footed and can go up and down
+steep hills and mountains with very little trouble.”
+
+“Quite correctly stated,” said Mr. Graham as Charley paused. Then
+turning to George he asked how many kinds of elephants there are in the
+world.
+
+[Illustration: 0121]
+
+“There are only two distinct species now living,” said George, “and they
+are known as the Indian and the African elephants. Some differences
+have been found between the Sumatran elephant and the Indian one but the
+naturalists are not agreed as to whether the Sumatran should be classed
+as a distinct species.”
+
+“Evidently you have been reading up the subject of elephants,” said Mr.
+Graham with a smile, “as I did not expect to find you so well informed.
+But I have brought you something which probably you have not seen, and
+it may combine instruction with amusement as it has much to do with
+elephants.”
+
+Thereupon Mr. Graham took from the table a book which he explained was
+written by Louis Jacolliott, a French gentleman who lived many years
+in India and devoted much time and observation to the elephant. “I have
+marked several passages in the volume,” said lie, “and you may read them
+aloud in English, partly for practice in translating from French
+but mainly for the edification of Mr. Webb and Henry as well as of
+yourselves.”
+
+Charley was first called upon to translate from the marked passages,
+which he did as follows:
+
+“The most curious and interesting animal which I have met,” says M.
+Jacolliott, “is the elephant. Not the elephant of the menageries, broken
+in spirit and submissive, but the elephant as he is found in his native
+country. Some instances of his aptitude and intelligence are marvellous.
+
+“A few leagues from Pondichery stands a pagoda called Willenoor, which,
+at the grand feasts of May, receives a multitude of five or six hundred
+thousand pilgrims, coming from all parts of India. A number of sacred
+elephants are attached to this pagoda, and among them is a mendicant,
+or begging elephant. Twice each week this elephant, accompanied by
+his driver, goes to the villages and to Pondichery to beg alms for the
+priests of Willenoor.
+
+“Many times, working beneath the veranda, closed in by curtains on the
+first story of my house, I have seen him lift the movable curtain with
+his great trunk and balance himself to ask me for a piece of small coin,
+which he sucked from my hand to his trunk, a distance of more than
+three inches. I never failed to give him a small piece of money for
+the pagoda, and for himself a loaf of bread which my servant dipped in
+molasses, of which the elephant was very fond. In a short time we became
+very friendly. He had seen me only in undress, that is, in the light
+silk garments of the country, and then, only across the little pillars
+of the balcony of my cottage.
+
+“One day I had occasion to go to Willenoor on business. I arrived at
+noon; the sun was burning the earth; no one was seen in the streets or
+on the verandas; every one was resting.
+
+“My carriage had stopped under a mango-tree in the principal square, and
+I was about to start for the house of the thasildar, or governor of the
+village, when all at once a monstrous black elephant came running out of
+the pagoda which was opposite. He arrived in front of us and, before I
+had time to collect my senses, he lifted me up, placed me on his neck
+and started at full speed for the pagoda; he carried me across the
+first enclosure, in which was the great well for bathing, and brought me
+direct to the elephant quarters.
+
+“Once there, he placed me on the ground in the center of all his
+companions; it was the begging elephant; he had recognized me. He
+uttered short cries, lifting his trunk and waving his ears, which his
+friends doubtless interpreted to my advantage, for when the thasildar,
+followed by the priests of the temple, came out to seek the cause of
+this strange demonstration, they found me calm, and recovered from my
+surprise, in the midst of these enormous beasts who were tendering an
+ovation in my behalf.
+
+“'This is most remarkable,' said one of the priests, 'I have never seen
+them act so friendly toward any one.'
+
+“I related to him the circumstances of my gifts to the begging elephant.
+
+“'I am no longer surprised,' he answered, 'he has already recounted it
+to the whole band and the gourmands are paying you these attentions in
+hope of attaining the same reward.'
+
+“'Is it possible?' I said with amazement.
+
+“'I am perfectly sure of it. Do you wish to see the proof? Pass your
+arm around the trunk of your elephant friend and make him understand by
+signs that you wish him to go out with you; they will all follow you.
+Allow yourself to be led and you will see where they will bring you.'
+
+[Illustration: 0124]
+
+[Illustration: 0125]
+
+“The priest with whom I had already spoken, and who was a professor of
+philosophy at the temple of Willenoor, told me that from time to time
+the begging elephant managed to escape from them, and wandered as far as
+Pondichéry to beg on his own account. Knowing perfectly the market where
+he obtained the provisions on his expeditions, he would go there, place
+the money he had collected upon the table of a fruit merchant, and eat
+as many pineapples, bananas, mangoes and as much sugar-cane and arrack
+as the Hindoo would allow him for the money.
+
+[Illustration: 0125]
+
+“'I followed his instructions; the begging elephant and I took up the
+lead, the nine others joined in the pace, uttering cries of contentment
+among themselves. We passed through the gate of the pagoda and they led
+me directly to the shop of a native baker. I would have been utterly
+astounded had I not already known the wonderful intelligence of these
+animals. At the shop my duty was readily understood and I presented
+to each one a loaf of bread, covered with the precious molasses syrup,
+which is their greatest delicacy.
+
+“The following instance occurred before my own eyes:
+
+“Every one knows that the elephant can be trained to do all kinds of
+work. While I have no hesitation about relating instances bearing on
+this statement, I prefer to tell of occurrences which indicate an actual
+reasoning power in the animal.
+
+“It is customary in the settlements to water the cattle from large
+wooden buckets filled with water pumped from a well. This is done that
+they may not drink the water of the reservoirs, which is stagnant and
+unwholesome. Ordinarily the pumping is done at early morning by one of
+the elephants, the work taking nearly an hour. Accustomed to the task,
+he does not wait to be ordered, and every morning, an hour before
+sunrise he is at his labor with the precision of a living alarm-clock.
+
+“I was staying once at Trichinopoly, at the house of a friend of mine,
+a merchant, who owned a grand villa a few leagues outside the city. The
+sun was rising and my servant had just awakened me for my bath. Passing
+through the yard I saw a large white elephant working at the pump. He
+closed his eyes sadly and was apparently trying to turn his thoughts
+from his wearisome labor. He saluted my presence with a joyful flapping
+of his ears, for during the two days since my arrival I had given him
+many dainties, but he did not cease from his work, which had to be
+finished.
+
+“I was stroking him with my hand in passing, when I noticed that one
+of the two planks which supported the bucket on either side had fallen
+away. It thus happened that the bucket, being upheld on one side only,
+spilled its contents without a possibility of being filled.
+
+“The elephant did not think that his work was ended because one side of
+the bucket was filled: nor did he attempt the impossible feat of trying
+to fill the other side until both sides were even. In a few minutes the
+water commenced to run from the lower side of the bucket, and the animal
+began to show signs of uneasiness; nevertheless he continued to pump.
+Soon, however, he dropped the handle and drew nearer to observe the
+cause of the trouble. He returned to the pump three times, each time
+coming back to examine the bucket. I awaited the end of this strange
+scene with unflagging interest. All at once a waving of the ears seemed
+to indicate that an idea had occurred to him.
+
+“He came over to lift up the plank that had fallen away, and for a
+moment I thought that he intended to put it back in its place under the
+lower side of the bucket. But he was not troubled about the lower side,
+which was already tilled with water; it was the other side which annoyed
+him. Lifting the bucket carefully, he supported it for a moment with
+one of his great feet, while with his trunk he pulled out the second
+plank, and placed the bucket on solid earth, thus making it even on all
+sides. This done, the labor of filling it was easy.
+
+[Illustration: 0127]
+
+“The elephant is much attached to the women and children in the
+villages, and it would be dangerous for a stranger to make even an
+unfriendly gesture in the presence of this animal.
+
+“It is a remarkable sight to see him guard his master's children in
+their promenades; he watches everything; beasts, serpents, turf-pits and
+swamps, in fact, any danger which may be imagined, is overcome by his
+presence. His pace is regulated by that of the children, and he attends
+them, gathering flowers, fruit from the trees, and sugar-canes; at a
+motion from one of them he will break a tree-branch if one desires
+to make a whip or cane. At the slightest noise which he does not
+understand, if he sees a jackall or a hyena in the distant thicket,
+he instantly gathers his brood under his trunk, commences to roar with
+rage, and anything, lion, tiger or man which threatens harm to his
+charges, is in danger of being dashed to the ground.
+
+“In the lowlands of the Ganges, a swampy country covered with jungles
+and rice-fields, the royal Bengal tiger is found of great size and
+ferocity. The combats between this terrible beast and the elephant,
+guarding the cattle, servants or children of his master, are of almost
+daily occurrence. The royal Bengal tiger is so fierce that he never
+refuses to fight his adversary, although the end of the combat generally
+finds him crushed to death under the feet of his terrible enemy. In
+spite of the fact that the elephant is an unpitying foe in his battles
+with the tiger, bear or rhinoceros, he never molests the smaller,
+inoffensive animals. No matter what power a keeper may have over him, it
+is impossible to make him crush an insect.
+
+“There is a little insect which children in Prance call '_les betes a
+bon Dieu_'; the same insect is found in India, but growing to a size
+twice as large as in France. I have often seen one of these little
+creatures placed on a level surface, in the troughs of a yard, for
+instance; I have seen the elephant ordered to crush the insect, but
+never, for master or driver, would he lift his foot above it in passing
+by, evidently avoiding any opportunity to do harm. If, on the contrary,
+he is commanded to bring it to you, he will pick it up delicately with
+his trunk, and place it in your hands without bruising its wings.
+
+“Nirjara, Madame Duphot's favorite elephant, was an admirable animal. He
+was a white elephant, which is the most intelligent of all the elephant
+race. About twenty-five years old, he possessed all the power of youth
+and infancy, for, in the elephant, the full strength is not reached
+until they have passed fifty years. Nirjara was not born in the
+settlements. He was captured in a wild state by the elephants employed
+for the purpose, and was presented as a gift to his mistress. As soon
+as he had accustomed himself to his new surroundings, without a hope
+of returning to the free life of the mountains, he had been made the
+guardian of Madame Duphot's two young children, and the companion of all
+their sports and journeys. Even in the ordinary walks and rides she
+made use of the 'howdah' carried by Nirjara, in preference to her own
+carriage.
+
+“This fine animal, having no other task, was entirely free to go and
+come as he desired, but he seldom strayed beyond the sound of Madame's
+whistle. He was devoted to her, and always hastened to answer the
+slightest call. I have often seen him standing a few paces from the
+veranda, following with his eye the movements of his mistress for hours
+at a time. I believe he would have slain the entire household at a word
+from her. Every day as a part of his food of fresh grass, she used
+to prepare for him an eight-pound loaf of bread, made of rice and
+maize-flour dipped in the juice of sugar-cane. This she gave to him with
+her own hands. His drink was composed of water in which sugarcane had
+been crushed, and in warm weather she frequently added to this a measure
+of wine flavored with plenty of cinnamon and cloves. Her feeling
+of security in the journeys made under his protection is easily
+understood.”
+
+Here Charley paused at a signal from Mr. Graham and the book was handed
+to George. The latter remarked that he had never before heard of an
+elephant being regularly employed as a nursemaid, though he had read of
+the great fondness which he has for children.
+
+“Many anecdotes are told of this peculiarity of the elephant,” said Mr.
+Graham, “and he seems to remember kindness quite as much as the dog
+or any other quadruped. He can also remember injuries or insults, even
+though years may have passed since they occurred.”
+
+[Illustration: 0130]
+
+“I have read,” said Charley, “of a tailor at Acheen who was in front
+of his shop one day when an elephant put his trunk in and begged for
+something. Instead of giving him anything the man pricked the creature's
+trunk with a needle and the elephant turned and went away. A long
+time afterward the same elephant was in the neighborhood, and as he
+approached the shop he filled his trunk with water from a trough, and
+then watched his chance to eject it upon the man who had offended him.”
+
+[Illustration: 0131]
+
+“That story is in one of the books on the sagacity of animals,” Mr.
+Graham answered. Then, turning to George, he said they would now
+listen to something from M. Jacolliott about the mode of catching wild
+elephants in India and Ceylon.
+
+Thereupon George read as follows:
+
+“Mounted on well trained elephants, the ordinary dangers of hunting are
+readily comprehended and foreseen; the intelligence of these splendid
+animals is sufficient to inspire confidence. Nevertheless, grave
+accidents may arise. When the elephant becomes enraged in his pursuit
+of a tiger, it sometimes happens that he listens to no voice whatever,
+dashing madly onward until the 'howdah,' in which the hunter is
+enclosed, is broken in pieces against a huge tree, branch, or other
+obstacle.
+
+“It is extraordinary, in hunting wild elephants, that the trained
+beasts, once on the field, have no other guide than their own
+instincts. At the first sight of a human form the hunted animal retreats
+immediately to the thicket, where pursuit is very likely to end in a
+catastrophe to the pursuers; or, the wild elephants, sometimes being
+assembled in force, will turn courageously to give battle to the trained
+animals, of which battle the result can never be foreseen.
+
+“In these expeditions, the slightest carelessness will sometimes reveal
+the lurking-place of the hunters; the chase is only undertaken with
+twice as many trained elephants as there are wild ones to be captured,
+and then only when it has been ascertained by trustworthy scouts that
+there are no large troops of elephants within a circle of forty or fifty
+miles. The utmost care is used in this respect. When there is no other
+way, the Hindoos who make a profession of elephant-hunting sometimes
+attack with an inferior force, but the European, who follows the chase
+for pleasure, does not fail to take all necessary precautions.”
+
+“The following is an account of one of these hunts:
+
+“The last commands had hardly been given to Manjari, the chief elephant,
+by his master, when he started, at the head of his little troop, to
+descend the hill on the opposite side to that by which we had ascended;
+he marched slowly, giving no evidence of his intention to rejoin the
+party which he was leaving behind. The intelligent animal played his
+part to perfection; he moved slowly, with his companions, toward the
+stream which wound through the depth of the ravine, as if he intended to
+slake his thirst at the water. On his way down he stopped here and there
+to break a tree branch or to pick up a bunch of grass, which he lazily
+deposited in his mouth.
+
+“The wild elephants, resting in the valley, gazed on Manjari and his
+troop with curiosity but without, alarm; every movement proved that they
+had no suspicion of the intentions of the new-comers.
+
+“Suddenly we witnessed a remarkable sight. A young elephant, which was
+in the wild herd with its mother, seeing Manjari and his companions
+advancing slowly, bounded toward them to make acquaintance with the
+strangers.
+
+[Illustration: 0133]
+
+The young animal was recalled two or three times by its mother, but she,
+seeing that no attention was paid to her calls, continued her watching
+from a distance wondering, without doubt, at the welcome extended to her
+little one. The old elephant Manjari received the little wanderer with
+cries of joy and marks of tenderness which were too well feigned to
+arouse suspicion. When, however, the first reception was over, Manjari
+gave a signal and two elephants placed themselves, one on each side of
+the young one, and he was a captive.
+
+[Illustration: 0134]
+
+“They marched to the banks of the stream and drank eagerly; then,
+without the slightest hesitation, they directed their way toward the
+two wild elephants who were to be brought back as prisoners. The young
+elephant seemed overjoyed to see its new friends going toward the place
+where its mother was lying. She answered its cries, without an idea of
+the danger which was impending. Her companion was gathering here and
+there tufts of grass, and devouring the young buds of the trees.
+
+“They were surrounded in a very short time, and when they realized that
+they had to deal with enemies, it was too late to fly; each one had been
+caught by its trunk by two of the animals under Manjari and opposition
+and resistance were alike vain. After a few struggles they seemed to
+understand their position and they commenced to fill the forest with
+roars and cries of despair.
+
+“Four more trained elephants were now turned loose and they immediately
+joined their troop; they were not needed, however, as two of the trained
+elephants could easily lead a wild one, but their presence served to
+remove the last faint hope of escape for the captured animals. All this
+was accomplished easily, without any visible resistance. In a moment
+their trunks were seized, all power of defence was taken away, and the
+captives were pressed on each side with such terrible force by their
+captors, that they seemed to understand instinctively the futility of
+resistance.
+
+“When the first attempt was made to force them to walk, they made
+a supreme effort to remain, but a shower of blows from the trunk of
+Manjari decided their movements in a short space of time. When the poor
+brutes saw our party, they were terror-stricken and trembled violently;
+our weak appearance evidently produced a greater effect on their
+imagination, than did that of their captors.
+
+“In a little time, a hunter crept behind each of them, and having given
+orders to have them held firmly, bound their hind feet with chains of
+special strength. From this moment a single elephant easily guarded
+them; they could only march slowly, and a child could have escaped them.
+Nothing now remained but to train them, and to make them forget, by kind
+and gentle treatment, their early life and the great forests in which
+they were born.
+
+“Ordinarily it is possible to approach a captured elephant at the end of
+three days; on the eighth day the chains are taken off, and when a month
+has passed by the animal will go about quietly with the trained ones,
+imitating their actions, and offering to take part in their work.
+Indeed, it sometimes happens that, a few hours after the hunt is over,
+captors and captives are on the best of terms with each other, and the
+latter are set free by the Hindoo banters on the third or fourth day.
+
+[Illustration: 0136]
+
+“When the elephant has tasted the delights of civilized life, he never
+returns to the jungle except to hunt, in his turn, his own fellows, and
+in this pursuit he displays as much cunning as the older ones did in
+capturing him.”
+
+“Another mode of hunting elephants,” said Mr. Webb, “is by driving them
+into a keddah or corral. A strong yard is built with trunks of trees set
+in the ground like posts about two feet apart so that men can easily go
+in and out but elephants cannot pass.
+
+[Illustration: 0137]
+
+From the entrance of the yard two fences enclosing a space shaped like a
+'V' are extended several miles and the herd of wild elephants is driven
+so that it will come into the space enclosed by the 'V' Until they are
+within the jaws of the fences the driving is done very quietly so as
+not to alarm the animals and put them to flight, but when they are once
+inside of it, all silence comes to an end, and the hunters make as much
+noise as possible with guns, drums and other instruments. This frightens
+the elephants and they rush pell-mell into the keddah, where they are
+made prisoners.”
+
+George asked if the elephants were killed when caught or were simply
+made prisoners.
+
+“No elephants are wantonly killed nowadays in India and Ceylon,” said
+Mr. Webb, “with the exception of those that are actually dangerous on
+account of their vices. There are stringent laws against shooting an
+elephant, the animal being under government protection, and whenever a
+herd is driven into a keddah the officials select as many as are wanted
+for use and allow the rest to return to the forest. In the early part of
+this century the government gave a bounty in Ceylon for the slaughter of
+elephants and great numbers were killed by hunters. The mistake in the
+policy was not discovered until the animals became very scarce, when the
+laws were reversed. Instead of paying now to have elephants killed the
+government protects them by making it a serious offence to shoot one.”
+
+“But the case is different in Africa,” said the gentleman. “The African
+elephant is not domesticated at present, or very rarely so, though he
+seems to have been in ancient times if we may judge by history. The
+famous Jumbo was an African elephant; you remember that his ears were
+about three times as large as those of an ordinary elephant, and this is
+the principal feature which distinguishes one kind from the other. The
+African is not as docile as the Asiatic elephant; he is hunted for his
+ivory and for his flesh, which is eagerly devoured by the natives. He
+is shot, speared, driven into pit-falls, and otherwise taken, and his
+numbers are said to be diminishing rapidly. By the end of the century,
+at the rate the destruction is going on, there will not be many African
+elephants remaining.”
+
+George asked about, the mammoth which formerly lived in Siberia, and
+whose remains are occasionally found at the present time where they have
+lain for thousands of years imbedded in the frozen earth. Mr. Graham
+told him that the mammoth was a member of the elephant family, and his
+body was covered with thick fur or long hair to protect it from the
+cold. Of the few specimens that have been found the tusks were longer
+than those of the elephant and greatly curved; the skele were trimmed
+into the required shape for telegraph poles; a number of them being
+piled at intervals along the track.
+
+[Illustration: 0140]
+
+“Then the elephants were sent to carry the poles to the distances they
+were to be set apart. I saw one mahout conduct his elephant to-a pile
+of these heavy poles and tell the intelligent animal to pick one up. He
+then, with a long wand he had for the purpose, measured off the distance
+and accompanied the elephant, who carried the pole to the place the
+mahout indicated. Then I saw the mahout tell the elephant to go to the
+pile and place them in line along the track, at the ton of one is in
+the museum at St. Petersburg, and portions of the hair and skin are
+preserved with it.
+
+[Illustration: 0139]
+
+Returning to the subject of the intelligence of the elephant, Mr.
+Grahani read the following from the pen of an American traveler in
+Burmah, who tells how the elephant was employed in building a telegraph
+line:
+
+“First a track was made by felling all timber and clearing off any
+undergrowth, etc., to about twenty feet in width, hundreds of men being
+employed. Such trees as were suitable in length and otherwise same
+distance apart as the one he had measured. The man then lay down under
+a tree and went to sleep. In the meantime the noble animal took up each
+piece of timber, and carried it to its proper place in the line. I felt
+so interested that I stayed to witness the whole proceeding. I measured
+the distance by pacing and found them all to be equal in length and
+correctly placed like the first one. The beast then went to his mahout
+and gently touched him with the tip of his trunk and awoke him, as much
+as to say, 'All is finished, master, according to your orders.' The
+mahout awoke, mounted the elephant, and went forward to continue the
+line in the same easy and agreeable manner.”
+
+[Illustration: 0141]
+
+The same writer says:--
+
+“The young elephants are made pets of and not allowed to work until
+fully grown. That they are not deficient in understanding, even at
+an early age, the following anecdote will prove:--The commissioner at
+Shweygheen had a young elephant, quite a baby, given him by a Burmese
+gentleman, and the lively intelligent beast afforded much amusement to
+his owner and all who knew him.
+
+“The youngster could do everything but speak. He was kept in a stable
+in the garden, specially made for him, the sides being composed of stout
+planks instead of the usual wattled split bamboo. The heavy teak door
+was fastened on the outside by a sliding bar of the same wood, running
+in iron staples. The paths and walks through the garden were made of
+ground rolled and pressed to the hardness of a macadamized road.
+
+“Shortly after the young elephant's arrival and installation in his
+stable, the garden was found one morning to have been robbed during' the
+night, the mangoes especially suffering, a quantity of the best fruit
+having been taken. No traces were left by the thief or thieves, there
+were no footprints on the soft ground outside, nothing to indicate how
+an entrance had been made into the garden. This went on for several
+nights, and at last it was discovered that the young elephant was the
+thief. He used to raise the edge of the roof so as to put out his trank
+and slide the bolt; then there was no obstacle to prevent opening the
+door, and he opened it and went into the garden. After regaling himself
+on the fruit he returned to the stable, closed the door, slid the bolt
+into its place, let the edge of the roof fall to its proper position,
+and thus made it impossible for any one to know he had been out.”
+
+[Illustration: 5142]
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+_Apes, Baboons and Monkeys--The Apes at Gibraltar--How they Saved the
+Fort from Surprise--A Monkey Fishing Party--The Monkey's Resemblance to
+Man--Illustrations of his Intelligence--A Monkey Theater--Dressing the
+Performers--The Four-handed Actors and What they Did--Interview with
+their Trainer--Mandrills and their Peculiarities--The Chacma and
+his Uses as a Watch-Dog--How Monkeys find Water--Differences between
+Old-World and New-World Monkeys--Monkeys with Prehensile Tails--The
+South American Howler--Sapajous and Spider Monkeys--Simian
+Intelligence--Organizing to Rob Gardens--A Bridge of Monkeys._
+
+WHAT animal shall we consider now?” queried Mr. Graham at their next
+conversation.
+
+“We've just had the elephant,” said George, “who belongs in Africa and
+Asia.
+
+[Illustration: 8143]
+
+Suppose we talk about another animal of those countries, the monkey.”
+
+“If you mean that the monkey belongs exclusively in Africa and Asia
+as the elephant does,” said Harry, “you're wrong. The monkey is found
+there, it is true, but he is also found in America and Europe.”
+
+“I know he's found in America,” replied George, “but didn't know that he
+lived in Europe in a wild state. The only European monkeys I ever heard
+of were in captivity.”
+
+“You're not far wrong, though,” Harry answered with a slight, laugh, “as
+there's only one place in Europe where monkeys run wild and that is on
+the Rock of Gibraltar.”
+
+[Illustration: 0144]
+
+“Are there many of them?”
+
+“No, not a great number, and they are supposed to be descended from
+some that were brought there from Africa and escaped from captivity.
+The naturalists class them as Magots or Barbary Apes, and say they are
+identical with the monkeys or apes of Northern Africa. Before we go
+further let me explain that an ape is a monkey without a tail, a baboon
+is a monkey with a short tail, and a monkey is an animal of the same
+great family with a long tail.”
+
+“We thank you for the explanation,” said Harry, and his words were,
+echoed by George.
+
+“Some interesting stories are told about these Gibraltar monkeys,” said
+Mr. Graham, resuming the topic of conversation.
+
+“What are they, please?” exclaimed the youths in a breath.
+
+“It is said,” remarked Mr. Graham, “that a few weeks before the famous
+siege of Gibraltar, the Spaniards attempted to surprise one of the
+British outposts, and they would have succeeded if it had not been for
+the monkeys. The party which was attempting the surprise had to pass a
+group of monkeys; the animals set up such a chattering as to alarm
+the outpost and put it on its guard. As a reward for their services
+in saving Gibraltar, the English garrison has ever since allowed the
+monkeys to live unmolested.
+
+“Another story,” the gentleman continued, “relates to the imitative
+powers of the monkey. When Lord Howe went to the relief of the garrison
+during the siege, he had among the reinforcements the Twenty-fifth
+Regiment of infantry. After peace had been declared, several officers of
+this regiment went to a spot at the back of the rock to amuse themselves
+by catching fish. They found a good place for their purpose, and were
+busily engaged in catching whiting, when they were pelted by some one
+concealed on the steep rock above them. They shifted their ground two
+or three times, and finally found a place where they were no longer
+disturbed.
+
+“The fish were biting at a goodly rate when suddenly the drums sounded
+to arms. The officers rowed their boat ashore, left it high and dry on
+the beach, and then hurried away to report for duty.
+
+“When they came back they were greatly surprised to find that the
+position of the boat had been changed, and some of the hooks which had
+been left bare were baited. The lines were a good deal tangled, and it
+was evident that whoever used the boat had not been at all particular
+about other people's property.
+
+“In a day or two the mystery was explained. An officer of Hanoverian
+Grenadiers had taken a solitary walk on that very afternoon, and found a
+party of young monkeys pelting the fishermen from behind the rocks. The
+officer was a good deal of a naturalist, and so he concealed himself
+carefully and watched the performance.
+
+“While the youngsters were pelting the fishermen, several old monkeys
+arrived and drove the mischievous youths away. Then they sat down and
+watched very attentively the business of fish-taking, and when the
+officers beached their boat and went away, the monkeys determined to
+improve their lesson. They launched the boat, baited the hooks, and went
+to fishing. They caught a few fish, and then came back to shore, left
+the boat and retired up the rock before the officers came in sight
+again.”
+
+“Did they carry off the fish they had caught?” George asked.
+
+“Yes,” was the reply, “not only what they caught themselves but those
+that the officers had left in the boat.”
+
+“What a human action!” exclaimed Harry.
+
+[Illustration: 9146]
+
+“The men who argue that we are descended from monkeys ought to know of
+the performance of the Gibralter apes.”
+
+“Not only in actions but in structure,” said Mr. Graham, “does the
+monkey bear a resemblance to man. Several naturalists have regarded the
+monkey as only an inferior form of the human race and have so classified
+him. The celebrated naturalist Linnæus placed man with monkeys in his
+order of Primates or first animals. He made his genus _Homo_ consist of
+human beings (_Homo sapiens_), of chimpanzees (_Homo Troglodytes_), of
+orang outangs (_Homo satyrus_), and the Gibbons _Homo lar_.”
+
+“Was his classification accepted by the other naturalists?” one of the
+youths asked.
+
+“By some, but by no means by all,” was the reply.
+
+“There was aloud protest against it, not by the monkeys, who didn't
+trouble their heads on the subject, but learned men and others who felt
+that the dignity of the human race had been affronted. As time went
+on the opinions of Linnæus fell more and more into disfavor, and the
+present classification places man in a distinct genus, that of _Bimana_
+(two-handed) while the whole tribe of monkeys, apes and the like, are
+classed as _Quadrumana_ (four-handed.)
+
+“It must be admitted,” continued Mr. Graham, “that from a purely
+anatomical point of view, the monkey has a close resemblance to man. He
+can stand upright, has a nude face, his eyes are directed forward,
+his internal organs are very much the same, and he is subject to many
+diseases of which man is the victim. But although he can walk upright he
+does so with difficulty; his forelegs or arms are much longer than the
+human arm, in proportion to the rest of the body, and although he has
+the same organs in his throat he has not the power of speech. Though his
+hand is shaped like the human one in a general way, it is far from being
+as perfect; the fingers do not act separately like those of man and the
+thumb is short and unwieldy and does not oppose each of the fingers, or
+only very imperfectly so.”
+
+“I have read somewhere,” said Harry, “that the highest intellect shown
+by the monkey is lower than that of the most degraded savage. Monkeys
+are not afraid of fire, but no monkey ever rose to the intelligence of
+producing it by rubbing two sticks together as is done by the lowest of
+savages.”
+
+“You are right,” said Mr. Graham. “The observation you refer to was made
+by a French philosopher, Joseph de Maistre. There are other points in
+which we can show a wide gulf between man and the quadrumana, but we
+will drop them for the present.”
+
+At this moment an exclamation from George turned attention in his
+direction.
+
+“Here's something for us to see,” said George, as he held up a newspaper
+on which he had rested his eye for a moment, while listening to the
+remarks of Mr. Graham.
+
+“What is it?” Harry asked.
+
+“A monkey show,” was the reply, “a theatrical performance by trained
+monkeys, or rather a pantomime, as the animals cannot be expected to
+talk as human actors do.”
+
+It was agreed at once that the monkey performance was something to
+be seen, and accordingly arrangements were made for attending it.
+Mr. Graham explained to the youths that while these performances were
+comparatively rare in America they were an old established institution
+in Europe. “Germany and Italy,” said he, “are famous for them, and in
+some of the German and Italian cities there are monkey theaters where
+performances are given by quadrumana throughout the entire year. They
+are assisted by dogs and ponies, and altogether the show is very funny
+and interesting.”
+
+The exhibition which our friends attended was managed by Mr. Brockmann,
+a famous monkey-trainer of Vienna, who thought it would be a good
+speculation to bring his troupe to America. Among the members of his
+four-handed company were Kullman, the elegant circus rider; the fat
+and lovesick Lottie; Anthony, a gentleman not to be joked with with
+impunity; Jack, a little dandy; and George, the clown of the company,
+who was said to create any amount of fun by his queer antics.
+
+[Illustration: 0149]
+
+Our young friends read with interest an account from a German paper of
+the preparations for their nightly appearance on the stage. “As soon as
+the operation of dressing begins,” says the writer, “the cunning little
+animals begin to be restless. They shuffle to and fro on their high
+stools; they sneeze and blow and sniffle, and make faces at the keepers
+and each other. But woe to him who would dare laugh at their grimaces
+and their fooling. He would soon make acquaintance with their teeth and
+nails. The comical little fellows love to carry on all sorts of fun,
+but they wont allow anybody to laugh at them. For this reason they are
+attached with little chains to their stools as long as their dressing
+lasts.
+
+[Illustration: 9150]
+
+They like to play all sorts of tricks with the keepers who are dressing
+them. One of them amuses himself by tearing his brand new trousers into
+shreds, and when he has fully succeeded in doing so, he gives vent to
+his delight by loud screams. Another takes pleasure in pulling off the
+vest which the keeper has had the greatest difficulty in buttoning on
+him, and grins at the unfortunate man with truly fiendish delight. A
+third absolutely refuses to put his tiny little hand into the sleeves,
+although the keeper holds the armhole in the most inviting manner before
+him. The little rascal pretends not to be able to find it, pushing his
+hands in every direction but the right one. If the keeper at last loses
+his patience and pushes the arm by force into the sleeve, the indignant
+artist feels insulted, and replies with a ringing slap in the keeper's
+face.
+
+“At last the operation of dressing has been performed. The little
+artists sit quietly on their stools, not a little proud of their gay
+costumes. They grin and wink at each other, and munch with great delight
+nuts and almonds and other delicacies with which they are rewarded.
+Lottie is particularly vain and proud of her pretty costume. With great
+complacency she pulls her dress, arranges her coiffure, pushes her hat
+from one side to the other to see which is most becoming, and keeps on
+a continual flirtation with the gentlemen of the company. Dainty little
+Jack, for whom these demonstrations of love are intended, seems to
+trouble himself very little about his coquetish mistress. He sits
+quietly in a corner enjoying the draughts from a small bottle of mild
+beer, of which he is particularly fond, taking very great care that not
+a drop of the precious liquor is spilled on his snowy white jacket and
+apron, which as cook is his professional costume. Jack is possessed of a
+most versatile talent. With equal skill and elegance he appears now as
+a cook, then as a coachman, or a circus rider and athlete. Besides
+this, he has assumed for his own pleasure the function of picking up the
+various articles that lie scattered on the stage after the performance
+and conveying them swiftly behind the scenes.”
+
+While waiting for the performance to begin, Harry read the following
+account of a reporter's interview with Mr. Brockmann, the manager of the
+monkey troupe. The reporter asked about the system of training, and in
+reply to the question the manager said: “I cannot tell everything, as
+I have certain methods which I do not want to make generally known. For
+forty years my father and I have given exhibitions of trained animals,
+and in that time we have naturally learned much of their habits and
+dispositions. The great thing, however, is to gain command of an
+animal's entire attention. Once this is obtained, all the rest is
+comparatively easy. When a monkey's training begins he is restless, his
+eyes wander all over the room, and his attention is never for more than
+a minute concentrated on any one thing. I have to teach him to forget
+everything else and watch me. He must learn to keep his eyes on mine.
+If any one in the audience will watch the monkeys when they are doing
+important acts, he will see that they never take their eyes off me. It
+is a singular thing that, while dogs and ponies look larger on the stage
+than they really are, monkeys appear very much smaller when dressed up.
+I have a little monkey who is an even better tightrope performer than
+the one now exhibited, but he would look so small that the audience
+would scarcely be able to see his feats. My animals are very fond of me.
+The rewards you see me give them on the stage are almonds and raisins.”
+
+The reporter had an opportunity of witnessing a display of the monkeys'
+affection for Mr. Brockman, when he made his first appearance for the
+day in their dressing-room. He went the rounds and spoke a word or two
+to each. Some kissed him, others climbed up and put their arms around
+his neck, and each exhibited the utmost impatience till his turn for
+recognition came.
+
+“What monkeys are the easiest to train?” inquired the reporter.
+
+“Mandrills and baboons, though they are perhaps a little more delicate
+than the other kinds.
+
+[Illustration: 9152]
+
+Still my father had one for thirty years. The oldest performer in the
+present troupe is a blue-faced mandrill, whom I have had for twelve
+years. He is very good-tempered and will not reject any attentions you
+may feel inclined to show him. As a general rule, when a monkey holds
+out his hand encouragingly it is safest to give him a wide berth, and
+one who is chattering to himself is nearly always in a bad temper.”
+
+“How often do you feed them, and what, is their favorite food?”
+
+“When they are performing twice they get four light meals a day, milk,
+fruit, and potatoes being their principal diet. We keep their cages very
+clean, but they look after their own toilets and we do not wash them.”
+
+“What animals do you find possess the most intelligence, monkeys, dogs
+or horses?”
+
+“There are clever and stupid specimens of each, but I don't think there
+is any great difference in general intelligence. The great difficulty
+with all of them is to get undivided attention.”
+
+[Illustration: 0153]
+
+“What is the difference between a mandrill and an ordinary monkey?”
+ queried Harry as he paused at the end of his reading.
+
+“The mandrill,” said Mr. Graham, “is one of the many members of the
+monkey family, and belongs among the apes or the baboons. He is a native
+of the coast of Guinea in Africa, and has a very short tail or no tail
+at all; his face is furrowed, and so much resembles that of a dog, that
+he is often spoken of as a dog-faced monkey. A full grown mandrill is
+about, five feet high when standing erect, and his head is very large
+in proportion to his body. He is not the best looking of his race, and
+would never be chosen as a contestant for a prize for beauty.
+
+“There are monkeys with tails,” continued Mr. Graham, “and monkeys
+without tails, and the list of each kind is so long that you couldn't
+remember a quarter of it if it were repeated. Generally speaking the
+apes, or the tailless monkeys, are more quiet in disposition than the
+others, and hence they are the easiest to teach and control. At best the
+monkey is a restless animal, and his attention cannot be kept at any one
+thing for more than a few moments. Mr. Brockmann justly says that the
+work of securing the monkey's attention is the most difficult part of
+his education.”
+
+“I have read about a variety of monkey that the settlers at the Cape of
+Good Hope train to serve as watch-dogs,” said Harry. “Are they of the
+same kind as the mandrills?”
+
+“Not exactly.” was the reply, “but they are closely related to them.
+They are known as chaemas, and when full grown are as large as an
+English mastiff and excel him in strength and agility. The chaema has a
+tail about half as long as his body and with a tuft of hair at the end.
+Like most other monkeys he is a great thief, and cannot be trusted in
+the presence of provisions of which he is fond. He has such a keen scent
+that it is very difficult to poison him, and he can find water when
+the most experienced traveler or bushman is unable to discover it. The
+Hottentots in traveling carry a tame chaema with them, and when unable
+to find water they turn him loose and follow him. After carefully
+surveying the ground, he selects a spot and begins to dig; the
+Hottentots dig where he directs, and almost invariably succeed in
+finding the water that they want.”
+
+[Illustration: 0155]
+
+“But how about his serving as a watch-dog?”
+
+“He can hear sounds that are inaudible even to the dogs; in a camp he
+will always give the alarm when danger approaches, and so much do the
+dogs rely on him, that they go to sleep in the fullest confidence that
+he will call them in case their services are wanted. When he gives the
+alarm, they are on the alert and rush in the direction he indicates.
+
+“He generally lives on good terms with the dogs, and one traveler who
+carried a chaema tells how the beast used to jump on the backs of
+the dogs when he was tired. Some of them used to carry him without
+objection, but others did not like to be employed as pack animals. One
+in particular always stopped when the chaema mounted his shoulders, and
+allowed the caravan to pass on out of sight. The monkey did not like to
+be separated from the caravan, and as it disappeared over the plain or
+among the hills he would dismount and follow it. The cunning dog then
+joined him in running to overtake the caravan, but always managed to
+keep the chaema a little in advance, so that he would not be likely to
+jump again on the dog's shoulders.”
+
+“Which shows that the intellect of the dog was superior to that of the
+chaema,” George remarked.
+
+“The dog's reasoning powers are superior to those of the monkey.”
+ said Mr. Graham, “but the latter has the greater faculty for pure
+imitation.--Ah! there goes the curtain and the performance is about to
+commence.”
+
+Here is the account which Harry wrote after his return from the theater:
+
+“The opening scene is entitled 'African Friends Meet--A dinner at
+Delmonico's.' Seated at a table on the stage when the curtain rises,
+are three monkeys, dressed in the height of fashion. They are Mr.
+Blackberry, a dude: Colonel Axletree, a retired army officer, and Miss
+Terrini, from the Darwinian Theater. Mr. Blackberry rings a bell which
+summons a waitress. The waitress hands the diners a bill of fare and
+each gives an order. Presently. M. Pouillon, the cook, comes in to
+consult the feasters, who explain just how they want everything served.
+The monkey cook bows in inimitable French style and departs. In a moment
+or two the dinner is served, the only unusual thing in the act being the
+fact that each monkey steals a portion of his neighbor's food. While his
+master's back is turned the cook takes a sly drink from a bottle, and
+also helps himself to the contents of a basket which he has been
+ordered to place on the table. The monkeys at the table appear to be in
+conversation, and the by-play among them is very amusing. The pantomine
+is excellent and the apes do almost everything but speak.
+
+“The adventures of Robert Macaire are illustrated by two monkeys known
+as Cadieux and Ravennes, while another called Robinson does several
+clever acts as a circus rider. He rides upright upon a pony's back,
+jumps through rings and over hurdles.
+
+[Illustration: 8157]
+
+Other monkeys stand on their heads, walk tight-ropes with balancing
+rods, turn somersaults, and do acts on the flying trapeze.”
+
+On the way home from the theater the conversation about monkeys was
+continued, and the youths made mental note of several matters on which
+they desired information. Harry expressed his disappointment at the
+absence of tails on the performing monkeys, a circumstance which has
+already been explained. The youth said he had expected to see the
+creatures suspending themselves by the tail from the ropes where they
+were to walk or balance themselves; he thought it would have added
+materially to the interest of the performance, and wondered if the
+monkey trainers of Asia or Africa could not do better in this line than
+did Mr. Brockmann.
+
+“As to that,” replied Mr. Graham, “I am in very great doubt or rather in
+no doubt at all. No Asiatic or African monkey can suspend himself by the
+tail, no matter how long that appendage may be.”
+
+“Do you mean,” said Harry, “that none of the old world monkeys have
+prehensile tails?”
+
+“Exactly so,” was the reply. “The only monkeys that can use the tail
+as a fifth hand, or for clinging to branches of trees, are found in
+America, and never in the old world unless they have been carried there
+from this country. But do not understand that all the American monkeys
+have prehensile tails; some of them have the tail wonderfully developed
+and useful, while others cannot hold on with it, and several varieties
+have almost no tails at all. A naturalist who lived four years in South
+America says that in that time he saw twenty-one varieties of monkey,
+seven of them having prehensile and fourteen of them non-prehensile
+tails. The Asiatic monkey does not seem to be aware that the tail can be
+made of any use, but the liveliest of the American monkeys employ it for
+picking up objects and for support while swinging among the trees. And
+we may further say that the monkeys of the old world are unlike those
+of the new, none of the varieties that exist on one side of the Atlantic
+being found on the other.
+
+“The largest of the American monkeys is far below the largest of his
+Asiatic or African cousins in the matter of size. While several members
+of the baboon family are five feet in height, and a large gorilla is
+said to be six feet or very nearly when standing erect, the largest of
+the American monkeys, if we leave his long tail out of calculation, does
+not exceed three feet. He belongs in South America, and is known as
+the Howler, and he can howl louder than twenty men if the stories of
+travelers are to be believed. The noise he makes is so terrific, that
+many a traveler has been frightened by it and has thought that all the
+wild beasts of the woods had assembled close at hand, and were about to
+devour everybody and everything within their neighborhood. One monkey
+gives a howl, and when he is tired he signals to the rest tried to
+ascertain accurately how far the sound could be heard. Judging the
+distance by the time it took him to reach the tree where the monkeys
+were, he thought two miles not an over estimate; when the sound came
+across a lake unimpeded by trees it was easily audible a good three
+miles.”
+
+George asked if these animals kept up their howling when in captivity?
+
+“They all shout in chorus. After a while they stop, and then the
+solitary one starts up again. And in this way the unearthly chorus is
+kept up from midnight till sunrise; sometimes they begin at the close of
+day and keep it up all night, making it quite impossible for a traveler
+to sleep within a mile of them.”
+
+[Illustration: 0159]
+
+“Can they really be heard at the distance of a mile?” one of the boys
+asked.
+
+“Yes, and farther still,” was the reply.
+
+Mr Graham explained that they were active enough in the woods, but as
+soon as they became prisoners they lost all their spirit, displayed
+surly dispositions, refused to make friends with anybody, and soon died
+of grief.
+
+[Illustration: 9160]
+
+Other varieties of South American monkeys were more tractable, Mr Graham
+further explained, and he specially mentioned the little spider monkey
+and a sapajou as amusing and affectionate.
+
+“Some of these American monkeys,” Mr Graham continued, “show a great
+deal of intelligence, bordering upon reason. A naturalist who studied
+them in Brazil says that when one of them received an egg for the first
+time he broke it clumsily and lost half the contents, but so, he handled
+it with the greatest care. Lumps of sugar were occasionally given to
+him wrapped in paper; one day a live wasp was put in the paper with the
+sugar, so that when the monkey tore it open he was stung. After that
+he always held the paper to his ear and listened intently to detect any
+movement within.”
+
+“Haven't I read,” said Harry, “about monkeys organizing raids upon
+orchards and gardens in a very systematic manner, just as boys or men
+might do?”
+
+“Quite likely you have,” was the reply, “for such things are by no means
+uncommon. Monkeys are gregarious animals and hunt in the second time he
+only broke the top and lost nothing. Ever after that when he received an
+egg he gently broke the top by hitting it against a hard substance,
+and then picked off the fragments of the shell with his fingers. After
+cutting himself once with a sharp tool he would not for some time touch
+it again, and when he finally did troops; these troops generally have
+their chiefs, whom they obey implicity, and there would seem to be
+some mode of communication among them by which orders are issued and
+understood.
+
+“The monkeys of Northern Africa come down from their places of
+concealment in the forest and rob the gardens of the people, carrying
+off the fruit by wholesale. Sentinels are posted to give warning in
+case of danger, then one of the troop climbs over the fence followed by
+another and another. They form a line from the wall to the tree which is
+to be robbed, and as fast as the fruit is plucked it is passed from one
+to another with the greatest rapidity. Those at the farther end of the
+line and outside of the garden wall, load themselves with all they can
+carry and then move away; as soon as the fruit has been stripped from
+the tree, or at the slightest note of alarm, the whole line scrambles
+off and is out of reach in a moment.”
+
+[Illustration: 0162]
+
+“How do they divide their spoil?” one of the youths asked.
+
+“We don't know that,” was the reply, “but it is certain they have some
+form of division or they would not pass the fruit from one to another as
+they do. It is quite possible that the chief takes the best for himself
+and either assigns the others their shares or lets them quarrel over
+what he does not want.”
+
+“Another instance of their close imitation of human customs,” said
+George with a laugh.
+
+“Captain Mayne Reid gives an interesting account,” said Mr. Graham, “of
+how monkeys in the tropical forest of America cross a stream. It is an
+excellent illustration of the subject we have under consideration.”
+
+When they reached home Mr. Graham found the book containing the story
+and handed it to Harry, who read aloud as follows:
+
+“The half-human voices now sounded nearer, and we could perceive that
+the animals were approaching the spot where we lay. Presently they
+appeared upon the opposite bank, headed by an old gray chieftain,
+and officered like so many soldiers. They were of the _comadreja_ or
+ring-tailed tribe.
+
+“One--an aide-de-camp, or chief pioneer, perhaps--ran out upon a
+projecting rock, and after looking across the stream, as if calculating
+the distance, scampered back, and appeared to communicate with the
+leader. This produced a movement in the troops. Commands were issued,
+and fatigue parties were detailed and marched to the front.
+
+[Illustration: 8163]
+
+Meanwhile several of the _comadrejas_--engineers, no doubt--ran along
+the bank, examining the trees on both sides.
+
+“At length they all collected around a tall cotton-wood tree that grew
+over the narrowest part of the stream, and twenty or thirty of them
+scampered up its trunk.
+
+“On reaching a high point, the foremost, a strong fellow, ran out upon
+a limb, and taking several turns of his tail around it, slipped off and
+hung head downwards. The next on the limb, also a stout one, climbed
+down the body of the first, and whipping his tail tightly round the neck
+and forearm of the latter, dropped off in his turn, and hung, head down.
+The third repeated the maneuver upon the second, and the fourth upon the
+third, and so on, until the last one upon the string rested his forepaws
+upon the ground.
+
+“The living chain now commenced swinging backward and forward, like
+the pendulum of a clock. The motion was slight at first, but gradually
+increased, the lowermost monkey striking his hands violently on the
+earth as he passed the tangent of the oscillating curve. Several others
+upon the limbs above aided the movement.
+
+“This continued until the monkey at the end of the chain was thrown
+among the branches of a tree on the opposite bank. Here, after two or
+three vibrations, he clutched a limb and held fast. This movement was
+executed adroitly, just at the culminating point of the oscillation, in
+order to save the intermediate links from the violence of a too sudden
+jerk.
+
+“The chain was fast at both ends, forming a complete suspension bridge,
+over which the whole troop, to the number of four or five hundred,
+passed with the rapidity of thought.
+
+“The troop was now on the other side, but how were the animals forming
+the bridge to get themselves over? This was the question which suggested
+itself. Manifestly by number one letting go his tail. But then the point
+d'appui on the other side was much lower down, and number one, with half
+a dozen of his neighbors, would be dashed against the opposite bank, or
+soused into the water.
+
+“Here, then, was a problem, and we waited with some curiosity for its
+solution. It was soon solved. A monkey was now seen attaching his tail
+to the lowest on the bridge, another girded him in a similar manner, and
+another and so on until a dozen more were added to the string. These
+last were all powerful fellows, and running up a high limb, they lifted
+the bridge into a position almost horizontal.
+
+“Then a scream from the last monkey of the new formation warned the
+tail-end that all was ready, and the next moment the whole chain was
+swung over, and landed safely on the opposite bank. The lowermost links
+now dropped off like a melting candle, while the higher ones leaped on
+the branches and came down by the trunk. The whole troop then scampered
+off into the chapparal and disappeared.”
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+_A Famous Chimpanzee--Mr. Crowley of Central Park--His Origin
+and History--Details of his Early Life--His Training and
+Accomplishments--Elating at Table with Knife, Fork, and Spoon--Furniture
+of his Apartment--Drinking from a Cup--What he Eats and Drinks--His
+appreciation of Music--Refusal to wear Clothes--Ill of Pneumonia and
+Recovery--A bad Temper--The Gorilla and his near Relatives--The Gorilla
+at Home--Du Chaillu's Experiences--Friendship between a Dog and a
+Gorilla--The Orang-outang--His Home and Habits--Performances of a
+Baby Orang--The Gibbon--Gentlest of the Monkey Family--Mr. Newmian's
+Pet--Long-nosed Monkeys--Monkeys catching Crabs with their Tails--How
+the Traveler Lost and Recovered his Red Caps--The Monkey and the
+Mirror--The Orang that Saved the Child._
+
+The afternoon of the day following the visit to the monkey theater was
+devoted to a visit to the collection of wild animals in Central Park.
+The special object of the visit was a famous chimpanzee known as Mr.
+Crowley, who was the wonder and admiration of many children and grown
+people on account of his intelligence and accomplishments.
+
+Unfortunately for the interest of science and the amusement of the
+public, Mr. Crowley met the fate that befalls most monkeys who are
+brought from their tropical homes to colder climates; he died of
+pneumonia and pleurisy after having been several times dangerously ill.
+
+[Illustration: 0166]
+
+Monkeys rarely live long in northern countries; they die of pneumonia or
+consumption, generally in a few months, in spite of the greatest care
+in shielding them from the effects of draughts or chills. The tailless
+monkeys are more hardy than the tailed ones, but even they are not proof
+against the rigors of the north.
+
+From his own observations, aided by free quotations from a little book
+entitled “Mr. Crowley of Central Park,” by Henry S. Fuller, George
+prepared the following description of this remarkable animal:
+
+“Crowley was captured when very young in the forests of Africa, not far
+from Monrovia, Liberia. He was presented to the Central Park Museum by
+the Hon. Mr. Smythe, U. S. Minister to Liberia, and became a resident of
+New York in May 1884. He was then thought to be about six months old and
+weighed not far from twenty-five pounds; he was very active, and soon
+after his arrival a trapeze was fitted up for him on which he took great
+pleasure in swinging.
+
+[Illustration: 0168]
+
+A pair of ninepins were obtained for him, in shape like small Indian
+clubs, and several wooden balls sufficiently large not to be slipped
+through the grating. He took great pleasure in making targets of the
+pins, and would hurl the balls at them with all his strength and chatter
+with delight when the targets were struck. Tiring of this, he would
+seize the pins, one in each hand, and exercise with these, not entirely
+according to the written rules of club exercise, but with a zest that
+was of equal benefit to the muscles; although, when he abandoned
+this practice and used them as drumsticks to batter the sides of his
+apartment, the uproar sometimes became too great to be endured.
+
+“His meals were usually taken outside of his apartment. Seated in one of
+the office chairs about six o'clock, after his morning toilet had been
+made, he was handed a plate of boiled rice, sweetened with a little
+sugar, which he ate in genteel fashion with a spoon, and with apparent
+relish, often looking up at his benefactor with one eye in apparent
+gratitude, and only pausing an instant to wipe his spacious chin of
+little rivulets of rice that would trickle at times from the convex
+corners of his mouth.
+
+[Illustration: 9169]
+
+A cup of milk would then be given him to aid the digestion of more solid
+food.”
+
+“These meals were prepared punctually four times a day, a custom which
+has become of a second nature to the chimpanzee and continues to the
+present time. The first meal was in the morning, and a lunch followed
+about ten o'clock; between one and two he was given his dinner, and his
+supper hour was at five, after which he invariably indicated a desire to
+retire to his blanket and dispose of himself for the night. The lunch in
+the morning and the supper were often varied with fruit, an orange or
+a banana, which was first carefully prepared by peeling. Otherwise
+his diet was quite plain; all sweetmeats, candies and dainties being
+positively prohibited.
+
+“During the fall of 1884, his weight, increasing at more than a pound
+a month, reached forty pounds. His height and strength developed
+proportionately. The coat of hair that had begun to appear upon his body
+was black and glossy. It was brushed daily, an operation which he seemed
+to enjoy; about the head, where it grew longer, a natural inclination
+was discovered to part in the center, and for better effect the hair was
+brushed down over his forehead and kept trimmed and banged, imparting a
+more civilized appearance when he was presented to visitors.
+
+“On being permitted to view himself in a glass, Crowley expressed his
+entire approbation of this fashion. He displayed much vanity and did not
+soon tire of admiring himself. When he grasped a policeman's club
+that was in the room and paraded up and down with it for a cane, his
+appearance was striking. The natural stoop of his shoulders became
+profoundly English, and taken in conjunction with the cane, so thick
+and heavy in proportion to Crowley's figure, the resemblance was most
+perfect.
+
+“He was quite conscious of his increasing importance, and took great
+pleasure in receiving visitors. He submitted to the cleaning of his
+nails and the scrubbing of his teeth, but the washing of his hands and
+face was always extremely distasteful to him. He never became entirely
+reconciled to that practice, and after he became older he discarded it
+almost entirely.
+
+“A small chair and a table of solid oak were made for him, both articles
+being sufficiently heavy to withstand an outburst of animal spirits that
+he sometimes indulged in after a meal. For the same reason his dishes
+were of the heavy ware used in down-town restaurants. He had previously
+learned to drink from a cup and sip his milk with a spoon. Now he was
+instructed in the use of knife and fork, and in the absence of meat or
+other solid food, he carved into slices the bananas and other fruits
+given him, and conveyed these slices to his mouth on the fork.
+
+“One admirer sent him a napkin enclosed in a plated silver ring. The
+ring was engraved, 'Remus Crowley, Esq.,' and a corner of the napkin
+had also the name embroidered on it. After inspecting both with grave
+deliberation, he grunted his appreciation, and proceeded to thrust the
+napkin into his mouth. Much patient persevering was required to impress
+upon him the importance of laying the napkin on one knee, or of folding
+it over his chest while eating, and that its function was to keep his
+mouth and chin clean, but repeated instructions at last instilled these
+precepts on his mind.
+
+“The chimpanzees are keen, observant animals, and Crowley inherited the
+full gifts of his race. Little that transpired around him escaped his
+attention, while his understanding was not less ready and intelligent.
+In a few days he learned to lock and unlock the doors of the room in
+which he lived, and to hide the key which was used to lock him in the
+apartment. More care was needed with him than for a child of live years.
+If he could not express himself intelligently in speech. He was neither
+deaf nor dumb, and he had a vocabulary of his own made up of gutteral
+monosyllables, which his attendant professes to understand quite well,
+though to the uninitiated it is more than Greek or Sanscrit.”
+
+[Illustration: 0171]
+
+“'Shall I wash your face, Crowley?' asked his keeper.
+
+“'Ooh! ooh! ooh!' exclaimed Crowley, moving away disgusted. 'That means
+no,' explains the attendant.
+
+“'Here's an orange, baby.'
+
+“'Ut, oot, oot, oot!' and Crowley thrust out a fist eagerly. His other
+expressions are more complex, except with regard to pain or pleasure.
+With the first he utters a yell that would startle a Sioux Indian; when
+pleased, the ends of his mouth stretch to each ear, while he dances and
+mumbles with enjoyment.
+
+“By the summer of 1885 Crowley weighed fifty pounds and was very
+vigorous. A new cage was made for him in the west end of the monkey
+house; it was about ten feet long, six feet high, and of the same
+width, open on all sides, and protected by a grating of iron wire, the
+thickness of a lady's little finger. One of the new features introduced
+in it was a swing or trapeze; a wooden bar suspended at one end of the
+cage by two stout ropes from the ceiling. At the other end of the cage
+was a spring board, to enable him to indulge to his full bent in his
+propensity for leaping. When placed in his new quarters he made a
+dignified circuit of his room, walking as erect as possible, only
+resting on the knuckles of his hands, or supporting himself by holding
+to the grating, He inspected the spring-board as if accustomed to
+spring-boards of various patterns, and passed on without testing its
+elasticity. The trapeze he eyed with some curiosity, but did not deign
+to try it.
+
+“At the close of his second summer, it was decided that many changes
+would be needed another year, to fit that place for his growth. When
+standing erect, and flat on his feet, Crowley was now nearly four feet
+in height. He had outgrown the baby chair provided for him the first
+year, and it was succeeded by one better suited to a person of his
+size and importance. A bedstead of oak was procured, so that instead of
+stretching himself on the hard floor, he could sleep like other people.
+The bedstead was five feet long and three feet wide, giving him ample
+room to turn around without rolling out; but for greater security it was
+attached to the floor with iron braces, which defied, for the time, Mr.
+Crowley's ingenuity to unscrew, and his strength to remove from their
+places.
+
+“Crowley had a fondness for music. Whenever his attendant produced a
+mouth organ and played on it “Sweet Violets,” or “Yankee Doodle,” the
+chimpanzee's whole attention was at once arrested. He would listen for a
+few moments intently, and as the air proceeded, a state of great nervous
+excitement would come upon him. His body would begin to sway in unison
+with the attendant's foot as it beat upon the floor, until at last,
+no longer able to contain himself, he would spring up and down in a
+chimpanzee jig, which appears to be a kind of cross between a Virginia
+reel and an Irish break-down, keeping this up until he became exhausted
+or the music ceased. When the instrument was given to him and held for
+him, he would blow upon it and try to reproduce the sounds which caused
+him pleasure, and when he succeeded, an expression of delight would
+brighten his flexible features. But his performances were never such as
+to warrant his applying for a situation in Theodore Thomas's orchestra
+or even in an ordinary street band.
+
+“With the winter of 1887-88 Crowley entered upon his fifth year. He
+had attained the weight of nearly one hundred pounds, and when erect he
+stood quite four feet two inches in his bare feet. His hands were as big
+and knotted as those of a negro laborer inured to toil, and his muscles
+were thoroughly developed. His temper did not improve, and it became
+necessary to apply a whip to him occasionally to keep him under
+discipline. During the winter he had an attack of pneumonia, and when
+the fever came on all his bluster and bad temper disappeared. His
+strength left him and he became quite helpless, lying all day on the
+floor in the center of his cage, his head resting on one arm for a
+pillow, with a piece of heavy bagging beneath him for a mattress. When
+strangers entered his cage he was too weak to raise his head. Many
+physicians called to see him and tender their services. He recognized
+their kindness and their purpose with a low grunt, which often ended in
+a fit of coughing.
+
+[Illustration: 0175]
+
+“When requested, he would proffer his arm for the physicians to feel his
+pulse, turn over that the breathing in his chest might be listened to,
+and show his tongue for examination. For a long time he regarded the
+thermometer used to secure his temperature with suspicion. It could not
+be placed beneath his tongue for fear of the consequences, but, as he
+became weaker, and unable to repel the liberties, he was persuaded to
+hold the instrument under an arm.
+
+“All that could be done for Crowley seemed of little avail, and for two
+weeks he remained in this hopeless state.. His temperature at times rose
+to one hundred and five degrees, and pulse beat nearly a hundred. In the
+absence of hot applications, only hot teas and liquors could be given
+him. A concoction of rum and molasses was prepared and he was prevailed
+on, at a critical point of his illness, to swallow a large dose of this,
+to which a quantity of brandy was added. Soon after swallowing it
+he fell into a heavy stupor which continued for several hours. About
+midnight he startled his attendant by suddenly leaping into his trapeze
+with all his old nimbleness. He bounded upon his spring-board and for an
+hour danced and shouted in his cage, and then staggered and sank down in
+a profound perspiration. He was covered with a blanket and slept soundly
+until morning.
+
+“When he awoke, there was something like the old grin on his face as he
+looked up at his keeper.
+
+“'Comin' around, old man?' asked the keeper tenderly.
+
+“'Oogh, oogh!' muttered Crowley, faintly, and closed his eyes.
+
+“Sure enough he was on the way to recovery. His strength and flesh
+returned, and with them his occasional displays of bad temper that
+required the use of the whip.”
+
+“What is the difference between the chimpanzee and the gorilla?” Harry
+asked, when George had finished reading his description of Mr. Crowley
+and his curious ways.
+
+“The name has sometimes been given to all the great apes, including the
+gorilla and the orang-outang,” said Mr. Graham, “but it properly belongs
+to the lowest of the man-shaped apes of equatorial Africa. The gorilla
+stands at the head of the list; then comes the kooloo-kamba, then the
+nachiego-mbouve, then the soko, and after these the chimpanzee. They are
+all so closely allied that any one but a close student may mistake one
+for the other, and this circumstance has led to confusion in the stories
+of explorers.
+
+“In size and shape the gorilla approaches more nearly to man than any
+other of the monkey family, but he is still a long way from being able
+to claim one of us as his brother. The arms are so long that they almost
+touch the ground when the animal stands erect, which he does not do
+easily.
+
+[Illustration: 0177]
+
+“Mr. du Chaillu was the first explorer to see the gorilla at home; he
+killed several specimens of this remarkable creature and sent their
+skins to England, but though he tried very hard to bring away a living
+sample he was unable to do so. Later travelers have been more fortunate,
+and I have read to-day in a newspaper that Boston has just received
+from Africa the largest gorilla ever landed in this country. His name
+is Jack, and he is five feet in height when standing erect, and measures
+seven feet from the end of one outstretched hand to the other. He weighs
+about one hundred and twenty-five pounds and exhibits enormous strength,
+compared with which that of man seems like a child's. He arrived in a
+large box made of planking two and a half inches thick, and when being
+removed from the ship he tore large splinters from the hard wood planks
+with as much ease as a child would break a twig. The hair, which is very
+coarse, and from two to four inches in length, is of a greenish-gray
+color, and on the back, legs and arms inclines to a black. His shoulders
+are immense. The expression of his face, which is black, is scowling.
+The eyes are small, sunken in the head, and the lips large and thin.”
+
+“I suppose the gorilla does not make as good-natured a captive as Mr.
+Crowley, for example,” one of the boys remarked.
+
+“Not by any means,” answered Mr. Graham. “He is of an ugly disposition
+and generally refuses to be tamed, though occasionally one is found that
+is comparatively submissive. Some years ago a gentleman bought a gorilla
+that was thought to be about two years old and shipped it to England.
+It was not spiteful or obstinate in its ways, but seemed to be very shy;
+its owner thought the best plan was to allow it to run about the ship,
+and after it was given its freedom it got along very well. It would
+take food from the hands of passengers and sailors, but permitted no
+familiarity; it formed a great friendship for a bull terrier, and the
+two used to play together by the hour, the dog occasionally giving
+a very sharp nip which was not resented by the larger animal. But,
+unfortunately, the gorilla was missed one morning, and was supposed to
+have fallen overboard during the night.”
+
+“The gorilla is the largest monkey of Africa and in fact of the whole
+world. The largest Asiatic monkey is found, not on the continent of
+Asia, but on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. He is know to foreigners
+as the orang-outang or wild man of the forest, and is generally called
+'mias' by the natives. Many of the people believe that the creature is a
+human being who lives in a wild state, and hence the name by which he
+is described to strangers. In habits, size, and general appearance, the
+mias is much like the gorilla, but he is more easily tamed and kept in
+captivity. He lives in the forestand travels from tree to tree without
+descending to the ground; in fact he sleeps in the trees, making a bed
+of leaves among the branches. Mr. Wallace, a naturalist, describes how
+he shot at a mias and broke his arm. The animal was in the top of a
+tree at the time, and immediately proceeded to break off branches and
+make a nest for himself. Mr. Wallace fired at him several times, but
+he did not quit his work, and he finally laid down in the nest and died
+there from the effects of the shot. It was necessary to cut down the
+tree in order to obtain the body, which proved to be a very large one.
+
+[Illustration: 0179]
+
+“Mr. Wallace caught a young mias and managed to keep it six or eight
+weeks; he hoped to be able to take it to England, but it died at the end
+of that time, probably from the impossibility of obtaining proper food.
+He said it would cry like a child when hungry or when its food did
+not suit its taste; if its keeper persisted in offering food that it
+disliked it would scream and kick violently, exactly like a baby in a
+passion. Altogether he thought it very human in its actions, and was
+very sorry when it died from intermittent fever.”
+
+Harry asked if the gibbon monkey which comes from Siam and the
+neighboring countries was anything like the mias.
+
+Mr. Graham explained that the gibbon was much smaller than the gorilla
+or the orang-outang, and more human in his general appearance. He is
+a delicate creature and cannot exist in a cold climate even with the
+greatest care. An adult gibbon rarely lives more than a few weeks in
+captivity, and when captured young the animal does not usually reach
+maturity. The gibbons are very gentle in their manners, devotedly
+attached to their masters when kindly treated, and not at all
+mischievous.
+
+“On a steamer that carried me from Bangkok to Singapore,” said Mr.
+Graham, “one of the passengers, Mr. Newman, had a gibbon which he was
+undertaking to carry to England. The little fellow was very gentle and
+playful and easily made friends with all the passengers. Mr. Newman
+said he had kept the monkey at his house in Bangkok and allowed him the
+largest liberty.
+
+“The house was full of bric-a-brac and curios of various kinds, but the
+monkey went about with the greatest care and never injured anything.
+
+“One of his favorite amusements was to race around the verandah of the
+house with his master, the two starting from one point and going in
+opposite directions. Frequently he came in the morning and by signs
+indicated that he wished a race; Mr. Newman generally allowed the monkey
+to beat him, and the creature always seemed pleased at his triumph.
+
+“He sat at the table and drank milk and coffee from a cup, and his
+manners in general were far better than those of most monkeys in
+captivity.
+
+“Another gibbon that was being carried to England on a steamer would
+walk the entire length of the saloon table at dinner without breaking or
+even touching anything upon it, although the table might be covered with
+glasses and plates and the vessel was rolling heavily. He would start
+from the foot of the table, walk to the other end to take a glass of
+wine with the captain, and then return in the same careful manner. The
+wild gibbons drink by scooping up the water with a single paw, and it
+requires some patience to teach them to drink from a glass or cup in a
+human fashion.
+
+[Illustration: 0182]
+
+“But of all the monkeys in the world,” continued the gentleman, “the
+most comical is the long-nosed monkey of Borneo; as far as known it has
+been found nowhere else than in that island. He grows to the size of a
+large pointer dog, lives in the same forests with the orang-outang, and
+probably associates with him. He has a funny appearance at any age, but
+perhaps the funniest when young and the nose has just begun to develop.
+Its hair grows naturally down the sides of the head as though parted by
+a comb, it has whiskers but no mustaches, and it has a long tail which
+starts high enough up the back not to be in the way when the animal sits
+down.
+
+“The Dyak natives believe that these monkeys are a race of men who have
+fled to the forest in order to avoid the payment of taxes!”
+
+[Illustration: 0183]
+
+“And now,” said Mr. Graham, glancing at his watch, “we will drop the
+subject of apes and their kindred until to-morrow.”
+
+The youths took the hint and no further questions were asked that
+evening about quadrumana and their strange ways. But the next day
+they were ready with several “monkey stories,” some of which are worth
+repeating.
+
+Harry found the following, which certainly shows a reasoning power on
+the part of the monkey:
+
+“There is on the coast of Java a peculiar long-tailed monkey, and a sand
+crab that grows to extraordinary size and possesses great strength in
+its claws.
+
+[Illustration: 8184]
+
+The monkeys are particularly fond of these crabs, which live in deep
+holes in the sand, but spend much of their time on the outside of their
+holes, where they run and hop about. They range in size from that of a
+silver dollar to that of our edible crabs. Their claws are not large,
+but have a grip that is vise-like. The monkeys make daily raids on the
+haunts of these crabs, and occasionally succeed--by creeping stealthily
+to within a few feet of a group of them and then springing down upon
+them--in capturing one. Usually, however, the crabs are so wary that
+while the monkey is in the air during his spring toward them they have
+separated and disappeared into the ground. The monkey finding himself
+too slow to make a capture, then resorts to a bit of strategy to
+secure a dinner; he backs himself up to a hole into which a crab has
+disappeared, and sitting down, thrusts his long tail into the hole. The
+crab seizes the end of the tail the moment it approaches near enough.
+Any one who may have been fortunate enough to hide himself in the
+bushes unobserved by the monkey making a raid, will have a hard time to
+restrain his laughter when the critical moment of contact between the
+crab's claw and the monkey's tail is reached. There is a look of comical
+suspense on the monkey's face as he thrusts his tail in the hole. When
+the crab closes on the tail the look of suspense departs. The monkey
+gives an involuntary start, and then settles on his haunches while
+he closes his teeth together with a determined air, and eventually,
+springing forward, out comes the tail from the hole with the crab
+dangling to it, and the monkey is soon proceeding with his meal.”
+
+“Here's another story,” said George, “which is old but good: 'A Spanish
+mule-driver once invested his scant earnings, purchasing a number of red
+woolen caps, which form the crown of the turban worn throughout Turkey
+and Africa, and set out to make his fortune in the interior.
+
+[Illustration: 9185]
+
+He started before sunrise, and, when the heat of the day came on, lay
+down to sleep beneath a tree in a wood. Taking off his hat he opened his
+valise, and, putting on a red cap, was soon asleep.
+
+“'When the sun was low in the horizon he awoke, and to his horror, saw
+the trees tilled with monkeys in red raps. They had seen the Spaniard
+put on the red cap before going to sleep, and followed his example.
+The poor Spaniard, with all the gesticulation peculiar to his country,
+stamped his foot in anger, and tearing off his red cap threw it on the
+ground, when--blessed and unexpected result--all the monkeys followed
+his example. He picked up his caps and moved on.'”
+
+“Here's a story from a St Louis newspaper,” said Harry, “about an
+incident that must have been very funny:
+
+“'Yesterday was a good day for the monkeys at the Fair grounds, and they
+liked it. They frisked about in the sunshine, and cut their antics with
+an abandon that showed them to be bubbling over with fun and mischief.
+There is one that by some amusing peculiarities becomes an immediate
+favorite with every spectator. A gentleman in the crowd yesterday
+happened to have a small pocket-mirror, and just for sport passed it to
+the favorite. The monkey's behavior, on seeing his face reflected in
+the glass, kept the crowd in a roar of laughter for nearly an hour. The
+monkey of course failed to recognize the reflection of himself, and took
+it for another monkey, and his anxiety to get hold of that monkey was
+what made the fun. He would look behind the glass, and feel for it in
+such a comical way while he was looking in the glass, that one could not
+help laughing. While the glass was close to his eye he gradually bent
+over, casually, and noticing that the evanescent monkey was on his back
+apparently he dropped the glass and made a sudden grab for him. When he
+didn't get him he looked surprised and commenced looking under the straw
+to see what had become of him. He was then seized with a luminous idea.
+He picked up the glass and ran to the topmost branch of the dead tree
+that is erected in the cage, and climbing to the extreme end, again
+looked in the glass. It seemed he reasoned that in such a position the
+monkey could not get away. He felt for it, grabbed at it, and tried all
+sorts of strategy to capture it, notwithstanding repeated failures.'”
+
+That the monkey can be a hero is shown by a story which George found in
+_Our Animal Friends_, credited to _The Children's Treasury_.
+
+“A nobleman had a favorite monkey, a large orang-outang.
+
+[Illustration: 8186]
+
+This monkey was very much attached to his master and to the baby boy who
+was the pet of the whole family. One day, a fire suddenly broke out in
+the house, and everybody was running here and there to put it out,
+while the little boy in the nursery was almost forgotten; and, when they
+thought of him, the staircase was all in flames. What could be done?
+
+“As they were looking up and wondering, a large hairy hand and arm
+opened the window: and presently the monkey appeared with the baby in
+his arms, and carefully climbed down over the porch, and brought the
+child safely to his nurse. Nobody else could have done it; for a man
+cannot climb like a monkey and is not nearly so strong.
+
+“You may imagine how the faithful creature was praised and petted after
+that. This is a true story, and the child who was saved was the young
+Marquis of Kildare.”
+
+[Illustration: 5187]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+_A Calf saving a Child from Drowning--Another that
+Seasoned--Illustrations of the Intelligence of Horned Cattle--Oxen
+taking care of Sheep--The Cow that sought Help for Another--Natural
+History of the Ox--Peculiarities of the Bison--Encounter with a
+Bull-bison--How a Hunter Escaped being Trampled to Death--Stampeding a
+Herd--The Aurochs or European Bison--A bad Character--The Yak and the
+Musk-ox--Mr. Graham's Narrow Escape from an Egyptian Buffalo--The Cape
+Buffalo--How the Natives Hunt him, and are Hunted by him._
+
+Here's a good story,” said Harry, “about the intelligence of a calf. It
+is copied from the Atlanta Constitution.”
+
+Mr. Graham and George listened attentively while Harry read as
+follows:--“Little Dillie Welsh is the four-year-old daughter of
+Yard-master Welsh, of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.
+
+[Illustration: 8188]
+
+She is bright and a general favorite. Her father keeps a Jersey cow,
+which has a calf. The calf and little Dillie have formed a mutual
+affection.
+
+“In the adjoining lot to Mr. Welsh is a mineral well, which has a low
+opening, and a child can stand and look over it. A few days ago Dillie
+and her calf were playing near the well when the little girl went too
+near. She crawled up and was looking over, when the calf came up and
+held onto her dress with his teeth. She lost her balance and fell over
+in the mouth of the well. The calf held on to the child's clothes while
+she was suspended in the air over the water. If the animal had let go
+the dress, the child would have been drowned. The child was rescued by a
+servant, and the calf was happy.”
+
+“That's a very pretty story,” said George; “and I have a good one to
+go with it.” Thereupon he read something which he said was from _The
+Greenville (N. C.) Reflector_.
+
+“An amusing incident occurred at the home of Mr. S. M. Jones, near
+Bethel, recently. Among his cattle was a calf that seemed to possess a
+very great dislike to being roped at milking time and always made quite
+an objection. One morning Mrs. Jones went out to attend the milking,
+and upon looking in the accustomed place for the rope failed to find it.
+While the search for it was going on the calf thought, perhaps, to get
+more than his share of the milk, but something seemed to interfere with
+the imbibing process, and his peculiar actions attracted attention to
+him, whereupon it was discovered that the calf had swallowed the rope,
+but failed to make a complete job of it, as the noose was hanging from
+one corner of his mouth. The noose was laid hold of and a steady pull
+brought the rope to light. The calf is sufficiently amused and doesn't
+swallow any more ropes to evade being tied.”
+
+“Isn't it unusual for calves or any of their relatives to display as
+much intelligence as we have in these two stories?” one of the boys
+asked.
+
+“Decidedly unusual,” was the reply, “and that's the reason why these
+performances have been placed on record. But the fact is,” the gentleman
+continued, “that the ox is not as stupid a creature as is generally
+supposed. He is patient and slow, and for this reason the conclusion has
+been arrived at that he is correspondingly dull. The naturalists tell us
+that some of the tribes of South Africa trust to oxen to care for their
+flocks, and that the sagacious animals perform their duties in a manner
+worthy of the highest praise. They are quick to discover the approach of
+danger, and if the flocks are attacked by wild animals the oxen show a
+great deal of bravery in defending their charges. But while brave, they
+are prudent, and will not take any needless risk. When night approaches
+they drive the flocks to the camp or village, and if any of the sheep
+are inclined to straggle. The watchful guardians prod them in no gentle
+manner with their horns and make them understand that they are liable to
+severe punishment.
+
+[Illustration:0191]
+
+“The South African oxen are not only used for teaming purposes like oxen
+in other parts of the world, but they are excellent for carrying burdens
+on their backs. African hunters tell how they have used oxen in this
+way. Andersson, a famous hunter in South Africa, had an ox that he rode
+more than two thousand miles, and for ordinary traveling preferred him
+to a horse. When it came to pursuing wild animals, and especially to
+escape from a furious elephant or lion, he found a great advantage
+in the superior speed of the horse. His plan was to ride the ox while
+traveling and reserve his horse for hunting expeditions.
+
+“There are many varieties of _bovidae_,” said Mr. Graham, “as this family
+is called, and these varieties have certain subdivisions. The most
+remarkable are the American bison, commonly called the buffalo, the
+European bison or aurochs, the yak of Tartary, and the musk ox of the
+extreme parts of North America. The greatest intelligence of the bovine
+family is displayed by the wild animals, for the reason that they
+have been obliged to depend entirely on themselves, while the domestic
+species have the protection and care of their owners on whom they rely.
+A domestic ox or cow, when in trouble, will seek the aid of his master
+when it is possible to do so.
+
+“I was reading not long ago,” said Harry, “of a cow that came from the
+pasture one afternoon, and called the attention of some of the men about
+the place in a way which told very plainly that help was wanted. She
+repeatedly tried to induce somebody to follow her; when she finally
+succeeded she trotted off and led the way to a clump of trees, where
+another cow had become entangled in such a manner that she could not
+free herself without assistance. When the prisoner was liberated both
+she and the cow that had gone for help fairly danced about the man, and
+showed in every way in their power how grateful they were to him. They
+licked his hands with their rough tongues, caressed him with their
+noses, and when he returned to the barn they trotted along, one on
+each side of him until he reached the gate. Then they went back to to
+pasture and resumed their grazing.”
+
+“Many stories of the same kind have been told about domestic cattle, all
+of them showing the reliance that these good-natured animals place upon
+man.
+
+[Illustration: 9193]
+
+The time when they were first domesticated is unknown; the Egyptians had
+their herds of oxen and cows, and some naturalists think the ox was a
+domestic animal while the dog and cat were still in a wild state, in
+other words it was the earliest animal which submitted to the control
+of man. Centuries of domestication have made him the patient and gentle
+animal that he is, but he retains enough of his original instincts to be
+made wild again without much difficulty. A herd of cattle turned loose
+and allowed to run free for a single season are half wild at the end of
+it, and very difficult to manage. A few seasons make them fully so, and
+the calves that grow to maturity without any association with man seem
+to have lost everything that came from centuries of domestic ancestors.
+The wild cattle of South America are descended from tame ones and the
+same may be said of wild cattle in most parts of the world.”
+
+George asked if the buffalo of America was anything like that of the
+old world. He said he had read about the differences between them but
+couldn't remember what they were.
+
+“The name of buffalo,” said Mr. Graham, “is improperly applied to the
+bison, whose scientific name is _Bison Americanus_. The American bison
+is rapidly becoming extinct, and it is quite probable that there will
+not be one of these animals alive at the end of the present century.
+Fifty years ago there were countless millions of these animals, and as
+recently as twenty-five years ago vast herds of them roamed the western
+prairies from Texas to the Saskatchewan.
+
+[Illustration: 0194]
+
+At this moment their numbers have diminished to a few dozens, or at most
+a few hundreds; if I have read correctly there are only two or three
+small herds known to exist, one of them being in the north of Texas and
+the other near the boundary between Canada and the United States. An
+effort is being made to capture the few remaining bison and keep them
+in reserve fields or pastures, but it is doubtful if the experiment
+succeeds. The bison does not thrive in captivity, and as for taking him
+alive that is a very difficult matter. The calves and cows may possibly
+be captured but as for the bulls I would rather not be the one to
+attempt to take them.”
+
+“They are hard fighters; I suppose,” said George.
+
+“When driven into a corner and forced to defend themselves,” Mr. Graham
+answered, “they do so with great vigor. Properly speaking, the bison
+is not a ferocious animal: he does not wantonly attack man but on
+the contrary will always flee from him if he has the opportunity. His
+fighting qualities come out when he is obliged to defend himself or when
+men get in the way of the herds in their movements across country. The
+fiercest and strongest bulls are always in advance: they turn aside if
+they can do so in time, but if men get in their way and attack them they
+dash on without regard to circumstances. A man who is thrown down in
+front of an advancing herd has very little chance of escape. The herd
+passes on and tramples him to death, even if he escapes the advance
+guard of bulls.”
+
+“I have read,” said Harry, “of a man who was in front of a herd of
+buffalo when his horse stumbled and fell. The man had the presence of
+mind to draw his revolver and fire it several times, not at the herd or
+any animal in it, but straight up in the air. If he had wounded one of
+the bulls he and his horse would have been gored to death; the sound of
+the shots caused the advance to divide and leave him unharmed. The rest
+of the herd followed the example of the advance and for several hours
+the man and the horse lay there like a little islet in a vast river of
+buffaloes. When the last of the herd had passed, the man mounted his
+horse and rode away, very thankful to have escaped unharmed from so
+great a danger.”
+
+“Incidents of the same kind have occurred in stampedes of cattle in the
+far west of our country and in Australia,” said Mr. Graham.
+
+Harry asked what a stampede was.
+
+“Cattle and horses are said to be stampeded,” Mr. Graham answered, “when
+they take fright at anything and run away. The word is of Spanish origin
+and seems at present to be regularly adopted into our language. When a
+large herd of half-wild cattle is stampeded it is very apt to run over
+anything that comes in its way. Sometimes the herdsmen are thrown from
+their horses right in the midst of a frightened herd and trampled to
+death; if it happens that the herd separates at the moment a man falls
+the rest of it will do likewise and nothing serious occurs.
+
+“Returning to the bison,” continued Mr. Graham, “the animal looks much
+more fierce than he really is. His head is large and carried quite low,
+his eyes are small and piercing, and his head and shoulders are covered,
+with long shaggy hair that make the forward half of the animal look very
+heavy. He has a hump on his shoulders which consists partly of fat and
+partly of strong muscles, the amount of fat varying according to the
+season of the year and the condition of the animal. The flesh of the
+bulls is so tough and strong that only a very hungry man can eat it,
+but that of the young cows is rich and juicy like good beef. The choice
+parts of the buffalo are the hump and the tongue, the latter being the
+greatest delicacy of the buffalo country. You see I have fallen into the
+universal practice and speak of the animal as the buffalo, when he is
+really the bison, as I have before told you.
+
+[Illustration: 0196]
+
+“But by whatever name he is known, it is a pity that he is rapidly
+becoming a creature of the past. Indians and white men have waged
+incessant war upon him: as long as only the Indians attacked him with
+their arrows and lances, the slaughter was not sufficiently great to
+make any impression upon the herds, but when the white men poured into
+the West bringing their improved weapons, which were speedily acquired
+by the Indians, the destruction of the buffalo became simply a question
+of time. When the buffalo became scarce on the plains they were followed
+to their winter haunts, and killed in the deep snow, where they were
+unable to make any resistance. Thousands, and we could almost say
+millions, of buffaloes have been shot for mere sport and left to rot on
+the ground, not even their hides being taken away. Of late years their
+hides have risen to high figures owing to their scarcity; 'buffalo
+robes' were common enough twenty or thirty years ago, but at the present
+time they are rarely seen.”
+
+[Illustration: 0198]
+
+“Isn't there a bison in Europe as well as in America?” queried George.
+
+“There is,” was the reply, “and he is known as the aurochs in books on
+natural history. He is thought to be the oldest of his race, and
+would have been extinct long ago were it not for the protection he has
+received. He is found only in a few localities in Russia, where he is
+protected by the Government, and no animal of the race can be killed
+under severe penalties except by permission of the Russian Emperor. It
+is needless to say that this permission is seldom or almost never
+given. These creatures have never been domesticated, but run wild in the
+forest, where they eat grass and brushwood, and the bark and twigs of
+young trees. The aurochs does not reach maturity until its sixth year,
+and next to the elephant, rhinoceros and giraffe it is the largest of
+land animals.”
+
+One of the youths asked what was the size of a full-grown aurochs.
+
+“Measured at its withers,” was the reply, “it is nearly six feet high,
+and it is immensely strong. Its horns are large, round and lateral, and
+its tail is long with a tuft of hair at the end. The shoulders and all
+the front part of the body are covered with long coarse hair very
+much like that of the American bison, and it has a long mane under
+its throat. The rest of the body has a thick coat of black hair, and
+altogether the aurochs is not an amiable looking beast.”
+
+[Illustration:0200]
+
+One of the listeners asked whether he was fierce or gentle in his ways.
+
+“As to that,” Mr. Graham answered, “he bears a bad reputation. He is
+very shy, and like the American bison will keep out of the way man face
+to face, but rushes at him with great fierceness. If captured when young
+he becomes accustomed to his keepers, but will not tolerate the presence
+of any one else.
+
+“The aurochs is the urus of the ancients,” continued the gentleman, “his
+name coming from Ure-ox. Fossil remains of the animal have been found
+all over Europe, and in the time of Julius Cæsar it lived in Germany. It
+was a contemporary of the mammoth and is the only existing land
+animal whose skeleton has been found side by side when he can. He also
+resembles his American cousin in having a keen scent, so that he can
+only be approached against the wind; the buffalo hunters will tell you
+that you cannot get anywhere near a herd if you approach it with the
+wind, as the animals will scent the danger miles away and start off at a
+rapid pace to avoid it.
+
+[Illustration: 0201]
+
+The aurochs also resembles the bison in fighting fiercely when cornered;
+he is worse than the bison in one respect, as he will not try to escape
+when he meets a with that of the huge creature whose remains have
+astonished the scientific world.
+
+“From the bison to the buffalo is a very natural step, and by buffalo I
+mean the animal to whom the name properly belongs. But before taking him
+up I will mention the yak of Tartary, which has a flowing tail like that
+of a horse, a hump on its shoulders, a tuft of hair on its forehead, a
+mane along its neck and shoulders, and long hair on the lower part of
+its body which varies in quantity according to the season of the year.
+He is used as a beast of burden and can carry a very heavy load, and
+he is as sure-footed as a goat. The Tartars keep large herds of these
+animals and move about from place to place to find pasturage; they make
+tents and ropes of the hair of the yak, and clothing out of his skin,
+and they occasionally eat the flesh of the beast, though they prefer
+that of the horse. They make butter from the milk, and by putting it
+in bladders tightly closed against the air they can preserve it a long
+time.”
+
+[Illustration: 0203]
+
+“I've been reading about another animal,” said Harry, “that must be a
+near relative of the yak.”
+
+“What is that?”
+
+“The musk ox of North America,” was the reply.
+
+“Yes,” said Mr. Graham, “he is a relative of the yak, though somewhat
+smaller, in fact he is so small that he resembles a large sheep more
+than an ox. He belongs in the cold regions of North America, and is very
+useful to Arctic explorers, who feed upon his flesh. He has a covering
+of thick and long hair of a dark brown color, and his horns are thick
+and large, bending downwards over the sides of his head and then
+suddenly backwards and upwards at the tips.”
+
+“He looks very clumsy.” said George, glancing at the picture of the
+animal, “and evidently can't, get over the ground very fast.”
+
+“On the contrary.” was the reply, “he is as nimble as a goat and can
+make astonishingly rapid speed over the rough and rocky ground where lie
+lives. The hunter who thinks he can travel as fast as this apparently
+clumsy animal makes a great mistake.”
+
+“He's not the only animal that deceives us that way,” said George.
+“Nobody would think the hog could run and yet what a lively chase it is
+to catch a wild one. But some hogs are swifter than others, and I have
+heard of parts of the country where hogs were prized not according
+to their fatness, but for their ability to out-run professional
+hogthieves.”
+
+[Illustration: 0204]
+
+The buffalo of Europe and Asia,” said Mr. Graham, “is supposed to be
+a native of the damp parts of India, whence he has spread over the
+countries where he is now found. He is essentially a tropical animal and
+does not thrive in mild climates, and he is fond of wallowing in the mud
+and lying down to rest there.”
+
+[Illustration: 0205]
+
+George asked in what the Asiatic buffalo resembled the common ox. Mr.
+Graham said it was about the size of the ox and had a bulging-forehead
+with two black horns curved outward. It has a scanty coat and generally
+presents a very dingy appearance. “It is of an ugly disposition,”
+ continued the gentleman, “and is much inclined to attack strangers. I
+had an adventure with one of these creatures in Egypt that came near
+costing me my life.”
+
+“Please tell us about it,” said one of the boys.
+
+“I was taking a walk in the fields a few miles from Cairo,” said Mr.
+Graham, “and carried nothing except a small walking stick. While I was
+looking at the grasses and the fields of cotton and douro, and watching
+the pigeons circling in the air, I heard all at once the shouting of
+the natives to indicate something unusual. Looking around I saw that a
+buffalo was coming directly toward me and was not more than a hundred
+feet away. His head was lowered and it was very evident that I was to be
+the object of his attack.
+
+“I had to think and act very quickly, as none of the natives were near
+enough to divert the attention of the brute. There was no fence near and
+no building or enclosure in which I could find safety.
+
+“Close by me was a field of cotton, the bushes being as high as my head.
+Into this field I ran, and once in its shelter I doubled on my pursuer
+and ran the way that both of us had come. Then I met the crowd of
+natives that were trying to catch the runaway animal and they soon had
+him secured. A friend of mine in Egypt that same year only saved himself
+by firing a charge of shot directly at the buffalo's eyes when the
+creature was not more than ten yards away. He was compelled to pay for
+the destruction of the animal, as it was very properly argued that he
+was a trespasser in the field where the buffalo was grazing. You may be
+sure that he was careful after that not to go where he had no right to
+be, especially if there was a likelihood of encountering buffaloes.
+
+“A very pugnacious variety of the buffalo is the South African one. He
+has large horns, that spread out at the base so as to form a sort
+of helmet that is impenetrable for a bullet or for any other missile
+smaller than a cannon shot. The African buffalo is found all the way
+from Guinea to the Cape of Good Hope, and is often called the Cape
+buffalo. He lives in large herds in the forests, though he sometimes
+comes into the open plains, where he is more cautious and less
+quarrelsome than when in the woods. The natives hunt the Cape buffalo,
+but very often the animal shows so much fight that he becomes the hunter
+and drives his assailants away. Not infrequently he kills some of them
+with his powerful horns, and also with his feet, which he uses with
+great alertness. A single buffalo has been known to resist successfully
+a hundred natives armed with spears; since the introduction of fire-arms
+the numbers of the Cape buffalo have diminished, as he is unable to
+stand against the weapons of civilization any more than can his American
+namesake.
+
+“We'll go from the cows to sheep at our next talk,” said Mr. Graham to
+the youths, “and in the meantime please look at the books, and when we
+sit down to discuss them you may tell what you have found.”
+
+In the language of Parliamentarians “the meeting then adjourned,” and
+the boys proceeded to look at Cassell's Natural History and other books
+for information on the topic which they were next to consider.
+
+[Illustration: 0207]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+_Origin of the Sheep--The Asiatic Argali--Rocky Mountain
+Big-Horns--Their Remarkable Intelligence and other Peculiarities--A
+Hunter's Experience Among Them--Sentinels Guarding the
+Flocks--Differences between Wild and Domestic Sheep--Gentleness of
+the Lamb--The Lamb and the Children in the Well--The Sheep that Broke
+Through the Fence--Varieties of Sheep--The Long Wool and the Short
+Wool--The Merino--His Origin and Present Extent--Sheep in Australia--An
+Old Question and its Answer--Astrachan Sheep--Intelligence and Activity
+of the Goat--Some of his Performances--His Powers of Climbing--Goats
+said to eat Tomato-Cans and Old Boots--What Buffon says of the Goat--the
+End._
+
+Well,” remarked Mr. Graham as they sat down for their next discussion
+of the animal kingdom, “what have you learned about the sheep and his
+kindred?”
+
+The youths waited a half minute or more, each desiring the other to
+begin. Then Mr. Graham turned to Harry and nodded for him to speak. Thus
+encouraged the youth made an end of the silence.
+
+“I have found,” said he, “that the naturalists do not agree as to the
+origin of the sheep. Some think he is descended from the argali, an
+animal which is found in Asia and is as large as a deer. In shape and
+general appearance he resembles a sheep but is larger than the largest
+known variety of the domestic sheep. He runs wild in the mountains but
+can be easily tamed, especially if he is captured when young.”
+
+“Has he any relatives in America?” the gentleman asked.
+
+“Yes,” was the reply; “the Rocky Mountain sheep or big-horn, as he is
+also called, is the American argali, and resembles the Asiatic one very
+nearly, Now while some naturalists think the domestic sheep is descended
+from the argali, others believe that the sheep is a animal that has
+never lived in a wild state.”
+
+“What do you think about it?” was a query that somewhat puzzled the
+youths.
+
+“We haven't made up our minds yet,” answered Harry, “and from present
+appearances we are not likely to at once. We went to look at a flock of
+sheep and concluded from what we knew of the habits of the animal that
+they would have a hard time to exist if they were outside the care of
+man. We don't know much about the argali either in Asia or America,
+but if he is no more intelligent than the sheep he would not be able to
+elude the hunters as he does.”
+
+[Illustration: 0209]
+
+“You are quite right,” said their mentor, “as the argali far surpasses
+the sheep in intelligence and activity. The argali is graceful in
+figure, wonderfully sure of foot, his vision and heaving are of the
+keenest, and when there is any danger near he is always on the alert
+to discover it. Read what a hunter say of the _Ovis montana_ or Rocky
+Mountain sheep,” he continued, as he opened the pages of a book entitled
+“Sporting Adventures in the Far West,” by J. Mortimer Murphy.
+
+George took the book and read as follows:
+
+“Few creatures are more difficult of approach than the big-horn, for,
+like all mountain animals, it is exceedingly keen of scent, unusually
+vigilant, and so cautious that it carefully reconnoitres a country from
+an elevated stand-point ere it presumes to advance toward it. The Nimrod
+who would place the head of the big-horn among his trophies of the
+chase, must be not only of an active and vigorous form to bear steep
+mountain climbing and a rarefied atmosphere, but he must also possess
+the qualities of patience, perseverance and hardihood, for its pursuit
+may lead him through deep and gloomy precipices, and over ground so
+stony and rough as to seem impassable.
+
+[Illustration: 0210]
+
+“When a flock is migrating to new pastures the sentinels or leaden
+carefully scrutinize the country before them from every commanding
+position, and when they are satisfied with its appearance the whole
+party advance boldly, and having made it their head-quarters, throw
+out vedettes, generally males, who mount guard on elevated crags
+or hillocks, and vigilantly survey their surroundings until their
+companions have dined, when all seek shelter amidst crags, small pine or
+fir coppices, and inaccessible shelves of rock or somber canyons, where
+no ordinary enemy can follow them without making its presence known.
+
+[Illustration: 0211]
+
+“When a sentinel detects the approach of a suspicions object, he sounds
+an alarm at once by a few loud and peremptory hissing snorts; this
+brings the flock huddling together, the lambs and ewes in the center;
+and when the column is formed, all dash for the highest ridges at their
+best pace, and never stop until they have sought a safe refuge among
+crags or chasms. The advance is always led by a sturdy ram, one that
+is generally looked upon as the leader, and the rear and flanks are
+carefully guarded by the young males. In regions where they are little
+disturbed they raise their heads every few minutes while feeding and
+survey their surroundings; and as they are both sharp of eye and keen
+of scent it requires the most careful stalking to approach them within
+shooting range without being discovered. They will get the scent of a
+hunter to windward seemingly half a mile away; and when that terrifying
+odor is made known to the flock they display the greatest symptoms of
+terror and dash wildly for the highest pinnacles, now leaping nimbly
+from crag to crag, or vaulting dark and narrow chasms with the greatest
+ease, nor do they stop until they have placed a goodly distance between
+themselves and their most dreaded foe.”
+
+[Illustration: 0212]
+
+“A common sheep could do nothing like that,” said Harry, as George
+paused and closed the book.
+
+“Not by any means,” responded Mr. Graham, “as he is heavy in his steps
+and slow in his motions. His intelligence is low and his constitution
+could not stand the exposure to the weather that the wild animal endures
+without injury. Except under very favorable circumstances a flock of
+sheep would soon perish if turned out to shift for themselves.”
+
+“Then I suppose we cannot find many stories of the intelligence of the
+sheep as we can of the dog, the elephant and the horse,” one of the
+youths remarked.
+
+“We cannot,” was the reply, “but to offset the lack of sagacity in the
+sheep we have its patience and kindness of disposition, in which it
+is without a superior. The lamb has been in all ages the type of
+gentleness, and will probably continue so as long as man and the sheep
+exist together. He is also the type of playfulness, and there can be few
+more pleasing sights than that of a flock of lambs sporting on the grass
+or a single lamb playing among children by whom he is kept as a pet. I
+have somewhere read a story of a lamb that belonged to some children and
+went out with them one day as he had often done before. An hour or so
+later the 'lamb came to the house bleating loudly and evidently wishing
+to attract somebody's attention. When he obtained it he led the way to
+where the two children had fallen into a shallow well, and though not
+injured by the fall, which had only been a few feet, they were unable to
+get out. It seems they were standing on a plank which covered the well;
+the plank being old and rotten had given way beneath them, but as the
+well had been filled nearly to the top with earth they suffered no
+damage. In this case the lamb had the intelligence to understand that
+help was needed and he went to bring it.
+
+“Sheep will sometimes display considerable cunning in getting into
+fields and pastures where they have no right to go. On the country farm
+where I lived when I was a boy we had a small flock of sheep; they were
+all stupid enough with the exception of one, that used to devote himself
+to hunting for weak places in the fence between the pasture where they
+ran and the adjoining field. It was what we called a 'brush' fence, and
+this mischievous animal used to walk along the line and survey it with
+great care. When he found what he thought was a weak place he would
+insert his head through the opening and work patiently till lie had
+enlarged it sufficiently to permit him to get through. Then the rest of
+the lot followed 'like a flock of sheep,' and when we went to drive them
+out the shrewd leader took them in a direction quite opposite to the
+opening. He seemed to understand that it would be blocked up as soon as
+discovered and he wanted to keep it for further use.”
+
+[Illustration: 0214]
+
+Harry asked how many varieties of sheep there are in the world. He had
+looked through the works on natural history but was unable to find out.
+
+“There are two great varieties,” answered George proudly, as he realized
+that he had come upon some information which had escaped his brother.
+“They are the long-wool and the short-wool,” said he, “the former being
+most useful for the production of meat and the latter for their wool.
+The long-wooled sheep have the wool straight or slightly curved
+while the short-wooled kind have it thick and curly. The Leicesters,
+Cotswolds, Scotch and Welsh breeds are of the long-wooled kind, while
+the Merino is the most noted of the other sort.”
+
+[Illustration: 0215]
+
+“That is right,” said Mr. Graham, “and can you tell me which is the most
+widely known of the short-wooled sheep?”
+
+“I can,” said Harry; “it is the Merino, which was brought into Spain
+by the Moors and derives its name from the Spanish word _merino_ which
+signifies 'wandering.' It was introduced into France more than a hundred
+years ago and has gradually spread all over Europe and to America and
+Australia. There wasn't a sheep in Australia when Governor Philip went
+there in 1788, and now that country sends a million and a quarter
+bales of wool every year to London alone besides what it ships to other
+countries and consumes at home. The merino is the favorite sheep of
+Australia, and it has also found a home in the British colonies at the
+Cape of Good Hope.
+
+[Illustration: 0216]
+
+“As to the other kinds of sheep,” continued the youth, “they are, as the
+auctioneers say in their advertisements, too numerous to mention. Almost
+every county of England has its peculiar breed, some of them being
+more famous for their mutton than their wool, and others _vice versa._
+Scattered over Europe are many breeds, but it is safe to say that the
+most of them came from one original stock and owe their variation in
+development to the differences of climate and modes of rearing. One of
+the most famous breeds of sheep in England is the Southdown, which is
+famous both for wool and meat: it has been introduced into France and
+other countries, and we have a good supply of Southdowns nowadays in
+America.”
+
+“I am reminded,” said George, “of a conundrum I heard a while ago, and
+it is about sheep.”
+
+“What is it?”
+
+“Why do white sheep eat more than black ones?”
+
+“I know,” said Harry, “that's a chestnut. It's because there are more of
+them.”
+
+“Yes,” responded Mr. Graham, “and the naturalists have had much
+difficulty in separating the one from the other in consequence of the
+intermediate forms between them. The goat is generally believed to be
+descended from the paseng or ibex of Asia, and he inherits some of the
+qualities of his ancestors who dwell among the rugged mountains. He is
+marvelously sure-footed, and can go where almost any other quadruped
+would not dare venture.”
+
+“I wonder if it is true,” said one of the youths, “that when two
+
+“But it isn't exactly right,” said George, “at least not for all parts
+of the world. In Central Asia the flocks contain more black sheep than
+white ones; the Astrachan sheep is generally black and his wool is very
+soft and curly. The skin of the Astrachan lamb is used as a sort of fur,
+and very pretty cloaks, muffs, collars, coats and similar things are
+made of it.”
+
+[Illustration: 0217]
+
+“While I was looking up the description of sheep,” said Harry, “I read
+something about the goat, who may be called his first cousin, when goats
+meet on a mountain road where it is too narrow for them to turn around
+or pass at the side, one will lie down and let the other go over him.”
+
+[Illustration: 0218]
+
+“It has been told so often,” Mr. Graham answered, “that it certainly
+ought to be true. Not long ago I read of exactly such an occurrence
+somewhere in Spain, and it was witnessed by several persons. But what
+is much more likely to happen is that the animals would fight for the
+possession of the road, and one or perhaps both would be forced over the
+precipice and dashed to death on the rocks below.
+
+“The goat's power of climbing and his fondness for getting into
+dangerous places are something remarkable. I have seen in the Alps and
+also in Algeria the goats browsing on the steep side of a mountain where
+it would be impossible for a man to climb, and where a single slip
+or mis-step would send the animal down for hundreds of feet almost
+perpendicularly. At Constantine in Algeria there is a wall of rock
+five or six hundred feet high; it is slightly, broken near the top,
+perpendicular further down, and the goats browse along the broken part,
+springing slowly from break to break until they can get no farther. Then
+they slowly ascend the cliff and start out for a new grazing place. The
+funny thing was that there was plenty of grass elsewhere and they had no
+occasion to get into such dangerous positions. They seemed to do it for
+the fun of the thing.”
+
+“You remember they had a goat at the monkey theater,” said Harry, “that
+climbed upon bottles in the shape of a pyramid, stood on the top of a
+pole, balanced himself on a table and did other curious things. I wonder
+somebody doesn't train goats to walk a tight rope, for it must be they
+could do it.”
+
+[Illustration: 0220]
+
+“I think I've heard of their doing it,” Mr. Graham remarked, “though I
+am not positive on that point. I've seen an elephant walk a tight rope,
+but it was stretched only a foot or so from the ground so that a fall
+wouldn't injure him.”
+
+
+[Illustration: 0219]
+
+
+[Illustration: 0221]
+
+The conversation about goats took a wide range and included performances
+both actual and apochryphal. George asked what variety of goat it was
+that was credited with eating tomato-cans, umbrellas, boots, and similar
+things usually considered inedible, and was told he must seek it in the
+upper districts of New York and at Hoboken and other suburban places.
+But while Mr. Graham would not aver that the goat lived upon the
+articles mentioned, he positively assured the youths that he had seen
+the creature devour newspapers and bill-posters with apparent relish,
+and that it didn't seem to make any difference to him whether the
+newspapers were Republican or Democratic, secular or religious. He was
+sure that the digestion of the goat was one of the best in the world
+and could justly be envied by a great many men. “But leaving all jest
+aside,” said he, “the goat is a hardy feeder and can live on very
+little; he has been called the poor man's cow, as he can be kept by
+people who cannot afford the expense of a cow and the milk of the goat
+is rich and nutritious. Invalids are sometimes nourished on it when the
+milk of the cow does not answer the purpose, and in some countries large
+flocks of goats are maintained for their milk. The medicinal properties
+of goat's milk and whey are well known, and cheese made from goat's milk
+brings a higher price in the market than that from cow's milk.”
+
+“I found what Buffon, the naturalist, said of the goat,” said George,
+“and it is worth remembering. He considers the goat superior to the
+sheep both in intelligence and agility. He is stronger, lighter, and
+more agile than the sheep, he is sprightly, capricious and given to
+wander, and it is with difficulty he can be confined to a flock. He
+loves to retire into solitude, and climb steep and rugged places. Though
+he seems to feel the effects of severe cold, he is not afraid of rain or
+storms or too great a degree of heat: he cheerfully exposes himself to
+the sun and without inconvenience sleeps under its most severe rays.”
+
+The various kinds of goat, the Angora and Cashmere varieties, which
+supply the wool for shawls and other fine fabrics, the Syrian goat with
+pendulous ears, the Swiss goat which is kept in large flocks and is
+highly profitable to its owners, and the common goat which is found
+in all civilized countries of the world, all were discussed and duly
+considered. But the youths were disappointed in the animal, as they were
+obliged to offset his numerous good qualities with the fact that he
+is wayward and unruly, and does not form any serious attachment to his
+owner. The youths decided that they would not enter the business of
+rearing goats, but be content with the pet animals they then possessed.
+
+George suggested that it was time to look after their horses. While they
+are busy with those favorites we will lay down our pen for the present,
+in the hope that we will be allowed to listen whenever they again
+discuss the members of the animal kingdom.
+
+[Illustration: 5222]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+
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diff --git a/old/51949-0.zip b/old/51949-0.zip
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+Title: Horse Stories
+       And Stories of Other Animals
+
+Author: Thomas W. Knox
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2016 [EBook #51949]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HORSE STORIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger from page images generously
+provided by Google Books
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HORSE STORIES
+
+And Stories Of Other Animals
+
+Experience of Two Boys in Managing Horses, With Many Anecdotes of
+Quadrupedal Intelligence
+
+By Thomas W. Knox
+
+Author Of "Dog Stories And Dog Lore," "The Boy Travellers," "The Young
+Nimrods," "Marco Polo For Boys And Girls," "The Voyage Of The Vivian,"
+"Decisive Battles Since Waterloo," Etc., Etc.
+
+New York: Cassell Publishing Company
+
+1890
+
+[Illustration: 0002]
+
+[Illustration: 0008]
+
+
+
+
+
+HORSE STORIES AND STORIES OF OTHER ANIMALS
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+_Charley and George--What they Wanted--The Lesson of Kindness--Story
+of Old Jane--The Horse that Went for Assistance--A Grateful
+Patient--Engine-house and Training-school of the New York Fire
+Department--Wonderful Intelligence of Fire-horses--Likes and
+Dislikes--Memory in Horses--Anecdotes of Old Army Horses--A Good Story
+of a Faithful Dog._
+
+[Illustration: 0014]
+
+I wish I had a horse of my own," said Charley Graham, as he saw one of
+his friends riding on a pony which had recently been presented to him by
+his father.
+
+"And I'd like one, too," exclaimed his brother George.
+
+"Well," said Charley? "suppose we ask father about it. Perhaps he'd give
+them to us, when he knows Henry Johnson has one."
+
+"That's so," was the reply, "as I've heard him say he believed in boys
+knowing how to ride."
+
+There was an animated discussion as to the probabilities of the granting
+of the request, and also as to the best form of presenting it. It was
+agreed that the petition should be made that evening, shortly after
+dinner. The youths were good students of human nature, and had observed
+that Mr. Graham was in his best humor after partaking of a satisfactory
+meal. In this respect he was not unlike the rest of the world.
+
+Charley and George were two youths with whom the readers of "Dog Stories
+and Dog Lore" are already acquainted. Their adventures in rearing and
+training two dogs, a Newfoundland and a Black-and-tan Terrier, are
+familiar to many young people. We are about to learn of their experience
+with horses and other quadrupeds, and will join them in listening to
+stories of animal intelligence in various parts of the world.
+
+Mr. Graham received the request of his sons with a complacency that
+greatly encouraged them, but, before giving an answer, he questioned
+them as to their knowledge of horses. It was not very extensive, to be
+sure, as it was limited to a knowledge of the horses then in the stable,
+and none of these had been trained to the saddle. Next he asked them how
+they would treat the animals in case they should become the possessors
+of what they wanted.
+
+"I would treat them kindly," replied Charley, "and I am sure George
+would do the same. We have got along so nicely with Rover and Dash, by
+always treating them kindly, that we believe the same plan will do with
+horses. Are we right?"
+
+"Yes," replied Mr. Graham; "the horse has a great deal of affection for
+his master when the latter is his friend, though perhaps not as much as
+the dog. Horses may be taught to do a great many things; they vary in
+intelligence and disposition, like dogs, and men too, for that matter.
+Where they are intelligent and of good disposition they are capable of
+an amount of training that will surprise most people."
+
+"Here is a story which I found to-day in a newspaper," continued
+the gentleman, "which will illustrate what I was saying about the
+intelligence of the horse. It is told by a writer for _Every Other
+Sunday_, about a favorite animal that was called Jane. The author of the
+story says:
+
+"'She was large and strong, a good carriage horse, obedient to the least
+touch of rein or inflection of voice, and so gentle that she was the
+best possible playfellow for our youngest, a child of ten years, who was
+never happier than when in company with Jane.
+
+"'Little Emily was not long in learning to harness after she once made
+Jane's acquaintance; and the great horse would bend her head down meekly
+while the child, mounting a chair, succeeded after great effort in
+putting on the bridle. Again Jane would stand with quiet patience while
+her little mistress tried to curry her, combed out her long mane and
+tail, patted and hugged her, ran about and under her, or climbed up for
+a ride on her broad back.
+
+"'One fair spring day we went for a long drive in the woods. It was so
+mild and lovely under the oaks and pines, and we found such treasures of
+flowers that we lingered and lingered, and were tempted to explore some
+grassy unused wood roads that looked especially inviting. In so doing we
+lost our way, and before we could again find the open country road
+the sun had set. Jane started off for home at a good pace; but it was
+distant several miles, and the darkness gathered fast. It was a cloudy,
+starless evening. Soon we could not see distinctly even the horse's
+length in front of us; but we knew Jane could be trusted, so we gave
+her a loose rein and let her take her own way. She was trotting
+briskly along a quiet lane, when suddenly she stopped. We could see no
+approaching team or any obstacle in the way, so bade Jane go on. To our
+astonishment the horse, for the first time in all our experience of her,
+refused to obey. She paid no attention to rein or voice, and only tossed
+her head a little at the unwelcome touch of the whip. We could see that
+she kept turning her head, and looking back at us in a gentle, wistful
+way. Clearly something was wrong. The driver threw down the reins, and
+springing from the carriage, walked up to the horse's head. Then the
+mystery wras explained.
+
+"'A few paces in front of Jane, seated right in the wheel-rut, was
+a little child,--a curly-haired, blue-eyed baby of two years. He was
+patting the earth with one little hand, and looking up in a sweet,
+wondering way at the great horse, looming above him through the dusk. He
+was not directly in the horse's path; Jane could have passed him easily
+enough. How could she know that the swift-turning wheels behind her,
+which she herself could not? see, would reach and harm the child?
+
+"'Our good Jane! How glad we were of the disobedience that had troubled
+us so much a moment before! How we stroked and petted and praised her,
+even before we lifted the pretty baby from his perilous position, and
+carried him to the nearest house, with injunctions to the young Irish
+mother, who had many children about her, to take better care of the
+youngest!'"
+
+"That's a very nice story," said Charley, as his father paused. "I've
+read something like it in an English book; it was about a gentleman that
+was riding one night along a road and happened to be hit on the head by
+a projecting limb of a tree. He was stunned by the blow and fell to the
+ground. The horse went at once to the house he had started from, which
+was about a mile away; the family had gone to bed, but he made such a
+noise at the door as to rouse them. When some one came out he turned
+around and immediately led the way to where his master was lying
+senseless in the road."
+
+"And I've read about a horse," remarked George, as his brother paused,
+"that showed its gratitude to a lady that had befriended it. It was in
+an open piece of ground near her house and the poor animal's shoulder
+was raw and bleeding. She coaxed him to come to her by giving him pieces
+of bread, and then she covered the wound with some adhesive plaster
+which she spread on a piece of leather. Then the horse went to grazing
+again, evidently feeling very much better. A little while afterward the
+horse's master came and led him away.
+
+"The next day the horse came again to the lady's gate, and after looking
+around a while he put his head over it and whinnied. The lady went
+out and found that the plaster was gone from the sore spot; she put on
+another, and the next day the horse came again for the same attention,
+which was given. After that the plaster remained and the horse
+recovered. Ever after that when he saw the lady he showed his gratitude
+by whinnying and then rubbing his nose very gently against her.
+Sometimes he came to the gate and called her, and she used to go out and
+pet him, which seemed to give him a great deal of pleasure."
+
+"After those two stories," said Mr. Graham, "I think you ought to have
+the horses you want. I'll buy them for you in a few days, and in the
+meantime we'll go to the training school for the horses of the New York
+Fire Department and see how they educate the animals there."
+
+Charley and George were delighted with the prospect of having horses
+of their own, and waited with some impatience for the purchase of their
+steeds. The day after the conversation just narrated they accompanied
+their father to one of the engine-houses and afterward to the training
+school. They were greatly interested in what they saw there, and Charley
+afterward wrote an account of the visit. He was assisted by a reporter
+for one of the newspapers whom he happened to meet in the engine-house,
+and we are permitted to copy the following from their story:
+
+"The engine house was a big square room, smelling horsey and strong, yet
+was scrupulously clean and neat and resplendent with the polished steel
+and brass and the painted woodwork of the engine and hose-cart and
+chiefs wagon. In this particular engine-house the hose-cart happened
+to be in the front of the room, before the street doors, with the horse
+stalls on either side of it, against the sides of the room. The stalls
+were parallel with the hose-cart. Back of the hose-cart was the engine,
+big and shiny, with the 'ready' steam hissing into it through pipes from
+the boiler below. The chiefs cart was at one side of the engine, and in
+a corner of the room was the fuel wagon. In the side stalls stood two
+magnificent white horses--silent, motionless, but with ears erect, and
+wide open eyes watching the foreman and the strangers and apparently
+very anxious to join in the conversation.
+
+"Suddenly a jingle bell in the room beat a lively rattle, and the fire
+gong began to ring out an alarm. The firemen slid down from upstairs on
+the polished rods of brass which stretched from the ground floor through
+scuttle-holes into the firemen's sitting-room, and took their several
+stations. The man on 'house watch' counted the gong strokes. As the
+electric snap on the bits of the horses in their stalls were unfastened,
+the horses jumped to their places at a bound, down came the hanging
+harness upon them, and collar, headstall and reinbit were fastened by
+ready hands in less than two seconds. Before the gong stopped sounding,
+engine and men and horses were ready to rush into the street if the
+alarm should turn out to be a call from their part of the city. The
+alarm did not so turn out, and all went back to their places."
+
+On the way from the engine-house to the training school in Harlem,
+Charley asked how the horses were obtained and where they came from. On
+this point the newspaper man enlightened him.
+
+"The horses are generally selected," said he, "by Captain Joseph Shea,
+who has charge of the training school, or by one of his assistants. They
+only deal with dealers whom they know to be trustworthy, and who have,
+in fact, furnished most of the horses to the department for years.
+Strength, agility, intelligence, kindness--these are the traits the
+buyers look at.
+
+"When a horse has been picked out, he is sent to the training stables,
+and Captain Shea takes him in hand. The horse is set to tugging big
+loads, is punched, examined, trotted and exercised generally for fifteen
+days. Captain Shea has an old fire-engine at his quarters, and the horse
+is drilled with this, too, and is taught to notice and to mind the gong.
+If Captain Shea doesn't like the horse, the animal is sent back to the
+dealer or his former master. No horses are bought except on probation.
+If the horse seems to be a good one. Captain Shea sends him to some
+engine-house for practical trial. There the horse is made to do the same
+kind of work that other horses do, and if after fifteen days more the
+officer in command of the company doesn't like him, back he goes to the
+stables. It he is a very bad or stupid horse, the department rejects
+him finally. But the department has other uses for horses, of course,
+besides that of tugging engines and trucks to fires. It needs horses for
+supply wagons and in its repair shops, and in a great many other places,
+and if the horse can be used at all he is put at these kinds of work."
+
+[Illustration: 0020]
+
+When our friends reached the training school they were cordially
+welcomed by Captain Shea, to whom Mr. Graham presented a letter of
+introduction. Then they were shown through the establishment, and
+during the visit the Captain talked in a very interesting way about the
+intelligent animals which he had in charge.
+
+"Some horses are kind o' dead like," said he. "We coax 'em and show
+'em over and over again what to do, but it's no use--they never know
+anything. Then an intelligent horse is sometimes vicious, and though
+very quick at getting to fires has some trick or other, so that we
+always have to be on the lookout. But a horse, if he's got the making of
+a good fire-horse in him, generally gets to learn his business in about
+three months. I have come to believe more and more that a horse is about
+as intelligent as a man. We can let some of 'em out in the street, and
+when they hear the gong sound they'll come back to the engine-house and
+get by the pole in a jiffy. Now you take a good horse for a tender, he
+don't wait for his driver to get into the seat, but out he goes when the
+engine goes, driver or no driver. A good tender horse'll never be more
+than 100 feet behind the engine as he goes down the street.
+
+"A horse comes to know his feeding times, and he gets restless and
+uneasy when those times come, though I suppose all horses do the same. A
+fire-horse gets so accustomed to regularity, though, that he knows
+when he ought to be fed just as if he could read the clock. The driver
+generally feeds and takes care of the horses, though he consults with
+the company officer about what he shall give 'em. He puts the feed in
+the forward corner of the stall, opposite the corner across which the
+horse has to rush to his engine. Otherwise the latter corner would get
+slippery, and the horse would stumble as he dashed across it.
+
+"One of the hardest things we have to teach a horse is to leave his
+food and get to the engine when the gong sounds. It's a good test of the
+stubbornness or docility of a horse, whichever way you've a mind to put
+it, whether he'll do this or not. There are a great many horses in
+the department that wont do it. Most of those which will, are the old
+horses. It annoys a real spirited horse to run out to the pole every
+don't get a chance to snap the collars, and at noontime it's generally a
+race between the men and the horses to see who gets to the pole first."
+
+[Illustration: 0022]
+
+"Do the horses know the difference between false alarms and real ones?"
+Charley asked.
+
+"Why, certainly," was the reply, "a horse knows he's going to a fire. I
+know he does, and every man who knows anything about a fire horse knows
+so too. With all their mad rush as they go down the street they are
+cautious, and they don't rely on the driver's rein to tell time the gong
+strikes and not start with the engine. He frets and worries and whinnies
+and acts just as teased as a horse can. They get to know some signals
+though, and they play us some cute tricks. Now, at noon every day every
+engine company gets the time on the gong from headquarters, and the
+horses come out as usual. But some of 'em get to know that they never go
+out of the house on that signal, and they whirl around after coming to
+the pole and get back to the stalls again. The men who have to snap the
+collars have to be mighty quick or they them when to turn out of the way
+of an obstruction. They get to know the location of hydrants in their
+district and they pull right up to them. They can tell when they're
+coming near a fire just as well as the driver can, and when they smell
+the smoke or see the blaze they give a lively tug on the engine. I think
+a horse can tell whether it is a big fire or not, too. The noise of
+other engines they hear going to the fire excites them. When they get to
+the fire, too, they're alive, you bet. You know the place of a horse on
+a tender at a fire is at the back of the engine. Well, when a horse has
+pulled the tender right up to the burning building, so that the men can
+use the hose, after the hose is unwound the horse will turn and trot
+back to its engine, just as unconcernedly as can be, and will pick its
+engine out from all the others.
+
+"It's a queer thing about the likes and dislikes horses will take. They
+are just as queer about that as men and women are. Of course, horses are
+of all kinds and some will let anybody pet 'em and some wont let anybody
+come near 'em while they are in the stalls. But often a horse will take
+a great notion or a great aversion to some one man in the company. I was
+in a company once six years with a team of horses, and one of the horses
+would always kick at the assistant foreman whenever he got a chance.
+Sure as death, whenever Dick got behind that horse, the horse'd raise on
+him. Dick was a kind, good enough feller, too. That same horse'd let any
+other man in the company do what he wanted with him.
+
+"A good many of these stories are true about horses that have been in
+the service of the department and mustered out, minding the gong when
+they happen to hear it, and getting excited and going to fires when an
+engine passes them on the street. I remember once driving an engine down
+Broadway on the run, and we passed an old, worn-out, miserable-looking
+horse on one of the street-cleaning department's carts. The man who
+was loading the cart had just, put an ash can on the cart wheel as we
+passed, and was getting ready to dump it. The old horse pricked up his
+ears, gave a big snort, and started after us pell mell, scattering the
+ashes right and left. He was an old fire-horse, sure enough. We turned
+a corner, and I don't know whether they ever stopped him or not. A good
+many of our horses go into the streetcleaning department when we get
+through with them. We keep horses till they get pretty old, though, if
+they are good ones. Old horses know the ropes so well that they are good
+to have around, but, of course, we can't keep 'em always, and they lose
+their snap after a while."
+
+"That reminds me," said Mr. Graham, "of the story of a horse that had
+been in an English cavalry regiment and was sold in his old age and put
+to the prosaic work of hauling a common cart. One day some cavalrymen
+were exercising and were rather taken by surprise when a horse dragging
+a cart laden with sand came among them and took his place in line as
+though he belonged there. The carter who owned the horse came rushing
+after him, and when the officer scolded him for what the animal had done
+the poor man protested that he couldn't tell why he did it. The horse
+started at the sound of the trumpet and his owner was unable to control
+him.
+
+"Inquiry into the history of the horse showed that he had been for a
+long time in the cavalry service, and the officers were so well pleased
+with his performance that they bought him for a good price and relieved
+him from dragging a cart for the future."
+
+"There are many stories of the same sort," continued Mr. Graham, "all
+tending to show that the horse has an excellent memory. In one of the
+books there is a funny anecdote of how a clergyman's wife was once
+dragged around in her carriage by a horse that had belonged to an
+artillery company. She had gone in her carriage to witness an artillery
+parade, and when the company began its evolutions the horse could not
+be restrained but joined in the exercise. Round and round he dragged the
+lady in spite of her screams and also in spite of all that the driver
+could do in his efforts to check the steed. It was not a graceful
+performance for a clergyman's wife to be engaged in, and the animal was
+sold and sent elsewhere very soon afterward."
+
+"Yes," said Captain Shea, "and there's the old chestnut of a story
+about the war-horse that had been sold to a milkman and was used by his
+daughter for carrying milk to customers. She had a can of milk hung at
+each side of the saddle and used to go around in this way to serve out
+the article where it was wanted.
+
+"The same thing happened as in the other cases. There was a troop of
+cavalry getting ready for the parade, and as the trumpeter gave a
+signal the milk-horse went in and took his place in the ranks; the girl
+couldn't stop him and he didn't seem to mind the fact that he wasn't at
+all equipped like the rest. The milk-cans were not exactly a part of a
+cavalryman's outfit, but that wasn't any affair of the horse. He knew
+the bugle-call and was obeying orders."
+
+On the way home from the training school of the fire department
+several other stories of the same sort were given, but as they were all
+illustrative of what we have mentioned it is hardly necessary to repeat
+them. It is proper to say that the memory of the youths was a great
+deal freshened by what they heard, and they did their part in recalling
+stories of equine intelligence.
+
+"While you are waiting for your horses, as I may not be able to find
+suitable ones immediately," said Mr. Graham, "you had better give your
+attention to some of the books which tell about these animals."
+
+"What books shall we get, father?" said Charley, when the foregoing
+suggestion was made.
+
+"There are several excellent works about horses," was the reply, "but I
+will not give you a large number at the start. There is a large volume
+called 'The Book of The Horse,' by Mr. Sidney, which I would advise you
+to get, and there's 'Horse and Man,' by Rev. J. G. Wood, the author of
+Wood's 'Natural History' and kindred works. 'The Book of The Horse' is a
+companion to 'The Book of The Dog,' and tells a great deal you will wish
+to know; it not only describes the different varieties of the horse but
+gives directions for arranging their stalls, caring for them in health
+and illness, training them for the saddle or to harness, and for nearly
+everything belonging to the animal we are discussing. You'll find enough
+in it to keep you busy for some time."
+
+Mr. Graham wrote an order for his bookseller to deliver these books to
+the boys, and as soon as they obtained the volumes they had no thought
+of anything except to peruse the pages. What they learned in the course
+of their reading we will ascertain in the next chapter.
+
+On their way home the youths met Mr. Webb, the gentleman who had given
+them so much advice relative to the training of Rover and Dash. They
+told him about their father's promise and he congratulated them on their
+good fortune.
+
+As they were separating Mr. Webb told them he had just received a letter
+from an old friend, George M. Elwood, of Rochester, New York, who was
+like himself a great lover of dogs. "He tells me an interesting story
+about a dog," said Mr. Webb, "and I know you will enjoy it. Dogs and
+horses go together," he continued, "and this dog story will equal any
+horse story that you are likely to hear."
+
+So saying he drew a letter from his pocket and read the following
+extract:
+
+"About the year 1840 my father, James L. Elwood, then living in
+Rochester, N. Y., owned a very fine dog that enjoyed a considerable
+degree of local celebrity.
+
+[Illustration: 8026]
+
+He rejoiced in the ambitious name of Bonaparte, being familiarly called
+'Boney,' which latter name described him very nearly, for he was a
+monster, standing over thirty inches high at the shoulder. In
+markings and make-up he is said to have closely resembled Landseer's
+'Distinguished Member of the Humane Society.' He was remarkable for
+his intelligence as well as his unvarying good temper and was a prime
+favorite with young and old in the then little city, especially among
+children, toward whom he, in common with most members of his race,
+exhibited great affection and devotion.
+
+"Among those who bear this noble animal in affectionate remembrance,
+many stories are still told illustrating his unusual sagacity and
+reasoning powers. The possession of this latter faculty by dogs is, I
+know, doubted by many, who ascribe all evidence of it to 'instinct,'
+whatever that may be besides reason, but that it does exist and
+manifests itself by the same processes that it does in the human animal,
+every true lover of a good dog religiously believes and mantains.
+
+"The following incident will serve to illustrate 'Boney's' thinking'
+faculty, and I may say, parenthetically, that the facts herein given
+are thoroughly vouched for by those who remember the circumstances
+in detail. My father was, at that time, engaged in a banking office
+located, on the Court-house Square. In those more honest times bank
+robbery had not reached its present degree of refined skill, and it was
+the habit of his associate and himself, on going to dinner at mid-day,
+simply to turn the key in the safe, leaving the bank open, with no other
+guard than 'Boney,' who remained on duty until their return.
+
+"One day, during this noon hour, two well known business men and
+customers of the bank chanced to meet on the side-walk in front of the
+office. They had some business transaction, in which one wished to pay
+the other a considerable sum of money. It was proposed to step into the
+bank, where, outside of the counter, was a table with, chairs for the
+convenience of customers, and there complete the transaction, which was
+accordingly done. While one of the gentlemen was engaged in writing a
+receipt, the other produced a large package of bank bills and proceeded
+to count out the required sum. 'Boney' got up from where he was lying,
+and, knowing both of the gentlemen, came over to where they were
+sitting, wagging his huge brush in friendly recognition and stood
+watching their proceedings. When the first gentleman had finished
+counting the bills, he pushed them across the table to the second,
+saying 'There, I think you will find that right.' At that moment the dog
+lifted his huge paw and laid it squarely on the pile of bills. There was
+no demonstration of unfriendliness on his part, but a quiet air of
+such firm determination that neither gentleman felt inclined to meddle
+further with the money. In vain they coaxed and ordered him to 'Go lie
+down, sir!' and there the three sat for nearly an hour. At the end of
+that time, to the infinite relief of at least two of the trio, my father
+came in, and as soon as he reached the table, 'Boney' took down his paw
+as quietly as he had placed it there and went back to his accustomed
+rug. The money was paid and receipt passed without any farther attention
+on his part, and the gentlemen departed, their annoyance at the awkward
+delay in their affairs entirely cancelled by their admiration for the
+dog's sagacity.
+
+"Now I do not presume to infer that 'Boney' really knew the value of the
+money, as such, but he did understand that it was a commodity which was
+not allowed to change hands in that office except in the presence of
+some duly authorized representative of the bank. I think any one, who
+accepts the fact, will be prepared to believe that the dog recognized
+his duty, as he understood it, to firmly insist that no money should
+be transferred until the return of some duly accredited and responsible
+party."
+
+[Illustration: 0028]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+_Pitting up the Stables--Loose Boxes and their Uses--Stable
+Fittings--Light, Ventilation and Drainage--Cobweb and Major--How to
+tell a Horse's Age--Do Horses understand Language?--Starting a balky
+Horse--The Horse that knew the Doxology--Horses telling Time by
+the Clock--Famous Horse Trainers: Rarey, Gleason, and Sullivan the
+Whisperer--How Cruiser was Tamed--Horse-breaking in Texas--"Creasing"
+Wild Horses._
+
+Mr. Graham told his boys they might fit up the stable for their horses
+in whatever way suited them best; he gave them this permission in the
+confident belief that they would thereby be led to learn more about the
+animals and their needs than if the stables were turned over to them
+already fitted. The correctness of his judgment was shown by the
+earnestness with which the youths proceeded to inform themselves on the
+subject.
+
+"There's plenty of room in the stable," said Charley, "and so we'll have
+a 'loose box' for our horses in addition to the ordinary stalls. Mr.
+Sidney says it is desirable to have one box for every two stalls and
+therefore one box will be enough for us."
+
+"How large shall the box be?" George asked.
+
+"Not less than twelve feet by fourteen if we have the space for it,"
+was the reply, "but even a much smaller box is better than none at
+all. Where space is limited one of the stalls may be made into a box by
+putting a gate across the end of it. A space large enough for a horse to
+turn around in, so Mr. Sidney says, is of great advantage sometimes to a
+sick, or very tired horse, or to one that is obliged to be idle several
+days at a time. When horses are in good health and steady use they
+haven't much need of boxes, and as we propose to keep our horses healthy
+and use them, too, one box will be enough for both of us."
+
+Then came the question of ventilation, which did not require a long
+debate. The youths were agreed at the start that horses as well as other
+animals require plenty of light and air; Mr. Graham had been of the
+same opinion before them, and had built his stable upon intelligent
+principles. It was on a dry foundation, was well drained, no unsavory
+gutters or sewers near it, and the windows were numerous and well
+arranged. He had taken especial pains with the windows and his orders to
+the grooms were very strict as to the proper ventilation of the stable.
+
+"Unless you watch the grooms closely," said Mr. Graham to Charley,
+"you'll very likely find them keeping the windows of the stable closed
+when they should be open. Grooms like to heat their horses into a
+condition of moisture in order to give their coats a silky appearance,
+and their best way of doing this is to keep the windows closed and the
+air foul. The colonel of an English regiment has said on this subject
+that the horses of his command live in stables that are constantly open
+to the air, and consequently are very rarely out of sorts; the same
+gentleman has a pack of hunting horses at his country seat, and his
+manager keeps them in stables that are close and hot. The hunters are
+constantly sick and he attributes it to the bad air in which they are
+confined."
+
+"Some people use deodorisers about their stables," the gentleman
+continued, "but I have always found that when cleanliness and fresh
+air are insisted upon no deodorisers are needed. With a stable properly
+ventilated, well-paved, and kept at all times clean the horses will be
+in good health and disinfectants may be thrown away."
+
+Charley was exercised in mind as to the best form of feeding and
+drinking arrangements for his horse, and pondered some time on the
+subject.
+
+The result of his deliberation was that he chose a trough with a rack
+at one side, the former for grain and the latter for hay. The tie, or
+fastening, for the horse was a patent one so arranged that the slack of
+the halter was taken up by a sliding weight inside. Mr. Graham had lost
+a valuable horse some years before by the animal becoming entangled in
+a long halter, and ever after that he had his stables provided with
+fastenings that would render entanglement impossible.
+
+At the suggestion of the groom the headstall was provided with several
+inches of chain next to the animal's head, so as to discourage any
+possible inclination he might have to bite it. Some horses will use
+their teeth on anything, and if they once succeed in gnawing off their
+halters and getting loose it is not easy to break them of the habit.
+
+Various articles for use in the stable were procured and made ready by
+the time the horses were bought. When the animals were sent home the
+two boys could hardly stay out of the stable long enough to take their
+meals, so anxious were they to see that proper attention was given to
+their prizes.
+
+[Illustration: 0031]
+
+Charley's horse was a medium sized animal and was said to have come
+from Kentucky. The first question of the youth was as to the age of the
+creature, to which Mr. Graham replied that he must find out for himself.
+
+This was a subject that had not been investigated; it demanded immediate
+study and away went Charley to his books again. In a few days he
+considered himself competent to tell a horse's age, and his practice on
+his own steed showed that he was not far out of the way.
+
+[Illustration: 0032]
+
+"But do you know, father that I'll have to violate a very old
+injunction," said Charley, as he proceeded to the study of the subject.
+
+"How so?"
+
+"You gave me the horse, did you not?" queried the youth.
+
+"Certainly," replied Mr. Graham.
+
+"Well, then," quoth the boy with a smile, "Isn't there an old adage that
+says 'never look a gift horse in the mouth'?"
+
+"Yes," the father answered, his face reflecting the smile of the son,
+"but all rules have their exceptions, and we'll make one in the present
+case."
+
+We haven't space for all that Charley learned about the way in which the
+age of horses is shown by their teeth. The novice who is buying a
+horse should not rely upon himself in this matter, and it is not at all
+probable that Mr. Graham would have allowed the youth to make a purchase
+on the strength of his limited study of the subject. A great deal
+of observation and practice are necessary and even then one may be
+deceived. The best judges of horses have been defrauded by the tricks of
+dealers, who can reduce the apparent age of an animal by careful filing
+of the teeth. The general appearance of the creature, the smoothness of
+his skin, the shape of the limbs and head, and many other things must be
+taken into consideration as well as the condition of his teeth.
+
+Charley's horse was pronounced about four years old, while that
+of George was not far from five. Both the animals were of gentle
+disposition and the boys made friends with them at once.
+
+Charley decided that his horse should be called Cobweb, while George
+thought that Major would be a good name for his steed. Accordingly
+the animals were known as Cobweb and Major and very quickly knew their
+names. In this respect a horse is very much like a dog and learns to
+associate a word with himself when it is frequently repeated.
+
+"Do you think horses understand language?" George asked his brother one
+day while they were exercising Cobweb and Major.
+
+"I'm quite sure they do," was the reply. "I went to see some trained
+horses that were being exhibited by a man named Bartholebeen a secret
+sign given to the horse by the trainer, but we were positively assured
+there was nothing of the kind.
+
+[Illustration: 0034]
+
+"That the horses all knew their names was very evident, for they stood
+up in a row and each one walked out when his name was called, either by
+the trainer or by persons in the audience. They were bright, intelligent
+horses and perfectly docile; after the performance was over the audience
+went among the horses and petted them and not one showed the least sign
+of ill temper. On the contrary they seemed to appreciate the attention
+they received and to be proud of it."
+
+"I have noticed," said George, "that the horses on the street cars
+understand the meaning of the conductor's bell. When they are going mew.
+The horses did a great many things just as he told them, and to make
+sure there was no trickery about the matter he asked the audience to
+give some of the orders."
+
+"How was that?"
+
+"Why, when a horse was standing at the front of the stage the trainer
+would ask the audience to tell the animal which way to make a circle,
+whether to the right or left. The horse would hesitate a moment after
+the order was given and then he turned in the when he was asked to. This
+was done several times; perhaps there may have they stop at the sound of
+the bell, and when they are standing they start up as soon as the bell
+rings."
+
+"I've observed that, too," was the reply, "and the drivers say it only
+takes a few days for a green horse to understand it. And a car horse
+after a little experience learns just about how long a time should be
+required for a passenger to enter or leave a car, and when the time is
+exceeded he is apt to show impatience."
+
+"Henry Johnson was telling me an amusing story the other day," said
+George, "about how a man started a balky horse on the street in New
+York."
+
+"How was that?" Charley asked.
+
+"Henry was going along Broadway," said George, "and saw a crowd around
+a handsome horse that was attached to an equally handsome carriage. One
+man had him by the bit, another by the tail, a couple of men put their
+shoulders against his ribs and heaved as hard as they could but the
+animal was as immovable as a house.
+
+"When everybody was in despair, a stranger appeared, and stepping out of
+the crowd said to the driver, "'I'll show you how to make that horse go.'
+
+"The driver retired, and the stranger took the horse confidently by
+the mouth, opened it and looked into it, examined his teeth for a few
+minutes, then seized the beast by the bridle, and to the astonishment
+of the crowd, the horse started off at a good gait, drawing the carriage
+after him with perfect ease.
+
+"The success of the stranger's method of persuading a balky horse to go
+was so surprising that Henry asked the man how he did it.
+
+"'It's very simple,' said he. 'Of course you didn't see me, but I took a
+chip of wood which I picked up from the sidewalk and placed it under
+the horse's tongue. The presence of that bit of pine chip diverted the
+horse's attention. He forgot all about being balky, and when I took hold
+of the bridle he started off like any other horse. A horse can think of
+only one thing at a time and you want to keep that fact in mind when you
+are training him.'"
+
+"I heard a groom say the other day," Charley remarked when George had
+ended his story, "that you could often start a balky horse by pretending
+to do something to the harness. Fasten and unfasten some of the straps,
+be very busy about it for several minutes, then take the reins and give
+the order to go on in an ordinary tone and quite likely the horse will
+start off without hesitation. Gleason, the famous horse trainer, acts on
+this principle when he is handling vicious horses; he puts a string in
+the animal's mouth that incommodes him though it does not hurt him.
+The horse concentrates his thoughts upon how he will get rid of the
+incumbrance and hasn't any time to be ugly. And what's more, he follows
+the trainer all round the ring and keeps him constantly in sight for
+fear he'll go away without removing the string."
+
+"Did you ever hear of a horse that knew the doxology?" George asked.
+
+"No!" replied his brother in a tone of surprise. "He must have belonged
+to a clergyman."
+
+"So he did," was the ready answer. "He belonged to a preacher in the
+country and had been driven by him for eighteen years. The preacher said
+he had so often driven the horse to church and left him standing near
+by, that the horse learned the doxology, and whenever it is sung he
+begins to neigh, knowing that he is going home soon."
+
+"I heard a gentleman say recently," Charley responded, "that the school
+horses in the riding academies in New York can tell the time by the
+clock."
+
+"Nonsense!" said George. "That's too much to believe."
+
+"So I think," was the reply, "and probably the gentleman didn't mean it
+literally. He explained that the horses are used for an hour at a time
+and they seem to know almost exactly when they have been in the ring
+for that period. They go around perfectly docile and obedient to their
+riders till just about as the hour is up, when they turn toward the
+mounting block and intimate very plainly that they think it is time for
+them to be relieved of duty and sent back to the stable. In the same
+way when they are taken into Central Park they know all the turns of
+the bridle path, and are very ready to take those that lead back to the
+stable."
+
+"You mentioned Gleason, the horse trainer, just now," said George; "I
+wonder how these famous trainers have such control over horses?"
+
+"I've been trying to find out," was the reply, "but can't tell. Some
+of them say it is no secret, while others make a great deal of mystery
+about the matter. They teach others how to control horses, but it is
+rarely the case that their pupils are able to accomplish anywhere near
+as much as the masters. One of the most remarkable men in this line
+of business was Rarey, an American, who became famous in Europe about
+thirty years ago for subduing horses that had been quite unmanageable;
+I was reading about him this morning and was particularly impressed with
+one thing that he said."
+
+"What was that?" queried his brother.
+
+"That you must never show either fear or anger in dealing with a horse.
+He says you should always treat him kindly, speak to him in gentle
+tones, let him regard you as a friend, pat him and call him endearing
+names, and be perfectly familiar with him. But probably there was
+something more than this in his method, as some of the horses that he
+subdued were not of a character to be soothed by kind words when he
+started in with them."
+
+"Isn't he the man that conquered the English horse Cruiser?" George
+asked.
+
+"Yes," was the reply. "When Mr. Rarey went to England a good many people
+thought he was playing a trick upon them, and somebody published a
+suggestion that he should try his skill upon a famous horse called
+Cruiser. Cruiser was so vicious that no one could approach him, and he
+had not been touched with a curry-comb for months. He kicked the planks
+of his stall to pieces and once he broke off an iron bar an inch in
+diameter by pulling it with his teeth."
+
+"How long did it take Mr. Rarey to conquer this ferocious animal?"
+
+"About three hours," was the reply. "At the end of that time his owner,
+Lord Dorchester, was able to mount Cruiser and ride him, a thing that
+nobody had done for three years. The horse was perfectly gentle after
+that and would follow his master like a dog. Mr. Rarey afterwards tamed
+a zebra and rode him, and he did other things that a great many people
+had believed impossible."
+
+"How carious!" exclaimed George.
+
+[Illustration: 0038]
+
+"Yes, it was indeed," replied Charley, "but other men have done very
+much the same sort of thing. I've been reading about an Irishman named
+James Sullivan, who was called the 'Whisperer' by the people of his
+neighborhood, as they believed he was able to make the horses understand
+what he wanted by whispering to them."
+
+"What could he do?"
+
+"No matter how unruly the horse or mule that was put into his hands, he
+was able to make it perfectly docile in half an hour. Exactly what he
+did nobody knew, and the secret died with him.
+
+"He used to ask that the stable where they kept the horse on which he
+was to operate should be shut, and he was to be left alone with the
+animal until he gave the signal for opening the door. In about half an
+hour he would give the signal and when the people entered they found
+the horse lying down and the man and horse playing together in the
+most friendly way imaginable. From that time on the horse was perfectly
+docile, no matter how bad his temper had been before. Horses that had
+refused to be shod and had resisted all the efforts of other trainers
+became thoroughly obedient in the short time he was with them; they
+obeyed others just as readily as they did the man who tamed them."
+
+In the evening following the foregoing conversation, one of the boys
+asked Mr. Graham about the different ways of breaking horses to saddle
+or harness.
+
+"That is a branch of the horse business I don't think it desirable for
+you to engage in," was the reply, "but it is well for you to know about
+it."
+
+"Various methods are pursued by trainers," he continued, "and a great
+deal depends upon the character of the horse. Most of the horse-breakers
+are coarse, rough fellows, and employ the harshest means for subduing
+the animals they take into their charge. Some horses are readily tamed,
+and if an animal is played with by children when a colt, and grows up
+among them, it is generally the case that he can be ridden without the
+least resistance. He should be accustomed to have a blanket folded over
+his back when he is very young, then a saddle should be placed upon him,
+and after a few days of this practice a very light person may mount the
+saddle. Coaxing and caressing will do a great deal; it is said that the
+Arabs do not have to 'break' their horses at all, for the simple reason
+that the animals associate with the family and are accustomed to be
+ridden by the children of their owners when they are the merest colts."
+
+[Illustration: 0040]
+
+"Here's an account of how they break horses in Texas," said Mr. Graham,
+as he took up a newspaper, from which he proceeded to read as follows:
+
+"There are but a few men who make it a business to break horses, and who
+possess sufficient skill and patience to conquer the fiery spirit of the
+most vicious animal. These 'wild horse riders,' as they are called, in
+addition to receiving the use of the horse while handling him, get fees
+ranging from five dollars to twenty-five dollars. Fearless Frank, a
+well-known Texas tamer, had been engaged to break a magnificent sorrel,
+called Mad Ranger. Ranger was a spoiled horse. He had been caught
+several times for the purpose of being saddled and bridled, but the
+tamers had been unable to do anything with him.
+
+"The horse-lot was inclosed by massive logs and stout timbers, capable
+of successfully resisting the most determined effort on the part of
+the beasts to escape. Connected with the large enclosure were several
+smaller ones, and into one of these Ranger was driven. Frank then took
+from his saddle a coil of three-quarter-inch rope, forty feet long,
+and a second coil about half as long, but much heavier, and an oilcloth
+slicker. Thus equipped, he slipped into the inclosure and faced the
+horse. Making a noose in one of the coils, he quickly threw it over
+Ranger's head and fastened the other end to a post called the tug-post.
+The animal commenced to rear and plunge, but at every plunge the slack
+in the rope was taken up, and Ranger was soon alongside the post. Here
+he was made secure with a Spanish knot, which his struggles only served
+to tighten.
+
+"Seizing the old slicker, the trainer next hit the horse over the head
+and neck, causing the animal to rear and kick. The horse was soon tired
+out, and the blows that fell upon him scarcely caused him to wince. The
+trainer next took his long rope and fastened it around Ranger's head in
+such a manner that it served as a halter. The other end of the rope was
+secured to the post. A rope was then placed around the animal's body in
+such a manner that it would not slip, and another rope was fastened to
+his hind foot. The rope attached to the foot was drawn through the one
+around his body and the end taken by the trainer.
+
+"A couple of hard pulls brought the foot up to the stomach, and the
+horse was compelled to stand on three legs, thus unable to kick or rear.
+The trainer then patted the horse on the head and slipped the bridle on.
+Then the saddle was put in the proper place, and the stirrups 'hobbled,'
+to prevent any injury to the animal, should he fall. The rider then
+seated himself in the saddle, the ropes were taken from the horse's feet
+and body, the gate of the pen opened, and horse and rider dashed out on
+the prairie. For fully an hour the infuriated animal reared, plunged
+and jumped about, vainly endeavoring to throw his rider, but finally,
+becoming exhausted, came to a standstill, and had to be urged even to
+walk. It was then that the horse was broken."
+
+"And now," said Mr. Graham, after pausing a moment, "did you ever hear
+of how they used to capture wild horses in Texas by 'creasing' them?"
+
+"I've read about it," replied Charley, "but forget exactly how it was
+done."
+
+"Well," responded Mr. Graham, "here's an account by a man who was once
+in the business and knows all about it. Shall I read it?"
+
+Both the youths were anxious to hear about this manner of taking horses,
+whereupon their father gave them the following in the words of Mr. Hill,
+an experienced cattle raiser of Texas:
+
+"In the early days of the cattle business in Texas, from 1857 to 1860,
+the ranges were overrun by bands of wild horses. These animals were a
+great nuisance, as they would get mixed with our loose horses and
+run them off when any one approached. As a rule, they were a rough,
+ill-shaped set of beasts, and almost untamable, so that few attempts
+were ever made to catch them, it being considered best to shoot them and
+thus get rid of a disturbing influence in our horse herds.
+
+"Sometimes, however, a really fine animal would be seen and the
+ranchmen would try hard to secure it. But the ordinary mode of
+capture--lassoing--could seldom be used against wild horses, as these
+beasts were very shy, and even a poor horse, carrying no weight, could
+outstrip a very fine animal with a man on his back.
+
+[Illustration: 0043]
+
+"In this extremity the Texans used to resort to a means of capturing the
+horses which is, I believe, exclusively American. It was discovered, I
+do not know how, that a blow upon a particular sinew in a horse's neck,
+located just above where the spine joins the skull, would paralyze the
+animal temporarily without doing it any permanent injury. In those days
+the Texans were nearly without exception fine shots, and at short range
+could send a rifle ball with phenomenal accuracy.
+
+"The horses could not be approached on foot, and it was impossible
+to catch them on horseback. But, not to be overcome by any such
+difficulties, the cowboys discovered a way to capture them. Taking his
+rifle, a hunter would crawl through the thick chaparral until within
+fifty or sixty yards of the horse he desired to secure. Then, taking
+careful aim, he would endeavor to send a bullet through the top of the
+neck so as to strike the sinew. When this was properly done the horse
+would fall as if struck by lightning and remain insensible for ten or
+fifteen minutes, recovering completely in an hour or two, with no worse
+injury than a slight wound in the back of the neck that soon healed. Of
+course many bullets went astray and hundreds of horses were killed, but
+a good marksman would secure about one horse in three that he attempted
+to 'crease' as this mode of capture was called.
+
+"The weapon universally employed in creasing mustangs was the old
+Hawkins rifle, which carried a bullet not much larger than a pea, had
+a set trigger and required but a small charge of powder. Hundreds of
+mustangs, always the best animals in the herd, used to be creased
+every year, and this practice was kept up until the herds had entirely
+disappeared.
+
+"Some of the horses thus secured were very tough and fleet animals, but
+few were of any practical use. Nearly all were irreclaimably vicious,
+even when judged from the Texas standpoint. Even when broken to the
+saddle, they could only be ridden by the very best horsemen, and were
+always on the lookout to do their riders an injury. Strange to say, they
+seldom tried to kick, but a man had to be continually on the lookout for
+their fore feet and teeth. They only used their hind feet when a man
+was about to mount, but nearly every one of them had a trick of kicking
+forward as soon as the rider put his foot in the stirrup, and unless he
+was wary he would receive a terrible blow on the leg. I used to own a
+horse that, I believe, could scratch himself between the ears with
+his hind foot, his hind leg being apparently made of India rubber. The
+instant he felt a foot in the stirrup his hind hoof would come forward
+with the speed of lightning, in the attempt to inflict a most vicious
+kick. I gave up mounting him in the usual way and always used to vault
+into the saddle without touching the stirrups, a feat easily enough
+performed in my younger days, although I would have some difficulty in
+doing it now. I used to like to ride wild horses, but after one or two
+narrow escapes from their deadly fore feet, which they would use if a
+man carelessly stood in front of them, I gave it up and stuck to the
+tame stock."
+
+Other stories about horses consumed the evening, and at length the
+boys said "Good-night" and went to bed, where they doubtless dreamed of
+exciting experiences among the wild horses of Texas and other regions
+where those animals abound.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+_How Miss Lake's Circus Horses were Restored--Music under
+Disadvantages--A Lady's Adventure with an Intelligent Horse--The
+Horse who got his Mate out of Trouble--Friendship of a Bull and a
+Donkey--Intelligence of the Donkey--His Affection--Glen. Dix's Pet--How
+Dr. Hammond's Mule saved his Life--Old Jennie--Uncle Jake's
+dumb Critters--Cruelty of Blinders and Check-reins--Anecdote of
+Macadam--Torture by Thoughtlessness--Cobweb and Major in Harness._
+
+One of the stories told daring the evening was about the seizure of
+some circus horses in Nashville, Tennessee, at the time of the American
+civil war. Lake and North's Circus was performing there during the
+winter of 1864, while the town was held by the Northern army and
+threatened by the Confederates.
+
+"At 9 o'clock on the morning of the 6th of December the company was in
+the practice ring, drilling for a new grand entry. They had nineteen
+ring horses, including three black stallions, which Miss Lake, the
+daughter of one of the proprietors, used to drive in a man�ge act, and
+which she had trained herself on her father's Kentucky farm, and loved
+as a Kentucky girl will love her horses.
+
+"The band had just finished the first bar when in stalked an officer of
+the army, and called Lake aside.
+
+"'You have nineteen horses here, I see,' he said; 'one of them is lame;
+we don't want him, but the others are confiscated. Rather a fine
+lot. Suppose we say a hundred apiece for them.' Then he made out a
+requisition on the Treasury for $1800--handed it to Lake, called in his
+men, and in five minutes left the company with a show on its hands and
+only one lame horse to do all the equestrian business.
+
+"Miss Lake cried and some of the men used hard language, but all the
+same, for four days they gave a show twice a day with that one lame
+horse. Then Miss Lake got desperate. She was a mere girl, and with
+a girl's audacity she did a thing which an older person would have
+considered the wildest folly.
+
+"'John,' she said to the clown, 'I'm going to General Wilson to get my
+horses. I want them and they want me.'
+
+[Illustration: 0047]
+
+"Nothing that anybody could say would hold her back, and so away she
+went to General Wilson's headquarters. She marched in on General Wilson
+and asked for her horses back. She had a sweet and winning way, and when
+she cried and told him how heartsick she was for her horses, and how
+much she knew they missed her, the General let his feelings get the
+better of his sense of duty, and gave her an order for every horse taken
+from the circus.
+
+"One of Wilson's orderlies afterwards gave a reason for giving the
+horses back, which, while it is not so romantic, may be partly true. The
+horses were all trained for ring service and most of them were trained
+to dance to the music, and to fall upon their knees and sides upon being
+touched upon the haunches with a spur or the whip. The whole bunch was
+turned over to a military band as their mounts, and the orderly said
+that during the four days that the band was mounted on those beasts
+there was not an hour when one of them was not dancing around so that he
+could not keep time, or else horse and man--sometimes three or four
+of them--were rolling on the ground together, the musicians having
+unwittingly given the horse his lying-down cue."
+
+The boys laughed heartily over this anecdote, and then Charley told a
+story he had read somewhere about a horse which belonged to a lady who
+used to ride him in the hunting field. She had had him for three or
+four years and was constantly petting him and giving him sugar and
+other dainties. There was a great friendship between them and the horse
+manifested his affection for his mistress in many ways.
+
+One day while jumping a hedge, horse and rider fell into a ditch; the
+lady was quite under the horse, her head being between and slightly in
+front of his fore legs, but there was only a little of his weight that
+rested on her.
+
+[Illustration: 0051]
+
+Several men came to her assistance, and at first it was thought that
+the only way of rescuing her would be by digging her out. It was finally
+decided to move the horse forward and then lift him up, but there was
+great fear that in his efforts to rise he would trample on the lady and
+seriously, if not fatally, injure her. She was able to speak with the
+men, and told them she was confident the horse would carefully avoid
+harming her. Her confidence was justified by the result, as he managed
+to get on his feet without giving her the least scratch, beyond a slight
+mark on her face, which was made by the first movement of his knees and
+could not be avoided.
+
+Then George told about two horses belonging to Mr. Allen of Minnesota,
+that were greatly attached to each other. One day Mr. Allen tied them
+with strong ropes, about fifty yards apart, where they could eat the
+grass close to the shore of the little lake. Then he went to a house a
+little distance away and lay down to take a nap. He hadn't been there
+long before he heard the sound of a horse's footsteps, and a moment
+afterward one of his favorites put his head into the door.
+
+The animal gave a slight neigh and then started back towards the lake.
+Mr. Allen was greatly surprised to find that the horse had broken loose
+from his fastenings, and also that he had left his mate; surmising that
+something was wrong, he immediately followed to the edge of the
+lake, where he found the other horse lying in the water with his feet
+entangled in the rope, and devoting all his efforts to keep his head
+above the surface. Mr. Allen at once proceeded to extricate him from his
+trouble, and as he did so the other horse manifested his joy in every
+way he could.
+
+"Three things that mark the intelligence of the horse are shown by this
+incident," remarked Mr. Graham. "In the first place, he had the sense to
+understand that his mate was in serious trouble; secondly, he knew his
+master could relieve him; and thirdly, he realized that he must exert
+all his strength to break his own rope, a thing he had never done before
+and never tried to do afterwards."
+
+Next Charley read a little incident which he said was written by Charles
+L. Edwards for the _American Naturalist_. It was in these words:
+
+"While riding along a country road in the environs of Cincinnati, Ohio,
+about the first of last October, I noticed a remarkable and very amusing
+display of animal intelligence. In a field beneath some trees, at the
+bottom of a very high hill, stood facing each other a donkey and a young
+bull. The bull was standing very patiently, slightly nodding his head
+up and down, while the donkey, with a rather heavy stick about two feet
+long in his mouth, was scratching his companion's forehead. Once the
+donkey dropped his instrument, but, without hesitation, lowered his
+head, picked up the club again with his teeth, and continued scratching
+very gravely, to the evident satisfaction of the bull. We often see two
+cows 'rubbing horns,' and whether this was a return for a similar favor
+from the bull or not, the donkey very clearly realized his poverty in
+the matter of horns and happily supplied the deficiency."
+
+"Folks call the donkey stupid," said George, "but certainly that one
+showed a great deal of intelligence. Is the donkey really as stupid as
+he is said to be?"
+
+[Illustration: 0051]
+
+"He is not," answered Mr. Graham, "and there are plenty of anecdotes
+to show his intelligence. He has been known to open a gate by carefully
+lifting the latch, and after returning to the yard, he would shut
+the gate, so that any trespass of which he had been guilty during his
+absence would not be laid to his charge.
+
+[Illustration: 8052]
+
+A donkey will follow a kind master or mistress just like a dog, and he
+fully equals the horse in showing his appreciation of kind treatment."
+
+Gen. John A. Dix owned a donkey that lived to the age of forty-two
+years, and endeared himself to his master and the members of the family
+by his docility and almost human intelligence.
+
+[Illustration: 9052]
+
+The little creature was, after the death of the general, domiciled
+at the family country seat, West Hampton, Long Island, where almost
+luxurious accommodations were provided for his comfort; but old age, and
+the absence of those who, in days gone by, patted his shaggy coat, and
+the sound of whose voices he would recognize and greet, no doubt tended
+to hasten physical ailments, which necessitated the request that an
+officer of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should
+put an end to the suffering of an endeared and most affectionate animal
+who, although he outlived his master and mistress, at last succumbed to
+the inevitable. He was buried near where the waves of Long Island Sound
+wash the sandy shore of West Hampton, and a mound of green sod marks the
+spot where lies the body of the humble friend of the honored soldier,
+who issued the famous patriotic mandate: "If any one attempts to haul
+down the American flag, shoot him on the spot."
+
+"Does the mule equal the horse or donkey in intelligence?" George asked.
+
+[Illustration: 0053]
+
+"It is generally conceded that he does not," was the reply, "but he is
+far from being the stupid animal that many people suppose. He has a
+keen nose, and can often scent danger of which his rider or driver is
+ignorant. He has a great dread of an Indian, and it is a common saying
+in the Far West that a mule will always give warning when Indians are
+about. On this subject Dr. William A. Hammond tells a good story:
+
+"One day, while the Doctor was stationed at Fort Webster, in what is now
+Arizona, he started down the canyon on a very fine large mule. The beast
+suddenly stopped abruptly and would not budge a step. Spurs were used
+to no purpose. There he stood as firm as a rock. Dr. Hammond pulled
+him around and galloped back to the fort. The next morning it was
+ascertained that at a point scarcely a hundred yards in advance of where
+the mule gained his victory some Apache Indians had ambushed the road;
+and, but for the brute's keen nose, and ears, and in resisting an
+obstinate man, short work would have been made of mule and rider.
+
+"Mules live to a great age when they are properly cared for," continued
+Mr. Graham. "Until quite recently there was a mule named Jennie on
+Blackwell's Island, that had been there forty years, and she was
+supposed to be nearly twenty years old when she became a public charge.
+
+"Jennie has an interesting history. About forty years ago her owner had
+a mild attack of lunacy and was consigned to the insane asylum. He had
+traveled across the continent from San Francisco with Jennie it was
+said, and became so attached to the beast that he could not be persuaded
+to part with her, and the two were carried to Ward's Island together.
+The mule and the lunatic were about the same age then, and were devoted
+friends. In all kinds of weather they roamed about the asylum grounds
+together. One day Jennie was taken across to Harlem to be shod. The boat
+was moored and the animal tied to a tree by the bank, while the keeper
+went off to find the blacksmith. When he came back for the mule she
+was no longer in sight. The broken halter was lying on the ground, and
+Jennie was found that afternoon, still wet from her swim, with her old
+friend on the island. At length the lunatic died, and Jennie fell into
+the hands of the Board of Governors, and was set to work on Randall's
+Island. She dragged brick carts and lawn rollers for awhile, her size
+and age-unfitting her for heavier work, and was used for distributing
+bread in the morning among the various buildings. She was saddled, too,
+sometimes, and ridden by the children and their nurses.
+
+"Twenty-five years ago the keeper of the stables asked permission to
+kill her as an incumbrance. Isaac Bell was then one of the Charities
+Commissioners, and through his influence and interest in the matter,
+an order was issued declaring that Jennie should be retired from active
+service and live in the comparative luxury of the island's stables and
+grass plots as long as she pleased. The mule was moved once more, this
+time to Blackwell's Island, and took her quarters in the stone stable
+at the south end of the almshouse grounds. Keepers and inmates have been
+changing ever since, but in all the twenty-five years the venerable mule
+has seemed to grow scarcely a day older. She still draws light loads
+when the keepers harness her for exercise, and the Irishman in a striped
+jacket who is her involuntary groom stands in as great awe of her hind
+legs as ever. With the rest, however, she is good humored and docile,
+and has long been caressed as a pet.
+
+[Illustration: 0055]
+
+"And let me say," continued Mr. Graham, "that if you ever own a mule,
+don't disfigure him and make him unhappy by clipping his mane and tail.
+Nature has not made him as beautiful as the horse, but, in the language
+of one of his friends, 'she has endowed him with those gifts useful
+to his race, and among those are a good mane and tail; if not as an
+adornment, yet as a protection against his enemies, the tormenting,
+biting flies. To shear these does not add to his good looks; on the
+contrary it makes him appear more unsightly. He is not to blame
+for large head and long ears; why then should these be made more
+disproportionate by clipping the mane? and why should the tail be
+reduced to a mere pendant tuft, when both are needed to protect the
+poor, overworked creature from his winged enemies? It is to be hoped
+that mule-owners will learn to consider this custom as senseless, as a
+sin against the comfort and protection of this good servant, and treat
+the despised mule with more humane consideration.'"
+
+"I found some verses to-day," said Charley, "that I liked very much.
+They were in a paper called _Our Dumb Animals_, and illustrate the
+advantages of kindness to the creatures that cannot speak to tell their
+wants. Shall I read them?"
+
+"Certainly," said Mr. Graham: "Read them, and let your playmates read
+them, too."
+
+Thereupon Charley slowly read the following:
+
+
+"UNCLE JAKE'S DUMB CRITTERS."
+
+
+          "I don't know much of languages, such as the scholars tell.
+
+          But the language of dumb critters I understand quite well.
+
+          And I think, sir--yes, I think, sir--that their voices reach the sky.
+
+          And that their Maker understands the pleading of their eye.
+
+
+          And I shouldn't be surprised, sir, if at the judgment day,
+
+          Some cruel, heartless human folks should be as dumb as they.
+
+          My house is not so elegant as many are, I know;
+
+          But my cattle are all sheltered from the wintry winds and snow.
+
+          And they are not kept on rations that leave nothing but the frame.
+
+          Or in the spring returning to 'the dust from whence they came.'
+
+
+          Ah! God hath wisely ordered, sir, that in a money way,
+
+          Starving, abusing, critters are the things that will not pay.
+
+          If any of my flock are sick or hurt in any way,
+
+          I see that they are cared for, sir, by night as well as day.
+
+          My letter's on their wool, sir--'tis all the brand I know;
+
+          My lambs--they are not tailless, for God didn't make them so.
+
+
+          Some say sheep don't need water, but I tell you it's a lie!
+
+          They're almost frantic for it, sir, the same as you or I.
+
+          My horses--you have seen them, sir, they are just what they seem;
+
+          And, if I do say it myself, they are a splendid team.
+
+          They wear no foolish blinders, and from check reins they are free;
+
+          And they never had a hurt, sir, that had been caused by me.
+
+          The way they do my bidding now.'tis really a surprise!
+
+          They know my very step, sir, and thank me with their eyes.
+
+
+          My pig pen, over yonder, I'd like, sir, to Lave shown;
+
+          My hogs--they never are the 'breed' that is but skin and bone;
+
+          I know, sir, that to fatten them they need both food and drink,
+
+          A shelter and a bed, sir, will help it on I think.
+
+          I have a yard on purpose, they can root whene'er they choose--
+
+          It seems to me like cruelty, so rings I never use.
+
+
+          There's one thing more I want to show,'tis Hannah's hen-house, here--
+
+          Our poultry always pays us well, and just now eggs are dear--
+
+          'Tis warm and clean and bright, you see, with gravel on the ground;
+
+          There's food and water standing here each day the whole year round.
+
+          But maybe I have tired you, sir--forgive an old man's pride;
+
+          But somehow I love dumb critters, and I want their needs supplied."
+
+
+"There's one thing in those verses I want to ask about," said George,
+when his brother paused. "Uncle Jake says his horses 'wear no foolish
+blinders, and from check-reins they are free.' Now I want to ask why
+horses are made to wear blinders in harness, when they don't wear them
+while under the saddle! I know that the carriage horses in our stables
+don't wear blinders, but I never thought to ask why."
+
+"It's because I've given strict orders that none of my horses shall wear
+them," Mr. Graham answered. "And my reasons for so ordering I will give
+in the words of Dr. Humphreys, who has studied the subject and long ago
+converted me to his way of thinking. Dr. Humphreys says it is charitable
+to suppose that intelligent people are not designedly cruel. In most
+cases they are so, more from thoughtlessness than design! Nay, they are
+often quite astonished to learn--when their attention is called to the
+subject--that they have long been inflicting some cruelty unwittingly
+upon some of their dumb servants. This is a busy world, and we live in a
+very busy part of it, and we may, perhaps, be excused for not looking at
+every step lest some luckless worm be trod upon.
+
+"'The custom of having wagon or carriage horses _wear blinders_,' says
+Dr. Humphrey, 'originated at a period when horses were supposed to be
+thoroughly vicious and ill-trained, ready to run upon the slightest
+provocation; to take fright from seeing any passing object,--looking
+back in anxious dread of the whip--all of which supposes a condition of
+things now pretty well passed away. Horses are better bred and better
+trained. The Arab proverb well says: 'The pure blood horse has no vice.'
+He only wants to know what is required of him and he will do it if
+within his power. A driver who is_ fit_ to drive a horse _rarely or
+never strikes with his whip_. A mere motion of the rein or whip is all
+the horse requires, and all that most horses will submit to. The bad
+temper and the bad tricks of horses, are made so, nineteen times in
+twenty, by the causeless brutality of driver or trainer.
+
+[Illustration: 0058]
+
+"The use of the horse's eye is important. He should see what is before
+him, and on each side of him, and the ground on which he treads. Objects
+on either side of him do not frighten him _if he sees them_. It is the
+sudden appearance of unaccustomed objects that frighten nervous horses.
+The blinders contribute to this, and so far from being a preventive are
+a provocative of fright. Give the horse the use of his eye, and let him
+see the object, and he is rarely or never frightened. A shying horse is
+a horse who does not see clearly. If blinders were necessary to prevent
+horses from being frightened, why not use them on saddle horses; and
+the fact that they are never so used, disposes of the whole argument in
+their favor.
+
+"The horse needs his eyes to see the ground upon which he steps. We may
+not think so, but all animals are even more careful than men where they
+tread. A horse running over a human body will not step upon it if he has
+his eyes. But with the eyes half covered with blinders, he may do so, a
+consideration of no small importance in a crowded city.
+
+"Has it ever occurred to ask ourselves what right we have to deprive
+horses of the use of their eyes. They minister to our convenience and
+pleasure, and we give them their food and care. Nay, we may even render
+them serviceable. But we have no right to deprive them of the light of
+day or the joy of beholding surrounding objects. To assume that they
+do not prize or care for it argues but slight acquaintance with their
+nature.
+
+"Again, the non-use of an organ tends to destroy it. Fortunately the
+mass of our horses are not born of those whose eyes are habitually
+blinded, or we should, ere long, come to a race of no-eyed horses. But
+even now the blinding has not been without its curse. The eye of the
+horse is not so fine as that of the ox, the deer, or the gazelle, to say
+nothing of the increasing frequency of weak eyes--defective vision and
+blindness.
+
+"And all this comes of heedlessness. We do it because we are accustomed
+to it. We don't think of the pleasure of which we are depriving our mute
+friends. We don't think how much better the horses would look with
+the use of their eyes, or of how much light the eye would add to the
+picture.
+
+"The harness maker doesn't think of it. His business is to make as much
+of the harness as possible. To him 'there is nothing like leather.'
+The coachman doesn't think of it. So long as his position on the box is
+secure, he is satisfied.
+
+"Occasionally a sensible man--and very often he's a poor man--is seen
+driving his horse or team without taking from them the use of their
+eyes--and how other horses or teams must envy those fortunate ones. But
+the great mass with huge blinders drawn tight over their eyes, blunder
+on in the dark, their drivers and owners utterly unconscious of the
+wrong they are doing or the misery they are unconsciously inflicting.
+
+[Illustration: 0060]
+
+"And in the same spirit of thoughtlessness," continued Mr. Graham,
+"the check-rein, or bearing-rein, as the English call it, is used upon
+horses. There ought to be a law making it an offence punishable by a
+heavy penalty, to fasten a horse's head high in the air, as we see the
+heads of many carriage-horses fastened. Mr. Bergh, the founder of the
+Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, has done much toward
+breaking up the abuse, but it still continues, in spite of his efforts.
+Many articles on the subject have appeared in the Society's paper _Our
+Animal Friends._ Here is one of them, it is entitled: "the check-rein."
+
+"'Under the mistaken idea that this device in some way adds to the
+beauty of the horse, this poor, patient, helpless servant is submitted
+to the most cruel and prolonged torture. The horse is one of the most
+beautiful animals, because of his fine proportions and graceful curving
+outlines. His beauty can be enhanced only by good feeding, care and
+grooming. Clumsy, heavy, ill-fitting harness, trappings which conceal
+his body from view, and all devices which cause him to assume unnatural
+and constrained positions, always tend to mar his good appearance.
+Notice how his beauty is spoiled at once by destroying the graceful
+curves of his natural position, and introducing the straight lines and
+angles incident to the use of the overcheck. The grandeur and nobility
+of the animal's appearance are sadly marred by putting him into this
+foolish position, with his eyes gazing upward into the sky, his nose
+sticking straight out before him, and his straining and craning so
+ungracefully and uncomfortably. If any driver, or any one else, thinks
+it is not cruel to fasten a horse's head in such a position, let him try
+it himself. Put a man into this terrible, unnatural position, with the
+hot sun blazing into his eyes, unable to watch his steps, give him a
+burden to draw or carry, whip him into a smart run over the rough roads
+and streets, and he will soon understand why a horse with an overcheck
+is continually restlessly tossing his head and turning it from side
+to side in his vain effort to get relief from his excruciating misery.
+Stand up, throw the head back, and look steadily at the ceiling for five
+minutes, and without any bit to chafe the torn and bleeding mouth, you
+will get a vivid and lasting impression of what torture is. A horse
+allowed to hold his head in a natural position makes a beautiful and
+pleasant picture, while one tortured and disfigured by a strap extending
+over the head, is an exhibition causing discomfort to the beholder,
+and awakening his kindest sympathies and arousing his indignation. The
+overcheck contrivance was originated by a horse-jockey, whose horse,
+when rapidly driven, made a whistling noise in breathing. How any
+gentleman or lady of intelligence can consent to ride behind a horse
+which is being tortured with such a silly contrivance of cruelty it is
+difficult to imagine.'
+
+[Illustration: 0062]
+
+"In England," continued Mr. Graham, "one of the most indefatigable
+workers for the abolition of the bearing-rein, is Mr. Edward Ford-ham
+Flower, who has published a book on the subject. In this book he says:
+
+"'It is a severe penance to any man who loves a horse to walk along the
+fashionable streets or the park, and to witness the sufferings of horses
+from this absurd and cruel practice. Little does the benevolent dowager
+who sits absorbed in the pages of the last tract of the 'Society for
+Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,' know of the sufferings of the two
+noble animals by whom she is leisurely drawn along the 'Lady's Mile.'
+She probably fancies that the high prancing step, and the toss of the
+head which scatters flakes of foam at every step, are expressions of
+pride and satisfaction at their task, when in fact they are occasioned
+by pain, and a vain attempt to obtain a momentary relief from their
+suffering. Let any one watch the horses in the park, or standing as
+they do for hours at the theaters, shops, etc., with foaming mouths, and
+tongues swollen and hanging out, trying to get a little ease to their
+poor heads and necks, by tossing them up, putting them sideways, or in
+any possible position, vainly appealing to their unheeding or ignorant
+masters, or coachmen, to slacken, if only for a few minutes, the
+torturing rein, and then say if we can call ourselves a humane people!
+
+"'It must be a source of grief to see the number of animals in carriages
+to whom this bearing-rein is applied.. The first thing is, whatever may
+be the form of the neck of the horse, to bring him, so to speak, into
+the same line, and the bearing-rein is introduced in order to bring his
+head into the required position. He is then attached to a carriage, and
+what is the next step? Perhaps the carriage is ordered to the door a
+couple of hours before it suits the convenience of the riders to enter
+it, and they let the horse stand there exposed to the heat of the sun
+and the biting of the flies; and there is the wretched animal with his
+head stuck up in the air, unable to drive away a fly. The bewigged brute
+and idiot of a coachman, of course, thinks it a very fine thing to sit
+behind these poor animals with their stuck-up heads; but his master
+ought to know better.'"
+
+Mr. Graham said that any person who doubted the ability of a horse to
+pull more with his head free, than when it is held by a check-rein,
+could easily convince himself by making a trial with a team. He then
+told a story about the Scotchman Macadam, who invented the road bearing
+his name. On one occasion Macadam was on the outside of a coach,
+traveling on one of his own roads, when the horses stopped, halfway up a
+hill. Macadam was taunted with the failure of his system, for there were
+those who disbelieved in his plan, or were jealous of the reward granted
+to him by the Government. Macadam quietly got off the coach, went to the
+horses' heads, and loosed the four bearing-reins. The horses stretched
+their necks, put their shoulders to the collar, and easily reached
+the top of the hill. He thus vindicated the success of his system, and
+taught his fellow passengers and the coachman a lesson of humanity and
+common-sense.
+
+Mr. Graham added that Barclay and Perkins, the great brewers of London,
+who own hundreds of horses, have forbidden the use of blinders or
+binding reins on any of their animals.
+
+The following, under the title "A True Horse Story," is taken from a
+recent number of _Our Animal Friends_:
+
+"On Madison Avenue one day I paused to pat the nose of a beautiful
+horse which stood by the curb, and commiserate his misfortune, for this
+beautiful animal, though sleek of coat and shapely in body and limb, was
+apparently suffering most excruciating torture. His head had been
+checked inhumanely high, and the cruel bit, drawing tightly in his
+mouth, disfigured an animal face of unusual charm and intelligence. I
+was just fancying that the horse had begun to understand and appreciate
+my words of sympathy, when the lady who sat in the carriage holding the
+reins fumbled in her pocket, produced a lump of white sugar, and asked
+me to give it to the horse.
+
+[Illustration: 0066]
+
+"'He is very fond of sugar,' she explained, 'and I have quite won his
+heart by feeding it to him. I always carry sugar in my pocket while out
+driving, and give him a lump at every opportunity. I never knew a horse
+to be so fond of sugar. Will you please give him another lump?'
+
+"'Certainly,' I replied; 'I see that you are quite as fond of the horse
+as he is of sweets.'
+
+"'Yes, I think everything of him.'
+
+"'Then why do you torture him?'
+
+"'Torture my Prince?'
+
+"'Yes, that is just what you are doing. Do you know that the poor animal
+suffers agony because his head is checked so unnaturally high? His neck
+is drawn out straight, producing a most ungraceful angle, he holds
+his head awkwardly, the bit is hurting his mouth, and that graceful
+curvature of neck and carriage of head which are in his nature are now
+entirely lost. Why do you check him so high?'
+
+"She didn't know. She was not aware that high checking was a source
+of pain to horses, nor that it destroyed their natural beauty. She was
+amazed at the discovery.
+
+"'May I trouble you to unloosen his check?' she asked.
+
+"When the strap was unsnapped, the horse immediately lowered his head,
+straightened the cramps out of his handsome neck, shook himself to make
+sure that he had actually been released from bondage, and they looked
+around with such a grateful, delighted expression in his intelligent
+eyes that his mistress declared no more checking straps should be used
+upon him."
+
+Cobweb and Major had both been broken to harness, as well as to the
+saddle, and some days after the conversation recorded in this chapter,
+Charley tried Cobweb in a dog-cart which his father had given him.
+Check-reins and blinders formed no part of the pretty creature's
+harness, and he seemed to appreciate his freedom from those abominations
+of modern custom. Major was tried in the afternoon of the same day,
+and his performance fully justified the faith that the boys had in the
+reformed system of driving. Not only did George and Charley declare that
+they would never use blinders or check-reins on their horses, but they
+chorussed the evils of the old practice to their young friends, several
+of whom were induced to follow their example. And of all those who did
+so, not one returned to the cruelties he had so unthinkingly practiced,
+simply because it was the fashion.
+
+[Illustration: 0069]
+
+How horses can be cured of their maladies by kind and proper treatment,
+is told in the following extract from the life of Sir Astley Cooper. His
+coachman was instructed to attend every market-morning at Smithfield,
+and purchase all the lame young horses which he thought might possibly
+be convertible into carriage or saddle horses, should they recover from
+their defects. He was never to give more than �7 ($35.00) for a horse,
+but �5 ($25.00) was the average price. In this manner thirty or forty
+horses were sometimes collected at Gaelis-bridge, his farm. Once a week
+the blacksmith came up from the village, and the horses were brought to
+him for inspection. Having discovered the cause of their lameness, he
+proceeded to perform whatever seemed to him necessary for the cure.
+The improvement produced in a short time by good feeding and medical
+attendance, appeared truly wonderful. Horses which were at first with
+difficulty driven to pasture, because of their lameness, were now with
+as much difficulty restrained from running away. Even one fortnight at
+Gaelisbridge would frequently produce such an alteration in some of them
+that it required no unskillful eye in the former owner to recognize
+the animal which he had sold. Fifty guineas were paid for one of these
+animals, which turned out a very good bargain, and Sir Astley's carriage
+was for years drawn by a pair of horses which, together, cost him only
+�12 10s.
+
+[Illustration: 0070]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+_Horses that need Check-Reins and Blinders--Proper Mode of applying
+Them--Uses of Whips and Spurs--How to Train a Horse to Follow
+You--A Horse in a Parlor--The Horse that Wouldn't be Called a
+Blackguard--Intelligence of London Bus Horses--How Horses express
+their Gratitude--Henry Bergli and the Society for Preventing Cruelty
+to Animals--A Summary of the Society's Work--What it has
+Accomplished--Friendships of Dogs and Horses--How the Horse lifted his
+Friend the Cat--Locomotive and Colt Racing--Believers in a Future Life
+for Animals--A Horse Saved his Master's Life--Tatters and What he Did._
+
+When our young friends reported to their father the result of their
+experiments at driving their horses without check-reins he was
+greatly pleased to know they had followed his advice and found it so
+satisfactory.
+
+[Illustration: 9071]
+
+They further told him that their neighbors had said it was not safe to
+give up check-reins altogether on all kinds of horses, and asked if such
+was the case.
+
+"That is quite true," Mr. Graham answered, "and I'm glad the subject
+was mentioned. There are some horses that it would be dangerous to drive
+without some kind of a check-rein; very fresh, unruly or vicious horses
+require something to prevent their getting their heads down and running
+away, but the rein should always be so loose that when a horse has his
+head in proper position the snaffle-bit will hang down from the corners
+of the mouth instead of being drawn up into the cheeks.
+
+"Mr. Sidney says," continued Mr. Graham, "that the object of a
+check-rein should be to divide the weight with the driver's hands so
+that when the horse drops his head below a certain point the weight
+of his mouth will come on the check-rein instead of upon the driver's
+hands. It also prevents horses, when standing still, from rubbing their
+heads against each other or against the pole where the bit is liable to
+be caught and cause an accident. Properly fitted, the check-rein does no
+harm and may be the means of preventing runaways, but unless it is slack
+when the horse has his head in a natural position it is not properly
+fitted. If a horse naturally carries his head down, like a pig, he is
+not suited for a carriage anyway, and should be employed solely as a
+working horse."
+
+[Illustration: 0072]
+
+"Thank you, sir," said Charley, "and Mr. Webb also said that there are
+horses which cannot be driven safely without blinders."
+
+"Undoubtedly he is right," was the reply, "but of all the horses now
+driven with blinders, nineteen out of twenty would be just as safe
+without them. A great deal depends on the training and early treatment
+of a horse; if he is broken without blinders he is very unlikely ever
+to need them, as he will be accustomed to the noise and sight of the
+carriage behind him and to what is going on around him. Some nervous
+horses are always looking back, and whenever the driver makes the
+least move they are apt to jump or become restive. Such horses may need
+blinders, but they should be put on in such a way as to allow a good
+range of vision in front. Several gentlemen have equipped their horses
+with narrow blinders, or more properly screens, that stand straight out
+from the side of the animal's head; he thus has a view in front and on
+both sides of him, but cannot seethe carriage and its occupant. Year by
+year the disuse of blinders increases, and we may hope for the day when
+they will be practically given up. Nobody thinks of putting them on
+saddle horses, and they are very rarely, if ever, used on trotting
+horses in harness. If not needed on race-trotters, why should they be
+placed on any other horse in harness?"
+
+The subject of check-reins and blinders having been disposed of,
+Charley's next question referred to the use of the whip in riding or
+driving, and the spur in riding.
+
+"For most purposes," said Mr. Graham, "the whip should be more an
+article of ornament than of use. It should never be applied in anger,
+and in most applications it should be simply as a reminder. I have known
+horses that were quite lazy, and refused to move above a very slow pace,
+when their riders or drivers had no whips or spurs, but a single touch
+of either, at starting, rendered further use unnecessary. A lady's
+saddle horse requires a slight touch of the whip as an indication to
+take certain steps or to change from one pace to another. The best
+horsemen do not ride without spurs, but they very rarely use them, and
+then only for some real reason.
+
+[Illustration: 8074]
+
+There is no need for the spurs to be sharp; in fact they had better be
+blunt, as the chances of injuring the horse are thus diminished."
+
+George asked how he could teach Major to follow him when he got off to
+walk a short distance, as frequently happens.
+
+"For instruction on that point," said Mr. Graham, "I will refer you to
+Mr. Rarey's book, where very clear instructions are to be found. They
+are copied on page 298 of 'The Book of the Horse.'"
+
+George hunted up the paragraph and read as follows:
+
+"Provide yourself with a gig-whip and three or four carrots cut
+in slices. Lead the horse out in either a halter or a common
+watering-bridle. A closed barn or riding school is the best place for
+all instruction, because there is then nothing to distract the horse's
+attention, but a quiet lane will do as well. Begin by fondling your
+horse, talking to him in horse-language, and giving him one or two bits
+of carrot, for which, if he has not been fed recently, he will be eager,
+and begin to push his nose into your hand for more. Then commence by
+leading him forward and backward with one hand, holding the gig-whip
+trailing behind you with the other, calling to him by name, if he has
+one, all the time, as thus:--Come--come along, come along, old
+fellow, touching him up gently or sharply, as the case may be, on his
+hindquarters, with the point of the gig-lash to drive him forward, and
+fondling or rewarding him as he comes to your hand. He will soon learn
+to press forward to avoid the flick of the whip behind, and to come to
+your shoulder to be caressed and rewarded. Instead of flying from you,
+he will learn to seek safety by your side, and follow you anywhere."
+
+"The whip has something to do with the instruction," George remarked, as
+he read the foregoing paragraph to Charley.
+
+"Yes," said the latter, "but you see there are more carrots and caresses
+than whips. Here's something about the use, or rather the misuse, of the
+whip which I have just found in _Our Animal Friends._ The writer appears
+to know what he wants to say."
+
+"The whip is the parent of stubbornness in a high-spirited animal, while
+gentleness will win obedience, and at the same time attach the animal to
+us. It is the easiest thing imaginable to win the affection of animals,
+and especially horses. An apple, a potato, or a few lumps of sugar,
+given from the hand now and then, will cause the horse to prick up his
+ears at the sound of his owner's footstep, not with fear, but with a
+low whinnying note of pleasure. The confidence of the noblest beast thus
+gained, will lead him to obey the slightest intelligent tone of voice or
+indication of the bit. There is no such thing as balkiness to be found
+in a horse thus treated; he shows a desire to obey, whereas a few lashes
+of the whip, smartly applied, if he be a horse worth having, will arouse
+in him a spirit of retaliation and stubbornness that may cost the owner
+hours of trouble, and possibly danger, to life and limb. Horses are
+made gentle by kindness. They believe in the 'master' they love, and
+his voice will calm them in a moment of fear, or induce them to struggle
+forward, even when overladen, and when a whip would be sure to bring
+them to a stubborn standstill.
+
+"No man knows the true value of his horse until he has won his regard
+and confidence, as it were. The whip will never know this. A kind hand
+and gentle voice will act like magic. Thus we have known women who could
+handle and drive horses that would almost invariably show vicious traits
+in the hands of a male driver."
+
+"And here's a good story," said George, "which is copied from the
+_Cornhill Magazine_:
+
+"'All horses have their fancies, and know perfectly well whom they have
+to deal with. I am just now exercised with Whitefeet. One day I found
+her in the drawing-room. To reach it she had walked into the house by
+the front entrance, and after traveling a corridor some forty feet long,
+had passed through three door-ways. There she was, examining furniture,
+smelling knick-knacks, and looking out of the window. I expected a
+scene, since she was as good as wild, having never been made acquainted
+with saddle, bridle or shoe. Yet she behaved like a young lady, not
+only daintily walking about among chairs and tables without damage, but
+exhibiting solitary self-consciousness, especially when she came to look
+at herself in the mirror. This she did with much interest, getting
+first one side of her face and then the other into the most appreciable
+position. It seemed to me that she smiled. When she had gazed her fill I
+said. 'Now come out, my dear.' Then she put her warm, velvety nose into
+the hollow of my uplifted hand and followed me, as I walked backward
+like a courtier into the paddock. And yet a professional breaker had
+found her hard to manage. She was evidently too refined for him, and
+resented his coarse manners. Horses show deliberate resentment. Years
+ago we had two piebalds, Marquis and Tag. I have a portrait, but knew
+them not, as they lived before I was born. You might--it was so related
+to me when a boy by my elders--call Tag anything but a 'blackguard.'
+Tradition says that an incredulous guest, having been told this, one
+evening after dinner, went up by himself to Tag, before breakfast the
+next morning, and quietly said: 'Tag, you are a blackguard.' He was
+thankful to get into the house with only half his coat torn off his
+back. Tag flew at him, open-mouthed, at once.'"
+
+"The intelligence of horses in England is not monopolized by the high
+bred ones," said Charley after listening to the account of White-feet
+in the parlor. "Here's what an Englishman says of the London omnibus
+horses!--
+
+"'I like riding on an omnibus; it is the best way to see London, and I
+often sit by a 'bus driver's side to the end of his stage and back. So I
+see a good deal of the 'bus horse, and I find in him an animal who well
+repays watching. Most people know that he understands the conductor's
+bell; but few know how well he understands it. The London 'bus driver
+is a very Jehu, but his cattle need very little driving. I see them stop
+when the bell rings, and I see them start when it rings again, even when
+it does so within two seconds. Yet, when the 'bus is in full roll, and
+the conductor rings twice, to show the driver that he is 'full inside,'
+the horses know the double ring and never pause in their stride. Again,
+the 'bus horse knows the policeman's signal. I am driving down Oxford
+Street. At the corner of Bond Street, an old lady wants to cross the
+road. The policeman holds up his white-gloved hand and the horses
+stop, automatically, not pulled up by Jehu. The lady safely across, the
+policeman jerks his thumb forward, and the horses start again. A heavy
+dray is in front. Without sign from Jehu, the horses swerve to right
+and circumvent it. I sometimes think the conductor might drive by merely
+pulling his bellcord, and so save the driver's wages. Further, these
+sagacious beasts know all their stoppings; they know the import of
+the cue 'higher up,' and they know the clatter of the released brake.
+Observe, too, how skilfully the 'bus-horse picks out the dryer portion
+of the wet and slippery wood pavings. And see him cleverly skate down
+Waterloo Place, after a shower of rain or water-carts, with heavy 'bus
+behind him. What other animal could do the like?'"
+
+[Illustration: 0077]
+
+"From a loaded omnibus horse, to a New York street-car horse, is a
+very natural step," remarked George. "Listen to this account by Supt.
+Hankinson of Mr. Bergh's society, of the appreciation of kindness, which
+was manifested by some car-horses that had been turned out to rest on a
+farm near the city:
+
+"'Among the animals were three which appeared to have formed an
+attachment for each other, for no matter where one went, the others
+would follow. One of the officers had plucked several apples from a tree
+on the grounds, and while eating the fruit the horses approached, and
+stood in line before him. The first, a sorrel, had a most perfect face,
+and evidently came from the best stock. The other two appeared to be of
+ordinary breed; but all were completely run down physically, by reason
+of the hard work they had done while engaged in dragging street cars.
+The poor creatures looked longingly at the officer as he ate the fruit,
+and when the sorrel was given a piece of an apple, the other two took
+positions, one on the right, the other to the left, with the sorrel well
+in front.
+
+[Illustration: 0082]
+
+"'The sight of the group would have gladdened the heart of an artist.
+Their wistful looks beaming from beautiful eyes, as the officer
+preceeded to cut an apple into three parts and distribute it among them,
+would have pleased a sympathetic mind. When the last piece of apple was
+disposed of, and the officer moved to another part of the field, he was
+followed at a respectful distance by his dumb acquaintances, and from
+place to place, wherever duty required his presence, the three horses
+would accompany him, as if to show their appreciation of the simple
+kindness which had been shown them. A stone wall, about four feet
+high, divided the field from the highway leading to the place where
+the Society's patrol wagon, had been left, and when the officers had
+finished their work, they passed through a gate opening into the road.
+Sorrel and his companions did not propose, however, to be left in any
+such a summary manner, and followed along by the stone wall, until
+further progress was stopped by a high wooden fence.
+
+"'When about half-way down the road, the officers heard sounds of
+furious galloping, and, to their amazement, the sorrel came dashing up,
+having leaped the stone wall, a feat which his companions either could
+not or would not venture to do. He followed after the officials until
+great results from his work. Superintendent Hankinson said recently, in
+an interview with a newspaper reporter:
+
+"'We have not in these days the disgusting exhibitions of cruelty and
+brutality that disgraced civilization a quarter of a century ago. You
+rarely see lame horses dragging heavily loaded trucks or cars now. You
+seldom hear of men brutally beating their horses. People are no longer
+sickened by the spectacle of horses covered with bleeding, festering
+sores. The cattle yards are better and cleaner and healthier than they
+ever were. The swill-milk stables are gone. Dog fights and cock they had
+reached the vehicle, when he was captured and led back to the paddock.'"
+
+Charley agreed with his brother that it was an interesting story. Their
+comments upon it naturally led to a discussion of the Society for
+the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which has been mentioned in a
+preceding chapter.
+
+"You know it was founded by Mr. Bergh," said Charley, "and before his
+death that gentleman had the satisfaction of seeing very fights are not
+as numerous as they were, and there is even an element of humanity in
+the brutal sport of pigeon shooting.
+
+"'I have no hesitation in affirming that this changed condition of
+affairs is wholly due to the labors of the Society for the Prevention
+of Cruelty to Animals. The Society was organized to work just such a
+reform, and I am sure the public will bear me out in the statement that
+its efforts have been crowned with success.
+
+"'Just let me instance some phases of cruelty that were very common in
+this city in the early days of the Society, but which are very rarely
+heard of now:
+
+"'What an ordinary spectacle it once was to see a horse, dragging a
+heavily laden cart or truck, fall from sheer exhaustion in the street!
+And the brutal driver would take a rung from his cart and beat the
+poor animal in the most horrible manner about the head and body. That
+spectacle is very rare in these days. Drivers of horses are particular
+now not to overload their trucks, and they think a good deal, if the
+horse happens to fall, before using a cart rung on him.
+
+"'You remember, too, how certain dealers in poultry used to go through
+the streets carrying fowls by the legs and letting their heads drag
+along the sidewalk. Nowadays fowls are transported about the city in
+crates.
+
+"'Bit burrs are not quite as numerous now as they were some years ago.
+They were quite a 'fad' in society once. They were made of leather about
+three inches in diameter, and one such was thickly studded with long,
+sharp tacks. These burrs were fastened to the bit and placed on each
+side of the horse's mouth. They were a constant source of agony to the
+horse, but they pleased society because they made the horses jump and
+prance as though possessed of an exuberance of animal spirits. The
+horse's attitude and antics were magnificent, but it was magnificent
+agony, for those tacks tore and lacerated the tender flesh about the
+mouth in the most horrible manner. That burr was a most diabolical
+instrument of torture.
+
+"'Another society 'fad' which the Society stopped, or rather
+ameliorated, was the practice of clipping horses as cold weather
+approached. The Society's officers frequently saw teams that had just
+been clipped standing in front of houses in Fifth Avenue or before the
+big dry-goods establishments for hours, shivering with cold. Of course,
+they looked very neat and glossy, but the deprivation of the animal's
+covering was a horrible cruelty.
+
+[Illustration: 9081]
+
+The Society's protest had its effect, and those who clipped their horses
+after that had the humanity to provide them with blankets.
+
+"'Glanders and farcy, those contagious diseases, incurable in man as
+well as in beast, are not by any means as prevalent as they once were.
+And this is owing to the work of the Society in compelling people to
+keep their stables in good condition. Those diseases are the result of
+neglect, bad food, and damp, ill-ventilated stables.
+
+"'Through the efforts of the Society an element of humanity has been
+introduced into the treatment of the cattle sent to New York for
+slaughter. The treatment these poor creatures got at one time was simply
+barbarous. We have officers at all the stock yards and abattoirs, and
+they make it their business to see that the animals are properly fed
+and cared for, and that their quarters are kept in a cleanly, healthy
+condition. A great reform has been consummated, too, by the Society, in
+the method of transporting live stock.
+
+"'And speaking of live stock, reminds me of an incident that happened in
+the early days of the Society. Mr. Bergh--and how we all will miss him
+now that he is gone--was going through Chambers Street one day, when he
+saw two men leading a cow and her calf. The calf was literally skin and
+bones. There was a rope about the cow's neck and another about the calf's.
+The cow's udder was fearfully distended with the milk within it, and
+the calf made continual efforts to get at it, but the man pulled the
+poor little thing away. Well, Mr. Bergh stopped the man, took the rope
+from the calf's neck, and the moment he did so the famished thing made a
+dash for that distended udder and drank its fill. The men protested, but
+Mr. Bergh was inexorable, and he stood there during twenty minutes, the
+center of a crowd of five hundred people, while the poor calf got the
+first good square meal of its life.
+
+[Illustration: 0082]
+
+"'Dog fights and cock fights--brutal, cruel, demoralizing
+exhibitions--were quite a feature of metroplitan life at one time,
+but are, happily, becoming more and more rare. People who like that
+so-called 'sport,' to indulge their propensity are now found to sneak
+off like so many thieves or felons to some stable or loft in the
+country, and there have their 'fun' in the constant fear of interruption
+by Mr. Bergh or of the police.
+
+"'The Society, at one time, had great trouble with the street railroad
+companies, which persisted in driving lame, crippled, sick and disabled
+animals; in salting their tracks and overloading their cars to a fearful
+degree. But there has been a marked reform in all these particulars,
+and I think I can say the car horses of the city to-day are in very good
+condition.
+
+"There can be no doubt that the twenty-two years of the Society's
+existence have been fraught with great good to the animals that minister
+to the needs of man. Our Society has grown to enormous proportions, and
+has branches in every State and city, and almost every town and village,
+in the country. Since its organization the Society in New York has
+prosecuted 13,850 cases in the courts, suspended 35,108 disabled animals
+from work, humanely destroyed 24,099 horses disabled past recovery, and
+removed 4444 disabled horses from the streets in its ambulances.
+Last year the Society prosecuted 797 cases of cruelty in the courts,
+suspended 3456 disabled animals from work, destroyed 2546 disabled
+horses, destroyed 1102 small animals disabled past recovery, removed
+522 disabled horses from the streets in ambulances, and received and
+investigated 3773 complaints.
+
+"It must not be supposed that the existence of so many cases of cruelty
+indicates an increase in the cruel treatment of animals; the large
+figure is rather due to the greater facilities the Society now possesses
+for the detection of such offences.
+
+"Our paid officers are of course limited in number, but every humane
+person in New York can be said to be a detective of the Society. We
+receive a great many complaints, investigate them thoroughly, and then
+report to the complainants the result of such investigations. People
+write to tell us a certain man is in the habit of beating his horse or
+of feeding swill to his cows, or that a dog is dying in a vacant lot
+up-town, or that boys are in the habit of stoning birds in a certain
+locality. All these things we look into, and when we catch the guilty
+parties practicing the cruelty complained of we arrest and prosecute
+them. With all these aids it is clear the work of the Society has been
+very much simplified and more thorough, but it can be much more so by a
+further cooperation of the public. That we look for and hope to obtain."
+
+Our young friends agreed that Mr. Bergh had done a great work which
+should be commemorated by a monument in his honor. "Magnificent
+monuments have been erected to men far less deserving than he," said
+Charley. "If the animals whom he befriended could contribute, many
+thousands of dollars would be subscribed at once. All the more noble
+was his philanthropy, because the objects of it could never know their
+benefactor."
+
+Charley and George were not long in possession of their horses before
+they discovered that quite an attachment had been formed between Cobweb
+and Rover, which was followed by a similar friendship between Major
+and Dash. Whenever the horses were taken out for exercise the dogs
+accompanied them and seemed to enjoy the run very much. At night the
+dogs slept in the stalls with the horses, coiling up under the manger
+while the steeds were standing, but nestling down among their feet or
+close to their bodies when they were lying down.
+
+"That's nothing remarkable," said Mr. Graham, when the boys told him of
+the equine and canine friendships.
+
+"Dogs and horses are very often mutually attached and sometimes are able
+to be of service to each other."
+
+"How is that?" Charley asked.
+
+"There is a story told of an English gentleman who had a fine hunting
+horse, which was so fond of a greyhound that he was always uneasy when
+the latter was out of sight. The gentleman used to call at the stable to
+have the dog take a walk with him, and when he did so the horse always
+looked after him and neighed uneasily. When the dog returned to the
+stable he always ran immediately to the horse and licked his nose, the
+horse returning the greeting by rubbing the dog's back."
+
+"One day when the groom had taken the horse out for exercise the dog
+followed, and during the promenade he was attacked by a larger dog
+which threw him down and was rapidly getting the best of the encounter.
+Thereupon the horse threw back his ears, and in spite of the efforts of
+the groom to restrain him, he rushed at the strange dog and seized him
+with his teeth. He took a good grip of the dog's back that made him quit
+his hold on the greyhound, and then he shook him till the skin gave way.
+Under these circumstances the strange canine was not disposed to renew
+the attack on the greyhound, but ran off as fast as his wounds would
+permit. As he did so the horse pranced about very proudly, and was
+evidently quite happy at being of service to his smaller friend."
+
+"I've read," said Charley, "about a horse and cat that were great
+friends, the cat generally sleeping in the horse's manger. When the
+horse was going to have his oats, he used to take the cat very gently by
+the skin on her back, just as cats pick up their kittens, and lift her
+into the next stall, so that she wouldn't be in his way while he was
+eating his food. How he learned that cats should be lifted in that way
+was a mystery, but he certainly did it so that he never hurt her in the
+least. She seemed to understand it perfectly, and whenever he put her
+out of the manger she stayed away till he had eaten his oats. He always
+liked to have her about him, and she frequently climbed on his back and
+seemed perfectly at home there."
+
+"Here's a story," said George, "about a race between a colt and a
+locomotive, and according to the account, it was a lively race. It was
+printed in the _Pittsburgh Despatch_, and here it is:
+
+"'Information comes of a remarkable and exciting race between an express
+train, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and a three-year-old colt
+one day last week. The colt belongs to Vince Carpenter, at Limestone
+Station, in Carter County, Kentucky. When the express train arrived
+at Limestone, on the day in question, the colt stepped on the track in
+front of the engine, and when the train started the colt started also,
+keeping some distance ahead of the engine until a large trestle was
+reached at the next stopping-point, a distance of five and a quarter
+miles from Limestone. The colt started over the trestle, but fell down,
+and the race came to an end. The engine stopped, a rope was attached to
+the colt and it was removed from the track.
+
+"'In the race of five and a quarter miles, which was reported to have
+been made in the short time of thirteen minutes, the colt jumped several
+cow gaps, crossed numerous small trestles, and ran around one or two
+bridges.'"
+
+[Illustration: 0086]
+
+Charley's mention of the friendship between a horse and a cat naturally
+turned the conversation in the direction of cats, and led to several
+stories about those domestic favorites. We will give some of these
+anecdotes in the next chapter. Before the conference broke up, George
+asked a question which he had seen in a newspaper: "Is there any future
+life for animals?"
+
+Mr. Graham said he had never given the subject a thought, and had no
+opinion to offer. He read the following, which was written for _Our Dumb
+Animals_ by George T. Angell, in answer to the question, in the very
+words in which George had asked it:--
+
+"We answer, John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, thought there was. So
+did those eminent Christian Bishops, Jeremy Taylor and Butler. Coleridge
+advocated it in England, Lamartine in France, and Agassiz in America.
+Agassiz, the greatest scientist we ever had on this continent, was a
+firm believer in some future life for the lower animals. A professor of
+Harvard University, has compiled a list of one hundred and eighty-five
+European authors who have written on the subject. Among the leading
+clergy in Boston, who have publicly expressed their belief in a future
+life for animals, are Joseph Cook, Trinitarian, and James Freeman Clark,
+Unitarian. Some years ago a man left by will for Mr. Bergh's Society, a
+hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Relatives contested the will on
+the ground that he was insane because he believed in a future life for
+animals. The judge, in sustaining the will, said that he found that more
+than half of the human race believed the same thing."
+
+"Why do I love horses? Listen, and I will tell you," said a gentleman,
+whom the author of this volume has known for nearly twenty years. He is
+a prominent man of business in New York, but modestly declines to have
+his name in print, so we will call him Mr. A..
+
+"When a boy, living at home on a Vermont farm, my father owned a pair of
+spirited grays, one being a special pet, never seeming weary and never
+refusing to go anywhere or to do any service asked of him. His mate was
+of the other sort, sulky, ugly, and a thorough shirk. My pet had formed
+a strong personal attachment for me, would always whinney when he heard
+my step, in fact seemed to have the love of a dog for his master.
+
+"Coming down the mountain with a heavy load, by a road plowed out for a
+single track, and snow three feet and more deep on either side, we met
+an old gentleman and lady in a single cutter, who could not or thought
+they could not, turn from the road to allow us to pass.
+
+"The off horse, the ugly one, refused to turn into the snow, and I
+stepped forward of him, taking him by the head, standing in the snow
+half my depth. Instead of accepting my invitation to follow my lead, he
+reared and came down upon me, throwing me on my back, with my head just
+out from under his chest, both of us lying at full length in the snow.
+
+"Now my pet showed his love and that he saw where the trouble lay.
+Taking his mate by the side of the lip in his teeth, he lifted him up
+upon his fore feet, then supposing his duty done, let go his hold, when
+at once the rascal came down again, this time with one knee upon my
+chest, nearly crushing it in, and making breathing almost impossible.
+
+"The old gentleman and lady screamed, and I feared fright of my horses
+would be an added danger, but instead, no wise man's head was ever
+clearer as to duty in time of danger, than was that of my equine friend.
+Taking his mate again by the side of his lip and with a strong grip of
+his teeth, he lifted and held him sitting on his haunches as a dog
+would have done, and with one fore foot bowed out on either side of me.
+Getting hold of the harness I dragged myself from under my captor, when
+Billy showed in no doubtful manner that he meant all he had done. His
+whinney was like a cry of joy. He called to me, danced, rubbed his head
+against me, and showed plainly as language could have done that instinct
+and love had joined in saving my life. Was it reason or instinct or
+inspiration.
+
+"It seemed like a dog's thoughtful, unselfish love, but in the story
+of horses, I have never known such devotion. Now you know why I love
+horses, and why cruelty to one of them is, to me, like a cruel injury to
+a true friend."
+
+A lady, with whom the author of this volume is well acquainted, writes
+as follows on this subject:
+
+"I think that blinders ought to be abolished by law, but if we cannot
+get rid of them that way, every friend of the horse should exert all
+possible influence to induce people to abandon their use. When I first
+obtained my horse 'Tatters' he had never been driven with an open
+bridle, and had never been used under a saddle, but he had the
+reputation of being exceedingly gentle and afraid of nothing except the
+steam railways and the elevated cars. The statement was correct, as he
+would stand up and strike toward them with his front feet, snorting and
+trembling in great terror. I needed a horse both for riding and driving,
+so I ventured to try him under the saddle before purchasing.
+
+"I am not a very fearless person, as you know, so I went through all the
+prescribed rules laid down for horse-breakers, such as giving him the
+saddle to smell and examine before placing it on his back, putting the
+skirt of my riding habit under his nose to rub with his upper lip and
+feel of in his own way, which he did very thoroughly, taking about seven
+minutes before he seemed entirely satisfied. After mounting and riding
+round the ring once, I feared Mr. 'Tatters' was balky, for if I wanted
+him to pass between other riders he would stop suddenly and refuse to
+move on until a space of six or eight feet was made for his horseship
+to pass, then he would trot along quietly until the same thing occurred,
+and so on, until I bethought me that perhaps he was under the impression
+that the carriage was behind him. I then wheeled him around two or three
+times in as small a space as possible, at which he showed considerable
+fear and he kept a sharp look out for splinters.
+
+"After about two weeks of this performance daily a fine afternoon
+tempted me to a ride in the park. Then the question of 'blinders'
+came up, and each of the 'horsey' people at the stable contributed his
+quantum of caution to the effect that Tatters would shy at everything
+and run away for nothing the first time he went out and saw much, but I
+argued there was no help for it; one could not put blinders on a saddle
+horse, and there was a heap of courage in remembering that Tatters had
+not worn blinders when he went to the blacksmith's to be shod.
+
+"I shall never forget the delightful afternoon we--Tatters and I--had.
+Tatters enjoyed the prospect of the fun--turning his head from side to
+side, and every little while heaving a great sigh of satisfaction which
+every lover and owner of a horse recognizes and understands.
+
+"Our usual run now is around the reservoir and park, then up to Macomb's
+Dam bridge. Glad of company when it is congenial, good company for each
+other when alone. One day, being with a friend who wished to ride over
+to the Riverside Drive, I assented, forgetting for the moment that we
+must pass under the elevated railway in order to get there from Seventh
+Avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Street. Fearing ridicule, I
+would not turn back after assenting to the proposition; so, taking an
+extra firm grip of the saddle and with a good deal of thumping in the
+region of my watch-pocket as we approached the dredded object, and
+assuring Tatters in the sweetest tones possible that 'Nothing will
+harm the boy! Missis wouldn't let anything hurt her Tatters,' etc.
+etc.--imagine my surprise when Tatters, after looking up at the passing
+train and then turning his head first to the left and then to the
+right, seeing where the train and the noise came from and where it went,
+quietly walked along under it perfectly satisfied.
+
+[Illustration: 0090]
+
+"I at once made up my mind that if he could see the objects which
+worried him we should get along better together, so I determined that I
+would take the blinders off the next time he went in harness. The people
+at the stable where I keep him tried, in every way, to discourage my
+doing so. 'He will be scared and run away when he sees the carriage
+behind him, and will kick and smash it to pieces.' 'It will never be
+safe for you to do it.' 'He will see everything at the side of the road,
+and you can't drive him at all that way,' and so on, without end. But; I
+had a woman's obstinacy and determined to try him.
+
+"When they found I would have my way they said I must have him handled
+by a trainer and driven in a breaking cart until he was accustomed to
+the open bridle.
+
+"So it was arranged, and I made an appointment with the trainer. Tatters
+was harnessed into the breaking cart, and with a good stout kicking
+strap attached. Then the trainer--looking as though he dreaded the
+job--took the reins and mounted the seat--carefully watched by about
+twenty grooms, who had come out on the sidewalk to see the fun, and were
+offering bets on the result. The trainer drove from Fifty-ninth Street
+up the Boulevard about a dozen blocks and back again, passing under the
+elevated trains each time. Tatters never behaved better in his life.
+'Now,' I said, after walking him around the phaeton with the top first
+up, and then down, 'harness him into it and drive him up the Boulevard
+and back again,' and the trainer did so, with the same result. Then I
+got into the phaeton alone and drove around Central Park and up over the
+bridge at the end of Seventh Avenue, and Tatters never showed the least
+alarm, and he did not worry and sweat when going fast, as before; but,
+on the contrary, seemed to enjoy the novelty. He has never been driven
+with a blind bridle since, and never will be as long as I have him. He
+certainly goes better than ever before, he is no longer afraid of the
+trains on the elevated railway, he used to be scared when bicycles came
+up alongside of him, and now he pays no attention to them.
+
+"It seems to me that when a horse can see anything properly he doesn't
+mind it half as much as when he hears a noise and can't see what is
+making it. Horses are slow in understanding, but once convinced they
+never forget. When we are near a railway or anything else that is likely
+to frighten him I talk to Tatters and let him take his own time to see
+what it is, and then he concludes he isn't to be harmed, and pays no
+attention to it the next time he sees it. He is a great pet; he eats
+out of my hand and is very careful not to let his teeth harm me, he
+recognizes my voice, points his ears and whinnies whenever I go into
+the stable and say, 'Where's my Tatters?' He appreciates every little
+kindness, and seems to try to do his best to please me. We are great
+friends; I always try to understand what he is thinking about, and act
+accordingly. No one can win the confidence of a horse without being kind
+to it, and above all---patient."--S. A. D.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+_Cats Among the Ancient Egyptians--Feline Peculiarities--Prince
+Krapotkine's Cat--Sailor s Superstitions About Cats--How a Cat Asked
+for a Surgical Operation--Steamboat Cats and their Travels--Display of
+Feline Gratitude--The Cat that Gathered Apples for Its Master--Putting
+Out a Fire--Cats as Foster-mothers for Rabbits, Foxes and Other Small
+Animals--Fishing with Hook and Line--Superstitions of Cats--Fashionable
+Cat Parties--How Dan saved the House from Burning--A wonderful Troupe of
+Performing Cats--The Lesson of Kindness to Pussy._
+
+
+As intimated in the last chapter, cats were the subject of conversation
+between Mr. Graham and his sons, after the story of the horse that
+lifted the cat out of his manger when he wanted to eat his oats.
+
+[Illustration: 9094]
+
+Several feline anecdotes were related, and then the further
+consideration of the topic was postponed until the next evening, when
+Mr. Webb formed one of the party. Henry Johnson happened in during the
+course of the evening and contributed his share to the general fund of
+entertainment.
+
+"Cats are among the earliest animals domesticated by man," said Mr.
+Graham, "but possibly they are ante-dated by the horse and dog. We find
+these three animals appearing on the sculptures and paintings of the
+ancient Egyptians, by whom cats were held in the highest reverence.
+Temples were erected in their honor, their bodies were mummified after
+death, sacrifices and devotions were offered up to them, and it was
+customary for a family to shave off its eyebrows whenever a cat died in
+its house."
+
+"Superstitions concerning cats have descended to the present time," Mr.
+Webb remarked, when Mr. Graham paused. "In the Middle Ages, they were
+supposed to be the familiars of witches, and a black cat was an object
+of dread rather than of veneration, as it was supposed to be the
+embodiment of Satan. Sailors formerly had a dread of cats on shipboard,
+as a sign of ill-luck, and to a considerable extent this belief
+continues among them to-day. Many people predict rain when they see a
+cat washing its face, and a cat-call on a housetop is by some persons
+held to be a sign of death. It was a current belief in the Middle Ages
+that a cat had nine lives, and the saying is a common one how. The
+prevalence of this belief has been the cause of a great many cruelties
+inflicted on this graceful animal.
+
+"Cats do not usually attach themselves to persons," continued Mr.
+Webb, "their preference being rather for places than individuals. This
+preference gave rise to the belief, which was endorsed by Buffon and
+other naturalists, that the cat is incapable of affection, and retains
+in its domesticated state its savage ferocity, which is merely disguised
+by cunning and restrained by selfishness. But there are many stories
+told, on perfectly good authority, to illustrate the affection of cats
+for their owners and friends, though it is proper to say that instances
+of personal affection are far less numerous in the cat than in the dog."
+
+[Illustration: 0095]
+
+"Dr. Johnson and Southey were fond of cats," said Mr. Graham. "Southey
+declared that no house was properly furnished without a child rising
+three years and a kitten rising three weeks. Lord Chesterfield left a
+sum of money for the support of his favorite cat, Prince Krapotkine,
+like other famous captives, has a prison pet--a cat,--which has been a
+jail bird almost from its birth, and has grown to be a great favorite
+with the Prince. Like Sir Walter Scott's cat, this cat can do everything
+but talk."
+
+[Illustration: 0096]
+
+Mr. Graham then read the following from Prince Krapotkine's story of his
+prison life:--
+
+"When the cat wants my door opened, it does not mew, it stretches itself
+to its full length and shakes the latch with its paw. If the door had
+another kind of fastening, it would certainly open it by raising the
+latch. It knows perfectly well the meaning of all the bells which ring
+in the prison--that to bid the inmates to rise in the morning, that
+which sounds before soup is served. Its dictionary is very limited, but
+it understands perfectly the meaning of the words it knows. Thus, in the
+evening when I walk in my room, it performs all sorts of gambols, and by
+making certain special sounds, endeavors to make me play with it at hide
+and seek--it plays this game exactly as children do, and insists that
+each party should hide in his turn--or to draw a string along for it to
+run after. If, in reply to its invitation to play, I say to it, 'What do
+you want? Food? Drink?' it is displeased, and goes with a sulky air to
+sit behind my little stove. But when I say, 'the string?' it replies
+immediately by two sounds, concerning the affirmative tone of which
+there can be no doubt. I could relate other instances of sagacity, but I
+do not wish to impose upon the credulity of your readers.
+
+[Illustration: 9098]
+
+There is, however, an interesting point which it would be well to have
+cleared up. Are cats susceptible to music? Without being able to affirm
+positively, I believe they are. When my cat was little, it several times
+seemed to us that it found a real pleasure in listening to some air of
+a pleasing cadence. For example, the waltz from Faust, provided it was
+sung by a very high and pure voice. We even thought that music caused
+it to assume almost a sentimental air. It is unnecessary to say that my
+cat, like all others, is very susceptible to caresses, and, for I must
+confess its faults, to flattery. In general, cats are less intelligent
+than dogs, but, by care and attention, their intelligence can be highly
+developed. I am sorry that I have not sufficient time, or I should
+undertake the education of my cat by a system of cards, as proposed by
+Lubbock."
+
+"Speaking of sailors' superstitions about cats," said Mr. Webb, "a lady
+told me not long ago that she bought a Persian cat in Calcutta and
+brought it home on a sailing ship. Every time they were becalmed the
+sailors would try to get her cat and throw it overboard, for they think
+that doing so would raise a wind.
+
+"This is an old superstition of the mariner. It would be hard to say how
+it originated, but it is probable that it was originally intended as
+a sacrifice to Neptune, the god of the sea; as on land the gods were
+propitiated by the offerings of the devout, so Jack sought to calm
+the sea god's fury by offering him a cat. The old sailor, even in this
+meaning of the word 'cat's-paw.' It is simply a quaint idea of the
+marine, who sees in the sudden and peculiar zephyr that ruffles the
+water, a resemblance to the frolics of the cat. Does pussy jump around
+good-humoredly there will be a good breeze and fair. But when she arches
+her back and swells her tail, then look out, for her scowling look will
+be as a calm to the storm it foreshadows, and the flashes from her
+eyes but as sparks to the blue streaks of zig-zag lightning which will
+certainly soon illuminate the sky."
+
+"I've a story about an intelligent cat that belonged to a doctor,"
+said Charley. "I found it in the _Tribune_; it is dated at Deposit, and
+signed O. T. Bundy."
+
+All listened while Charley read the following:
+
+"My cat, which we knew by the name of 'Peter,' was a sufferer from a
+large abscess on the lower jaw, directly underneath. I attempted to
+lance it, with what proved to be a broken pointed instrument. He cried
+while the attempt was being made, but did not run away from me, advanced
+age, regards the cat as a veritable weather gauge. The old landsman
+is often puzzled to account for some of the strange sea terms, and
+questions are often asked as to the although I did not hold him, or try
+to. Of course I failed to introduce the instrument into the sore, and
+showed what I held in my hand. I then took a sharp lance from the case
+and showed it to him.
+
+[Illustration: 8099]
+
+He came up directly to me and raised his head in such a way that the
+sore was exposed, and held it in this position until I had completely
+opened the abscess and withdrawn the lance, not crying or offering to go
+away from me. Now the blunt tool was torture, and it gave him no
+relief, yet he must have thought from my talk and manner that relief was
+intended, or he would never have held still for the second trial."
+
+"Here's a story about a steamboat cat," said George, "which was written
+by somebody for the _New Orleans Pickayune_."
+
+"In July the steamer. _Golden Rule_ arrived here from Cincinnati. A
+little common gray cat lived on the boat, that had been left at Bayou
+Sara, by accident. She had stepped on the wharf boat and had not
+returned in time. The officers on the _Golden Rule_ felt sorry to lose
+her, for she had left three little kittens behind, who missed their
+mother sadly. But, to the surprise of all, the next boat that arrived
+down brought puss as a passenger or stowaway. She remained on board in
+her new quarters till near midnight, then made her way to the _Golden
+Rule_.
+
+[Illustration: 0100]
+
+The watchman saw her come on board and witnessed the happy meeting
+between the kittens and their mother. I was a passenger on the boat as
+she returned to Cincinnati that trip, and puss was quite a heroine. But,
+alas, the temptations to visit wharf boats was so strong that she got
+left behind again, somewhere on the Indiana side of the Ohio, I have
+forgotten the town. Real grief was manifested by her friends when they
+missed her; they thought she was lost to them forever. On their arrival
+at Cincinnati, the steward left the boat, and the kittens disappeared
+with him. Three or four days afterward the _Ariadne_ arrived from below,
+and the gray pussy came up on her. No one knows how she found out that
+boat was bound up the river instead of down, for other boats had stopped
+at that place, but only this one going up to Cincinnati. Puss was soon
+installed in her old home again, but the kittens were gone, and she was
+lonesome; so she went out on the wharf-boat and found a poor, forlorn
+kitten nearly as large as herself. This she carried in her mouth up into
+the cabin of the _Golden Rule_ and placed it on a chair, and insisted
+that it should be noticed and caressed, nor would she eat until it was
+supplied, and she had it with her last winter."
+
+"That steamboat cat reminds me of one in New Haven," said Henry, who
+felt that it was his turn to tell a story. "I found the anecdote in the
+_New Haven News_:
+
+"'A curious story is told of a cat which lives on the Starin steamboat
+dock. The cat will occasionally take a notion to visit New York, and if
+driven off the boat at one place, will be seen to jump on at another, in
+time to avoid getting left. She will stay in New York two or three
+days at a time, and when her visit is concluded, will return and remain
+contented in New Haven for a season, until the fever for traveling comes
+on again. The persistency and ingenuity of the cat in boarding the boat
+for one of these journeys excites wonder, as the cat has a family of
+kittens living in New Haven. These kittens appear to be resigned to the
+temporary absence of their mother, but are always glad when she gets
+back from New York.'"
+
+"There are many instances of the display of gratitude by cats," Mr. Webb
+remarked. "One of the best I know of is told by a lady in California, as
+follows:
+
+"'My cat, with regard to his meals, is a most grateful cat, and, however
+hungry he may be, he never thinks of eating until he has purred his
+thanks and rubbed his head against my hand. This trait of character was
+once displayed in the most affecting manner. One day 'Pret' had been
+shut up in the loft, on account of a lady visitor who had a strange
+antipathy to cats. I was going to town that day, and did not return
+until after midnight. As I was going upstairs I heard 'Pret's' voice
+calling me in a very anxious manner, and, on inquiry, I found that the
+poor cat had been forgotten, and had been shut up all day without a
+morsel of food or a drop of milk. Of course I immediately procured some
+milk and meat and carried it up to him. The poor creature was half wild
+with happiness when he heard my footsteps, and on seeing the plate of
+meat and saucer of milk he flew at them like a mad thing. But scarcely
+had he lapped a drop of milk when he left the saucer, came up to me with
+loud purring, and caressed me, as if to express his thanks. Then he went
+to the plate, but only just touched it with his nose, and again came to
+thank me for having attended to his wants, both of food and drink. It
+quite brought the moisture to my eyes to see the affectionate creature,
+though nearly wild with hunger and thirst, refrain from enjoying his
+food until he had returned thanks.'"
+
+Mr. Graham said the Californian story reminded him of a Connecticut one,
+that appeared a short time before, in a New Haven paper. The story was
+that Mr. George Baldwin had several apple and pear trees, and last fall
+his cat awoke to the fact that these trees bore fruit which his master's
+family liked to eat.
+
+[Illustration: 9102]
+
+One day in October, the cat's owner was surprised by the action of his
+pet. The animal was walking slowly about one of the trees, stopping
+every minute or two to gaze up at the apples on the boughs. After
+completing its tour of inspection, the cat climbed the tree, and slowly
+made its way out on a limb toward what was probably the ripest and
+largest apple of several bushels of fruit on the trees. When it reached
+its goal, the animal made several attempts to break the stem with its
+teeth, and finally succeeded. It had taken care to bite off a bit of the
+stem long enough to be securely held, and with its prize in its mouth
+the cat began its descent. Once on the ground, the apple was carried
+to a porch and laid by the side of a door opening into the house. The
+exploit was frequently repeated by Mr. Baldwin's sagacious puss, and the
+side of the porch was usually lined with apples.
+
+"Did anybody ever hear," said Charley, "of the cat that shared its
+dinner with its master?"
+
+Nobody had heard of this wonderful cat, thereupon Charley read the
+following from the _Manchester Times_:
+
+"A member of the Zoological Society says: I once had a cat who always
+sat up to the dinner-table with me and had his napkin round his neck,
+and his plate and some fish. He used his paw, of course, but he was very
+particular, and behaved with extraordinary decorum. When he had finished
+his fish I sometimes gave him a piece of mine. One day he was not to be
+found when the dinner bell rang, so we began without him. Just as the
+plates were put round for the entr�e, puss came rushing upstairs and
+sprang into his chair with two mice in his mouth. Before he could be
+stopped he dropped a mouse on to his own plate, and then one on to mine.
+He divided his dinner with me as I had divided mine with him."
+
+There was a laugh all around over this amusing incident, and when it
+subsided, George asked what became of the mouse which the cat put on its
+master's plate. History seemed to be silent on that point, but whether
+the youth supposed the dainty was or was not devoured by the gentleman,
+we will not inquire. The subject was not discussed, as the attention
+of the party was next turned to a cat that put out a fire. The incident
+happened in Monongahela, Pa., and was as follows:
+
+A family went out to a meeting, leaving Master Tom, a favorite cat, in
+sole occupation of the house.
+
+[Illustration: 8103]
+
+On their return the cat's actions led to an examination, when his feet
+were found to be blistered. The sitting-room served to explain matters.
+A live coal had been thrown out and set the carpet on fire. Puss had
+evidently clawed out the fire for a considerable distance about the spot
+burned, leaving nothing but a center of ends, charred and frizzled. All
+the circumstances indicated that the cat had put out the fire.
+
+"Cats are very fond of valerian," said Mr. Graham, "and I have heard of
+a woman in St. Thomas who turned this fact to practical use."
+
+"How was that?" queried Mr. Webb.
+
+"She detected the odor of sewer gas in her parlor," was the reply, "and
+as the landlord from whom she leased the house would not believe in the
+existence of the gas, she hit upon a device to convince him. She first
+poured a quantity of valerian down the pipe of one of the basins in the
+upper story. The odor of valerian presently filled the parlor below.
+Procuring two cats she turned them loose in the parlor. They immediately
+evinced delight at the odor, and ran to an adjoining closet where it was
+strongest. They finally jumped upon a shelf in the closet, and there, by
+their contentment, showed that they had traced the odor to its source.
+The householder sent for a plumber, who, removing the lath and plaster,
+discovered a leak in the pipe which communicated with the sewer."
+
+[Illustration: 0105]
+
+Feline peculiarities were discussed at the conclusion of the foregoing
+story. Some one told about a cat in Missouri, which had four kittens,
+and one day she went into the woods and brought in two young rabbits,
+which she added to her family. She licked and caressed the little
+rabbits, just as she did her own kittens, and the new comers got along
+with the others on perfectly friendly terms.
+
+Then somebody else told about four young foxes in Indiana that have been
+adopted by a cat. She seems to manifest as much maternal solicitude and
+motherly fondness for them as though they were her own. The foxes
+have accepted the situation in a spirit of meekness, and are seemingly
+satisfied. This was followed by a story of a cat whose kittens had been
+drowned; she found three young squirrels that she adopted and tenderly
+nursed.
+
+"That is not so strange," said Mr. Graham, "as the performance of a
+French cat, which I read about in the _Revue Scientifique_. One day the
+cat came into the house, having in its mouth a sparrow, caught in the
+neighboring garden. Scarcely had puss entered the room when she let
+the bird free, evidently for the purpose of playing with it, as is the
+custom of cats with mice before devouring them. The sparrow, having one
+of its wings injured, could not escape by flying, but boldly began to
+attack its huge enemy by fierce blows on the nose with its beak. The cat
+seemed astonished at the attack, and beat a retreat. From that moment
+the two seemed to forget their natural instincts and came to a mutual
+understanding. The truce continued and gradually grew to a fraternal
+friendship. They ate, played and slept together. Often they ran about
+the house, the sparrow perched on the cat's back, and sometimes carried
+gently in the cat's mouth, from which it was released on the first wish
+to be free. When feeding together, puss never touched a morsel till her
+friend had first partaken."
+
+"I read not long ago," said Charley, "a story about a friendship between
+a cat and a rat. It was signed C. A. B., and appeared in Our Animal
+Friends. Here it is:
+
+"'My cousin was much plagued by rats; they were so troublesome that
+every method was used to exterminate them. One day the cook thought she
+would try to scald them, and, watching her opportunity, threw a pail
+of boiling water, which covered the back of one, taking the hair and a
+portion of the skin off,--but he was enabled to reach his hiding place.
+Some days afterward a rat was seen eating from the same dish with the
+cat, having no hair on its back and appearing quite feeble. The cook
+called the attention of her mistress to the fact, and told the story of
+her throwing the scalding water some days before, and that the rats had
+ceased to be troublesome since.
+
+"'Time rolled on, and it became quite an amusement to the family to
+watch for the coming of the rat, and the eating of its regular meals
+with the cat, and the little gambols indulged in together after eating.
+
+"'In the course of the summer the family went on a visit, and closed
+their house for a few months, but made provision for the favorite cat,
+that she should stay with a relative in the same town.
+
+"'Upon their return in the fall they called upon their relative for the
+cat, as the house was much infested with rats, and learned from them,
+that soon after they had left, an ugly-looking rat, without any hair on
+its back, made its appearance and used to eat with the cat, till one day
+one of the family killed it. Since that time they couldn't get the cat
+to eat anything, and she would not stop in the house, but had gone to a
+neighbor's. They caught her several times and brought her back, but she
+wouldn't remain with them.
+
+"'My cousin, after hearing the particulars, became much interested, and
+chided herself for her thoughtlessness in not letting her relative know
+the curious story of the rat while making provision for the care of her
+cat. She went to the neighbor, but the cat would take no notice of her.
+She persevered and took the cat to her old home, but the cat wouldn't
+stay--off she would run to the neighbor she had selected as her friend.
+They got the daintiest food they could select, they coaxed and petted
+her, kept the door closed, and did everything they could to win back her
+confidence; but she wouldn't eat or taste a thing in the house, and they
+finally gave up in despair and allowed her to have her own way.
+
+[Illustration: 0108]
+
+"'They never could get that cat to notice any one of the family or to
+come into the house again. Was this _instinct?_Was it reason? Was it a
+type of chivalry and grandeur in the animal not yet recognized by man?"
+
+"Some time ago," said Mr. Webb, "The _New York World_ published a story
+about a cat that lived in Eighteenth Street, in that city, and was
+called 'Ears.' The _World_ said of her:
+
+"'She can fetch and carry like a retriever, and when her mistress throws
+a paper out of a third-floor window, Ears climbs into a basket fixed
+outside on a pulley, shuts the lid, and quietly lets herself down to the
+ground. Then she gets the paper, hides away in the basket and mews as
+a signal to be drawn up. She will play dead and alive and allow the
+wickedest boy alive to whirl her around his head by the tail. She takes
+a bath every day of her own accord and rocks herself to sleep on the
+back of a rocking-chair. The canary that lives in the same house uses
+her as a riding-horse, and every morning Ears gallops round and round
+the room with the bird on her back.'"
+
+"I thought cats didn't like water," said Charley, "and never took a bath
+except by accident."
+
+"They dislike water very much," replied Mr. Webb, "as their fur has very
+little oil in it to resist the effect of moisture. I knew a cat at the
+Wawayanda Club, on Great South Bay, Long Island, that used to go into
+the water to catch small fishes; she didn't seem to mind the wetting, or
+rather she cared less for it than for a fish dinner. I read recently of
+a mill on a stream in South Carolina, belonging to a man named Pruitt.
+Pruitt owns a large cat that, as soon as the mill is stopped, by
+shutting down the gate, will immediately run down behind the mill and
+get on a log just over the sheeting over which the water is flowing. She
+will then look intently into the water, which is from eighteen inches to
+two feet deep, until she spies a fish; she then plunges into the water,
+frequently burying herself under it, but almost always coming out with a
+fish. She then sits quietly down on a rock near by and enjoys her meal.
+
+[Illustration: 0109]
+
+"A newspaper of Portland, Maine," said Mr. Graham, "published a story
+some years ago about a cat that used to catch fish with a hook and
+line."
+
+"Of course every one laughed at the absurdity of the idea, all except Mr.
+Graham, who didn't relax the muscles of his face, but declared that he
+believed the story to be true. "And so will you," he continued, "when
+you hear the details."
+
+"By all means give us the details, then," said Mr. Webb.
+
+"Well, this is the story as I remember it. The cat belonged in a
+counting house or office that was on one of the piers in the harbor and
+had a trap-door in the floor through which dust was swept. Fishes swam
+under the pier and the clerks in the office used to bait a hook and
+lower the line through the trap-door to catch a fish for the cat's
+dinner. She sat and looked on at the proceeding and very soon learned
+that the trembling of the line was the signal that a fish had been
+secured on the hook.
+
+"One day the clerk who had baited the hook and set the line was busy at
+his desk when the line trembled and puss knew that the time to haul in
+had arrived. The clerk did not come promptly enough to suit her; so she
+seized the line and drew it up 'hand over hand,' or rather 'paw over
+paw.' The clerk looked on in surprise as she hauled up the line and
+secured the fish, and ever after that she was allowed to do her own
+fishing. She never got up to the ability of baiting the hook and setting
+the line, but she certainly did all the rest of the work. The newspaper
+that I read it in said hundreds of citizens of Portland had seen that
+cat take her own fish, and the story is so well vouched for that I have
+no doubt of its truth."
+
+"Cats are more skillful in the use of their paws than many people
+believe," said Mr. Graham. "For instance, listen to the following:
+
+"A clergyman, the Rev. R. Lane, at Claverack, Columbia County, that was
+once asked at a school examination; 'How many toes has a cat?' Can you
+tell?"
+
+Charley shook his head and admitted that he didn't know. George and
+Henry were equally unlearned on that point, and the former asked how the
+question was answered at the school.
+
+"Not one of the pupils in the school could tell," said Mr. Webb, "and
+then the principal was applied to for a solution. He also, with a
+good-natured smile, gave it up, when one of the teachers, determined not
+to be beaten by so simple a question, hit on the idea of sending out a
+delegation of boys to scour the neighborhood for a cat.
+
+"That brings up the question," said Mr. Webb turning to the boys: the
+idea was announced, the whole class wanted to join in the hunt. Several
+boys went out and soon returned successful. A returning board was at
+once appointed, and the toes counted, when to the relief of all it was
+learned that a cat possesses eighteen toes, ten on the front feet and
+eight on the hind feet."
+
+"The _Kingston Freeman_ writes as follows: 'There is a young lady in the
+town of Claverack who has a pet cat which she has taught to sit at the
+table, and with a napkin about its neck it takes meat from a plate with
+its paws as dexterously as an epicure. When given a piece of meat on a
+fork it will hold the fork in its fore-paws and take the meat from the
+tines, and when given a cup of milk it will hold up the cup and drink.
+The cat has a well-developed 'thumb' on each fore-paw.'"
+
+[Illustration: 0111]
+
+"Cats are inquisitive," Mr. Graham remarked, "and examine new
+things with a great deal of care. They are not altogether free from
+superstition and sometimes display great alarm at things they do not
+understand. Th�ophile Gautier tells of a cat he had which was a great
+pet and used to sit for hours and watch him at his work.
+
+"One day Gautier brought home a parrot; the cat surveyed the bird
+carefully and evidently came to the conclusion that it was a green
+chicken. It showed no alarm whatever until the parrot spoke. Then a
+great fear came over the cat; it arched its back, enlarged its tail and
+fled in terror, and not for days could it again be persuaded to enter
+the room where the parrot was.
+
+"It is not uncommon for cats to play with a soap bubble without
+appearing to be astonished or mystified by its sudden disappearance.
+In one case, however, puss was so demoralized at the mystery as to grow
+big-tailed, and spit at any soap bubble which might happen to fall to
+the floor and drift across it. Another, which up to that time had never
+seen a colored person, fled so precipitately from a good-looking negro
+girl, that it tumbled into a grating, from which it could not be coaxed
+until hunger overcame its terror; and the oddity of it was that puss
+herself was as black as a coal."
+
+"There is fashion in everything," said Mr. "Webb, "and a New York
+newspaper says that cat-parties are the latest sensation. Recently a
+young girl, the happy possessor of a fine maltese cat, invited a number
+of her friends to bring their pet cats to five o'clock tea, each cat
+to have a ribbon about its neck, corresponding to that worn by its
+mistress. At the appointed hour the cats made their appearance, in
+charge of their respective owners. After the feline introductions had
+taken place, some of which were the reverse of friendly, games were
+introduced, and soft balls, toy mice and other objects dear to pussy's
+heart were provided. These pastimes, however, were sometimes marred by
+a vigorous slap, when two strangers came in collision, and once the
+belligerent pussies had to be separated by friends. When tea was
+announced, a table furnished with saucers of milk and small cakes, with
+cushioned stools, was disclosed.
+
+[Illustration: 0113]
+
+The floral decorations consisted of catnip, lavender, grasses, and
+bright flowers. The cats, placed on their respective stools, and
+attended by their mistresses, partook of the good cheer set before them.
+Their behavior was quite correct. With their fore-paws on the table,
+they lapped the milk with becoming propriety. When all were satisfied,
+there was a comical sight. Each pussy began making her toilet, and the
+face-washing was decorous in the extreme. After leaving the table a
+spray of catnip was given each kitty, and the feline happiness was
+complete. These sprigs were tossed in the air, caught, and lovingly
+caressed. As each kitty departed, it was presented with its ball or toy
+mouse as a memento of the party."
+
+"Before we separate," said Mr. Graham, glancing at the clock as a hint
+that it was time to bring the conference upon felines to an end, "let
+me tell you of a cat that saved a house from being burned. His name was
+Dan, and he was the property of a little boy who was very kind to his
+furry pet.
+
+[Illustration: 9114]
+
+The time came at last when Dan could repay this kindness; and he did so.
+One cold winter night all had gone upstairs to bed, and were sleeping
+soundly. Dan was cosily rolled up on his nice warm mat behind the
+kitchen stove, when all at once the room became very light. Dan awoke;
+and what should he see but the broom, which had been left standing a
+little too near the stove, all on fire. In a few moments the house would
+have been ablaze, but Dan thought of his master; so away he trotted
+upstairs to his room.
+
+"Dan called with a very loud voice, 'Mew, mew, mew'; but his master did
+not hear him. Then he said, 'Mew, mew, mew,' still louder; but that did
+not awake him. Then he jumped upon the bed, pulling back the bed-clothes
+with his paw, and gently struck his master in the face. This aroused
+the sleepy boy, and he very soon learned the meaning of Dan's strange
+actions. He jumped out of bed, ran downstairs, and put out the fire
+before it had got under very great headway. The story was told afterward
+in the local newspaper and Dan became a hero in the place where he
+lived."
+
+A few more cat stories were told in spite of the lateness of the hour,
+and it was agreed in conclusion that cats greatly resemble dogs, horses
+and children, too, in being influenced by their surroundings, training
+and teaching. A child taught to be cruel, or to lie and steal in early
+life, is not likely to be a good or useful member of society. Horses
+and dogs are made vicious by bad treatment or gentle by kindness, and
+a cat's conduct will depend very largely upon its surroundings and
+education.
+
+[Illustration: 0115]
+
+A writer in Harper's _Young People_ gives the following interesting
+account of a wonderful troupe of performing cats at the Winter Circus in
+Paris:
+
+"M. Bonnetty, the owner and trainer of these performing cats, believed,
+in spite of all opinions to the contrary, that puss belonged among
+animals of the highest intelligence. He collected cats of all kinds, and
+set patiently to work to educate them. The result has been wonderful,
+and puss has shown that when treated kindly she is capable of great
+things, and is a most willing slave, affectionate and gentle, and always
+ready to do her master's bidding.
+
+[Illustration: 0116]
+
+"M. Bonnetty never gives puss a harsh word or a blow, for those arouse
+her hatred, and she never forgets them. His work has been accomplished
+by coaxing and caressing. He usually begins the training with kittens,
+but he has had almost as great success with cats which have been several
+years old when they reached his hands. At first he keeps them in a large
+apartment for several months, feeding them and petting them until he
+has won their entire confidence and affection. Then pussy's education
+begins. The first exercises are very simple, such as jumping through
+a hoop and climbing a pole, until by degrees puss, obedient to her
+master's voice, will do every trick that a beast of her size is capable
+of.
+
+"After a year's training the graceful creatures make their first
+appearance in public. This is the time of trial, for it sometimes
+happens that the little feline artist will perform beautifully when
+alone with her master, but will be frightened and confused by the music,
+the glare of lights, and the crowd of people at the circus.
+
+"There are fourteen beautiful pussies in the troupe, and the tricks they
+do are wonderful. They play with mice and birds, holding them in their
+paws and even in their teeth without doing them the slightest injury;
+they jump through a blazing hoop held up by the trainer, perform
+graceful gymnastic exercises on the backs of thirty-two chairs placed
+in a row, march around in time to music like little soldiers, and group
+themselves in many graceful and comical attitudes. And the best part
+of it is that the pussies seem to take as much delight in their amusing
+capers as do the crowds of children who watch them; and when a thousand
+little clapping hands applaud them, they form in a row and look as
+pleased and proud as if they understood what it was all about. Perhaps
+they do.
+
+"A gentleman who went with M. Bonnetty to visit the cats in the room
+where they live found them all sleeping in graceful groups around a
+glowing stove, for an educated cat loves heat as well as her more humble
+sisters, and cannot be kept in good condition without it. As the trainer
+and his friend entered the room fourteen pair of little eyes opened,
+little ears were pricked up on the alert, and the pussies arose,
+stretching themselves and purring, and at once crowded around their
+master, rubbing against him, and reaching up to be caressed, while one
+little white cat named Gora climbed up to his shoulder and nestled in
+his neck. 'Yes, they all have names,' said their master, 'and they know
+them. There are Juno and Brutus and Caesar and Mayor and Lucette and
+Boulanger--he's that large cat. He's as gentle and loving and playful
+as a kitten. You know every word I am saying, don't you, old fellow?'
+he added, as a beautiful, glossy tiger cat, with large liquid eyes,
+came forward purring and showing every sign of feline delight and
+satisfaction.
+
+[Illustration: 0118]
+
+"The star of the troupe is named Tibert, after the famous cat in the
+ancient romance of 'Reynard and the Fox.' Tibert is two years old. He
+is very agile and skillful. He leads the company in the jump through
+blazing hoops, and his greatest delight is to turn somersaults over the
+backs of chairs.
+
+"The performing cats lead very temperate and regular lives. They are
+given an airing every day, and the large room where they live is lighted
+and sunny and well supplied with soft cushions for beds. They are fed at
+regular hours on bread and milk, and once a day they have all the liver
+they can eat, as that has been found to be the most healthy meat for
+them. They always have a pan of water, for water is something of which
+every full-grown cat needs an abundant supply.
+
+"The cats in this troupe are all of the common varieties, black and
+white cats, tigers, Maltese, and tortoise-shell. The trainer has tried
+in vain to teach the Persian and Angora cats. They are beautiful for
+pets, but they are not agile, nor capable of much affection, and they
+have very little brains and a short memory. When M. Bonnetty needs
+recruits for his troupe, he seeks them among the cats that climb roofs
+at night and prowl over back-yard fences, as among these despised and
+persecuted creatures he has discovered the highest degrees of docility,
+sagacity, and intelligence."
+
+[Illustration: 0119]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+_The Elephant--Differences between Indian and African Elephants--The
+Begging Elephant of Willenoor--Recognition of a Friend--What the
+Elephant Enjoys--Elephant Working a Pump--One that Served as a Nursemaid
+to Children--Madame Duphot's Pet, Nirjara--The Elephant who Remembered
+an Injury--How Wild Elephants are Caught--Tame Elephants used
+for Hunting Wild Ones--Manjari and what he did--Securing the
+Captives--Driving a Herd into a Keddali--Laws against Killing
+Elephants--The Sagacity of a Young Elephant in Robbing a Garden._
+
+We will go at once from a small animal to a large one," said Mr. Graham
+at their next conversation about the intelligence of quadrupeds.
+"And not only to a large one but to the largest four-footed animal in
+existence."
+
+"That must be the elephant," said Charley, "as he is conceded to be the
+largest land animal in the world."
+
+"Yes," replied the gentleman, "and what can you tell me about him?"
+
+"He belongs to the order of _Pachydermata_ and the section
+_Proboscidean_," the youth answered, "and his ordinary height at the
+shoulder is about eight feet, though there are many elephants that
+exceed ten feet. He is very bulky in proportion to his height and
+length, the weight of a large elephant being about five tons. He can
+sleep standing and often does so, but it is incorrect to suppose, as
+some people do, that he cannot lie down on account of the shortness and
+stiffness of his legs. He is very sure-footed and can go up and down
+steep hills and mountains with very little trouble."
+
+"Quite correctly stated," said Mr. Graham as Charley paused. Then
+turning to George he asked how many kinds of elephants there are in the
+world.
+
+[Illustration: 0121]
+
+"There are only two distinct species now living," said George, "and they
+are known as the Indian and the African elephants. Some differences
+have been found between the Sumatran elephant and the Indian one but the
+naturalists are not agreed as to whether the Sumatran should be classed
+as a distinct species."
+
+"Evidently you have been reading up the subject of elephants," said Mr.
+Graham with a smile, "as I did not expect to find you so well informed.
+But I have brought you something which probably you have not seen, and
+it may combine instruction with amusement as it has much to do with
+elephants."
+
+Thereupon Mr. Graham took from the table a book which he explained was
+written by Louis Jacolliott, a French gentleman who lived many years
+in India and devoted much time and observation to the elephant. "I have
+marked several passages in the volume," said lie, "and you may read them
+aloud in English, partly for practice in translating from French
+but mainly for the edification of Mr. Webb and Henry as well as of
+yourselves."
+
+Charley was first called upon to translate from the marked passages,
+which he did as follows:
+
+"The most curious and interesting animal which I have met," says M.
+Jacolliott, "is the elephant. Not the elephant of the menageries, broken
+in spirit and submissive, but the elephant as he is found in his native
+country. Some instances of his aptitude and intelligence are marvellous.
+
+"A few leagues from Pondichery stands a pagoda called Willenoor, which,
+at the grand feasts of May, receives a multitude of five or six hundred
+thousand pilgrims, coming from all parts of India. A number of sacred
+elephants are attached to this pagoda, and among them is a mendicant,
+or begging elephant. Twice each week this elephant, accompanied by
+his driver, goes to the villages and to Pondichery to beg alms for the
+priests of Willenoor.
+
+"Many times, working beneath the veranda, closed in by curtains on the
+first story of my house, I have seen him lift the movable curtain with
+his great trunk and balance himself to ask me for a piece of small coin,
+which he sucked from my hand to his trunk, a distance of more than
+three inches. I never failed to give him a small piece of money for
+the pagoda, and for himself a loaf of bread which my servant dipped in
+molasses, of which the elephant was very fond. In a short time we became
+very friendly. He had seen me only in undress, that is, in the light
+silk garments of the country, and then, only across the little pillars
+of the balcony of my cottage.
+
+"One day I had occasion to go to Willenoor on business. I arrived at
+noon; the sun was burning the earth; no one was seen in the streets or
+on the verandas; every one was resting.
+
+"My carriage had stopped under a mango-tree in the principal square, and
+I was about to start for the house of the thasildar, or governor of the
+village, when all at once a monstrous black elephant came running out of
+the pagoda which was opposite. He arrived in front of us and, before I
+had time to collect my senses, he lifted me up, placed me on his neck
+and started at full speed for the pagoda; he carried me across the
+first enclosure, in which was the great well for bathing, and brought me
+direct to the elephant quarters.
+
+"Once there, he placed me on the ground in the center of all his
+companions; it was the begging elephant; he had recognized me. He
+uttered short cries, lifting his trunk and waving his ears, which his
+friends doubtless interpreted to my advantage, for when the thasildar,
+followed by the priests of the temple, came out to seek the cause of
+this strange demonstration, they found me calm, and recovered from my
+surprise, in the midst of these enormous beasts who were tendering an
+ovation in my behalf.
+
+"'This is most remarkable,' said one of the priests, 'I have never seen
+them act so friendly toward any one.'
+
+"I related to him the circumstances of my gifts to the begging elephant.
+
+"'I am no longer surprised,' he answered, 'he has already recounted it
+to the whole band and the gourmands are paying you these attentions in
+hope of attaining the same reward.'
+
+"'Is it possible?' I said with amazement.
+
+"'I am perfectly sure of it. Do you wish to see the proof? Pass your
+arm around the trunk of your elephant friend and make him understand by
+signs that you wish him to go out with you; they will all follow you.
+Allow yourself to be led and you will see where they will bring you.'
+
+[Illustration: 0124]
+
+[Illustration: 0125]
+
+"The priest with whom I had already spoken, and who was a professor of
+philosophy at the temple of Willenoor, told me that from time to time
+the begging elephant managed to escape from them, and wandered as far as
+Pondich�ry to beg on his own account. Knowing perfectly the market where
+he obtained the provisions on his expeditions, he would go there, place
+the money he had collected upon the table of a fruit merchant, and eat
+as many pineapples, bananas, mangoes and as much sugar-cane and arrack
+as the Hindoo would allow him for the money.
+
+[Illustration: 0125]
+
+"'I followed his instructions; the begging elephant and I took up the
+lead, the nine others joined in the pace, uttering cries of contentment
+among themselves. We passed through the gate of the pagoda and they led
+me directly to the shop of a native baker. I would have been utterly
+astounded had I not already known the wonderful intelligence of these
+animals. At the shop my duty was readily understood and I presented
+to each one a loaf of bread, covered with the precious molasses syrup,
+which is their greatest delicacy.
+
+"The following instance occurred before my own eyes:
+
+"Every one knows that the elephant can be trained to do all kinds of
+work. While I have no hesitation about relating instances bearing on
+this statement, I prefer to tell of occurrences which indicate an actual
+reasoning power in the animal.
+
+"It is customary in the settlements to water the cattle from large
+wooden buckets filled with water pumped from a well. This is done that
+they may not drink the water of the reservoirs, which is stagnant and
+unwholesome. Ordinarily the pumping is done at early morning by one of
+the elephants, the work taking nearly an hour. Accustomed to the task,
+he does not wait to be ordered, and every morning, an hour before
+sunrise he is at his labor with the precision of a living alarm-clock.
+
+"I was staying once at Trichinopoly, at the house of a friend of mine,
+a merchant, who owned a grand villa a few leagues outside the city. The
+sun was rising and my servant had just awakened me for my bath. Passing
+through the yard I saw a large white elephant working at the pump. He
+closed his eyes sadly and was apparently trying to turn his thoughts
+from his wearisome labor. He saluted my presence with a joyful flapping
+of his ears, for during the two days since my arrival I had given him
+many dainties, but he did not cease from his work, which had to be
+finished.
+
+"I was stroking him with my hand in passing, when I noticed that one
+of the two planks which supported the bucket on either side had fallen
+away. It thus happened that the bucket, being upheld on one side only,
+spilled its contents without a possibility of being filled.
+
+"The elephant did not think that his work was ended because one side of
+the bucket was filled: nor did he attempt the impossible feat of trying
+to fill the other side until both sides were even. In a few minutes the
+water commenced to run from the lower side of the bucket, and the animal
+began to show signs of uneasiness; nevertheless he continued to pump.
+Soon, however, he dropped the handle and drew nearer to observe the
+cause of the trouble. He returned to the pump three times, each time
+coming back to examine the bucket. I awaited the end of this strange
+scene with unflagging interest. All at once a waving of the ears seemed
+to indicate that an idea had occurred to him.
+
+"He came over to lift up the plank that had fallen away, and for a
+moment I thought that he intended to put it back in its place under the
+lower side of the bucket. But he was not troubled about the lower side,
+which was already tilled with water; it was the other side which annoyed
+him. Lifting the bucket carefully, he supported it for a moment with
+one of his great feet, while with his trunk he pulled out the second
+plank, and placed the bucket on solid earth, thus making it even on all
+sides. This done, the labor of filling it was easy.
+
+[Illustration: 0127]
+
+"The elephant is much attached to the women and children in the
+villages, and it would be dangerous for a stranger to make even an
+unfriendly gesture in the presence of this animal.
+
+"It is a remarkable sight to see him guard his master's children in
+their promenades; he watches everything; beasts, serpents, turf-pits and
+swamps, in fact, any danger which may be imagined, is overcome by his
+presence. His pace is regulated by that of the children, and he attends
+them, gathering flowers, fruit from the trees, and sugar-canes; at a
+motion from one of them he will break a tree-branch if one desires
+to make a whip or cane. At the slightest noise which he does not
+understand, if he sees a jackall or a hyena in the distant thicket,
+he instantly gathers his brood under his trunk, commences to roar with
+rage, and anything, lion, tiger or man which threatens harm to his
+charges, is in danger of being dashed to the ground.
+
+"In the lowlands of the Ganges, a swampy country covered with jungles
+and rice-fields, the royal Bengal tiger is found of great size and
+ferocity. The combats between this terrible beast and the elephant,
+guarding the cattle, servants or children of his master, are of almost
+daily occurrence. The royal Bengal tiger is so fierce that he never
+refuses to fight his adversary, although the end of the combat generally
+finds him crushed to death under the feet of his terrible enemy. In
+spite of the fact that the elephant is an unpitying foe in his battles
+with the tiger, bear or rhinoceros, he never molests the smaller,
+inoffensive animals. No matter what power a keeper may have over him, it
+is impossible to make him crush an insect.
+
+"There is a little insect which children in Prance call '_les betes a
+bon Dieu_'; the same insect is found in India, but growing to a size
+twice as large as in France. I have often seen one of these little
+creatures placed on a level surface, in the troughs of a yard, for
+instance; I have seen the elephant ordered to crush the insect, but
+never, for master or driver, would he lift his foot above it in passing
+by, evidently avoiding any opportunity to do harm. If, on the contrary,
+he is commanded to bring it to you, he will pick it up delicately with
+his trunk, and place it in your hands without bruising its wings.
+
+"Nirjara, Madame Duphot's favorite elephant, was an admirable animal. He
+was a white elephant, which is the most intelligent of all the elephant
+race. About twenty-five years old, he possessed all the power of youth
+and infancy, for, in the elephant, the full strength is not reached
+until they have passed fifty years. Nirjara was not born in the
+settlements. He was captured in a wild state by the elephants employed
+for the purpose, and was presented as a gift to his mistress. As soon
+as he had accustomed himself to his new surroundings, without a hope
+of returning to the free life of the mountains, he had been made the
+guardian of Madame Duphot's two young children, and the companion of all
+their sports and journeys. Even in the ordinary walks and rides she
+made use of the 'howdah' carried by Nirjara, in preference to her own
+carriage.
+
+"This fine animal, having no other task, was entirely free to go and
+come as he desired, but he seldom strayed beyond the sound of Madame's
+whistle. He was devoted to her, and always hastened to answer the
+slightest call. I have often seen him standing a few paces from the
+veranda, following with his eye the movements of his mistress for hours
+at a time. I believe he would have slain the entire household at a word
+from her. Every day as a part of his food of fresh grass, she used
+to prepare for him an eight-pound loaf of bread, made of rice and
+maize-flour dipped in the juice of sugar-cane. This she gave to him with
+her own hands. His drink was composed of water in which sugarcane had
+been crushed, and in warm weather she frequently added to this a measure
+of wine flavored with plenty of cinnamon and cloves. Her feeling
+of security in the journeys made under his protection is easily
+understood."
+
+Here Charley paused at a signal from Mr. Graham and the book was handed
+to George. The latter remarked that he had never before heard of an
+elephant being regularly employed as a nursemaid, though he had read of
+the great fondness which he has for children.
+
+"Many anecdotes are told of this peculiarity of the elephant," said Mr.
+Graham, "and he seems to remember kindness quite as much as the dog
+or any other quadruped. He can also remember injuries or insults, even
+though years may have passed since they occurred."
+
+[Illustration: 0130]
+
+"I have read," said Charley, "of a tailor at Acheen who was in front
+of his shop one day when an elephant put his trunk in and begged for
+something. Instead of giving him anything the man pricked the creature's
+trunk with a needle and the elephant turned and went away. A long
+time afterward the same elephant was in the neighborhood, and as he
+approached the shop he filled his trunk with water from a trough, and
+then watched his chance to eject it upon the man who had offended him."
+
+[Illustration: 0131]
+
+"That story is in one of the books on the sagacity of animals," Mr.
+Graham answered. Then, turning to George, he said they would now
+listen to something from M. Jacolliott about the mode of catching wild
+elephants in India and Ceylon.
+
+Thereupon George read as follows:
+
+"Mounted on well trained elephants, the ordinary dangers of hunting are
+readily comprehended and foreseen; the intelligence of these splendid
+animals is sufficient to inspire confidence. Nevertheless, grave
+accidents may arise. When the elephant becomes enraged in his pursuit
+of a tiger, it sometimes happens that he listens to no voice whatever,
+dashing madly onward until the 'howdah,' in which the hunter is
+enclosed, is broken in pieces against a huge tree, branch, or other
+obstacle.
+
+"It is extraordinary, in hunting wild elephants, that the trained
+beasts, once on the field, have no other guide than their own
+instincts. At the first sight of a human form the hunted animal retreats
+immediately to the thicket, where pursuit is very likely to end in a
+catastrophe to the pursuers; or, the wild elephants, sometimes being
+assembled in force, will turn courageously to give battle to the trained
+animals, of which battle the result can never be foreseen.
+
+"In these expeditions, the slightest carelessness will sometimes reveal
+the lurking-place of the hunters; the chase is only undertaken with
+twice as many trained elephants as there are wild ones to be captured,
+and then only when it has been ascertained by trustworthy scouts that
+there are no large troops of elephants within a circle of forty or fifty
+miles. The utmost care is used in this respect. When there is no other
+way, the Hindoos who make a profession of elephant-hunting sometimes
+attack with an inferior force, but the European, who follows the chase
+for pleasure, does not fail to take all necessary precautions."
+
+"The following is an account of one of these hunts:
+
+"The last commands had hardly been given to Manjari, the chief elephant,
+by his master, when he started, at the head of his little troop, to
+descend the hill on the opposite side to that by which we had ascended;
+he marched slowly, giving no evidence of his intention to rejoin the
+party which he was leaving behind. The intelligent animal played his
+part to perfection; he moved slowly, with his companions, toward the
+stream which wound through the depth of the ravine, as if he intended to
+slake his thirst at the water. On his way down he stopped here and there
+to break a tree branch or to pick up a bunch of grass, which he lazily
+deposited in his mouth.
+
+"The wild elephants, resting in the valley, gazed on Manjari and his
+troop with curiosity but without, alarm; every movement proved that they
+had no suspicion of the intentions of the new-comers.
+
+"Suddenly we witnessed a remarkable sight. A young elephant, which was
+in the wild herd with its mother, seeing Manjari and his companions
+advancing slowly, bounded toward them to make acquaintance with the
+strangers.
+
+[Illustration: 0133]
+
+The young animal was recalled two or three times by its mother, but she,
+seeing that no attention was paid to her calls, continued her watching
+from a distance wondering, without doubt, at the welcome extended to her
+little one. The old elephant Manjari received the little wanderer with
+cries of joy and marks of tenderness which were too well feigned to
+arouse suspicion. When, however, the first reception was over, Manjari
+gave a signal and two elephants placed themselves, one on each side of
+the young one, and he was a captive.
+
+[Illustration: 0134]
+
+"They marched to the banks of the stream and drank eagerly; then,
+without the slightest hesitation, they directed their way toward the
+two wild elephants who were to be brought back as prisoners. The young
+elephant seemed overjoyed to see its new friends going toward the place
+where its mother was lying. She answered its cries, without an idea of
+the danger which was impending. Her companion was gathering here and
+there tufts of grass, and devouring the young buds of the trees.
+
+"They were surrounded in a very short time, and when they realized that
+they had to deal with enemies, it was too late to fly; each one had been
+caught by its trunk by two of the animals under Manjari and opposition
+and resistance were alike vain. After a few struggles they seemed to
+understand their position and they commenced to fill the forest with
+roars and cries of despair.
+
+"Four more trained elephants were now turned loose and they immediately
+joined their troop; they were not needed, however, as two of the trained
+elephants could easily lead a wild one, but their presence served to
+remove the last faint hope of escape for the captured animals. All this
+was accomplished easily, without any visible resistance. In a moment
+their trunks were seized, all power of defence was taken away, and the
+captives were pressed on each side with such terrible force by their
+captors, that they seemed to understand instinctively the futility of
+resistance.
+
+"When the first attempt was made to force them to walk, they made
+a supreme effort to remain, but a shower of blows from the trunk of
+Manjari decided their movements in a short space of time. When the poor
+brutes saw our party, they were terror-stricken and trembled violently;
+our weak appearance evidently produced a greater effect on their
+imagination, than did that of their captors.
+
+"In a little time, a hunter crept behind each of them, and having given
+orders to have them held firmly, bound their hind feet with chains of
+special strength. From this moment a single elephant easily guarded
+them; they could only march slowly, and a child could have escaped them.
+Nothing now remained but to train them, and to make them forget, by kind
+and gentle treatment, their early life and the great forests in which
+they were born.
+
+"Ordinarily it is possible to approach a captured elephant at the end of
+three days; on the eighth day the chains are taken off, and when a month
+has passed by the animal will go about quietly with the trained ones,
+imitating their actions, and offering to take part in their work.
+Indeed, it sometimes happens that, a few hours after the hunt is over,
+captors and captives are on the best of terms with each other, and the
+latter are set free by the Hindoo banters on the third or fourth day.
+
+[Illustration: 0136]
+
+"When the elephant has tasted the delights of civilized life, he never
+returns to the jungle except to hunt, in his turn, his own fellows, and
+in this pursuit he displays as much cunning as the older ones did in
+capturing him."
+
+"Another mode of hunting elephants," said Mr. Webb, "is by driving them
+into a keddah or corral. A strong yard is built with trunks of trees set
+in the ground like posts about two feet apart so that men can easily go
+in and out but elephants cannot pass.
+
+[Illustration: 0137]
+
+From the entrance of the yard two fences enclosing a space shaped like a
+'V' are extended several miles and the herd of wild elephants is driven
+so that it will come into the space enclosed by the 'V' Until they are
+within the jaws of the fences the driving is done very quietly so as
+not to alarm the animals and put them to flight, but when they are once
+inside of it, all silence comes to an end, and the hunters make as much
+noise as possible with guns, drums and other instruments. This frightens
+the elephants and they rush pell-mell into the keddah, where they are
+made prisoners."
+
+George asked if the elephants were killed when caught or were simply
+made prisoners.
+
+"No elephants are wantonly killed nowadays in India and Ceylon," said
+Mr. Webb, "with the exception of those that are actually dangerous on
+account of their vices. There are stringent laws against shooting an
+elephant, the animal being under government protection, and whenever a
+herd is driven into a keddah the officials select as many as are wanted
+for use and allow the rest to return to the forest. In the early part of
+this century the government gave a bounty in Ceylon for the slaughter of
+elephants and great numbers were killed by hunters. The mistake in the
+policy was not discovered until the animals became very scarce, when the
+laws were reversed. Instead of paying now to have elephants killed the
+government protects them by making it a serious offence to shoot one."
+
+"But the case is different in Africa," said the gentleman. "The African
+elephant is not domesticated at present, or very rarely so, though he
+seems to have been in ancient times if we may judge by history. The
+famous Jumbo was an African elephant; you remember that his ears were
+about three times as large as those of an ordinary elephant, and this is
+the principal feature which distinguishes one kind from the other. The
+African is not as docile as the Asiatic elephant; he is hunted for his
+ivory and for his flesh, which is eagerly devoured by the natives. He
+is shot, speared, driven into pit-falls, and otherwise taken, and his
+numbers are said to be diminishing rapidly. By the end of the century,
+at the rate the destruction is going on, there will not be many African
+elephants remaining."
+
+George asked about, the mammoth which formerly lived in Siberia, and
+whose remains are occasionally found at the present time where they have
+lain for thousands of years imbedded in the frozen earth. Mr. Graham
+told him that the mammoth was a member of the elephant family, and his
+body was covered with thick fur or long hair to protect it from the
+cold. Of the few specimens that have been found the tusks were longer
+than those of the elephant and greatly curved; the skele were trimmed
+into the required shape for telegraph poles; a number of them being
+piled at intervals along the track.
+
+[Illustration: 0140]
+
+"Then the elephants were sent to carry the poles to the distances they
+were to be set apart. I saw one mahout conduct his elephant to-a pile
+of these heavy poles and tell the intelligent animal to pick one up. He
+then, with a long wand he had for the purpose, measured off the distance
+and accompanied the elephant, who carried the pole to the place the
+mahout indicated. Then I saw the mahout tell the elephant to go to the
+pile and place them in line along the track, at the ton of one is in
+the museum at St. Petersburg, and portions of the hair and skin are
+preserved with it.
+
+[Illustration: 0139]
+
+Returning to the subject of the intelligence of the elephant, Mr.
+Grahani read the following from the pen of an American traveler in
+Burmah, who tells how the elephant was employed in building a telegraph
+line:
+
+"First a track was made by felling all timber and clearing off any
+undergrowth, etc., to about twenty feet in width, hundreds of men being
+employed. Such trees as were suitable in length and otherwise same
+distance apart as the one he had measured. The man then lay down under
+a tree and went to sleep. In the meantime the noble animal took up each
+piece of timber, and carried it to its proper place in the line. I felt
+so interested that I stayed to witness the whole proceeding. I measured
+the distance by pacing and found them all to be equal in length and
+correctly placed like the first one. The beast then went to his mahout
+and gently touched him with the tip of his trunk and awoke him, as much
+as to say, 'All is finished, master, according to your orders.' The
+mahout awoke, mounted the elephant, and went forward to continue the
+line in the same easy and agreeable manner."
+
+[Illustration: 0141]
+
+The same writer says:--
+
+"The young elephants are made pets of and not allowed to work until
+fully grown. That they are not deficient in understanding, even at
+an early age, the following anecdote will prove:--The commissioner at
+Shweygheen had a young elephant, quite a baby, given him by a Burmese
+gentleman, and the lively intelligent beast afforded much amusement to
+his owner and all who knew him.
+
+"The youngster could do everything but speak. He was kept in a stable
+in the garden, specially made for him, the sides being composed of stout
+planks instead of the usual wattled split bamboo. The heavy teak door
+was fastened on the outside by a sliding bar of the same wood, running
+in iron staples. The paths and walks through the garden were made of
+ground rolled and pressed to the hardness of a macadamized road.
+
+"Shortly after the young elephant's arrival and installation in his
+stable, the garden was found one morning to have been robbed during' the
+night, the mangoes especially suffering, a quantity of the best fruit
+having been taken. No traces were left by the thief or thieves, there
+were no footprints on the soft ground outside, nothing to indicate how
+an entrance had been made into the garden. This went on for several
+nights, and at last it was discovered that the young elephant was the
+thief. He used to raise the edge of the roof so as to put out his trank
+and slide the bolt; then there was no obstacle to prevent opening the
+door, and he opened it and went into the garden. After regaling himself
+on the fruit he returned to the stable, closed the door, slid the bolt
+into its place, let the edge of the roof fall to its proper position,
+and thus made it impossible for any one to know he had been out."
+
+[Illustration: 5142]
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+_Apes, Baboons and Monkeys--The Apes at Gibraltar--How they Saved the
+Fort from Surprise--A Monkey Fishing Party--The Monkey's Resemblance to
+Man--Illustrations of his Intelligence--A Monkey Theater--Dressing the
+Performers--The Four-handed Actors and What they Did--Interview with
+their Trainer--Mandrills and their Peculiarities--The Chacma and
+his Uses as a Watch-Dog--How Monkeys find Water--Differences between
+Old-World and New-World Monkeys--Monkeys with Prehensile Tails--The
+South American Howler--Sapajous and Spider Monkeys--Simian
+Intelligence--Organizing to Rob Gardens--A Bridge of Monkeys._
+
+WHAT animal shall we consider now?" queried Mr. Graham at their next
+conversation.
+
+"We've just had the elephant," said George, "who belongs in Africa and
+Asia.
+
+[Illustration: 8143]
+
+Suppose we talk about another animal of those countries, the monkey."
+
+"If you mean that the monkey belongs exclusively in Africa and Asia
+as the elephant does," said Harry, "you're wrong. The monkey is found
+there, it is true, but he is also found in America and Europe."
+
+"I know he's found in America," replied George, "but didn't know that he
+lived in Europe in a wild state. The only European monkeys I ever heard
+of were in captivity."
+
+"You're not far wrong, though," Harry answered with a slight, laugh, "as
+there's only one place in Europe where monkeys run wild and that is on
+the Rock of Gibraltar."
+
+[Illustration: 0144]
+
+"Are there many of them?"
+
+"No, not a great number, and they are supposed to be descended from
+some that were brought there from Africa and escaped from captivity.
+The naturalists class them as Magots or Barbary Apes, and say they are
+identical with the monkeys or apes of Northern Africa. Before we go
+further let me explain that an ape is a monkey without a tail, a baboon
+is a monkey with a short tail, and a monkey is an animal of the same
+great family with a long tail."
+
+"We thank you for the explanation," said Harry, and his words were,
+echoed by George.
+
+"Some interesting stories are told about these Gibraltar monkeys," said
+Mr. Graham, resuming the topic of conversation.
+
+"What are they, please?" exclaimed the youths in a breath.
+
+"It is said," remarked Mr. Graham, "that a few weeks before the famous
+siege of Gibraltar, the Spaniards attempted to surprise one of the
+British outposts, and they would have succeeded if it had not been for
+the monkeys. The party which was attempting the surprise had to pass a
+group of monkeys; the animals set up such a chattering as to alarm
+the outpost and put it on its guard. As a reward for their services
+in saving Gibraltar, the English garrison has ever since allowed the
+monkeys to live unmolested.
+
+"Another story," the gentleman continued, "relates to the imitative
+powers of the monkey. When Lord Howe went to the relief of the garrison
+during the siege, he had among the reinforcements the Twenty-fifth
+Regiment of infantry. After peace had been declared, several officers of
+this regiment went to a spot at the back of the rock to amuse themselves
+by catching fish. They found a good place for their purpose, and were
+busily engaged in catching whiting, when they were pelted by some one
+concealed on the steep rock above them. They shifted their ground two
+or three times, and finally found a place where they were no longer
+disturbed.
+
+"The fish were biting at a goodly rate when suddenly the drums sounded
+to arms. The officers rowed their boat ashore, left it high and dry on
+the beach, and then hurried away to report for duty.
+
+"When they came back they were greatly surprised to find that the
+position of the boat had been changed, and some of the hooks which had
+been left bare were baited. The lines were a good deal tangled, and it
+was evident that whoever used the boat had not been at all particular
+about other people's property.
+
+"In a day or two the mystery was explained. An officer of Hanoverian
+Grenadiers had taken a solitary walk on that very afternoon, and found a
+party of young monkeys pelting the fishermen from behind the rocks. The
+officer was a good deal of a naturalist, and so he concealed himself
+carefully and watched the performance.
+
+"While the youngsters were pelting the fishermen, several old monkeys
+arrived and drove the mischievous youths away. Then they sat down and
+watched very attentively the business of fish-taking, and when the
+officers beached their boat and went away, the monkeys determined to
+improve their lesson. They launched the boat, baited the hooks, and went
+to fishing. They caught a few fish, and then came back to shore, left
+the boat and retired up the rock before the officers came in sight
+again."
+
+"Did they carry off the fish they had caught?" George asked.
+
+"Yes," was the reply, "not only what they caught themselves but those
+that the officers had left in the boat."
+
+"What a human action!" exclaimed Harry.
+
+[Illustration: 9146]
+
+"The men who argue that we are descended from monkeys ought to know of
+the performance of the Gibralter apes."
+
+"Not only in actions but in structure," said Mr. Graham, "does the
+monkey bear a resemblance to man. Several naturalists have regarded the
+monkey as only an inferior form of the human race and have so classified
+him. The celebrated naturalist Linn�us placed man with monkeys in his
+order of Primates or first animals. He made his genus _Homo_ consist of
+human beings (_Homo sapiens_), of chimpanzees (_Homo Troglodytes_), of
+orang outangs (_Homo satyrus_), and the Gibbons _Homo lar_."
+
+"Was his classification accepted by the other naturalists?" one of the
+youths asked.
+
+"By some, but by no means by all," was the reply.
+
+"There was aloud protest against it, not by the monkeys, who didn't
+trouble their heads on the subject, but learned men and others who felt
+that the dignity of the human race had been affronted. As time went
+on the opinions of Linn�us fell more and more into disfavor, and the
+present classification places man in a distinct genus, that of _Bimana_
+(two-handed) while the whole tribe of monkeys, apes and the like, are
+classed as _Quadrumana_ (four-handed.)
+
+"It must be admitted," continued Mr. Graham, "that from a purely
+anatomical point of view, the monkey has a close resemblance to man. He
+can stand upright, has a nude face, his eyes are directed forward,
+his internal organs are very much the same, and he is subject to many
+diseases of which man is the victim. But although he can walk upright he
+does so with difficulty; his forelegs or arms are much longer than the
+human arm, in proportion to the rest of the body, and although he has
+the same organs in his throat he has not the power of speech. Though his
+hand is shaped like the human one in a general way, it is far from being
+as perfect; the fingers do not act separately like those of man and the
+thumb is short and unwieldy and does not oppose each of the fingers, or
+only very imperfectly so."
+
+"I have read somewhere," said Harry, "that the highest intellect shown
+by the monkey is lower than that of the most degraded savage. Monkeys
+are not afraid of fire, but no monkey ever rose to the intelligence of
+producing it by rubbing two sticks together as is done by the lowest of
+savages."
+
+"You are right," said Mr. Graham. "The observation you refer to was made
+by a French philosopher, Joseph de Maistre. There are other points in
+which we can show a wide gulf between man and the quadrumana, but we
+will drop them for the present."
+
+At this moment an exclamation from George turned attention in his
+direction.
+
+"Here's something for us to see," said George, as he held up a newspaper
+on which he had rested his eye for a moment, while listening to the
+remarks of Mr. Graham.
+
+"What is it?" Harry asked.
+
+"A monkey show," was the reply, "a theatrical performance by trained
+monkeys, or rather a pantomime, as the animals cannot be expected to
+talk as human actors do."
+
+It was agreed at once that the monkey performance was something to
+be seen, and accordingly arrangements were made for attending it.
+Mr. Graham explained to the youths that while these performances were
+comparatively rare in America they were an old established institution
+in Europe. "Germany and Italy," said he, "are famous for them, and in
+some of the German and Italian cities there are monkey theaters where
+performances are given by quadrumana throughout the entire year. They
+are assisted by dogs and ponies, and altogether the show is very funny
+and interesting."
+
+The exhibition which our friends attended was managed by Mr. Brockmann,
+a famous monkey-trainer of Vienna, who thought it would be a good
+speculation to bring his troupe to America. Among the members of his
+four-handed company were Kullman, the elegant circus rider; the fat
+and lovesick Lottie; Anthony, a gentleman not to be joked with with
+impunity; Jack, a little dandy; and George, the clown of the company,
+who was said to create any amount of fun by his queer antics.
+
+[Illustration: 0149]
+
+Our young friends read with interest an account from a German paper of
+the preparations for their nightly appearance on the stage. "As soon as
+the operation of dressing begins," says the writer, "the cunning little
+animals begin to be restless. They shuffle to and fro on their high
+stools; they sneeze and blow and sniffle, and make faces at the keepers
+and each other. But woe to him who would dare laugh at their grimaces
+and their fooling. He would soon make acquaintance with their teeth and
+nails. The comical little fellows love to carry on all sorts of fun,
+but they wont allow anybody to laugh at them. For this reason they are
+attached with little chains to their stools as long as their dressing
+lasts.
+
+[Illustration: 9150]
+
+They like to play all sorts of tricks with the keepers who are dressing
+them. One of them amuses himself by tearing his brand new trousers into
+shreds, and when he has fully succeeded in doing so, he gives vent to
+his delight by loud screams. Another takes pleasure in pulling off the
+vest which the keeper has had the greatest difficulty in buttoning on
+him, and grins at the unfortunate man with truly fiendish delight. A
+third absolutely refuses to put his tiny little hand into the sleeves,
+although the keeper holds the armhole in the most inviting manner before
+him. The little rascal pretends not to be able to find it, pushing his
+hands in every direction but the right one. If the keeper at last loses
+his patience and pushes the arm by force into the sleeve, the indignant
+artist feels insulted, and replies with a ringing slap in the keeper's
+face.
+
+"At last the operation of dressing has been performed. The little
+artists sit quietly on their stools, not a little proud of their gay
+costumes. They grin and wink at each other, and munch with great delight
+nuts and almonds and other delicacies with which they are rewarded.
+Lottie is particularly vain and proud of her pretty costume. With great
+complacency she pulls her dress, arranges her coiffure, pushes her hat
+from one side to the other to see which is most becoming, and keeps on
+a continual flirtation with the gentlemen of the company. Dainty little
+Jack, for whom these demonstrations of love are intended, seems to
+trouble himself very little about his coquetish mistress. He sits
+quietly in a corner enjoying the draughts from a small bottle of mild
+beer, of which he is particularly fond, taking very great care that not
+a drop of the precious liquor is spilled on his snowy white jacket and
+apron, which as cook is his professional costume. Jack is possessed of a
+most versatile talent. With equal skill and elegance he appears now as
+a cook, then as a coachman, or a circus rider and athlete. Besides
+this, he has assumed for his own pleasure the function of picking up the
+various articles that lie scattered on the stage after the performance
+and conveying them swiftly behind the scenes."
+
+While waiting for the performance to begin, Harry read the following
+account of a reporter's interview with Mr. Brockmann, the manager of the
+monkey troupe. The reporter asked about the system of training, and in
+reply to the question the manager said: "I cannot tell everything, as
+I have certain methods which I do not want to make generally known. For
+forty years my father and I have given exhibitions of trained animals,
+and in that time we have naturally learned much of their habits and
+dispositions. The great thing, however, is to gain command of an
+animal's entire attention. Once this is obtained, all the rest is
+comparatively easy. When a monkey's training begins he is restless, his
+eyes wander all over the room, and his attention is never for more than
+a minute concentrated on any one thing. I have to teach him to forget
+everything else and watch me. He must learn to keep his eyes on mine.
+If any one in the audience will watch the monkeys when they are doing
+important acts, he will see that they never take their eyes off me. It
+is a singular thing that, while dogs and ponies look larger on the stage
+than they really are, monkeys appear very much smaller when dressed up.
+I have a little monkey who is an even better tightrope performer than
+the one now exhibited, but he would look so small that the audience
+would scarcely be able to see his feats. My animals are very fond of me.
+The rewards you see me give them on the stage are almonds and raisins."
+
+The reporter had an opportunity of witnessing a display of the monkeys'
+affection for Mr. Brockman, when he made his first appearance for the
+day in their dressing-room. He went the rounds and spoke a word or two
+to each. Some kissed him, others climbed up and put their arms around
+his neck, and each exhibited the utmost impatience till his turn for
+recognition came.
+
+"What monkeys are the easiest to train?" inquired the reporter.
+
+"Mandrills and baboons, though they are perhaps a little more delicate
+than the other kinds.
+
+[Illustration: 9152]
+
+Still my father had one for thirty years. The oldest performer in the
+present troupe is a blue-faced mandrill, whom I have had for twelve
+years. He is very good-tempered and will not reject any attentions you
+may feel inclined to show him. As a general rule, when a monkey holds
+out his hand encouragingly it is safest to give him a wide berth, and
+one who is chattering to himself is nearly always in a bad temper."
+
+"How often do you feed them, and what, is their favorite food?"
+
+"When they are performing twice they get four light meals a day, milk,
+fruit, and potatoes being their principal diet. We keep their cages very
+clean, but they look after their own toilets and we do not wash them."
+
+"What animals do you find possess the most intelligence, monkeys, dogs
+or horses?"
+
+"There are clever and stupid specimens of each, but I don't think there
+is any great difference in general intelligence. The great difficulty
+with all of them is to get undivided attention."
+
+[Illustration: 0153]
+
+"What is the difference between a mandrill and an ordinary monkey?"
+queried Harry as he paused at the end of his reading.
+
+"The mandrill," said Mr. Graham, "is one of the many members of the
+monkey family, and belongs among the apes or the baboons. He is a native
+of the coast of Guinea in Africa, and has a very short tail or no tail
+at all; his face is furrowed, and so much resembles that of a dog, that
+he is often spoken of as a dog-faced monkey. A full grown mandrill is
+about, five feet high when standing erect, and his head is very large
+in proportion to his body. He is not the best looking of his race, and
+would never be chosen as a contestant for a prize for beauty.
+
+"There are monkeys with tails," continued Mr. Graham, "and monkeys
+without tails, and the list of each kind is so long that you couldn't
+remember a quarter of it if it were repeated. Generally speaking the
+apes, or the tailless monkeys, are more quiet in disposition than the
+others, and hence they are the easiest to teach and control. At best the
+monkey is a restless animal, and his attention cannot be kept at any one
+thing for more than a few moments. Mr. Brockmann justly says that the
+work of securing the monkey's attention is the most difficult part of
+his education."
+
+"I have read about a variety of monkey that the settlers at the Cape of
+Good Hope train to serve as watch-dogs," said Harry. "Are they of the
+same kind as the mandrills?"
+
+"Not exactly." was the reply, "but they are closely related to them.
+They are known as chaemas, and when full grown are as large as an
+English mastiff and excel him in strength and agility. The chaema has a
+tail about half as long as his body and with a tuft of hair at the end.
+Like most other monkeys he is a great thief, and cannot be trusted in
+the presence of provisions of which he is fond. He has such a keen scent
+that it is very difficult to poison him, and he can find water when
+the most experienced traveler or bushman is unable to discover it. The
+Hottentots in traveling carry a tame chaema with them, and when unable
+to find water they turn him loose and follow him. After carefully
+surveying the ground, he selects a spot and begins to dig; the
+Hottentots dig where he directs, and almost invariably succeed in
+finding the water that they want."
+
+[Illustration: 0155]
+
+"But how about his serving as a watch-dog?"
+
+"He can hear sounds that are inaudible even to the dogs; in a camp he
+will always give the alarm when danger approaches, and so much do the
+dogs rely on him, that they go to sleep in the fullest confidence that
+he will call them in case their services are wanted. When he gives the
+alarm, they are on the alert and rush in the direction he indicates.
+
+"He generally lives on good terms with the dogs, and one traveler who
+carried a chaema tells how the beast used to jump on the backs of
+the dogs when he was tired. Some of them used to carry him without
+objection, but others did not like to be employed as pack animals. One
+in particular always stopped when the chaema mounted his shoulders, and
+allowed the caravan to pass on out of sight. The monkey did not like to
+be separated from the caravan, and as it disappeared over the plain or
+among the hills he would dismount and follow it. The cunning dog then
+joined him in running to overtake the caravan, but always managed to
+keep the chaema a little in advance, so that he would not be likely to
+jump again on the dog's shoulders."
+
+"Which shows that the intellect of the dog was superior to that of the
+chaema," George remarked.
+
+"The dog's reasoning powers are superior to those of the monkey."
+said Mr. Graham, "but the latter has the greater faculty for pure
+imitation.--Ah! there goes the curtain and the performance is about to
+commence."
+
+Here is the account which Harry wrote after his return from the theater:
+
+"The opening scene is entitled 'African Friends Meet--A dinner at
+Delmonico's.' Seated at a table on the stage when the curtain rises,
+are three monkeys, dressed in the height of fashion. They are Mr.
+Blackberry, a dude: Colonel Axletree, a retired army officer, and Miss
+Terrini, from the Darwinian Theater. Mr. Blackberry rings a bell which
+summons a waitress. The waitress hands the diners a bill of fare and
+each gives an order. Presently. M. Pouillon, the cook, comes in to
+consult the feasters, who explain just how they want everything served.
+The monkey cook bows in inimitable French style and departs. In a moment
+or two the dinner is served, the only unusual thing in the act being the
+fact that each monkey steals a portion of his neighbor's food. While his
+master's back is turned the cook takes a sly drink from a bottle, and
+also helps himself to the contents of a basket which he has been
+ordered to place on the table. The monkeys at the table appear to be in
+conversation, and the by-play among them is very amusing. The pantomine
+is excellent and the apes do almost everything but speak.
+
+"The adventures of Robert Macaire are illustrated by two monkeys known
+as Cadieux and Ravennes, while another called Robinson does several
+clever acts as a circus rider. He rides upright upon a pony's back,
+jumps through rings and over hurdles.
+
+[Illustration: 8157]
+
+Other monkeys stand on their heads, walk tight-ropes with balancing
+rods, turn somersaults, and do acts on the flying trapeze."
+
+On the way home from the theater the conversation about monkeys was
+continued, and the youths made mental note of several matters on which
+they desired information. Harry expressed his disappointment at the
+absence of tails on the performing monkeys, a circumstance which has
+already been explained. The youth said he had expected to see the
+creatures suspending themselves by the tail from the ropes where they
+were to walk or balance themselves; he thought it would have added
+materially to the interest of the performance, and wondered if the
+monkey trainers of Asia or Africa could not do better in this line than
+did Mr. Brockmann.
+
+"As to that," replied Mr. Graham, "I am in very great doubt or rather in
+no doubt at all. No Asiatic or African monkey can suspend himself by the
+tail, no matter how long that appendage may be."
+
+"Do you mean," said Harry, "that none of the old world monkeys have
+prehensile tails?"
+
+"Exactly so," was the reply. "The only monkeys that can use the tail
+as a fifth hand, or for clinging to branches of trees, are found in
+America, and never in the old world unless they have been carried there
+from this country. But do not understand that all the American monkeys
+have prehensile tails; some of them have the tail wonderfully developed
+and useful, while others cannot hold on with it, and several varieties
+have almost no tails at all. A naturalist who lived four years in South
+America says that in that time he saw twenty-one varieties of monkey,
+seven of them having prehensile and fourteen of them non-prehensile
+tails. The Asiatic monkey does not seem to be aware that the tail can be
+made of any use, but the liveliest of the American monkeys employ it for
+picking up objects and for support while swinging among the trees. And
+we may further say that the monkeys of the old world are unlike those
+of the new, none of the varieties that exist on one side of the Atlantic
+being found on the other.
+
+"The largest of the American monkeys is far below the largest of his
+Asiatic or African cousins in the matter of size. While several members
+of the baboon family are five feet in height, and a large gorilla is
+said to be six feet or very nearly when standing erect, the largest of
+the American monkeys, if we leave his long tail out of calculation, does
+not exceed three feet. He belongs in South America, and is known as
+the Howler, and he can howl louder than twenty men if the stories of
+travelers are to be believed. The noise he makes is so terrific, that
+many a traveler has been frightened by it and has thought that all the
+wild beasts of the woods had assembled close at hand, and were about to
+devour everybody and everything within their neighborhood. One monkey
+gives a howl, and when he is tired he signals to the rest tried to
+ascertain accurately how far the sound could be heard. Judging the
+distance by the time it took him to reach the tree where the monkeys
+were, he thought two miles not an over estimate; when the sound came
+across a lake unimpeded by trees it was easily audible a good three
+miles."
+
+George asked if these animals kept up their howling when in captivity?
+
+"They all shout in chorus. After a while they stop, and then the
+solitary one starts up again. And in this way the unearthly chorus is
+kept up from midnight till sunrise; sometimes they begin at the close of
+day and keep it up all night, making it quite impossible for a traveler
+to sleep within a mile of them."
+
+[Illustration: 0159]
+
+"Can they really be heard at the distance of a mile?" one of the boys
+asked.
+
+"Yes, and farther still," was the reply.
+
+Mr Graham explained that they were active enough in the woods, but as
+soon as they became prisoners they lost all their spirit, displayed
+surly dispositions, refused to make friends with anybody, and soon died
+of grief.
+
+[Illustration: 9160]
+
+Other varieties of South American monkeys were more tractable, Mr Graham
+further explained, and he specially mentioned the little spider monkey
+and a sapajou as amusing and affectionate.
+
+"Some of these American monkeys," Mr Graham continued, "show a great
+deal of intelligence, bordering upon reason. A naturalist who studied
+them in Brazil says that when one of them received an egg for the first
+time he broke it clumsily and lost half the contents, but so, he handled
+it with the greatest care. Lumps of sugar were occasionally given to
+him wrapped in paper; one day a live wasp was put in the paper with the
+sugar, so that when the monkey tore it open he was stung. After that
+he always held the paper to his ear and listened intently to detect any
+movement within."
+
+"Haven't I read," said Harry, "about monkeys organizing raids upon
+orchards and gardens in a very systematic manner, just as boys or men
+might do?"
+
+"Quite likely you have," was the reply, "for such things are by no means
+uncommon. Monkeys are gregarious animals and hunt in the second time he
+only broke the top and lost nothing. Ever after that when he received an
+egg he gently broke the top by hitting it against a hard substance,
+and then picked off the fragments of the shell with his fingers. After
+cutting himself once with a sharp tool he would not for some time touch
+it again, and when he finally did troops; these troops generally have
+their chiefs, whom they obey implicity, and there would seem to be
+some mode of communication among them by which orders are issued and
+understood.
+
+"The monkeys of Northern Africa come down from their places of
+concealment in the forest and rob the gardens of the people, carrying
+off the fruit by wholesale. Sentinels are posted to give warning in
+case of danger, then one of the troop climbs over the fence followed by
+another and another. They form a line from the wall to the tree which is
+to be robbed, and as fast as the fruit is plucked it is passed from one
+to another with the greatest rapidity. Those at the farther end of the
+line and outside of the garden wall, load themselves with all they can
+carry and then move away; as soon as the fruit has been stripped from
+the tree, or at the slightest note of alarm, the whole line scrambles
+off and is out of reach in a moment."
+
+[Illustration: 0162]
+
+"How do they divide their spoil?" one of the youths asked.
+
+"We don't know that," was the reply, "but it is certain they have some
+form of division or they would not pass the fruit from one to another as
+they do. It is quite possible that the chief takes the best for himself
+and either assigns the others their shares or lets them quarrel over
+what he does not want."
+
+"Another instance of their close imitation of human customs," said
+George with a laugh.
+
+"Captain Mayne Reid gives an interesting account," said Mr. Graham, "of
+how monkeys in the tropical forest of America cross a stream. It is an
+excellent illustration of the subject we have under consideration."
+
+When they reached home Mr. Graham found the book containing the story
+and handed it to Harry, who read aloud as follows:
+
+"The half-human voices now sounded nearer, and we could perceive that
+the animals were approaching the spot where we lay. Presently they
+appeared upon the opposite bank, headed by an old gray chieftain,
+and officered like so many soldiers. They were of the _comadreja_ or
+ring-tailed tribe.
+
+"One--an aide-de-camp, or chief pioneer, perhaps--ran out upon a
+projecting rock, and after looking across the stream, as if calculating
+the distance, scampered back, and appeared to communicate with the
+leader. This produced a movement in the troops. Commands were issued,
+and fatigue parties were detailed and marched to the front.
+
+[Illustration: 8163]
+
+Meanwhile several of the _comadrejas_--engineers, no doubt--ran along
+the bank, examining the trees on both sides.
+
+"At length they all collected around a tall cotton-wood tree that grew
+over the narrowest part of the stream, and twenty or thirty of them
+scampered up its trunk.
+
+"On reaching a high point, the foremost, a strong fellow, ran out upon
+a limb, and taking several turns of his tail around it, slipped off and
+hung head downwards. The next on the limb, also a stout one, climbed
+down the body of the first, and whipping his tail tightly round the neck
+and forearm of the latter, dropped off in his turn, and hung, head down.
+The third repeated the maneuver upon the second, and the fourth upon the
+third, and so on, until the last one upon the string rested his forepaws
+upon the ground.
+
+"The living chain now commenced swinging backward and forward, like
+the pendulum of a clock. The motion was slight at first, but gradually
+increased, the lowermost monkey striking his hands violently on the
+earth as he passed the tangent of the oscillating curve. Several others
+upon the limbs above aided the movement.
+
+"This continued until the monkey at the end of the chain was thrown
+among the branches of a tree on the opposite bank. Here, after two or
+three vibrations, he clutched a limb and held fast. This movement was
+executed adroitly, just at the culminating point of the oscillation, in
+order to save the intermediate links from the violence of a too sudden
+jerk.
+
+"The chain was fast at both ends, forming a complete suspension bridge,
+over which the whole troop, to the number of four or five hundred,
+passed with the rapidity of thought.
+
+"The troop was now on the other side, but how were the animals forming
+the bridge to get themselves over? This was the question which suggested
+itself. Manifestly by number one letting go his tail. But then the point
+d'appui on the other side was much lower down, and number one, with half
+a dozen of his neighbors, would be dashed against the opposite bank, or
+soused into the water.
+
+"Here, then, was a problem, and we waited with some curiosity for its
+solution. It was soon solved. A monkey was now seen attaching his tail
+to the lowest on the bridge, another girded him in a similar manner, and
+another and so on until a dozen more were added to the string. These
+last were all powerful fellows, and running up a high limb, they lifted
+the bridge into a position almost horizontal.
+
+"Then a scream from the last monkey of the new formation warned the
+tail-end that all was ready, and the next moment the whole chain was
+swung over, and landed safely on the opposite bank. The lowermost links
+now dropped off like a melting candle, while the higher ones leaped on
+the branches and came down by the trunk. The whole troop then scampered
+off into the chapparal and disappeared."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+_A Famous Chimpanzee--Mr. Crowley of Central Park--His Origin
+and History--Details of his Early Life--His Training and
+Accomplishments--Elating at Table with Knife, Fork, and Spoon--Furniture
+of his Apartment--Drinking from a Cup--What he Eats and Drinks--His
+appreciation of Music--Refusal to wear Clothes--Ill of Pneumonia and
+Recovery--A bad Temper--The Gorilla and his near Relatives--The Gorilla
+at Home--Du Chaillu's Experiences--Friendship between a Dog and a
+Gorilla--The Orang-outang--His Home and Habits--Performances of a
+Baby Orang--The Gibbon--Gentlest of the Monkey Family--Mr. Newmian's
+Pet--Long-nosed Monkeys--Monkeys catching Crabs with their Tails--How
+the Traveler Lost and Recovered his Red Caps--The Monkey and the
+Mirror--The Orang that Saved the Child._
+
+The afternoon of the day following the visit to the monkey theater was
+devoted to a visit to the collection of wild animals in Central Park.
+The special object of the visit was a famous chimpanzee known as Mr.
+Crowley, who was the wonder and admiration of many children and grown
+people on account of his intelligence and accomplishments.
+
+Unfortunately for the interest of science and the amusement of the
+public, Mr. Crowley met the fate that befalls most monkeys who are
+brought from their tropical homes to colder climates; he died of
+pneumonia and pleurisy after having been several times dangerously ill.
+
+[Illustration: 0166]
+
+Monkeys rarely live long in northern countries; they die of pneumonia or
+consumption, generally in a few months, in spite of the greatest care
+in shielding them from the effects of draughts or chills. The tailless
+monkeys are more hardy than the tailed ones, but even they are not proof
+against the rigors of the north.
+
+From his own observations, aided by free quotations from a little book
+entitled "Mr. Crowley of Central Park," by Henry S. Fuller, George
+prepared the following description of this remarkable animal:
+
+"Crowley was captured when very young in the forests of Africa, not far
+from Monrovia, Liberia. He was presented to the Central Park Museum by
+the Hon. Mr. Smythe, U. S. Minister to Liberia, and became a resident of
+New York in May 1884. He was then thought to be about six months old and
+weighed not far from twenty-five pounds; he was very active, and soon
+after his arrival a trapeze was fitted up for him on which he took great
+pleasure in swinging.
+
+[Illustration: 0168]
+
+A pair of ninepins were obtained for him, in shape like small Indian
+clubs, and several wooden balls sufficiently large not to be slipped
+through the grating. He took great pleasure in making targets of the
+pins, and would hurl the balls at them with all his strength and chatter
+with delight when the targets were struck. Tiring of this, he would
+seize the pins, one in each hand, and exercise with these, not entirely
+according to the written rules of club exercise, but with a zest that
+was of equal benefit to the muscles; although, when he abandoned
+this practice and used them as drumsticks to batter the sides of his
+apartment, the uproar sometimes became too great to be endured.
+
+"His meals were usually taken outside of his apartment. Seated in one of
+the office chairs about six o'clock, after his morning toilet had been
+made, he was handed a plate of boiled rice, sweetened with a little
+sugar, which he ate in genteel fashion with a spoon, and with apparent
+relish, often looking up at his benefactor with one eye in apparent
+gratitude, and only pausing an instant to wipe his spacious chin of
+little rivulets of rice that would trickle at times from the convex
+corners of his mouth.
+
+[Illustration: 9169]
+
+A cup of milk would then be given him to aid the digestion of more solid
+food."
+
+"These meals were prepared punctually four times a day, a custom which
+has become of a second nature to the chimpanzee and continues to the
+present time. The first meal was in the morning, and a lunch followed
+about ten o'clock; between one and two he was given his dinner, and his
+supper hour was at five, after which he invariably indicated a desire to
+retire to his blanket and dispose of himself for the night. The lunch in
+the morning and the supper were often varied with fruit, an orange or
+a banana, which was first carefully prepared by peeling. Otherwise
+his diet was quite plain; all sweetmeats, candies and dainties being
+positively prohibited.
+
+"During the fall of 1884, his weight, increasing at more than a pound
+a month, reached forty pounds. His height and strength developed
+proportionately. The coat of hair that had begun to appear upon his body
+was black and glossy. It was brushed daily, an operation which he seemed
+to enjoy; about the head, where it grew longer, a natural inclination
+was discovered to part in the center, and for better effect the hair was
+brushed down over his forehead and kept trimmed and banged, imparting a
+more civilized appearance when he was presented to visitors.
+
+"On being permitted to view himself in a glass, Crowley expressed his
+entire approbation of this fashion. He displayed much vanity and did not
+soon tire of admiring himself. When he grasped a policeman's club
+that was in the room and paraded up and down with it for a cane, his
+appearance was striking. The natural stoop of his shoulders became
+profoundly English, and taken in conjunction with the cane, so thick
+and heavy in proportion to Crowley's figure, the resemblance was most
+perfect.
+
+"He was quite conscious of his increasing importance, and took great
+pleasure in receiving visitors. He submitted to the cleaning of his
+nails and the scrubbing of his teeth, but the washing of his hands and
+face was always extremely distasteful to him. He never became entirely
+reconciled to that practice, and after he became older he discarded it
+almost entirely.
+
+"A small chair and a table of solid oak were made for him, both articles
+being sufficiently heavy to withstand an outburst of animal spirits that
+he sometimes indulged in after a meal. For the same reason his dishes
+were of the heavy ware used in down-town restaurants. He had previously
+learned to drink from a cup and sip his milk with a spoon. Now he was
+instructed in the use of knife and fork, and in the absence of meat or
+other solid food, he carved into slices the bananas and other fruits
+given him, and conveyed these slices to his mouth on the fork.
+
+"One admirer sent him a napkin enclosed in a plated silver ring. The
+ring was engraved, 'Remus Crowley, Esq.,' and a corner of the napkin
+had also the name embroidered on it. After inspecting both with grave
+deliberation, he grunted his appreciation, and proceeded to thrust the
+napkin into his mouth. Much patient persevering was required to impress
+upon him the importance of laying the napkin on one knee, or of folding
+it over his chest while eating, and that its function was to keep his
+mouth and chin clean, but repeated instructions at last instilled these
+precepts on his mind.
+
+"The chimpanzees are keen, observant animals, and Crowley inherited the
+full gifts of his race. Little that transpired around him escaped his
+attention, while his understanding was not less ready and intelligent.
+In a few days he learned to lock and unlock the doors of the room in
+which he lived, and to hide the key which was used to lock him in the
+apartment. More care was needed with him than for a child of live years.
+If he could not express himself intelligently in speech. He was neither
+deaf nor dumb, and he had a vocabulary of his own made up of gutteral
+monosyllables, which his attendant professes to understand quite well,
+though to the uninitiated it is more than Greek or Sanscrit."
+
+[Illustration: 0171]
+
+"'Shall I wash your face, Crowley?' asked his keeper.
+
+"'Ooh! ooh! ooh!' exclaimed Crowley, moving away disgusted. 'That means
+no,' explains the attendant.
+
+"'Here's an orange, baby.'
+
+"'Ut, oot, oot, oot!' and Crowley thrust out a fist eagerly. His other
+expressions are more complex, except with regard to pain or pleasure.
+With the first he utters a yell that would startle a Sioux Indian; when
+pleased, the ends of his mouth stretch to each ear, while he dances and
+mumbles with enjoyment.
+
+"By the summer of 1885 Crowley weighed fifty pounds and was very
+vigorous. A new cage was made for him in the west end of the monkey
+house; it was about ten feet long, six feet high, and of the same
+width, open on all sides, and protected by a grating of iron wire, the
+thickness of a lady's little finger. One of the new features introduced
+in it was a swing or trapeze; a wooden bar suspended at one end of the
+cage by two stout ropes from the ceiling. At the other end of the cage
+was a spring board, to enable him to indulge to his full bent in his
+propensity for leaping. When placed in his new quarters he made a
+dignified circuit of his room, walking as erect as possible, only
+resting on the knuckles of his hands, or supporting himself by holding
+to the grating, He inspected the spring-board as if accustomed to
+spring-boards of various patterns, and passed on without testing its
+elasticity. The trapeze he eyed with some curiosity, but did not deign
+to try it.
+
+"At the close of his second summer, it was decided that many changes
+would be needed another year, to fit that place for his growth. When
+standing erect, and flat on his feet, Crowley was now nearly four feet
+in height. He had outgrown the baby chair provided for him the first
+year, and it was succeeded by one better suited to a person of his
+size and importance. A bedstead of oak was procured, so that instead of
+stretching himself on the hard floor, he could sleep like other people.
+The bedstead was five feet long and three feet wide, giving him ample
+room to turn around without rolling out; but for greater security it was
+attached to the floor with iron braces, which defied, for the time, Mr.
+Crowley's ingenuity to unscrew, and his strength to remove from their
+places.
+
+"Crowley had a fondness for music. Whenever his attendant produced a
+mouth organ and played on it "Sweet Violets," or "Yankee Doodle," the
+chimpanzee's whole attention was at once arrested. He would listen for a
+few moments intently, and as the air proceeded, a state of great nervous
+excitement would come upon him. His body would begin to sway in unison
+with the attendant's foot as it beat upon the floor, until at last,
+no longer able to contain himself, he would spring up and down in a
+chimpanzee jig, which appears to be a kind of cross between a Virginia
+reel and an Irish break-down, keeping this up until he became exhausted
+or the music ceased. When the instrument was given to him and held for
+him, he would blow upon it and try to reproduce the sounds which caused
+him pleasure, and when he succeeded, an expression of delight would
+brighten his flexible features. But his performances were never such as
+to warrant his applying for a situation in Theodore Thomas's orchestra
+or even in an ordinary street band.
+
+"With the winter of 1887-88 Crowley entered upon his fifth year. He
+had attained the weight of nearly one hundred pounds, and when erect he
+stood quite four feet two inches in his bare feet. His hands were as big
+and knotted as those of a negro laborer inured to toil, and his muscles
+were thoroughly developed. His temper did not improve, and it became
+necessary to apply a whip to him occasionally to keep him under
+discipline. During the winter he had an attack of pneumonia, and when
+the fever came on all his bluster and bad temper disappeared. His
+strength left him and he became quite helpless, lying all day on the
+floor in the center of his cage, his head resting on one arm for a
+pillow, with a piece of heavy bagging beneath him for a mattress. When
+strangers entered his cage he was too weak to raise his head. Many
+physicians called to see him and tender their services. He recognized
+their kindness and their purpose with a low grunt, which often ended in
+a fit of coughing.
+
+[Illustration: 0175]
+
+"When requested, he would proffer his arm for the physicians to feel his
+pulse, turn over that the breathing in his chest might be listened to,
+and show his tongue for examination. For a long time he regarded the
+thermometer used to secure his temperature with suspicion. It could not
+be placed beneath his tongue for fear of the consequences, but, as he
+became weaker, and unable to repel the liberties, he was persuaded to
+hold the instrument under an arm.
+
+"All that could be done for Crowley seemed of little avail, and for two
+weeks he remained in this hopeless state.. His temperature at times rose
+to one hundred and five degrees, and pulse beat nearly a hundred. In the
+absence of hot applications, only hot teas and liquors could be given
+him. A concoction of rum and molasses was prepared and he was prevailed
+on, at a critical point of his illness, to swallow a large dose of this,
+to which a quantity of brandy was added. Soon after swallowing it
+he fell into a heavy stupor which continued for several hours. About
+midnight he startled his attendant by suddenly leaping into his trapeze
+with all his old nimbleness. He bounded upon his spring-board and for an
+hour danced and shouted in his cage, and then staggered and sank down in
+a profound perspiration. He was covered with a blanket and slept soundly
+until morning.
+
+"When he awoke, there was something like the old grin on his face as he
+looked up at his keeper.
+
+"'Comin' around, old man?' asked the keeper tenderly.
+
+"'Oogh, oogh!' muttered Crowley, faintly, and closed his eyes.
+
+"Sure enough he was on the way to recovery. His strength and flesh
+returned, and with them his occasional displays of bad temper that
+required the use of the whip."
+
+"What is the difference between the chimpanzee and the gorilla?" Harry
+asked, when George had finished reading his description of Mr. Crowley
+and his curious ways.
+
+"The name has sometimes been given to all the great apes, including the
+gorilla and the orang-outang," said Mr. Graham, "but it properly belongs
+to the lowest of the man-shaped apes of equatorial Africa. The gorilla
+stands at the head of the list; then comes the kooloo-kamba, then the
+nachiego-mbouve, then the soko, and after these the chimpanzee. They are
+all so closely allied that any one but a close student may mistake one
+for the other, and this circumstance has led to confusion in the stories
+of explorers.
+
+"In size and shape the gorilla approaches more nearly to man than any
+other of the monkey family, but he is still a long way from being able
+to claim one of us as his brother. The arms are so long that they almost
+touch the ground when the animal stands erect, which he does not do
+easily.
+
+[Illustration: 0177]
+
+"Mr. du Chaillu was the first explorer to see the gorilla at home; he
+killed several specimens of this remarkable creature and sent their
+skins to England, but though he tried very hard to bring away a living
+sample he was unable to do so. Later travelers have been more fortunate,
+and I have read to-day in a newspaper that Boston has just received
+from Africa the largest gorilla ever landed in this country. His name
+is Jack, and he is five feet in height when standing erect, and measures
+seven feet from the end of one outstretched hand to the other. He weighs
+about one hundred and twenty-five pounds and exhibits enormous strength,
+compared with which that of man seems like a child's. He arrived in a
+large box made of planking two and a half inches thick, and when being
+removed from the ship he tore large splinters from the hard wood planks
+with as much ease as a child would break a twig. The hair, which is very
+coarse, and from two to four inches in length, is of a greenish-gray
+color, and on the back, legs and arms inclines to a black. His shoulders
+are immense. The expression of his face, which is black, is scowling.
+The eyes are small, sunken in the head, and the lips large and thin."
+
+"I suppose the gorilla does not make as good-natured a captive as Mr.
+Crowley, for example," one of the boys remarked.
+
+"Not by any means," answered Mr. Graham. "He is of an ugly disposition
+and generally refuses to be tamed, though occasionally one is found that
+is comparatively submissive. Some years ago a gentleman bought a gorilla
+that was thought to be about two years old and shipped it to England.
+It was not spiteful or obstinate in its ways, but seemed to be very shy;
+its owner thought the best plan was to allow it to run about the ship,
+and after it was given its freedom it got along very well. It would
+take food from the hands of passengers and sailors, but permitted no
+familiarity; it formed a great friendship for a bull terrier, and the
+two used to play together by the hour, the dog occasionally giving
+a very sharp nip which was not resented by the larger animal. But,
+unfortunately, the gorilla was missed one morning, and was supposed to
+have fallen overboard during the night."
+
+"The gorilla is the largest monkey of Africa and in fact of the whole
+world. The largest Asiatic monkey is found, not on the continent of
+Asia, but on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. He is know to foreigners
+as the orang-outang or wild man of the forest, and is generally called
+'mias' by the natives. Many of the people believe that the creature is a
+human being who lives in a wild state, and hence the name by which he
+is described to strangers. In habits, size, and general appearance, the
+mias is much like the gorilla, but he is more easily tamed and kept in
+captivity. He lives in the forestand travels from tree to tree without
+descending to the ground; in fact he sleeps in the trees, making a bed
+of leaves among the branches. Mr. Wallace, a naturalist, describes how
+he shot at a mias and broke his arm. The animal was in the top of a
+tree at the time, and immediately proceeded to break off branches and
+make a nest for himself. Mr. Wallace fired at him several times, but
+he did not quit his work, and he finally laid down in the nest and died
+there from the effects of the shot. It was necessary to cut down the
+tree in order to obtain the body, which proved to be a very large one.
+
+[Illustration: 0179]
+
+"Mr. Wallace caught a young mias and managed to keep it six or eight
+weeks; he hoped to be able to take it to England, but it died at the end
+of that time, probably from the impossibility of obtaining proper food.
+He said it would cry like a child when hungry or when its food did
+not suit its taste; if its keeper persisted in offering food that it
+disliked it would scream and kick violently, exactly like a baby in a
+passion. Altogether he thought it very human in its actions, and was
+very sorry when it died from intermittent fever."
+
+Harry asked if the gibbon monkey which comes from Siam and the
+neighboring countries was anything like the mias.
+
+Mr. Graham explained that the gibbon was much smaller than the gorilla
+or the orang-outang, and more human in his general appearance. He is
+a delicate creature and cannot exist in a cold climate even with the
+greatest care. An adult gibbon rarely lives more than a few weeks in
+captivity, and when captured young the animal does not usually reach
+maturity. The gibbons are very gentle in their manners, devotedly
+attached to their masters when kindly treated, and not at all
+mischievous.
+
+"On a steamer that carried me from Bangkok to Singapore," said Mr.
+Graham, "one of the passengers, Mr. Newman, had a gibbon which he was
+undertaking to carry to England. The little fellow was very gentle and
+playful and easily made friends with all the passengers. Mr. Newman
+said he had kept the monkey at his house in Bangkok and allowed him the
+largest liberty.
+
+"The house was full of bric-a-brac and curios of various kinds, but the
+monkey went about with the greatest care and never injured anything.
+
+"One of his favorite amusements was to race around the verandah of the
+house with his master, the two starting from one point and going in
+opposite directions. Frequently he came in the morning and by signs
+indicated that he wished a race; Mr. Newman generally allowed the monkey
+to beat him, and the creature always seemed pleased at his triumph.
+
+"He sat at the table and drank milk and coffee from a cup, and his
+manners in general were far better than those of most monkeys in
+captivity.
+
+"Another gibbon that was being carried to England on a steamer would
+walk the entire length of the saloon table at dinner without breaking or
+even touching anything upon it, although the table might be covered with
+glasses and plates and the vessel was rolling heavily. He would start
+from the foot of the table, walk to the other end to take a glass of
+wine with the captain, and then return in the same careful manner. The
+wild gibbons drink by scooping up the water with a single paw, and it
+requires some patience to teach them to drink from a glass or cup in a
+human fashion.
+
+[Illustration: 0182]
+
+"But of all the monkeys in the world," continued the gentleman, "the
+most comical is the long-nosed monkey of Borneo; as far as known it has
+been found nowhere else than in that island. He grows to the size of a
+large pointer dog, lives in the same forests with the orang-outang, and
+probably associates with him. He has a funny appearance at any age, but
+perhaps the funniest when young and the nose has just begun to develop.
+Its hair grows naturally down the sides of the head as though parted by
+a comb, it has whiskers but no mustaches, and it has a long tail which
+starts high enough up the back not to be in the way when the animal sits
+down.
+
+"The Dyak natives believe that these monkeys are a race of men who have
+fled to the forest in order to avoid the payment of taxes!"
+
+[Illustration: 0183]
+
+"And now," said Mr. Graham, glancing at his watch, "we will drop the
+subject of apes and their kindred until to-morrow."
+
+The youths took the hint and no further questions were asked that
+evening about quadrumana and their strange ways. But the next day
+they were ready with several "monkey stories," some of which are worth
+repeating.
+
+Harry found the following, which certainly shows a reasoning power on
+the part of the monkey:
+
+"There is on the coast of Java a peculiar long-tailed monkey, and a sand
+crab that grows to extraordinary size and possesses great strength in
+its claws.
+
+[Illustration: 8184]
+
+The monkeys are particularly fond of these crabs, which live in deep
+holes in the sand, but spend much of their time on the outside of their
+holes, where they run and hop about. They range in size from that of a
+silver dollar to that of our edible crabs. Their claws are not large,
+but have a grip that is vise-like. The monkeys make daily raids on the
+haunts of these crabs, and occasionally succeed--by creeping stealthily
+to within a few feet of a group of them and then springing down upon
+them--in capturing one. Usually, however, the crabs are so wary that
+while the monkey is in the air during his spring toward them they have
+separated and disappeared into the ground. The monkey finding himself
+too slow to make a capture, then resorts to a bit of strategy to
+secure a dinner; he backs himself up to a hole into which a crab has
+disappeared, and sitting down, thrusts his long tail into the hole. The
+crab seizes the end of the tail the moment it approaches near enough.
+Any one who may have been fortunate enough to hide himself in the
+bushes unobserved by the monkey making a raid, will have a hard time to
+restrain his laughter when the critical moment of contact between the
+crab's claw and the monkey's tail is reached. There is a look of comical
+suspense on the monkey's face as he thrusts his tail in the hole. When
+the crab closes on the tail the look of suspense departs. The monkey
+gives an involuntary start, and then settles on his haunches while
+he closes his teeth together with a determined air, and eventually,
+springing forward, out comes the tail from the hole with the crab
+dangling to it, and the monkey is soon proceeding with his meal."
+
+"Here's another story," said George, "which is old but good: 'A Spanish
+mule-driver once invested his scant earnings, purchasing a number of red
+woolen caps, which form the crown of the turban worn throughout Turkey
+and Africa, and set out to make his fortune in the interior.
+
+[Illustration: 9185]
+
+He started before sunrise, and, when the heat of the day came on, lay
+down to sleep beneath a tree in a wood. Taking off his hat he opened his
+valise, and, putting on a red cap, was soon asleep.
+
+"'When the sun was low in the horizon he awoke, and to his horror, saw
+the trees tilled with monkeys in red raps. They had seen the Spaniard
+put on the red cap before going to sleep, and followed his example.
+The poor Spaniard, with all the gesticulation peculiar to his country,
+stamped his foot in anger, and tearing off his red cap threw it on the
+ground, when--blessed and unexpected result--all the monkeys followed
+his example. He picked up his caps and moved on.'"
+
+"Here's a story from a St Louis newspaper," said Harry, "about an
+incident that must have been very funny:
+
+"'Yesterday was a good day for the monkeys at the Fair grounds, and they
+liked it. They frisked about in the sunshine, and cut their antics with
+an abandon that showed them to be bubbling over with fun and mischief.
+There is one that by some amusing peculiarities becomes an immediate
+favorite with every spectator. A gentleman in the crowd yesterday
+happened to have a small pocket-mirror, and just for sport passed it to
+the favorite. The monkey's behavior, on seeing his face reflected in
+the glass, kept the crowd in a roar of laughter for nearly an hour. The
+monkey of course failed to recognize the reflection of himself, and took
+it for another monkey, and his anxiety to get hold of that monkey was
+what made the fun. He would look behind the glass, and feel for it in
+such a comical way while he was looking in the glass, that one could not
+help laughing. While the glass was close to his eye he gradually bent
+over, casually, and noticing that the evanescent monkey was on his back
+apparently he dropped the glass and made a sudden grab for him. When he
+didn't get him he looked surprised and commenced looking under the straw
+to see what had become of him. He was then seized with a luminous idea.
+He picked up the glass and ran to the topmost branch of the dead tree
+that is erected in the cage, and climbing to the extreme end, again
+looked in the glass. It seemed he reasoned that in such a position the
+monkey could not get away. He felt for it, grabbed at it, and tried all
+sorts of strategy to capture it, notwithstanding repeated failures.'"
+
+That the monkey can be a hero is shown by a story which George found in
+_Our Animal Friends_, credited to _The Children's Treasury_.
+
+"A nobleman had a favorite monkey, a large orang-outang.
+
+[Illustration: 8186]
+
+This monkey was very much attached to his master and to the baby boy who
+was the pet of the whole family. One day, a fire suddenly broke out in
+the house, and everybody was running here and there to put it out,
+while the little boy in the nursery was almost forgotten; and, when they
+thought of him, the staircase was all in flames. What could be done?
+
+"As they were looking up and wondering, a large hairy hand and arm
+opened the window: and presently the monkey appeared with the baby in
+his arms, and carefully climbed down over the porch, and brought the
+child safely to his nurse. Nobody else could have done it; for a man
+cannot climb like a monkey and is not nearly so strong.
+
+"You may imagine how the faithful creature was praised and petted after
+that. This is a true story, and the child who was saved was the young
+Marquis of Kildare."
+
+[Illustration: 5187]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+_A Calf saving a Child from Drowning--Another that
+Seasoned--Illustrations of the Intelligence of Horned Cattle--Oxen
+taking care of Sheep--The Cow that sought Help for Another--Natural
+History of the Ox--Peculiarities of the Bison--Encounter with a
+Bull-bison--How a Hunter Escaped being Trampled to Death--Stampeding a
+Herd--The Aurochs or European Bison--A bad Character--The Yak and the
+Musk-ox--Mr. Graham's Narrow Escape from an Egyptian Buffalo--The Cape
+Buffalo--How the Natives Hunt him, and are Hunted by him._
+
+Here's a good story," said Harry, "about the intelligence of a calf. It
+is copied from the Atlanta Constitution."
+
+Mr. Graham and George listened attentively while Harry read as
+follows:--"Little Dillie Welsh is the four-year-old daughter of
+Yard-master Welsh, of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.
+
+[Illustration: 8188]
+
+She is bright and a general favorite. Her father keeps a Jersey cow,
+which has a calf. The calf and little Dillie have formed a mutual
+affection.
+
+"In the adjoining lot to Mr. Welsh is a mineral well, which has a low
+opening, and a child can stand and look over it. A few days ago Dillie
+and her calf were playing near the well when the little girl went too
+near. She crawled up and was looking over, when the calf came up and
+held onto her dress with his teeth. She lost her balance and fell over
+in the mouth of the well. The calf held on to the child's clothes while
+she was suspended in the air over the water. If the animal had let go
+the dress, the child would have been drowned. The child was rescued by a
+servant, and the calf was happy."
+
+"That's a very pretty story," said George; "and I have a good one to
+go with it." Thereupon he read something which he said was from _The
+Greenville (N. C.) Reflector_.
+
+"An amusing incident occurred at the home of Mr. S. M. Jones, near
+Bethel, recently. Among his cattle was a calf that seemed to possess a
+very great dislike to being roped at milking time and always made quite
+an objection. One morning Mrs. Jones went out to attend the milking,
+and upon looking in the accustomed place for the rope failed to find it.
+While the search for it was going on the calf thought, perhaps, to get
+more than his share of the milk, but something seemed to interfere with
+the imbibing process, and his peculiar actions attracted attention to
+him, whereupon it was discovered that the calf had swallowed the rope,
+but failed to make a complete job of it, as the noose was hanging from
+one corner of his mouth. The noose was laid hold of and a steady pull
+brought the rope to light. The calf is sufficiently amused and doesn't
+swallow any more ropes to evade being tied."
+
+"Isn't it unusual for calves or any of their relatives to display as
+much intelligence as we have in these two stories?" one of the boys
+asked.
+
+"Decidedly unusual," was the reply, "and that's the reason why these
+performances have been placed on record. But the fact is," the gentleman
+continued, "that the ox is not as stupid a creature as is generally
+supposed. He is patient and slow, and for this reason the conclusion has
+been arrived at that he is correspondingly dull. The naturalists tell us
+that some of the tribes of South Africa trust to oxen to care for their
+flocks, and that the sagacious animals perform their duties in a manner
+worthy of the highest praise. They are quick to discover the approach of
+danger, and if the flocks are attacked by wild animals the oxen show a
+great deal of bravery in defending their charges. But while brave, they
+are prudent, and will not take any needless risk. When night approaches
+they drive the flocks to the camp or village, and if any of the sheep
+are inclined to straggle. The watchful guardians prod them in no gentle
+manner with their horns and make them understand that they are liable to
+severe punishment.
+
+[Illustration:0191]
+
+"The South African oxen are not only used for teaming purposes like oxen
+in other parts of the world, but they are excellent for carrying burdens
+on their backs. African hunters tell how they have used oxen in this
+way. Andersson, a famous hunter in South Africa, had an ox that he rode
+more than two thousand miles, and for ordinary traveling preferred him
+to a horse. When it came to pursuing wild animals, and especially to
+escape from a furious elephant or lion, he found a great advantage
+in the superior speed of the horse. His plan was to ride the ox while
+traveling and reserve his horse for hunting expeditions.
+
+"There are many varieties of _bovidae_," said Mr. Graham, "as this family
+is called, and these varieties have certain subdivisions. The most
+remarkable are the American bison, commonly called the buffalo, the
+European bison or aurochs, the yak of Tartary, and the musk ox of the
+extreme parts of North America. The greatest intelligence of the bovine
+family is displayed by the wild animals, for the reason that they
+have been obliged to depend entirely on themselves, while the domestic
+species have the protection and care of their owners on whom they rely.
+A domestic ox or cow, when in trouble, will seek the aid of his master
+when it is possible to do so.
+
+"I was reading not long ago," said Harry, "of a cow that came from the
+pasture one afternoon, and called the attention of some of the men about
+the place in a way which told very plainly that help was wanted. She
+repeatedly tried to induce somebody to follow her; when she finally
+succeeded she trotted off and led the way to a clump of trees, where
+another cow had become entangled in such a manner that she could not
+free herself without assistance. When the prisoner was liberated both
+she and the cow that had gone for help fairly danced about the man, and
+showed in every way in their power how grateful they were to him. They
+licked his hands with their rough tongues, caressed him with their
+noses, and when he returned to the barn they trotted along, one on
+each side of him until he reached the gate. Then they went back to to
+pasture and resumed their grazing."
+
+"Many stories of the same kind have been told about domestic cattle, all
+of them showing the reliance that these good-natured animals place upon
+man.
+
+[Illustration: 9193]
+
+The time when they were first domesticated is unknown; the Egyptians had
+their herds of oxen and cows, and some naturalists think the ox was a
+domestic animal while the dog and cat were still in a wild state, in
+other words it was the earliest animal which submitted to the control
+of man. Centuries of domestication have made him the patient and gentle
+animal that he is, but he retains enough of his original instincts to be
+made wild again without much difficulty. A herd of cattle turned loose
+and allowed to run free for a single season are half wild at the end of
+it, and very difficult to manage. A few seasons make them fully so, and
+the calves that grow to maturity without any association with man seem
+to have lost everything that came from centuries of domestic ancestors.
+The wild cattle of South America are descended from tame ones and the
+same may be said of wild cattle in most parts of the world."
+
+George asked if the buffalo of America was anything like that of the
+old world. He said he had read about the differences between them but
+couldn't remember what they were.
+
+"The name of buffalo," said Mr. Graham, "is improperly applied to the
+bison, whose scientific name is _Bison Americanus_. The American bison
+is rapidly becoming extinct, and it is quite probable that there will
+not be one of these animals alive at the end of the present century.
+Fifty years ago there were countless millions of these animals, and as
+recently as twenty-five years ago vast herds of them roamed the western
+prairies from Texas to the Saskatchewan.
+
+[Illustration: 0194]
+
+At this moment their numbers have diminished to a few dozens, or at most
+a few hundreds; if I have read correctly there are only two or three
+small herds known to exist, one of them being in the north of Texas and
+the other near the boundary between Canada and the United States. An
+effort is being made to capture the few remaining bison and keep them
+in reserve fields or pastures, but it is doubtful if the experiment
+succeeds. The bison does not thrive in captivity, and as for taking him
+alive that is a very difficult matter. The calves and cows may possibly
+be captured but as for the bulls I would rather not be the one to
+attempt to take them."
+
+"They are hard fighters; I suppose," said George.
+
+"When driven into a corner and forced to defend themselves," Mr. Graham
+answered, "they do so with great vigor. Properly speaking, the bison
+is not a ferocious animal: he does not wantonly attack man but on
+the contrary will always flee from him if he has the opportunity. His
+fighting qualities come out when he is obliged to defend himself or when
+men get in the way of the herds in their movements across country. The
+fiercest and strongest bulls are always in advance: they turn aside if
+they can do so in time, but if men get in their way and attack them they
+dash on without regard to circumstances. A man who is thrown down in
+front of an advancing herd has very little chance of escape. The herd
+passes on and tramples him to death, even if he escapes the advance
+guard of bulls."
+
+"I have read," said Harry, "of a man who was in front of a herd of
+buffalo when his horse stumbled and fell. The man had the presence of
+mind to draw his revolver and fire it several times, not at the herd or
+any animal in it, but straight up in the air. If he had wounded one of
+the bulls he and his horse would have been gored to death; the sound of
+the shots caused the advance to divide and leave him unharmed. The rest
+of the herd followed the example of the advance and for several hours
+the man and the horse lay there like a little islet in a vast river of
+buffaloes. When the last of the herd had passed, the man mounted his
+horse and rode away, very thankful to have escaped unharmed from so
+great a danger."
+
+"Incidents of the same kind have occurred in stampedes of cattle in the
+far west of our country and in Australia," said Mr. Graham.
+
+Harry asked what a stampede was.
+
+"Cattle and horses are said to be stampeded," Mr. Graham answered, "when
+they take fright at anything and run away. The word is of Spanish origin
+and seems at present to be regularly adopted into our language. When a
+large herd of half-wild cattle is stampeded it is very apt to run over
+anything that comes in its way. Sometimes the herdsmen are thrown from
+their horses right in the midst of a frightened herd and trampled to
+death; if it happens that the herd separates at the moment a man falls
+the rest of it will do likewise and nothing serious occurs.
+
+"Returning to the bison," continued Mr. Graham, "the animal looks much
+more fierce than he really is. His head is large and carried quite low,
+his eyes are small and piercing, and his head and shoulders are covered,
+with long shaggy hair that make the forward half of the animal look very
+heavy. He has a hump on his shoulders which consists partly of fat and
+partly of strong muscles, the amount of fat varying according to the
+season of the year and the condition of the animal. The flesh of the
+bulls is so tough and strong that only a very hungry man can eat it,
+but that of the young cows is rich and juicy like good beef. The choice
+parts of the buffalo are the hump and the tongue, the latter being the
+greatest delicacy of the buffalo country. You see I have fallen into the
+universal practice and speak of the animal as the buffalo, when he is
+really the bison, as I have before told you.
+
+[Illustration: 0196]
+
+"But by whatever name he is known, it is a pity that he is rapidly
+becoming a creature of the past. Indians and white men have waged
+incessant war upon him: as long as only the Indians attacked him with
+their arrows and lances, the slaughter was not sufficiently great to
+make any impression upon the herds, but when the white men poured into
+the West bringing their improved weapons, which were speedily acquired
+by the Indians, the destruction of the buffalo became simply a question
+of time. When the buffalo became scarce on the plains they were followed
+to their winter haunts, and killed in the deep snow, where they were
+unable to make any resistance. Thousands, and we could almost say
+millions, of buffaloes have been shot for mere sport and left to rot on
+the ground, not even their hides being taken away. Of late years their
+hides have risen to high figures owing to their scarcity; 'buffalo
+robes' were common enough twenty or thirty years ago, but at the present
+time they are rarely seen."
+
+[Illustration: 0198]
+
+"Isn't there a bison in Europe as well as in America?" queried George.
+
+"There is," was the reply, "and he is known as the aurochs in books on
+natural history. He is thought to be the oldest of his race, and
+would have been extinct long ago were it not for the protection he has
+received. He is found only in a few localities in Russia, where he is
+protected by the Government, and no animal of the race can be killed
+under severe penalties except by permission of the Russian Emperor. It
+is needless to say that this permission is seldom or almost never
+given. These creatures have never been domesticated, but run wild in the
+forest, where they eat grass and brushwood, and the bark and twigs of
+young trees. The aurochs does not reach maturity until its sixth year,
+and next to the elephant, rhinoceros and giraffe it is the largest of
+land animals."
+
+One of the youths asked what was the size of a full-grown aurochs.
+
+"Measured at its withers," was the reply, "it is nearly six feet high,
+and it is immensely strong. Its horns are large, round and lateral, and
+its tail is long with a tuft of hair at the end. The shoulders and all
+the front part of the body are covered with long coarse hair very
+much like that of the American bison, and it has a long mane under
+its throat. The rest of the body has a thick coat of black hair, and
+altogether the aurochs is not an amiable looking beast."
+
+[Illustration:0200]
+
+One of the listeners asked whether he was fierce or gentle in his ways.
+
+"As to that," Mr. Graham answered, "he bears a bad reputation. He is
+very shy, and like the American bison will keep out of the way man face
+to face, but rushes at him with great fierceness. If captured when young
+he becomes accustomed to his keepers, but will not tolerate the presence
+of any one else.
+
+"The aurochs is the urus of the ancients," continued the gentleman, "his
+name coming from Ure-ox. Fossil remains of the animal have been found
+all over Europe, and in the time of Julius C�sar it lived in Germany. It
+was a contemporary of the mammoth and is the only existing land
+animal whose skeleton has been found side by side when he can. He also
+resembles his American cousin in having a keen scent, so that he can
+only be approached against the wind; the buffalo hunters will tell you
+that you cannot get anywhere near a herd if you approach it with the
+wind, as the animals will scent the danger miles away and start off at a
+rapid pace to avoid it.
+
+[Illustration: 0201]
+
+The aurochs also resembles the bison in fighting fiercely when cornered;
+he is worse than the bison in one respect, as he will not try to escape
+when he meets a with that of the huge creature whose remains have
+astonished the scientific world.
+
+"From the bison to the buffalo is a very natural step, and by buffalo I
+mean the animal to whom the name properly belongs. But before taking him
+up I will mention the yak of Tartary, which has a flowing tail like that
+of a horse, a hump on its shoulders, a tuft of hair on its forehead, a
+mane along its neck and shoulders, and long hair on the lower part of
+its body which varies in quantity according to the season of the year.
+He is used as a beast of burden and can carry a very heavy load, and
+he is as sure-footed as a goat. The Tartars keep large herds of these
+animals and move about from place to place to find pasturage; they make
+tents and ropes of the hair of the yak, and clothing out of his skin,
+and they occasionally eat the flesh of the beast, though they prefer
+that of the horse. They make butter from the milk, and by putting it
+in bladders tightly closed against the air they can preserve it a long
+time."
+
+[Illustration: 0203]
+
+"I've been reading about another animal," said Harry, "that must be a
+near relative of the yak."
+
+"What is that?"
+
+"The musk ox of North America," was the reply.
+
+"Yes," said Mr. Graham, "he is a relative of the yak, though somewhat
+smaller, in fact he is so small that he resembles a large sheep more
+than an ox. He belongs in the cold regions of North America, and is very
+useful to Arctic explorers, who feed upon his flesh. He has a covering
+of thick and long hair of a dark brown color, and his horns are thick
+and large, bending downwards over the sides of his head and then
+suddenly backwards and upwards at the tips."
+
+"He looks very clumsy." said George, glancing at the picture of the
+animal, "and evidently can't, get over the ground very fast."
+
+"On the contrary." was the reply, "he is as nimble as a goat and can
+make astonishingly rapid speed over the rough and rocky ground where lie
+lives. The hunter who thinks he can travel as fast as this apparently
+clumsy animal makes a great mistake."
+
+"He's not the only animal that deceives us that way," said George.
+"Nobody would think the hog could run and yet what a lively chase it is
+to catch a wild one. But some hogs are swifter than others, and I have
+heard of parts of the country where hogs were prized not according
+to their fatness, but for their ability to out-run professional
+hogthieves."
+
+[Illustration: 0204]
+
+The buffalo of Europe and Asia," said Mr. Graham, "is supposed to be
+a native of the damp parts of India, whence he has spread over the
+countries where he is now found. He is essentially a tropical animal and
+does not thrive in mild climates, and he is fond of wallowing in the mud
+and lying down to rest there."
+
+[Illustration: 0205]
+
+George asked in what the Asiatic buffalo resembled the common ox. Mr.
+Graham said it was about the size of the ox and had a bulging-forehead
+with two black horns curved outward. It has a scanty coat and generally
+presents a very dingy appearance. "It is of an ugly disposition,"
+continued the gentleman, "and is much inclined to attack strangers. I
+had an adventure with one of these creatures in Egypt that came near
+costing me my life."
+
+"Please tell us about it," said one of the boys.
+
+"I was taking a walk in the fields a few miles from Cairo," said Mr.
+Graham, "and carried nothing except a small walking stick. While I was
+looking at the grasses and the fields of cotton and douro, and watching
+the pigeons circling in the air, I heard all at once the shouting of
+the natives to indicate something unusual. Looking around I saw that a
+buffalo was coming directly toward me and was not more than a hundred
+feet away. His head was lowered and it was very evident that I was to be
+the object of his attack.
+
+"I had to think and act very quickly, as none of the natives were near
+enough to divert the attention of the brute. There was no fence near and
+no building or enclosure in which I could find safety.
+
+"Close by me was a field of cotton, the bushes being as high as my head.
+Into this field I ran, and once in its shelter I doubled on my pursuer
+and ran the way that both of us had come. Then I met the crowd of
+natives that were trying to catch the runaway animal and they soon had
+him secured. A friend of mine in Egypt that same year only saved himself
+by firing a charge of shot directly at the buffalo's eyes when the
+creature was not more than ten yards away. He was compelled to pay for
+the destruction of the animal, as it was very properly argued that he
+was a trespasser in the field where the buffalo was grazing. You may be
+sure that he was careful after that not to go where he had no right to
+be, especially if there was a likelihood of encountering buffaloes.
+
+"A very pugnacious variety of the buffalo is the South African one. He
+has large horns, that spread out at the base so as to form a sort
+of helmet that is impenetrable for a bullet or for any other missile
+smaller than a cannon shot. The African buffalo is found all the way
+from Guinea to the Cape of Good Hope, and is often called the Cape
+buffalo. He lives in large herds in the forests, though he sometimes
+comes into the open plains, where he is more cautious and less
+quarrelsome than when in the woods. The natives hunt the Cape buffalo,
+but very often the animal shows so much fight that he becomes the hunter
+and drives his assailants away. Not infrequently he kills some of them
+with his powerful horns, and also with his feet, which he uses with
+great alertness. A single buffalo has been known to resist successfully
+a hundred natives armed with spears; since the introduction of fire-arms
+the numbers of the Cape buffalo have diminished, as he is unable to
+stand against the weapons of civilization any more than can his American
+namesake.
+
+"We'll go from the cows to sheep at our next talk," said Mr. Graham to
+the youths, "and in the meantime please look at the books, and when we
+sit down to discuss them you may tell what you have found."
+
+In the language of Parliamentarians "the meeting then adjourned," and
+the boys proceeded to look at Cassell's Natural History and other books
+for information on the topic which they were next to consider.
+
+[Illustration: 0207]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+_Origin of the Sheep--The Asiatic Argali--Rocky Mountain
+Big-Horns--Their Remarkable Intelligence and other Peculiarities--A
+Hunter's Experience Among Them--Sentinels Guarding the
+Flocks--Differences between Wild and Domestic Sheep--Gentleness of
+the Lamb--The Lamb and the Children in the Well--The Sheep that Broke
+Through the Fence--Varieties of Sheep--The Long Wool and the Short
+Wool--The Merino--His Origin and Present Extent--Sheep in Australia--An
+Old Question and its Answer--Astrachan Sheep--Intelligence and Activity
+of the Goat--Some of his Performances--His Powers of Climbing--Goats
+said to eat Tomato-Cans and Old Boots--What Buffon says of the Goat--the
+End._
+
+Well," remarked Mr. Graham as they sat down for their next discussion
+of the animal kingdom, "what have you learned about the sheep and his
+kindred?"
+
+The youths waited a half minute or more, each desiring the other to
+begin. Then Mr. Graham turned to Harry and nodded for him to speak. Thus
+encouraged the youth made an end of the silence.
+
+"I have found," said he, "that the naturalists do not agree as to the
+origin of the sheep. Some think he is descended from the argali, an
+animal which is found in Asia and is as large as a deer. In shape and
+general appearance he resembles a sheep but is larger than the largest
+known variety of the domestic sheep. He runs wild in the mountains but
+can be easily tamed, especially if he is captured when young."
+
+"Has he any relatives in America?" the gentleman asked.
+
+"Yes," was the reply; "the Rocky Mountain sheep or big-horn, as he is
+also called, is the American argali, and resembles the Asiatic one very
+nearly, Now while some naturalists think the domestic sheep is descended
+from the argali, others believe that the sheep is a animal that has
+never lived in a wild state."
+
+"What do you think about it?" was a query that somewhat puzzled the
+youths.
+
+"We haven't made up our minds yet," answered Harry, "and from present
+appearances we are not likely to at once. We went to look at a flock of
+sheep and concluded from what we knew of the habits of the animal that
+they would have a hard time to exist if they were outside the care of
+man. We don't know much about the argali either in Asia or America,
+but if he is no more intelligent than the sheep he would not be able to
+elude the hunters as he does."
+
+[Illustration: 0209]
+
+"You are quite right," said their mentor, "as the argali far surpasses
+the sheep in intelligence and activity. The argali is graceful in
+figure, wonderfully sure of foot, his vision and heaving are of the
+keenest, and when there is any danger near he is always on the alert
+to discover it. Read what a hunter say of the _Ovis montana_ or Rocky
+Mountain sheep," he continued, as he opened the pages of a book entitled
+"Sporting Adventures in the Far West," by J. Mortimer Murphy.
+
+George took the book and read as follows:
+
+"Few creatures are more difficult of approach than the big-horn, for,
+like all mountain animals, it is exceedingly keen of scent, unusually
+vigilant, and so cautious that it carefully reconnoitres a country from
+an elevated stand-point ere it presumes to advance toward it. The Nimrod
+who would place the head of the big-horn among his trophies of the
+chase, must be not only of an active and vigorous form to bear steep
+mountain climbing and a rarefied atmosphere, but he must also possess
+the qualities of patience, perseverance and hardihood, for its pursuit
+may lead him through deep and gloomy precipices, and over ground so
+stony and rough as to seem impassable.
+
+[Illustration: 0210]
+
+"When a flock is migrating to new pastures the sentinels or leaden
+carefully scrutinize the country before them from every commanding
+position, and when they are satisfied with its appearance the whole
+party advance boldly, and having made it their head-quarters, throw
+out vedettes, generally males, who mount guard on elevated crags
+or hillocks, and vigilantly survey their surroundings until their
+companions have dined, when all seek shelter amidst crags, small pine or
+fir coppices, and inaccessible shelves of rock or somber canyons, where
+no ordinary enemy can follow them without making its presence known.
+
+[Illustration: 0211]
+
+"When a sentinel detects the approach of a suspicions object, he sounds
+an alarm at once by a few loud and peremptory hissing snorts; this
+brings the flock huddling together, the lambs and ewes in the center;
+and when the column is formed, all dash for the highest ridges at their
+best pace, and never stop until they have sought a safe refuge among
+crags or chasms. The advance is always led by a sturdy ram, one that
+is generally looked upon as the leader, and the rear and flanks are
+carefully guarded by the young males. In regions where they are little
+disturbed they raise their heads every few minutes while feeding and
+survey their surroundings; and as they are both sharp of eye and keen
+of scent it requires the most careful stalking to approach them within
+shooting range without being discovered. They will get the scent of a
+hunter to windward seemingly half a mile away; and when that terrifying
+odor is made known to the flock they display the greatest symptoms of
+terror and dash wildly for the highest pinnacles, now leaping nimbly
+from crag to crag, or vaulting dark and narrow chasms with the greatest
+ease, nor do they stop until they have placed a goodly distance between
+themselves and their most dreaded foe."
+
+[Illustration: 0212]
+
+"A common sheep could do nothing like that," said Harry, as George
+paused and closed the book.
+
+"Not by any means," responded Mr. Graham, "as he is heavy in his steps
+and slow in his motions. His intelligence is low and his constitution
+could not stand the exposure to the weather that the wild animal endures
+without injury. Except under very favorable circumstances a flock of
+sheep would soon perish if turned out to shift for themselves."
+
+"Then I suppose we cannot find many stories of the intelligence of the
+sheep as we can of the dog, the elephant and the horse," one of the
+youths remarked.
+
+"We cannot," was the reply, "but to offset the lack of sagacity in the
+sheep we have its patience and kindness of disposition, in which it
+is without a superior. The lamb has been in all ages the type of
+gentleness, and will probably continue so as long as man and the sheep
+exist together. He is also the type of playfulness, and there can be few
+more pleasing sights than that of a flock of lambs sporting on the grass
+or a single lamb playing among children by whom he is kept as a pet. I
+have somewhere read a story of a lamb that belonged to some children and
+went out with them one day as he had often done before. An hour or so
+later the 'lamb came to the house bleating loudly and evidently wishing
+to attract somebody's attention. When he obtained it he led the way to
+where the two children had fallen into a shallow well, and though not
+injured by the fall, which had only been a few feet, they were unable to
+get out. It seems they were standing on a plank which covered the well;
+the plank being old and rotten had given way beneath them, but as the
+well had been filled nearly to the top with earth they suffered no
+damage. In this case the lamb had the intelligence to understand that
+help was needed and he went to bring it.
+
+"Sheep will sometimes display considerable cunning in getting into
+fields and pastures where they have no right to go. On the country farm
+where I lived when I was a boy we had a small flock of sheep; they were
+all stupid enough with the exception of one, that used to devote himself
+to hunting for weak places in the fence between the pasture where they
+ran and the adjoining field. It was what we called a 'brush' fence, and
+this mischievous animal used to walk along the line and survey it with
+great care. When he found what he thought was a weak place he would
+insert his head through the opening and work patiently till lie had
+enlarged it sufficiently to permit him to get through. Then the rest of
+the lot followed 'like a flock of sheep,' and when we went to drive them
+out the shrewd leader took them in a direction quite opposite to the
+opening. He seemed to understand that it would be blocked up as soon as
+discovered and he wanted to keep it for further use."
+
+[Illustration: 0214]
+
+Harry asked how many varieties of sheep there are in the world. He had
+looked through the works on natural history but was unable to find out.
+
+"There are two great varieties," answered George proudly, as he realized
+that he had come upon some information which had escaped his brother.
+"They are the long-wool and the short-wool," said he, "the former being
+most useful for the production of meat and the latter for their wool.
+The long-wooled sheep have the wool straight or slightly curved
+while the short-wooled kind have it thick and curly. The Leicesters,
+Cotswolds, Scotch and Welsh breeds are of the long-wooled kind, while
+the Merino is the most noted of the other sort."
+
+[Illustration: 0215]
+
+"That is right," said Mr. Graham, "and can you tell me which is the most
+widely known of the short-wooled sheep?"
+
+"I can," said Harry; "it is the Merino, which was brought into Spain
+by the Moors and derives its name from the Spanish word _merino_ which
+signifies 'wandering.' It was introduced into France more than a hundred
+years ago and has gradually spread all over Europe and to America and
+Australia. There wasn't a sheep in Australia when Governor Philip went
+there in 1788, and now that country sends a million and a quarter
+bales of wool every year to London alone besides what it ships to other
+countries and consumes at home. The merino is the favorite sheep of
+Australia, and it has also found a home in the British colonies at the
+Cape of Good Hope.
+
+[Illustration: 0216]
+
+"As to the other kinds of sheep," continued the youth, "they are, as the
+auctioneers say in their advertisements, too numerous to mention. Almost
+every county of England has its peculiar breed, some of them being
+more famous for their mutton than their wool, and others _vice versa._
+Scattered over Europe are many breeds, but it is safe to say that the
+most of them came from one original stock and owe their variation in
+development to the differences of climate and modes of rearing. One of
+the most famous breeds of sheep in England is the Southdown, which is
+famous both for wool and meat: it has been introduced into France and
+other countries, and we have a good supply of Southdowns nowadays in
+America."
+
+"I am reminded," said George, "of a conundrum I heard a while ago, and
+it is about sheep."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"Why do white sheep eat more than black ones?"
+
+"I know," said Harry, "that's a chestnut. It's because there are more of
+them."
+
+"Yes," responded Mr. Graham, "and the naturalists have had much
+difficulty in separating the one from the other in consequence of the
+intermediate forms between them. The goat is generally believed to be
+descended from the paseng or ibex of Asia, and he inherits some of the
+qualities of his ancestors who dwell among the rugged mountains. He is
+marvelously sure-footed, and can go where almost any other quadruped
+would not dare venture."
+
+"I wonder if it is true," said one of the youths, "that when two
+
+"But it isn't exactly right," said George, "at least not for all parts
+of the world. In Central Asia the flocks contain more black sheep than
+white ones; the Astrachan sheep is generally black and his wool is very
+soft and curly. The skin of the Astrachan lamb is used as a sort of fur,
+and very pretty cloaks, muffs, collars, coats and similar things are
+made of it."
+
+[Illustration: 0217]
+
+"While I was looking up the description of sheep," said Harry, "I read
+something about the goat, who may be called his first cousin, when goats
+meet on a mountain road where it is too narrow for them to turn around
+or pass at the side, one will lie down and let the other go over him."
+
+[Illustration: 0218]
+
+"It has been told so often," Mr. Graham answered, "that it certainly
+ought to be true. Not long ago I read of exactly such an occurrence
+somewhere in Spain, and it was witnessed by several persons. But what
+is much more likely to happen is that the animals would fight for the
+possession of the road, and one or perhaps both would be forced over the
+precipice and dashed to death on the rocks below.
+
+"The goat's power of climbing and his fondness for getting into
+dangerous places are something remarkable. I have seen in the Alps and
+also in Algeria the goats browsing on the steep side of a mountain where
+it would be impossible for a man to climb, and where a single slip
+or mis-step would send the animal down for hundreds of feet almost
+perpendicularly. At Constantine in Algeria there is a wall of rock
+five or six hundred feet high; it is slightly, broken near the top,
+perpendicular further down, and the goats browse along the broken part,
+springing slowly from break to break until they can get no farther. Then
+they slowly ascend the cliff and start out for a new grazing place. The
+funny thing was that there was plenty of grass elsewhere and they had no
+occasion to get into such dangerous positions. They seemed to do it for
+the fun of the thing."
+
+"You remember they had a goat at the monkey theater," said Harry, "that
+climbed upon bottles in the shape of a pyramid, stood on the top of a
+pole, balanced himself on a table and did other curious things. I wonder
+somebody doesn't train goats to walk a tight rope, for it must be they
+could do it."
+
+[Illustration: 0220]
+
+"I think I've heard of their doing it," Mr. Graham remarked, "though I
+am not positive on that point. I've seen an elephant walk a tight rope,
+but it was stretched only a foot or so from the ground so that a fall
+wouldn't injure him."
+
+
+[Illustration: 0219]
+
+
+[Illustration: 0221]
+
+The conversation about goats took a wide range and included performances
+both actual and apochryphal. George asked what variety of goat it was
+that was credited with eating tomato-cans, umbrellas, boots, and similar
+things usually considered inedible, and was told he must seek it in the
+upper districts of New York and at Hoboken and other suburban places.
+But while Mr. Graham would not aver that the goat lived upon the
+articles mentioned, he positively assured the youths that he had seen
+the creature devour newspapers and bill-posters with apparent relish,
+and that it didn't seem to make any difference to him whether the
+newspapers were Republican or Democratic, secular or religious. He was
+sure that the digestion of the goat was one of the best in the world
+and could justly be envied by a great many men. "But leaving all jest
+aside," said he, "the goat is a hardy feeder and can live on very
+little; he has been called the poor man's cow, as he can be kept by
+people who cannot afford the expense of a cow and the milk of the goat
+is rich and nutritious. Invalids are sometimes nourished on it when the
+milk of the cow does not answer the purpose, and in some countries large
+flocks of goats are maintained for their milk. The medicinal properties
+of goat's milk and whey are well known, and cheese made from goat's milk
+brings a higher price in the market than that from cow's milk."
+
+"I found what Buffon, the naturalist, said of the goat," said George,
+"and it is worth remembering. He considers the goat superior to the
+sheep both in intelligence and agility. He is stronger, lighter, and
+more agile than the sheep, he is sprightly, capricious and given to
+wander, and it is with difficulty he can be confined to a flock. He
+loves to retire into solitude, and climb steep and rugged places. Though
+he seems to feel the effects of severe cold, he is not afraid of rain or
+storms or too great a degree of heat: he cheerfully exposes himself to
+the sun and without inconvenience sleeps under its most severe rays."
+
+The various kinds of goat, the Angora and Cashmere varieties, which
+supply the wool for shawls and other fine fabrics, the Syrian goat with
+pendulous ears, the Swiss goat which is kept in large flocks and is
+highly profitable to its owners, and the common goat which is found
+in all civilized countries of the world, all were discussed and duly
+considered. But the youths were disappointed in the animal, as they were
+obliged to offset his numerous good qualities with the fact that he
+is wayward and unruly, and does not form any serious attachment to his
+owner. The youths decided that they would not enter the business of
+rearing goats, but be content with the pet animals they then possessed.
+
+George suggested that it was time to look after their horses. While they
+are busy with those favorites we will lay down our pen for the present,
+in the hope that we will be allowed to listen whenever they again
+discuss the members of the animal kingdom.
+
+[Illustration: 5222]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
+    <title>
+      Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+    </title>
+    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+Title: Horse Stories
+       And Stories of Other Animals
+
+Author: Thomas W. Knox
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2016 [EBook #51949]
+Last Updated: March 15, 2018
+Last Updated: November 8, 2016
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HORSE STORIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger from page images generously
+provided by Google Books
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <div style="height: 8em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      HORSE STORIES
+    </h1>
+    <h3>
+      And Stories Of Other Animals
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      Experience of Two Boys in Managing Horses, With Many Anecdotes of
+      Quadrupedal Intelligence
+    </h3>
+    <h2>
+      By Thomas W. Knox
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      Author Of &ldquo;Dog Stories And Dog Lore,&rdquo; &ldquo;The Boy Travellers,&rdquo; &ldquo;The Young
+      Nimrods,&rdquo; &ldquo;Marco Polo For Boys And Girls,&rdquo; &ldquo;The Voyage Of The Vivian,&rdquo;
+       &ldquo;Decisive Battles Since Waterloo,&rdquo; Etc., Etc.
+    </h4>
+    <h4>
+      New York: Cassell Publishing Company
+    </h4>
+    <h3>
+      1890
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="linkimage-0001" id="linkimage-0001"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0002.jpg" alt="0002 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0002.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0002" id="linkimage-0002"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0008.jpg" alt="0008 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0008.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b>CONTENTS</b>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> <b>HORSE STORIES AND STORIES OF OTHER ANIMALS</b>
+      </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER I. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0005"> CHAPTER V. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0006"> CHAPTER VI. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0007"> CHAPTER VII. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0008"> CHAPTER VIII. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0009"> CHAPTER IX </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0010"> CHAPTER X. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      HORSE STORIES AND STORIES OF OTHER ANIMALS
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER I.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Charley and George&mdash;What they Wanted&mdash;The Lesson of Kindness&mdash;Story
+      of Old Jane&mdash;The Horse that Went for Assistance&mdash;A Grateful
+      Patient&mdash;Engine-house and Training-school of the New York Fire
+      Department&mdash;Wonderful Intelligence of Fire-horses&mdash;Likes and
+      Dislikes&mdash;Memory in Horses&mdash;Anecdotes of Old Army Horses&mdash;A
+      Good Story of a Faithful Dog.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0003" id="linkimage-0003"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0014.jpg" alt="0014 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0014.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">I</span> wish I had a
+      horse of my own,&rdquo; said Charley Graham, as he saw one of his friends riding
+      on a pony which had recently been presented to him by his father.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And I'd like one, too,&rdquo; exclaimed his brother George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Well,&rdquo; said Charley? &ldquo;suppose we ask father about it. Perhaps he'd give
+      them to us, when he knows Henry Johnson has one.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That's so,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;as I've heard him say he believed in boys
+      knowing how to ride.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      There was an animated discussion as to the probabilities of the granting
+      of the request, and also as to the best form of presenting it. It was
+      agreed that the petition should be made that evening, shortly after
+      dinner. The youths were good students of human nature, and had observed
+      that Mr. Graham was in his best humor after partaking of a satisfactory
+      meal. In this respect he was not unlike the rest of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley and George were two youths with whom the readers of &ldquo;Dog Stories
+      and Dog Lore&rdquo; are already acquainted. Their adventures in rearing and
+      training two dogs, a Newfoundland and a Black-and-tan Terrier, are
+      familiar to many young people. We are about to learn of their experience
+      with horses and other quadrupeds, and will join them in listening to
+      stories of animal intelligence in various parts of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham received the request of his sons with a complacency that
+      greatly encouraged them, but, before giving an answer, he questioned them
+      as to their knowledge of horses. It was not very extensive, to be sure, as
+      it was limited to a knowledge of the horses then in the stable, and none
+      of these had been trained to the saddle. Next he asked them how they would
+      treat the animals in case they should become the possessors of what they
+      wanted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I would treat them kindly,&rdquo; replied Charley, &ldquo;and I am sure George would
+      do the same. We have got along so nicely with Rover and Dash, by always
+      treating them kindly, that we believe the same plan will do with horses.
+      Are we right?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; replied Mr. Graham; &ldquo;the horse has a great deal of affection for
+      his master when the latter is his friend, though perhaps not as much as
+      the dog. Horses may be taught to do a great many things; they vary in
+      intelligence and disposition, like dogs, and men too, for that matter.
+      Where they are intelligent and of good disposition they are capable of an
+      amount of training that will surprise most people.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here is a story which I found to-day in a newspaper,&rdquo; continued the
+      gentleman, &ldquo;which will illustrate what I was saying about the intelligence
+      of the horse. It is told by a writer for <i>Every Other Sunday</i>, about
+      a favorite animal that was called Jane. The author of the story says:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'She was large and strong, a good carriage horse, obedient to the least
+      touch of rein or inflection of voice, and so gentle that she was the best
+      possible playfellow for our youngest, a child of ten years, who was never
+      happier than when in company with Jane.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Little Emily was not long in learning to harness after she once made
+      Jane's acquaintance; and the great horse would bend her head down meekly
+      while the child, mounting a chair, succeeded after great effort in putting
+      on the bridle. Again Jane would stand with quiet patience while her little
+      mistress tried to curry her, combed out her long mane and tail, patted and
+      hugged her, ran about and under her, or climbed up for a ride on her broad
+      back.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'One fair spring day we went for a long drive in the woods. It was so
+      mild and lovely under the oaks and pines, and we found such treasures of
+      flowers that we lingered and lingered, and were tempted to explore some
+      grassy unused wood roads that looked especially inviting. In so doing we
+      lost our way, and before we could again find the open country road the sun
+      had set. Jane started off for home at a good pace; but it was distant
+      several miles, and the darkness gathered fast. It was a cloudy, starless
+      evening. Soon we could not see distinctly even the horse's length in front
+      of us; but we knew Jane could be trusted, so we gave her a loose rein and
+      let her take her own way. She was trotting briskly along a quiet lane,
+      when suddenly she stopped. We could see no approaching team or any
+      obstacle in the way, so bade Jane go on. To our astonishment the horse,
+      for the first time in all our experience of her, refused to obey. She paid
+      no attention to rein or voice, and only tossed her head a little at the
+      unwelcome touch of the whip. We could see that she kept turning her head,
+      and looking back at us in a gentle, wistful way. Clearly something was
+      wrong. The driver threw down the reins, and springing from the carriage,
+      walked up to the horse's head. Then the mystery wras explained.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'A few paces in front of Jane, seated right in the wheel-rut, was a
+      little child,&mdash;a curly-haired, blue-eyed baby of two years. He was
+      patting the earth with one little hand, and looking up in a sweet,
+      wondering way at the great horse, looming above him through the dusk. He
+      was not directly in the horse's path; Jane could have passed him easily
+      enough. How could she know that the swift-turning wheels behind her, which
+      she herself could not? see, would reach and harm the child?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Our good Jane! How glad we were of the disobedience that had troubled us
+      so much a moment before! How we stroked and petted and praised her, even
+      before we lifted the pretty baby from his perilous position, and carried
+      him to the nearest house, with injunctions to the young Irish mother, who
+      had many children about her, to take better care of the youngest!'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That's a very nice story,&rdquo; said Charley, as his father paused. &ldquo;I've read
+      something like it in an English book; it was about a gentleman that was
+      riding one night along a road and happened to be hit on the head by a
+      projecting limb of a tree. He was stunned by the blow and fell to the
+      ground. The horse went at once to the house he had started from, which was
+      about a mile away; the family had gone to bed, but he made such a noise at
+      the door as to rouse them. When some one came out he turned around and
+      immediately led the way to where his master was lying senseless in the
+      road.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And I've read about a horse,&rdquo; remarked George, as his brother paused,
+      &ldquo;that showed its gratitude to a lady that had befriended it. It was in an
+      open piece of ground near her house and the poor animal's shoulder was raw
+      and bleeding. She coaxed him to come to her by giving him pieces of bread,
+      and then she covered the wound with some adhesive plaster which she spread
+      on a piece of leather. Then the horse went to grazing again, evidently
+      feeling very much better. A little while afterward the horse's master came
+      and led him away.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The next day the horse came again to the lady's gate, and after looking
+      around a while he put his head over it and whinnied. The lady went out and
+      found that the plaster was gone from the sore spot; she put on another,
+      and the next day the horse came again for the same attention, which was
+      given. After that the plaster remained and the horse recovered. Ever after
+      that when he saw the lady he showed his gratitude by whinnying and then
+      rubbing his nose very gently against her. Sometimes he came to the gate
+      and called her, and she used to go out and pet him, which seemed to give
+      him a great deal of pleasure.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;After those two stories,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;I think you ought to have the
+      horses you want. I'll buy them for you in a few days, and in the meantime
+      we'll go to the training school for the horses of the New York Fire
+      Department and see how they educate the animals there.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley and George were delighted with the prospect of having horses of
+      their own, and waited with some impatience for the purchase of their
+      steeds. The day after the conversation just narrated they accompanied
+      their father to one of the engine-houses and afterward to the training
+      school. They were greatly interested in what they saw there, and Charley
+      afterward wrote an account of the visit. He was assisted by a reporter for
+      one of the newspapers whom he happened to meet in the engine-house, and we
+      are permitted to copy the following from their story:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The engine house was a big square room, smelling horsey and strong, yet
+      was scrupulously clean and neat and resplendent with the polished steel
+      and brass and the painted woodwork of the engine and hose-cart and chiefs
+      wagon. In this particular engine-house the hose-cart happened to be in the
+      front of the room, before the street doors, with the horse stalls on
+      either side of it, against the sides of the room. The stalls were parallel
+      with the hose-cart. Back of the hose-cart was the engine, big and shiny,
+      with the 'ready' steam hissing into it through pipes from the boiler
+      below. The chiefs cart was at one side of the engine, and in a corner of
+      the room was the fuel wagon. In the side stalls stood two magnificent
+      white horses&mdash;silent, motionless, but with ears erect, and wide open
+      eyes watching the foreman and the strangers and apparently very anxious to
+      join in the conversation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Suddenly a jingle bell in the room beat a lively rattle, and the fire
+      gong began to ring out an alarm. The firemen slid down from upstairs on
+      the polished rods of brass which stretched from the ground floor through
+      scuttle-holes into the firemen's sitting-room, and took their several
+      stations. The man on 'house watch' counted the gong strokes. As the
+      electric snap on the bits of the horses in their stalls were unfastened,
+      the horses jumped to their places at a bound, down came the hanging
+      harness upon them, and collar, headstall and reinbit were fastened by
+      ready hands in less than two seconds. Before the gong stopped sounding,
+      engine and men and horses were ready to rush into the street if the alarm
+      should turn out to be a call from their part of the city. The alarm did
+      not so turn out, and all went back to their places.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      On the way from the engine-house to the training school in Harlem, Charley
+      asked how the horses were obtained and where they came from. On this point
+      the newspaper man enlightened him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The horses are generally selected,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;by Captain Joseph Shea, who
+      has charge of the training school, or by one of his assistants. They only
+      deal with dealers whom they know to be trustworthy, and who have, in fact,
+      furnished most of the horses to the department for years. Strength,
+      agility, intelligence, kindness&mdash;these are the traits the buyers look
+      at.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When a horse has been picked out, he is sent to the training stables, and
+      Captain Shea takes him in hand. The horse is set to tugging big loads, is
+      punched, examined, trotted and exercised generally for fifteen days.
+      Captain Shea has an old fire-engine at his quarters, and the horse is
+      drilled with this, too, and is taught to notice and to mind the gong. If
+      Captain Shea doesn't like the horse, the animal is sent back to the dealer
+      or his former master. No horses are bought except on probation. If the
+      horse seems to be a good one. Captain Shea sends him to some engine-house
+      for practical trial. There the horse is made to do the same kind of work
+      that other horses do, and if after fifteen days more the officer in
+      command of the company doesn't like him, back he goes to the stables. It
+      he is a very bad or stupid horse, the department rejects him finally. But
+      the department has other uses for horses, of course, besides that of
+      tugging engines and trucks to fires. It needs horses for supply wagons and
+      in its repair shops, and in a great many other places, and if the horse
+      can be used at all he is put at these kinds of work.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0004" id="linkimage-0004"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0020.jpg" alt="0020 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0020.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      When our friends reached the training school they were cordially welcomed
+      by Captain Shea, to whom Mr. Graham presented a letter of introduction.
+      Then they were shown through the establishment, and during the visit the
+      Captain talked in a very interesting way about the intelligent animals
+      which he had in charge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some horses are kind o' dead like,&rdquo; said he. &ldquo;We coax 'em and show 'em
+      over and over again what to do, but it's no use&mdash;they never know
+      anything. Then an intelligent horse is sometimes vicious, and though very
+      quick at getting to fires has some trick or other, so that we always have
+      to be on the lookout. But a horse, if he's got the making of a good
+      fire-horse in him, generally gets to learn his business in about three
+      months. I have come to believe more and more that a horse is about as
+      intelligent as a man. We can let some of 'em out in the street, and when
+      they hear the gong sound they'll come back to the engine-house and get by
+      the pole in a jiffy. Now you take a good horse for a tender, he don't wait
+      for his driver to get into the seat, but out he goes when the engine goes,
+      driver or no driver. A good tender horse'll never be more than 100 feet
+      behind the engine as he goes down the street.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A horse comes to know his feeding times, and he gets restless and uneasy
+      when those times come, though I suppose all horses do the same. A
+      fire-horse gets so accustomed to regularity, though, that he knows when he
+      ought to be fed just as if he could read the clock. The driver generally
+      feeds and takes care of the horses, though he consults with the company
+      officer about what he shall give 'em. He puts the feed in the forward
+      corner of the stall, opposite the corner across which the horse has to
+      rush to his engine. Otherwise the latter corner would get slippery, and
+      the horse would stumble as he dashed across it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One of the hardest things we have to teach a horse is to leave his food
+      and get to the engine when the gong sounds. It's a good test of the
+      stubbornness or docility of a horse, whichever way you've a mind to put
+      it, whether he'll do this or not. There are a great many horses in the
+      department that wont do it. Most of those which will, are the old horses.
+      It annoys a real spirited horse to run out to the pole every don't get a
+      chance to snap the collars, and at noontime it's generally a race between
+      the men and the horses to see who gets to the pole first.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0005" id="linkimage-0005"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0022.jpg" alt="0022 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0022.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Do the horses know the difference between false alarms and real ones?&rdquo;
+       Charley asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Why, certainly,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;a horse knows he's going to a fire. I
+      know he does, and every man who knows anything about a fire horse knows so
+      too. With all their mad rush as they go down the street they are cautious,
+      and they don't rely on the driver's rein to tell time the gong strikes and
+      not start with the engine. He frets and worries and whinnies and acts just
+      as teased as a horse can. They get to know some signals though, and they
+      play us some cute tricks. Now, at noon every day every engine company gets
+      the time on the gong from headquarters, and the horses come out as usual.
+      But some of 'em get to know that they never go out of the house on that
+      signal, and they whirl around after coming to the pole and get back to the
+      stalls again. The men who have to snap the collars have to be mighty quick
+      or they them when to turn out of the way of an obstruction. They get to
+      know the location of hydrants in their district and they pull right up to
+      them. They can tell when they're coming near a fire just as well as the
+      driver can, and when they smell the smoke or see the blaze they give a
+      lively tug on the engine. I think a horse can tell whether it is a big
+      fire or not, too. The noise of other engines they hear going to the fire
+      excites them. When they get to the fire, too, they're alive, you bet. You
+      know the place of a horse on a tender at a fire is at the back of the
+      engine. Well, when a horse has pulled the tender right up to the burning
+      building, so that the men can use the hose, after the hose is unwound the
+      horse will turn and trot back to its engine, just as unconcernedly as can
+      be, and will pick its engine out from all the others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It's a queer thing about the likes and dislikes horses will take. They
+      are just as queer about that as men and women are. Of course, horses are
+      of all kinds and some will let anybody pet 'em and some wont let anybody
+      come near 'em while they are in the stalls. But often a horse will take a
+      great notion or a great aversion to some one man in the company. I was in
+      a company once six years with a team of horses, and one of the horses
+      would always kick at the assistant foreman whenever he got a chance. Sure
+      as death, whenever Dick got behind that horse, the horse'd raise on him.
+      Dick was a kind, good enough feller, too. That same horse'd let any other
+      man in the company do what he wanted with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A good many of these stories are true about horses that have been in the
+      service of the department and mustered out, minding the gong when they
+      happen to hear it, and getting excited and going to fires when an engine
+      passes them on the street. I remember once driving an engine down Broadway
+      on the run, and we passed an old, worn-out, miserable-looking horse on one
+      of the street-cleaning department's carts. The man who was loading the
+      cart had just, put an ash can on the cart wheel as we passed, and was
+      getting ready to dump it. The old horse pricked up his ears, gave a big
+      snort, and started after us pell mell, scattering the ashes right and
+      left. He was an old fire-horse, sure enough. We turned a corner, and I
+      don't know whether they ever stopped him or not. A good many of our horses
+      go into the streetcleaning department when we get through with them. We
+      keep horses till they get pretty old, though, if they are good ones. Old
+      horses know the ropes so well that they are good to have around, but, of
+      course, we can't keep 'em always, and they lose their snap after a while.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That reminds me,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;of the story of a horse that had been
+      in an English cavalry regiment and was sold in his old age and put to the
+      prosaic work of hauling a common cart. One day some cavalrymen were
+      exercising and were rather taken by surprise when a horse dragging a cart
+      laden with sand came among them and took his place in line as though he
+      belonged there. The carter who owned the horse came rushing after him, and
+      when the officer scolded him for what the animal had done the poor man
+      protested that he couldn't tell why he did it. The horse started at the
+      sound of the trumpet and his owner was unable to control him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Inquiry into the history of the horse showed that he had been for a long
+      time in the cavalry service, and the officers were so well pleased with
+      his performance that they bought him for a good price and relieved him
+      from dragging a cart for the future.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are many stories of the same sort,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;all
+      tending to show that the horse has an excellent memory. In one of the
+      books there is a funny anecdote of how a clergyman's wife was once dragged
+      around in her carriage by a horse that had belonged to an artillery
+      company. She had gone in her carriage to witness an artillery parade, and
+      when the company began its evolutions the horse could not be restrained
+      but joined in the exercise. Round and round he dragged the lady in spite
+      of her screams and also in spite of all that the driver could do in his
+      efforts to check the steed. It was not a graceful performance for a
+      clergyman's wife to be engaged in, and the animal was sold and sent
+      elsewhere very soon afterward.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; said Captain Shea, &ldquo;and there's the old chestnut of a story about
+      the war-horse that had been sold to a milkman and was used by his daughter
+      for carrying milk to customers. She had a can of milk hung at each side of
+      the saddle and used to go around in this way to serve out the article
+      where it was wanted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The same thing happened as in the other cases. There was a troop of
+      cavalry getting ready for the parade, and as the trumpeter gave a signal
+      the milk-horse went in and took his place in the ranks; the girl couldn't
+      stop him and he didn't seem to mind the fact that he wasn't at all
+      equipped like the rest. The milk-cans were not exactly a part of a
+      cavalryman's outfit, but that wasn't any affair of the horse. He knew the
+      bugle-call and was obeying orders.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      On the way home from the training school of the fire department several
+      other stories of the same sort were given, but as they were all
+      illustrative of what we have mentioned it is hardly necessary to repeat
+      them. It is proper to say that the memory of the youths was a great deal
+      freshened by what they heard, and they did their part in recalling stories
+      of equine intelligence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;While you are waiting for your horses, as I may not be able to find
+      suitable ones immediately,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;you had better give your
+      attention to some of the books which tell about these animals.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What books shall we get, father?&rdquo; said Charley, when the foregoing
+      suggestion was made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are several excellent works about horses,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but I
+      will not give you a large number at the start. There is a large volume
+      called 'The Book of The Horse,' by Mr. Sidney, which I would advise you to
+      get, and there's 'Horse and Man,' by Rev. J. G. Wood, the author of Wood's
+      'Natural History' and kindred works. 'The Book of The Horse' is a
+      companion to 'The Book of The Dog,' and tells a great deal you will wish
+      to know; it not only describes the different varieties of the horse but
+      gives directions for arranging their stalls, caring for them in health and
+      illness, training them for the saddle or to harness, and for nearly
+      everything belonging to the animal we are discussing. You'll find enough
+      in it to keep you busy for some time.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham wrote an order for his bookseller to deliver these books to the
+      boys, and as soon as they obtained the volumes they had no thought of
+      anything except to peruse the pages. What they learned in the course of
+      their reading we will ascertain in the next chapter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On their way home the youths met Mr. Webb, the gentleman who had given
+      them so much advice relative to the training of Rover and Dash. They told
+      him about their father's promise and he congratulated them on their good
+      fortune.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As they were separating Mr. Webb told them he had just received a letter
+      from an old friend, George M. Elwood, of Rochester, New York, who was like
+      himself a great lover of dogs. &ldquo;He tells me an interesting story about a
+      dog,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;and I know you will enjoy it. Dogs and horses go
+      together,&rdquo; he continued, &ldquo;and this dog story will equal any horse story
+      that you are likely to hear.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      So saying he drew a letter from his pocket and read the following extract:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;About the year 1840 my father, James L. Elwood, then living in Rochester,
+      N. Y., owned a very fine dog that enjoyed a considerable degree of local
+      celebrity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0006" id="linkimage-0006"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8026.jpg" alt="8026 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8026.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      He rejoiced in the ambitious name of Bonaparte, being familiarly called
+      'Boney,' which latter name described him very nearly, for he was a
+      monster, standing over thirty inches high at the shoulder. In markings and
+      make-up he is said to have closely resembled Landseer's 'Distinguished
+      Member of the Humane Society.' He was remarkable for his intelligence as
+      well as his unvarying good temper and was a prime favorite with young and
+      old in the then little city, especially among children, toward whom he, in
+      common with most members of his race, exhibited great affection and
+      devotion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Among those who bear this noble animal in affectionate remembrance, many
+      stories are still told illustrating his unusual sagacity and reasoning
+      powers. The possession of this latter faculty by dogs is, I know, doubted
+      by many, who ascribe all evidence of it to 'instinct,' whatever that may
+      be besides reason, but that it does exist and manifests itself by the same
+      processes that it does in the human animal, every true lover of a good dog
+      religiously believes and mantains.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The following incident will serve to illustrate 'Boney's' thinking'
+      faculty, and I may say, parenthetically, that the facts herein given are
+      thoroughly vouched for by those who remember the circumstances in detail.
+      My father was, at that time, engaged in a banking office located, on the
+      Court-house Square. In those more honest times bank robbery had not
+      reached its present degree of refined skill, and it was the habit of his
+      associate and himself, on going to dinner at mid-day, simply to turn the
+      key in the safe, leaving the bank open, with no other guard than 'Boney,'
+      who remained on duty until their return.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day, during this noon hour, two well known business men and customers
+      of the bank chanced to meet on the side-walk in front of the office. They
+      had some business transaction, in which one wished to pay the other a
+      considerable sum of money. It was proposed to step into the bank, where,
+      outside of the counter, was a table with, chairs for the convenience of
+      customers, and there complete the transaction, which was accordingly done.
+      While one of the gentlemen was engaged in writing a receipt, the other
+      produced a large package of bank bills and proceeded to count out the
+      required sum. 'Boney' got up from where he was lying, and, knowing both of
+      the gentlemen, came over to where they were sitting, wagging his huge
+      brush in friendly recognition and stood watching their proceedings. When
+      the first gentleman had finished counting the bills, he pushed them across
+      the table to the second, saying 'There, I think you will find that right.'
+      At that moment the dog lifted his huge paw and laid it squarely on the
+      pile of bills. There was no demonstration of unfriendliness on his part,
+      but a quiet air of such firm determination that neither gentleman felt
+      inclined to meddle further with the money. In vain they coaxed and ordered
+      him to 'Go lie down, sir!' and there the three sat for nearly an hour. At
+      the end of that time, to the infinite relief of at least two of the trio,
+      my father came in, and as soon as he reached the table, 'Boney' took down
+      his paw as quietly as he had placed it there and went back to his
+      accustomed rug. The money was paid and receipt passed without any farther
+      attention on his part, and the gentlemen departed, their annoyance at the
+      awkward delay in their affairs entirely cancelled by their admiration for
+      the dog's sagacity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Now I do not presume to infer that 'Boney' really knew the value of the
+      money, as such, but he did understand that it was a commodity which was
+      not allowed to change hands in that office except in the presence of some
+      duly authorized representative of the bank. I think any one, who accepts
+      the fact, will be prepared to believe that the dog recognized his duty, as
+      he understood it, to firmly insist that no money should be transferred
+      until the return of some duly accredited and responsible party.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0007" id="linkimage-0007"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0028.jpg" alt="0028 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0028.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER II.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Pitting up the Stables&mdash;Loose Boxes and their Uses&mdash;Stable
+      Fittings&mdash;Light, Ventilation and Drainage&mdash;Cobweb and Major&mdash;How
+      to tell a Horse's Age&mdash;Do Horses understand Language?&mdash;Starting
+      a balky Horse&mdash;The Horse that knew the Doxology&mdash;Horses telling
+      Time by the Clock&mdash;Famous Horse Trainers: Rarey, Gleason, and
+      Sullivan the Whisperer&mdash;How Cruiser was Tamed&mdash;Horse-breaking in
+      Texas&mdash;&ldquo;Creasing&rdquo; Wild Horses.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">M</span>r. Graham told his
+      boys they might fit up the stable for their horses in whatever way suited
+      them best; he gave them this permission in the confident belief that they
+      would thereby be led to learn more about the animals and their needs than
+      if the stables were turned over to them already fitted. The correctness of
+      his judgment was shown by the earnestness with which the youths proceeded
+      to inform themselves on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There's plenty of room in the stable,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;and so we'll have a
+      'loose box' for our horses in addition to the ordinary stalls. Mr. Sidney
+      says it is desirable to have one box for every two stalls and therefore
+      one box will be enough for us.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How large shall the box be?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not less than twelve feet by fourteen if we have the space for it,&rdquo; was
+      the reply, &ldquo;but even a much smaller box is better than none at all. Where
+      space is limited one of the stalls may be made into a box by putting a
+      gate across the end of it. A space large enough for a horse to turn around
+      in, so Mr. Sidney says, is of great advantage sometimes to a sick, or very
+      tired horse, or to one that is obliged to be idle several days at a time.
+      When horses are in good health and steady use they haven't much need of
+      boxes, and as we propose to keep our horses healthy and use them, too, one
+      box will be enough for both of us.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Then came the question of ventilation, which did not require a long
+      debate. The youths were agreed at the start that horses as well as other
+      animals require plenty of light and air; Mr. Graham had been of the same
+      opinion before them, and had built his stable upon intelligent principles.
+      It was on a dry foundation, was well drained, no unsavory gutters or
+      sewers near it, and the windows were numerous and well arranged. He had
+      taken especial pains with the windows and his orders to the grooms were
+      very strict as to the proper ventilation of the stable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Unless you watch the grooms closely,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham to Charley, &ldquo;you'll
+      very likely find them keeping the windows of the stable closed when they
+      should be open. Grooms like to heat their horses into a condition of
+      moisture in order to give their coats a silky appearance, and their best
+      way of doing this is to keep the windows closed and the air foul. The
+      colonel of an English regiment has said on this subject that the horses of
+      his command live in stables that are constantly open to the air, and
+      consequently are very rarely out of sorts; the same gentleman has a pack
+      of hunting horses at his country seat, and his manager keeps them in
+      stables that are close and hot. The hunters are constantly sick and he
+      attributes it to the bad air in which they are confined.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some people use deodorisers about their stables,&rdquo; the gentleman
+      continued, &ldquo;but I have always found that when cleanliness and fresh air
+      are insisted upon no deodorisers are needed. With a stable properly
+      ventilated, well-paved, and kept at all times clean the horses will be in
+      good health and disinfectants may be thrown away.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley was exercised in mind as to the best form of feeding and drinking
+      arrangements for his horse, and pondered some time on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The result of his deliberation was that he chose a trough with a rack at
+      one side, the former for grain and the latter for hay. The tie, or
+      fastening, for the horse was a patent one so arranged that the slack of
+      the halter was taken up by a sliding weight inside. Mr. Graham had lost a
+      valuable horse some years before by the animal becoming entangled in a
+      long halter, and ever after that he had his stables provided with
+      fastenings that would render entanglement impossible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the suggestion of the groom the headstall was provided with several
+      inches of chain next to the animal's head, so as to discourage any
+      possible inclination he might have to bite it. Some horses will use their
+      teeth on anything, and if they once succeed in gnawing off their halters
+      and getting loose it is not easy to break them of the habit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Various articles for use in the stable were procured and made ready by the
+      time the horses were bought. When the animals were sent home the two boys
+      could hardly stay out of the stable long enough to take their meals, so
+      anxious were they to see that proper attention was given to their prizes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0008" id="linkimage-0008"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0031.jpg" alt="0031 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0031.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Charley's horse was a medium sized animal and was said to have come from
+      Kentucky. The first question of the youth was as to the age of the
+      creature, to which Mr. Graham replied that he must find out for himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This was a subject that had not been investigated; it demanded immediate
+      study and away went Charley to his books again. In a few days he
+      considered himself competent to tell a horse's age, and his practice on
+      his own steed showed that he was not far out of the way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0009" id="linkimage-0009"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0032.jpg" alt="0032 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0032.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But do you know, father that I'll have to violate a very old injunction,&rdquo;
+       said Charley, as he proceeded to the study of the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How so?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You gave me the horse, did you not?&rdquo; queried the youth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Certainly,&rdquo; replied Mr. Graham.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Well, then,&rdquo; quoth the boy with a smile, &ldquo;Isn't there an old adage that
+      says 'never look a gift horse in the mouth'?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; the father answered, his face reflecting the smile of the son, &ldquo;but
+      all rules have their exceptions, and we'll make one in the present case.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      We haven't space for all that Charley learned about the way in which the
+      age of horses is shown by their teeth. The novice who is buying a horse
+      should not rely upon himself in this matter, and it is not at all probable
+      that Mr. Graham would have allowed the youth to make a purchase on the
+      strength of his limited study of the subject. A great deal of observation
+      and practice are necessary and even then one may be deceived. The best
+      judges of horses have been defrauded by the tricks of dealers, who can
+      reduce the apparent age of an animal by careful filing of the teeth. The
+      general appearance of the creature, the smoothness of his skin, the shape
+      of the limbs and head, and many other things must be taken into
+      consideration as well as the condition of his teeth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley's horse was pronounced about four years old, while that of George
+      was not far from five. Both the animals were of gentle disposition and the
+      boys made friends with them at once.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley decided that his horse should be called Cobweb, while George
+      thought that Major would be a good name for his steed. Accordingly the
+      animals were known as Cobweb and Major and very quickly knew their names.
+      In this respect a horse is very much like a dog and learns to associate a
+      word with himself when it is frequently repeated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Do you think horses understand language?&rdquo; George asked his brother one
+      day while they were exercising Cobweb and Major.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I'm quite sure they do,&rdquo; was the reply. &ldquo;I went to see some trained
+      horses that were being exhibited by a man named Bartholebeen a secret sign
+      given to the horse by the trainer, but we were positively assured there
+      was nothing of the kind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0010" id="linkimage-0010"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0034.jpg" alt="0034 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0034.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That the horses all knew their names was very evident, for they stood up
+      in a row and each one walked out when his name was called, either by the
+      trainer or by persons in the audience. They were bright, intelligent
+      horses and perfectly docile; after the performance was over the audience
+      went among the horses and petted them and not one showed the least sign of
+      ill temper. On the contrary they seemed to appreciate the attention they
+      received and to be proud of it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have noticed,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;that the horses on the street cars
+      understand the meaning of the conductor's bell. When they are going mew.
+      The horses did a great many things just as he told them, and to make sure
+      there was no trickery about the matter he asked the audience to give some
+      of the orders.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How was that?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Why, when a horse was standing at the front of the stage the trainer
+      would ask the audience to tell the animal which way to make a circle,
+      whether to the right or left. The horse would hesitate a moment after the
+      order was given and then he turned in the when he was asked to. This was
+      done several times; perhaps there may have they stop at the sound of the
+      bell, and when they are standing they start up as soon as the bell rings.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've observed that, too,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and the drivers say it only
+      takes a few days for a green horse to understand it. And a car horse after
+      a little experience learns just about how long a time should be required
+      for a passenger to enter or leave a car, and when the time is exceeded he
+      is apt to show impatience.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Henry Johnson was telling me an amusing story the other day,&rdquo; said
+      George, &ldquo;about how a man started a balky horse on the street in New York.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How was that?&rdquo; Charley asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Henry was going along Broadway,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;and saw a crowd around a
+      handsome horse that was attached to an equally handsome carriage. One man
+      had him by the bit, another by the tail, a couple of men put their
+      shoulders against his ribs and heaved as hard as they could but the animal
+      was as immovable as a house.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When everybody was in despair, a stranger appeared, and stepping out of
+      the crowd said to the driver, &ldquo;'I'll show you how to make that horse go.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The driver retired, and the stranger took the horse confidently by the
+      mouth, opened it and looked into it, examined his teeth for a few minutes,
+      then seized the beast by the bridle, and to the astonishment of the crowd,
+      the horse started off at a good gait, drawing the carriage after him with
+      perfect ease.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The success of the stranger's method of persuading a balky horse to go
+      was so surprising that Henry asked the man how he did it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'It's very simple,' said he. 'Of course you didn't see me, but I took a
+      chip of wood which I picked up from the sidewalk and placed it under the
+      horse's tongue. The presence of that bit of pine chip diverted the horse's
+      attention. He forgot all about being balky, and when I took hold of the
+      bridle he started off like any other horse. A horse can think of only one
+      thing at a time and you want to keep that fact in mind when you are
+      training him.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I heard a groom say the other day,&rdquo; Charley remarked when George had
+      ended his story, &ldquo;that you could often start a balky horse by pretending
+      to do something to the harness. Fasten and unfasten some of the straps, be
+      very busy about it for several minutes, then take the reins and give the
+      order to go on in an ordinary tone and quite likely the horse will start
+      off without hesitation. Gleason, the famous horse trainer, acts on this
+      principle when he is handling vicious horses; he puts a string in the
+      animal's mouth that incommodes him though it does not hurt him. The horse
+      concentrates his thoughts upon how he will get rid of the incumbrance and
+      hasn't any time to be ugly. And what's more, he follows the trainer all
+      round the ring and keeps him constantly in sight for fear he'll go away
+      without removing the string.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Did you ever hear of a horse that knew the doxology?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No!&rdquo; replied his brother in a tone of surprise. &ldquo;He must have belonged to
+      a clergyman.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;So he did,&rdquo; was the ready answer. &ldquo;He belonged to a preacher in the
+      country and had been driven by him for eighteen years. The preacher said
+      he had so often driven the horse to church and left him standing near by,
+      that the horse learned the doxology, and whenever it is sung he begins to
+      neigh, knowing that he is going home soon.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I heard a gentleman say recently,&rdquo; Charley responded, &ldquo;that the school
+      horses in the riding academies in New York can tell the time by the
+      clock.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Nonsense!&rdquo; said George. &ldquo;That's too much to believe.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;So I think,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and probably the gentleman didn't mean it
+      literally. He explained that the horses are used for an hour at a time and
+      they seem to know almost exactly when they have been in the ring for that
+      period. They go around perfectly docile and obedient to their riders till
+      just about as the hour is up, when they turn toward the mounting block and
+      intimate very plainly that they think it is time for them to be relieved
+      of duty and sent back to the stable. In the same way when they are taken
+      into Central Park they know all the turns of the bridle path, and are very
+      ready to take those that lead back to the stable.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You mentioned Gleason, the horse trainer, just now,&rdquo; said George; &ldquo;I
+      wonder how these famous trainers have such control over horses?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've been trying to find out,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but can't tell. Some of
+      them say it is no secret, while others make a great deal of mystery about
+      the matter. They teach others how to control horses, but it is rarely the
+      case that their pupils are able to accomplish anywhere near as much as the
+      masters. One of the most remarkable men in this line of business was
+      Rarey, an American, who became famous in Europe about thirty years ago for
+      subduing horses that had been quite unmanageable; I was reading about him
+      this morning and was particularly impressed with one thing that he said.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What was that?&rdquo; queried his brother.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That you must never show either fear or anger in dealing with a horse. He
+      says you should always treat him kindly, speak to him in gentle tones, let
+      him regard you as a friend, pat him and call him endearing names, and be
+      perfectly familiar with him. But probably there was something more than
+      this in his method, as some of the horses that he subdued were not of a
+      character to be soothed by kind words when he started in with them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Isn't he the man that conquered the English horse Cruiser?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; was the reply. &ldquo;When Mr. Rarey went to England a good many people
+      thought he was playing a trick upon them, and somebody published a
+      suggestion that he should try his skill upon a famous horse called
+      Cruiser. Cruiser was so vicious that no one could approach him, and he had
+      not been touched with a curry-comb for months. He kicked the planks of his
+      stall to pieces and once he broke off an iron bar an inch in diameter by
+      pulling it with his teeth.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How long did it take Mr. Rarey to conquer this ferocious animal?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;About three hours,&rdquo; was the reply. &ldquo;At the end of that time his owner,
+      Lord Dorchester, was able to mount Cruiser and ride him, a thing that
+      nobody had done for three years. The horse was perfectly gentle after that
+      and would follow his master like a dog. Mr. Rarey afterwards tamed a zebra
+      and rode him, and he did other things that a great many people had
+      believed impossible.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How carious!&rdquo; exclaimed George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0011" id="linkimage-0011"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0038.jpg" alt="0038 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0038.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes, it was indeed,&rdquo; replied Charley, &ldquo;but other men have done very much
+      the same sort of thing. I've been reading about an Irishman named James
+      Sullivan, who was called the 'Whisperer' by the people of his
+      neighborhood, as they believed he was able to make the horses understand
+      what he wanted by whispering to them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What could he do?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No matter how unruly the horse or mule that was put into his hands, he
+      was able to make it perfectly docile in half an hour. Exactly what he did
+      nobody knew, and the secret died with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He used to ask that the stable where they kept the horse on which he was
+      to operate should be shut, and he was to be left alone with the animal
+      until he gave the signal for opening the door. In about half an hour he
+      would give the signal and when the people entered they found the horse
+      lying down and the man and horse playing together in the most friendly way
+      imaginable. From that time on the horse was perfectly docile, no matter
+      how bad his temper had been before. Horses that had refused to be shod and
+      had resisted all the efforts of other trainers became thoroughly obedient
+      in the short time he was with them; they obeyed others just as readily as
+      they did the man who tamed them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      In the evening following the foregoing conversation, one of the boys asked
+      Mr. Graham about the different ways of breaking horses to saddle or
+      harness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That is a branch of the horse business I don't think it desirable for you
+      to engage in,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but it is well for you to know about it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Various methods are pursued by trainers,&rdquo; he continued, &ldquo;and a great deal
+      depends upon the character of the horse. Most of the horse-breakers are
+      coarse, rough fellows, and employ the harshest means for subduing the
+      animals they take into their charge. Some horses are readily tamed, and if
+      an animal is played with by children when a colt, and grows up among them,
+      it is generally the case that he can be ridden without the least
+      resistance. He should be accustomed to have a blanket folded over his back
+      when he is very young, then a saddle should be placed upon him, and after
+      a few days of this practice a very light person may mount the saddle.
+      Coaxing and caressing will do a great deal; it is said that the Arabs do
+      not have to 'break' their horses at all, for the simple reason that the
+      animals associate with the family and are accustomed to be ridden by the
+      children of their owners when they are the merest colts.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0012" id="linkimage-0012"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0040.jpg" alt="0040 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0040.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's an account of how they break horses in Texas,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, as
+      he took up a newspaper, from which he proceeded to read as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are but a few men who make it a business to break horses, and who
+      possess sufficient skill and patience to conquer the fiery spirit of the
+      most vicious animal. These 'wild horse riders,' as they are called, in
+      addition to receiving the use of the horse while handling him, get fees
+      ranging from five dollars to twenty-five dollars. Fearless Frank, a
+      well-known Texas tamer, had been engaged to break a magnificent sorrel,
+      called Mad Ranger. Ranger was a spoiled horse. He had been caught several
+      times for the purpose of being saddled and bridled, but the tamers had
+      been unable to do anything with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The horse-lot was inclosed by massive logs and stout timbers, capable of
+      successfully resisting the most determined effort on the part of the
+      beasts to escape. Connected with the large enclosure were several smaller
+      ones, and into one of these Ranger was driven. Frank then took from his
+      saddle a coil of three-quarter-inch rope, forty feet long, and a second
+      coil about half as long, but much heavier, and an oilcloth slicker. Thus
+      equipped, he slipped into the inclosure and faced the horse. Making a
+      noose in one of the coils, he quickly threw it over Ranger's head and
+      fastened the other end to a post called the tug-post. The animal commenced
+      to rear and plunge, but at every plunge the slack in the rope was taken
+      up, and Ranger was soon alongside the post. Here he was made secure with a
+      Spanish knot, which his struggles only served to tighten.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Seizing the old slicker, the trainer next hit the horse over the head and
+      neck, causing the animal to rear and kick. The horse was soon tired out,
+      and the blows that fell upon him scarcely caused him to wince. The trainer
+      next took his long rope and fastened it around Ranger's head in such a
+      manner that it served as a halter. The other end of the rope was secured
+      to the post. A rope was then placed around the animal's body in such a
+      manner that it would not slip, and another rope was fastened to his hind
+      foot. The rope attached to the foot was drawn through the one around his
+      body and the end taken by the trainer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A couple of hard pulls brought the foot up to the stomach, and the horse
+      was compelled to stand on three legs, thus unable to kick or rear. The
+      trainer then patted the horse on the head and slipped the bridle on. Then
+      the saddle was put in the proper place, and the stirrups 'hobbled,' to
+      prevent any injury to the animal, should he fall. The rider then seated
+      himself in the saddle, the ropes were taken from the horse's feet and
+      body, the gate of the pen opened, and horse and rider dashed out on the
+      prairie. For fully an hour the infuriated animal reared, plunged and
+      jumped about, vainly endeavoring to throw his rider, but finally, becoming
+      exhausted, came to a standstill, and had to be urged even to walk. It was
+      then that the horse was broken.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And now,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, after pausing a moment, &ldquo;did you ever hear of
+      how they used to capture wild horses in Texas by 'creasing' them?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've read about it,&rdquo; replied Charley, &ldquo;but forget exactly how it was
+      done.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Well,&rdquo; responded Mr. Graham, &ldquo;here's an account by a man who was once in
+      the business and knows all about it. Shall I read it?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Both the youths were anxious to hear about this manner of taking horses,
+      whereupon their father gave them the following in the words of Mr. Hill,
+      an experienced cattle raiser of Texas:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In the early days of the cattle business in Texas, from 1857 to 1860, the
+      ranges were overrun by bands of wild horses. These animals were a great
+      nuisance, as they would get mixed with our loose horses and run them off
+      when any one approached. As a rule, they were a rough, ill-shaped set of
+      beasts, and almost untamable, so that few attempts were ever made to catch
+      them, it being considered best to shoot them and thus get rid of a
+      disturbing influence in our horse herds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Sometimes, however, a really fine animal would be seen and the ranchmen
+      would try hard to secure it. But the ordinary mode of capture&mdash;lassoing&mdash;could
+      seldom be used against wild horses, as these beasts were very shy, and
+      even a poor horse, carrying no weight, could outstrip a very fine animal
+      with a man on his back.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0013" id="linkimage-0013"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0043.jpg" alt="0043 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0043.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In this extremity the Texans used to resort to a means of capturing the
+      horses which is, I believe, exclusively American. It was discovered, I do
+      not know how, that a blow upon a particular sinew in a horse's neck,
+      located just above where the spine joins the skull, would paralyze the
+      animal temporarily without doing it any permanent injury. In those days
+      the Texans were nearly without exception fine shots, and at short range
+      could send a rifle ball with phenomenal accuracy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The horses could not be approached on foot, and it was impossible to
+      catch them on horseback. But, not to be overcome by any such difficulties,
+      the cowboys discovered a way to capture them. Taking his rifle, a hunter
+      would crawl through the thick chaparral until within fifty or sixty yards
+      of the horse he desired to secure. Then, taking careful aim, he would
+      endeavor to send a bullet through the top of the neck so as to strike the
+      sinew. When this was properly done the horse would fall as if struck by
+      lightning and remain insensible for ten or fifteen minutes, recovering
+      completely in an hour or two, with no worse injury than a slight wound in
+      the back of the neck that soon healed. Of course many bullets went astray
+      and hundreds of horses were killed, but a good marksman would secure about
+      one horse in three that he attempted to 'crease' as this mode of capture
+      was called.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The weapon universally employed in creasing mustangs was the old Hawkins
+      rifle, which carried a bullet not much larger than a pea, had a set
+      trigger and required but a small charge of powder. Hundreds of mustangs,
+      always the best animals in the herd, used to be creased every year, and
+      this practice was kept up until the herds had entirely disappeared.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some of the horses thus secured were very tough and fleet animals, but
+      few were of any practical use. Nearly all were irreclaimably vicious, even
+      when judged from the Texas standpoint. Even when broken to the saddle,
+      they could only be ridden by the very best horsemen, and were always on
+      the lookout to do their riders an injury. Strange to say, they seldom
+      tried to kick, but a man had to be continually on the lookout for their
+      fore feet and teeth. They only used their hind feet when a man was about
+      to mount, but nearly every one of them had a trick of kicking forward as
+      soon as the rider put his foot in the stirrup, and unless he was wary he
+      would receive a terrible blow on the leg. I used to own a horse that, I
+      believe, could scratch himself between the ears with his hind foot, his
+      hind leg being apparently made of India rubber. The instant he felt a foot
+      in the stirrup his hind hoof would come forward with the speed of
+      lightning, in the attempt to inflict a most vicious kick. I gave up
+      mounting him in the usual way and always used to vault into the saddle
+      without touching the stirrups, a feat easily enough performed in my
+      younger days, although I would have some difficulty in doing it now. I
+      used to like to ride wild horses, but after one or two narrow escapes from
+      their deadly fore feet, which they would use if a man carelessly stood in
+      front of them, I gave it up and stuck to the tame stock.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Other stories about horses consumed the evening, and at length the boys
+      said &ldquo;Good-night&rdquo; and went to bed, where they doubtless dreamed of
+      exciting experiences among the wild horses of Texas and other regions
+      where those animals abound.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER III.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>How Miss Lake's Circus Horses were Restored&mdash;Music under
+      Disadvantages&mdash;A Lady's Adventure with an Intelligent Horse&mdash;The
+      Horse who got his Mate out of Trouble&mdash;Friendship of a Bull and a
+      Donkey&mdash;Intelligence of the Donkey&mdash;His Affection&mdash;Glen.
+      Dix's Pet&mdash;How Dr. Hammond's Mule saved his Life&mdash;Old Jennie&mdash;Uncle
+      Jake's dumb Critters&mdash;Cruelty of Blinders and Check-reins&mdash;Anecdote
+      of Macadam&mdash;Torture by Thoughtlessness&mdash;Cobweb and Major in
+      Harness.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">O</span>ne of the stories
+      told daring the evening was about the seizure of some circus horses in
+      Nashville, Tennessee, at the time of the American civil war. Lake and
+      North's Circus was performing there during the winter of 1864, while the
+      town was held by the Northern army and threatened by the Confederates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;At 9 o'clock on the morning of the 6th of December the company was in the
+      practice ring, drilling for a new grand entry. They had nineteen ring
+      horses, including three black stallions, which Miss Lake, the daughter of
+      one of the proprietors, used to drive in a manège act, and which she had
+      trained herself on her father's Kentucky farm, and loved as a Kentucky
+      girl will love her horses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The band had just finished the first bar when in stalked an officer of
+      the army, and called Lake aside.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'You have nineteen horses here, I see,' he said; 'one of them is lame; we
+      don't want him, but the others are confiscated. Rather a fine lot. Suppose
+      we say a hundred apiece for them.' Then he made out a requisition on the
+      Treasury for $1800&mdash;handed it to Lake, called in his men, and in five
+      minutes left the company with a show on its hands and only one lame horse
+      to do all the equestrian business.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Miss Lake cried and some of the men used hard language, but all the same,
+      for four days they gave a show twice a day with that one lame horse. Then
+      Miss Lake got desperate. She was a mere girl, and with a girl's audacity
+      she did a thing which an older person would have considered the wildest
+      folly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'John,' she said to the clown, 'I'm going to General Wilson to get my
+      horses. I want them and they want me.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0014" id="linkimage-0014"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0047.jpg" alt="0047 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0047.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Nothing that anybody could say would hold her back, and so away she went
+      to General Wilson's headquarters. She marched in on General Wilson and
+      asked for her horses back. She had a sweet and winning way, and when she
+      cried and told him how heartsick she was for her horses, and how much she
+      knew they missed her, the General let his feelings get the better of his
+      sense of duty, and gave her an order for every horse taken from the
+      circus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One of Wilson's orderlies afterwards gave a reason for giving the horses
+      back, which, while it is not so romantic, may be partly true. The horses
+      were all trained for ring service and most of them were trained to dance
+      to the music, and to fall upon their knees and sides upon being touched
+      upon the haunches with a spur or the whip. The whole bunch was turned over
+      to a military band as their mounts, and the orderly said that during the
+      four days that the band was mounted on those beasts there was not an hour
+      when one of them was not dancing around so that he could not keep time, or
+      else horse and man&mdash;sometimes three or four of them&mdash;were
+      rolling on the ground together, the musicians having unwittingly given the
+      horse his lying-down cue.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The boys laughed heartily over this anecdote, and then Charley told a
+      story he had read somewhere about a horse which belonged to a lady who
+      used to ride him in the hunting field. She had had him for three or four
+      years and was constantly petting him and giving him sugar and other
+      dainties. There was a great friendship between them and the horse
+      manifested his affection for his mistress in many ways.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One day while jumping a hedge, horse and rider fell into a ditch; the lady
+      was quite under the horse, her head being between and slightly in front of
+      his fore legs, but there was only a little of his weight that rested on
+      her.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0015" id="linkimage-0015"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0051.jpg" alt="0051 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0051.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Several men came to her assistance, and at first it was thought that the
+      only way of rescuing her would be by digging her out. It was finally
+      decided to move the horse forward and then lift him up, but there was
+      great fear that in his efforts to rise he would trample on the lady and
+      seriously, if not fatally, injure her. She was able to speak with the men,
+      and told them she was confident the horse would carefully avoid harming
+      her. Her confidence was justified by the result, as he managed to get on
+      his feet without giving her the least scratch, beyond a slight mark on her
+      face, which was made by the first movement of his knees and could not be
+      avoided.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then George told about two horses belonging to Mr. Allen of Minnesota,
+      that were greatly attached to each other. One day Mr. Allen tied them with
+      strong ropes, about fifty yards apart, where they could eat the grass
+      close to the shore of the little lake. Then he went to a house a little
+      distance away and lay down to take a nap. He hadn't been there long before
+      he heard the sound of a horse's footsteps, and a moment afterward one of
+      his favorites put his head into the door.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The animal gave a slight neigh and then started back towards the lake. Mr.
+      Allen was greatly surprised to find that the horse had broken loose from
+      his fastenings, and also that he had left his mate; surmising that
+      something was wrong, he immediately followed to the edge of the lake,
+      where he found the other horse lying in the water with his feet entangled
+      in the rope, and devoting all his efforts to keep his head above the
+      surface. Mr. Allen at once proceeded to extricate him from his trouble,
+      and as he did so the other horse manifested his joy in every way he could.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Three things that mark the intelligence of the horse are shown by this
+      incident,&rdquo; remarked Mr. Graham. &ldquo;In the first place, he had the sense to
+      understand that his mate was in serious trouble; secondly, he knew his
+      master could relieve him; and thirdly, he realized that he must exert all
+      his strength to break his own rope, a thing he had never done before and
+      never tried to do afterwards.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Next Charley read a little incident which he said was written by Charles
+      L. Edwards for the <i>American Naturalist</i>. It was in these words:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;While riding along a country road in the environs of Cincinnati, Ohio,
+      about the first of last October, I noticed a remarkable and very amusing
+      display of animal intelligence. In a field beneath some trees, at the
+      bottom of a very high hill, stood facing each other a donkey and a young
+      bull. The bull was standing very patiently, slightly nodding his head up
+      and down, while the donkey, with a rather heavy stick about two feet long
+      in his mouth, was scratching his companion's forehead. Once the donkey
+      dropped his instrument, but, without hesitation, lowered his head, picked
+      up the club again with his teeth, and continued scratching very gravely,
+      to the evident satisfaction of the bull. We often see two cows 'rubbing
+      horns,' and whether this was a return for a similar favor from the bull or
+      not, the donkey very clearly realized his poverty in the matter of horns
+      and happily supplied the deficiency.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Folks call the donkey stupid,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;but certainly that one
+      showed a great deal of intelligence. Is the donkey really as stupid as he
+      is said to be?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He is not,&rdquo; answered Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and there are plenty of anecdotes to
+      show his intelligence. He has been known to open a gate by carefully
+      lifting the latch, and after returning to the yard, he would shut the
+      gate, so that any trespass of which he had been guilty during his absence
+      would not be laid to his charge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0017" id="linkimage-0017"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8052.jpg" alt="8052 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8052.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      A donkey will follow a kind master or mistress just like a dog, and he
+      fully equals the horse in showing his appreciation of kind treatment.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Gen. John A. Dix owned a donkey that lived to the age of forty-two years,
+      and endeared himself to his master and the members of the family by his
+      docility and almost human intelligence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0018" id="linkimage-0018"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9052.jpg" alt="9052 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9052.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The little creature was, after the death of the general, domiciled at the
+      family country seat, West Hampton, Long Island, where almost luxurious
+      accommodations were provided for his comfort; but old age, and the absence
+      of those who, in days gone by, patted his shaggy coat, and the sound of
+      whose voices he would recognize and greet, no doubt tended to hasten
+      physical ailments, which necessitated the request that an officer of the
+      Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should put an end to the
+      suffering of an endeared and most affectionate animal who, although he
+      outlived his master and mistress, at last succumbed to the inevitable. He
+      was buried near where the waves of Long Island Sound wash the sandy shore
+      of West Hampton, and a mound of green sod marks the spot where lies the
+      body of the humble friend of the honored soldier, who issued the famous
+      patriotic mandate: &ldquo;If any one attempts to haul down the American flag,
+      shoot him on the spot.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Does the mule equal the horse or donkey in intelligence?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0019" id="linkimage-0019"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0053.jpg" alt="0053 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0053.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is generally conceded that he does not,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but he is far
+      from being the stupid animal that many people suppose. He has a keen nose,
+      and can often scent danger of which his rider or driver is ignorant. He
+      has a great dread of an Indian, and it is a common saying in the Far West
+      that a mule will always give warning when Indians are about. On this
+      subject Dr. William A. Hammond tells a good story:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day, while the Doctor was stationed at Fort Webster, in what is now
+      Arizona, he started down the canyon on a very fine large mule. The beast
+      suddenly stopped abruptly and would not budge a step. Spurs were used to
+      no purpose. There he stood as firm as a rock. Dr. Hammond pulled him
+      around and galloped back to the fort. The next morning it was ascertained
+      that at a point scarcely a hundred yards in advance of where the mule
+      gained his victory some Apache Indians had ambushed the road; and, but for
+      the brute's keen nose, and ears, and in resisting an obstinate man, short
+      work would have been made of mule and rider.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mules live to a great age when they are properly cared for,&rdquo; continued
+      Mr. Graham. &ldquo;Until quite recently there was a mule named Jennie on
+      Blackwell's Island, that had been there forty years, and she was supposed
+      to be nearly twenty years old when she became a public charge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Jennie has an interesting history. About forty years ago her owner had a
+      mild attack of lunacy and was consigned to the insane asylum. He had
+      traveled across the continent from San Francisco with Jennie it was said,
+      and became so attached to the beast that he could not be persuaded to part
+      with her, and the two were carried to Ward's Island together. The mule and
+      the lunatic were about the same age then, and were devoted friends. In all
+      kinds of weather they roamed about the asylum grounds together. One day
+      Jennie was taken across to Harlem to be shod. The boat was moored and the
+      animal tied to a tree by the bank, while the keeper went off to find the
+      blacksmith. When he came back for the mule she was no longer in sight. The
+      broken halter was lying on the ground, and Jennie was found that
+      afternoon, still wet from her swim, with her old friend on the island. At
+      length the lunatic died, and Jennie fell into the hands of the Board of
+      Governors, and was set to work on Randall's Island. She dragged brick
+      carts and lawn rollers for awhile, her size and age-unfitting her for
+      heavier work, and was used for distributing bread in the morning among the
+      various buildings. She was saddled, too, sometimes, and ridden by the
+      children and their nurses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Twenty-five years ago the keeper of the stables asked permission to kill
+      her as an incumbrance. Isaac Bell was then one of the Charities
+      Commissioners, and through his influence and interest in the matter, an
+      order was issued declaring that Jennie should be retired from active
+      service and live in the comparative luxury of the island's stables and
+      grass plots as long as she pleased. The mule was moved once more, this
+      time to Blackwell's Island, and took her quarters in the stone stable at
+      the south end of the almshouse grounds. Keepers and inmates have been
+      changing ever since, but in all the twenty-five years the venerable mule
+      has seemed to grow scarcely a day older. She still draws light loads when
+      the keepers harness her for exercise, and the Irishman in a striped jacket
+      who is her involuntary groom stands in as great awe of her hind legs as
+      ever. With the rest, however, she is good humored and docile, and has long
+      been caressed as a pet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0020" id="linkimage-0020"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0055.jpg" alt="0055 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0055.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And let me say,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;that if you ever own a mule,
+      don't disfigure him and make him unhappy by clipping his mane and tail.
+      Nature has not made him as beautiful as the horse, but, in the language of
+      one of his friends, 'she has endowed him with those gifts useful to his
+      race, and among those are a good mane and tail; if not as an adornment,
+      yet as a protection against his enemies, the tormenting, biting flies. To
+      shear these does not add to his good looks; on the contrary it makes him
+      appear more unsightly. He is not to blame for large head and long ears;
+      why then should these be made more disproportionate by clipping the mane?
+      and why should the tail be reduced to a mere pendant tuft, when both are
+      needed to protect the poor, overworked creature from his winged enemies?
+      It is to be hoped that mule-owners will learn to consider this custom as
+      senseless, as a sin against the comfort and protection of this good
+      servant, and treat the despised mule with more humane consideration.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I found some verses to-day,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;that I liked very much. They
+      were in a paper called <i>Our Dumb Animals</i>, and illustrate the
+      advantages of kindness to the creatures that cannot speak to tell their
+      wants. Shall I read them?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Certainly,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham: &ldquo;Read them, and let your playmates read
+      them, too.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Charley slowly read the following:
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      &ldquo;UNCLE JAKE'S DUMB CRITTERS.&rdquo;
+     </h3>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      &ldquo;I don't know much of languages, such as the scholars tell.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      But the language of dumb critters I understand quite well.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And I think, sir&mdash;yes, I think, sir&mdash;that their voices reach the
+      sky.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And that their Maker understands the pleading of their eye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And I shouldn't be surprised, sir, if at the judgment day,
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Some cruel, heartless human folks should be as dumb as they.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My house is not so elegant as many are, I know;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      But my cattle are all sheltered from the wintry winds and snow.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And they are not kept on rations that leave nothing but the frame.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Or in the spring returning to 'the dust from whence they came.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Ah! God hath wisely ordered, sir, that in a money way,
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Starving, abusing, critters are the things that will not pay.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      If any of my flock are sick or hurt in any way,
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      I see that they are cared for, sir, by night as well as day.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My letter's on their wool, sir&mdash;'tis all the brand I know;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My lambs&mdash;they are not tailless, for God didn't make them so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Some say sheep don't need water, but I tell you it's a lie!
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      They're almost frantic for it, sir, the same as you or I.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My horses&mdash;you have seen them, sir, they are just what they seem;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And, if I do say it myself, they are a splendid team.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      They wear no foolish blinders, and from check reins they are free;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And they never had a hurt, sir, that had been caused by me.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      The way they do my bidding now.'tis really a surprise!
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      They know my very step, sir, and thank me with their eyes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My pig pen, over yonder, I'd like, sir, to Lave shown;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My hogs&mdash;they never are the 'breed' that is but skin and bone;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      I know, sir, that to fatten them they need both food and drink,
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      A shelter and a bed, sir, will help it on I think.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      I have a yard on purpose, they can root whene'er they choose&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      It seems to me like cruelty, so rings I never use.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      There's one thing more I want to show, 'tis Hannah's hen-house, here&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Our poultry always pays us well, and just now eggs are dear&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      'Tis warm and clean and bright, you see, with gravel on the ground;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      There's food and water standing here each day the whole year round.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      But maybe I have tired you, sir&mdash;forgive an old man's pride;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      But somehow I love dumb critters, and I want their needs supplied.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There's one thing in those verses I want to ask about,&rdquo; said George, when
+      his brother paused. &ldquo;Uncle Jake says his horses 'wear no foolish blinders,
+      and from check-reins they are free.' Now I want to ask why horses are made
+      to wear blinders in harness, when they don't wear them while under the
+      saddle! I know that the carriage horses in our stables don't wear
+      blinders, but I never thought to ask why.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It's because I've given strict orders that none of my horses shall wear
+      them,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered. &ldquo;And my reasons for so ordering I will give in
+      the words of Dr. Humphreys, who has studied the subject and long ago
+      converted me to his way of thinking. Dr. Humphreys says it is charitable
+      to suppose that intelligent people are not designedly cruel. In most cases
+      they are so, more from thoughtlessness than design! Nay, they are often
+      quite astonished to learn&mdash;when their attention is called to the
+      subject&mdash;that they have long been inflicting some cruelty unwittingly
+      upon some of their dumb servants. This is a busy world, and we live in a
+      very busy part of it, and we may, perhaps, be excused for not looking at
+      every step lest some luckless worm be trod upon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'The custom of having wagon or carriage horses <i>wear blinders</i>,'
+      says Dr. Humphrey, 'originated at a period when horses were supposed to be
+      thoroughly vicious and ill-trained, ready to run upon the slightest
+      provocation; to take fright from seeing any passing object,&mdash;looking
+      back in anxious dread of the whip&mdash;all of which supposes a condition
+      of things now pretty well passed away. Horses are better bred and better
+      trained. The Arab proverb well says: 'The pure blood horse has no vice.'
+      He only wants to know what is required of him and he will do it if within
+      his power. A driver who is<i> fit</i> to drive a horse <i>rarely or never
+      strikes with his whip</i>. A mere motion of the rein or whip is all the
+      horse requires, and all that most horses will submit to. The bad temper
+      and the bad tricks of horses, are made so, nineteen times in twenty, by
+      the causeless brutality of driver or trainer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0021" id="linkimage-0021"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0058.jpg" alt="0058 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0058.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The use of the horse's eye is important. He should see what is before
+      him, and on each side of him, and the ground on which he treads. Objects
+      on either side of him do not frighten him <i>if he sees them</i>. It is
+      the sudden appearance of unaccustomed objects that frighten nervous
+      horses. The blinders contribute to this, and so far from being a
+      preventive are a provocative of fright. Give the horse the use of his eye,
+      and let him see the object, and he is rarely or never frightened. A shying
+      horse is a horse who does not see clearly. If blinders were necessary to
+      prevent horses from being frightened, why not use them on saddle horses;
+      and the fact that they are never so used, disposes of the whole argument
+      in their favor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The horse needs his eyes to see the ground upon which he steps. We may
+      not think so, but all animals are even more careful than men where they
+      tread. A horse running over a human body will not step upon it if he has
+      his eyes. But with the eyes half covered with blinders, he may do so, a
+      consideration of no small importance in a crowded city.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Has it ever occurred to ask ourselves what right we have to deprive
+      horses of the use of their eyes. They minister to our convenience and
+      pleasure, and we give them their food and care. Nay, we may even render
+      them serviceable. But we have no right to deprive them of the light of day
+      or the joy of beholding surrounding objects. To assume that they do not
+      prize or care for it argues but slight acquaintance with their nature.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Again, the non-use of an organ tends to destroy it. Fortunately the mass
+      of our horses are not born of those whose eyes are habitually blinded, or
+      we should, ere long, come to a race of no-eyed horses. But even now the
+      blinding has not been without its curse. The eye of the horse is not so
+      fine as that of the ox, the deer, or the gazelle, to say nothing of the
+      increasing frequency of weak eyes&mdash;defective vision and blindness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And all this comes of heedlessness. We do it because we are accustomed to
+      it. We don't think of the pleasure of which we are depriving our mute
+      friends. We don't think how much better the horses would look with the use
+      of their eyes, or of how much light the eye would add to the picture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The harness maker doesn't think of it. His business is to make as much of
+      the harness as possible. To him 'there is nothing like leather.' The
+      coachman doesn't think of it. So long as his position on the box is
+      secure, he is satisfied.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Occasionally a sensible man&mdash;and very often he's a poor man&mdash;is
+      seen driving his horse or team without taking from them the use of their
+      eyes&mdash;and how other horses or teams must envy those fortunate ones.
+      But the great mass with huge blinders drawn tight over their eyes, blunder
+      on in the dark, their drivers and owners utterly unconscious of the wrong
+      they are doing or the misery they are unconsciously inflicting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0022" id="linkimage-0022"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0060.jpg" alt="0060 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0060.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And in the same spirit of thoughtlessness,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;the
+      check-rein, or bearing-rein, as the English call it, is used upon horses.
+      There ought to be a law making it an offence punishable by a heavy
+      penalty, to fasten a horse's head high in the air, as we see the heads of
+      many carriage-horses fastened. Mr. Bergh, the founder of the Society for
+      the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, has done much toward breaking up the
+      abuse, but it still continues, in spite of his efforts. Many articles on
+      the subject have appeared in the Society's paper <i>Our Animal Friends.</i>
+      Here is one of them, it is entitled: &ldquo;the check-rein.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Under the mistaken idea that this device in some way adds to the beauty
+      of the horse, this poor, patient, helpless servant is submitted to the
+      most cruel and prolonged torture. The horse is one of the most beautiful
+      animals, because of his fine proportions and graceful curving outlines.
+      His beauty can be enhanced only by good feeding, care and grooming.
+      Clumsy, heavy, ill-fitting harness, trappings which conceal his body from
+      view, and all devices which cause him to assume unnatural and constrained
+      positions, always tend to mar his good appearance. Notice how his beauty
+      is spoiled at once by destroying the graceful curves of his natural
+      position, and introducing the straight lines and angles incident to the
+      use of the overcheck. The grandeur and nobility of the animal's appearance
+      are sadly marred by putting him into this foolish position, with his eyes
+      gazing upward into the sky, his nose sticking straight out before him, and
+      his straining and craning so ungracefully and uncomfortably. If any
+      driver, or any one else, thinks it is not cruel to fasten a horse's head
+      in such a position, let him try it himself. Put a man into this terrible,
+      unnatural position, with the hot sun blazing into his eyes, unable to
+      watch his steps, give him a burden to draw or carry, whip him into a smart
+      run over the rough roads and streets, and he will soon understand why a
+      horse with an overcheck is continually restlessly tossing his head and
+      turning it from side to side in his vain effort to get relief from his
+      excruciating misery. Stand up, throw the head back, and look steadily at
+      the ceiling for five minutes, and without any bit to chafe the torn and
+      bleeding mouth, you will get a vivid and lasting impression of what
+      torture is. A horse allowed to hold his head in a natural position makes a
+      beautiful and pleasant picture, while one tortured and disfigured by a
+      strap extending over the head, is an exhibition causing discomfort to the
+      beholder, and awakening his kindest sympathies and arousing his
+      indignation. The overcheck contrivance was originated by a horse-jockey,
+      whose horse, when rapidly driven, made a whistling noise in breathing. How
+      any gentleman or lady of intelligence can consent to ride behind a horse
+      which is being tortured with such a silly contrivance of cruelty it is
+      difficult to imagine.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0023" id="linkimage-0023"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0062.jpg" alt="0062 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0062.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In England,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;one of the most indefatigable workers
+      for the abolition of the bearing-rein, is Mr. Edward Ford-ham Flower, who
+      has published a book on the subject. In this book he says:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'It is a severe penance to any man who loves a horse to walk along the
+      fashionable streets or the park, and to witness the sufferings of horses
+      from this absurd and cruel practice. Little does the benevolent dowager
+      who sits absorbed in the pages of the last tract of the 'Society for
+      Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,' know of the sufferings of the two noble
+      animals by whom she is leisurely drawn along the 'Lady's Mile.' She
+      probably fancies that the high prancing step, and the toss of the head
+      which scatters flakes of foam at every step, are expressions of pride and
+      satisfaction at their task, when in fact they are occasioned by pain, and
+      a vain attempt to obtain a momentary relief from their suffering. Let any
+      one watch the horses in the park, or standing as they do for hours at the
+      theaters, shops, etc., with foaming mouths, and tongues swollen and
+      hanging out, trying to get a little ease to their poor heads and necks, by
+      tossing them up, putting them sideways, or in any possible position,
+      vainly appealing to their unheeding or ignorant masters, or coachmen, to
+      slacken, if only for a few minutes, the torturing rein, and then say if we
+      can call ourselves a humane people!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'It must be a source of grief to see the number of animals in carriages
+      to whom this bearing-rein is applied.. The first thing is, whatever may be
+      the form of the neck of the horse, to bring him, so to speak, into the
+      same line, and the bearing-rein is introduced in order to bring his head
+      into the required position. He is then attached to a carriage, and what is
+      the next step? Perhaps the carriage is ordered to the door a couple of
+      hours before it suits the convenience of the riders to enter it, and they
+      let the horse stand there exposed to the heat of the sun and the biting of
+      the flies; and there is the wretched animal with his head stuck up in the
+      air, unable to drive away a fly. The bewigged brute and idiot of a
+      coachman, of course, thinks it a very fine thing to sit behind these poor
+      animals with their stuck-up heads; but his master ought to know better.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham said that any person who doubted the ability of a horse to pull
+      more with his head free, than when it is held by a check-rein, could
+      easily convince himself by making a trial with a team. He then told a
+      story about the Scotchman Macadam, who invented the road bearing his name.
+      On one occasion Macadam was on the outside of a coach, traveling on one of
+      his own roads, when the horses stopped, halfway up a hill. Macadam was
+      taunted with the failure of his system, for there were those who
+      disbelieved in his plan, or were jealous of the reward granted to him by
+      the Government. Macadam quietly got off the coach, went to the horses'
+      heads, and loosed the four bearing-reins. The horses stretched their
+      necks, put their shoulders to the collar, and easily reached the top of
+      the hill. He thus vindicated the success of his system, and taught his
+      fellow passengers and the coachman a lesson of humanity and common-sense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham added that Barclay and Perkins, the great brewers of London,
+      who own hundreds of horses, have forbidden the use of blinders or binding
+      reins on any of their animals.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following, under the title &ldquo;A True Horse Story,&rdquo; is taken from a
+      recent number of <i>Our Animal Friends</i>:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On Madison Avenue one day I paused to pat the nose of a beautiful horse
+      which stood by the curb, and commiserate his misfortune, for this
+      beautiful animal, though sleek of coat and shapely in body and limb, was
+      apparently suffering most excruciating torture. His head had been checked
+      inhumanely high, and the cruel bit, drawing tightly in his mouth,
+      disfigured an animal face of unusual charm and intelligence. I was just
+      fancying that the horse had begun to understand and appreciate my words of
+      sympathy, when the lady who sat in the carriage holding the reins fumbled
+      in her pocket, produced a lump of white sugar, and asked me to give it to
+      the horse.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0024" id="linkimage-0024"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0066.jpg" alt="0066 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0066.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'He is very fond of sugar,' she explained, 'and I have quite won his
+      heart by feeding it to him. I always carry sugar in my pocket while out
+      driving, and give him a lump at every opportunity. I never knew a horse to
+      be so fond of sugar. Will you please give him another lump?'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Certainly,' I replied; 'I see that you are quite as fond of the horse as
+      he is of sweets.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Yes, I think everything of him.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Then why do you torture him?'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Torture my Prince?'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Yes, that is just what you are doing. Do you know that the poor animal
+      suffers agony because his head is checked so unnaturally high? His neck is
+      drawn out straight, producing a most ungraceful angle, he holds his head
+      awkwardly, the bit is hurting his mouth, and that graceful curvature of
+      neck and carriage of head which are in his nature are now entirely lost.
+      Why do you check him so high?'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;She didn't know. She was not aware that high checking was a source of
+      pain to horses, nor that it destroyed their natural beauty. She was amazed
+      at the discovery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'May I trouble you to unloosen his check?' she asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When the strap was unsnapped, the horse immediately lowered his head,
+      straightened the cramps out of his handsome neck, shook himself to make
+      sure that he had actually been released from bondage, and they looked
+      around with such a grateful, delighted expression in his intelligent eyes
+      that his mistress declared no more checking straps should be used upon
+      him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Cobweb and Major had both been broken to harness, as well as to the
+      saddle, and some days after the conversation recorded in this chapter,
+      Charley tried Cobweb in a dog-cart which his father had given him.
+      Check-reins and blinders formed no part of the pretty creature's harness,
+      and he seemed to appreciate his freedom from those abominations of modern
+      custom. Major was tried in the afternoon of the same day, and his
+      performance fully justified the faith that the boys had in the reformed
+      system of driving. Not only did George and Charley declare that they would
+      never use blinders or check-reins on their horses, but they chorussed the
+      evils of the old practice to their young friends, several of whom were
+      induced to follow their example. And of all those who did so, not one
+      returned to the cruelties he had so unthinkingly practiced, simply because
+      it was the fashion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0025" id="linkimage-0025"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0069.jpg" alt="0069 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0069.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      How horses can be cured of their maladies by kind and proper treatment, is
+      told in the following extract from the life of Sir Astley Cooper. His
+      coachman was instructed to attend every market-morning at Smithfield, and
+      purchase all the lame young horses which he thought might possibly be
+      convertible into carriage or saddle horses, should they recover from their
+      defects. He was never to give more than £7 ($35.00) for a horse, but £5
+      ($25.00) was the average price. In this manner thirty or forty horses were
+      sometimes collected at Gaelis-bridge, his farm. Once a week the blacksmith
+      came up from the village, and the horses were brought to him for
+      inspection. Having discovered the cause of their lameness, he proceeded to
+      perform whatever seemed to him necessary for the cure. The improvement
+      produced in a short time by good feeding and medical attendance, appeared
+      truly wonderful. Horses which were at first with difficulty driven to
+      pasture, because of their lameness, were now with as much difficulty
+      restrained from running away. Even one fortnight at Gaelisbridge would
+      frequently produce such an alteration in some of them that it required no
+      unskillful eye in the former owner to recognize the animal which he had
+      sold. Fifty guineas were paid for one of these animals, which turned out a
+      very good bargain, and Sir Astley's carriage was for years drawn by a pair
+      of horses which, together, cost him only £12 10s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0026" id="linkimage-0026"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0070.jpg" alt="0070 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0070.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER IV.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Horses that need Check-Reins and Blinders&mdash;Proper Mode of applying
+      Them&mdash;Uses of Whips and Spurs&mdash;How to Train a Horse to Follow
+      You&mdash;A Horse in a Parlor&mdash;The Horse that Wouldn't be Called a
+      Blackguard&mdash;Intelligence of London Bus Horses&mdash;How Horses
+      express their Gratitude&mdash;Henry Bergli and the Society for Preventing
+      Cruelty to Animals&mdash;A Summary of the Society's Work&mdash;What it has
+      Accomplished&mdash;Friendships of Dogs and Horses&mdash;How the Horse
+      lifted his Friend the Cat&mdash;Locomotive and Colt Racing&mdash;Believers
+      in a Future Life for Animals&mdash;A Horse Saved his Master's Life&mdash;Tatters
+      and What he Did.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">W</span>hen our young
+      friends reported to their father the result of their experiments at
+      driving their horses without check-reins he was greatly pleased to know
+      they had followed his advice and found it so satisfactory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0027" id="linkimage-0027"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9071.jpg" alt="9071 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9071.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      They further told him that their neighbors had said it was not safe to
+      give up check-reins altogether on all kinds of horses, and asked if such
+      was the case.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That is quite true,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered, &ldquo;and I'm glad the subject was
+      mentioned. There are some horses that it would be dangerous to drive
+      without some kind of a check-rein; very fresh, unruly or vicious horses
+      require something to prevent their getting their heads down and running
+      away, but the rein should always be so loose that when a horse has his
+      head in proper position the snaffle-bit will hang down from the corners of
+      the mouth instead of being drawn up into the cheeks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mr. Sidney says,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;that the object of a check-rein
+      should be to divide the weight with the driver's hands so that when the
+      horse drops his head below a certain point the weight of his mouth will
+      come on the check-rein instead of upon the driver's hands. It also
+      prevents horses, when standing still, from rubbing their heads against
+      each other or against the pole where the bit is liable to be caught and
+      cause an accident. Properly fitted, the check-rein does no harm and may be
+      the means of preventing runaways, but unless it is slack when the horse
+      has his head in a natural position it is not properly fitted. If a horse
+      naturally carries his head down, like a pig, he is not suited for a
+      carriage anyway, and should be employed solely as a working horse.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0028" id="linkimage-0028"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0072.jpg" alt="0072 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0072.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Thank you, sir,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;and Mr. Webb also said that there are
+      horses which cannot be driven safely without blinders.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Undoubtedly he is right,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but of all the horses now
+      driven with blinders, nineteen out of twenty would be just as safe without
+      them. A great deal depends on the training and early treatment of a horse;
+      if he is broken without blinders he is very unlikely ever to need them, as
+      he will be accustomed to the noise and sight of the carriage behind him
+      and to what is going on around him. Some nervous horses are always looking
+      back, and whenever the driver makes the least move they are apt to jump or
+      become restive. Such horses may need blinders, but they should be put on
+      in such a way as to allow a good range of vision in front. Several
+      gentlemen have equipped their horses with narrow blinders, or more
+      properly screens, that stand straight out from the side of the animal's
+      head; he thus has a view in front and on both sides of him, but cannot
+      seethe carriage and its occupant. Year by year the disuse of blinders
+      increases, and we may hope for the day when they will be practically given
+      up. Nobody thinks of putting them on saddle horses, and they are very
+      rarely, if ever, used on trotting horses in harness. If not needed on
+      race-trotters, why should they be placed on any other horse in harness?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The subject of check-reins and blinders having been disposed of, Charley's
+      next question referred to the use of the whip in riding or driving, and
+      the spur in riding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;For most purposes,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;the whip should be more an article
+      of ornament than of use. It should never be applied in anger, and in most
+      applications it should be simply as a reminder. I have known horses that
+      were quite lazy, and refused to move above a very slow pace, when their
+      riders or drivers had no whips or spurs, but a single touch of either, at
+      starting, rendered further use unnecessary. A lady's saddle horse requires
+      a slight touch of the whip as an indication to take certain steps or to
+      change from one pace to another. The best horsemen do not ride without
+      spurs, but they very rarely use them, and then only for some real reason.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0029" id="linkimage-0029"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8074.jpg" alt="8074 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8074.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      There is no need for the spurs to be sharp; in fact they had better be
+      blunt, as the chances of injuring the horse are thus diminished.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked how he could teach Major to follow him when he got off to
+      walk a short distance, as frequently happens.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;For instruction on that point,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;I will refer you to Mr.
+      Rarey's book, where very clear instructions are to be found. They are
+      copied on page 298 of 'The Book of the Horse.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George hunted up the paragraph and read as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Provide yourself with a gig-whip and three or four carrots cut in slices.
+      Lead the horse out in either a halter or a common watering-bridle. A
+      closed barn or riding school is the best place for all instruction,
+      because there is then nothing to distract the horse's attention, but a
+      quiet lane will do as well. Begin by fondling your horse, talking to him
+      in horse-language, and giving him one or two bits of carrot, for which, if
+      he has not been fed recently, he will be eager, and begin to push his nose
+      into your hand for more. Then commence by leading him forward and backward
+      with one hand, holding the gig-whip trailing behind you with the other,
+      calling to him by name, if he has one, all the time, as thus:&mdash;Come&mdash;come
+      along, come along, old fellow, touching him up gently or sharply, as the
+      case may be, on his hindquarters, with the point of the gig-lash to drive
+      him forward, and fondling or rewarding him as he comes to your hand. He
+      will soon learn to press forward to avoid the flick of the whip behind,
+      and to come to your shoulder to be caressed and rewarded. Instead of
+      flying from you, he will learn to seek safety by your side, and follow you
+      anywhere.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The whip has something to do with the instruction,&rdquo; George remarked, as
+      he read the foregoing paragraph to Charley.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; said the latter, &ldquo;but you see there are more carrots and caresses
+      than whips. Here's something about the use, or rather the misuse, of the
+      whip which I have just found in <i>Our Animal Friends.</i> The writer
+      appears to know what he wants to say.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The whip is the parent of stubbornness in a high-spirited animal, while
+      gentleness will win obedience, and at the same time attach the animal to
+      us. It is the easiest thing imaginable to win the affection of animals,
+      and especially horses. An apple, a potato, or a few lumps of sugar, given
+      from the hand now and then, will cause the horse to prick up his ears at
+      the sound of his owner's footstep, not with fear, but with a low whinnying
+      note of pleasure. The confidence of the noblest beast thus gained, will
+      lead him to obey the slightest intelligent tone of voice or indication of
+      the bit. There is no such thing as balkiness to be found in a horse thus
+      treated; he shows a desire to obey, whereas a few lashes of the whip,
+      smartly applied, if he be a horse worth having, will arouse in him a
+      spirit of retaliation and stubbornness that may cost the owner hours of
+      trouble, and possibly danger, to life and limb. Horses are made gentle by
+      kindness. They believe in the 'master' they love, and his voice will calm
+      them in a moment of fear, or induce them to struggle forward, even when
+      overladen, and when a whip would be sure to bring them to a stubborn
+      standstill.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No man knows the true value of his horse until he has won his regard and
+      confidence, as it were. The whip will never know this. A kind hand and
+      gentle voice will act like magic. Thus we have known women who could
+      handle and drive horses that would almost invariably show vicious traits
+      in the hands of a male driver.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And here's a good story,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;which is copied from the <i>Cornhill
+      Magazine</i>:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'All horses have their fancies, and know perfectly well whom they have to
+      deal with. I am just now exercised with Whitefeet. One day I found her in
+      the drawing-room. To reach it she had walked into the house by the front
+      entrance, and after traveling a corridor some forty feet long, had passed
+      through three door-ways. There she was, examining furniture, smelling
+      knick-knacks, and looking out of the window. I expected a scene, since she
+      was as good as wild, having never been made acquainted with saddle, bridle
+      or shoe. Yet she behaved like a young lady, not only daintily walking
+      about among chairs and tables without damage, but exhibiting solitary
+      self-consciousness, especially when she came to look at herself in the
+      mirror. This she did with much interest, getting first one side of her
+      face and then the other into the most appreciable position. It seemed to
+      me that she smiled. When she had gazed her fill I said. 'Now come out, my
+      dear.' Then she put her warm, velvety nose into the hollow of my uplifted
+      hand and followed me, as I walked backward like a courtier into the
+      paddock. And yet a professional breaker had found her hard to manage. She
+      was evidently too refined for him, and resented his coarse manners. Horses
+      show deliberate resentment. Years ago we had two piebalds, Marquis and
+      Tag. I have a portrait, but knew them not, as they lived before I was
+      born. You might&mdash;it was so related to me when a boy by my elders&mdash;call
+      Tag anything but a 'blackguard.' Tradition says that an incredulous guest,
+      having been told this, one evening after dinner, went up by himself to
+      Tag, before breakfast the next morning, and quietly said: 'Tag, you are a
+      blackguard.' He was thankful to get into the house with only half his coat
+      torn off his back. Tag flew at him, open-mouthed, at once.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The intelligence of horses in England is not monopolized by the high bred
+      ones,&rdquo; said Charley after listening to the account of White-feet in the
+      parlor. &ldquo;Here's what an Englishman says of the London omnibus horses!&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I like riding on an omnibus; it is the best way to see London, and I
+      often sit by a 'bus driver's side to the end of his stage and back. So I
+      see a good deal of the 'bus horse, and I find in him an animal who well
+      repays watching. Most people know that he understands the conductor's
+      bell; but few know how well he understands it. The London 'bus driver is a
+      very Jehu, but his cattle need very little driving. I see them stop when
+      the bell rings, and I see them start when it rings again, even when it
+      does so within two seconds. Yet, when the 'bus is in full roll, and the
+      conductor rings twice, to show the driver that he is 'full inside,' the
+      horses know the double ring and never pause in their stride. Again, the
+      'bus horse knows the policeman's signal. I am driving down Oxford Street.
+      At the corner of Bond Street, an old lady wants to cross the road. The
+      policeman holds up his white-gloved hand and the horses stop,
+      automatically, not pulled up by Jehu. The lady safely across, the
+      policeman jerks his thumb forward, and the horses start again. A heavy
+      dray is in front. Without sign from Jehu, the horses swerve to right and
+      circumvent it. I sometimes think the conductor might drive by merely
+      pulling his bellcord, and so save the driver's wages. Further, these
+      sagacious beasts know all their stoppings; they know the import of the cue
+      'higher up,' and they know the clatter of the released brake. Observe,
+      too, how skilfully the 'bus-horse picks out the dryer portion of the wet
+      and slippery wood pavings. And see him cleverly skate down Waterloo Place,
+      after a shower of rain or water-carts, with heavy 'bus behind him. What
+      other animal could do the like?'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0030" id="linkimage-0030"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0077.jpg" alt="0077 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0077.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;From a loaded omnibus horse, to a New York street-car horse, is a very
+      natural step,&rdquo; remarked George. &ldquo;Listen to this account by Supt. Hankinson
+      of Mr. Bergh's society, of the appreciation of kindness, which was
+      manifested by some car-horses that had been turned out to rest on a farm
+      near the city:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Among the animals were three which appeared to have formed an attachment
+      for each other, for no matter where one went, the others would follow. One
+      of the officers had plucked several apples from a tree on the grounds, and
+      while eating the fruit the horses approached, and stood in line before
+      him. The first, a sorrel, had a most perfect face, and evidently came from
+      the best stock. The other two appeared to be of ordinary breed; but all
+      were completely run down physically, by reason of the hard work they had
+      done while engaged in dragging street cars. The poor creatures looked
+      longingly at the officer as he ate the fruit, and when the sorrel was
+      given a piece of an apple, the other two took positions, one on the right,
+      the other to the left, with the sorrel well in front.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0031" id="linkimage-0031"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0082.jpg" alt="0082 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0082.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'The sight of the group would have gladdened the heart of an artist.
+      Their wistful looks beaming from beautiful eyes, as the officer preceeded
+      to cut an apple into three parts and distribute it among them, would have
+      pleased a sympathetic mind. When the last piece of apple was disposed of,
+      and the officer moved to another part of the field, he was followed at a
+      respectful distance by his dumb acquaintances, and from place to place,
+      wherever duty required his presence, the three horses would accompany him,
+      as if to show their appreciation of the simple kindness which had been
+      shown them. A stone wall, about four feet high, divided the field from the
+      highway leading to the place where the Society's patrol wagon, had been
+      left, and when the officers had finished their work, they passed through a
+      gate opening into the road. Sorrel and his companions did not propose,
+      however, to be left in any such a summary manner, and followed along by
+      the stone wall, until further progress was stopped by a high wooden fence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'When about half-way down the road, the officers heard sounds of furious
+      galloping, and, to their amazement, the sorrel came dashing up, having
+      leaped the stone wall, a feat which his companions either could not or
+      would not venture to do. He followed after the officials until great
+      results from his work. Superintendent Hankinson said recently, in an
+      interview with a newspaper reporter:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'We have not in these days the disgusting exhibitions of cruelty and
+      brutality that disgraced civilization a quarter of a century ago. You
+      rarely see lame horses dragging heavily loaded trucks or cars now. You
+      seldom hear of men brutally beating their horses. People are no longer
+      sickened by the spectacle of horses covered with bleeding, festering
+      sores. The cattle yards are better and cleaner and healthier than they
+      ever were. The swill-milk stables are gone. Dog fights and cock they had
+      reached the vehicle, when he was captured and led back to the paddock.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley agreed with his brother that it was an interesting story. Their
+      comments upon it naturally led to a discussion of the Society for the
+      Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which has been mentioned in a preceding
+      chapter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You know it was founded by Mr. Bergh,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;and before his
+      death that gentleman had the satisfaction of seeing very fights are not as
+      numerous as they were, and there is even an element of humanity in the
+      brutal sport of pigeon shooting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I have no hesitation in affirming that this changed condition of affairs
+      is wholly due to the labors of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
+      to Animals. The Society was organized to work just such a reform, and I am
+      sure the public will bear me out in the statement that its efforts have
+      been crowned with success.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Just let me instance some phases of cruelty that were very common in
+      this city in the early days of the Society, but which are very rarely
+      heard of now:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'What an ordinary spectacle it once was to see a horse, dragging a
+      heavily laden cart or truck, fall from sheer exhaustion in the street! And
+      the brutal driver would take a rung from his cart and beat the poor animal
+      in the most horrible manner about the head and body. That spectacle is
+      very rare in these days. Drivers of horses are particular now not to
+      overload their trucks, and they think a good deal, if the horse happens to
+      fall, before using a cart rung on him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'You remember, too, how certain dealers in poultry used to go through the
+      streets carrying fowls by the legs and letting their heads drag along the
+      sidewalk. Nowadays fowls are transported about the city in crates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Bit burrs are not quite as numerous now as they were some years ago.
+      They were quite a 'fad' in society once. They were made of leather about
+      three inches in diameter, and one such was thickly studded with long,
+      sharp tacks. These burrs were fastened to the bit and placed on each side
+      of the horse's mouth. They were a constant source of agony to the horse,
+      but they pleased society because they made the horses jump and prance as
+      though possessed of an exuberance of animal spirits. The horse's attitude
+      and antics were magnificent, but it was magnificent agony, for those tacks
+      tore and lacerated the tender flesh about the mouth in the most horrible
+      manner. That burr was a most diabolical instrument of torture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Another society 'fad' which the Society stopped, or rather ameliorated,
+      was the practice of clipping horses as cold weather approached. The
+      Society's officers frequently saw teams that had just been clipped
+      standing in front of houses in Fifth Avenue or before the big dry-goods
+      establishments for hours, shivering with cold. Of course, they looked very
+      neat and glossy, but the deprivation of the animal's covering was a
+      horrible cruelty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0032" id="linkimage-0032"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9081.jpg" alt="9081 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9081.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The Society's protest had its effect, and those who clipped their horses
+      after that had the humanity to provide them with blankets.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Glanders and farcy, those contagious diseases, incurable in man as well
+      as in beast, are not by any means as prevalent as they once were. And this
+      is owing to the work of the Society in compelling people to keep their
+      stables in good condition. Those diseases are the result of neglect, bad
+      food, and damp, ill-ventilated stables.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Through the efforts of the Society an element of humanity has been
+      introduced into the treatment of the cattle sent to New York for
+      slaughter. The treatment these poor creatures got at one time was simply
+      barbarous. We have officers at all the stock yards and abattoirs, and they
+      make it their business to see that the animals are properly fed and cared
+      for, and that their quarters are kept in a cleanly, healthy condition. A
+      great reform has been consummated, too, by the Society, in the method of
+      transporting live stock.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'And speaking of live stock, reminds me of an incident that happened in
+      the early days of the Society. Mr. Bergh&mdash;and how we all will miss
+      him now that he is gone&mdash;was going through Chambers Street one day,
+      when he saw two men leading a cow and her calf. The calf was literally
+      skin and bones. There was a rope about the cow's neck and another about
+      the calf's. The cow's udder was fearfully distended with the milk within
+      it, and the calf made continual efforts to get at it, but the man pulled
+      the poor little thing away. Well, Mr. Bergh stopped the man, took the rope
+      from the calf's neck, and the moment he did so the famished thing made a
+      dash for that distended udder and drank its fill. The men protested, but
+      Mr. Bergh was inexorable, and he stood there during twenty minutes, the
+      center of a crowd of five hundred people, while the poor calf got the
+      first good square meal of its life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Dog fights and cock fights&mdash;brutal, cruel, demoralizing exhibitions&mdash;were
+      quite a feature of metroplitan life at one time, but are, happily,
+      becoming more and more rare. People who like that so-called 'sport,' to
+      indulge their propensity are now found to sneak off like so many thieves
+      or felons to some stable or loft in the country, and there have their
+      'fun' in the constant fear of interruption by Mr. Bergh or of the police.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'The Society, at one time, had great trouble with the street railroad
+      companies, which persisted in driving lame, crippled, sick and disabled
+      animals; in salting their tracks and overloading their cars to a fearful
+      degree. But there has been a marked reform in all these particulars, and I
+      think I can say the car horses of the city to-day are in very good
+      condition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There can be no doubt that the twenty-two years of the Society's
+      existence have been fraught with great good to the animals that minister
+      to the needs of man. Our Society has grown to enormous proportions, and
+      has branches in every State and city, and almost every town and village,
+      in the country. Since its organization the Society in New York has
+      prosecuted 13,850 cases in the courts, suspended 35,108 disabled animals
+      from work, humanely destroyed 24,099 horses disabled past recovery, and
+      removed 4444 disabled horses from the streets in its ambulances. Last year
+      the Society prosecuted 797 cases of cruelty in the courts, suspended 3456
+      disabled animals from work, destroyed 2546 disabled horses, destroyed 1102
+      small animals disabled past recovery, removed 522 disabled horses from the
+      streets in ambulances, and received and investigated 3773 complaints.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It must not be supposed that the existence of so many cases of cruelty
+      indicates an increase in the cruel treatment of animals; the large figure
+      is rather due to the greater facilities the Society now possesses for the
+      detection of such offences.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Our paid officers are of course limited in number, but every humane
+      person in New York can be said to be a detective of the Society. We
+      receive a great many complaints, investigate them thoroughly, and then
+      report to the complainants the result of such investigations. People write
+      to tell us a certain man is in the habit of beating his horse or of
+      feeding swill to his cows, or that a dog is dying in a vacant lot up-town,
+      or that boys are in the habit of stoning birds in a certain locality. All
+      these things we look into, and when we catch the guilty parties practicing
+      the cruelty complained of we arrest and prosecute them. With all these
+      aids it is clear the work of the Society has been very much simplified and
+      more thorough, but it can be much more so by a further cooperation of the
+      public. That we look for and hope to obtain.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Our young friends agreed that Mr. Bergh had done a great work which should
+      be commemorated by a monument in his honor. &ldquo;Magnificent monuments have
+      been erected to men far less deserving than he,&rdquo; said Charley. &ldquo;If the
+      animals whom he befriended could contribute, many thousands of dollars
+      would be subscribed at once. All the more noble was his philanthropy,
+      because the objects of it could never know their benefactor.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley and George were not long in possession of their horses before they
+      discovered that quite an attachment had been formed between Cobweb and
+      Rover, which was followed by a similar friendship between Major and Dash.
+      Whenever the horses were taken out for exercise the dogs accompanied them
+      and seemed to enjoy the run very much. At night the dogs slept in the
+      stalls with the horses, coiling up under the manger while the steeds were
+      standing, but nestling down among their feet or close to their bodies when
+      they were lying down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That's nothing remarkable,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, when the boys told him of
+      the equine and canine friendships.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Dogs and horses are very often mutually attached and sometimes are able
+      to be of service to each other.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How is that?&rdquo; Charley asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is a story told of an English gentleman who had a fine hunting
+      horse, which was so fond of a greyhound that he was always uneasy when the
+      latter was out of sight. The gentleman used to call at the stable to have
+      the dog take a walk with him, and when he did so the horse always looked
+      after him and neighed uneasily. When the dog returned to the stable he
+      always ran immediately to the horse and licked his nose, the horse
+      returning the greeting by rubbing the dog's back.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day when the groom had taken the horse out for exercise the dog
+      followed, and during the promenade he was attacked by a larger dog which
+      threw him down and was rapidly getting the best of the encounter.
+      Thereupon the horse threw back his ears, and in spite of the efforts of
+      the groom to restrain him, he rushed at the strange dog and seized him
+      with his teeth. He took a good grip of the dog's back that made him quit
+      his hold on the greyhound, and then he shook him till the skin gave way.
+      Under these circumstances the strange canine was not disposed to renew the
+      attack on the greyhound, but ran off as fast as his wounds would permit.
+      As he did so the horse pranced about very proudly, and was evidently quite
+      happy at being of service to his smaller friend.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've read,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;about a horse and cat that were great friends,
+      the cat generally sleeping in the horse's manger. When the horse was going
+      to have his oats, he used to take the cat very gently by the skin on her
+      back, just as cats pick up their kittens, and lift her into the next
+      stall, so that she wouldn't be in his way while he was eating his food.
+      How he learned that cats should be lifted in that way was a mystery, but
+      he certainly did it so that he never hurt her in the least. She seemed to
+      understand it perfectly, and whenever he put her out of the manger she
+      stayed away till he had eaten his oats. He always liked to have her about
+      him, and she frequently climbed on his back and seemed perfectly at home
+      there.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's a story,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;about a race between a colt and a
+      locomotive, and according to the account, it was a lively race. It was
+      printed in the <i>Pittsburgh Despatch</i>, and here it is:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Information comes of a remarkable and exciting race between an express
+      train, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and a three-year-old colt one
+      day last week. The colt belongs to Vince Carpenter, at Limestone Station,
+      in Carter County, Kentucky. When the express train arrived at Limestone,
+      on the day in question, the colt stepped on the track in front of the
+      engine, and when the train started the colt started also, keeping some
+      distance ahead of the engine until a large trestle was reached at the next
+      stopping-point, a distance of five and a quarter miles from Limestone. The
+      colt started over the trestle, but fell down, and the race came to an end.
+      The engine stopped, a rope was attached to the colt and it was removed
+      from the track.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'In the race of five and a quarter miles, which was reported to have been
+      made in the short time of thirteen minutes, the colt jumped several cow
+      gaps, crossed numerous small trestles, and ran around one or two
+      bridges.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0034" id="linkimage-0034"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0086.jpg" alt="0086 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0086.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Charley's mention of the friendship between a horse and a cat naturally
+      turned the conversation in the direction of cats, and led to several
+      stories about those domestic favorites. We will give some of these
+      anecdotes in the next chapter. Before the conference broke up, George
+      asked a question which he had seen in a newspaper: &ldquo;Is there any future
+      life for animals?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham said he had never given the subject a thought, and had no
+      opinion to offer. He read the following, which was written for <i>Our Dumb
+      Animals</i> by George T. Angell, in answer to the question, in the very
+      words in which George had asked it:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We answer, John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, thought there was. So
+      did those eminent Christian Bishops, Jeremy Taylor and Butler. Coleridge
+      advocated it in England, Lamartine in France, and Agassiz in America.
+      Agassiz, the greatest scientist we ever had on this continent, was a firm
+      believer in some future life for the lower animals. A professor of Harvard
+      University, has compiled a list of one hundred and eighty-five European
+      authors who have written on the subject. Among the leading clergy in
+      Boston, who have publicly expressed their belief in a future life for
+      animals, are Joseph Cook, Trinitarian, and James Freeman Clark, Unitarian.
+      Some years ago a man left by will for Mr. Bergh's Society, a hundred and
+      fifty thousand dollars. Relatives contested the will on the ground that he
+      was insane because he believed in a future life for animals. The judge, in
+      sustaining the will, said that he found that more than half of the human
+      race believed the same thing.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Why do I love horses? Listen, and I will tell you,&rdquo; said a gentleman,
+      whom the author of this volume has known for nearly twenty years. He is a
+      prominent man of business in New York, but modestly declines to have his
+      name in print, so we will call him Mr. A..
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When a boy, living at home on a Vermont farm, my father owned a pair of
+      spirited grays, one being a special pet, never seeming weary and never
+      refusing to go anywhere or to do any service asked of him. His mate was of
+      the other sort, sulky, ugly, and a thorough shirk. My pet had formed a
+      strong personal attachment for me, would always whinney when he heard my
+      step, in fact seemed to have the love of a dog for his master.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Coming down the mountain with a heavy load, by a road plowed out for a
+      single track, and snow three feet and more deep on either side, we met an
+      old gentleman and lady in a single cutter, who could not or thought they
+      could not, turn from the road to allow us to pass.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The off horse, the ugly one, refused to turn into the snow, and I stepped
+      forward of him, taking him by the head, standing in the snow half my
+      depth. Instead of accepting my invitation to follow my lead, he reared and
+      came down upon me, throwing me on my back, with my head just out from
+      under his chest, both of us lying at full length in the snow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Now my pet showed his love and that he saw where the trouble lay. Taking
+      his mate by the side of the lip in his teeth, he lifted him up upon his
+      fore feet, then supposing his duty done, let go his hold, when at once the
+      rascal came down again, this time with one knee upon my chest, nearly
+      crushing it in, and making breathing almost impossible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The old gentleman and lady screamed, and I feared fright of my horses
+      would be an added danger, but instead, no wise man's head was ever clearer
+      as to duty in time of danger, than was that of my equine friend. Taking
+      his mate again by the side of his lip and with a strong grip of his teeth,
+      he lifted and held him sitting on his haunches as a dog would have done,
+      and with one fore foot bowed out on either side of me. Getting hold of the
+      harness I dragged myself from under my captor, when Billy showed in no
+      doubtful manner that he meant all he had done. His whinney was like a cry
+      of joy. He called to me, danced, rubbed his head against me, and showed
+      plainly as language could have done that instinct and love had joined in
+      saving my life. Was it reason or instinct or inspiration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It seemed like a dog's thoughtful, unselfish love, but in the story of
+      horses, I have never known such devotion. Now you know why I love horses,
+      and why cruelty to one of them is, to me, like a cruel injury to a true
+      friend.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      A lady, with whom the author of this volume is well acquainted, writes as
+      follows on this subject:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I think that blinders ought to be abolished by law, but if we cannot get
+      rid of them that way, every friend of the horse should exert all possible
+      influence to induce people to abandon their use. When I first obtained my
+      horse 'Tatters' he had never been driven with an open bridle, and had
+      never been used under a saddle, but he had the reputation of being
+      exceedingly gentle and afraid of nothing except the steam railways and the
+      elevated cars. The statement was correct, as he would stand up and strike
+      toward them with his front feet, snorting and trembling in great terror. I
+      needed a horse both for riding and driving, so I ventured to try him under
+      the saddle before purchasing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I am not a very fearless person, as you know, so I went through all the
+      prescribed rules laid down for horse-breakers, such as giving him the
+      saddle to smell and examine before placing it on his back, putting the
+      skirt of my riding habit under his nose to rub with his upper lip and feel
+      of in his own way, which he did very thoroughly, taking about seven
+      minutes before he seemed entirely satisfied. After mounting and riding
+      round the ring once, I feared Mr. 'Tatters' was balky, for if I wanted him
+      to pass between other riders he would stop suddenly and refuse to move on
+      until a space of six or eight feet was made for his horseship to pass,
+      then he would trot along quietly until the same thing occurred, and so on,
+      until I bethought me that perhaps he was under the impression that the
+      carriage was behind him. I then wheeled him around two or three times in
+      as small a space as possible, at which he showed considerable fear and he
+      kept a sharp look out for splinters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;After about two weeks of this performance daily a fine afternoon tempted
+      me to a ride in the park. Then the question of 'blinders' came up, and
+      each of the 'horsey' people at the stable contributed his quantum of
+      caution to the effect that Tatters would shy at everything and run away
+      for nothing the first time he went out and saw much, but I argued there
+      was no help for it; one could not put blinders on a saddle horse, and
+      there was a heap of courage in remembering that Tatters had not worn
+      blinders when he went to the blacksmith's to be shod.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I shall never forget the delightful afternoon we&mdash;Tatters and I&mdash;had.
+      Tatters enjoyed the prospect of the fun&mdash;turning his head from side
+      to side, and every little while heaving a great sigh of satisfaction which
+      every lover and owner of a horse recognizes and understands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Our usual run now is around the reservoir and park, then up to Macomb's
+      Dam bridge. Glad of company when it is congenial, good company for each
+      other when alone. One day, being with a friend who wished to ride over to
+      the Riverside Drive, I assented, forgetting for the moment that we must
+      pass under the elevated railway in order to get there from Seventh Avenue
+      and One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Street. Fearing ridicule, I would not
+      turn back after assenting to the proposition; so, taking an extra firm
+      grip of the saddle and with a good deal of thumping in the region of my
+      watch-pocket as we approached the dredded object, and assuring Tatters in
+      the sweetest tones possible that 'Nothing will harm the boy! Missis
+      wouldn't let anything hurt her Tatters,' etc. etc.&mdash;imagine my
+      surprise when Tatters, after looking up at the passing train and then
+      turning his head first to the left and then to the right, seeing where the
+      train and the noise came from and where it went, quietly walked along
+      under it perfectly satisfied.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0035" id="linkimage-0035"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0090.jpg" alt="0090 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0090.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I at once made up my mind that if he could see the objects which worried
+      him we should get along better together, so I determined that I would take
+      the blinders off the next time he went in harness. The people at the
+      stable where I keep him tried, in every way, to discourage my doing so.
+      'He will be scared and run away when he sees the carriage behind him, and
+      will kick and smash it to pieces.' 'It will never be safe for you to do
+      it.' 'He will see everything at the side of the road, and you can't drive
+      him at all that way,' and so on, without end. But; I had a woman's
+      obstinacy and determined to try him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When they found I would have my way they said I must have him handled by
+      a trainer and driven in a breaking cart until he was accustomed to the
+      open bridle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;So it was arranged, and I made an appointment with the trainer. Tatters
+      was harnessed into the breaking cart, and with a good stout kicking strap
+      attached. Then the trainer&mdash;looking as though he dreaded the job&mdash;took
+      the reins and mounted the seat&mdash;carefully watched by about twenty
+      grooms, who had come out on the sidewalk to see the fun, and were offering
+      bets on the result. The trainer drove from Fifty-ninth Street up the
+      Boulevard about a dozen blocks and back again, passing under the elevated
+      trains each time. Tatters never behaved better in his life. 'Now,' I said,
+      after walking him around the phaeton with the top first up, and then down,
+      'harness him into it and drive him up the Boulevard and back again,' and
+      the trainer did so, with the same result. Then I got into the phaeton
+      alone and drove around Central Park and up over the bridge at the end of
+      Seventh Avenue, and Tatters never showed the least alarm, and he did not
+      worry and sweat when going fast, as before; but, on the contrary, seemed
+      to enjoy the novelty. He has never been driven with a blind bridle since,
+      and never will be as long as I have him. He certainly goes better than
+      ever before, he is no longer afraid of the trains on the elevated railway,
+      he used to be scared when bicycles came up alongside of him, and now he
+      pays no attention to them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It seems to me that when a horse can see anything properly he doesn't
+      mind it half as much as when he hears a noise and can't see what is making
+      it. Horses are slow in understanding, but once convinced they never
+      forget. When we are near a railway or anything else that is likely to
+      frighten him I talk to Tatters and let him take his own time to see what
+      it is, and then he concludes he isn't to be harmed, and pays no attention
+      to it the next time he sees it. He is a great pet; he eats out of my hand
+      and is very careful not to let his teeth harm me, he recognizes my voice,
+      points his ears and whinnies whenever I go into the stable and say,
+      'Where's my Tatters?' He appreciates every little kindness, and seems to
+      try to do his best to please me. We are great friends; I always try to
+      understand what he is thinking about, and act accordingly. No one can win
+      the confidence of a horse without being kind to it, and above all&mdash;-patient.&rdquo;&mdash;S.
+      A. D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER V.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Cats Among the Ancient Egyptians&mdash;Feline Peculiarities&mdash;Prince
+      Krapotkine's Cat&mdash;Sailor s Superstitions About Cats&mdash;How a Cat
+      Asked for a Surgical Operation&mdash;Steamboat Cats and their Travels&mdash;Display
+      of Feline Gratitude&mdash;The Cat that Gathered Apples for Its Master&mdash;Putting
+      Out a Fire&mdash;Cats as Foster-mothers for Rabbits, Foxes and Other Small
+      Animals&mdash;Fishing with Hook and Line&mdash;Superstitions of Cats&mdash;Fashionable
+      Cat Parties&mdash;How Dan saved the House from Burning&mdash;A wonderful
+      Troupe of Performing Cats&mdash;The Lesson of Kindness to Pussy.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">A</span>s intimated in the
+      last chapter, cats were the subject of conversation between Mr. Graham and
+      his sons, after the story of the horse that lifted the cat out of his
+      manger when he wanted to eat his oats.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0036" id="linkimage-0036"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9094.jpg" alt="9094 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9094.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Several feline anecdotes were related, and then the further consideration
+      of the topic was postponed until the next evening, when Mr. Webb formed
+      one of the party. Henry Johnson happened in during the course of the
+      evening and contributed his share to the general fund of entertainment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats are among the earliest animals domesticated by man,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham, &ldquo;but possibly they are ante-dated by the horse and dog. We find
+      these three animals appearing on the sculptures and paintings of the
+      ancient Egyptians, by whom cats were held in the highest reverence.
+      Temples were erected in their honor, their bodies were mummified after
+      death, sacrifices and devotions were offered up to them, and it was
+      customary for a family to shave off its eyebrows whenever a cat died in
+      its house.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Superstitions concerning cats have descended to the present time,&rdquo; Mr.
+      Webb remarked, when Mr. Graham paused. &ldquo;In the Middle Ages, they were
+      supposed to be the familiars of witches, and a black cat was an object of
+      dread rather than of veneration, as it was supposed to be the embodiment
+      of Satan. Sailors formerly had a dread of cats on shipboard, as a sign of
+      ill-luck, and to a considerable extent this belief continues among them
+      to-day. Many people predict rain when they see a cat washing its face, and
+      a cat-call on a housetop is by some persons held to be a sign of death. It
+      was a current belief in the Middle Ages that a cat had nine lives, and the
+      saying is a common one how. The prevalence of this belief has been the
+      cause of a great many cruelties inflicted on this graceful animal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats do not usually attach themselves to persons,&rdquo; continued Mr. Webb,
+      &ldquo;their preference being rather for places than individuals. This
+      preference gave rise to the belief, which was endorsed by Buffon and other
+      naturalists, that the cat is incapable of affection, and retains in its
+      domesticated state its savage ferocity, which is merely disguised by
+      cunning and restrained by selfishness. But there are many stories told, on
+      perfectly good authority, to illustrate the affection of cats for their
+      owners and friends, though it is proper to say that instances of personal
+      affection are far less numerous in the cat than in the dog.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0037" id="linkimage-0037"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0095.jpg" alt="0095 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0095.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Dr. Johnson and Southey were fond of cats,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham. &ldquo;Southey
+      declared that no house was properly furnished without a child rising three
+      years and a kitten rising three weeks. Lord Chesterfield left a sum of
+      money for the support of his favorite cat, Prince Krapotkine, like other
+      famous captives, has a prison pet&mdash;a cat,&mdash;which has been a jail
+      bird almost from its birth, and has grown to be a great favorite with the
+      Prince. Like Sir Walter Scott's cat, this cat can do everything but talk.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0038" id="linkimage-0038"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0096.jpg" alt="0096 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0096.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham then read the following from Prince Krapotkine's story of his
+      prison life:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When the cat wants my door opened, it does not mew, it stretches itself
+      to its full length and shakes the latch with its paw. If the door had
+      another kind of fastening, it would certainly open it by raising the
+      latch. It knows perfectly well the meaning of all the bells which ring in
+      the prison&mdash;that to bid the inmates to rise in the morning, that
+      which sounds before soup is served. Its dictionary is very limited, but it
+      understands perfectly the meaning of the words it knows. Thus, in the
+      evening when I walk in my room, it performs all sorts of gambols, and by
+      making certain special sounds, endeavors to make me play with it at hide
+      and seek&mdash;it plays this game exactly as children do, and insists that
+      each party should hide in his turn&mdash;or to draw a string along for it
+      to run after. If, in reply to its invitation to play, I say to it, 'What
+      do you want? Food? Drink?' it is displeased, and goes with a sulky air to
+      sit behind my little stove. But when I say, 'the string?' it replies
+      immediately by two sounds, concerning the affirmative tone of which there
+      can be no doubt. I could relate other instances of sagacity, but I do not
+      wish to impose upon the credulity of your readers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0039" id="linkimage-0039"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9098.jpg" alt="9098 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9098.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      There is, however, an interesting point which it would be well to have
+      cleared up. Are cats susceptible to music? Without being able to affirm
+      positively, I believe they are. When my cat was little, it several times
+      seemed to us that it found a real pleasure in listening to some air of a
+      pleasing cadence. For example, the waltz from Faust, provided it was sung
+      by a very high and pure voice. We even thought that music caused it to
+      assume almost a sentimental air. It is unnecessary to say that my cat,
+      like all others, is very susceptible to caresses, and, for I must confess
+      its faults, to flattery. In general, cats are less intelligent than dogs,
+      but, by care and attention, their intelligence can be highly developed. I
+      am sorry that I have not sufficient time, or I should undertake the
+      education of my cat by a system of cards, as proposed by Lubbock.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Speaking of sailors' superstitions about cats,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;a lady
+      told me not long ago that she bought a Persian cat in Calcutta and brought
+      it home on a sailing ship. Every time they were becalmed the sailors would
+      try to get her cat and throw it overboard, for they think that doing so
+      would raise a wind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;This is an old superstition of the mariner. It would be hard to say how
+      it originated, but it is probable that it was originally intended as a
+      sacrifice to Neptune, the god of the sea; as on land the gods were
+      propitiated by the offerings of the devout, so Jack sought to calm the sea
+      god's fury by offering him a cat. The old sailor, even in this meaning of
+      the word 'cat's-paw.' It is simply a quaint idea of the marine, who sees
+      in the sudden and peculiar zephyr that ruffles the water, a resemblance to
+      the frolics of the cat. Does pussy jump around good-humoredly there will
+      be a good breeze and fair. But when she arches her back and swells her
+      tail, then look out, for her scowling look will be as a calm to the storm
+      it foreshadows, and the flashes from her eyes but as sparks to the blue
+      streaks of zig-zag lightning which will certainly soon illuminate the
+      sky.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've a story about an intelligent cat that belonged to a doctor,&rdquo; said
+      Charley. &ldquo;I found it in the <i>Tribune</i>; it is dated at Deposit, and
+      signed O. T. Bundy.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      All listened while Charley read the following:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;My cat, which we knew by the name of 'Peter,' was a sufferer from a large
+      abscess on the lower jaw, directly underneath. I attempted to lance it,
+      with what proved to be a broken pointed instrument. He cried while the
+      attempt was being made, but did not run away from me, advanced age,
+      regards the cat as a veritable weather gauge. The old landsman is often
+      puzzled to account for some of the strange sea terms, and questions are
+      often asked as to the although I did not hold him, or try to. Of course I
+      failed to introduce the instrument into the sore, and showed what I held
+      in my hand. I then took a sharp lance from the case and showed it to him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0040" id="linkimage-0040"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8099.jpg" alt="8099 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8099.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      He came up directly to me and raised his head in such a way that the sore
+      was exposed, and held it in this position until I had completely opened
+      the abscess and withdrawn the lance, not crying or offering to go away
+      from me. Now the blunt tool was torture, and it gave him no relief, yet he
+      must have thought from my talk and manner that relief was intended, or he
+      would never have held still for the second trial.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's a story about a steamboat cat,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;which was written by
+      somebody for the <i>New Orleans Pickayune</i>.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In July the steamer. <i>Golden Rule</i> arrived here from Cincinnati. A
+      little common gray cat lived on the boat, that had been left at Bayou
+      Sara, by accident. She had stepped on the wharf boat and had not returned
+      in time. The officers on the <i>Golden Rule</i> felt sorry to lose her,
+      for she had left three little kittens behind, who missed their mother
+      sadly. But, to the surprise of all, the next boat that arrived down
+      brought puss as a passenger or stowaway. She remained on board in her new
+      quarters till near midnight, then made her way to the <i>Golden Rule</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0041" id="linkimage-0041"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0100.jpg" alt="0100 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0100.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The watchman saw her come on board and witnessed the happy meeting between
+      the kittens and their mother. I was a passenger on the boat as she
+      returned to Cincinnati that trip, and puss was quite a heroine. But, alas,
+      the temptations to visit wharf boats was so strong that she got left
+      behind again, somewhere on the Indiana side of the Ohio, I have forgotten
+      the town. Real grief was manifested by her friends when they missed her;
+      they thought she was lost to them forever. On their arrival at Cincinnati,
+      the steward left the boat, and the kittens disappeared with him. Three or
+      four days afterward the <i>Ariadne</i> arrived from below, and the gray
+      pussy came up on her. No one knows how she found out that boat was bound
+      up the river instead of down, for other boats had stopped at that place,
+      but only this one going up to Cincinnati. Puss was soon installed in her
+      old home again, but the kittens were gone, and she was lonesome; so she
+      went out on the wharf-boat and found a poor, forlorn kitten nearly as
+      large as herself. This she carried in her mouth up into the cabin of the
+      <i>Golden Rule</i> and placed it on a chair, and insisted that it should
+      be noticed and caressed, nor would she eat until it was supplied, and she
+      had it with her last winter.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That steamboat cat reminds me of one in New Haven,&rdquo; said Henry, who felt
+      that it was his turn to tell a story. &ldquo;I found the anecdote in the <i>New
+      Haven News</i>:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'A curious story is told of a cat which lives on the Starin steamboat
+      dock. The cat will occasionally take a notion to visit New York, and if
+      driven off the boat at one place, will be seen to jump on at another, in
+      time to avoid getting left. She will stay in New York two or three days at
+      a time, and when her visit is concluded, will return and remain contented
+      in New Haven for a season, until the fever for traveling comes on again.
+      The persistency and ingenuity of the cat in boarding the boat for one of
+      these journeys excites wonder, as the cat has a family of kittens living
+      in New Haven. These kittens appear to be resigned to the temporary absence
+      of their mother, but are always glad when she gets back from New York.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are many instances of the display of gratitude by cats,&rdquo; Mr. Webb
+      remarked. &ldquo;One of the best I know of is told by a lady in California, as
+      follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'My cat, with regard to his meals, is a most grateful cat, and, however
+      hungry he may be, he never thinks of eating until he has purred his thanks
+      and rubbed his head against my hand. This trait of character was once
+      displayed in the most affecting manner. One day 'Pret' had been shut up in
+      the loft, on account of a lady visitor who had a strange antipathy to
+      cats. I was going to town that day, and did not return until after
+      midnight. As I was going upstairs I heard 'Pret's' voice calling me in a
+      very anxious manner, and, on inquiry, I found that the poor cat had been
+      forgotten, and had been shut up all day without a morsel of food or a drop
+      of milk. Of course I immediately procured some milk and meat and carried
+      it up to him. The poor creature was half wild with happiness when he heard
+      my footsteps, and on seeing the plate of meat and saucer of milk he flew
+      at them like a mad thing. But scarcely had he lapped a drop of milk when
+      he left the saucer, came up to me with loud purring, and caressed me, as
+      if to express his thanks. Then he went to the plate, but only just touched
+      it with his nose, and again came to thank me for having attended to his
+      wants, both of food and drink. It quite brought the moisture to my eyes to
+      see the affectionate creature, though nearly wild with hunger and thirst,
+      refrain from enjoying his food until he had returned thanks.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham said the Californian story reminded him of a Connecticut one,
+      that appeared a short time before, in a New Haven paper. The story was
+      that Mr. George Baldwin had several apple and pear trees, and last fall
+      his cat awoke to the fact that these trees bore fruit which his master's
+      family liked to eat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0042" id="linkimage-0042"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9102.jpg" alt="9102 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9102.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      One day in October, the cat's owner was surprised by the action of his
+      pet. The animal was walking slowly about one of the trees, stopping every
+      minute or two to gaze up at the apples on the boughs. After completing its
+      tour of inspection, the cat climbed the tree, and slowly made its way out
+      on a limb toward what was probably the ripest and largest apple of several
+      bushels of fruit on the trees. When it reached its goal, the animal made
+      several attempts to break the stem with its teeth, and finally succeeded.
+      It had taken care to bite off a bit of the stem long enough to be securely
+      held, and with its prize in its mouth the cat began its descent. Once on
+      the ground, the apple was carried to a porch and laid by the side of a
+      door opening into the house. The exploit was frequently repeated by Mr.
+      Baldwin's sagacious puss, and the side of the porch was usually lined with
+      apples.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Did anybody ever hear,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;of the cat that shared its dinner
+      with its master?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Nobody had heard of this wonderful cat, thereupon Charley read the
+      following from the <i>Manchester Times</i>:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A member of the Zoological Society says: I once had a cat who always sat
+      up to the dinner-table with me and had his napkin round his neck, and his
+      plate and some fish. He used his paw, of course, but he was very
+      particular, and behaved with extraordinary decorum. When he had finished
+      his fish I sometimes gave him a piece of mine. One day he was not to be
+      found when the dinner bell rang, so we began without him. Just as the
+      plates were put round for the entrée, puss came rushing upstairs and
+      sprang into his chair with two mice in his mouth. Before he could be
+      stopped he dropped a mouse on to his own plate, and then one on to mine.
+      He divided his dinner with me as I had divided mine with him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      There was a laugh all around over this amusing incident, and when it
+      subsided, George asked what became of the mouse which the cat put on its
+      master's plate. History seemed to be silent on that point, but whether the
+      youth supposed the dainty was or was not devoured by the gentleman, we
+      will not inquire. The subject was not discussed, as the attention of the
+      party was next turned to a cat that put out a fire. The incident happened
+      in Monongahela, Pa., and was as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A family went out to a meeting, leaving Master Tom, a favorite cat, in
+      sole occupation of the house.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0043" id="linkimage-0043"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8103.jpg" alt="8103 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8103.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      On their return the cat's actions led to an examination, when his feet
+      were found to be blistered. The sitting-room served to explain matters. A
+      live coal had been thrown out and set the carpet on fire. Puss had
+      evidently clawed out the fire for a considerable distance about the spot
+      burned, leaving nothing but a center of ends, charred and frizzled. All
+      the circumstances indicated that the cat had put out the fire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats are very fond of valerian,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and I have heard of a
+      woman in St. Thomas who turned this fact to practical use.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How was that?&rdquo; queried Mr. Webb.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;She detected the odor of sewer gas in her parlor,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and as
+      the landlord from whom she leased the house would not believe in the
+      existence of the gas, she hit upon a device to convince him. She first
+      poured a quantity of valerian down the pipe of one of the basins in the
+      upper story. The odor of valerian presently filled the parlor below.
+      Procuring two cats she turned them loose in the parlor. They immediately
+      evinced delight at the odor, and ran to an adjoining closet where it was
+      strongest. They finally jumped upon a shelf in the closet, and there, by
+      their contentment, showed that they had traced the odor to its source. The
+      householder sent for a plumber, who, removing the lath and plaster,
+      discovered a leak in the pipe which communicated with the sewer.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0044" id="linkimage-0044"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0105.jpg" alt="0105 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0105.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Feline peculiarities were discussed at the conclusion of the foregoing
+      story. Some one told about a cat in Missouri, which had four kittens, and
+      one day she went into the woods and brought in two young rabbits, which
+      she added to her family. She licked and caressed the little rabbits, just
+      as she did her own kittens, and the new comers got along with the others
+      on perfectly friendly terms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then somebody else told about four young foxes in Indiana that have been
+      adopted by a cat. She seems to manifest as much maternal solicitude and
+      motherly fondness for them as though they were her own. The foxes have
+      accepted the situation in a spirit of meekness, and are seemingly
+      satisfied. This was followed by a story of a cat whose kittens had been
+      drowned; she found three young squirrels that she adopted and tenderly
+      nursed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That is not so strange,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;as the performance of a French
+      cat, which I read about in the <i>Revue Scientifique</i>. One day the cat
+      came into the house, having in its mouth a sparrow, caught in the
+      neighboring garden. Scarcely had puss entered the room when she let the
+      bird free, evidently for the purpose of playing with it, as is the custom
+      of cats with mice before devouring them. The sparrow, having one of its
+      wings injured, could not escape by flying, but boldly began to attack its
+      huge enemy by fierce blows on the nose with its beak. The cat seemed
+      astonished at the attack, and beat a retreat. From that moment the two
+      seemed to forget their natural instincts and came to a mutual
+      understanding. The truce continued and gradually grew to a fraternal
+      friendship. They ate, played and slept together. Often they ran about the
+      house, the sparrow perched on the cat's back, and sometimes carried gently
+      in the cat's mouth, from which it was released on the first wish to be
+      free. When feeding together, puss never touched a morsel till her friend
+      had first partaken.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I read not long ago,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;a story about a friendship between a
+      cat and a rat. It was signed C. A. B., and appeared in Our Animal Friends.
+      Here it is:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'My cousin was much plagued by rats; they were so troublesome that every
+      method was used to exterminate them. One day the cook thought she would
+      try to scald them, and, watching her opportunity, threw a pail of boiling
+      water, which covered the back of one, taking the hair and a portion of the
+      skin off,&mdash;but he was enabled to reach his hiding place. Some days
+      afterward a rat was seen eating from the same dish with the cat, having no
+      hair on its back and appearing quite feeble. The cook called the attention
+      of her mistress to the fact, and told the story of her throwing the
+      scalding water some days before, and that the rats had ceased to be
+      troublesome since.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Time rolled on, and it became quite an amusement to the family to watch
+      for the coming of the rat, and the eating of its regular meals with the
+      cat, and the little gambols indulged in together after eating.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'In the course of the summer the family went on a visit, and closed their
+      house for a few months, but made provision for the favorite cat, that she
+      should stay with a relative in the same town.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Upon their return in the fall they called upon their relative for the
+      cat, as the house was much infested with rats, and learned from them, that
+      soon after they had left, an ugly-looking rat, without any hair on its
+      back, made its appearance and used to eat with the cat, till one day one
+      of the family killed it. Since that time they couldn't get the cat to eat
+      anything, and she would not stop in the house, but had gone to a
+      neighbor's. They caught her several times and brought her back, but she
+      wouldn't remain with them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'My cousin, after hearing the particulars, became much interested, and
+      chided herself for her thoughtlessness in not letting her relative know
+      the curious story of the rat while making provision for the care of her
+      cat. She went to the neighbor, but the cat would take no notice of her.
+      She persevered and took the cat to her old home, but the cat wouldn't stay&mdash;off
+      she would run to the neighbor she had selected as her friend. They got the
+      daintiest food they could select, they coaxed and petted her, kept the
+      door closed, and did everything they could to win back her confidence; but
+      she wouldn't eat or taste a thing in the house, and they finally gave up
+      in despair and allowed her to have her own way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0045" id="linkimage-0045"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0108.jpg" alt="0108 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0108.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'They never could get that cat to notice any one of the family or to come
+      into the house again. Was this <i>instinct?</i>Was it reason? Was it a
+      type of chivalry and grandeur in the animal not yet recognized by man?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some time ago,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;The <i>New York World</i> published a
+      story about a cat that lived in Eighteenth Street, in that city, and was
+      called 'Ears.' The <i>World</i> said of her:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'She can fetch and carry like a retriever, and when her mistress throws a
+      paper out of a third-floor window, Ears climbs into a basket fixed outside
+      on a pulley, shuts the lid, and quietly lets herself down to the ground.
+      Then she gets the paper, hides away in the basket and mews as a signal to
+      be drawn up. She will play dead and alive and allow the wickedest boy
+      alive to whirl her around his head by the tail. She takes a bath every day
+      of her own accord and rocks herself to sleep on the back of a
+      rocking-chair. The canary that lives in the same house uses her as a
+      riding-horse, and every morning Ears gallops round and round the room with
+      the bird on her back.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I thought cats didn't like water,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;and never took a bath
+      except by accident.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They dislike water very much,&rdquo; replied Mr. Webb, &ldquo;as their fur has very
+      little oil in it to resist the effect of moisture. I knew a cat at the
+      Wawayanda Club, on Great South Bay, Long Island, that used to go into the
+      water to catch small fishes; she didn't seem to mind the wetting, or
+      rather she cared less for it than for a fish dinner. I read recently of a
+      mill on a stream in South Carolina, belonging to a man named Pruitt.
+      Pruitt owns a large cat that, as soon as the mill is stopped, by shutting
+      down the gate, will immediately run down behind the mill and get on a log
+      just over the sheeting over which the water is flowing. She will then look
+      intently into the water, which is from eighteen inches to two feet deep,
+      until she spies a fish; she then plunges into the water, frequently
+      burying herself under it, but almost always coming out with a fish. She
+      then sits quietly down on a rock near by and enjoys her meal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0046" id="linkimage-0046"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0109.jpg" alt="0109 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0109.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A newspaper of Portland, Maine,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;published a story some
+      years ago about a cat that used to catch fish with a hook and line.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Of course every one laughed at the absurdity of the idea, all except Mr.
+      Graham, who didn't relax the muscles of his face, but declared that he
+      believed the story to be true. &ldquo;And so will you,&rdquo; he continued, &ldquo;when you
+      hear the details.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;By all means give us the details, then,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Well, this is the story as I remember it. The cat belonged in a counting
+      house or office that was on one of the piers in the harbor and had a
+      trap-door in the floor through which dust was swept. Fishes swam under the
+      pier and the clerks in the office used to bait a hook and lower the line
+      through the trap-door to catch a fish for the cat's dinner. She sat and
+      looked on at the proceeding and very soon learned that the trembling of
+      the line was the signal that a fish had been secured on the hook.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day the clerk who had baited the hook and set the line was busy at
+      his desk when the line trembled and puss knew that the time to haul in had
+      arrived. The clerk did not come promptly enough to suit her; so she seized
+      the line and drew it up 'hand over hand,' or rather 'paw over paw.' The
+      clerk looked on in surprise as she hauled up the line and secured the
+      fish, and ever after that she was allowed to do her own fishing. She never
+      got up to the ability of baiting the hook and setting the line, but she
+      certainly did all the rest of the work. The newspaper that I read it in
+      said hundreds of citizens of Portland had seen that cat take her own fish,
+      and the story is so well vouched for that I have no doubt of its truth.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats are more skillful in the use of their paws than many people
+      believe,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham. &ldquo;For instance, listen to the following:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A clergyman, the Rev. R. Lane, at Claverack, Columbia County, that was
+      once asked at a school examination; 'How many toes has a cat?' Can you
+      tell?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley shook his head and admitted that he didn't know. George and Henry
+      were equally unlearned on that point, and the former asked how the
+      question was answered at the school.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not one of the pupils in the school could tell,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;and then
+      the principal was applied to for a solution. He also, with a good-natured
+      smile, gave it up, when one of the teachers, determined not to be beaten
+      by so simple a question, hit on the idea of sending out a delegation of
+      boys to scour the neighborhood for a cat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That brings up the question,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb turning to the boys: the idea
+      was announced, the whole class wanted to join in the hunt. Several boys
+      went out and soon returned successful. A returning board was at once
+      appointed, and the toes counted, when to the relief of all it was learned
+      that a cat possesses eighteen toes, ten on the front feet and eight on the
+      hind feet.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The <i>Kingston Freeman</i> writes as follows: 'There is a young lady in
+      the town of Claverack who has a pet cat which she has taught to sit at the
+      table, and with a napkin about its neck it takes meat from a plate with
+      its paws as dexterously as an epicure. When given a piece of meat on a
+      fork it will hold the fork in its fore-paws and take the meat from the
+      tines, and when given a cup of milk it will hold up the cup and drink. The
+      cat has a well-developed 'thumb' on each fore-paw.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0047" id="linkimage-0047"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0111.jpg" alt="0111 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0111.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats are inquisitive,&rdquo; Mr. Graham remarked, &ldquo;and examine new things with
+      a great deal of care. They are not altogether free from superstition and
+      sometimes display great alarm at things they do not understand. Théophile
+      Gautier tells of a cat he had which was a great pet and used to sit for
+      hours and watch him at his work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day Gautier brought home a parrot; the cat surveyed the bird
+      carefully and evidently came to the conclusion that it was a green
+      chicken. It showed no alarm whatever until the parrot spoke. Then a great
+      fear came over the cat; it arched its back, enlarged its tail and fled in
+      terror, and not for days could it again be persuaded to enter the room
+      where the parrot was.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is not uncommon for cats to play with a soap bubble without appearing
+      to be astonished or mystified by its sudden disappearance. In one case,
+      however, puss was so demoralized at the mystery as to grow big-tailed, and
+      spit at any soap bubble which might happen to fall to the floor and drift
+      across it. Another, which up to that time had never seen a colored person,
+      fled so precipitately from a good-looking negro girl, that it tumbled into
+      a grating, from which it could not be coaxed until hunger overcame its
+      terror; and the oddity of it was that puss herself was as black as a
+      coal.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is fashion in everything,&rdquo; said Mr. &ldquo;Webb, &ldquo;and a New York
+      newspaper says that cat-parties are the latest sensation. Recently a young
+      girl, the happy possessor of a fine maltese cat, invited a number of her
+      friends to bring their pet cats to five o'clock tea, each cat to have a
+      ribbon about its neck, corresponding to that worn by its mistress. At the
+      appointed hour the cats made their appearance, in charge of their
+      respective owners. After the feline introductions had taken place, some of
+      which were the reverse of friendly, games were introduced, and soft balls,
+      toy mice and other objects dear to pussy's heart were provided. These
+      pastimes, however, were sometimes marred by a vigorous slap, when two
+      strangers came in collision, and once the belligerent pussies had to be
+      separated by friends. When tea was announced, a table furnished with
+      saucers of milk and small cakes, with cushioned stools, was disclosed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0048" id="linkimage-0048"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0113.jpg" alt="0113 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0113.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The floral decorations consisted of catnip, lavender, grasses, and bright
+      flowers. The cats, placed on their respective stools, and attended by
+      their mistresses, partook of the good cheer set before them. Their
+      behavior was quite correct. With their fore-paws on the table, they lapped
+      the milk with becoming propriety. When all were satisfied, there was a
+      comical sight. Each pussy began making her toilet, and the face-washing
+      was decorous in the extreme. After leaving the table a spray of catnip was
+      given each kitty, and the feline happiness was complete. These sprigs were
+      tossed in the air, caught, and lovingly caressed. As each kitty departed,
+      it was presented with its ball or toy mouse as a memento of the party.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Before we separate,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, glancing at the clock as a hint
+      that it was time to bring the conference upon felines to an end, &ldquo;let me
+      tell you of a cat that saved a house from being burned. His name was Dan,
+      and he was the property of a little boy who was very kind to his furry
+      pet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0049" id="linkimage-0049"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9114.jpg" alt="9114 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9114.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The time came at last when Dan could repay this kindness; and he did so.
+      One cold winter night all had gone upstairs to bed, and were sleeping
+      soundly. Dan was cosily rolled up on his nice warm mat behind the kitchen
+      stove, when all at once the room became very light. Dan awoke; and what
+      should he see but the broom, which had been left standing a little too
+      near the stove, all on fire. In a few moments the house would have been
+      ablaze, but Dan thought of his master; so away he trotted upstairs to his
+      room.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Dan called with a very loud voice, 'Mew, mew, mew'; but his master did
+      not hear him. Then he said, 'Mew, mew, mew,' still louder; but that did
+      not awake him. Then he jumped upon the bed, pulling back the bed-clothes
+      with his paw, and gently struck his master in the face. This aroused the
+      sleepy boy, and he very soon learned the meaning of Dan's strange actions.
+      He jumped out of bed, ran downstairs, and put out the fire before it had
+      got under very great headway. The story was told afterward in the local
+      newspaper and Dan became a hero in the place where he lived.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      A few more cat stories were told in spite of the lateness of the hour, and
+      it was agreed in conclusion that cats greatly resemble dogs, horses and
+      children, too, in being influenced by their surroundings, training and
+      teaching. A child taught to be cruel, or to lie and steal in early life,
+      is not likely to be a good or useful member of society. Horses and dogs
+      are made vicious by bad treatment or gentle by kindness, and a cat's
+      conduct will depend very largely upon its surroundings and education.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0050" id="linkimage-0050"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0115.jpg" alt="0115 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0115.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      A writer in Harper's <i>Young People</i> gives the following interesting
+      account of a wonderful troupe of performing cats at the Winter Circus in
+      Paris:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;M. Bonnetty, the owner and trainer of these performing cats, believed, in
+      spite of all opinions to the contrary, that puss belonged among animals of
+      the highest intelligence. He collected cats of all kinds, and set
+      patiently to work to educate them. The result has been wonderful, and puss
+      has shown that when treated kindly she is capable of great things, and is
+      a most willing slave, affectionate and gentle, and always ready to do her
+      master's bidding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0051" id="linkimage-0051"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0116.jpg" alt="0116 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0116.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;M. Bonnetty never gives puss a harsh word or a blow, for those arouse her
+      hatred, and she never forgets them. His work has been accomplished by
+      coaxing and caressing. He usually begins the training with kittens, but he
+      has had almost as great success with cats which have been several years
+      old when they reached his hands. At first he keeps them in a large
+      apartment for several months, feeding them and petting them until he has
+      won their entire confidence and affection. Then pussy's education begins.
+      The first exercises are very simple, such as jumping through a hoop and
+      climbing a pole, until by degrees puss, obedient to her master's voice,
+      will do every trick that a beast of her size is capable of.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;After a year's training the graceful creatures make their first
+      appearance in public. This is the time of trial, for it sometimes happens
+      that the little feline artist will perform beautifully when alone with her
+      master, but will be frightened and confused by the music, the glare of
+      lights, and the crowd of people at the circus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are fourteen beautiful pussies in the troupe, and the tricks they
+      do are wonderful. They play with mice and birds, holding them in their
+      paws and even in their teeth without doing them the slightest injury; they
+      jump through a blazing hoop held up by the trainer, perform graceful
+      gymnastic exercises on the backs of thirty-two chairs placed in a row,
+      march around in time to music like little soldiers, and group themselves
+      in many graceful and comical attitudes. And the best part of it is that
+      the pussies seem to take as much delight in their amusing capers as do the
+      crowds of children who watch them; and when a thousand little clapping
+      hands applaud them, they form in a row and look as pleased and proud as if
+      they understood what it was all about. Perhaps they do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A gentleman who went with M. Bonnetty to visit the cats in the room where
+      they live found them all sleeping in graceful groups around a glowing
+      stove, for an educated cat loves heat as well as her more humble sisters,
+      and cannot be kept in good condition without it. As the trainer and his
+      friend entered the room fourteen pair of little eyes opened, little ears
+      were pricked up on the alert, and the pussies arose, stretching themselves
+      and purring, and at once crowded around their master, rubbing against him,
+      and reaching up to be caressed, while one little white cat named Gora
+      climbed up to his shoulder and nestled in his neck. 'Yes, they all have
+      names,' said their master, 'and they know them. There are Juno and Brutus
+      and Caesar and Mayor and Lucette and Boulanger&mdash;he's that large cat.
+      He's as gentle and loving and playful as a kitten. You know every word I
+      am saying, don't you, old fellow?' he added, as a beautiful, glossy tiger
+      cat, with large liquid eyes, came forward purring and showing every sign
+      of feline delight and satisfaction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0052" id="linkimage-0052"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0118.jpg" alt="0118 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0118.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The star of the troupe is named Tibert, after the famous cat in the
+      ancient romance of 'Reynard and the Fox.' Tibert is two years old. He is
+      very agile and skillful. He leads the company in the jump through blazing
+      hoops, and his greatest delight is to turn somersaults over the backs of
+      chairs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The performing cats lead very temperate and regular lives. They are given
+      an airing every day, and the large room where they live is lighted and
+      sunny and well supplied with soft cushions for beds. They are fed at
+      regular hours on bread and milk, and once a day they have all the liver
+      they can eat, as that has been found to be the most healthy meat for them.
+      They always have a pan of water, for water is something of which every
+      full-grown cat needs an abundant supply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The cats in this troupe are all of the common varieties, black and white
+      cats, tigers, Maltese, and tortoise-shell. The trainer has tried in vain
+      to teach the Persian and Angora cats. They are beautiful for pets, but
+      they are not agile, nor capable of much affection, and they have very
+      little brains and a short memory. When M. Bonnetty needs recruits for his
+      troupe, he seeks them among the cats that climb roofs at night and prowl
+      over back-yard fences, as among these despised and persecuted creatures he
+      has discovered the highest degrees of docility, sagacity, and
+      intelligence.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0053" id="linkimage-0053"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0119.jpg" alt="0119 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0119.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER VI.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>The Elephant&mdash;Differences between Indian and African Elephants&mdash;The
+      Begging Elephant of Willenoor&mdash;Recognition of a Friend&mdash;What the
+      Elephant Enjoys&mdash;Elephant Working a Pump&mdash;One that Served as a
+      Nursemaid to Children&mdash;Madame Duphot's Pet, Nirjara&mdash;The
+      Elephant who Remembered an Injury&mdash;How Wild Elephants are Caught&mdash;Tame
+      Elephants used for Hunting Wild Ones&mdash;Manjari and what he did&mdash;Securing
+      the Captives&mdash;Driving a Herd into a Keddali&mdash;Laws against
+      Killing Elephants&mdash;The Sagacity of a Young Elephant in Robbing a
+      Garden.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">W</span>e will go at once
+      from a small animal to a large one,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham at their next
+      conversation about the intelligence of quadrupeds. &ldquo;And not only to a
+      large one but to the largest four-footed animal in existence.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That must be the elephant,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;as he is conceded to be the
+      largest land animal in the world.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; replied the gentleman, &ldquo;and what can you tell me about him?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He belongs to the order of <i>Pachydermata</i> and the section <i>Proboscidean</i>,&rdquo;
+       the youth answered, &ldquo;and his ordinary height at the shoulder is about
+      eight feet, though there are many elephants that exceed ten feet. He is
+      very bulky in proportion to his height and length, the weight of a large
+      elephant being about five tons. He can sleep standing and often does so,
+      but it is incorrect to suppose, as some people do, that he cannot lie down
+      on account of the shortness and stiffness of his legs. He is very
+      sure-footed and can go up and down steep hills and mountains with very
+      little trouble.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Quite correctly stated,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham as Charley paused. Then turning
+      to George he asked how many kinds of elephants there are in the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0054" id="linkimage-0054"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0121.jpg" alt="0121 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0121.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are only two distinct species now living,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;and they
+      are known as the Indian and the African elephants. Some differences have
+      been found between the Sumatran elephant and the Indian one but the
+      naturalists are not agreed as to whether the Sumatran should be classed as
+      a distinct species.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Evidently you have been reading up the subject of elephants,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham with a smile, &ldquo;as I did not expect to find you so well informed.
+      But I have brought you something which probably you have not seen, and it
+      may combine instruction with amusement as it has much to do with
+      elephants.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Mr. Graham took from the table a book which he explained was
+      written by Louis Jacolliott, a French gentleman who lived many years in
+      India and devoted much time and observation to the elephant. &ldquo;I have
+      marked several passages in the volume,&rdquo; said lie, &ldquo;and you may read them
+      aloud in English, partly for practice in translating from French but
+      mainly for the edification of Mr. Webb and Henry as well as of
+      yourselves.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley was first called upon to translate from the marked passages, which
+      he did as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The most curious and interesting animal which I have met,&rdquo; says M.
+      Jacolliott, &ldquo;is the elephant. Not the elephant of the menageries, broken
+      in spirit and submissive, but the elephant as he is found in his native
+      country. Some instances of his aptitude and intelligence are marvellous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A few leagues from Pondichery stands a pagoda called Willenoor, which, at
+      the grand feasts of May, receives a multitude of five or six hundred
+      thousand pilgrims, coming from all parts of India. A number of sacred
+      elephants are attached to this pagoda, and among them is a mendicant, or
+      begging elephant. Twice each week this elephant, accompanied by his
+      driver, goes to the villages and to Pondichery to beg alms for the priests
+      of Willenoor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Many times, working beneath the veranda, closed in by curtains on the
+      first story of my house, I have seen him lift the movable curtain with his
+      great trunk and balance himself to ask me for a piece of small coin, which
+      he sucked from my hand to his trunk, a distance of more than three inches.
+      I never failed to give him a small piece of money for the pagoda, and for
+      himself a loaf of bread which my servant dipped in molasses, of which the
+      elephant was very fond. In a short time we became very friendly. He had
+      seen me only in undress, that is, in the light silk garments of the
+      country, and then, only across the little pillars of the balcony of my
+      cottage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day I had occasion to go to Willenoor on business. I arrived at noon;
+      the sun was burning the earth; no one was seen in the streets or on the
+      verandas; every one was resting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;My carriage had stopped under a mango-tree in the principal square, and I
+      was about to start for the house of the thasildar, or governor of the
+      village, when all at once a monstrous black elephant came running out of
+      the pagoda which was opposite. He arrived in front of us and, before I had
+      time to collect my senses, he lifted me up, placed me on his neck and
+      started at full speed for the pagoda; he carried me across the first
+      enclosure, in which was the great well for bathing, and brought me direct
+      to the elephant quarters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Once there, he placed me on the ground in the center of all his
+      companions; it was the begging elephant; he had recognized me. He uttered
+      short cries, lifting his trunk and waving his ears, which his friends
+      doubtless interpreted to my advantage, for when the thasildar, followed by
+      the priests of the temple, came out to seek the cause of this strange
+      demonstration, they found me calm, and recovered from my surprise, in the
+      midst of these enormous beasts who were tendering an ovation in my behalf.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'This is most remarkable,' said one of the priests, 'I have never seen
+      them act so friendly toward any one.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I related to him the circumstances of my gifts to the begging elephant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I am no longer surprised,' he answered, 'he has already recounted it to
+      the whole band and the gourmands are paying you these attentions in hope
+      of attaining the same reward.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Is it possible?' I said with amazement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I am perfectly sure of it. Do you wish to see the proof? Pass your arm
+      around the trunk of your elephant friend and make him understand by signs
+      that you wish him to go out with you; they will all follow you. Allow
+      yourself to be led and you will see where they will bring you.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0055" id="linkimage-0055"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0124.jpg" alt="0124 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0124.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0056" id="linkimage-0056"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0125.jpg" alt="0125 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0125.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The priest with whom I had already spoken, and who was a professor of
+      philosophy at the temple of Willenoor, told me that from time to time the
+      begging elephant managed to escape from them, and wandered as far as
+      Pondichéry to beg on his own account. Knowing perfectly the market where
+      he obtained the provisions on his expeditions, he would go there, place
+      the money he had collected upon the table of a fruit merchant, and eat as
+      many pineapples, bananas, mangoes and as much sugar-cane and arrack as the
+      Hindoo would allow him for the money.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I followed his instructions; the begging elephant and I took up the
+      lead, the nine others joined in the pace, uttering cries of contentment
+      among themselves. We passed through the gate of the pagoda and they led me
+      directly to the shop of a native baker. I would have been utterly
+      astounded had I not already known the wonderful intelligence of these
+      animals. At the shop my duty was readily understood and I presented to
+      each one a loaf of bread, covered with the precious molasses syrup, which
+      is their greatest delicacy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The following instance occurred before my own eyes:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Every one knows that the elephant can be trained to do all kinds of work.
+      While I have no hesitation about relating instances bearing on this
+      statement, I prefer to tell of occurrences which indicate an actual
+      reasoning power in the animal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is customary in the settlements to water the cattle from large wooden
+      buckets filled with water pumped from a well. This is done that they may
+      not drink the water of the reservoirs, which is stagnant and unwholesome.
+      Ordinarily the pumping is done at early morning by one of the elephants,
+      the work taking nearly an hour. Accustomed to the task, he does not wait
+      to be ordered, and every morning, an hour before sunrise he is at his
+      labor with the precision of a living alarm-clock.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I was staying once at Trichinopoly, at the house of a friend of mine, a
+      merchant, who owned a grand villa a few leagues outside the city. The sun
+      was rising and my servant had just awakened me for my bath. Passing
+      through the yard I saw a large white elephant working at the pump. He
+      closed his eyes sadly and was apparently trying to turn his thoughts from
+      his wearisome labor. He saluted my presence with a joyful flapping of his
+      ears, for during the two days since my arrival I had given him many
+      dainties, but he did not cease from his work, which had to be finished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I was stroking him with my hand in passing, when I noticed that one of
+      the two planks which supported the bucket on either side had fallen away.
+      It thus happened that the bucket, being upheld on one side only, spilled
+      its contents without a possibility of being filled.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The elephant did not think that his work was ended because one side of
+      the bucket was filled: nor did he attempt the impossible feat of trying to
+      fill the other side until both sides were even. In a few minutes the water
+      commenced to run from the lower side of the bucket, and the animal began
+      to show signs of uneasiness; nevertheless he continued to pump. Soon,
+      however, he dropped the handle and drew nearer to observe the cause of the
+      trouble. He returned to the pump three times, each time coming back to
+      examine the bucket. I awaited the end of this strange scene with
+      unflagging interest. All at once a waving of the ears seemed to indicate
+      that an idea had occurred to him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He came over to lift up the plank that had fallen away, and for a moment
+      I thought that he intended to put it back in its place under the lower
+      side of the bucket. But he was not troubled about the lower side, which
+      was already tilled with water; it was the other side which annoyed him.
+      Lifting the bucket carefully, he supported it for a moment with one of his
+      great feet, while with his trunk he pulled out the second plank, and
+      placed the bucket on solid earth, thus making it even on all sides. This
+      done, the labor of filling it was easy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0058" id="linkimage-0058"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0127.jpg" alt="0127 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0127.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The elephant is much attached to the women and children in the villages,
+      and it would be dangerous for a stranger to make even an unfriendly
+      gesture in the presence of this animal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is a remarkable sight to see him guard his master's children in their
+      promenades; he watches everything; beasts, serpents, turf-pits and swamps,
+      in fact, any danger which may be imagined, is overcome by his presence.
+      His pace is regulated by that of the children, and he attends them,
+      gathering flowers, fruit from the trees, and sugar-canes; at a motion from
+      one of them he will break a tree-branch if one desires to make a whip or
+      cane. At the slightest noise which he does not understand, if he sees a
+      jackall or a hyena in the distant thicket, he instantly gathers his brood
+      under his trunk, commences to roar with rage, and anything, lion, tiger or
+      man which threatens harm to his charges, is in danger of being dashed to
+      the ground.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In the lowlands of the Ganges, a swampy country covered with jungles and
+      rice-fields, the royal Bengal tiger is found of great size and ferocity.
+      The combats between this terrible beast and the elephant, guarding the
+      cattle, servants or children of his master, are of almost daily
+      occurrence. The royal Bengal tiger is so fierce that he never refuses to
+      fight his adversary, although the end of the combat generally finds him
+      crushed to death under the feet of his terrible enemy. In spite of the
+      fact that the elephant is an unpitying foe in his battles with the tiger,
+      bear or rhinoceros, he never molests the smaller, inoffensive animals. No
+      matter what power a keeper may have over him, it is impossible to make him
+      crush an insect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is a little insect which children in Prance call '<i>les betes a
+      bon Dieu</i>'; the same insect is found in India, but growing to a size
+      twice as large as in France. I have often seen one of these little
+      creatures placed on a level surface, in the troughs of a yard, for
+      instance; I have seen the elephant ordered to crush the insect, but never,
+      for master or driver, would he lift his foot above it in passing by,
+      evidently avoiding any opportunity to do harm. If, on the contrary, he is
+      commanded to bring it to you, he will pick it up delicately with his
+      trunk, and place it in your hands without bruising its wings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Nirjara, Madame Duphot's favorite elephant, was an admirable animal. He
+      was a white elephant, which is the most intelligent of all the elephant
+      race. About twenty-five years old, he possessed all the power of youth and
+      infancy, for, in the elephant, the full strength is not reached until they
+      have passed fifty years. Nirjara was not born in the settlements. He was
+      captured in a wild state by the elephants employed for the purpose, and
+      was presented as a gift to his mistress. As soon as he had accustomed
+      himself to his new surroundings, without a hope of returning to the free
+      life of the mountains, he had been made the guardian of Madame Duphot's
+      two young children, and the companion of all their sports and journeys.
+      Even in the ordinary walks and rides she made use of the 'howdah' carried
+      by Nirjara, in preference to her own carriage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;This fine animal, having no other task, was entirely free to go and come
+      as he desired, but he seldom strayed beyond the sound of Madame's whistle.
+      He was devoted to her, and always hastened to answer the slightest call. I
+      have often seen him standing a few paces from the veranda, following with
+      his eye the movements of his mistress for hours at a time. I believe he
+      would have slain the entire household at a word from her. Every day as a
+      part of his food of fresh grass, she used to prepare for him an
+      eight-pound loaf of bread, made of rice and maize-flour dipped in the
+      juice of sugar-cane. This she gave to him with her own hands. His drink
+      was composed of water in which sugarcane had been crushed, and in warm
+      weather she frequently added to this a measure of wine flavored with
+      plenty of cinnamon and cloves. Her feeling of security in the journeys
+      made under his protection is easily understood.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Here Charley paused at a signal from Mr. Graham and the book was handed to
+      George. The latter remarked that he had never before heard of an elephant
+      being regularly employed as a nursemaid, though he had read of the great
+      fondness which he has for children.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Many anecdotes are told of this peculiarity of the elephant,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham, &ldquo;and he seems to remember kindness quite as much as the dog or any
+      other quadruped. He can also remember injuries or insults, even though
+      years may have passed since they occurred.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0059" id="linkimage-0059"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0130.jpg" alt="0130 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0130.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have read,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;of a tailor at Acheen who was in front of
+      his shop one day when an elephant put his trunk in and begged for
+      something. Instead of giving him anything the man pricked the creature's
+      trunk with a needle and the elephant turned and went away. A long time
+      afterward the same elephant was in the neighborhood, and as he approached
+      the shop he filled his trunk with water from a trough, and then watched
+      his chance to eject it upon the man who had offended him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0060" id="linkimage-0060"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0131.jpg" alt="0131 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0131.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That story is in one of the books on the sagacity of animals,&rdquo; Mr. Graham
+      answered. Then, turning to George, he said they would now listen to
+      something from M. Jacolliott about the mode of catching wild elephants in
+      India and Ceylon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon George read as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mounted on well trained elephants, the ordinary dangers of hunting are
+      readily comprehended and foreseen; the intelligence of these splendid
+      animals is sufficient to inspire confidence. Nevertheless, grave accidents
+      may arise. When the elephant becomes enraged in his pursuit of a tiger, it
+      sometimes happens that he listens to no voice whatever, dashing madly
+      onward until the 'howdah,' in which the hunter is enclosed, is broken in
+      pieces against a huge tree, branch, or other obstacle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is extraordinary, in hunting wild elephants, that the trained beasts,
+      once on the field, have no other guide than their own instincts. At the
+      first sight of a human form the hunted animal retreats immediately to the
+      thicket, where pursuit is very likely to end in a catastrophe to the
+      pursuers; or, the wild elephants, sometimes being assembled in force, will
+      turn courageously to give battle to the trained animals, of which battle
+      the result can never be foreseen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In these expeditions, the slightest carelessness will sometimes reveal
+      the lurking-place of the hunters; the chase is only undertaken with twice
+      as many trained elephants as there are wild ones to be captured, and then
+      only when it has been ascertained by trustworthy scouts that there are no
+      large troops of elephants within a circle of forty or fifty miles. The
+      utmost care is used in this respect. When there is no other way, the
+      Hindoos who make a profession of elephant-hunting sometimes attack with an
+      inferior force, but the European, who follows the chase for pleasure, does
+      not fail to take all necessary precautions.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The following is an account of one of these hunts:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The last commands had hardly been given to Manjari, the chief elephant,
+      by his master, when he started, at the head of his little troop, to
+      descend the hill on the opposite side to that by which we had ascended; he
+      marched slowly, giving no evidence of his intention to rejoin the party
+      which he was leaving behind. The intelligent animal played his part to
+      perfection; he moved slowly, with his companions, toward the stream which
+      wound through the depth of the ravine, as if he intended to slake his
+      thirst at the water. On his way down he stopped here and there to break a
+      tree branch or to pick up a bunch of grass, which he lazily deposited in
+      his mouth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The wild elephants, resting in the valley, gazed on Manjari and his troop
+      with curiosity but without, alarm; every movement proved that they had no
+      suspicion of the intentions of the new-comers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Suddenly we witnessed a remarkable sight. A young elephant, which was in
+      the wild herd with its mother, seeing Manjari and his companions advancing
+      slowly, bounded toward them to make acquaintance with the strangers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0061" id="linkimage-0061"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0133.jpg" alt="0133 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0133.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The young animal was recalled two or three times by its mother, but she,
+      seeing that no attention was paid to her calls, continued her watching
+      from a distance wondering, without doubt, at the welcome extended to her
+      little one. The old elephant Manjari received the little wanderer with
+      cries of joy and marks of tenderness which were too well feigned to arouse
+      suspicion. When, however, the first reception was over, Manjari gave a
+      signal and two elephants placed themselves, one on each side of the young
+      one, and he was a captive.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0062" id="linkimage-0062"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0134.jpg" alt="0134 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0134.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They marched to the banks of the stream and drank eagerly; then, without
+      the slightest hesitation, they directed their way toward the two wild
+      elephants who were to be brought back as prisoners. The young elephant
+      seemed overjoyed to see its new friends going toward the place where its
+      mother was lying. She answered its cries, without an idea of the danger
+      which was impending. Her companion was gathering here and there tufts of
+      grass, and devouring the young buds of the trees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They were surrounded in a very short time, and when they realized that
+      they had to deal with enemies, it was too late to fly; each one had been
+      caught by its trunk by two of the animals under Manjari and opposition and
+      resistance were alike vain. After a few struggles they seemed to
+      understand their position and they commenced to fill the forest with roars
+      and cries of despair.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Four more trained elephants were now turned loose and they immediately
+      joined their troop; they were not needed, however, as two of the trained
+      elephants could easily lead a wild one, but their presence served to
+      remove the last faint hope of escape for the captured animals. All this
+      was accomplished easily, without any visible resistance. In a moment their
+      trunks were seized, all power of defence was taken away, and the captives
+      were pressed on each side with such terrible force by their captors, that
+      they seemed to understand instinctively the futility of resistance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When the first attempt was made to force them to walk, they made a
+      supreme effort to remain, but a shower of blows from the trunk of Manjari
+      decided their movements in a short space of time. When the poor brutes saw
+      our party, they were terror-stricken and trembled violently; our weak
+      appearance evidently produced a greater effect on their imagination, than
+      did that of their captors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In a little time, a hunter crept behind each of them, and having given
+      orders to have them held firmly, bound their hind feet with chains of
+      special strength. From this moment a single elephant easily guarded them;
+      they could only march slowly, and a child could have escaped them. Nothing
+      now remained but to train them, and to make them forget, by kind and
+      gentle treatment, their early life and the great forests in which they
+      were born.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Ordinarily it is possible to approach a captured elephant at the end of
+      three days; on the eighth day the chains are taken off, and when a month
+      has passed by the animal will go about quietly with the trained ones,
+      imitating their actions, and offering to take part in their work. Indeed,
+      it sometimes happens that, a few hours after the hunt is over, captors and
+      captives are on the best of terms with each other, and the latter are set
+      free by the Hindoo banters on the third or fourth day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0063" id="linkimage-0063"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0136.jpg" alt="0136 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0136.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When the elephant has tasted the delights of civilized life, he never
+      returns to the jungle except to hunt, in his turn, his own fellows, and in
+      this pursuit he displays as much cunning as the older ones did in
+      capturing him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Another mode of hunting elephants,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;is by driving them
+      into a keddah or corral. A strong yard is built with trunks of trees set
+      in the ground like posts about two feet apart so that men can easily go in
+      and out but elephants cannot pass.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0064" id="linkimage-0064"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0137.jpg" alt="0137 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0137.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      From the entrance of the yard two fences enclosing a space shaped like a
+      'V' are extended several miles and the herd of wild elephants is driven so
+      that it will come into the space enclosed by the 'V' Until they are within
+      the jaws of the fences the driving is done very quietly so as not to alarm
+      the animals and put them to flight, but when they are once inside of it,
+      all silence comes to an end, and the hunters make as much noise as
+      possible with guns, drums and other instruments. This frightens the
+      elephants and they rush pell-mell into the keddah, where they are made
+      prisoners.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked if the elephants were killed when caught or were simply made
+      prisoners.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No elephants are wantonly killed nowadays in India and Ceylon,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Webb, &ldquo;with the exception of those that are actually dangerous on account
+      of their vices. There are stringent laws against shooting an elephant, the
+      animal being under government protection, and whenever a herd is driven
+      into a keddah the officials select as many as are wanted for use and allow
+      the rest to return to the forest. In the early part of this century the
+      government gave a bounty in Ceylon for the slaughter of elephants and
+      great numbers were killed by hunters. The mistake in the policy was not
+      discovered until the animals became very scarce, when the laws were
+      reversed. Instead of paying now to have elephants killed the government
+      protects them by making it a serious offence to shoot one.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But the case is different in Africa,&rdquo; said the gentleman. &ldquo;The African
+      elephant is not domesticated at present, or very rarely so, though he
+      seems to have been in ancient times if we may judge by history. The famous
+      Jumbo was an African elephant; you remember that his ears were about three
+      times as large as those of an ordinary elephant, and this is the principal
+      feature which distinguishes one kind from the other. The African is not as
+      docile as the Asiatic elephant; he is hunted for his ivory and for his
+      flesh, which is eagerly devoured by the natives. He is shot, speared,
+      driven into pit-falls, and otherwise taken, and his numbers are said to be
+      diminishing rapidly. By the end of the century, at the rate the
+      destruction is going on, there will not be many African elephants
+      remaining.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked about, the mammoth which formerly lived in Siberia, and whose
+      remains are occasionally found at the present time where they have lain
+      for thousands of years imbedded in the frozen earth. Mr. Graham told him
+      that the mammoth was a member of the elephant family, and his body was
+      covered with thick fur or long hair to protect it from the cold. Of the
+      few specimens that have been found the tusks were longer than those of the
+      elephant and greatly curved; the skele were trimmed into the required
+      shape for telegraph poles; a number of them being piled at intervals along
+      the track.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0065" id="linkimage-0065"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0140.jpg" alt="0140 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0140.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Then the elephants were sent to carry the poles to the distances they
+      were to be set apart. I saw one mahout conduct his elephant to-a pile of
+      these heavy poles and tell the intelligent animal to pick one up. He then,
+      with a long wand he had for the purpose, measured off the distance and
+      accompanied the elephant, who carried the pole to the place the mahout
+      indicated. Then I saw the mahout tell the elephant to go to the pile and
+      place them in line along the track, at the ton of one is in the museum at
+      St. Petersburg, and portions of the hair and skin are preserved with it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0066" id="linkimage-0066"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0139.jpg" alt="0139 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0139.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Returning to the subject of the intelligence of the elephant, Mr. Grahani
+      read the following from the pen of an American traveler in Burmah, who
+      tells how the elephant was employed in building a telegraph line:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;First a track was made by felling all timber and clearing off any
+      undergrowth, etc., to about twenty feet in width, hundreds of men being
+      employed. Such trees as were suitable in length and otherwise same
+      distance apart as the one he had measured. The man then lay down under a
+      tree and went to sleep. In the meantime the noble animal took up each
+      piece of timber, and carried it to its proper place in the line. I felt so
+      interested that I stayed to witness the whole proceeding. I measured the
+      distance by pacing and found them all to be equal in length and correctly
+      placed like the first one. The beast then went to his mahout and gently
+      touched him with the tip of his trunk and awoke him, as much as to say,
+      'All is finished, master, according to your orders.' The mahout awoke,
+      mounted the elephant, and went forward to continue the line in the same
+      easy and agreeable manner.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0067" id="linkimage-0067"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0141.jpg" alt="0141 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0141.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The same writer says:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The young elephants are made pets of and not allowed to work until fully
+      grown. That they are not deficient in understanding, even at an early age,
+      the following anecdote will prove:&mdash;The commissioner at Shweygheen
+      had a young elephant, quite a baby, given him by a Burmese gentleman, and
+      the lively intelligent beast afforded much amusement to his owner and all
+      who knew him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The youngster could do everything but speak. He was kept in a stable in
+      the garden, specially made for him, the sides being composed of stout
+      planks instead of the usual wattled split bamboo. The heavy teak door was
+      fastened on the outside by a sliding bar of the same wood, running in iron
+      staples. The paths and walks through the garden were made of ground rolled
+      and pressed to the hardness of a macadamized road.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Shortly after the young elephant's arrival and installation in his
+      stable, the garden was found one morning to have been robbed during' the
+      night, the mangoes especially suffering, a quantity of the best fruit
+      having been taken. No traces were left by the thief or thieves, there were
+      no footprints on the soft ground outside, nothing to indicate how an
+      entrance had been made into the garden. This went on for several nights,
+      and at last it was discovered that the young elephant was the thief. He
+      used to raise the edge of the roof so as to put out his trank and slide
+      the bolt; then there was no obstacle to prevent opening the door, and he
+      opened it and went into the garden. After regaling himself on the fruit he
+      returned to the stable, closed the door, slid the bolt into its place, let
+      the edge of the roof fall to its proper position, and thus made it
+      impossible for any one to know he had been out.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0068" id="linkimage-0068"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:15%;">
+      <img src="images/5142.jpg" alt="5142 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/5142.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER VII.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Apes, Baboons and Monkeys&mdash;The Apes at Gibraltar&mdash;How they
+      Saved the Fort from Surprise&mdash;A Monkey Fishing Party&mdash;The
+      Monkey's Resemblance to Man&mdash;Illustrations of his Intelligence&mdash;A
+      Monkey Theater&mdash;Dressing the Performers&mdash;The Four-handed Actors
+      and What they Did&mdash;Interview with their Trainer&mdash;Mandrills and
+      their Peculiarities&mdash;The Chacma and his Uses as a Watch-Dog&mdash;How
+      Monkeys find Water&mdash;Differences between Old-World and New-World
+      Monkeys&mdash;Monkeys with Prehensile Tails&mdash;The South American
+      Howler&mdash;Sapajous and Spider Monkeys&mdash;Simian Intelligence&mdash;Organizing
+      to Rob Gardens&mdash;A Bridge of Monkeys.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">W</span>HAT animal shall
+      we consider now?&rdquo; queried Mr. Graham at their next conversation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We've just had the elephant,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;who belongs in Africa and
+      Asia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0069" id="linkimage-0069"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8143.jpg" alt="8143 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8143.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Suppose we talk about another animal of those countries, the monkey.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;If you mean that the monkey belongs exclusively in Africa and Asia as the
+      elephant does,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;you're wrong. The monkey is found there, it
+      is true, but he is also found in America and Europe.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I know he's found in America,&rdquo; replied George, &ldquo;but didn't know that he
+      lived in Europe in a wild state. The only European monkeys I ever heard of
+      were in captivity.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You're not far wrong, though,&rdquo; Harry answered with a slight, laugh, &ldquo;as
+      there's only one place in Europe where monkeys run wild and that is on the
+      Rock of Gibraltar.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0070" id="linkimage-0070"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0144.jpg" alt="0144 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0144.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Are there many of them?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No, not a great number, and they are supposed to be descended from some
+      that were brought there from Africa and escaped from captivity. The
+      naturalists class them as Magots or Barbary Apes, and say they are
+      identical with the monkeys or apes of Northern Africa. Before we go
+      further let me explain that an ape is a monkey without a tail, a baboon is
+      a monkey with a short tail, and a monkey is an animal of the same great
+      family with a long tail.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We thank you for the explanation,&rdquo; said Harry, and his words were, echoed
+      by George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some interesting stories are told about these Gibraltar monkeys,&rdquo; said
+      Mr. Graham, resuming the topic of conversation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What are they, please?&rdquo; exclaimed the youths in a breath.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is said,&rdquo; remarked Mr. Graham, &ldquo;that a few weeks before the famous
+      siege of Gibraltar, the Spaniards attempted to surprise one of the British
+      outposts, and they would have succeeded if it had not been for the
+      monkeys. The party which was attempting the surprise had to pass a group
+      of monkeys; the animals set up such a chattering as to alarm the outpost
+      and put it on its guard. As a reward for their services in saving
+      Gibraltar, the English garrison has ever since allowed the monkeys to live
+      unmolested.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Another story,&rdquo; the gentleman continued, &ldquo;relates to the imitative powers
+      of the monkey. When Lord Howe went to the relief of the garrison during
+      the siege, he had among the reinforcements the Twenty-fifth Regiment of
+      infantry. After peace had been declared, several officers of this regiment
+      went to a spot at the back of the rock to amuse themselves by catching
+      fish. They found a good place for their purpose, and were busily engaged
+      in catching whiting, when they were pelted by some one concealed on the
+      steep rock above them. They shifted their ground two or three times, and
+      finally found a place where they were no longer disturbed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The fish were biting at a goodly rate when suddenly the drums sounded to
+      arms. The officers rowed their boat ashore, left it high and dry on the
+      beach, and then hurried away to report for duty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When they came back they were greatly surprised to find that the position
+      of the boat had been changed, and some of the hooks which had been left
+      bare were baited. The lines were a good deal tangled, and it was evident
+      that whoever used the boat had not been at all particular about other
+      people's property.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In a day or two the mystery was explained. An officer of Hanoverian
+      Grenadiers had taken a solitary walk on that very afternoon, and found a
+      party of young monkeys pelting the fishermen from behind the rocks. The
+      officer was a good deal of a naturalist, and so he concealed himself
+      carefully and watched the performance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;While the youngsters were pelting the fishermen, several old monkeys
+      arrived and drove the mischievous youths away. Then they sat down and
+      watched very attentively the business of fish-taking, and when the
+      officers beached their boat and went away, the monkeys determined to
+      improve their lesson. They launched the boat, baited the hooks, and went
+      to fishing. They caught a few fish, and then came back to shore, left the
+      boat and retired up the rock before the officers came in sight again.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Did they carry off the fish they had caught?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;not only what they caught themselves but those that
+      the officers had left in the boat.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What a human action!&rdquo; exclaimed Harry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0071" id="linkimage-0071"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9146.jpg" alt="9146 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9146.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The men who argue that we are descended from monkeys ought to know of the
+      performance of the Gibralter apes.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not only in actions but in structure,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;does the monkey
+      bear a resemblance to man. Several naturalists have regarded the monkey as
+      only an inferior form of the human race and have so classified him. The
+      celebrated naturalist Linnæus placed man with monkeys in his order of
+      Primates or first animals. He made his genus <i>Homo</i> consist of human
+      beings (<i>Homo sapiens</i>), of chimpanzees (<i>Homo Troglodytes</i>), of
+      orang outangs (<i>Homo satyrus</i>), and the Gibbons <i>Homo lar</i>.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Was his classification accepted by the other naturalists?&rdquo; one of the
+      youths asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;By some, but by no means by all,&rdquo; was the reply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There was aloud protest against it, not by the monkeys, who didn't
+      trouble their heads on the subject, but learned men and others who felt
+      that the dignity of the human race had been affronted. As time went on the
+      opinions of Linnæus fell more and more into disfavor, and the present
+      classification places man in a distinct genus, that of <i>Bimana</i>
+      (two-handed) while the whole tribe of monkeys, apes and the like, are
+      classed as <i>Quadrumana</i> (four-handed.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It must be admitted,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;that from a purely
+      anatomical point of view, the monkey has a close resemblance to man. He
+      can stand upright, has a nude face, his eyes are directed forward, his
+      internal organs are very much the same, and he is subject to many diseases
+      of which man is the victim. But although he can walk upright he does so
+      with difficulty; his forelegs or arms are much longer than the human arm,
+      in proportion to the rest of the body, and although he has the same organs
+      in his throat he has not the power of speech. Though his hand is shaped
+      like the human one in a general way, it is far from being as perfect; the
+      fingers do not act separately like those of man and the thumb is short and
+      unwieldy and does not oppose each of the fingers, or only very imperfectly
+      so.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have read somewhere,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that the highest intellect shown by
+      the monkey is lower than that of the most degraded savage. Monkeys are not
+      afraid of fire, but no monkey ever rose to the intelligence of producing
+      it by rubbing two sticks together as is done by the lowest of savages.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You are right,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham. &ldquo;The observation you refer to was made
+      by a French philosopher, Joseph de Maistre. There are other points in
+      which we can show a wide gulf between man and the quadrumana, but we will
+      drop them for the present.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      At this moment an exclamation from George turned attention in his
+      direction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's something for us to see,&rdquo; said George, as he held up a newspaper
+      on which he had rested his eye for a moment, while listening to the
+      remarks of Mr. Graham.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is it?&rdquo; Harry asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A monkey show,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;a theatrical performance by trained
+      monkeys, or rather a pantomime, as the animals cannot be expected to talk
+      as human actors do.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      It was agreed at once that the monkey performance was something to be
+      seen, and accordingly arrangements were made for attending it. Mr. Graham
+      explained to the youths that while these performances were comparatively
+      rare in America they were an old established institution in Europe.
+      &ldquo;Germany and Italy,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;are famous for them, and in some of the
+      German and Italian cities there are monkey theaters where performances are
+      given by quadrumana throughout the entire year. They are assisted by dogs
+      and ponies, and altogether the show is very funny and interesting.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The exhibition which our friends attended was managed by Mr. Brockmann, a
+      famous monkey-trainer of Vienna, who thought it would be a good
+      speculation to bring his troupe to America. Among the members of his
+      four-handed company were Kullman, the elegant circus rider; the fat and
+      lovesick Lottie; Anthony, a gentleman not to be joked with with impunity;
+      Jack, a little dandy; and George, the clown of the company, who was said
+      to create any amount of fun by his queer antics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0072" id="linkimage-0072"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0149.jpg" alt="0149 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0149.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Our young friends read with interest an account from a German paper of the
+      preparations for their nightly appearance on the stage. &ldquo;As soon as the
+      operation of dressing begins,&rdquo; says the writer, &ldquo;the cunning little
+      animals begin to be restless. They shuffle to and fro on their high
+      stools; they sneeze and blow and sniffle, and make faces at the keepers
+      and each other. But woe to him who would dare laugh at their grimaces and
+      their fooling. He would soon make acquaintance with their teeth and nails.
+      The comical little fellows love to carry on all sorts of fun, but they
+      wont allow anybody to laugh at them. For this reason they are attached
+      with little chains to their stools as long as their dressing lasts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0073" id="linkimage-0073"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9150.jpg" alt="9150 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9150.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      They like to play all sorts of tricks with the keepers who are dressing
+      them. One of them amuses himself by tearing his brand new trousers into
+      shreds, and when he has fully succeeded in doing so, he gives vent to his
+      delight by loud screams. Another takes pleasure in pulling off the vest
+      which the keeper has had the greatest difficulty in buttoning on him, and
+      grins at the unfortunate man with truly fiendish delight. A third
+      absolutely refuses to put his tiny little hand into the sleeves, although
+      the keeper holds the armhole in the most inviting manner before him. The
+      little rascal pretends not to be able to find it, pushing his hands in
+      every direction but the right one. If the keeper at last loses his
+      patience and pushes the arm by force into the sleeve, the indignant artist
+      feels insulted, and replies with a ringing slap in the keeper's face.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;At last the operation of dressing has been performed. The little artists
+      sit quietly on their stools, not a little proud of their gay costumes.
+      They grin and wink at each other, and munch with great delight nuts and
+      almonds and other delicacies with which they are rewarded. Lottie is
+      particularly vain and proud of her pretty costume. With great complacency
+      she pulls her dress, arranges her coiffure, pushes her hat from one side
+      to the other to see which is most becoming, and keeps on a continual
+      flirtation with the gentlemen of the company. Dainty little Jack, for whom
+      these demonstrations of love are intended, seems to trouble himself very
+      little about his coquetish mistress. He sits quietly in a corner enjoying
+      the draughts from a small bottle of mild beer, of which he is particularly
+      fond, taking very great care that not a drop of the precious liquor is
+      spilled on his snowy white jacket and apron, which as cook is his
+      professional costume. Jack is possessed of a most versatile talent. With
+      equal skill and elegance he appears now as a cook, then as a coachman, or
+      a circus rider and athlete. Besides this, he has assumed for his own
+      pleasure the function of picking up the various articles that lie
+      scattered on the stage after the performance and conveying them swiftly
+      behind the scenes.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      While waiting for the performance to begin, Harry read the following
+      account of a reporter's interview with Mr. Brockmann, the manager of the
+      monkey troupe. The reporter asked about the system of training, and in
+      reply to the question the manager said: &ldquo;I cannot tell everything, as I
+      have certain methods which I do not want to make generally known. For
+      forty years my father and I have given exhibitions of trained animals, and
+      in that time we have naturally learned much of their habits and
+      dispositions. The great thing, however, is to gain command of an animal's
+      entire attention. Once this is obtained, all the rest is comparatively
+      easy. When a monkey's training begins he is restless, his eyes wander all
+      over the room, and his attention is never for more than a minute
+      concentrated on any one thing. I have to teach him to forget everything
+      else and watch me. He must learn to keep his eyes on mine. If any one in
+      the audience will watch the monkeys when they are doing important acts, he
+      will see that they never take their eyes off me. It is a singular thing
+      that, while dogs and ponies look larger on the stage than they really are,
+      monkeys appear very much smaller when dressed up. I have a little monkey
+      who is an even better tightrope performer than the one now exhibited, but
+      he would look so small that the audience would scarcely be able to see his
+      feats. My animals are very fond of me. The rewards you see me give them on
+      the stage are almonds and raisins.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The reporter had an opportunity of witnessing a display of the monkeys'
+      affection for Mr. Brockman, when he made his first appearance for the day
+      in their dressing-room. He went the rounds and spoke a word or two to
+      each. Some kissed him, others climbed up and put their arms around his
+      neck, and each exhibited the utmost impatience till his turn for
+      recognition came.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What monkeys are the easiest to train?&rdquo; inquired the reporter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mandrills and baboons, though they are perhaps a little more delicate
+      than the other kinds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0074" id="linkimage-0074"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9152.jpg" alt="9152 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9152.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Still my father had one for thirty years. The oldest performer in the
+      present troupe is a blue-faced mandrill, whom I have had for twelve years.
+      He is very good-tempered and will not reject any attentions you may feel
+      inclined to show him. As a general rule, when a monkey holds out his hand
+      encouragingly it is safest to give him a wide berth, and one who is
+      chattering to himself is nearly always in a bad temper.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How often do you feed them, and what, is their favorite food?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When they are performing twice they get four light meals a day, milk,
+      fruit, and potatoes being their principal diet. We keep their cages very
+      clean, but they look after their own toilets and we do not wash them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What animals do you find possess the most intelligence, monkeys, dogs or
+      horses?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are clever and stupid specimens of each, but I don't think there is
+      any great difference in general intelligence. The great difficulty with
+      all of them is to get undivided attention.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0075" id="linkimage-0075"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0153.jpg" alt="0153 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0153.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is the difference between a mandrill and an ordinary monkey?&rdquo;
+       queried Harry as he paused at the end of his reading.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The mandrill,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;is one of the many members of the monkey
+      family, and belongs among the apes or the baboons. He is a native of the
+      coast of Guinea in Africa, and has a very short tail or no tail at all;
+      his face is furrowed, and so much resembles that of a dog, that he is
+      often spoken of as a dog-faced monkey. A full grown mandrill is about,
+      five feet high when standing erect, and his head is very large in
+      proportion to his body. He is not the best looking of his race, and would
+      never be chosen as a contestant for a prize for beauty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are monkeys with tails,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and monkeys without
+      tails, and the list of each kind is so long that you couldn't remember a
+      quarter of it if it were repeated. Generally speaking the apes, or the
+      tailless monkeys, are more quiet in disposition than the others, and hence
+      they are the easiest to teach and control. At best the monkey is a
+      restless animal, and his attention cannot be kept at any one thing for
+      more than a few moments. Mr. Brockmann justly says that the work of
+      securing the monkey's attention is the most difficult part of his
+      education.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have read about a variety of monkey that the settlers at the Cape of
+      Good Hope train to serve as watch-dogs,&rdquo; said Harry. &ldquo;Are they of the same
+      kind as the mandrills?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not exactly.&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but they are closely related to them. They
+      are known as chaemas, and when full grown are as large as an English
+      mastiff and excel him in strength and agility. The chaema has a tail about
+      half as long as his body and with a tuft of hair at the end. Like most
+      other monkeys he is a great thief, and cannot be trusted in the presence
+      of provisions of which he is fond. He has such a keen scent that it is
+      very difficult to poison him, and he can find water when the most
+      experienced traveler or bushman is unable to discover it. The Hottentots
+      in traveling carry a tame chaema with them, and when unable to find water
+      they turn him loose and follow him. After carefully surveying the ground,
+      he selects a spot and begins to dig; the Hottentots dig where he directs,
+      and almost invariably succeed in finding the water that they want.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0076" id="linkimage-0076"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0155.jpg" alt="0155 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0155.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But how about his serving as a watch-dog?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He can hear sounds that are inaudible even to the dogs; in a camp he will
+      always give the alarm when danger approaches, and so much do the dogs rely
+      on him, that they go to sleep in the fullest confidence that he will call
+      them in case their services are wanted. When he gives the alarm, they are
+      on the alert and rush in the direction he indicates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He generally lives on good terms with the dogs, and one traveler who
+      carried a chaema tells how the beast used to jump on the backs of the dogs
+      when he was tired. Some of them used to carry him without objection, but
+      others did not like to be employed as pack animals. One in particular
+      always stopped when the chaema mounted his shoulders, and allowed the
+      caravan to pass on out of sight. The monkey did not like to be separated
+      from the caravan, and as it disappeared over the plain or among the hills
+      he would dismount and follow it. The cunning dog then joined him in
+      running to overtake the caravan, but always managed to keep the chaema a
+      little in advance, so that he would not be likely to jump again on the
+      dog's shoulders.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Which shows that the intellect of the dog was superior to that of the
+      chaema,&rdquo; George remarked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The dog's reasoning powers are superior to those of the monkey.&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham, &ldquo;but the latter has the greater faculty for pure imitation.&mdash;Ah!
+      there goes the curtain and the performance is about to commence.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Here is the account which Harry wrote after his return from the theater:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The opening scene is entitled 'African Friends Meet&mdash;A dinner at
+      Delmonico's.' Seated at a table on the stage when the curtain rises, are
+      three monkeys, dressed in the height of fashion. They are Mr. Blackberry,
+      a dude: Colonel Axletree, a retired army officer, and Miss Terrini, from
+      the Darwinian Theater. Mr. Blackberry rings a bell which summons a
+      waitress. The waitress hands the diners a bill of fare and each gives an
+      order. Presently. M. Pouillon, the cook, comes in to consult the feasters,
+      who explain just how they want everything served. The monkey cook bows in
+      inimitable French style and departs. In a moment or two the dinner is
+      served, the only unusual thing in the act being the fact that each monkey
+      steals a portion of his neighbor's food. While his master's back is turned
+      the cook takes a sly drink from a bottle, and also helps himself to the
+      contents of a basket which he has been ordered to place on the table. The
+      monkeys at the table appear to be in conversation, and the by-play among
+      them is very amusing. The pantomine is excellent and the apes do almost
+      everything but speak.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The adventures of Robert Macaire are illustrated by two monkeys known as
+      Cadieux and Ravennes, while another called Robinson does several clever
+      acts as a circus rider. He rides upright upon a pony's back, jumps through
+      rings and over hurdles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0077" id="linkimage-0077"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8157.jpg" alt="8157 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8157.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Other monkeys stand on their heads, walk tight-ropes with balancing rods,
+      turn somersaults, and do acts on the flying trapeze.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      On the way home from the theater the conversation about monkeys was
+      continued, and the youths made mental note of several matters on which
+      they desired information. Harry expressed his disappointment at the
+      absence of tails on the performing monkeys, a circumstance which has
+      already been explained. The youth said he had expected to see the
+      creatures suspending themselves by the tail from the ropes where they were
+      to walk or balance themselves; he thought it would have added materially
+      to the interest of the performance, and wondered if the monkey trainers of
+      Asia or Africa could not do better in this line than did Mr. Brockmann.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;As to that,&rdquo; replied Mr. Graham, &ldquo;I am in very great doubt or rather in
+      no doubt at all. No Asiatic or African monkey can suspend himself by the
+      tail, no matter how long that appendage may be.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Do you mean,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that none of the old world monkeys have
+      prehensile tails?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Exactly so,&rdquo; was the reply. &ldquo;The only monkeys that can use the tail as a
+      fifth hand, or for clinging to branches of trees, are found in America,
+      and never in the old world unless they have been carried there from this
+      country. But do not understand that all the American monkeys have
+      prehensile tails; some of them have the tail wonderfully developed and
+      useful, while others cannot hold on with it, and several varieties have
+      almost no tails at all. A naturalist who lived four years in South America
+      says that in that time he saw twenty-one varieties of monkey, seven of
+      them having prehensile and fourteen of them non-prehensile tails. The
+      Asiatic monkey does not seem to be aware that the tail can be made of any
+      use, but the liveliest of the American monkeys employ it for picking up
+      objects and for support while swinging among the trees. And we may further
+      say that the monkeys of the old world are unlike those of the new, none of
+      the varieties that exist on one side of the Atlantic being found on the
+      other.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The largest of the American monkeys is far below the largest of his
+      Asiatic or African cousins in the matter of size. While several members of
+      the baboon family are five feet in height, and a large gorilla is said to
+      be six feet or very nearly when standing erect, the largest of the
+      American monkeys, if we leave his long tail out of calculation, does not
+      exceed three feet. He belongs in South America, and is known as the
+      Howler, and he can howl louder than twenty men if the stories of travelers
+      are to be believed. The noise he makes is so terrific, that many a
+      traveler has been frightened by it and has thought that all the wild
+      beasts of the woods had assembled close at hand, and were about to devour
+      everybody and everything within their neighborhood. One monkey gives a
+      howl, and when he is tired he signals to the rest tried to ascertain
+      accurately how far the sound could be heard. Judging the distance by the
+      time it took him to reach the tree where the monkeys were, he thought two
+      miles not an over estimate; when the sound came across a lake unimpeded by
+      trees it was easily audible a good three miles.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked if these animals kept up their howling when in captivity?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They all shout in chorus. After a while they stop, and then the solitary
+      one starts up again. And in this way the unearthly chorus is kept up from
+      midnight till sunrise; sometimes they begin at the close of day and keep
+      it up all night, making it quite impossible for a traveler to sleep within
+      a mile of them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0078" id="linkimage-0078"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0159.jpg" alt="0159 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0159.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Can they really be heard at the distance of a mile?&rdquo; one of the boys
+      asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes, and farther still,&rdquo; was the reply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr Graham explained that they were active enough in the woods, but as soon
+      as they became prisoners they lost all their spirit, displayed surly
+      dispositions, refused to make friends with anybody, and soon died of
+      grief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0079" id="linkimage-0079"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9160.jpg" alt="9160 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9160.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Other varieties of South American monkeys were more tractable, Mr Graham
+      further explained, and he specially mentioned the little spider monkey and
+      a sapajou as amusing and affectionate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some of these American monkeys,&rdquo; Mr Graham continued, &ldquo;show a great deal
+      of intelligence, bordering upon reason. A naturalist who studied them in
+      Brazil says that when one of them received an egg for the first time he
+      broke it clumsily and lost half the contents, but so, he handled it with
+      the greatest care. Lumps of sugar were occasionally given to him wrapped
+      in paper; one day a live wasp was put in the paper with the sugar, so that
+      when the monkey tore it open he was stung. After that he always held the
+      paper to his ear and listened intently to detect any movement within.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Haven't I read,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;about monkeys organizing raids upon
+      orchards and gardens in a very systematic manner, just as boys or men
+      might do?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Quite likely you have,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;for such things are by no means
+      uncommon. Monkeys are gregarious animals and hunt in the second time he
+      only broke the top and lost nothing. Ever after that when he received an
+      egg he gently broke the top by hitting it against a hard substance, and
+      then picked off the fragments of the shell with his fingers. After cutting
+      himself once with a sharp tool he would not for some time touch it again,
+      and when he finally did troops; these troops generally have their chiefs,
+      whom they obey implicity, and there would seem to be some mode of
+      communication among them by which orders are issued and understood.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The monkeys of Northern Africa come down from their places of concealment
+      in the forest and rob the gardens of the people, carrying off the fruit by
+      wholesale. Sentinels are posted to give warning in case of danger, then
+      one of the troop climbs over the fence followed by another and another.
+      They form a line from the wall to the tree which is to be robbed, and as
+      fast as the fruit is plucked it is passed from one to another with the
+      greatest rapidity. Those at the farther end of the line and outside of the
+      garden wall, load themselves with all they can carry and then move away;
+      as soon as the fruit has been stripped from the tree, or at the slightest
+      note of alarm, the whole line scrambles off and is out of reach in a
+      moment.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0080" id="linkimage-0080"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0162.jpg" alt="0162 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0162.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How do they divide their spoil?&rdquo; one of the youths asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We don't know that,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but it is certain they have some
+      form of division or they would not pass the fruit from one to another as
+      they do. It is quite possible that the chief takes the best for himself
+      and either assigns the others their shares or lets them quarrel over what
+      he does not want.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Another instance of their close imitation of human customs,&rdquo; said George
+      with a laugh.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Captain Mayne Reid gives an interesting account,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;of
+      how monkeys in the tropical forest of America cross a stream. It is an
+      excellent illustration of the subject we have under consideration.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      When they reached home Mr. Graham found the book containing the story and
+      handed it to Harry, who read aloud as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The half-human voices now sounded nearer, and we could perceive that the
+      animals were approaching the spot where we lay. Presently they appeared
+      upon the opposite bank, headed by an old gray chieftain, and officered
+      like so many soldiers. They were of the <i>comadreja</i> or ring-tailed
+      tribe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One&mdash;an aide-de-camp, or chief pioneer, perhaps&mdash;ran out upon a
+      projecting rock, and after looking across the stream, as if calculating
+      the distance, scampered back, and appeared to communicate with the leader.
+      This produced a movement in the troops. Commands were issued, and fatigue
+      parties were detailed and marched to the front.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0081" id="linkimage-0081"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8163.jpg" alt="8163 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8163.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile several of the <i>comadrejas</i>&mdash;engineers, no doubt&mdash;ran
+      along the bank, examining the trees on both sides.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;At length they all collected around a tall cotton-wood tree that grew
+      over the narrowest part of the stream, and twenty or thirty of them
+      scampered up its trunk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On reaching a high point, the foremost, a strong fellow, ran out upon a
+      limb, and taking several turns of his tail around it, slipped off and hung
+      head downwards. The next on the limb, also a stout one, climbed down the
+      body of the first, and whipping his tail tightly round the neck and
+      forearm of the latter, dropped off in his turn, and hung, head down. The
+      third repeated the maneuver upon the second, and the fourth upon the
+      third, and so on, until the last one upon the string rested his forepaws
+      upon the ground.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The living chain now commenced swinging backward and forward, like the
+      pendulum of a clock. The motion was slight at first, but gradually
+      increased, the lowermost monkey striking his hands violently on the earth
+      as he passed the tangent of the oscillating curve. Several others upon the
+      limbs above aided the movement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;This continued until the monkey at the end of the chain was thrown among
+      the branches of a tree on the opposite bank. Here, after two or three
+      vibrations, he clutched a limb and held fast. This movement was executed
+      adroitly, just at the culminating point of the oscillation, in order to
+      save the intermediate links from the violence of a too sudden jerk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The chain was fast at both ends, forming a complete suspension bridge,
+      over which the whole troop, to the number of four or five hundred, passed
+      with the rapidity of thought.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The troop was now on the other side, but how were the animals forming the
+      bridge to get themselves over? This was the question which suggested
+      itself. Manifestly by number one letting go his tail. But then the point
+      d'appui on the other side was much lower down, and number one, with half a
+      dozen of his neighbors, would be dashed against the opposite bank, or
+      soused into the water.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here, then, was a problem, and we waited with some curiosity for its
+      solution. It was soon solved. A monkey was now seen attaching his tail to
+      the lowest on the bridge, another girded him in a similar manner, and
+      another and so on until a dozen more were added to the string. These last
+      were all powerful fellows, and running up a high limb, they lifted the
+      bridge into a position almost horizontal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Then a scream from the last monkey of the new formation warned the
+      tail-end that all was ready, and the next moment the whole chain was swung
+      over, and landed safely on the opposite bank. The lowermost links now
+      dropped off like a melting candle, while the higher ones leaped on the
+      branches and came down by the trunk. The whole troop then scampered off
+      into the chapparal and disappeared.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER VIII.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>A Famous Chimpanzee&mdash;Mr. Crowley of Central Park&mdash;His Origin
+      and History&mdash;Details of his Early Life&mdash;His Training and
+      Accomplishments&mdash;Elating at Table with Knife, Fork, and Spoon&mdash;Furniture
+      of his Apartment&mdash;Drinking from a Cup&mdash;What he Eats and Drinks&mdash;His
+      appreciation of Music&mdash;Refusal to wear Clothes&mdash;Ill of Pneumonia
+      and Recovery&mdash;A bad Temper&mdash;The Gorilla and his near Relatives&mdash;The
+      Gorilla at Home&mdash;Du Chaillu's Experiences&mdash;Friendship between a
+      Dog and a Gorilla&mdash;The Orang-outang&mdash;His Home and Habits&mdash;Performances
+      of a Baby Orang&mdash;The Gibbon&mdash;Gentlest of the Monkey Family&mdash;Mr.
+      Newmian's Pet&mdash;Long-nosed Monkeys&mdash;Monkeys catching Crabs with
+      their Tails&mdash;How the Traveler Lost and Recovered his Red Caps&mdash;The
+      Monkey and the Mirror&mdash;The Orang that Saved the Child.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">T</span>he afternoon of
+      the day following the visit to the monkey theater was devoted to a visit
+      to the collection of wild animals in Central Park. The special object of
+      the visit was a famous chimpanzee known as Mr. Crowley, who was the wonder
+      and admiration of many children and grown people on account of his
+      intelligence and accomplishments.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Unfortunately for the interest of science and the amusement of the public,
+      Mr. Crowley met the fate that befalls most monkeys who are brought from
+      their tropical homes to colder climates; he died of pneumonia and pleurisy
+      after having been several times dangerously ill.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0082" id="linkimage-0082"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0166.jpg" alt="0166 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0166.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Monkeys rarely live long in northern countries; they die of pneumonia or
+      consumption, generally in a few months, in spite of the greatest care in
+      shielding them from the effects of draughts or chills. The tailless
+      monkeys are more hardy than the tailed ones, but even they are not proof
+      against the rigors of the north.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From his own observations, aided by free quotations from a little book
+      entitled &ldquo;Mr. Crowley of Central Park,&rdquo; by Henry S. Fuller, George
+      prepared the following description of this remarkable animal:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Crowley was captured when very young in the forests of Africa, not far
+      from Monrovia, Liberia. He was presented to the Central Park Museum by the
+      Hon. Mr. Smythe, U. S. Minister to Liberia, and became a resident of New
+      York in May 1884. He was then thought to be about six months old and
+      weighed not far from twenty-five pounds; he was very active, and soon
+      after his arrival a trapeze was fitted up for him on which he took great
+      pleasure in swinging.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0083" id="linkimage-0083"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0168.jpg" alt="0168 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0168.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      A pair of ninepins were obtained for him, in shape like small Indian
+      clubs, and several wooden balls sufficiently large not to be slipped
+      through the grating. He took great pleasure in making targets of the pins,
+      and would hurl the balls at them with all his strength and chatter with
+      delight when the targets were struck. Tiring of this, he would seize the
+      pins, one in each hand, and exercise with these, not entirely according to
+      the written rules of club exercise, but with a zest that was of equal
+      benefit to the muscles; although, when he abandoned this practice and used
+      them as drumsticks to batter the sides of his apartment, the uproar
+      sometimes became too great to be endured.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;His meals were usually taken outside of his apartment. Seated in one of
+      the office chairs about six o'clock, after his morning toilet had been
+      made, he was handed a plate of boiled rice, sweetened with a little sugar,
+      which he ate in genteel fashion with a spoon, and with apparent relish,
+      often looking up at his benefactor with one eye in apparent gratitude, and
+      only pausing an instant to wipe his spacious chin of little rivulets of
+      rice that would trickle at times from the convex corners of his mouth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0084" id="linkimage-0084"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9169.jpg" alt="9169 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9169.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      A cup of milk would then be given him to aid the digestion of more solid
+      food.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;These meals were prepared punctually four times a day, a custom which has
+      become of a second nature to the chimpanzee and continues to the present
+      time. The first meal was in the morning, and a lunch followed about ten
+      o'clock; between one and two he was given his dinner, and his supper hour
+      was at five, after which he invariably indicated a desire to retire to his
+      blanket and dispose of himself for the night. The lunch in the morning and
+      the supper were often varied with fruit, an orange or a banana, which was
+      first carefully prepared by peeling. Otherwise his diet was quite plain;
+      all sweetmeats, candies and dainties being positively prohibited.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;During the fall of 1884, his weight, increasing at more than a pound a
+      month, reached forty pounds. His height and strength developed
+      proportionately. The coat of hair that had begun to appear upon his body
+      was black and glossy. It was brushed daily, an operation which he seemed
+      to enjoy; about the head, where it grew longer, a natural inclination was
+      discovered to part in the center, and for better effect the hair was
+      brushed down over his forehead and kept trimmed and banged, imparting a
+      more civilized appearance when he was presented to visitors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On being permitted to view himself in a glass, Crowley expressed his
+      entire approbation of this fashion. He displayed much vanity and did not
+      soon tire of admiring himself. When he grasped a policeman's club that was
+      in the room and paraded up and down with it for a cane, his appearance was
+      striking. The natural stoop of his shoulders became profoundly English,
+      and taken in conjunction with the cane, so thick and heavy in proportion
+      to Crowley's figure, the resemblance was most perfect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He was quite conscious of his increasing importance, and took great
+      pleasure in receiving visitors. He submitted to the cleaning of his nails
+      and the scrubbing of his teeth, but the washing of his hands and face was
+      always extremely distasteful to him. He never became entirely reconciled
+      to that practice, and after he became older he discarded it almost
+      entirely.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A small chair and a table of solid oak were made for him, both articles
+      being sufficiently heavy to withstand an outburst of animal spirits that
+      he sometimes indulged in after a meal. For the same reason his dishes were
+      of the heavy ware used in down-town restaurants. He had previously learned
+      to drink from a cup and sip his milk with a spoon. Now he was instructed
+      in the use of knife and fork, and in the absence of meat or other solid
+      food, he carved into slices the bananas and other fruits given him, and
+      conveyed these slices to his mouth on the fork.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One admirer sent him a napkin enclosed in a plated silver ring. The ring
+      was engraved, 'Remus Crowley, Esq.,' and a corner of the napkin had also
+      the name embroidered on it. After inspecting both with grave deliberation,
+      he grunted his appreciation, and proceeded to thrust the napkin into his
+      mouth. Much patient persevering was required to impress upon him the
+      importance of laying the napkin on one knee, or of folding it over his
+      chest while eating, and that its function was to keep his mouth and chin
+      clean, but repeated instructions at last instilled these precepts on his
+      mind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The chimpanzees are keen, observant animals, and Crowley inherited the
+      full gifts of his race. Little that transpired around him escaped his
+      attention, while his understanding was not less ready and intelligent. In
+      a few days he learned to lock and unlock the doors of the room in which he
+      lived, and to hide the key which was used to lock him in the apartment.
+      More care was needed with him than for a child of live years. If he could
+      not express himself intelligently in speech. He was neither deaf nor dumb,
+      and he had a vocabulary of his own made up of gutteral monosyllables,
+      which his attendant professes to understand quite well, though to the
+      uninitiated it is more than Greek or Sanscrit.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0085" id="linkimage-0085"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0171.jpg" alt="0171 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0171.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Shall I wash your face, Crowley?' asked his keeper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Ooh! ooh! ooh!' exclaimed Crowley, moving away disgusted. 'That means
+      no,' explains the attendant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Here's an orange, baby.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Ut, oot, oot, oot!' and Crowley thrust out a fist eagerly. His other
+      expressions are more complex, except with regard to pain or pleasure. With
+      the first he utters a yell that would startle a Sioux Indian; when
+      pleased, the ends of his mouth stretch to each ear, while he dances and
+      mumbles with enjoyment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;By the summer of 1885 Crowley weighed fifty pounds and was very vigorous.
+      A new cage was made for him in the west end of the monkey house; it was
+      about ten feet long, six feet high, and of the same width, open on all
+      sides, and protected by a grating of iron wire, the thickness of a lady's
+      little finger. One of the new features introduced in it was a swing or
+      trapeze; a wooden bar suspended at one end of the cage by two stout ropes
+      from the ceiling. At the other end of the cage was a spring board, to
+      enable him to indulge to his full bent in his propensity for leaping. When
+      placed in his new quarters he made a dignified circuit of his room,
+      walking as erect as possible, only resting on the knuckles of his hands,
+      or supporting himself by holding to the grating, He inspected the
+      spring-board as if accustomed to spring-boards of various patterns, and
+      passed on without testing its elasticity. The trapeze he eyed with some
+      curiosity, but did not deign to try it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;At the close of his second summer, it was decided that many changes would
+      be needed another year, to fit that place for his growth. When standing
+      erect, and flat on his feet, Crowley was now nearly four feet in height.
+      He had outgrown the baby chair provided for him the first year, and it was
+      succeeded by one better suited to a person of his size and importance. A
+      bedstead of oak was procured, so that instead of stretching himself on the
+      hard floor, he could sleep like other people. The bedstead was five feet
+      long and three feet wide, giving him ample room to turn around without
+      rolling out; but for greater security it was attached to the floor with
+      iron braces, which defied, for the time, Mr. Crowley's ingenuity to
+      unscrew, and his strength to remove from their places.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Crowley had a fondness for music. Whenever his attendant produced a mouth
+      organ and played on it &ldquo;Sweet Violets,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Yankee Doodle,&rdquo; the
+      chimpanzee's whole attention was at once arrested. He would listen for a
+      few moments intently, and as the air proceeded, a state of great nervous
+      excitement would come upon him. His body would begin to sway in unison
+      with the attendant's foot as it beat upon the floor, until at last, no
+      longer able to contain himself, he would spring up and down in a
+      chimpanzee jig, which appears to be a kind of cross between a Virginia
+      reel and an Irish break-down, keeping this up until he became exhausted or
+      the music ceased. When the instrument was given to him and held for him,
+      he would blow upon it and try to reproduce the sounds which caused him
+      pleasure, and when he succeeded, an expression of delight would brighten
+      his flexible features. But his performances were never such as to warrant
+      his applying for a situation in Theodore Thomas's orchestra or even in an
+      ordinary street band.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;With the winter of 1887-88 Crowley entered upon his fifth year. He had
+      attained the weight of nearly one hundred pounds, and when erect he stood
+      quite four feet two inches in his bare feet. His hands were as big and
+      knotted as those of a negro laborer inured to toil, and his muscles were
+      thoroughly developed. His temper did not improve, and it became necessary
+      to apply a whip to him occasionally to keep him under discipline. During
+      the winter he had an attack of pneumonia, and when the fever came on all
+      his bluster and bad temper disappeared. His strength left him and he
+      became quite helpless, lying all day on the floor in the center of his
+      cage, his head resting on one arm for a pillow, with a piece of heavy
+      bagging beneath him for a mattress. When strangers entered his cage he was
+      too weak to raise his head. Many physicians called to see him and tender
+      their services. He recognized their kindness and their purpose with a low
+      grunt, which often ended in a fit of coughing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0086" id="linkimage-0086"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0175.jpg" alt="0175 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0175.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When requested, he would proffer his arm for the physicians to feel his
+      pulse, turn over that the breathing in his chest might be listened to, and
+      show his tongue for examination. For a long time he regarded the
+      thermometer used to secure his temperature with suspicion. It could not be
+      placed beneath his tongue for fear of the consequences, but, as he became
+      weaker, and unable to repel the liberties, he was persuaded to hold the
+      instrument under an arm.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;All that could be done for Crowley seemed of little avail, and for two
+      weeks he remained in this hopeless state.. His temperature at times rose
+      to one hundred and five degrees, and pulse beat nearly a hundred. In the
+      absence of hot applications, only hot teas and liquors could be given him.
+      A concoction of rum and molasses was prepared and he was prevailed on, at
+      a critical point of his illness, to swallow a large dose of this, to which
+      a quantity of brandy was added. Soon after swallowing it he fell into a
+      heavy stupor which continued for several hours. About midnight he startled
+      his attendant by suddenly leaping into his trapeze with all his old
+      nimbleness. He bounded upon his spring-board and for an hour danced and
+      shouted in his cage, and then staggered and sank down in a profound
+      perspiration. He was covered with a blanket and slept soundly until
+      morning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When he awoke, there was something like the old grin on his face as he
+      looked up at his keeper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Comin' around, old man?' asked the keeper tenderly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Oogh, oogh!' muttered Crowley, faintly, and closed his eyes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Sure enough he was on the way to recovery. His strength and flesh
+      returned, and with them his occasional displays of bad temper that
+      required the use of the whip.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is the difference between the chimpanzee and the gorilla?&rdquo; Harry
+      asked, when George had finished reading his description of Mr. Crowley and
+      his curious ways.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The name has sometimes been given to all the great apes, including the
+      gorilla and the orang-outang,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;but it properly belongs
+      to the lowest of the man-shaped apes of equatorial Africa. The gorilla
+      stands at the head of the list; then comes the kooloo-kamba, then the
+      nachiego-mbouve, then the soko, and after these the chimpanzee. They are
+      all so closely allied that any one but a close student may mistake one for
+      the other, and this circumstance has led to confusion in the stories of
+      explorers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In size and shape the gorilla approaches more nearly to man than any
+      other of the monkey family, but he is still a long way from being able to
+      claim one of us as his brother. The arms are so long that they almost
+      touch the ground when the animal stands erect, which he does not do
+      easily.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0087" id="linkimage-0087"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0177.jpg" alt="0177 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0177.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mr. du Chaillu was the first explorer to see the gorilla at home; he
+      killed several specimens of this remarkable creature and sent their skins
+      to England, but though he tried very hard to bring away a living sample he
+      was unable to do so. Later travelers have been more fortunate, and I have
+      read to-day in a newspaper that Boston has just received from Africa the
+      largest gorilla ever landed in this country. His name is Jack, and he is
+      five feet in height when standing erect, and measures seven feet from the
+      end of one outstretched hand to the other. He weighs about one hundred and
+      twenty-five pounds and exhibits enormous strength, compared with which
+      that of man seems like a child's. He arrived in a large box made of
+      planking two and a half inches thick, and when being removed from the ship
+      he tore large splinters from the hard wood planks with as much ease as a
+      child would break a twig. The hair, which is very coarse, and from two to
+      four inches in length, is of a greenish-gray color, and on the back, legs
+      and arms inclines to a black. His shoulders are immense. The expression of
+      his face, which is black, is scowling. The eyes are small, sunken in the
+      head, and the lips large and thin.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I suppose the gorilla does not make as good-natured a captive as Mr.
+      Crowley, for example,&rdquo; one of the boys remarked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not by any means,&rdquo; answered Mr. Graham. &ldquo;He is of an ugly disposition and
+      generally refuses to be tamed, though occasionally one is found that is
+      comparatively submissive. Some years ago a gentleman bought a gorilla that
+      was thought to be about two years old and shipped it to England. It was
+      not spiteful or obstinate in its ways, but seemed to be very shy; its
+      owner thought the best plan was to allow it to run about the ship, and
+      after it was given its freedom it got along very well. It would take food
+      from the hands of passengers and sailors, but permitted no familiarity; it
+      formed a great friendship for a bull terrier, and the two used to play
+      together by the hour, the dog occasionally giving a very sharp nip which
+      was not resented by the larger animal. But, unfortunately, the gorilla was
+      missed one morning, and was supposed to have fallen overboard during the
+      night.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The gorilla is the largest monkey of Africa and in fact of the whole
+      world. The largest Asiatic monkey is found, not on the continent of Asia,
+      but on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. He is know to foreigners as the
+      orang-outang or wild man of the forest, and is generally called 'mias' by
+      the natives. Many of the people believe that the creature is a human being
+      who lives in a wild state, and hence the name by which he is described to
+      strangers. In habits, size, and general appearance, the mias is much like
+      the gorilla, but he is more easily tamed and kept in captivity. He lives
+      in the forestand travels from tree to tree without descending to the
+      ground; in fact he sleeps in the trees, making a bed of leaves among the
+      branches. Mr. Wallace, a naturalist, describes how he shot at a mias and
+      broke his arm. The animal was in the top of a tree at the time, and
+      immediately proceeded to break off branches and make a nest for himself.
+      Mr. Wallace fired at him several times, but he did not quit his work, and
+      he finally laid down in the nest and died there from the effects of the
+      shot. It was necessary to cut down the tree in order to obtain the body,
+      which proved to be a very large one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0088" id="linkimage-0088"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0179.jpg" alt="0179 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0179.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mr. Wallace caught a young mias and managed to keep it six or eight
+      weeks; he hoped to be able to take it to England, but it died at the end
+      of that time, probably from the impossibility of obtaining proper food. He
+      said it would cry like a child when hungry or when its food did not suit
+      its taste; if its keeper persisted in offering food that it disliked it
+      would scream and kick violently, exactly like a baby in a passion.
+      Altogether he thought it very human in its actions, and was very sorry
+      when it died from intermittent fever.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Harry asked if the gibbon monkey which comes from Siam and the neighboring
+      countries was anything like the mias.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham explained that the gibbon was much smaller than the gorilla or
+      the orang-outang, and more human in his general appearance. He is a
+      delicate creature and cannot exist in a cold climate even with the
+      greatest care. An adult gibbon rarely lives more than a few weeks in
+      captivity, and when captured young the animal does not usually reach
+      maturity. The gibbons are very gentle in their manners, devotedly attached
+      to their masters when kindly treated, and not at all mischievous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On a steamer that carried me from Bangkok to Singapore,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham,
+      &ldquo;one of the passengers, Mr. Newman, had a gibbon which he was undertaking
+      to carry to England. The little fellow was very gentle and playful and
+      easily made friends with all the passengers. Mr. Newman said he had kept
+      the monkey at his house in Bangkok and allowed him the largest liberty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The house was full of bric-a-brac and curios of various kinds, but the
+      monkey went about with the greatest care and never injured anything.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One of his favorite amusements was to race around the verandah of the
+      house with his master, the two starting from one point and going in
+      opposite directions. Frequently he came in the morning and by signs
+      indicated that he wished a race; Mr. Newman generally allowed the monkey
+      to beat him, and the creature always seemed pleased at his triumph.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He sat at the table and drank milk and coffee from a cup, and his manners
+      in general were far better than those of most monkeys in captivity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Another gibbon that was being carried to England on a steamer would walk
+      the entire length of the saloon table at dinner without breaking or even
+      touching anything upon it, although the table might be covered with
+      glasses and plates and the vessel was rolling heavily. He would start from
+      the foot of the table, walk to the other end to take a glass of wine with
+      the captain, and then return in the same careful manner. The wild gibbons
+      drink by scooping up the water with a single paw, and it requires some
+      patience to teach them to drink from a glass or cup in a human fashion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0089" id="linkimage-0089"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0182.jpg" alt="0182 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0182.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But of all the monkeys in the world,&rdquo; continued the gentleman, &ldquo;the most
+      comical is the long-nosed monkey of Borneo; as far as known it has been
+      found nowhere else than in that island. He grows to the size of a large
+      pointer dog, lives in the same forests with the orang-outang, and probably
+      associates with him. He has a funny appearance at any age, but perhaps the
+      funniest when young and the nose has just begun to develop. Its hair grows
+      naturally down the sides of the head as though parted by a comb, it has
+      whiskers but no mustaches, and it has a long tail which starts high enough
+      up the back not to be in the way when the animal sits down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The Dyak natives believe that these monkeys are a race of men who have
+      fled to the forest in order to avoid the payment of taxes!&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0090" id="linkimage-0090"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0183.jpg" alt="0183 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0183.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And now,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, glancing at his watch, &ldquo;we will drop the
+      subject of apes and their kindred until to-morrow.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The youths took the hint and no further questions were asked that evening
+      about quadrumana and their strange ways. But the next day they were ready
+      with several &ldquo;monkey stories,&rdquo; some of which are worth repeating.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Harry found the following, which certainly shows a reasoning power on the
+      part of the monkey:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is on the coast of Java a peculiar long-tailed monkey, and a sand
+      crab that grows to extraordinary size and possesses great strength in its
+      claws.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0091" id="linkimage-0091"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8184.jpg" alt="8184 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8184.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The monkeys are particularly fond of these crabs, which live in deep holes
+      in the sand, but spend much of their time on the outside of their holes,
+      where they run and hop about. They range in size from that of a silver
+      dollar to that of our edible crabs. Their claws are not large, but have a
+      grip that is vise-like. The monkeys make daily raids on the haunts of
+      these crabs, and occasionally succeed&mdash;by creeping stealthily to
+      within a few feet of a group of them and then springing down upon them&mdash;in
+      capturing one. Usually, however, the crabs are so wary that while the
+      monkey is in the air during his spring toward them they have separated and
+      disappeared into the ground. The monkey finding himself too slow to make a
+      capture, then resorts to a bit of strategy to secure a dinner; he backs
+      himself up to a hole into which a crab has disappeared, and sitting down,
+      thrusts his long tail into the hole. The crab seizes the end of the tail
+      the moment it approaches near enough. Any one who may have been fortunate
+      enough to hide himself in the bushes unobserved by the monkey making a
+      raid, will have a hard time to restrain his laughter when the critical
+      moment of contact between the crab's claw and the monkey's tail is
+      reached. There is a look of comical suspense on the monkey's face as he
+      thrusts his tail in the hole. When the crab closes on the tail the look of
+      suspense departs. The monkey gives an involuntary start, and then settles
+      on his haunches while he closes his teeth together with a determined air,
+      and eventually, springing forward, out comes the tail from the hole with
+      the crab dangling to it, and the monkey is soon proceeding with his meal.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's another story,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;which is old but good: 'A Spanish
+      mule-driver once invested his scant earnings, purchasing a number of red
+      woolen caps, which form the crown of the turban worn throughout Turkey and
+      Africa, and set out to make his fortune in the interior.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0092" id="linkimage-0092"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9185.jpg" alt="9185 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9185.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      He started before sunrise, and, when the heat of the day came on, lay down
+      to sleep beneath a tree in a wood. Taking off his hat he opened his
+      valise, and, putting on a red cap, was soon asleep.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'When the sun was low in the horizon he awoke, and to his horror, saw the
+      trees tilled with monkeys in red raps. They had seen the Spaniard put on
+      the red cap before going to sleep, and followed his example. The poor
+      Spaniard, with all the gesticulation peculiar to his country, stamped his
+      foot in anger, and tearing off his red cap threw it on the ground, when&mdash;blessed
+      and unexpected result&mdash;all the monkeys followed his example. He
+      picked up his caps and moved on.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's a story from a St Louis newspaper,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;about an incident
+      that must have been very funny:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Yesterday was a good day for the monkeys at the Fair grounds, and they
+      liked it. They frisked about in the sunshine, and cut their antics with an
+      abandon that showed them to be bubbling over with fun and mischief. There
+      is one that by some amusing peculiarities becomes an immediate favorite
+      with every spectator. A gentleman in the crowd yesterday happened to have
+      a small pocket-mirror, and just for sport passed it to the favorite. The
+      monkey's behavior, on seeing his face reflected in the glass, kept the
+      crowd in a roar of laughter for nearly an hour. The monkey of course
+      failed to recognize the reflection of himself, and took it for another
+      monkey, and his anxiety to get hold of that monkey was what made the fun.
+      He would look behind the glass, and feel for it in such a comical way
+      while he was looking in the glass, that one could not help laughing. While
+      the glass was close to his eye he gradually bent over, casually, and
+      noticing that the evanescent monkey was on his back apparently he dropped
+      the glass and made a sudden grab for him. When he didn't get him he looked
+      surprised and commenced looking under the straw to see what had become of
+      him. He was then seized with a luminous idea. He picked up the glass and
+      ran to the topmost branch of the dead tree that is erected in the cage,
+      and climbing to the extreme end, again looked in the glass. It seemed he
+      reasoned that in such a position the monkey could not get away. He felt
+      for it, grabbed at it, and tried all sorts of strategy to capture it,
+      notwithstanding repeated failures.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      That the monkey can be a hero is shown by a story which George found in <i>Our
+      Animal Friends</i>, credited to <i>The Children's Treasury</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A nobleman had a favorite monkey, a large orang-outang.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0093" id="linkimage-0093"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8186.jpg" alt="8186 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8186.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      This monkey was very much attached to his master and to the baby boy who
+      was the pet of the whole family. One day, a fire suddenly broke out in the
+      house, and everybody was running here and there to put it out, while the
+      little boy in the nursery was almost forgotten; and, when they thought of
+      him, the staircase was all in flames. What could be done?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;As they were looking up and wondering, a large hairy hand and arm opened
+      the window: and presently the monkey appeared with the baby in his arms,
+      and carefully climbed down over the porch, and brought the child safely to
+      his nurse. Nobody else could have done it; for a man cannot climb like a
+      monkey and is not nearly so strong.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You may imagine how the faithful creature was praised and petted after
+      that. This is a true story, and the child who was saved was the young
+      Marquis of Kildare.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0094" id="linkimage-0094"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:15%;">
+      <img src="images/5187.jpg" alt="5187 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/5187.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0009" id="link2HCH0009"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER IX
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>A Calf saving a Child from Drowning&mdash;Another that Seasoned&mdash;Illustrations
+      of the Intelligence of Horned Cattle&mdash;Oxen taking care of Sheep&mdash;The
+      Cow that sought Help for Another&mdash;Natural History of the Ox&mdash;Peculiarities
+      of the Bison&mdash;Encounter with a Bull-bison&mdash;How a Hunter Escaped
+      being Trampled to Death&mdash;Stampeding a Herd&mdash;The Aurochs or
+      European Bison&mdash;A bad Character&mdash;The Yak and the Musk-ox&mdash;Mr.
+      Graham's Narrow Escape from an Egyptian Buffalo&mdash;The Cape Buffalo&mdash;How
+      the Natives Hunt him, and are Hunted by him.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">H</span>ere's a good
+      story,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;about the intelligence of a calf. It is copied from
+      the Atlanta Constitution.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham and George listened attentively while Harry read as follows:&mdash;&ldquo;Little
+      Dillie Welsh is the four-year-old daughter of Yard-master Welsh, of the
+      Louisville and Nashville Railroad.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0095" id="linkimage-0095"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8188.jpg" alt="8188 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8188.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      She is bright and a general favorite. Her father keeps a Jersey cow, which
+      has a calf. The calf and little Dillie have formed a mutual affection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In the adjoining lot to Mr. Welsh is a mineral well, which has a low
+      opening, and a child can stand and look over it. A few days ago Dillie and
+      her calf were playing near the well when the little girl went too near.
+      She crawled up and was looking over, when the calf came up and held onto
+      her dress with his teeth. She lost her balance and fell over in the mouth
+      of the well. The calf held on to the child's clothes while she was
+      suspended in the air over the water. If the animal had let go the dress,
+      the child would have been drowned. The child was rescued by a servant, and
+      the calf was happy.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That's a very pretty story,&rdquo; said George; &ldquo;and I have a good one to go
+      with it.&rdquo; Thereupon he read something which he said was from <i>The
+      Greenville (N. C.) Reflector</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;An amusing incident occurred at the home of Mr. S. M. Jones, near Bethel,
+      recently. Among his cattle was a calf that seemed to possess a very great
+      dislike to being roped at milking time and always made quite an objection.
+      One morning Mrs. Jones went out to attend the milking, and upon looking in
+      the accustomed place for the rope failed to find it. While the search for
+      it was going on the calf thought, perhaps, to get more than his share of
+      the milk, but something seemed to interfere with the imbibing process, and
+      his peculiar actions attracted attention to him, whereupon it was
+      discovered that the calf had swallowed the rope, but failed to make a
+      complete job of it, as the noose was hanging from one corner of his mouth.
+      The noose was laid hold of and a steady pull brought the rope to light.
+      The calf is sufficiently amused and doesn't swallow any more ropes to
+      evade being tied.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Isn't it unusual for calves or any of their relatives to display as much
+      intelligence as we have in these two stories?&rdquo; one of the boys asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Decidedly unusual,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and that's the reason why these
+      performances have been placed on record. But the fact is,&rdquo; the gentleman
+      continued, &ldquo;that the ox is not as stupid a creature as is generally
+      supposed. He is patient and slow, and for this reason the conclusion has
+      been arrived at that he is correspondingly dull. The naturalists tell us
+      that some of the tribes of South Africa trust to oxen to care for their
+      flocks, and that the sagacious animals perform their duties in a manner
+      worthy of the highest praise. They are quick to discover the approach of
+      danger, and if the flocks are attacked by wild animals the oxen show a
+      great deal of bravery in defending their charges. But while brave, they
+      are prudent, and will not take any needless risk. When night approaches
+      they drive the flocks to the camp or village, and if any of the sheep are
+      inclined to straggle. The watchful guardians prod them in no gentle manner
+      with their horns and make them understand that they are liable to severe
+      punishment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0096" id="linkimage-0096"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      alt="191 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The South African oxen are not only used for teaming purposes like oxen
+      in other parts of the world, but they are excellent for carrying burdens
+      on their backs. African hunters tell how they have used oxen in this way.
+      Andersson, a famous hunter in South Africa, had an ox that he rode more
+      than two thousand miles, and for ordinary traveling preferred him to a
+      horse. When it came to pursuing wild animals, and especially to escape
+      from a furious elephant or lion, he found a great advantage in the
+      superior speed of the horse. His plan was to ride the ox while traveling
+      and reserve his horse for hunting expeditions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are many varieties of <i>bovidae</i>,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;as this
+      family is called, and these varieties have certain subdivisions. The most
+      remarkable are the American bison, commonly called the buffalo, the
+      European bison or aurochs, the yak of Tartary, and the musk ox of the
+      extreme parts of North America. The greatest intelligence of the bovine
+      family is displayed by the wild animals, for the reason that they have
+      been obliged to depend entirely on themselves, while the domestic species
+      have the protection and care of their owners on whom they rely. A domestic
+      ox or cow, when in trouble, will seek the aid of his master when it is
+      possible to do so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I was reading not long ago,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;of a cow that came from the
+      pasture one afternoon, and called the attention of some of the men about
+      the place in a way which told very plainly that help was wanted. She
+      repeatedly tried to induce somebody to follow her; when she finally
+      succeeded she trotted off and led the way to a clump of trees, where
+      another cow had become entangled in such a manner that she could not free
+      herself without assistance. When the prisoner was liberated both she and
+      the cow that had gone for help fairly danced about the man, and showed in
+      every way in their power how grateful they were to him. They licked his
+      hands with their rough tongues, caressed him with their noses, and when he
+      returned to the barn they trotted along, one on each side of him until he
+      reached the gate. Then they went back to to pasture and resumed their
+      grazing.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Many stories of the same kind have been told about domestic cattle, all
+      of them showing the reliance that these good-natured animals place upon
+      man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0097" id="linkimage-0097"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9193.jpg" alt="9193 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9193.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The time when they were first domesticated is unknown; the Egyptians had
+      their herds of oxen and cows, and some naturalists think the ox was a
+      domestic animal while the dog and cat were still in a wild state, in other
+      words it was the earliest animal which submitted to the control of man.
+      Centuries of domestication have made him the patient and gentle animal
+      that he is, but he retains enough of his original instincts to be made
+      wild again without much difficulty. A herd of cattle turned loose and
+      allowed to run free for a single season are half wild at the end of it,
+      and very difficult to manage. A few seasons make them fully so, and the
+      calves that grow to maturity without any association with man seem to have
+      lost everything that came from centuries of domestic ancestors. The wild
+      cattle of South America are descended from tame ones and the same may be
+      said of wild cattle in most parts of the world.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked if the buffalo of America was anything like that of the old
+      world. He said he had read about the differences between them but couldn't
+      remember what they were.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The name of buffalo,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;is improperly applied to the
+      bison, whose scientific name is <i>Bison Americanus</i>. The American
+      bison is rapidly becoming extinct, and it is quite probable that there
+      will not be one of these animals alive at the end of the present century.
+      Fifty years ago there were countless millions of these animals, and as
+      recently as twenty-five years ago vast herds of them roamed the western
+      prairies from Texas to the Saskatchewan.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0098" id="linkimage-0098"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0194.jpg" alt="0194 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0194.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      At this moment their numbers have diminished to a few dozens, or at most a
+      few hundreds; if I have read correctly there are only two or three small
+      herds known to exist, one of them being in the north of Texas and the
+      other near the boundary between Canada and the United States. An effort is
+      being made to capture the few remaining bison and keep them in reserve
+      fields or pastures, but it is doubtful if the experiment succeeds. The
+      bison does not thrive in captivity, and as for taking him alive that is a
+      very difficult matter. The calves and cows may possibly be captured but as
+      for the bulls I would rather not be the one to attempt to take them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They are hard fighters; I suppose,&rdquo; said George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When driven into a corner and forced to defend themselves,&rdquo; Mr. Graham
+      answered, &ldquo;they do so with great vigor. Properly speaking, the bison is
+      not a ferocious animal: he does not wantonly attack man but on the
+      contrary will always flee from him if he has the opportunity. His fighting
+      qualities come out when he is obliged to defend himself or when men get in
+      the way of the herds in their movements across country. The fiercest and
+      strongest bulls are always in advance: they turn aside if they can do so
+      in time, but if men get in their way and attack them they dash on without
+      regard to circumstances. A man who is thrown down in front of an advancing
+      herd has very little chance of escape. The herd passes on and tramples him
+      to death, even if he escapes the advance guard of bulls.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have read,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;of a man who was in front of a herd of buffalo
+      when his horse stumbled and fell. The man had the presence of mind to draw
+      his revolver and fire it several times, not at the herd or any animal in
+      it, but straight up in the air. If he had wounded one of the bulls he and
+      his horse would have been gored to death; the sound of the shots caused
+      the advance to divide and leave him unharmed. The rest of the herd
+      followed the example of the advance and for several hours the man and the
+      horse lay there like a little islet in a vast river of buffaloes. When the
+      last of the herd had passed, the man mounted his horse and rode away, very
+      thankful to have escaped unharmed from so great a danger.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Incidents of the same kind have occurred in stampedes of cattle in the
+      far west of our country and in Australia,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Harry asked what a stampede was.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cattle and horses are said to be stampeded,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered, &ldquo;when
+      they take fright at anything and run away. The word is of Spanish origin
+      and seems at present to be regularly adopted into our language. When a
+      large herd of half-wild cattle is stampeded it is very apt to run over
+      anything that comes in its way. Sometimes the herdsmen are thrown from
+      their horses right in the midst of a frightened herd and trampled to
+      death; if it happens that the herd separates at the moment a man falls the
+      rest of it will do likewise and nothing serious occurs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Returning to the bison,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;the animal looks much
+      more fierce than he really is. His head is large and carried quite low,
+      his eyes are small and piercing, and his head and shoulders are covered,
+      with long shaggy hair that make the forward half of the animal look very
+      heavy. He has a hump on his shoulders which consists partly of fat and
+      partly of strong muscles, the amount of fat varying according to the
+      season of the year and the condition of the animal. The flesh of the bulls
+      is so tough and strong that only a very hungry man can eat it, but that of
+      the young cows is rich and juicy like good beef. The choice parts of the
+      buffalo are the hump and the tongue, the latter being the greatest
+      delicacy of the buffalo country. You see I have fallen into the universal
+      practice and speak of the animal as the buffalo, when he is really the
+      bison, as I have before told you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0099" id="linkimage-0099"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0196.jpg" alt="0196 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0196.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But by whatever name he is known, it is a pity that he is rapidly
+      becoming a creature of the past. Indians and white men have waged
+      incessant war upon him: as long as only the Indians attacked him with
+      their arrows and lances, the slaughter was not sufficiently great to make
+      any impression upon the herds, but when the white men poured into the West
+      bringing their improved weapons, which were speedily acquired by the
+      Indians, the destruction of the buffalo became simply a question of time.
+      When the buffalo became scarce on the plains they were followed to their
+      winter haunts, and killed in the deep snow, where they were unable to make
+      any resistance. Thousands, and we could almost say millions, of buffaloes
+      have been shot for mere sport and left to rot on the ground, not even
+      their hides being taken away. Of late years their hides have risen to high
+      figures owing to their scarcity; 'buffalo robes' were common enough twenty
+      or thirty years ago, but at the present time they are rarely seen.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0100" id="linkimage-0100"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0198.jpg" alt="0198 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0198.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Isn't there a bison in Europe as well as in America?&rdquo; queried George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and he is known as the aurochs in books on
+      natural history. He is thought to be the oldest of his race, and would
+      have been extinct long ago were it not for the protection he has received.
+      He is found only in a few localities in Russia, where he is protected by
+      the Government, and no animal of the race can be killed under severe
+      penalties except by permission of the Russian Emperor. It is needless to
+      say that this permission is seldom or almost never given. These creatures
+      have never been domesticated, but run wild in the forest, where they eat
+      grass and brushwood, and the bark and twigs of young trees. The aurochs
+      does not reach maturity until its sixth year, and next to the elephant,
+      rhinoceros and giraffe it is the largest of land animals.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      One of the youths asked what was the size of a full-grown aurochs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Measured at its withers,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;it is nearly six feet high, and
+      it is immensely strong. Its horns are large, round and lateral, and its
+      tail is long with a tuft of hair at the end. The shoulders and all the
+      front part of the body are covered with long coarse hair very much like
+      that of the American bison, and it has a long mane under its throat. The
+      rest of the body has a thick coat of black hair, and altogether the
+      aurochs is not an amiable looking beast.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0101" id="linkimage-0101"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      alt="200 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      One of the listeners asked whether he was fierce or gentle in his ways.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;As to that,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered, &ldquo;he bears a bad reputation. He is very
+      shy, and like the American bison will keep out of the way man face to
+      face, but rushes at him with great fierceness. If captured when young he
+      becomes accustomed to his keepers, but will not tolerate the presence of
+      any one else.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The aurochs is the urus of the ancients,&rdquo; continued the gentleman, &ldquo;his
+      name coming from Ure-ox. Fossil remains of the animal have been found all
+      over Europe, and in the time of Julius Cæsar it lived in Germany. It was a
+      contemporary of the mammoth and is the only existing land animal whose
+      skeleton has been found side by side when he can. He also resembles his
+      American cousin in having a keen scent, so that he can only be approached
+      against the wind; the buffalo hunters will tell you that you cannot get
+      anywhere near a herd if you approach it with the wind, as the animals will
+      scent the danger miles away and start off at a rapid pace to avoid it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0102" id="linkimage-0102"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0201.jpg" alt="0201 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0201.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The aurochs also resembles the bison in fighting fiercely when cornered;
+      he is worse than the bison in one respect, as he will not try to escape
+      when he meets a with that of the huge creature whose remains have
+      astonished the scientific world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;From the bison to the buffalo is a very natural step, and by buffalo I
+      mean the animal to whom the name properly belongs. But before taking him
+      up I will mention the yak of Tartary, which has a flowing tail like that
+      of a horse, a hump on its shoulders, a tuft of hair on its forehead, a
+      mane along its neck and shoulders, and long hair on the lower part of its
+      body which varies in quantity according to the season of the year. He is
+      used as a beast of burden and can carry a very heavy load, and he is as
+      sure-footed as a goat. The Tartars keep large herds of these animals and
+      move about from place to place to find pasturage; they make tents and
+      ropes of the hair of the yak, and clothing out of his skin, and they
+      occasionally eat the flesh of the beast, though they prefer that of the
+      horse. They make butter from the milk, and by putting it in bladders
+      tightly closed against the air they can preserve it a long time.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0103" id="linkimage-0103"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0203.jpg" alt="0203 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0203.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've been reading about another animal,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that must be a near
+      relative of the yak.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is that?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The musk ox of North America,&rdquo; was the reply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;he is a relative of the yak, though somewhat
+      smaller, in fact he is so small that he resembles a large sheep more than
+      an ox. He belongs in the cold regions of North America, and is very useful
+      to Arctic explorers, who feed upon his flesh. He has a covering of thick
+      and long hair of a dark brown color, and his horns are thick and large,
+      bending downwards over the sides of his head and then suddenly backwards
+      and upwards at the tips.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He looks very clumsy.&rdquo; said George, glancing at the picture of the
+      animal, &ldquo;and evidently can't, get over the ground very fast.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On the contrary.&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;he is as nimble as a goat and can make
+      astonishingly rapid speed over the rough and rocky ground where lie lives.
+      The hunter who thinks he can travel as fast as this apparently clumsy
+      animal makes a great mistake.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He's not the only animal that deceives us that way,&rdquo; said George. &ldquo;Nobody
+      would think the hog could run and yet what a lively chase it is to catch a
+      wild one. But some hogs are swifter than others, and I have heard of parts
+      of the country where hogs were prized not according to their fatness, but
+      for their ability to out-run professional hogthieves.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0104" id="linkimage-0104"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0204.jpg" alt="0204 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0204.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The buffalo of Europe and Asia,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;is supposed to be a
+      native of the damp parts of India, whence he has spread over the countries
+      where he is now found. He is essentially a tropical animal and does not
+      thrive in mild climates, and he is fond of wallowing in the mud and lying
+      down to rest there.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0105" id="linkimage-0105"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0205.jpg" alt="0205 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0205.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      George asked in what the Asiatic buffalo resembled the common ox. Mr.
+      Graham said it was about the size of the ox and had a bulging-forehead
+      with two black horns curved outward. It has a scanty coat and generally
+      presents a very dingy appearance. &ldquo;It is of an ugly disposition,&rdquo;
+       continued the gentleman, &ldquo;and is much inclined to attack strangers. I had
+      an adventure with one of these creatures in Egypt that came near costing
+      me my life.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Please tell us about it,&rdquo; said one of the boys.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I was taking a walk in the fields a few miles from Cairo,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham, &ldquo;and carried nothing except a small walking stick. While I was
+      looking at the grasses and the fields of cotton and douro, and watching
+      the pigeons circling in the air, I heard all at once the shouting of the
+      natives to indicate something unusual. Looking around I saw that a buffalo
+      was coming directly toward me and was not more than a hundred feet away.
+      His head was lowered and it was very evident that I was to be the object
+      of his attack.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I had to think and act very quickly, as none of the natives were near
+      enough to divert the attention of the brute. There was no fence near and
+      no building or enclosure in which I could find safety.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Close by me was a field of cotton, the bushes being as high as my head.
+      Into this field I ran, and once in its shelter I doubled on my pursuer and
+      ran the way that both of us had come. Then I met the crowd of natives that
+      were trying to catch the runaway animal and they soon had him secured. A
+      friend of mine in Egypt that same year only saved himself by firing a
+      charge of shot directly at the buffalo's eyes when the creature was not
+      more than ten yards away. He was compelled to pay for the destruction of
+      the animal, as it was very properly argued that he was a trespasser in the
+      field where the buffalo was grazing. You may be sure that he was careful
+      after that not to go where he had no right to be, especially if there was
+      a likelihood of encountering buffaloes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A very pugnacious variety of the buffalo is the South African one. He has
+      large horns, that spread out at the base so as to form a sort of helmet
+      that is impenetrable for a bullet or for any other missile smaller than a
+      cannon shot. The African buffalo is found all the way from Guinea to the
+      Cape of Good Hope, and is often called the Cape buffalo. He lives in large
+      herds in the forests, though he sometimes comes into the open plains,
+      where he is more cautious and less quarrelsome than when in the woods. The
+      natives hunt the Cape buffalo, but very often the animal shows so much
+      fight that he becomes the hunter and drives his assailants away. Not
+      infrequently he kills some of them with his powerful horns, and also with
+      his feet, which he uses with great alertness. A single buffalo has been
+      known to resist successfully a hundred natives armed with spears; since
+      the introduction of fire-arms the numbers of the Cape buffalo have
+      diminished, as he is unable to stand against the weapons of civilization
+      any more than can his American namesake.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We'll go from the cows to sheep at our next talk,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham to the
+      youths, &ldquo;and in the meantime please look at the books, and when we sit
+      down to discuss them you may tell what you have found.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      In the language of Parliamentarians &ldquo;the meeting then adjourned,&rdquo; and the
+      boys proceeded to look at Cassell's Natural History and other books for
+      information on the topic which they were next to consider.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0106" id="linkimage-0106"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0207.jpg" alt="0207 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0207.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0010" id="link2HCH0010"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER X.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Origin of the Sheep&mdash;The Asiatic Argali&mdash;Rocky Mountain
+      Big-Horns&mdash;Their Remarkable Intelligence and other Peculiarities&mdash;A
+      Hunter's Experience Among Them&mdash;Sentinels Guarding the Flocks&mdash;Differences
+      between Wild and Domestic Sheep&mdash;Gentleness of the Lamb&mdash;The
+      Lamb and the Children in the Well&mdash;The Sheep that Broke Through the
+      Fence&mdash;Varieties of Sheep&mdash;The Long Wool and the Short Wool&mdash;The
+      Merino&mdash;His Origin and Present Extent&mdash;Sheep in Australia&mdash;An
+      Old Question and its Answer&mdash;Astrachan Sheep&mdash;Intelligence and
+      Activity of the Goat&mdash;Some of his Performances&mdash;His Powers of
+      Climbing&mdash;Goats said to eat Tomato-Cans and Old Boots&mdash;What
+      Buffon says of the Goat&mdash;the End.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">W</span>ell,&rdquo; remarked Mr.
+      Graham as they sat down for their next discussion of the animal kingdom,
+      &ldquo;what have you learned about the sheep and his kindred?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The youths waited a half minute or more, each desiring the other to begin.
+      Then Mr. Graham turned to Harry and nodded for him to speak. Thus
+      encouraged the youth made an end of the silence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have found,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;that the naturalists do not agree as to the
+      origin of the sheep. Some think he is descended from the argali, an animal
+      which is found in Asia and is as large as a deer. In shape and general
+      appearance he resembles a sheep but is larger than the largest known
+      variety of the domestic sheep. He runs wild in the mountains but can be
+      easily tamed, especially if he is captured when young.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Has he any relatives in America?&rdquo; the gentleman asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; was the reply; &ldquo;the Rocky Mountain sheep or big-horn, as he is also
+      called, is the American argali, and resembles the Asiatic one very nearly,
+      Now while some naturalists think the domestic sheep is descended from the
+      argali, others believe that the sheep is a animal that has never lived in
+      a wild state.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What do you think about it?&rdquo; was a query that somewhat puzzled the
+      youths.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We haven't made up our minds yet,&rdquo; answered Harry, &ldquo;and from present
+      appearances we are not likely to at once. We went to look at a flock of
+      sheep and concluded from what we knew of the habits of the animal that
+      they would have a hard time to exist if they were outside the care of man.
+      We don't know much about the argali either in Asia or America, but if he
+      is no more intelligent than the sheep he would not be able to elude the
+      hunters as he does.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0107" id="linkimage-0107"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0209.jpg" alt="0209 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0209.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You are quite right,&rdquo; said their mentor, &ldquo;as the argali far surpasses the
+      sheep in intelligence and activity. The argali is graceful in figure,
+      wonderfully sure of foot, his vision and heaving are of the keenest, and
+      when there is any danger near he is always on the alert to discover it.
+      Read what a hunter say of the <i>Ovis montana</i> or Rocky Mountain
+      sheep,&rdquo; he continued, as he opened the pages of a book entitled &ldquo;Sporting
+      Adventures in the Far West,&rdquo; by J. Mortimer Murphy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      George took the book and read as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Few creatures are more difficult of approach than the big-horn, for, like
+      all mountain animals, it is exceedingly keen of scent, unusually vigilant,
+      and so cautious that it carefully reconnoitres a country from an elevated
+      stand-point ere it presumes to advance toward it. The Nimrod who would
+      place the head of the big-horn among his trophies of the chase, must be
+      not only of an active and vigorous form to bear steep mountain climbing
+      and a rarefied atmosphere, but he must also possess the qualities of
+      patience, perseverance and hardihood, for its pursuit may lead him through
+      deep and gloomy precipices, and over ground so stony and rough as to seem
+      impassable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0108" id="linkimage-0108"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0210.jpg" alt="0210 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0210.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When a flock is migrating to new pastures the sentinels or leaden
+      carefully scrutinize the country before them from every commanding
+      position, and when they are satisfied with its appearance the whole party
+      advance boldly, and having made it their head-quarters, throw out
+      vedettes, generally males, who mount guard on elevated crags or hillocks,
+      and vigilantly survey their surroundings until their companions have
+      dined, when all seek shelter amidst crags, small pine or fir coppices, and
+      inaccessible shelves of rock or somber canyons, where no ordinary enemy
+      can follow them without making its presence known.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0109" id="linkimage-0109"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0211.jpg" alt="0211 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0211.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When a sentinel detects the approach of a suspicions object, he sounds an
+      alarm at once by a few loud and peremptory hissing snorts; this brings the
+      flock huddling together, the lambs and ewes in the center; and when the
+      column is formed, all dash for the highest ridges at their best pace, and
+      never stop until they have sought a safe refuge among crags or chasms. The
+      advance is always led by a sturdy ram, one that is generally looked upon
+      as the leader, and the rear and flanks are carefully guarded by the young
+      males. In regions where they are little disturbed they raise their heads
+      every few minutes while feeding and survey their surroundings; and as they
+      are both sharp of eye and keen of scent it requires the most careful
+      stalking to approach them within shooting range without being discovered.
+      They will get the scent of a hunter to windward seemingly half a mile
+      away; and when that terrifying odor is made known to the flock they
+      display the greatest symptoms of terror and dash wildly for the highest
+      pinnacles, now leaping nimbly from crag to crag, or vaulting dark and
+      narrow chasms with the greatest ease, nor do they stop until they have
+      placed a goodly distance between themselves and their most dreaded foe.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0110" id="linkimage-0110"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0212.jpg" alt="0212 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0212.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A common sheep could do nothing like that,&rdquo; said Harry, as George paused
+      and closed the book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not by any means,&rdquo; responded Mr. Graham, &ldquo;as he is heavy in his steps and
+      slow in his motions. His intelligence is low and his constitution could
+      not stand the exposure to the weather that the wild animal endures without
+      injury. Except under very favorable circumstances a flock of sheep would
+      soon perish if turned out to shift for themselves.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Then I suppose we cannot find many stories of the intelligence of the
+      sheep as we can of the dog, the elephant and the horse,&rdquo; one of the youths
+      remarked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We cannot,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but to offset the lack of sagacity in the
+      sheep we have its patience and kindness of disposition, in which it is
+      without a superior. The lamb has been in all ages the type of gentleness,
+      and will probably continue so as long as man and the sheep exist together.
+      He is also the type of playfulness, and there can be few more pleasing
+      sights than that of a flock of lambs sporting on the grass or a single
+      lamb playing among children by whom he is kept as a pet. I have somewhere
+      read a story of a lamb that belonged to some children and went out with
+      them one day as he had often done before. An hour or so later the 'lamb
+      came to the house bleating loudly and evidently wishing to attract
+      somebody's attention. When he obtained it he led the way to where the two
+      children had fallen into a shallow well, and though not injured by the
+      fall, which had only been a few feet, they were unable to get out. It
+      seems they were standing on a plank which covered the well; the plank
+      being old and rotten had given way beneath them, but as the well had been
+      filled nearly to the top with earth they suffered no damage. In this case
+      the lamb had the intelligence to understand that help was needed and he
+      went to bring it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Sheep will sometimes display considerable cunning in getting into fields
+      and pastures where they have no right to go. On the country farm where I
+      lived when I was a boy we had a small flock of sheep; they were all stupid
+      enough with the exception of one, that used to devote himself to hunting
+      for weak places in the fence between the pasture where they ran and the
+      adjoining field. It was what we called a 'brush' fence, and this
+      mischievous animal used to walk along the line and survey it with great
+      care. When he found what he thought was a weak place he would insert his
+      head through the opening and work patiently till lie had enlarged it
+      sufficiently to permit him to get through. Then the rest of the lot
+      followed 'like a flock of sheep,' and when we went to drive them out the
+      shrewd leader took them in a direction quite opposite to the opening. He
+      seemed to understand that it would be blocked up as soon as discovered and
+      he wanted to keep it for further use.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0111" id="linkimage-0111"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0214.jpg" alt="0214 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0214.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Harry asked how many varieties of sheep there are in the world. He had
+      looked through the works on natural history but was unable to find out.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are two great varieties,&rdquo; answered George proudly, as he realized
+      that he had come upon some information which had escaped his brother.
+      &ldquo;They are the long-wool and the short-wool,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;the former being
+      most useful for the production of meat and the latter for their wool. The
+      long-wooled sheep have the wool straight or slightly curved while the
+      short-wooled kind have it thick and curly. The Leicesters, Cotswolds,
+      Scotch and Welsh breeds are of the long-wooled kind, while the Merino is
+      the most noted of the other sort.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0112" id="linkimage-0112"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0215.jpg" alt="0215 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0215.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That is right,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and can you tell me which is the most
+      widely known of the short-wooled sheep?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I can,&rdquo; said Harry; &ldquo;it is the Merino, which was brought into Spain by
+      the Moors and derives its name from the Spanish word <i>merino</i> which
+      signifies 'wandering.' It was introduced into France more than a hundred
+      years ago and has gradually spread all over Europe and to America and
+      Australia. There wasn't a sheep in Australia when Governor Philip went
+      there in 1788, and now that country sends a million and a quarter bales of
+      wool every year to London alone besides what it ships to other countries
+      and consumes at home. The merino is the favorite sheep of Australia, and
+      it has also found a home in the British colonies at the Cape of Good Hope.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0113" id="linkimage-0113"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0216.jpg" alt="0216 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0216.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;As to the other kinds of sheep,&rdquo; continued the youth, &ldquo;they are, as the
+      auctioneers say in their advertisements, too numerous to mention. Almost
+      every county of England has its peculiar breed, some of them being more
+      famous for their mutton than their wool, and others <i>vice versa.</i>
+      Scattered over Europe are many breeds, but it is safe to say that the most
+      of them came from one original stock and owe their variation in
+      development to the differences of climate and modes of rearing. One of the
+      most famous breeds of sheep in England is the Southdown, which is famous
+      both for wool and meat: it has been introduced into France and other
+      countries, and we have a good supply of Southdowns nowadays in America.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I am reminded,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;of a conundrum I heard a while ago, and it
+      is about sheep.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is it?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Why do white sheep eat more than black ones?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I know,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that's a chestnut. It's because there are more of
+      them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; responded Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and the naturalists have had much difficulty
+      in separating the one from the other in consequence of the intermediate
+      forms between them. The goat is generally believed to be descended from
+      the paseng or ibex of Asia, and he inherits some of the qualities of his
+      ancestors who dwell among the rugged mountains. He is marvelously
+      sure-footed, and can go where almost any other quadruped would not dare
+      venture.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I wonder if it is true,&rdquo; said one of the youths, &ldquo;that when two
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But it isn't exactly right,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;at least not for all parts of
+      the world. In Central Asia the flocks contain more black sheep than white
+      ones; the Astrachan sheep is generally black and his wool is very soft and
+      curly. The skin of the Astrachan lamb is used as a sort of fur, and very
+      pretty cloaks, muffs, collars, coats and similar things are made of it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0114" id="linkimage-0114"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0217.jpg" alt="0217 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0217.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;While I was looking up the description of sheep,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;I read
+      something about the goat, who may be called his first cousin, when goats
+      meet on a mountain road where it is too narrow for them to turn around or
+      pass at the side, one will lie down and let the other go over him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0115" id="linkimage-0115"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0218.jpg" alt="0218 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0218.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It has been told so often,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered, &ldquo;that it certainly ought
+      to be true. Not long ago I read of exactly such an occurrence somewhere in
+      Spain, and it was witnessed by several persons. But what is much more
+      likely to happen is that the animals would fight for the possession of the
+      road, and one or perhaps both would be forced over the precipice and
+      dashed to death on the rocks below.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The goat's power of climbing and his fondness for getting into dangerous
+      places are something remarkable. I have seen in the Alps and also in
+      Algeria the goats browsing on the steep side of a mountain where it would
+      be impossible for a man to climb, and where a single slip or mis-step
+      would send the animal down for hundreds of feet almost perpendicularly. At
+      Constantine in Algeria there is a wall of rock five or six hundred feet
+      high; it is slightly, broken near the top, perpendicular further down, and
+      the goats browse along the broken part, springing slowly from break to
+      break until they can get no farther. Then they slowly ascend the cliff and
+      start out for a new grazing place. The funny thing was that there was
+      plenty of grass elsewhere and they had no occasion to get into such
+      dangerous positions. They seemed to do it for the fun of the thing.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You remember they had a goat at the monkey theater,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that
+      climbed upon bottles in the shape of a pyramid, stood on the top of a
+      pole, balanced himself on a table and did other curious things. I wonder
+      somebody doesn't train goats to walk a tight rope, for it must be they
+      could do it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0116" id="linkimage-0116"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0220.jpg" alt="0220 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0220.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I think I've heard of their doing it,&rdquo; Mr. Graham remarked, &ldquo;though I am
+      not positive on that point. I've seen an elephant walk a tight rope, but
+      it was stretched only a foot or so from the ground so that a fall wouldn't
+      injure him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0117" id="linkimage-0117"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0219.jpg" alt="0219 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0219.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0118" id="linkimage-0118"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0221.jpg" alt="0221 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0221.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The conversation about goats took a wide range and included performances
+      both actual and apochryphal. George asked what variety of goat it was that
+      was credited with eating tomato-cans, umbrellas, boots, and similar things
+      usually considered inedible, and was told he must seek it in the upper
+      districts of New York and at Hoboken and other suburban places. But while
+      Mr. Graham would not aver that the goat lived upon the articles mentioned,
+      he positively assured the youths that he had seen the creature devour
+      newspapers and bill-posters with apparent relish, and that it didn't seem
+      to make any difference to him whether the newspapers were Republican or
+      Democratic, secular or religious. He was sure that the digestion of the
+      goat was one of the best in the world and could justly be envied by a
+      great many men. &ldquo;But leaving all jest aside,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;the goat is a
+      hardy feeder and can live on very little; he has been called the poor
+      man's cow, as he can be kept by people who cannot afford the expense of a
+      cow and the milk of the goat is rich and nutritious. Invalids are
+      sometimes nourished on it when the milk of the cow does not answer the
+      purpose, and in some countries large flocks of goats are maintained for
+      their milk. The medicinal properties of goat's milk and whey are well
+      known, and cheese made from goat's milk brings a higher price in the
+      market than that from cow's milk.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I found what Buffon, the naturalist, said of the goat,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;and
+      it is worth remembering. He considers the goat superior to the sheep both
+      in intelligence and agility. He is stronger, lighter, and more agile than
+      the sheep, he is sprightly, capricious and given to wander, and it is with
+      difficulty he can be confined to a flock. He loves to retire into
+      solitude, and climb steep and rugged places. Though he seems to feel the
+      effects of severe cold, he is not afraid of rain or storms or too great a
+      degree of heat: he cheerfully exposes himself to the sun and without
+      inconvenience sleeps under its most severe rays.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The various kinds of goat, the Angora and Cashmere varieties, which supply
+      the wool for shawls and other fine fabrics, the Syrian goat with pendulous
+      ears, the Swiss goat which is kept in large flocks and is highly
+      profitable to its owners, and the common goat which is found in all
+      civilized countries of the world, all were discussed and duly considered.
+      But the youths were disappointed in the animal, as they were obliged to
+      offset his numerous good qualities with the fact that he is wayward and
+      unruly, and does not form any serious attachment to his owner. The youths
+      decided that they would not enter the business of rearing goats, but be
+      content with the pet animals they then possessed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      George suggested that it was time to look after their horses. While they
+      are busy with those favorites we will lay down our pen for the present, in
+      the hope that we will be allowed to listen whenever they again discuss the
+      members of the animal kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0119" id="linkimage-0119"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:15%;">
+      <img src="images/5222.jpg" alt="5222 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/5222.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <div style="height: 6em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+
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+</pre>
+
+  </body>
+</html>
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+    <title>
+      Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+    </title>
+    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Horse Stories, by Thomas W. Knox
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+Title: Horse Stories
+       And Stories of Other Animals
+
+Author: Thomas W. Knox
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2016 [EBook #51949]
+Last Updated: March 15, 2018
+Last Updated: November 8, 2016
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HORSE STORIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger from page images generously
+provided by Google Books
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <div style="height: 8em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      HORSE STORIES
+    </h1>
+    <h3>
+      And Stories Of Other Animals
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      Experience of Two Boys in Managing Horses, With Many Anecdotes of
+      Quadrupedal Intelligence
+    </h3>
+    <h2>
+      By Thomas W. Knox
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      Author Of &ldquo;Dog Stories And Dog Lore,&rdquo; &ldquo;The Boy Travellers,&rdquo; &ldquo;The Young
+      Nimrods,&rdquo; &ldquo;Marco Polo For Boys And Girls,&rdquo; &ldquo;The Voyage Of The Vivian,&rdquo;
+       &ldquo;Decisive Battles Since Waterloo,&rdquo; Etc., Etc.
+    </h4>
+    <h4>
+      New York: Cassell Publishing Company
+    </h4>
+    <h3>
+      1890
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="linkimage-0001" id="linkimage-0001"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0002.jpg" alt="0002 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0002.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0002" id="linkimage-0002"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0008.jpg" alt="0008 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0008.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <b>CONTENTS</b>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> <b>HORSE STORIES AND STORIES OF OTHER ANIMALS</b>
+      </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER I. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0005"> CHAPTER V. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0006"> CHAPTER VI. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0007"> CHAPTER VII. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0008"> CHAPTER VIII. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0009"> CHAPTER IX </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0010"> CHAPTER X. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      HORSE STORIES AND STORIES OF OTHER ANIMALS
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER I.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Charley and George&mdash;What they Wanted&mdash;The Lesson of Kindness&mdash;Story
+      of Old Jane&mdash;The Horse that Went for Assistance&mdash;A Grateful
+      Patient&mdash;Engine-house and Training-school of the New York Fire
+      Department&mdash;Wonderful Intelligence of Fire-horses&mdash;Likes and
+      Dislikes&mdash;Memory in Horses&mdash;Anecdotes of Old Army Horses&mdash;A
+      Good Story of a Faithful Dog.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0003" id="linkimage-0003"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0014.jpg" alt="0014 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0014.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">I</span> wish I had a
+      horse of my own,&rdquo; said Charley Graham, as he saw one of his friends riding
+      on a pony which had recently been presented to him by his father.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And I'd like one, too,&rdquo; exclaimed his brother George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Well,&rdquo; said Charley? &ldquo;suppose we ask father about it. Perhaps he'd give
+      them to us, when he knows Henry Johnson has one.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That's so,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;as I've heard him say he believed in boys
+      knowing how to ride.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      There was an animated discussion as to the probabilities of the granting
+      of the request, and also as to the best form of presenting it. It was
+      agreed that the petition should be made that evening, shortly after
+      dinner. The youths were good students of human nature, and had observed
+      that Mr. Graham was in his best humor after partaking of a satisfactory
+      meal. In this respect he was not unlike the rest of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley and George were two youths with whom the readers of &ldquo;Dog Stories
+      and Dog Lore&rdquo; are already acquainted. Their adventures in rearing and
+      training two dogs, a Newfoundland and a Black-and-tan Terrier, are
+      familiar to many young people. We are about to learn of their experience
+      with horses and other quadrupeds, and will join them in listening to
+      stories of animal intelligence in various parts of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham received the request of his sons with a complacency that
+      greatly encouraged them, but, before giving an answer, he questioned them
+      as to their knowledge of horses. It was not very extensive, to be sure, as
+      it was limited to a knowledge of the horses then in the stable, and none
+      of these had been trained to the saddle. Next he asked them how they would
+      treat the animals in case they should become the possessors of what they
+      wanted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I would treat them kindly,&rdquo; replied Charley, &ldquo;and I am sure George would
+      do the same. We have got along so nicely with Rover and Dash, by always
+      treating them kindly, that we believe the same plan will do with horses.
+      Are we right?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; replied Mr. Graham; &ldquo;the horse has a great deal of affection for
+      his master when the latter is his friend, though perhaps not as much as
+      the dog. Horses may be taught to do a great many things; they vary in
+      intelligence and disposition, like dogs, and men too, for that matter.
+      Where they are intelligent and of good disposition they are capable of an
+      amount of training that will surprise most people.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here is a story which I found to-day in a newspaper,&rdquo; continued the
+      gentleman, &ldquo;which will illustrate what I was saying about the intelligence
+      of the horse. It is told by a writer for <i>Every Other Sunday</i>, about
+      a favorite animal that was called Jane. The author of the story says:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'She was large and strong, a good carriage horse, obedient to the least
+      touch of rein or inflection of voice, and so gentle that she was the best
+      possible playfellow for our youngest, a child of ten years, who was never
+      happier than when in company with Jane.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Little Emily was not long in learning to harness after she once made
+      Jane's acquaintance; and the great horse would bend her head down meekly
+      while the child, mounting a chair, succeeded after great effort in putting
+      on the bridle. Again Jane would stand with quiet patience while her little
+      mistress tried to curry her, combed out her long mane and tail, patted and
+      hugged her, ran about and under her, or climbed up for a ride on her broad
+      back.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'One fair spring day we went for a long drive in the woods. It was so
+      mild and lovely under the oaks and pines, and we found such treasures of
+      flowers that we lingered and lingered, and were tempted to explore some
+      grassy unused wood roads that looked especially inviting. In so doing we
+      lost our way, and before we could again find the open country road the sun
+      had set. Jane started off for home at a good pace; but it was distant
+      several miles, and the darkness gathered fast. It was a cloudy, starless
+      evening. Soon we could not see distinctly even the horse's length in front
+      of us; but we knew Jane could be trusted, so we gave her a loose rein and
+      let her take her own way. She was trotting briskly along a quiet lane,
+      when suddenly she stopped. We could see no approaching team or any
+      obstacle in the way, so bade Jane go on. To our astonishment the horse,
+      for the first time in all our experience of her, refused to obey. She paid
+      no attention to rein or voice, and only tossed her head a little at the
+      unwelcome touch of the whip. We could see that she kept turning her head,
+      and looking back at us in a gentle, wistful way. Clearly something was
+      wrong. The driver threw down the reins, and springing from the carriage,
+      walked up to the horse's head. Then the mystery wras explained.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'A few paces in front of Jane, seated right in the wheel-rut, was a
+      little child,&mdash;a curly-haired, blue-eyed baby of two years. He was
+      patting the earth with one little hand, and looking up in a sweet,
+      wondering way at the great horse, looming above him through the dusk. He
+      was not directly in the horse's path; Jane could have passed him easily
+      enough. How could she know that the swift-turning wheels behind her, which
+      she herself could not? see, would reach and harm the child?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Our good Jane! How glad we were of the disobedience that had troubled us
+      so much a moment before! How we stroked and petted and praised her, even
+      before we lifted the pretty baby from his perilous position, and carried
+      him to the nearest house, with injunctions to the young Irish mother, who
+      had many children about her, to take better care of the youngest!'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That's a very nice story,&rdquo; said Charley, as his father paused. &ldquo;I've read
+      something like it in an English book; it was about a gentleman that was
+      riding one night along a road and happened to be hit on the head by a
+      projecting limb of a tree. He was stunned by the blow and fell to the
+      ground. The horse went at once to the house he had started from, which was
+      about a mile away; the family had gone to bed, but he made such a noise at
+      the door as to rouse them. When some one came out he turned around and
+      immediately led the way to where his master was lying senseless in the
+      road.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And I've read about a horse,&rdquo; remarked George, as his brother paused,
+      &ldquo;that showed its gratitude to a lady that had befriended it. It was in an
+      open piece of ground near her house and the poor animal's shoulder was raw
+      and bleeding. She coaxed him to come to her by giving him pieces of bread,
+      and then she covered the wound with some adhesive plaster which she spread
+      on a piece of leather. Then the horse went to grazing again, evidently
+      feeling very much better. A little while afterward the horse's master came
+      and led him away.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The next day the horse came again to the lady's gate, and after looking
+      around a while he put his head over it and whinnied. The lady went out and
+      found that the plaster was gone from the sore spot; she put on another,
+      and the next day the horse came again for the same attention, which was
+      given. After that the plaster remained and the horse recovered. Ever after
+      that when he saw the lady he showed his gratitude by whinnying and then
+      rubbing his nose very gently against her. Sometimes he came to the gate
+      and called her, and she used to go out and pet him, which seemed to give
+      him a great deal of pleasure.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;After those two stories,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;I think you ought to have the
+      horses you want. I'll buy them for you in a few days, and in the meantime
+      we'll go to the training school for the horses of the New York Fire
+      Department and see how they educate the animals there.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley and George were delighted with the prospect of having horses of
+      their own, and waited with some impatience for the purchase of their
+      steeds. The day after the conversation just narrated they accompanied
+      their father to one of the engine-houses and afterward to the training
+      school. They were greatly interested in what they saw there, and Charley
+      afterward wrote an account of the visit. He was assisted by a reporter for
+      one of the newspapers whom he happened to meet in the engine-house, and we
+      are permitted to copy the following from their story:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The engine house was a big square room, smelling horsey and strong, yet
+      was scrupulously clean and neat and resplendent with the polished steel
+      and brass and the painted woodwork of the engine and hose-cart and chiefs
+      wagon. In this particular engine-house the hose-cart happened to be in the
+      front of the room, before the street doors, with the horse stalls on
+      either side of it, against the sides of the room. The stalls were parallel
+      with the hose-cart. Back of the hose-cart was the engine, big and shiny,
+      with the 'ready' steam hissing into it through pipes from the boiler
+      below. The chiefs cart was at one side of the engine, and in a corner of
+      the room was the fuel wagon. In the side stalls stood two magnificent
+      white horses&mdash;silent, motionless, but with ears erect, and wide open
+      eyes watching the foreman and the strangers and apparently very anxious to
+      join in the conversation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Suddenly a jingle bell in the room beat a lively rattle, and the fire
+      gong began to ring out an alarm. The firemen slid down from upstairs on
+      the polished rods of brass which stretched from the ground floor through
+      scuttle-holes into the firemen's sitting-room, and took their several
+      stations. The man on 'house watch' counted the gong strokes. As the
+      electric snap on the bits of the horses in their stalls were unfastened,
+      the horses jumped to their places at a bound, down came the hanging
+      harness upon them, and collar, headstall and reinbit were fastened by
+      ready hands in less than two seconds. Before the gong stopped sounding,
+      engine and men and horses were ready to rush into the street if the alarm
+      should turn out to be a call from their part of the city. The alarm did
+      not so turn out, and all went back to their places.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      On the way from the engine-house to the training school in Harlem, Charley
+      asked how the horses were obtained and where they came from. On this point
+      the newspaper man enlightened him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The horses are generally selected,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;by Captain Joseph Shea, who
+      has charge of the training school, or by one of his assistants. They only
+      deal with dealers whom they know to be trustworthy, and who have, in fact,
+      furnished most of the horses to the department for years. Strength,
+      agility, intelligence, kindness&mdash;these are the traits the buyers look
+      at.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When a horse has been picked out, he is sent to the training stables, and
+      Captain Shea takes him in hand. The horse is set to tugging big loads, is
+      punched, examined, trotted and exercised generally for fifteen days.
+      Captain Shea has an old fire-engine at his quarters, and the horse is
+      drilled with this, too, and is taught to notice and to mind the gong. If
+      Captain Shea doesn't like the horse, the animal is sent back to the dealer
+      or his former master. No horses are bought except on probation. If the
+      horse seems to be a good one. Captain Shea sends him to some engine-house
+      for practical trial. There the horse is made to do the same kind of work
+      that other horses do, and if after fifteen days more the officer in
+      command of the company doesn't like him, back he goes to the stables. It
+      he is a very bad or stupid horse, the department rejects him finally. But
+      the department has other uses for horses, of course, besides that of
+      tugging engines and trucks to fires. It needs horses for supply wagons and
+      in its repair shops, and in a great many other places, and if the horse
+      can be used at all he is put at these kinds of work.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0004" id="linkimage-0004"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0020.jpg" alt="0020 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0020.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      When our friends reached the training school they were cordially welcomed
+      by Captain Shea, to whom Mr. Graham presented a letter of introduction.
+      Then they were shown through the establishment, and during the visit the
+      Captain talked in a very interesting way about the intelligent animals
+      which he had in charge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some horses are kind o' dead like,&rdquo; said he. &ldquo;We coax 'em and show 'em
+      over and over again what to do, but it's no use&mdash;they never know
+      anything. Then an intelligent horse is sometimes vicious, and though very
+      quick at getting to fires has some trick or other, so that we always have
+      to be on the lookout. But a horse, if he's got the making of a good
+      fire-horse in him, generally gets to learn his business in about three
+      months. I have come to believe more and more that a horse is about as
+      intelligent as a man. We can let some of 'em out in the street, and when
+      they hear the gong sound they'll come back to the engine-house and get by
+      the pole in a jiffy. Now you take a good horse for a tender, he don't wait
+      for his driver to get into the seat, but out he goes when the engine goes,
+      driver or no driver. A good tender horse'll never be more than 100 feet
+      behind the engine as he goes down the street.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A horse comes to know his feeding times, and he gets restless and uneasy
+      when those times come, though I suppose all horses do the same. A
+      fire-horse gets so accustomed to regularity, though, that he knows when he
+      ought to be fed just as if he could read the clock. The driver generally
+      feeds and takes care of the horses, though he consults with the company
+      officer about what he shall give 'em. He puts the feed in the forward
+      corner of the stall, opposite the corner across which the horse has to
+      rush to his engine. Otherwise the latter corner would get slippery, and
+      the horse would stumble as he dashed across it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One of the hardest things we have to teach a horse is to leave his food
+      and get to the engine when the gong sounds. It's a good test of the
+      stubbornness or docility of a horse, whichever way you've a mind to put
+      it, whether he'll do this or not. There are a great many horses in the
+      department that wont do it. Most of those which will, are the old horses.
+      It annoys a real spirited horse to run out to the pole every don't get a
+      chance to snap the collars, and at noontime it's generally a race between
+      the men and the horses to see who gets to the pole first.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0005" id="linkimage-0005"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0022.jpg" alt="0022 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0022.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Do the horses know the difference between false alarms and real ones?&rdquo;
+       Charley asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Why, certainly,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;a horse knows he's going to a fire. I
+      know he does, and every man who knows anything about a fire horse knows so
+      too. With all their mad rush as they go down the street they are cautious,
+      and they don't rely on the driver's rein to tell time the gong strikes and
+      not start with the engine. He frets and worries and whinnies and acts just
+      as teased as a horse can. They get to know some signals though, and they
+      play us some cute tricks. Now, at noon every day every engine company gets
+      the time on the gong from headquarters, and the horses come out as usual.
+      But some of 'em get to know that they never go out of the house on that
+      signal, and they whirl around after coming to the pole and get back to the
+      stalls again. The men who have to snap the collars have to be mighty quick
+      or they them when to turn out of the way of an obstruction. They get to
+      know the location of hydrants in their district and they pull right up to
+      them. They can tell when they're coming near a fire just as well as the
+      driver can, and when they smell the smoke or see the blaze they give a
+      lively tug on the engine. I think a horse can tell whether it is a big
+      fire or not, too. The noise of other engines they hear going to the fire
+      excites them. When they get to the fire, too, they're alive, you bet. You
+      know the place of a horse on a tender at a fire is at the back of the
+      engine. Well, when a horse has pulled the tender right up to the burning
+      building, so that the men can use the hose, after the hose is unwound the
+      horse will turn and trot back to its engine, just as unconcernedly as can
+      be, and will pick its engine out from all the others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It's a queer thing about the likes and dislikes horses will take. They
+      are just as queer about that as men and women are. Of course, horses are
+      of all kinds and some will let anybody pet 'em and some wont let anybody
+      come near 'em while they are in the stalls. But often a horse will take a
+      great notion or a great aversion to some one man in the company. I was in
+      a company once six years with a team of horses, and one of the horses
+      would always kick at the assistant foreman whenever he got a chance. Sure
+      as death, whenever Dick got behind that horse, the horse'd raise on him.
+      Dick was a kind, good enough feller, too. That same horse'd let any other
+      man in the company do what he wanted with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A good many of these stories are true about horses that have been in the
+      service of the department and mustered out, minding the gong when they
+      happen to hear it, and getting excited and going to fires when an engine
+      passes them on the street. I remember once driving an engine down Broadway
+      on the run, and we passed an old, worn-out, miserable-looking horse on one
+      of the street-cleaning department's carts. The man who was loading the
+      cart had just, put an ash can on the cart wheel as we passed, and was
+      getting ready to dump it. The old horse pricked up his ears, gave a big
+      snort, and started after us pell mell, scattering the ashes right and
+      left. He was an old fire-horse, sure enough. We turned a corner, and I
+      don't know whether they ever stopped him or not. A good many of our horses
+      go into the streetcleaning department when we get through with them. We
+      keep horses till they get pretty old, though, if they are good ones. Old
+      horses know the ropes so well that they are good to have around, but, of
+      course, we can't keep 'em always, and they lose their snap after a while.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That reminds me,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;of the story of a horse that had been
+      in an English cavalry regiment and was sold in his old age and put to the
+      prosaic work of hauling a common cart. One day some cavalrymen were
+      exercising and were rather taken by surprise when a horse dragging a cart
+      laden with sand came among them and took his place in line as though he
+      belonged there. The carter who owned the horse came rushing after him, and
+      when the officer scolded him for what the animal had done the poor man
+      protested that he couldn't tell why he did it. The horse started at the
+      sound of the trumpet and his owner was unable to control him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Inquiry into the history of the horse showed that he had been for a long
+      time in the cavalry service, and the officers were so well pleased with
+      his performance that they bought him for a good price and relieved him
+      from dragging a cart for the future.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are many stories of the same sort,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;all
+      tending to show that the horse has an excellent memory. In one of the
+      books there is a funny anecdote of how a clergyman's wife was once dragged
+      around in her carriage by a horse that had belonged to an artillery
+      company. She had gone in her carriage to witness an artillery parade, and
+      when the company began its evolutions the horse could not be restrained
+      but joined in the exercise. Round and round he dragged the lady in spite
+      of her screams and also in spite of all that the driver could do in his
+      efforts to check the steed. It was not a graceful performance for a
+      clergyman's wife to be engaged in, and the animal was sold and sent
+      elsewhere very soon afterward.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; said Captain Shea, &ldquo;and there's the old chestnut of a story about
+      the war-horse that had been sold to a milkman and was used by his daughter
+      for carrying milk to customers. She had a can of milk hung at each side of
+      the saddle and used to go around in this way to serve out the article
+      where it was wanted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The same thing happened as in the other cases. There was a troop of
+      cavalry getting ready for the parade, and as the trumpeter gave a signal
+      the milk-horse went in and took his place in the ranks; the girl couldn't
+      stop him and he didn't seem to mind the fact that he wasn't at all
+      equipped like the rest. The milk-cans were not exactly a part of a
+      cavalryman's outfit, but that wasn't any affair of the horse. He knew the
+      bugle-call and was obeying orders.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      On the way home from the training school of the fire department several
+      other stories of the same sort were given, but as they were all
+      illustrative of what we have mentioned it is hardly necessary to repeat
+      them. It is proper to say that the memory of the youths was a great deal
+      freshened by what they heard, and they did their part in recalling stories
+      of equine intelligence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;While you are waiting for your horses, as I may not be able to find
+      suitable ones immediately,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;you had better give your
+      attention to some of the books which tell about these animals.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What books shall we get, father?&rdquo; said Charley, when the foregoing
+      suggestion was made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are several excellent works about horses,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but I
+      will not give you a large number at the start. There is a large volume
+      called 'The Book of The Horse,' by Mr. Sidney, which I would advise you to
+      get, and there's 'Horse and Man,' by Rev. J. G. Wood, the author of Wood's
+      'Natural History' and kindred works. 'The Book of The Horse' is a
+      companion to 'The Book of The Dog,' and tells a great deal you will wish
+      to know; it not only describes the different varieties of the horse but
+      gives directions for arranging their stalls, caring for them in health and
+      illness, training them for the saddle or to harness, and for nearly
+      everything belonging to the animal we are discussing. You'll find enough
+      in it to keep you busy for some time.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham wrote an order for his bookseller to deliver these books to the
+      boys, and as soon as they obtained the volumes they had no thought of
+      anything except to peruse the pages. What they learned in the course of
+      their reading we will ascertain in the next chapter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On their way home the youths met Mr. Webb, the gentleman who had given
+      them so much advice relative to the training of Rover and Dash. They told
+      him about their father's promise and he congratulated them on their good
+      fortune.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As they were separating Mr. Webb told them he had just received a letter
+      from an old friend, George M. Elwood, of Rochester, New York, who was like
+      himself a great lover of dogs. &ldquo;He tells me an interesting story about a
+      dog,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;and I know you will enjoy it. Dogs and horses go
+      together,&rdquo; he continued, &ldquo;and this dog story will equal any horse story
+      that you are likely to hear.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      So saying he drew a letter from his pocket and read the following extract:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;About the year 1840 my father, James L. Elwood, then living in Rochester,
+      N. Y., owned a very fine dog that enjoyed a considerable degree of local
+      celebrity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0006" id="linkimage-0006"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8026.jpg" alt="8026 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8026.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      He rejoiced in the ambitious name of Bonaparte, being familiarly called
+      'Boney,' which latter name described him very nearly, for he was a
+      monster, standing over thirty inches high at the shoulder. In markings and
+      make-up he is said to have closely resembled Landseer's 'Distinguished
+      Member of the Humane Society.' He was remarkable for his intelligence as
+      well as his unvarying good temper and was a prime favorite with young and
+      old in the then little city, especially among children, toward whom he, in
+      common with most members of his race, exhibited great affection and
+      devotion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Among those who bear this noble animal in affectionate remembrance, many
+      stories are still told illustrating his unusual sagacity and reasoning
+      powers. The possession of this latter faculty by dogs is, I know, doubted
+      by many, who ascribe all evidence of it to 'instinct,' whatever that may
+      be besides reason, but that it does exist and manifests itself by the same
+      processes that it does in the human animal, every true lover of a good dog
+      religiously believes and mantains.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The following incident will serve to illustrate 'Boney's' thinking'
+      faculty, and I may say, parenthetically, that the facts herein given are
+      thoroughly vouched for by those who remember the circumstances in detail.
+      My father was, at that time, engaged in a banking office located, on the
+      Court-house Square. In those more honest times bank robbery had not
+      reached its present degree of refined skill, and it was the habit of his
+      associate and himself, on going to dinner at mid-day, simply to turn the
+      key in the safe, leaving the bank open, with no other guard than 'Boney,'
+      who remained on duty until their return.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day, during this noon hour, two well known business men and customers
+      of the bank chanced to meet on the side-walk in front of the office. They
+      had some business transaction, in which one wished to pay the other a
+      considerable sum of money. It was proposed to step into the bank, where,
+      outside of the counter, was a table with, chairs for the convenience of
+      customers, and there complete the transaction, which was accordingly done.
+      While one of the gentlemen was engaged in writing a receipt, the other
+      produced a large package of bank bills and proceeded to count out the
+      required sum. 'Boney' got up from where he was lying, and, knowing both of
+      the gentlemen, came over to where they were sitting, wagging his huge
+      brush in friendly recognition and stood watching their proceedings. When
+      the first gentleman had finished counting the bills, he pushed them across
+      the table to the second, saying 'There, I think you will find that right.'
+      At that moment the dog lifted his huge paw and laid it squarely on the
+      pile of bills. There was no demonstration of unfriendliness on his part,
+      but a quiet air of such firm determination that neither gentleman felt
+      inclined to meddle further with the money. In vain they coaxed and ordered
+      him to 'Go lie down, sir!' and there the three sat for nearly an hour. At
+      the end of that time, to the infinite relief of at least two of the trio,
+      my father came in, and as soon as he reached the table, 'Boney' took down
+      his paw as quietly as he had placed it there and went back to his
+      accustomed rug. The money was paid and receipt passed without any farther
+      attention on his part, and the gentlemen departed, their annoyance at the
+      awkward delay in their affairs entirely cancelled by their admiration for
+      the dog's sagacity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Now I do not presume to infer that 'Boney' really knew the value of the
+      money, as such, but he did understand that it was a commodity which was
+      not allowed to change hands in that office except in the presence of some
+      duly authorized representative of the bank. I think any one, who accepts
+      the fact, will be prepared to believe that the dog recognized his duty, as
+      he understood it, to firmly insist that no money should be transferred
+      until the return of some duly accredited and responsible party.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0007" id="linkimage-0007"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0028.jpg" alt="0028 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0028.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER II.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Pitting up the Stables&mdash;Loose Boxes and their Uses&mdash;Stable
+      Fittings&mdash;Light, Ventilation and Drainage&mdash;Cobweb and Major&mdash;How
+      to tell a Horse's Age&mdash;Do Horses understand Language?&mdash;Starting
+      a balky Horse&mdash;The Horse that knew the Doxology&mdash;Horses telling
+      Time by the Clock&mdash;Famous Horse Trainers: Rarey, Gleason, and
+      Sullivan the Whisperer&mdash;How Cruiser was Tamed&mdash;Horse-breaking in
+      Texas&mdash;&ldquo;Creasing&rdquo; Wild Horses.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">M</span>r. Graham told his
+      boys they might fit up the stable for their horses in whatever way suited
+      them best; he gave them this permission in the confident belief that they
+      would thereby be led to learn more about the animals and their needs than
+      if the stables were turned over to them already fitted. The correctness of
+      his judgment was shown by the earnestness with which the youths proceeded
+      to inform themselves on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There's plenty of room in the stable,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;and so we'll have a
+      'loose box' for our horses in addition to the ordinary stalls. Mr. Sidney
+      says it is desirable to have one box for every two stalls and therefore
+      one box will be enough for us.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How large shall the box be?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not less than twelve feet by fourteen if we have the space for it,&rdquo; was
+      the reply, &ldquo;but even a much smaller box is better than none at all. Where
+      space is limited one of the stalls may be made into a box by putting a
+      gate across the end of it. A space large enough for a horse to turn around
+      in, so Mr. Sidney says, is of great advantage sometimes to a sick, or very
+      tired horse, or to one that is obliged to be idle several days at a time.
+      When horses are in good health and steady use they haven't much need of
+      boxes, and as we propose to keep our horses healthy and use them, too, one
+      box will be enough for both of us.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Then came the question of ventilation, which did not require a long
+      debate. The youths were agreed at the start that horses as well as other
+      animals require plenty of light and air; Mr. Graham had been of the same
+      opinion before them, and had built his stable upon intelligent principles.
+      It was on a dry foundation, was well drained, no unsavory gutters or
+      sewers near it, and the windows were numerous and well arranged. He had
+      taken especial pains with the windows and his orders to the grooms were
+      very strict as to the proper ventilation of the stable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Unless you watch the grooms closely,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham to Charley, &ldquo;you'll
+      very likely find them keeping the windows of the stable closed when they
+      should be open. Grooms like to heat their horses into a condition of
+      moisture in order to give their coats a silky appearance, and their best
+      way of doing this is to keep the windows closed and the air foul. The
+      colonel of an English regiment has said on this subject that the horses of
+      his command live in stables that are constantly open to the air, and
+      consequently are very rarely out of sorts; the same gentleman has a pack
+      of hunting horses at his country seat, and his manager keeps them in
+      stables that are close and hot. The hunters are constantly sick and he
+      attributes it to the bad air in which they are confined.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some people use deodorisers about their stables,&rdquo; the gentleman
+      continued, &ldquo;but I have always found that when cleanliness and fresh air
+      are insisted upon no deodorisers are needed. With a stable properly
+      ventilated, well-paved, and kept at all times clean the horses will be in
+      good health and disinfectants may be thrown away.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley was exercised in mind as to the best form of feeding and drinking
+      arrangements for his horse, and pondered some time on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The result of his deliberation was that he chose a trough with a rack at
+      one side, the former for grain and the latter for hay. The tie, or
+      fastening, for the horse was a patent one so arranged that the slack of
+      the halter was taken up by a sliding weight inside. Mr. Graham had lost a
+      valuable horse some years before by the animal becoming entangled in a
+      long halter, and ever after that he had his stables provided with
+      fastenings that would render entanglement impossible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the suggestion of the groom the headstall was provided with several
+      inches of chain next to the animal's head, so as to discourage any
+      possible inclination he might have to bite it. Some horses will use their
+      teeth on anything, and if they once succeed in gnawing off their halters
+      and getting loose it is not easy to break them of the habit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Various articles for use in the stable were procured and made ready by the
+      time the horses were bought. When the animals were sent home the two boys
+      could hardly stay out of the stable long enough to take their meals, so
+      anxious were they to see that proper attention was given to their prizes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0008" id="linkimage-0008"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0031.jpg" alt="0031 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0031.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Charley's horse was a medium sized animal and was said to have come from
+      Kentucky. The first question of the youth was as to the age of the
+      creature, to which Mr. Graham replied that he must find out for himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This was a subject that had not been investigated; it demanded immediate
+      study and away went Charley to his books again. In a few days he
+      considered himself competent to tell a horse's age, and his practice on
+      his own steed showed that he was not far out of the way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0009" id="linkimage-0009"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0032.jpg" alt="0032 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0032.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But do you know, father that I'll have to violate a very old injunction,&rdquo;
+       said Charley, as he proceeded to the study of the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How so?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You gave me the horse, did you not?&rdquo; queried the youth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Certainly,&rdquo; replied Mr. Graham.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Well, then,&rdquo; quoth the boy with a smile, &ldquo;Isn't there an old adage that
+      says 'never look a gift horse in the mouth'?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; the father answered, his face reflecting the smile of the son, &ldquo;but
+      all rules have their exceptions, and we'll make one in the present case.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      We haven't space for all that Charley learned about the way in which the
+      age of horses is shown by their teeth. The novice who is buying a horse
+      should not rely upon himself in this matter, and it is not at all probable
+      that Mr. Graham would have allowed the youth to make a purchase on the
+      strength of his limited study of the subject. A great deal of observation
+      and practice are necessary and even then one may be deceived. The best
+      judges of horses have been defrauded by the tricks of dealers, who can
+      reduce the apparent age of an animal by careful filing of the teeth. The
+      general appearance of the creature, the smoothness of his skin, the shape
+      of the limbs and head, and many other things must be taken into
+      consideration as well as the condition of his teeth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley's horse was pronounced about four years old, while that of George
+      was not far from five. Both the animals were of gentle disposition and the
+      boys made friends with them at once.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley decided that his horse should be called Cobweb, while George
+      thought that Major would be a good name for his steed. Accordingly the
+      animals were known as Cobweb and Major and very quickly knew their names.
+      In this respect a horse is very much like a dog and learns to associate a
+      word with himself when it is frequently repeated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Do you think horses understand language?&rdquo; George asked his brother one
+      day while they were exercising Cobweb and Major.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I'm quite sure they do,&rdquo; was the reply. &ldquo;I went to see some trained
+      horses that were being exhibited by a man named Bartholebeen a secret sign
+      given to the horse by the trainer, but we were positively assured there
+      was nothing of the kind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0010" id="linkimage-0010"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0034.jpg" alt="0034 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0034.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That the horses all knew their names was very evident, for they stood up
+      in a row and each one walked out when his name was called, either by the
+      trainer or by persons in the audience. They were bright, intelligent
+      horses and perfectly docile; after the performance was over the audience
+      went among the horses and petted them and not one showed the least sign of
+      ill temper. On the contrary they seemed to appreciate the attention they
+      received and to be proud of it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have noticed,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;that the horses on the street cars
+      understand the meaning of the conductor's bell. When they are going mew.
+      The horses did a great many things just as he told them, and to make sure
+      there was no trickery about the matter he asked the audience to give some
+      of the orders.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How was that?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Why, when a horse was standing at the front of the stage the trainer
+      would ask the audience to tell the animal which way to make a circle,
+      whether to the right or left. The horse would hesitate a moment after the
+      order was given and then he turned in the when he was asked to. This was
+      done several times; perhaps there may have they stop at the sound of the
+      bell, and when they are standing they start up as soon as the bell rings.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've observed that, too,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and the drivers say it only
+      takes a few days for a green horse to understand it. And a car horse after
+      a little experience learns just about how long a time should be required
+      for a passenger to enter or leave a car, and when the time is exceeded he
+      is apt to show impatience.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Henry Johnson was telling me an amusing story the other day,&rdquo; said
+      George, &ldquo;about how a man started a balky horse on the street in New York.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How was that?&rdquo; Charley asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Henry was going along Broadway,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;and saw a crowd around a
+      handsome horse that was attached to an equally handsome carriage. One man
+      had him by the bit, another by the tail, a couple of men put their
+      shoulders against his ribs and heaved as hard as they could but the animal
+      was as immovable as a house.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When everybody was in despair, a stranger appeared, and stepping out of
+      the crowd said to the driver, &ldquo;'I'll show you how to make that horse go.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The driver retired, and the stranger took the horse confidently by the
+      mouth, opened it and looked into it, examined his teeth for a few minutes,
+      then seized the beast by the bridle, and to the astonishment of the crowd,
+      the horse started off at a good gait, drawing the carriage after him with
+      perfect ease.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The success of the stranger's method of persuading a balky horse to go
+      was so surprising that Henry asked the man how he did it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'It's very simple,' said he. 'Of course you didn't see me, but I took a
+      chip of wood which I picked up from the sidewalk and placed it under the
+      horse's tongue. The presence of that bit of pine chip diverted the horse's
+      attention. He forgot all about being balky, and when I took hold of the
+      bridle he started off like any other horse. A horse can think of only one
+      thing at a time and you want to keep that fact in mind when you are
+      training him.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I heard a groom say the other day,&rdquo; Charley remarked when George had
+      ended his story, &ldquo;that you could often start a balky horse by pretending
+      to do something to the harness. Fasten and unfasten some of the straps, be
+      very busy about it for several minutes, then take the reins and give the
+      order to go on in an ordinary tone and quite likely the horse will start
+      off without hesitation. Gleason, the famous horse trainer, acts on this
+      principle when he is handling vicious horses; he puts a string in the
+      animal's mouth that incommodes him though it does not hurt him. The horse
+      concentrates his thoughts upon how he will get rid of the incumbrance and
+      hasn't any time to be ugly. And what's more, he follows the trainer all
+      round the ring and keeps him constantly in sight for fear he'll go away
+      without removing the string.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Did you ever hear of a horse that knew the doxology?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No!&rdquo; replied his brother in a tone of surprise. &ldquo;He must have belonged to
+      a clergyman.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;So he did,&rdquo; was the ready answer. &ldquo;He belonged to a preacher in the
+      country and had been driven by him for eighteen years. The preacher said
+      he had so often driven the horse to church and left him standing near by,
+      that the horse learned the doxology, and whenever it is sung he begins to
+      neigh, knowing that he is going home soon.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I heard a gentleman say recently,&rdquo; Charley responded, &ldquo;that the school
+      horses in the riding academies in New York can tell the time by the
+      clock.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Nonsense!&rdquo; said George. &ldquo;That's too much to believe.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;So I think,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and probably the gentleman didn't mean it
+      literally. He explained that the horses are used for an hour at a time and
+      they seem to know almost exactly when they have been in the ring for that
+      period. They go around perfectly docile and obedient to their riders till
+      just about as the hour is up, when they turn toward the mounting block and
+      intimate very plainly that they think it is time for them to be relieved
+      of duty and sent back to the stable. In the same way when they are taken
+      into Central Park they know all the turns of the bridle path, and are very
+      ready to take those that lead back to the stable.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You mentioned Gleason, the horse trainer, just now,&rdquo; said George; &ldquo;I
+      wonder how these famous trainers have such control over horses?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've been trying to find out,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but can't tell. Some of
+      them say it is no secret, while others make a great deal of mystery about
+      the matter. They teach others how to control horses, but it is rarely the
+      case that their pupils are able to accomplish anywhere near as much as the
+      masters. One of the most remarkable men in this line of business was
+      Rarey, an American, who became famous in Europe about thirty years ago for
+      subduing horses that had been quite unmanageable; I was reading about him
+      this morning and was particularly impressed with one thing that he said.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What was that?&rdquo; queried his brother.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That you must never show either fear or anger in dealing with a horse. He
+      says you should always treat him kindly, speak to him in gentle tones, let
+      him regard you as a friend, pat him and call him endearing names, and be
+      perfectly familiar with him. But probably there was something more than
+      this in his method, as some of the horses that he subdued were not of a
+      character to be soothed by kind words when he started in with them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Isn't he the man that conquered the English horse Cruiser?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; was the reply. &ldquo;When Mr. Rarey went to England a good many people
+      thought he was playing a trick upon them, and somebody published a
+      suggestion that he should try his skill upon a famous horse called
+      Cruiser. Cruiser was so vicious that no one could approach him, and he had
+      not been touched with a curry-comb for months. He kicked the planks of his
+      stall to pieces and once he broke off an iron bar an inch in diameter by
+      pulling it with his teeth.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How long did it take Mr. Rarey to conquer this ferocious animal?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;About three hours,&rdquo; was the reply. &ldquo;At the end of that time his owner,
+      Lord Dorchester, was able to mount Cruiser and ride him, a thing that
+      nobody had done for three years. The horse was perfectly gentle after that
+      and would follow his master like a dog. Mr. Rarey afterwards tamed a zebra
+      and rode him, and he did other things that a great many people had
+      believed impossible.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How carious!&rdquo; exclaimed George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0011" id="linkimage-0011"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0038.jpg" alt="0038 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0038.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes, it was indeed,&rdquo; replied Charley, &ldquo;but other men have done very much
+      the same sort of thing. I've been reading about an Irishman named James
+      Sullivan, who was called the 'Whisperer' by the people of his
+      neighborhood, as they believed he was able to make the horses understand
+      what he wanted by whispering to them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What could he do?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No matter how unruly the horse or mule that was put into his hands, he
+      was able to make it perfectly docile in half an hour. Exactly what he did
+      nobody knew, and the secret died with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He used to ask that the stable where they kept the horse on which he was
+      to operate should be shut, and he was to be left alone with the animal
+      until he gave the signal for opening the door. In about half an hour he
+      would give the signal and when the people entered they found the horse
+      lying down and the man and horse playing together in the most friendly way
+      imaginable. From that time on the horse was perfectly docile, no matter
+      how bad his temper had been before. Horses that had refused to be shod and
+      had resisted all the efforts of other trainers became thoroughly obedient
+      in the short time he was with them; they obeyed others just as readily as
+      they did the man who tamed them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      In the evening following the foregoing conversation, one of the boys asked
+      Mr. Graham about the different ways of breaking horses to saddle or
+      harness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That is a branch of the horse business I don't think it desirable for you
+      to engage in,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but it is well for you to know about it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Various methods are pursued by trainers,&rdquo; he continued, &ldquo;and a great deal
+      depends upon the character of the horse. Most of the horse-breakers are
+      coarse, rough fellows, and employ the harshest means for subduing the
+      animals they take into their charge. Some horses are readily tamed, and if
+      an animal is played with by children when a colt, and grows up among them,
+      it is generally the case that he can be ridden without the least
+      resistance. He should be accustomed to have a blanket folded over his back
+      when he is very young, then a saddle should be placed upon him, and after
+      a few days of this practice a very light person may mount the saddle.
+      Coaxing and caressing will do a great deal; it is said that the Arabs do
+      not have to 'break' their horses at all, for the simple reason that the
+      animals associate with the family and are accustomed to be ridden by the
+      children of their owners when they are the merest colts.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0012" id="linkimage-0012"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0040.jpg" alt="0040 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0040.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's an account of how they break horses in Texas,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, as
+      he took up a newspaper, from which he proceeded to read as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are but a few men who make it a business to break horses, and who
+      possess sufficient skill and patience to conquer the fiery spirit of the
+      most vicious animal. These 'wild horse riders,' as they are called, in
+      addition to receiving the use of the horse while handling him, get fees
+      ranging from five dollars to twenty-five dollars. Fearless Frank, a
+      well-known Texas tamer, had been engaged to break a magnificent sorrel,
+      called Mad Ranger. Ranger was a spoiled horse. He had been caught several
+      times for the purpose of being saddled and bridled, but the tamers had
+      been unable to do anything with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The horse-lot was inclosed by massive logs and stout timbers, capable of
+      successfully resisting the most determined effort on the part of the
+      beasts to escape. Connected with the large enclosure were several smaller
+      ones, and into one of these Ranger was driven. Frank then took from his
+      saddle a coil of three-quarter-inch rope, forty feet long, and a second
+      coil about half as long, but much heavier, and an oilcloth slicker. Thus
+      equipped, he slipped into the inclosure and faced the horse. Making a
+      noose in one of the coils, he quickly threw it over Ranger's head and
+      fastened the other end to a post called the tug-post. The animal commenced
+      to rear and plunge, but at every plunge the slack in the rope was taken
+      up, and Ranger was soon alongside the post. Here he was made secure with a
+      Spanish knot, which his struggles only served to tighten.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Seizing the old slicker, the trainer next hit the horse over the head and
+      neck, causing the animal to rear and kick. The horse was soon tired out,
+      and the blows that fell upon him scarcely caused him to wince. The trainer
+      next took his long rope and fastened it around Ranger's head in such a
+      manner that it served as a halter. The other end of the rope was secured
+      to the post. A rope was then placed around the animal's body in such a
+      manner that it would not slip, and another rope was fastened to his hind
+      foot. The rope attached to the foot was drawn through the one around his
+      body and the end taken by the trainer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A couple of hard pulls brought the foot up to the stomach, and the horse
+      was compelled to stand on three legs, thus unable to kick or rear. The
+      trainer then patted the horse on the head and slipped the bridle on. Then
+      the saddle was put in the proper place, and the stirrups 'hobbled,' to
+      prevent any injury to the animal, should he fall. The rider then seated
+      himself in the saddle, the ropes were taken from the horse's feet and
+      body, the gate of the pen opened, and horse and rider dashed out on the
+      prairie. For fully an hour the infuriated animal reared, plunged and
+      jumped about, vainly endeavoring to throw his rider, but finally, becoming
+      exhausted, came to a standstill, and had to be urged even to walk. It was
+      then that the horse was broken.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And now,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, after pausing a moment, &ldquo;did you ever hear of
+      how they used to capture wild horses in Texas by 'creasing' them?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've read about it,&rdquo; replied Charley, &ldquo;but forget exactly how it was
+      done.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Well,&rdquo; responded Mr. Graham, &ldquo;here's an account by a man who was once in
+      the business and knows all about it. Shall I read it?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Both the youths were anxious to hear about this manner of taking horses,
+      whereupon their father gave them the following in the words of Mr. Hill,
+      an experienced cattle raiser of Texas:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In the early days of the cattle business in Texas, from 1857 to 1860, the
+      ranges were overrun by bands of wild horses. These animals were a great
+      nuisance, as they would get mixed with our loose horses and run them off
+      when any one approached. As a rule, they were a rough, ill-shaped set of
+      beasts, and almost untamable, so that few attempts were ever made to catch
+      them, it being considered best to shoot them and thus get rid of a
+      disturbing influence in our horse herds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Sometimes, however, a really fine animal would be seen and the ranchmen
+      would try hard to secure it. But the ordinary mode of capture&mdash;lassoing&mdash;could
+      seldom be used against wild horses, as these beasts were very shy, and
+      even a poor horse, carrying no weight, could outstrip a very fine animal
+      with a man on his back.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0013" id="linkimage-0013"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0043.jpg" alt="0043 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0043.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In this extremity the Texans used to resort to a means of capturing the
+      horses which is, I believe, exclusively American. It was discovered, I do
+      not know how, that a blow upon a particular sinew in a horse's neck,
+      located just above where the spine joins the skull, would paralyze the
+      animal temporarily without doing it any permanent injury. In those days
+      the Texans were nearly without exception fine shots, and at short range
+      could send a rifle ball with phenomenal accuracy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The horses could not be approached on foot, and it was impossible to
+      catch them on horseback. But, not to be overcome by any such difficulties,
+      the cowboys discovered a way to capture them. Taking his rifle, a hunter
+      would crawl through the thick chaparral until within fifty or sixty yards
+      of the horse he desired to secure. Then, taking careful aim, he would
+      endeavor to send a bullet through the top of the neck so as to strike the
+      sinew. When this was properly done the horse would fall as if struck by
+      lightning and remain insensible for ten or fifteen minutes, recovering
+      completely in an hour or two, with no worse injury than a slight wound in
+      the back of the neck that soon healed. Of course many bullets went astray
+      and hundreds of horses were killed, but a good marksman would secure about
+      one horse in three that he attempted to 'crease' as this mode of capture
+      was called.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The weapon universally employed in creasing mustangs was the old Hawkins
+      rifle, which carried a bullet not much larger than a pea, had a set
+      trigger and required but a small charge of powder. Hundreds of mustangs,
+      always the best animals in the herd, used to be creased every year, and
+      this practice was kept up until the herds had entirely disappeared.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some of the horses thus secured were very tough and fleet animals, but
+      few were of any practical use. Nearly all were irreclaimably vicious, even
+      when judged from the Texas standpoint. Even when broken to the saddle,
+      they could only be ridden by the very best horsemen, and were always on
+      the lookout to do their riders an injury. Strange to say, they seldom
+      tried to kick, but a man had to be continually on the lookout for their
+      fore feet and teeth. They only used their hind feet when a man was about
+      to mount, but nearly every one of them had a trick of kicking forward as
+      soon as the rider put his foot in the stirrup, and unless he was wary he
+      would receive a terrible blow on the leg. I used to own a horse that, I
+      believe, could scratch himself between the ears with his hind foot, his
+      hind leg being apparently made of India rubber. The instant he felt a foot
+      in the stirrup his hind hoof would come forward with the speed of
+      lightning, in the attempt to inflict a most vicious kick. I gave up
+      mounting him in the usual way and always used to vault into the saddle
+      without touching the stirrups, a feat easily enough performed in my
+      younger days, although I would have some difficulty in doing it now. I
+      used to like to ride wild horses, but after one or two narrow escapes from
+      their deadly fore feet, which they would use if a man carelessly stood in
+      front of them, I gave it up and stuck to the tame stock.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Other stories about horses consumed the evening, and at length the boys
+      said &ldquo;Good-night&rdquo; and went to bed, where they doubtless dreamed of
+      exciting experiences among the wild horses of Texas and other regions
+      where those animals abound.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER III.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>How Miss Lake's Circus Horses were Restored&mdash;Music under
+      Disadvantages&mdash;A Lady's Adventure with an Intelligent Horse&mdash;The
+      Horse who got his Mate out of Trouble&mdash;Friendship of a Bull and a
+      Donkey&mdash;Intelligence of the Donkey&mdash;His Affection&mdash;Glen.
+      Dix's Pet&mdash;How Dr. Hammond's Mule saved his Life&mdash;Old Jennie&mdash;Uncle
+      Jake's dumb Critters&mdash;Cruelty of Blinders and Check-reins&mdash;Anecdote
+      of Macadam&mdash;Torture by Thoughtlessness&mdash;Cobweb and Major in
+      Harness.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">O</span>ne of the stories
+      told daring the evening was about the seizure of some circus horses in
+      Nashville, Tennessee, at the time of the American civil war. Lake and
+      North's Circus was performing there during the winter of 1864, while the
+      town was held by the Northern army and threatened by the Confederates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;At 9 o'clock on the morning of the 6th of December the company was in the
+      practice ring, drilling for a new grand entry. They had nineteen ring
+      horses, including three black stallions, which Miss Lake, the daughter of
+      one of the proprietors, used to drive in a manège act, and which she had
+      trained herself on her father's Kentucky farm, and loved as a Kentucky
+      girl will love her horses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The band had just finished the first bar when in stalked an officer of
+      the army, and called Lake aside.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'You have nineteen horses here, I see,' he said; 'one of them is lame; we
+      don't want him, but the others are confiscated. Rather a fine lot. Suppose
+      we say a hundred apiece for them.' Then he made out a requisition on the
+      Treasury for $1800&mdash;handed it to Lake, called in his men, and in five
+      minutes left the company with a show on its hands and only one lame horse
+      to do all the equestrian business.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Miss Lake cried and some of the men used hard language, but all the same,
+      for four days they gave a show twice a day with that one lame horse. Then
+      Miss Lake got desperate. She was a mere girl, and with a girl's audacity
+      she did a thing which an older person would have considered the wildest
+      folly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'John,' she said to the clown, 'I'm going to General Wilson to get my
+      horses. I want them and they want me.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0014" id="linkimage-0014"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0047.jpg" alt="0047 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0047.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Nothing that anybody could say would hold her back, and so away she went
+      to General Wilson's headquarters. She marched in on General Wilson and
+      asked for her horses back. She had a sweet and winning way, and when she
+      cried and told him how heartsick she was for her horses, and how much she
+      knew they missed her, the General let his feelings get the better of his
+      sense of duty, and gave her an order for every horse taken from the
+      circus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One of Wilson's orderlies afterwards gave a reason for giving the horses
+      back, which, while it is not so romantic, may be partly true. The horses
+      were all trained for ring service and most of them were trained to dance
+      to the music, and to fall upon their knees and sides upon being touched
+      upon the haunches with a spur or the whip. The whole bunch was turned over
+      to a military band as their mounts, and the orderly said that during the
+      four days that the band was mounted on those beasts there was not an hour
+      when one of them was not dancing around so that he could not keep time, or
+      else horse and man&mdash;sometimes three or four of them&mdash;were
+      rolling on the ground together, the musicians having unwittingly given the
+      horse his lying-down cue.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The boys laughed heartily over this anecdote, and then Charley told a
+      story he had read somewhere about a horse which belonged to a lady who
+      used to ride him in the hunting field. She had had him for three or four
+      years and was constantly petting him and giving him sugar and other
+      dainties. There was a great friendship between them and the horse
+      manifested his affection for his mistress in many ways.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One day while jumping a hedge, horse and rider fell into a ditch; the lady
+      was quite under the horse, her head being between and slightly in front of
+      his fore legs, but there was only a little of his weight that rested on
+      her.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0015" id="linkimage-0015"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0051.jpg" alt="0051 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0051.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Several men came to her assistance, and at first it was thought that the
+      only way of rescuing her would be by digging her out. It was finally
+      decided to move the horse forward and then lift him up, but there was
+      great fear that in his efforts to rise he would trample on the lady and
+      seriously, if not fatally, injure her. She was able to speak with the men,
+      and told them she was confident the horse would carefully avoid harming
+      her. Her confidence was justified by the result, as he managed to get on
+      his feet without giving her the least scratch, beyond a slight mark on her
+      face, which was made by the first movement of his knees and could not be
+      avoided.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then George told about two horses belonging to Mr. Allen of Minnesota,
+      that were greatly attached to each other. One day Mr. Allen tied them with
+      strong ropes, about fifty yards apart, where they could eat the grass
+      close to the shore of the little lake. Then he went to a house a little
+      distance away and lay down to take a nap. He hadn't been there long before
+      he heard the sound of a horse's footsteps, and a moment afterward one of
+      his favorites put his head into the door.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The animal gave a slight neigh and then started back towards the lake. Mr.
+      Allen was greatly surprised to find that the horse had broken loose from
+      his fastenings, and also that he had left his mate; surmising that
+      something was wrong, he immediately followed to the edge of the lake,
+      where he found the other horse lying in the water with his feet entangled
+      in the rope, and devoting all his efforts to keep his head above the
+      surface. Mr. Allen at once proceeded to extricate him from his trouble,
+      and as he did so the other horse manifested his joy in every way he could.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Three things that mark the intelligence of the horse are shown by this
+      incident,&rdquo; remarked Mr. Graham. &ldquo;In the first place, he had the sense to
+      understand that his mate was in serious trouble; secondly, he knew his
+      master could relieve him; and thirdly, he realized that he must exert all
+      his strength to break his own rope, a thing he had never done before and
+      never tried to do afterwards.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Next Charley read a little incident which he said was written by Charles
+      L. Edwards for the <i>American Naturalist</i>. It was in these words:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;While riding along a country road in the environs of Cincinnati, Ohio,
+      about the first of last October, I noticed a remarkable and very amusing
+      display of animal intelligence. In a field beneath some trees, at the
+      bottom of a very high hill, stood facing each other a donkey and a young
+      bull. The bull was standing very patiently, slightly nodding his head up
+      and down, while the donkey, with a rather heavy stick about two feet long
+      in his mouth, was scratching his companion's forehead. Once the donkey
+      dropped his instrument, but, without hesitation, lowered his head, picked
+      up the club again with his teeth, and continued scratching very gravely,
+      to the evident satisfaction of the bull. We often see two cows 'rubbing
+      horns,' and whether this was a return for a similar favor from the bull or
+      not, the donkey very clearly realized his poverty in the matter of horns
+      and happily supplied the deficiency.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Folks call the donkey stupid,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;but certainly that one
+      showed a great deal of intelligence. Is the donkey really as stupid as he
+      is said to be?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He is not,&rdquo; answered Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and there are plenty of anecdotes to
+      show his intelligence. He has been known to open a gate by carefully
+      lifting the latch, and after returning to the yard, he would shut the
+      gate, so that any trespass of which he had been guilty during his absence
+      would not be laid to his charge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0017" id="linkimage-0017"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8052.jpg" alt="8052 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8052.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      A donkey will follow a kind master or mistress just like a dog, and he
+      fully equals the horse in showing his appreciation of kind treatment.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Gen. John A. Dix owned a donkey that lived to the age of forty-two years,
+      and endeared himself to his master and the members of the family by his
+      docility and almost human intelligence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0018" id="linkimage-0018"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9052.jpg" alt="9052 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9052.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The little creature was, after the death of the general, domiciled at the
+      family country seat, West Hampton, Long Island, where almost luxurious
+      accommodations were provided for his comfort; but old age, and the absence
+      of those who, in days gone by, patted his shaggy coat, and the sound of
+      whose voices he would recognize and greet, no doubt tended to hasten
+      physical ailments, which necessitated the request that an officer of the
+      Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should put an end to the
+      suffering of an endeared and most affectionate animal who, although he
+      outlived his master and mistress, at last succumbed to the inevitable. He
+      was buried near where the waves of Long Island Sound wash the sandy shore
+      of West Hampton, and a mound of green sod marks the spot where lies the
+      body of the humble friend of the honored soldier, who issued the famous
+      patriotic mandate: &ldquo;If any one attempts to haul down the American flag,
+      shoot him on the spot.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Does the mule equal the horse or donkey in intelligence?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0019" id="linkimage-0019"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0053.jpg" alt="0053 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0053.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is generally conceded that he does not,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but he is far
+      from being the stupid animal that many people suppose. He has a keen nose,
+      and can often scent danger of which his rider or driver is ignorant. He
+      has a great dread of an Indian, and it is a common saying in the Far West
+      that a mule will always give warning when Indians are about. On this
+      subject Dr. William A. Hammond tells a good story:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day, while the Doctor was stationed at Fort Webster, in what is now
+      Arizona, he started down the canyon on a very fine large mule. The beast
+      suddenly stopped abruptly and would not budge a step. Spurs were used to
+      no purpose. There he stood as firm as a rock. Dr. Hammond pulled him
+      around and galloped back to the fort. The next morning it was ascertained
+      that at a point scarcely a hundred yards in advance of where the mule
+      gained his victory some Apache Indians had ambushed the road; and, but for
+      the brute's keen nose, and ears, and in resisting an obstinate man, short
+      work would have been made of mule and rider.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mules live to a great age when they are properly cared for,&rdquo; continued
+      Mr. Graham. &ldquo;Until quite recently there was a mule named Jennie on
+      Blackwell's Island, that had been there forty years, and she was supposed
+      to be nearly twenty years old when she became a public charge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Jennie has an interesting history. About forty years ago her owner had a
+      mild attack of lunacy and was consigned to the insane asylum. He had
+      traveled across the continent from San Francisco with Jennie it was said,
+      and became so attached to the beast that he could not be persuaded to part
+      with her, and the two were carried to Ward's Island together. The mule and
+      the lunatic were about the same age then, and were devoted friends. In all
+      kinds of weather they roamed about the asylum grounds together. One day
+      Jennie was taken across to Harlem to be shod. The boat was moored and the
+      animal tied to a tree by the bank, while the keeper went off to find the
+      blacksmith. When he came back for the mule she was no longer in sight. The
+      broken halter was lying on the ground, and Jennie was found that
+      afternoon, still wet from her swim, with her old friend on the island. At
+      length the lunatic died, and Jennie fell into the hands of the Board of
+      Governors, and was set to work on Randall's Island. She dragged brick
+      carts and lawn rollers for awhile, her size and age-unfitting her for
+      heavier work, and was used for distributing bread in the morning among the
+      various buildings. She was saddled, too, sometimes, and ridden by the
+      children and their nurses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Twenty-five years ago the keeper of the stables asked permission to kill
+      her as an incumbrance. Isaac Bell was then one of the Charities
+      Commissioners, and through his influence and interest in the matter, an
+      order was issued declaring that Jennie should be retired from active
+      service and live in the comparative luxury of the island's stables and
+      grass plots as long as she pleased. The mule was moved once more, this
+      time to Blackwell's Island, and took her quarters in the stone stable at
+      the south end of the almshouse grounds. Keepers and inmates have been
+      changing ever since, but in all the twenty-five years the venerable mule
+      has seemed to grow scarcely a day older. She still draws light loads when
+      the keepers harness her for exercise, and the Irishman in a striped jacket
+      who is her involuntary groom stands in as great awe of her hind legs as
+      ever. With the rest, however, she is good humored and docile, and has long
+      been caressed as a pet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0020" id="linkimage-0020"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0055.jpg" alt="0055 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0055.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And let me say,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;that if you ever own a mule,
+      don't disfigure him and make him unhappy by clipping his mane and tail.
+      Nature has not made him as beautiful as the horse, but, in the language of
+      one of his friends, 'she has endowed him with those gifts useful to his
+      race, and among those are a good mane and tail; if not as an adornment,
+      yet as a protection against his enemies, the tormenting, biting flies. To
+      shear these does not add to his good looks; on the contrary it makes him
+      appear more unsightly. He is not to blame for large head and long ears;
+      why then should these be made more disproportionate by clipping the mane?
+      and why should the tail be reduced to a mere pendant tuft, when both are
+      needed to protect the poor, overworked creature from his winged enemies?
+      It is to be hoped that mule-owners will learn to consider this custom as
+      senseless, as a sin against the comfort and protection of this good
+      servant, and treat the despised mule with more humane consideration.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I found some verses to-day,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;that I liked very much. They
+      were in a paper called <i>Our Dumb Animals</i>, and illustrate the
+      advantages of kindness to the creatures that cannot speak to tell their
+      wants. Shall I read them?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Certainly,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham: &ldquo;Read them, and let your playmates read
+      them, too.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Charley slowly read the following:
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      &ldquo;UNCLE JAKE'S DUMB CRITTERS.&rdquo;
+     </h3>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      &ldquo;I don't know much of languages, such as the scholars tell.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      But the language of dumb critters I understand quite well.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And I think, sir&mdash;yes, I think, sir&mdash;that their voices reach the
+      sky.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And that their Maker understands the pleading of their eye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And I shouldn't be surprised, sir, if at the judgment day,
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Some cruel, heartless human folks should be as dumb as they.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My house is not so elegant as many are, I know;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      But my cattle are all sheltered from the wintry winds and snow.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And they are not kept on rations that leave nothing but the frame.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Or in the spring returning to 'the dust from whence they came.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Ah! God hath wisely ordered, sir, that in a money way,
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Starving, abusing, critters are the things that will not pay.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      If any of my flock are sick or hurt in any way,
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      I see that they are cared for, sir, by night as well as day.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My letter's on their wool, sir&mdash;'tis all the brand I know;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My lambs&mdash;they are not tailless, for God didn't make them so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Some say sheep don't need water, but I tell you it's a lie!
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      They're almost frantic for it, sir, the same as you or I.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My horses&mdash;you have seen them, sir, they are just what they seem;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And, if I do say it myself, they are a splendid team.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      They wear no foolish blinders, and from check reins they are free;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      And they never had a hurt, sir, that had been caused by me.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      The way they do my bidding now.'tis really a surprise!
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      They know my very step, sir, and thank me with their eyes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My pig pen, over yonder, I'd like, sir, to Lave shown;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      My hogs&mdash;they never are the 'breed' that is but skin and bone;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      I know, sir, that to fatten them they need both food and drink,
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      A shelter and a bed, sir, will help it on I think.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      I have a yard on purpose, they can root whene'er they choose&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      It seems to me like cruelty, so rings I never use.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      There's one thing more I want to show, 'tis Hannah's hen-house, here&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      Our poultry always pays us well, and just now eggs are dear&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      'Tis warm and clean and bright, you see, with gravel on the ground;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      There's food and water standing here each day the whole year round.
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      But maybe I have tired you, sir&mdash;forgive an old man's pride;
+    </p>
+    <p class="indent10">
+      But somehow I love dumb critters, and I want their needs supplied.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There's one thing in those verses I want to ask about,&rdquo; said George, when
+      his brother paused. &ldquo;Uncle Jake says his horses 'wear no foolish blinders,
+      and from check-reins they are free.' Now I want to ask why horses are made
+      to wear blinders in harness, when they don't wear them while under the
+      saddle! I know that the carriage horses in our stables don't wear
+      blinders, but I never thought to ask why.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It's because I've given strict orders that none of my horses shall wear
+      them,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered. &ldquo;And my reasons for so ordering I will give in
+      the words of Dr. Humphreys, who has studied the subject and long ago
+      converted me to his way of thinking. Dr. Humphreys says it is charitable
+      to suppose that intelligent people are not designedly cruel. In most cases
+      they are so, more from thoughtlessness than design! Nay, they are often
+      quite astonished to learn&mdash;when their attention is called to the
+      subject&mdash;that they have long been inflicting some cruelty unwittingly
+      upon some of their dumb servants. This is a busy world, and we live in a
+      very busy part of it, and we may, perhaps, be excused for not looking at
+      every step lest some luckless worm be trod upon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'The custom of having wagon or carriage horses <i>wear blinders</i>,'
+      says Dr. Humphrey, 'originated at a period when horses were supposed to be
+      thoroughly vicious and ill-trained, ready to run upon the slightest
+      provocation; to take fright from seeing any passing object,&mdash;looking
+      back in anxious dread of the whip&mdash;all of which supposes a condition
+      of things now pretty well passed away. Horses are better bred and better
+      trained. The Arab proverb well says: 'The pure blood horse has no vice.'
+      He only wants to know what is required of him and he will do it if within
+      his power. A driver who is<i> fit</i> to drive a horse <i>rarely or never
+      strikes with his whip</i>. A mere motion of the rein or whip is all the
+      horse requires, and all that most horses will submit to. The bad temper
+      and the bad tricks of horses, are made so, nineteen times in twenty, by
+      the causeless brutality of driver or trainer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0021" id="linkimage-0021"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0058.jpg" alt="0058 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0058.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The use of the horse's eye is important. He should see what is before
+      him, and on each side of him, and the ground on which he treads. Objects
+      on either side of him do not frighten him <i>if he sees them</i>. It is
+      the sudden appearance of unaccustomed objects that frighten nervous
+      horses. The blinders contribute to this, and so far from being a
+      preventive are a provocative of fright. Give the horse the use of his eye,
+      and let him see the object, and he is rarely or never frightened. A shying
+      horse is a horse who does not see clearly. If blinders were necessary to
+      prevent horses from being frightened, why not use them on saddle horses;
+      and the fact that they are never so used, disposes of the whole argument
+      in their favor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The horse needs his eyes to see the ground upon which he steps. We may
+      not think so, but all animals are even more careful than men where they
+      tread. A horse running over a human body will not step upon it if he has
+      his eyes. But with the eyes half covered with blinders, he may do so, a
+      consideration of no small importance in a crowded city.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Has it ever occurred to ask ourselves what right we have to deprive
+      horses of the use of their eyes. They minister to our convenience and
+      pleasure, and we give them their food and care. Nay, we may even render
+      them serviceable. But we have no right to deprive them of the light of day
+      or the joy of beholding surrounding objects. To assume that they do not
+      prize or care for it argues but slight acquaintance with their nature.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Again, the non-use of an organ tends to destroy it. Fortunately the mass
+      of our horses are not born of those whose eyes are habitually blinded, or
+      we should, ere long, come to a race of no-eyed horses. But even now the
+      blinding has not been without its curse. The eye of the horse is not so
+      fine as that of the ox, the deer, or the gazelle, to say nothing of the
+      increasing frequency of weak eyes&mdash;defective vision and blindness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And all this comes of heedlessness. We do it because we are accustomed to
+      it. We don't think of the pleasure of which we are depriving our mute
+      friends. We don't think how much better the horses would look with the use
+      of their eyes, or of how much light the eye would add to the picture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The harness maker doesn't think of it. His business is to make as much of
+      the harness as possible. To him 'there is nothing like leather.' The
+      coachman doesn't think of it. So long as his position on the box is
+      secure, he is satisfied.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Occasionally a sensible man&mdash;and very often he's a poor man&mdash;is
+      seen driving his horse or team without taking from them the use of their
+      eyes&mdash;and how other horses or teams must envy those fortunate ones.
+      But the great mass with huge blinders drawn tight over their eyes, blunder
+      on in the dark, their drivers and owners utterly unconscious of the wrong
+      they are doing or the misery they are unconsciously inflicting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0022" id="linkimage-0022"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0060.jpg" alt="0060 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0060.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And in the same spirit of thoughtlessness,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;the
+      check-rein, or bearing-rein, as the English call it, is used upon horses.
+      There ought to be a law making it an offence punishable by a heavy
+      penalty, to fasten a horse's head high in the air, as we see the heads of
+      many carriage-horses fastened. Mr. Bergh, the founder of the Society for
+      the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, has done much toward breaking up the
+      abuse, but it still continues, in spite of his efforts. Many articles on
+      the subject have appeared in the Society's paper <i>Our Animal Friends.</i>
+      Here is one of them, it is entitled: &ldquo;the check-rein.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Under the mistaken idea that this device in some way adds to the beauty
+      of the horse, this poor, patient, helpless servant is submitted to the
+      most cruel and prolonged torture. The horse is one of the most beautiful
+      animals, because of his fine proportions and graceful curving outlines.
+      His beauty can be enhanced only by good feeding, care and grooming.
+      Clumsy, heavy, ill-fitting harness, trappings which conceal his body from
+      view, and all devices which cause him to assume unnatural and constrained
+      positions, always tend to mar his good appearance. Notice how his beauty
+      is spoiled at once by destroying the graceful curves of his natural
+      position, and introducing the straight lines and angles incident to the
+      use of the overcheck. The grandeur and nobility of the animal's appearance
+      are sadly marred by putting him into this foolish position, with his eyes
+      gazing upward into the sky, his nose sticking straight out before him, and
+      his straining and craning so ungracefully and uncomfortably. If any
+      driver, or any one else, thinks it is not cruel to fasten a horse's head
+      in such a position, let him try it himself. Put a man into this terrible,
+      unnatural position, with the hot sun blazing into his eyes, unable to
+      watch his steps, give him a burden to draw or carry, whip him into a smart
+      run over the rough roads and streets, and he will soon understand why a
+      horse with an overcheck is continually restlessly tossing his head and
+      turning it from side to side in his vain effort to get relief from his
+      excruciating misery. Stand up, throw the head back, and look steadily at
+      the ceiling for five minutes, and without any bit to chafe the torn and
+      bleeding mouth, you will get a vivid and lasting impression of what
+      torture is. A horse allowed to hold his head in a natural position makes a
+      beautiful and pleasant picture, while one tortured and disfigured by a
+      strap extending over the head, is an exhibition causing discomfort to the
+      beholder, and awakening his kindest sympathies and arousing his
+      indignation. The overcheck contrivance was originated by a horse-jockey,
+      whose horse, when rapidly driven, made a whistling noise in breathing. How
+      any gentleman or lady of intelligence can consent to ride behind a horse
+      which is being tortured with such a silly contrivance of cruelty it is
+      difficult to imagine.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0023" id="linkimage-0023"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0062.jpg" alt="0062 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0062.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In England,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;one of the most indefatigable workers
+      for the abolition of the bearing-rein, is Mr. Edward Ford-ham Flower, who
+      has published a book on the subject. In this book he says:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'It is a severe penance to any man who loves a horse to walk along the
+      fashionable streets or the park, and to witness the sufferings of horses
+      from this absurd and cruel practice. Little does the benevolent dowager
+      who sits absorbed in the pages of the last tract of the 'Society for
+      Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,' know of the sufferings of the two noble
+      animals by whom she is leisurely drawn along the 'Lady's Mile.' She
+      probably fancies that the high prancing step, and the toss of the head
+      which scatters flakes of foam at every step, are expressions of pride and
+      satisfaction at their task, when in fact they are occasioned by pain, and
+      a vain attempt to obtain a momentary relief from their suffering. Let any
+      one watch the horses in the park, or standing as they do for hours at the
+      theaters, shops, etc., with foaming mouths, and tongues swollen and
+      hanging out, trying to get a little ease to their poor heads and necks, by
+      tossing them up, putting them sideways, or in any possible position,
+      vainly appealing to their unheeding or ignorant masters, or coachmen, to
+      slacken, if only for a few minutes, the torturing rein, and then say if we
+      can call ourselves a humane people!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'It must be a source of grief to see the number of animals in carriages
+      to whom this bearing-rein is applied.. The first thing is, whatever may be
+      the form of the neck of the horse, to bring him, so to speak, into the
+      same line, and the bearing-rein is introduced in order to bring his head
+      into the required position. He is then attached to a carriage, and what is
+      the next step? Perhaps the carriage is ordered to the door a couple of
+      hours before it suits the convenience of the riders to enter it, and they
+      let the horse stand there exposed to the heat of the sun and the biting of
+      the flies; and there is the wretched animal with his head stuck up in the
+      air, unable to drive away a fly. The bewigged brute and idiot of a
+      coachman, of course, thinks it a very fine thing to sit behind these poor
+      animals with their stuck-up heads; but his master ought to know better.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham said that any person who doubted the ability of a horse to pull
+      more with his head free, than when it is held by a check-rein, could
+      easily convince himself by making a trial with a team. He then told a
+      story about the Scotchman Macadam, who invented the road bearing his name.
+      On one occasion Macadam was on the outside of a coach, traveling on one of
+      his own roads, when the horses stopped, halfway up a hill. Macadam was
+      taunted with the failure of his system, for there were those who
+      disbelieved in his plan, or were jealous of the reward granted to him by
+      the Government. Macadam quietly got off the coach, went to the horses'
+      heads, and loosed the four bearing-reins. The horses stretched their
+      necks, put their shoulders to the collar, and easily reached the top of
+      the hill. He thus vindicated the success of his system, and taught his
+      fellow passengers and the coachman a lesson of humanity and common-sense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham added that Barclay and Perkins, the great brewers of London,
+      who own hundreds of horses, have forbidden the use of blinders or binding
+      reins on any of their animals.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following, under the title &ldquo;A True Horse Story,&rdquo; is taken from a
+      recent number of <i>Our Animal Friends</i>:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On Madison Avenue one day I paused to pat the nose of a beautiful horse
+      which stood by the curb, and commiserate his misfortune, for this
+      beautiful animal, though sleek of coat and shapely in body and limb, was
+      apparently suffering most excruciating torture. His head had been checked
+      inhumanely high, and the cruel bit, drawing tightly in his mouth,
+      disfigured an animal face of unusual charm and intelligence. I was just
+      fancying that the horse had begun to understand and appreciate my words of
+      sympathy, when the lady who sat in the carriage holding the reins fumbled
+      in her pocket, produced a lump of white sugar, and asked me to give it to
+      the horse.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0024" id="linkimage-0024"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0066.jpg" alt="0066 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0066.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'He is very fond of sugar,' she explained, 'and I have quite won his
+      heart by feeding it to him. I always carry sugar in my pocket while out
+      driving, and give him a lump at every opportunity. I never knew a horse to
+      be so fond of sugar. Will you please give him another lump?'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Certainly,' I replied; 'I see that you are quite as fond of the horse as
+      he is of sweets.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Yes, I think everything of him.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Then why do you torture him?'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Torture my Prince?'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Yes, that is just what you are doing. Do you know that the poor animal
+      suffers agony because his head is checked so unnaturally high? His neck is
+      drawn out straight, producing a most ungraceful angle, he holds his head
+      awkwardly, the bit is hurting his mouth, and that graceful curvature of
+      neck and carriage of head which are in his nature are now entirely lost.
+      Why do you check him so high?'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;She didn't know. She was not aware that high checking was a source of
+      pain to horses, nor that it destroyed their natural beauty. She was amazed
+      at the discovery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'May I trouble you to unloosen his check?' she asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When the strap was unsnapped, the horse immediately lowered his head,
+      straightened the cramps out of his handsome neck, shook himself to make
+      sure that he had actually been released from bondage, and they looked
+      around with such a grateful, delighted expression in his intelligent eyes
+      that his mistress declared no more checking straps should be used upon
+      him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Cobweb and Major had both been broken to harness, as well as to the
+      saddle, and some days after the conversation recorded in this chapter,
+      Charley tried Cobweb in a dog-cart which his father had given him.
+      Check-reins and blinders formed no part of the pretty creature's harness,
+      and he seemed to appreciate his freedom from those abominations of modern
+      custom. Major was tried in the afternoon of the same day, and his
+      performance fully justified the faith that the boys had in the reformed
+      system of driving. Not only did George and Charley declare that they would
+      never use blinders or check-reins on their horses, but they chorussed the
+      evils of the old practice to their young friends, several of whom were
+      induced to follow their example. And of all those who did so, not one
+      returned to the cruelties he had so unthinkingly practiced, simply because
+      it was the fashion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0025" id="linkimage-0025"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0069.jpg" alt="0069 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0069.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      How horses can be cured of their maladies by kind and proper treatment, is
+      told in the following extract from the life of Sir Astley Cooper. His
+      coachman was instructed to attend every market-morning at Smithfield, and
+      purchase all the lame young horses which he thought might possibly be
+      convertible into carriage or saddle horses, should they recover from their
+      defects. He was never to give more than £7 ($35.00) for a horse, but £5
+      ($25.00) was the average price. In this manner thirty or forty horses were
+      sometimes collected at Gaelis-bridge, his farm. Once a week the blacksmith
+      came up from the village, and the horses were brought to him for
+      inspection. Having discovered the cause of their lameness, he proceeded to
+      perform whatever seemed to him necessary for the cure. The improvement
+      produced in a short time by good feeding and medical attendance, appeared
+      truly wonderful. Horses which were at first with difficulty driven to
+      pasture, because of their lameness, were now with as much difficulty
+      restrained from running away. Even one fortnight at Gaelisbridge would
+      frequently produce such an alteration in some of them that it required no
+      unskillful eye in the former owner to recognize the animal which he had
+      sold. Fifty guineas were paid for one of these animals, which turned out a
+      very good bargain, and Sir Astley's carriage was for years drawn by a pair
+      of horses which, together, cost him only £12 10s.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0026" id="linkimage-0026"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0070.jpg" alt="0070 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0070.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER IV.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Horses that need Check-Reins and Blinders&mdash;Proper Mode of applying
+      Them&mdash;Uses of Whips and Spurs&mdash;How to Train a Horse to Follow
+      You&mdash;A Horse in a Parlor&mdash;The Horse that Wouldn't be Called a
+      Blackguard&mdash;Intelligence of London Bus Horses&mdash;How Horses
+      express their Gratitude&mdash;Henry Bergli and the Society for Preventing
+      Cruelty to Animals&mdash;A Summary of the Society's Work&mdash;What it has
+      Accomplished&mdash;Friendships of Dogs and Horses&mdash;How the Horse
+      lifted his Friend the Cat&mdash;Locomotive and Colt Racing&mdash;Believers
+      in a Future Life for Animals&mdash;A Horse Saved his Master's Life&mdash;Tatters
+      and What he Did.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">W</span>hen our young
+      friends reported to their father the result of their experiments at
+      driving their horses without check-reins he was greatly pleased to know
+      they had followed his advice and found it so satisfactory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0027" id="linkimage-0027"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9071.jpg" alt="9071 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9071.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      They further told him that their neighbors had said it was not safe to
+      give up check-reins altogether on all kinds of horses, and asked if such
+      was the case.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That is quite true,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered, &ldquo;and I'm glad the subject was
+      mentioned. There are some horses that it would be dangerous to drive
+      without some kind of a check-rein; very fresh, unruly or vicious horses
+      require something to prevent their getting their heads down and running
+      away, but the rein should always be so loose that when a horse has his
+      head in proper position the snaffle-bit will hang down from the corners of
+      the mouth instead of being drawn up into the cheeks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mr. Sidney says,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;that the object of a check-rein
+      should be to divide the weight with the driver's hands so that when the
+      horse drops his head below a certain point the weight of his mouth will
+      come on the check-rein instead of upon the driver's hands. It also
+      prevents horses, when standing still, from rubbing their heads against
+      each other or against the pole where the bit is liable to be caught and
+      cause an accident. Properly fitted, the check-rein does no harm and may be
+      the means of preventing runaways, but unless it is slack when the horse
+      has his head in a natural position it is not properly fitted. If a horse
+      naturally carries his head down, like a pig, he is not suited for a
+      carriage anyway, and should be employed solely as a working horse.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0028" id="linkimage-0028"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0072.jpg" alt="0072 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0072.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Thank you, sir,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;and Mr. Webb also said that there are
+      horses which cannot be driven safely without blinders.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Undoubtedly he is right,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but of all the horses now
+      driven with blinders, nineteen out of twenty would be just as safe without
+      them. A great deal depends on the training and early treatment of a horse;
+      if he is broken without blinders he is very unlikely ever to need them, as
+      he will be accustomed to the noise and sight of the carriage behind him
+      and to what is going on around him. Some nervous horses are always looking
+      back, and whenever the driver makes the least move they are apt to jump or
+      become restive. Such horses may need blinders, but they should be put on
+      in such a way as to allow a good range of vision in front. Several
+      gentlemen have equipped their horses with narrow blinders, or more
+      properly screens, that stand straight out from the side of the animal's
+      head; he thus has a view in front and on both sides of him, but cannot
+      seethe carriage and its occupant. Year by year the disuse of blinders
+      increases, and we may hope for the day when they will be practically given
+      up. Nobody thinks of putting them on saddle horses, and they are very
+      rarely, if ever, used on trotting horses in harness. If not needed on
+      race-trotters, why should they be placed on any other horse in harness?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The subject of check-reins and blinders having been disposed of, Charley's
+      next question referred to the use of the whip in riding or driving, and
+      the spur in riding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;For most purposes,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;the whip should be more an article
+      of ornament than of use. It should never be applied in anger, and in most
+      applications it should be simply as a reminder. I have known horses that
+      were quite lazy, and refused to move above a very slow pace, when their
+      riders or drivers had no whips or spurs, but a single touch of either, at
+      starting, rendered further use unnecessary. A lady's saddle horse requires
+      a slight touch of the whip as an indication to take certain steps or to
+      change from one pace to another. The best horsemen do not ride without
+      spurs, but they very rarely use them, and then only for some real reason.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0029" id="linkimage-0029"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8074.jpg" alt="8074 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8074.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      There is no need for the spurs to be sharp; in fact they had better be
+      blunt, as the chances of injuring the horse are thus diminished.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked how he could teach Major to follow him when he got off to
+      walk a short distance, as frequently happens.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;For instruction on that point,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;I will refer you to Mr.
+      Rarey's book, where very clear instructions are to be found. They are
+      copied on page 298 of 'The Book of the Horse.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George hunted up the paragraph and read as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Provide yourself with a gig-whip and three or four carrots cut in slices.
+      Lead the horse out in either a halter or a common watering-bridle. A
+      closed barn or riding school is the best place for all instruction,
+      because there is then nothing to distract the horse's attention, but a
+      quiet lane will do as well. Begin by fondling your horse, talking to him
+      in horse-language, and giving him one or two bits of carrot, for which, if
+      he has not been fed recently, he will be eager, and begin to push his nose
+      into your hand for more. Then commence by leading him forward and backward
+      with one hand, holding the gig-whip trailing behind you with the other,
+      calling to him by name, if he has one, all the time, as thus:&mdash;Come&mdash;come
+      along, come along, old fellow, touching him up gently or sharply, as the
+      case may be, on his hindquarters, with the point of the gig-lash to drive
+      him forward, and fondling or rewarding him as he comes to your hand. He
+      will soon learn to press forward to avoid the flick of the whip behind,
+      and to come to your shoulder to be caressed and rewarded. Instead of
+      flying from you, he will learn to seek safety by your side, and follow you
+      anywhere.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The whip has something to do with the instruction,&rdquo; George remarked, as
+      he read the foregoing paragraph to Charley.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; said the latter, &ldquo;but you see there are more carrots and caresses
+      than whips. Here's something about the use, or rather the misuse, of the
+      whip which I have just found in <i>Our Animal Friends.</i> The writer
+      appears to know what he wants to say.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The whip is the parent of stubbornness in a high-spirited animal, while
+      gentleness will win obedience, and at the same time attach the animal to
+      us. It is the easiest thing imaginable to win the affection of animals,
+      and especially horses. An apple, a potato, or a few lumps of sugar, given
+      from the hand now and then, will cause the horse to prick up his ears at
+      the sound of his owner's footstep, not with fear, but with a low whinnying
+      note of pleasure. The confidence of the noblest beast thus gained, will
+      lead him to obey the slightest intelligent tone of voice or indication of
+      the bit. There is no such thing as balkiness to be found in a horse thus
+      treated; he shows a desire to obey, whereas a few lashes of the whip,
+      smartly applied, if he be a horse worth having, will arouse in him a
+      spirit of retaliation and stubbornness that may cost the owner hours of
+      trouble, and possibly danger, to life and limb. Horses are made gentle by
+      kindness. They believe in the 'master' they love, and his voice will calm
+      them in a moment of fear, or induce them to struggle forward, even when
+      overladen, and when a whip would be sure to bring them to a stubborn
+      standstill.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No man knows the true value of his horse until he has won his regard and
+      confidence, as it were. The whip will never know this. A kind hand and
+      gentle voice will act like magic. Thus we have known women who could
+      handle and drive horses that would almost invariably show vicious traits
+      in the hands of a male driver.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And here's a good story,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;which is copied from the <i>Cornhill
+      Magazine</i>:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'All horses have their fancies, and know perfectly well whom they have to
+      deal with. I am just now exercised with Whitefeet. One day I found her in
+      the drawing-room. To reach it she had walked into the house by the front
+      entrance, and after traveling a corridor some forty feet long, had passed
+      through three door-ways. There she was, examining furniture, smelling
+      knick-knacks, and looking out of the window. I expected a scene, since she
+      was as good as wild, having never been made acquainted with saddle, bridle
+      or shoe. Yet she behaved like a young lady, not only daintily walking
+      about among chairs and tables without damage, but exhibiting solitary
+      self-consciousness, especially when she came to look at herself in the
+      mirror. This she did with much interest, getting first one side of her
+      face and then the other into the most appreciable position. It seemed to
+      me that she smiled. When she had gazed her fill I said. 'Now come out, my
+      dear.' Then she put her warm, velvety nose into the hollow of my uplifted
+      hand and followed me, as I walked backward like a courtier into the
+      paddock. And yet a professional breaker had found her hard to manage. She
+      was evidently too refined for him, and resented his coarse manners. Horses
+      show deliberate resentment. Years ago we had two piebalds, Marquis and
+      Tag. I have a portrait, but knew them not, as they lived before I was
+      born. You might&mdash;it was so related to me when a boy by my elders&mdash;call
+      Tag anything but a 'blackguard.' Tradition says that an incredulous guest,
+      having been told this, one evening after dinner, went up by himself to
+      Tag, before breakfast the next morning, and quietly said: 'Tag, you are a
+      blackguard.' He was thankful to get into the house with only half his coat
+      torn off his back. Tag flew at him, open-mouthed, at once.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The intelligence of horses in England is not monopolized by the high bred
+      ones,&rdquo; said Charley after listening to the account of White-feet in the
+      parlor. &ldquo;Here's what an Englishman says of the London omnibus horses!&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I like riding on an omnibus; it is the best way to see London, and I
+      often sit by a 'bus driver's side to the end of his stage and back. So I
+      see a good deal of the 'bus horse, and I find in him an animal who well
+      repays watching. Most people know that he understands the conductor's
+      bell; but few know how well he understands it. The London 'bus driver is a
+      very Jehu, but his cattle need very little driving. I see them stop when
+      the bell rings, and I see them start when it rings again, even when it
+      does so within two seconds. Yet, when the 'bus is in full roll, and the
+      conductor rings twice, to show the driver that he is 'full inside,' the
+      horses know the double ring and never pause in their stride. Again, the
+      'bus horse knows the policeman's signal. I am driving down Oxford Street.
+      At the corner of Bond Street, an old lady wants to cross the road. The
+      policeman holds up his white-gloved hand and the horses stop,
+      automatically, not pulled up by Jehu. The lady safely across, the
+      policeman jerks his thumb forward, and the horses start again. A heavy
+      dray is in front. Without sign from Jehu, the horses swerve to right and
+      circumvent it. I sometimes think the conductor might drive by merely
+      pulling his bellcord, and so save the driver's wages. Further, these
+      sagacious beasts know all their stoppings; they know the import of the cue
+      'higher up,' and they know the clatter of the released brake. Observe,
+      too, how skilfully the 'bus-horse picks out the dryer portion of the wet
+      and slippery wood pavings. And see him cleverly skate down Waterloo Place,
+      after a shower of rain or water-carts, with heavy 'bus behind him. What
+      other animal could do the like?'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0030" id="linkimage-0030"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0077.jpg" alt="0077 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0077.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;From a loaded omnibus horse, to a New York street-car horse, is a very
+      natural step,&rdquo; remarked George. &ldquo;Listen to this account by Supt. Hankinson
+      of Mr. Bergh's society, of the appreciation of kindness, which was
+      manifested by some car-horses that had been turned out to rest on a farm
+      near the city:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Among the animals were three which appeared to have formed an attachment
+      for each other, for no matter where one went, the others would follow. One
+      of the officers had plucked several apples from a tree on the grounds, and
+      while eating the fruit the horses approached, and stood in line before
+      him. The first, a sorrel, had a most perfect face, and evidently came from
+      the best stock. The other two appeared to be of ordinary breed; but all
+      were completely run down physically, by reason of the hard work they had
+      done while engaged in dragging street cars. The poor creatures looked
+      longingly at the officer as he ate the fruit, and when the sorrel was
+      given a piece of an apple, the other two took positions, one on the right,
+      the other to the left, with the sorrel well in front.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0031" id="linkimage-0031"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0082.jpg" alt="0082 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0082.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'The sight of the group would have gladdened the heart of an artist.
+      Their wistful looks beaming from beautiful eyes, as the officer preceeded
+      to cut an apple into three parts and distribute it among them, would have
+      pleased a sympathetic mind. When the last piece of apple was disposed of,
+      and the officer moved to another part of the field, he was followed at a
+      respectful distance by his dumb acquaintances, and from place to place,
+      wherever duty required his presence, the three horses would accompany him,
+      as if to show their appreciation of the simple kindness which had been
+      shown them. A stone wall, about four feet high, divided the field from the
+      highway leading to the place where the Society's patrol wagon, had been
+      left, and when the officers had finished their work, they passed through a
+      gate opening into the road. Sorrel and his companions did not propose,
+      however, to be left in any such a summary manner, and followed along by
+      the stone wall, until further progress was stopped by a high wooden fence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'When about half-way down the road, the officers heard sounds of furious
+      galloping, and, to their amazement, the sorrel came dashing up, having
+      leaped the stone wall, a feat which his companions either could not or
+      would not venture to do. He followed after the officials until great
+      results from his work. Superintendent Hankinson said recently, in an
+      interview with a newspaper reporter:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'We have not in these days the disgusting exhibitions of cruelty and
+      brutality that disgraced civilization a quarter of a century ago. You
+      rarely see lame horses dragging heavily loaded trucks or cars now. You
+      seldom hear of men brutally beating their horses. People are no longer
+      sickened by the spectacle of horses covered with bleeding, festering
+      sores. The cattle yards are better and cleaner and healthier than they
+      ever were. The swill-milk stables are gone. Dog fights and cock they had
+      reached the vehicle, when he was captured and led back to the paddock.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley agreed with his brother that it was an interesting story. Their
+      comments upon it naturally led to a discussion of the Society for the
+      Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which has been mentioned in a preceding
+      chapter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You know it was founded by Mr. Bergh,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;and before his
+      death that gentleman had the satisfaction of seeing very fights are not as
+      numerous as they were, and there is even an element of humanity in the
+      brutal sport of pigeon shooting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I have no hesitation in affirming that this changed condition of affairs
+      is wholly due to the labors of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
+      to Animals. The Society was organized to work just such a reform, and I am
+      sure the public will bear me out in the statement that its efforts have
+      been crowned with success.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Just let me instance some phases of cruelty that were very common in
+      this city in the early days of the Society, but which are very rarely
+      heard of now:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'What an ordinary spectacle it once was to see a horse, dragging a
+      heavily laden cart or truck, fall from sheer exhaustion in the street! And
+      the brutal driver would take a rung from his cart and beat the poor animal
+      in the most horrible manner about the head and body. That spectacle is
+      very rare in these days. Drivers of horses are particular now not to
+      overload their trucks, and they think a good deal, if the horse happens to
+      fall, before using a cart rung on him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'You remember, too, how certain dealers in poultry used to go through the
+      streets carrying fowls by the legs and letting their heads drag along the
+      sidewalk. Nowadays fowls are transported about the city in crates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Bit burrs are not quite as numerous now as they were some years ago.
+      They were quite a 'fad' in society once. They were made of leather about
+      three inches in diameter, and one such was thickly studded with long,
+      sharp tacks. These burrs were fastened to the bit and placed on each side
+      of the horse's mouth. They were a constant source of agony to the horse,
+      but they pleased society because they made the horses jump and prance as
+      though possessed of an exuberance of animal spirits. The horse's attitude
+      and antics were magnificent, but it was magnificent agony, for those tacks
+      tore and lacerated the tender flesh about the mouth in the most horrible
+      manner. That burr was a most diabolical instrument of torture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Another society 'fad' which the Society stopped, or rather ameliorated,
+      was the practice of clipping horses as cold weather approached. The
+      Society's officers frequently saw teams that had just been clipped
+      standing in front of houses in Fifth Avenue or before the big dry-goods
+      establishments for hours, shivering with cold. Of course, they looked very
+      neat and glossy, but the deprivation of the animal's covering was a
+      horrible cruelty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0032" id="linkimage-0032"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9081.jpg" alt="9081 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9081.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The Society's protest had its effect, and those who clipped their horses
+      after that had the humanity to provide them with blankets.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Glanders and farcy, those contagious diseases, incurable in man as well
+      as in beast, are not by any means as prevalent as they once were. And this
+      is owing to the work of the Society in compelling people to keep their
+      stables in good condition. Those diseases are the result of neglect, bad
+      food, and damp, ill-ventilated stables.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Through the efforts of the Society an element of humanity has been
+      introduced into the treatment of the cattle sent to New York for
+      slaughter. The treatment these poor creatures got at one time was simply
+      barbarous. We have officers at all the stock yards and abattoirs, and they
+      make it their business to see that the animals are properly fed and cared
+      for, and that their quarters are kept in a cleanly, healthy condition. A
+      great reform has been consummated, too, by the Society, in the method of
+      transporting live stock.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'And speaking of live stock, reminds me of an incident that happened in
+      the early days of the Society. Mr. Bergh&mdash;and how we all will miss
+      him now that he is gone&mdash;was going through Chambers Street one day,
+      when he saw two men leading a cow and her calf. The calf was literally
+      skin and bones. There was a rope about the cow's neck and another about
+      the calf's. The cow's udder was fearfully distended with the milk within
+      it, and the calf made continual efforts to get at it, but the man pulled
+      the poor little thing away. Well, Mr. Bergh stopped the man, took the rope
+      from the calf's neck, and the moment he did so the famished thing made a
+      dash for that distended udder and drank its fill. The men protested, but
+      Mr. Bergh was inexorable, and he stood there during twenty minutes, the
+      center of a crowd of five hundred people, while the poor calf got the
+      first good square meal of its life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Dog fights and cock fights&mdash;brutal, cruel, demoralizing exhibitions&mdash;were
+      quite a feature of metroplitan life at one time, but are, happily,
+      becoming more and more rare. People who like that so-called 'sport,' to
+      indulge their propensity are now found to sneak off like so many thieves
+      or felons to some stable or loft in the country, and there have their
+      'fun' in the constant fear of interruption by Mr. Bergh or of the police.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'The Society, at one time, had great trouble with the street railroad
+      companies, which persisted in driving lame, crippled, sick and disabled
+      animals; in salting their tracks and overloading their cars to a fearful
+      degree. But there has been a marked reform in all these particulars, and I
+      think I can say the car horses of the city to-day are in very good
+      condition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There can be no doubt that the twenty-two years of the Society's
+      existence have been fraught with great good to the animals that minister
+      to the needs of man. Our Society has grown to enormous proportions, and
+      has branches in every State and city, and almost every town and village,
+      in the country. Since its organization the Society in New York has
+      prosecuted 13,850 cases in the courts, suspended 35,108 disabled animals
+      from work, humanely destroyed 24,099 horses disabled past recovery, and
+      removed 4444 disabled horses from the streets in its ambulances. Last year
+      the Society prosecuted 797 cases of cruelty in the courts, suspended 3456
+      disabled animals from work, destroyed 2546 disabled horses, destroyed 1102
+      small animals disabled past recovery, removed 522 disabled horses from the
+      streets in ambulances, and received and investigated 3773 complaints.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It must not be supposed that the existence of so many cases of cruelty
+      indicates an increase in the cruel treatment of animals; the large figure
+      is rather due to the greater facilities the Society now possesses for the
+      detection of such offences.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Our paid officers are of course limited in number, but every humane
+      person in New York can be said to be a detective of the Society. We
+      receive a great many complaints, investigate them thoroughly, and then
+      report to the complainants the result of such investigations. People write
+      to tell us a certain man is in the habit of beating his horse or of
+      feeding swill to his cows, or that a dog is dying in a vacant lot up-town,
+      or that boys are in the habit of stoning birds in a certain locality. All
+      these things we look into, and when we catch the guilty parties practicing
+      the cruelty complained of we arrest and prosecute them. With all these
+      aids it is clear the work of the Society has been very much simplified and
+      more thorough, but it can be much more so by a further cooperation of the
+      public. That we look for and hope to obtain.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Our young friends agreed that Mr. Bergh had done a great work which should
+      be commemorated by a monument in his honor. &ldquo;Magnificent monuments have
+      been erected to men far less deserving than he,&rdquo; said Charley. &ldquo;If the
+      animals whom he befriended could contribute, many thousands of dollars
+      would be subscribed at once. All the more noble was his philanthropy,
+      because the objects of it could never know their benefactor.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley and George were not long in possession of their horses before they
+      discovered that quite an attachment had been formed between Cobweb and
+      Rover, which was followed by a similar friendship between Major and Dash.
+      Whenever the horses were taken out for exercise the dogs accompanied them
+      and seemed to enjoy the run very much. At night the dogs slept in the
+      stalls with the horses, coiling up under the manger while the steeds were
+      standing, but nestling down among their feet or close to their bodies when
+      they were lying down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That's nothing remarkable,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, when the boys told him of
+      the equine and canine friendships.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Dogs and horses are very often mutually attached and sometimes are able
+      to be of service to each other.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How is that?&rdquo; Charley asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is a story told of an English gentleman who had a fine hunting
+      horse, which was so fond of a greyhound that he was always uneasy when the
+      latter was out of sight. The gentleman used to call at the stable to have
+      the dog take a walk with him, and when he did so the horse always looked
+      after him and neighed uneasily. When the dog returned to the stable he
+      always ran immediately to the horse and licked his nose, the horse
+      returning the greeting by rubbing the dog's back.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day when the groom had taken the horse out for exercise the dog
+      followed, and during the promenade he was attacked by a larger dog which
+      threw him down and was rapidly getting the best of the encounter.
+      Thereupon the horse threw back his ears, and in spite of the efforts of
+      the groom to restrain him, he rushed at the strange dog and seized him
+      with his teeth. He took a good grip of the dog's back that made him quit
+      his hold on the greyhound, and then he shook him till the skin gave way.
+      Under these circumstances the strange canine was not disposed to renew the
+      attack on the greyhound, but ran off as fast as his wounds would permit.
+      As he did so the horse pranced about very proudly, and was evidently quite
+      happy at being of service to his smaller friend.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've read,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;about a horse and cat that were great friends,
+      the cat generally sleeping in the horse's manger. When the horse was going
+      to have his oats, he used to take the cat very gently by the skin on her
+      back, just as cats pick up their kittens, and lift her into the next
+      stall, so that she wouldn't be in his way while he was eating his food.
+      How he learned that cats should be lifted in that way was a mystery, but
+      he certainly did it so that he never hurt her in the least. She seemed to
+      understand it perfectly, and whenever he put her out of the manger she
+      stayed away till he had eaten his oats. He always liked to have her about
+      him, and she frequently climbed on his back and seemed perfectly at home
+      there.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's a story,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;about a race between a colt and a
+      locomotive, and according to the account, it was a lively race. It was
+      printed in the <i>Pittsburgh Despatch</i>, and here it is:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Information comes of a remarkable and exciting race between an express
+      train, on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and a three-year-old colt one
+      day last week. The colt belongs to Vince Carpenter, at Limestone Station,
+      in Carter County, Kentucky. When the express train arrived at Limestone,
+      on the day in question, the colt stepped on the track in front of the
+      engine, and when the train started the colt started also, keeping some
+      distance ahead of the engine until a large trestle was reached at the next
+      stopping-point, a distance of five and a quarter miles from Limestone. The
+      colt started over the trestle, but fell down, and the race came to an end.
+      The engine stopped, a rope was attached to the colt and it was removed
+      from the track.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'In the race of five and a quarter miles, which was reported to have been
+      made in the short time of thirteen minutes, the colt jumped several cow
+      gaps, crossed numerous small trestles, and ran around one or two
+      bridges.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0034" id="linkimage-0034"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0086.jpg" alt="0086 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0086.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Charley's mention of the friendship between a horse and a cat naturally
+      turned the conversation in the direction of cats, and led to several
+      stories about those domestic favorites. We will give some of these
+      anecdotes in the next chapter. Before the conference broke up, George
+      asked a question which he had seen in a newspaper: &ldquo;Is there any future
+      life for animals?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham said he had never given the subject a thought, and had no
+      opinion to offer. He read the following, which was written for <i>Our Dumb
+      Animals</i> by George T. Angell, in answer to the question, in the very
+      words in which George had asked it:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We answer, John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, thought there was. So
+      did those eminent Christian Bishops, Jeremy Taylor and Butler. Coleridge
+      advocated it in England, Lamartine in France, and Agassiz in America.
+      Agassiz, the greatest scientist we ever had on this continent, was a firm
+      believer in some future life for the lower animals. A professor of Harvard
+      University, has compiled a list of one hundred and eighty-five European
+      authors who have written on the subject. Among the leading clergy in
+      Boston, who have publicly expressed their belief in a future life for
+      animals, are Joseph Cook, Trinitarian, and James Freeman Clark, Unitarian.
+      Some years ago a man left by will for Mr. Bergh's Society, a hundred and
+      fifty thousand dollars. Relatives contested the will on the ground that he
+      was insane because he believed in a future life for animals. The judge, in
+      sustaining the will, said that he found that more than half of the human
+      race believed the same thing.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Why do I love horses? Listen, and I will tell you,&rdquo; said a gentleman,
+      whom the author of this volume has known for nearly twenty years. He is a
+      prominent man of business in New York, but modestly declines to have his
+      name in print, so we will call him Mr. A..
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When a boy, living at home on a Vermont farm, my father owned a pair of
+      spirited grays, one being a special pet, never seeming weary and never
+      refusing to go anywhere or to do any service asked of him. His mate was of
+      the other sort, sulky, ugly, and a thorough shirk. My pet had formed a
+      strong personal attachment for me, would always whinney when he heard my
+      step, in fact seemed to have the love of a dog for his master.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Coming down the mountain with a heavy load, by a road plowed out for a
+      single track, and snow three feet and more deep on either side, we met an
+      old gentleman and lady in a single cutter, who could not or thought they
+      could not, turn from the road to allow us to pass.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The off horse, the ugly one, refused to turn into the snow, and I stepped
+      forward of him, taking him by the head, standing in the snow half my
+      depth. Instead of accepting my invitation to follow my lead, he reared and
+      came down upon me, throwing me on my back, with my head just out from
+      under his chest, both of us lying at full length in the snow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Now my pet showed his love and that he saw where the trouble lay. Taking
+      his mate by the side of the lip in his teeth, he lifted him up upon his
+      fore feet, then supposing his duty done, let go his hold, when at once the
+      rascal came down again, this time with one knee upon my chest, nearly
+      crushing it in, and making breathing almost impossible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The old gentleman and lady screamed, and I feared fright of my horses
+      would be an added danger, but instead, no wise man's head was ever clearer
+      as to duty in time of danger, than was that of my equine friend. Taking
+      his mate again by the side of his lip and with a strong grip of his teeth,
+      he lifted and held him sitting on his haunches as a dog would have done,
+      and with one fore foot bowed out on either side of me. Getting hold of the
+      harness I dragged myself from under my captor, when Billy showed in no
+      doubtful manner that he meant all he had done. His whinney was like a cry
+      of joy. He called to me, danced, rubbed his head against me, and showed
+      plainly as language could have done that instinct and love had joined in
+      saving my life. Was it reason or instinct or inspiration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It seemed like a dog's thoughtful, unselfish love, but in the story of
+      horses, I have never known such devotion. Now you know why I love horses,
+      and why cruelty to one of them is, to me, like a cruel injury to a true
+      friend.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      A lady, with whom the author of this volume is well acquainted, writes as
+      follows on this subject:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I think that blinders ought to be abolished by law, but if we cannot get
+      rid of them that way, every friend of the horse should exert all possible
+      influence to induce people to abandon their use. When I first obtained my
+      horse 'Tatters' he had never been driven with an open bridle, and had
+      never been used under a saddle, but he had the reputation of being
+      exceedingly gentle and afraid of nothing except the steam railways and the
+      elevated cars. The statement was correct, as he would stand up and strike
+      toward them with his front feet, snorting and trembling in great terror. I
+      needed a horse both for riding and driving, so I ventured to try him under
+      the saddle before purchasing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I am not a very fearless person, as you know, so I went through all the
+      prescribed rules laid down for horse-breakers, such as giving him the
+      saddle to smell and examine before placing it on his back, putting the
+      skirt of my riding habit under his nose to rub with his upper lip and feel
+      of in his own way, which he did very thoroughly, taking about seven
+      minutes before he seemed entirely satisfied. After mounting and riding
+      round the ring once, I feared Mr. 'Tatters' was balky, for if I wanted him
+      to pass between other riders he would stop suddenly and refuse to move on
+      until a space of six or eight feet was made for his horseship to pass,
+      then he would trot along quietly until the same thing occurred, and so on,
+      until I bethought me that perhaps he was under the impression that the
+      carriage was behind him. I then wheeled him around two or three times in
+      as small a space as possible, at which he showed considerable fear and he
+      kept a sharp look out for splinters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;After about two weeks of this performance daily a fine afternoon tempted
+      me to a ride in the park. Then the question of 'blinders' came up, and
+      each of the 'horsey' people at the stable contributed his quantum of
+      caution to the effect that Tatters would shy at everything and run away
+      for nothing the first time he went out and saw much, but I argued there
+      was no help for it; one could not put blinders on a saddle horse, and
+      there was a heap of courage in remembering that Tatters had not worn
+      blinders when he went to the blacksmith's to be shod.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I shall never forget the delightful afternoon we&mdash;Tatters and I&mdash;had.
+      Tatters enjoyed the prospect of the fun&mdash;turning his head from side
+      to side, and every little while heaving a great sigh of satisfaction which
+      every lover and owner of a horse recognizes and understands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Our usual run now is around the reservoir and park, then up to Macomb's
+      Dam bridge. Glad of company when it is congenial, good company for each
+      other when alone. One day, being with a friend who wished to ride over to
+      the Riverside Drive, I assented, forgetting for the moment that we must
+      pass under the elevated railway in order to get there from Seventh Avenue
+      and One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Street. Fearing ridicule, I would not
+      turn back after assenting to the proposition; so, taking an extra firm
+      grip of the saddle and with a good deal of thumping in the region of my
+      watch-pocket as we approached the dredded object, and assuring Tatters in
+      the sweetest tones possible that 'Nothing will harm the boy! Missis
+      wouldn't let anything hurt her Tatters,' etc. etc.&mdash;imagine my
+      surprise when Tatters, after looking up at the passing train and then
+      turning his head first to the left and then to the right, seeing where the
+      train and the noise came from and where it went, quietly walked along
+      under it perfectly satisfied.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0035" id="linkimage-0035"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0090.jpg" alt="0090 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0090.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I at once made up my mind that if he could see the objects which worried
+      him we should get along better together, so I determined that I would take
+      the blinders off the next time he went in harness. The people at the
+      stable where I keep him tried, in every way, to discourage my doing so.
+      'He will be scared and run away when he sees the carriage behind him, and
+      will kick and smash it to pieces.' 'It will never be safe for you to do
+      it.' 'He will see everything at the side of the road, and you can't drive
+      him at all that way,' and so on, without end. But; I had a woman's
+      obstinacy and determined to try him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When they found I would have my way they said I must have him handled by
+      a trainer and driven in a breaking cart until he was accustomed to the
+      open bridle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;So it was arranged, and I made an appointment with the trainer. Tatters
+      was harnessed into the breaking cart, and with a good stout kicking strap
+      attached. Then the trainer&mdash;looking as though he dreaded the job&mdash;took
+      the reins and mounted the seat&mdash;carefully watched by about twenty
+      grooms, who had come out on the sidewalk to see the fun, and were offering
+      bets on the result. The trainer drove from Fifty-ninth Street up the
+      Boulevard about a dozen blocks and back again, passing under the elevated
+      trains each time. Tatters never behaved better in his life. 'Now,' I said,
+      after walking him around the phaeton with the top first up, and then down,
+      'harness him into it and drive him up the Boulevard and back again,' and
+      the trainer did so, with the same result. Then I got into the phaeton
+      alone and drove around Central Park and up over the bridge at the end of
+      Seventh Avenue, and Tatters never showed the least alarm, and he did not
+      worry and sweat when going fast, as before; but, on the contrary, seemed
+      to enjoy the novelty. He has never been driven with a blind bridle since,
+      and never will be as long as I have him. He certainly goes better than
+      ever before, he is no longer afraid of the trains on the elevated railway,
+      he used to be scared when bicycles came up alongside of him, and now he
+      pays no attention to them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It seems to me that when a horse can see anything properly he doesn't
+      mind it half as much as when he hears a noise and can't see what is making
+      it. Horses are slow in understanding, but once convinced they never
+      forget. When we are near a railway or anything else that is likely to
+      frighten him I talk to Tatters and let him take his own time to see what
+      it is, and then he concludes he isn't to be harmed, and pays no attention
+      to it the next time he sees it. He is a great pet; he eats out of my hand
+      and is very careful not to let his teeth harm me, he recognizes my voice,
+      points his ears and whinnies whenever I go into the stable and say,
+      'Where's my Tatters?' He appreciates every little kindness, and seems to
+      try to do his best to please me. We are great friends; I always try to
+      understand what he is thinking about, and act accordingly. No one can win
+      the confidence of a horse without being kind to it, and above all&mdash;-patient.&rdquo;&mdash;S.
+      A. D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER V.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Cats Among the Ancient Egyptians&mdash;Feline Peculiarities&mdash;Prince
+      Krapotkine's Cat&mdash;Sailor s Superstitions About Cats&mdash;How a Cat
+      Asked for a Surgical Operation&mdash;Steamboat Cats and their Travels&mdash;Display
+      of Feline Gratitude&mdash;The Cat that Gathered Apples for Its Master&mdash;Putting
+      Out a Fire&mdash;Cats as Foster-mothers for Rabbits, Foxes and Other Small
+      Animals&mdash;Fishing with Hook and Line&mdash;Superstitions of Cats&mdash;Fashionable
+      Cat Parties&mdash;How Dan saved the House from Burning&mdash;A wonderful
+      Troupe of Performing Cats&mdash;The Lesson of Kindness to Pussy.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">A</span>s intimated in the
+      last chapter, cats were the subject of conversation between Mr. Graham and
+      his sons, after the story of the horse that lifted the cat out of his
+      manger when he wanted to eat his oats.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0036" id="linkimage-0036"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9094.jpg" alt="9094 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9094.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Several feline anecdotes were related, and then the further consideration
+      of the topic was postponed until the next evening, when Mr. Webb formed
+      one of the party. Henry Johnson happened in during the course of the
+      evening and contributed his share to the general fund of entertainment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats are among the earliest animals domesticated by man,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham, &ldquo;but possibly they are ante-dated by the horse and dog. We find
+      these three animals appearing on the sculptures and paintings of the
+      ancient Egyptians, by whom cats were held in the highest reverence.
+      Temples were erected in their honor, their bodies were mummified after
+      death, sacrifices and devotions were offered up to them, and it was
+      customary for a family to shave off its eyebrows whenever a cat died in
+      its house.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Superstitions concerning cats have descended to the present time,&rdquo; Mr.
+      Webb remarked, when Mr. Graham paused. &ldquo;In the Middle Ages, they were
+      supposed to be the familiars of witches, and a black cat was an object of
+      dread rather than of veneration, as it was supposed to be the embodiment
+      of Satan. Sailors formerly had a dread of cats on shipboard, as a sign of
+      ill-luck, and to a considerable extent this belief continues among them
+      to-day. Many people predict rain when they see a cat washing its face, and
+      a cat-call on a housetop is by some persons held to be a sign of death. It
+      was a current belief in the Middle Ages that a cat had nine lives, and the
+      saying is a common one how. The prevalence of this belief has been the
+      cause of a great many cruelties inflicted on this graceful animal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats do not usually attach themselves to persons,&rdquo; continued Mr. Webb,
+      &ldquo;their preference being rather for places than individuals. This
+      preference gave rise to the belief, which was endorsed by Buffon and other
+      naturalists, that the cat is incapable of affection, and retains in its
+      domesticated state its savage ferocity, which is merely disguised by
+      cunning and restrained by selfishness. But there are many stories told, on
+      perfectly good authority, to illustrate the affection of cats for their
+      owners and friends, though it is proper to say that instances of personal
+      affection are far less numerous in the cat than in the dog.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0037" id="linkimage-0037"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0095.jpg" alt="0095 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0095.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Dr. Johnson and Southey were fond of cats,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham. &ldquo;Southey
+      declared that no house was properly furnished without a child rising three
+      years and a kitten rising three weeks. Lord Chesterfield left a sum of
+      money for the support of his favorite cat, Prince Krapotkine, like other
+      famous captives, has a prison pet&mdash;a cat,&mdash;which has been a jail
+      bird almost from its birth, and has grown to be a great favorite with the
+      Prince. Like Sir Walter Scott's cat, this cat can do everything but talk.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0038" id="linkimage-0038"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0096.jpg" alt="0096 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0096.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham then read the following from Prince Krapotkine's story of his
+      prison life:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When the cat wants my door opened, it does not mew, it stretches itself
+      to its full length and shakes the latch with its paw. If the door had
+      another kind of fastening, it would certainly open it by raising the
+      latch. It knows perfectly well the meaning of all the bells which ring in
+      the prison&mdash;that to bid the inmates to rise in the morning, that
+      which sounds before soup is served. Its dictionary is very limited, but it
+      understands perfectly the meaning of the words it knows. Thus, in the
+      evening when I walk in my room, it performs all sorts of gambols, and by
+      making certain special sounds, endeavors to make me play with it at hide
+      and seek&mdash;it plays this game exactly as children do, and insists that
+      each party should hide in his turn&mdash;or to draw a string along for it
+      to run after. If, in reply to its invitation to play, I say to it, 'What
+      do you want? Food? Drink?' it is displeased, and goes with a sulky air to
+      sit behind my little stove. But when I say, 'the string?' it replies
+      immediately by two sounds, concerning the affirmative tone of which there
+      can be no doubt. I could relate other instances of sagacity, but I do not
+      wish to impose upon the credulity of your readers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0039" id="linkimage-0039"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9098.jpg" alt="9098 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9098.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      There is, however, an interesting point which it would be well to have
+      cleared up. Are cats susceptible to music? Without being able to affirm
+      positively, I believe they are. When my cat was little, it several times
+      seemed to us that it found a real pleasure in listening to some air of a
+      pleasing cadence. For example, the waltz from Faust, provided it was sung
+      by a very high and pure voice. We even thought that music caused it to
+      assume almost a sentimental air. It is unnecessary to say that my cat,
+      like all others, is very susceptible to caresses, and, for I must confess
+      its faults, to flattery. In general, cats are less intelligent than dogs,
+      but, by care and attention, their intelligence can be highly developed. I
+      am sorry that I have not sufficient time, or I should undertake the
+      education of my cat by a system of cards, as proposed by Lubbock.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Speaking of sailors' superstitions about cats,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;a lady
+      told me not long ago that she bought a Persian cat in Calcutta and brought
+      it home on a sailing ship. Every time they were becalmed the sailors would
+      try to get her cat and throw it overboard, for they think that doing so
+      would raise a wind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;This is an old superstition of the mariner. It would be hard to say how
+      it originated, but it is probable that it was originally intended as a
+      sacrifice to Neptune, the god of the sea; as on land the gods were
+      propitiated by the offerings of the devout, so Jack sought to calm the sea
+      god's fury by offering him a cat. The old sailor, even in this meaning of
+      the word 'cat's-paw.' It is simply a quaint idea of the marine, who sees
+      in the sudden and peculiar zephyr that ruffles the water, a resemblance to
+      the frolics of the cat. Does pussy jump around good-humoredly there will
+      be a good breeze and fair. But when she arches her back and swells her
+      tail, then look out, for her scowling look will be as a calm to the storm
+      it foreshadows, and the flashes from her eyes but as sparks to the blue
+      streaks of zig-zag lightning which will certainly soon illuminate the
+      sky.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've a story about an intelligent cat that belonged to a doctor,&rdquo; said
+      Charley. &ldquo;I found it in the <i>Tribune</i>; it is dated at Deposit, and
+      signed O. T. Bundy.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      All listened while Charley read the following:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;My cat, which we knew by the name of 'Peter,' was a sufferer from a large
+      abscess on the lower jaw, directly underneath. I attempted to lance it,
+      with what proved to be a broken pointed instrument. He cried while the
+      attempt was being made, but did not run away from me, advanced age,
+      regards the cat as a veritable weather gauge. The old landsman is often
+      puzzled to account for some of the strange sea terms, and questions are
+      often asked as to the although I did not hold him, or try to. Of course I
+      failed to introduce the instrument into the sore, and showed what I held
+      in my hand. I then took a sharp lance from the case and showed it to him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0040" id="linkimage-0040"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8099.jpg" alt="8099 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8099.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      He came up directly to me and raised his head in such a way that the sore
+      was exposed, and held it in this position until I had completely opened
+      the abscess and withdrawn the lance, not crying or offering to go away
+      from me. Now the blunt tool was torture, and it gave him no relief, yet he
+      must have thought from my talk and manner that relief was intended, or he
+      would never have held still for the second trial.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's a story about a steamboat cat,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;which was written by
+      somebody for the <i>New Orleans Pickayune</i>.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In July the steamer. <i>Golden Rule</i> arrived here from Cincinnati. A
+      little common gray cat lived on the boat, that had been left at Bayou
+      Sara, by accident. She had stepped on the wharf boat and had not returned
+      in time. The officers on the <i>Golden Rule</i> felt sorry to lose her,
+      for she had left three little kittens behind, who missed their mother
+      sadly. But, to the surprise of all, the next boat that arrived down
+      brought puss as a passenger or stowaway. She remained on board in her new
+      quarters till near midnight, then made her way to the <i>Golden Rule</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0041" id="linkimage-0041"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0100.jpg" alt="0100 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0100.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The watchman saw her come on board and witnessed the happy meeting between
+      the kittens and their mother. I was a passenger on the boat as she
+      returned to Cincinnati that trip, and puss was quite a heroine. But, alas,
+      the temptations to visit wharf boats was so strong that she got left
+      behind again, somewhere on the Indiana side of the Ohio, I have forgotten
+      the town. Real grief was manifested by her friends when they missed her;
+      they thought she was lost to them forever. On their arrival at Cincinnati,
+      the steward left the boat, and the kittens disappeared with him. Three or
+      four days afterward the <i>Ariadne</i> arrived from below, and the gray
+      pussy came up on her. No one knows how she found out that boat was bound
+      up the river instead of down, for other boats had stopped at that place,
+      but only this one going up to Cincinnati. Puss was soon installed in her
+      old home again, but the kittens were gone, and she was lonesome; so she
+      went out on the wharf-boat and found a poor, forlorn kitten nearly as
+      large as herself. This she carried in her mouth up into the cabin of the
+      <i>Golden Rule</i> and placed it on a chair, and insisted that it should
+      be noticed and caressed, nor would she eat until it was supplied, and she
+      had it with her last winter.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That steamboat cat reminds me of one in New Haven,&rdquo; said Henry, who felt
+      that it was his turn to tell a story. &ldquo;I found the anecdote in the <i>New
+      Haven News</i>:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'A curious story is told of a cat which lives on the Starin steamboat
+      dock. The cat will occasionally take a notion to visit New York, and if
+      driven off the boat at one place, will be seen to jump on at another, in
+      time to avoid getting left. She will stay in New York two or three days at
+      a time, and when her visit is concluded, will return and remain contented
+      in New Haven for a season, until the fever for traveling comes on again.
+      The persistency and ingenuity of the cat in boarding the boat for one of
+      these journeys excites wonder, as the cat has a family of kittens living
+      in New Haven. These kittens appear to be resigned to the temporary absence
+      of their mother, but are always glad when she gets back from New York.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are many instances of the display of gratitude by cats,&rdquo; Mr. Webb
+      remarked. &ldquo;One of the best I know of is told by a lady in California, as
+      follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'My cat, with regard to his meals, is a most grateful cat, and, however
+      hungry he may be, he never thinks of eating until he has purred his thanks
+      and rubbed his head against my hand. This trait of character was once
+      displayed in the most affecting manner. One day 'Pret' had been shut up in
+      the loft, on account of a lady visitor who had a strange antipathy to
+      cats. I was going to town that day, and did not return until after
+      midnight. As I was going upstairs I heard 'Pret's' voice calling me in a
+      very anxious manner, and, on inquiry, I found that the poor cat had been
+      forgotten, and had been shut up all day without a morsel of food or a drop
+      of milk. Of course I immediately procured some milk and meat and carried
+      it up to him. The poor creature was half wild with happiness when he heard
+      my footsteps, and on seeing the plate of meat and saucer of milk he flew
+      at them like a mad thing. But scarcely had he lapped a drop of milk when
+      he left the saucer, came up to me with loud purring, and caressed me, as
+      if to express his thanks. Then he went to the plate, but only just touched
+      it with his nose, and again came to thank me for having attended to his
+      wants, both of food and drink. It quite brought the moisture to my eyes to
+      see the affectionate creature, though nearly wild with hunger and thirst,
+      refrain from enjoying his food until he had returned thanks.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham said the Californian story reminded him of a Connecticut one,
+      that appeared a short time before, in a New Haven paper. The story was
+      that Mr. George Baldwin had several apple and pear trees, and last fall
+      his cat awoke to the fact that these trees bore fruit which his master's
+      family liked to eat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0042" id="linkimage-0042"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9102.jpg" alt="9102 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9102.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      One day in October, the cat's owner was surprised by the action of his
+      pet. The animal was walking slowly about one of the trees, stopping every
+      minute or two to gaze up at the apples on the boughs. After completing its
+      tour of inspection, the cat climbed the tree, and slowly made its way out
+      on a limb toward what was probably the ripest and largest apple of several
+      bushels of fruit on the trees. When it reached its goal, the animal made
+      several attempts to break the stem with its teeth, and finally succeeded.
+      It had taken care to bite off a bit of the stem long enough to be securely
+      held, and with its prize in its mouth the cat began its descent. Once on
+      the ground, the apple was carried to a porch and laid by the side of a
+      door opening into the house. The exploit was frequently repeated by Mr.
+      Baldwin's sagacious puss, and the side of the porch was usually lined with
+      apples.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Did anybody ever hear,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;of the cat that shared its dinner
+      with its master?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Nobody had heard of this wonderful cat, thereupon Charley read the
+      following from the <i>Manchester Times</i>:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A member of the Zoological Society says: I once had a cat who always sat
+      up to the dinner-table with me and had his napkin round his neck, and his
+      plate and some fish. He used his paw, of course, but he was very
+      particular, and behaved with extraordinary decorum. When he had finished
+      his fish I sometimes gave him a piece of mine. One day he was not to be
+      found when the dinner bell rang, so we began without him. Just as the
+      plates were put round for the entrée, puss came rushing upstairs and
+      sprang into his chair with two mice in his mouth. Before he could be
+      stopped he dropped a mouse on to his own plate, and then one on to mine.
+      He divided his dinner with me as I had divided mine with him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      There was a laugh all around over this amusing incident, and when it
+      subsided, George asked what became of the mouse which the cat put on its
+      master's plate. History seemed to be silent on that point, but whether the
+      youth supposed the dainty was or was not devoured by the gentleman, we
+      will not inquire. The subject was not discussed, as the attention of the
+      party was next turned to a cat that put out a fire. The incident happened
+      in Monongahela, Pa., and was as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A family went out to a meeting, leaving Master Tom, a favorite cat, in
+      sole occupation of the house.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0043" id="linkimage-0043"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8103.jpg" alt="8103 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8103.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      On their return the cat's actions led to an examination, when his feet
+      were found to be blistered. The sitting-room served to explain matters. A
+      live coal had been thrown out and set the carpet on fire. Puss had
+      evidently clawed out the fire for a considerable distance about the spot
+      burned, leaving nothing but a center of ends, charred and frizzled. All
+      the circumstances indicated that the cat had put out the fire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats are very fond of valerian,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and I have heard of a
+      woman in St. Thomas who turned this fact to practical use.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How was that?&rdquo; queried Mr. Webb.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;She detected the odor of sewer gas in her parlor,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and as
+      the landlord from whom she leased the house would not believe in the
+      existence of the gas, she hit upon a device to convince him. She first
+      poured a quantity of valerian down the pipe of one of the basins in the
+      upper story. The odor of valerian presently filled the parlor below.
+      Procuring two cats she turned them loose in the parlor. They immediately
+      evinced delight at the odor, and ran to an adjoining closet where it was
+      strongest. They finally jumped upon a shelf in the closet, and there, by
+      their contentment, showed that they had traced the odor to its source. The
+      householder sent for a plumber, who, removing the lath and plaster,
+      discovered a leak in the pipe which communicated with the sewer.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0044" id="linkimage-0044"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0105.jpg" alt="0105 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0105.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Feline peculiarities were discussed at the conclusion of the foregoing
+      story. Some one told about a cat in Missouri, which had four kittens, and
+      one day she went into the woods and brought in two young rabbits, which
+      she added to her family. She licked and caressed the little rabbits, just
+      as she did her own kittens, and the new comers got along with the others
+      on perfectly friendly terms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then somebody else told about four young foxes in Indiana that have been
+      adopted by a cat. She seems to manifest as much maternal solicitude and
+      motherly fondness for them as though they were her own. The foxes have
+      accepted the situation in a spirit of meekness, and are seemingly
+      satisfied. This was followed by a story of a cat whose kittens had been
+      drowned; she found three young squirrels that she adopted and tenderly
+      nursed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That is not so strange,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;as the performance of a French
+      cat, which I read about in the <i>Revue Scientifique</i>. One day the cat
+      came into the house, having in its mouth a sparrow, caught in the
+      neighboring garden. Scarcely had puss entered the room when she let the
+      bird free, evidently for the purpose of playing with it, as is the custom
+      of cats with mice before devouring them. The sparrow, having one of its
+      wings injured, could not escape by flying, but boldly began to attack its
+      huge enemy by fierce blows on the nose with its beak. The cat seemed
+      astonished at the attack, and beat a retreat. From that moment the two
+      seemed to forget their natural instincts and came to a mutual
+      understanding. The truce continued and gradually grew to a fraternal
+      friendship. They ate, played and slept together. Often they ran about the
+      house, the sparrow perched on the cat's back, and sometimes carried gently
+      in the cat's mouth, from which it was released on the first wish to be
+      free. When feeding together, puss never touched a morsel till her friend
+      had first partaken.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I read not long ago,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;a story about a friendship between a
+      cat and a rat. It was signed C. A. B., and appeared in Our Animal Friends.
+      Here it is:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'My cousin was much plagued by rats; they were so troublesome that every
+      method was used to exterminate them. One day the cook thought she would
+      try to scald them, and, watching her opportunity, threw a pail of boiling
+      water, which covered the back of one, taking the hair and a portion of the
+      skin off,&mdash;but he was enabled to reach his hiding place. Some days
+      afterward a rat was seen eating from the same dish with the cat, having no
+      hair on its back and appearing quite feeble. The cook called the attention
+      of her mistress to the fact, and told the story of her throwing the
+      scalding water some days before, and that the rats had ceased to be
+      troublesome since.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Time rolled on, and it became quite an amusement to the family to watch
+      for the coming of the rat, and the eating of its regular meals with the
+      cat, and the little gambols indulged in together after eating.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'In the course of the summer the family went on a visit, and closed their
+      house for a few months, but made provision for the favorite cat, that she
+      should stay with a relative in the same town.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Upon their return in the fall they called upon their relative for the
+      cat, as the house was much infested with rats, and learned from them, that
+      soon after they had left, an ugly-looking rat, without any hair on its
+      back, made its appearance and used to eat with the cat, till one day one
+      of the family killed it. Since that time they couldn't get the cat to eat
+      anything, and she would not stop in the house, but had gone to a
+      neighbor's. They caught her several times and brought her back, but she
+      wouldn't remain with them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'My cousin, after hearing the particulars, became much interested, and
+      chided herself for her thoughtlessness in not letting her relative know
+      the curious story of the rat while making provision for the care of her
+      cat. She went to the neighbor, but the cat would take no notice of her.
+      She persevered and took the cat to her old home, but the cat wouldn't stay&mdash;off
+      she would run to the neighbor she had selected as her friend. They got the
+      daintiest food they could select, they coaxed and petted her, kept the
+      door closed, and did everything they could to win back her confidence; but
+      she wouldn't eat or taste a thing in the house, and they finally gave up
+      in despair and allowed her to have her own way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0045" id="linkimage-0045"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0108.jpg" alt="0108 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0108.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'They never could get that cat to notice any one of the family or to come
+      into the house again. Was this <i>instinct?</i>Was it reason? Was it a
+      type of chivalry and grandeur in the animal not yet recognized by man?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some time ago,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;The <i>New York World</i> published a
+      story about a cat that lived in Eighteenth Street, in that city, and was
+      called 'Ears.' The <i>World</i> said of her:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'She can fetch and carry like a retriever, and when her mistress throws a
+      paper out of a third-floor window, Ears climbs into a basket fixed outside
+      on a pulley, shuts the lid, and quietly lets herself down to the ground.
+      Then she gets the paper, hides away in the basket and mews as a signal to
+      be drawn up. She will play dead and alive and allow the wickedest boy
+      alive to whirl her around his head by the tail. She takes a bath every day
+      of her own accord and rocks herself to sleep on the back of a
+      rocking-chair. The canary that lives in the same house uses her as a
+      riding-horse, and every morning Ears gallops round and round the room with
+      the bird on her back.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I thought cats didn't like water,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;and never took a bath
+      except by accident.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They dislike water very much,&rdquo; replied Mr. Webb, &ldquo;as their fur has very
+      little oil in it to resist the effect of moisture. I knew a cat at the
+      Wawayanda Club, on Great South Bay, Long Island, that used to go into the
+      water to catch small fishes; she didn't seem to mind the wetting, or
+      rather she cared less for it than for a fish dinner. I read recently of a
+      mill on a stream in South Carolina, belonging to a man named Pruitt.
+      Pruitt owns a large cat that, as soon as the mill is stopped, by shutting
+      down the gate, will immediately run down behind the mill and get on a log
+      just over the sheeting over which the water is flowing. She will then look
+      intently into the water, which is from eighteen inches to two feet deep,
+      until she spies a fish; she then plunges into the water, frequently
+      burying herself under it, but almost always coming out with a fish. She
+      then sits quietly down on a rock near by and enjoys her meal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0046" id="linkimage-0046"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0109.jpg" alt="0109 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0109.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A newspaper of Portland, Maine,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;published a story some
+      years ago about a cat that used to catch fish with a hook and line.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Of course every one laughed at the absurdity of the idea, all except Mr.
+      Graham, who didn't relax the muscles of his face, but declared that he
+      believed the story to be true. &ldquo;And so will you,&rdquo; he continued, &ldquo;when you
+      hear the details.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;By all means give us the details, then,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Well, this is the story as I remember it. The cat belonged in a counting
+      house or office that was on one of the piers in the harbor and had a
+      trap-door in the floor through which dust was swept. Fishes swam under the
+      pier and the clerks in the office used to bait a hook and lower the line
+      through the trap-door to catch a fish for the cat's dinner. She sat and
+      looked on at the proceeding and very soon learned that the trembling of
+      the line was the signal that a fish had been secured on the hook.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day the clerk who had baited the hook and set the line was busy at
+      his desk when the line trembled and puss knew that the time to haul in had
+      arrived. The clerk did not come promptly enough to suit her; so she seized
+      the line and drew it up 'hand over hand,' or rather 'paw over paw.' The
+      clerk looked on in surprise as she hauled up the line and secured the
+      fish, and ever after that she was allowed to do her own fishing. She never
+      got up to the ability of baiting the hook and setting the line, but she
+      certainly did all the rest of the work. The newspaper that I read it in
+      said hundreds of citizens of Portland had seen that cat take her own fish,
+      and the story is so well vouched for that I have no doubt of its truth.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats are more skillful in the use of their paws than many people
+      believe,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham. &ldquo;For instance, listen to the following:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A clergyman, the Rev. R. Lane, at Claverack, Columbia County, that was
+      once asked at a school examination; 'How many toes has a cat?' Can you
+      tell?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley shook his head and admitted that he didn't know. George and Henry
+      were equally unlearned on that point, and the former asked how the
+      question was answered at the school.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not one of the pupils in the school could tell,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;and then
+      the principal was applied to for a solution. He also, with a good-natured
+      smile, gave it up, when one of the teachers, determined not to be beaten
+      by so simple a question, hit on the idea of sending out a delegation of
+      boys to scour the neighborhood for a cat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That brings up the question,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb turning to the boys: the idea
+      was announced, the whole class wanted to join in the hunt. Several boys
+      went out and soon returned successful. A returning board was at once
+      appointed, and the toes counted, when to the relief of all it was learned
+      that a cat possesses eighteen toes, ten on the front feet and eight on the
+      hind feet.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The <i>Kingston Freeman</i> writes as follows: 'There is a young lady in
+      the town of Claverack who has a pet cat which she has taught to sit at the
+      table, and with a napkin about its neck it takes meat from a plate with
+      its paws as dexterously as an epicure. When given a piece of meat on a
+      fork it will hold the fork in its fore-paws and take the meat from the
+      tines, and when given a cup of milk it will hold up the cup and drink. The
+      cat has a well-developed 'thumb' on each fore-paw.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0047" id="linkimage-0047"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0111.jpg" alt="0111 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0111.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cats are inquisitive,&rdquo; Mr. Graham remarked, &ldquo;and examine new things with
+      a great deal of care. They are not altogether free from superstition and
+      sometimes display great alarm at things they do not understand. Théophile
+      Gautier tells of a cat he had which was a great pet and used to sit for
+      hours and watch him at his work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day Gautier brought home a parrot; the cat surveyed the bird
+      carefully and evidently came to the conclusion that it was a green
+      chicken. It showed no alarm whatever until the parrot spoke. Then a great
+      fear came over the cat; it arched its back, enlarged its tail and fled in
+      terror, and not for days could it again be persuaded to enter the room
+      where the parrot was.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is not uncommon for cats to play with a soap bubble without appearing
+      to be astonished or mystified by its sudden disappearance. In one case,
+      however, puss was so demoralized at the mystery as to grow big-tailed, and
+      spit at any soap bubble which might happen to fall to the floor and drift
+      across it. Another, which up to that time had never seen a colored person,
+      fled so precipitately from a good-looking negro girl, that it tumbled into
+      a grating, from which it could not be coaxed until hunger overcame its
+      terror; and the oddity of it was that puss herself was as black as a
+      coal.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is fashion in everything,&rdquo; said Mr. &ldquo;Webb, &ldquo;and a New York
+      newspaper says that cat-parties are the latest sensation. Recently a young
+      girl, the happy possessor of a fine maltese cat, invited a number of her
+      friends to bring their pet cats to five o'clock tea, each cat to have a
+      ribbon about its neck, corresponding to that worn by its mistress. At the
+      appointed hour the cats made their appearance, in charge of their
+      respective owners. After the feline introductions had taken place, some of
+      which were the reverse of friendly, games were introduced, and soft balls,
+      toy mice and other objects dear to pussy's heart were provided. These
+      pastimes, however, were sometimes marred by a vigorous slap, when two
+      strangers came in collision, and once the belligerent pussies had to be
+      separated by friends. When tea was announced, a table furnished with
+      saucers of milk and small cakes, with cushioned stools, was disclosed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0048" id="linkimage-0048"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0113.jpg" alt="0113 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0113.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The floral decorations consisted of catnip, lavender, grasses, and bright
+      flowers. The cats, placed on their respective stools, and attended by
+      their mistresses, partook of the good cheer set before them. Their
+      behavior was quite correct. With their fore-paws on the table, they lapped
+      the milk with becoming propriety. When all were satisfied, there was a
+      comical sight. Each pussy began making her toilet, and the face-washing
+      was decorous in the extreme. After leaving the table a spray of catnip was
+      given each kitty, and the feline happiness was complete. These sprigs were
+      tossed in the air, caught, and lovingly caressed. As each kitty departed,
+      it was presented with its ball or toy mouse as a memento of the party.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Before we separate,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, glancing at the clock as a hint
+      that it was time to bring the conference upon felines to an end, &ldquo;let me
+      tell you of a cat that saved a house from being burned. His name was Dan,
+      and he was the property of a little boy who was very kind to his furry
+      pet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0049" id="linkimage-0049"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9114.jpg" alt="9114 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9114.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The time came at last when Dan could repay this kindness; and he did so.
+      One cold winter night all had gone upstairs to bed, and were sleeping
+      soundly. Dan was cosily rolled up on his nice warm mat behind the kitchen
+      stove, when all at once the room became very light. Dan awoke; and what
+      should he see but the broom, which had been left standing a little too
+      near the stove, all on fire. In a few moments the house would have been
+      ablaze, but Dan thought of his master; so away he trotted upstairs to his
+      room.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Dan called with a very loud voice, 'Mew, mew, mew'; but his master did
+      not hear him. Then he said, 'Mew, mew, mew,' still louder; but that did
+      not awake him. Then he jumped upon the bed, pulling back the bed-clothes
+      with his paw, and gently struck his master in the face. This aroused the
+      sleepy boy, and he very soon learned the meaning of Dan's strange actions.
+      He jumped out of bed, ran downstairs, and put out the fire before it had
+      got under very great headway. The story was told afterward in the local
+      newspaper and Dan became a hero in the place where he lived.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      A few more cat stories were told in spite of the lateness of the hour, and
+      it was agreed in conclusion that cats greatly resemble dogs, horses and
+      children, too, in being influenced by their surroundings, training and
+      teaching. A child taught to be cruel, or to lie and steal in early life,
+      is not likely to be a good or useful member of society. Horses and dogs
+      are made vicious by bad treatment or gentle by kindness, and a cat's
+      conduct will depend very largely upon its surroundings and education.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0050" id="linkimage-0050"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0115.jpg" alt="0115 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0115.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      A writer in Harper's <i>Young People</i> gives the following interesting
+      account of a wonderful troupe of performing cats at the Winter Circus in
+      Paris:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;M. Bonnetty, the owner and trainer of these performing cats, believed, in
+      spite of all opinions to the contrary, that puss belonged among animals of
+      the highest intelligence. He collected cats of all kinds, and set
+      patiently to work to educate them. The result has been wonderful, and puss
+      has shown that when treated kindly she is capable of great things, and is
+      a most willing slave, affectionate and gentle, and always ready to do her
+      master's bidding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0051" id="linkimage-0051"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0116.jpg" alt="0116 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0116.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;M. Bonnetty never gives puss a harsh word or a blow, for those arouse her
+      hatred, and she never forgets them. His work has been accomplished by
+      coaxing and caressing. He usually begins the training with kittens, but he
+      has had almost as great success with cats which have been several years
+      old when they reached his hands. At first he keeps them in a large
+      apartment for several months, feeding them and petting them until he has
+      won their entire confidence and affection. Then pussy's education begins.
+      The first exercises are very simple, such as jumping through a hoop and
+      climbing a pole, until by degrees puss, obedient to her master's voice,
+      will do every trick that a beast of her size is capable of.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;After a year's training the graceful creatures make their first
+      appearance in public. This is the time of trial, for it sometimes happens
+      that the little feline artist will perform beautifully when alone with her
+      master, but will be frightened and confused by the music, the glare of
+      lights, and the crowd of people at the circus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are fourteen beautiful pussies in the troupe, and the tricks they
+      do are wonderful. They play with mice and birds, holding them in their
+      paws and even in their teeth without doing them the slightest injury; they
+      jump through a blazing hoop held up by the trainer, perform graceful
+      gymnastic exercises on the backs of thirty-two chairs placed in a row,
+      march around in time to music like little soldiers, and group themselves
+      in many graceful and comical attitudes. And the best part of it is that
+      the pussies seem to take as much delight in their amusing capers as do the
+      crowds of children who watch them; and when a thousand little clapping
+      hands applaud them, they form in a row and look as pleased and proud as if
+      they understood what it was all about. Perhaps they do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A gentleman who went with M. Bonnetty to visit the cats in the room where
+      they live found them all sleeping in graceful groups around a glowing
+      stove, for an educated cat loves heat as well as her more humble sisters,
+      and cannot be kept in good condition without it. As the trainer and his
+      friend entered the room fourteen pair of little eyes opened, little ears
+      were pricked up on the alert, and the pussies arose, stretching themselves
+      and purring, and at once crowded around their master, rubbing against him,
+      and reaching up to be caressed, while one little white cat named Gora
+      climbed up to his shoulder and nestled in his neck. 'Yes, they all have
+      names,' said their master, 'and they know them. There are Juno and Brutus
+      and Caesar and Mayor and Lucette and Boulanger&mdash;he's that large cat.
+      He's as gentle and loving and playful as a kitten. You know every word I
+      am saying, don't you, old fellow?' he added, as a beautiful, glossy tiger
+      cat, with large liquid eyes, came forward purring and showing every sign
+      of feline delight and satisfaction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0052" id="linkimage-0052"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0118.jpg" alt="0118 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0118.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The star of the troupe is named Tibert, after the famous cat in the
+      ancient romance of 'Reynard and the Fox.' Tibert is two years old. He is
+      very agile and skillful. He leads the company in the jump through blazing
+      hoops, and his greatest delight is to turn somersaults over the backs of
+      chairs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The performing cats lead very temperate and regular lives. They are given
+      an airing every day, and the large room where they live is lighted and
+      sunny and well supplied with soft cushions for beds. They are fed at
+      regular hours on bread and milk, and once a day they have all the liver
+      they can eat, as that has been found to be the most healthy meat for them.
+      They always have a pan of water, for water is something of which every
+      full-grown cat needs an abundant supply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The cats in this troupe are all of the common varieties, black and white
+      cats, tigers, Maltese, and tortoise-shell. The trainer has tried in vain
+      to teach the Persian and Angora cats. They are beautiful for pets, but
+      they are not agile, nor capable of much affection, and they have very
+      little brains and a short memory. When M. Bonnetty needs recruits for his
+      troupe, he seeks them among the cats that climb roofs at night and prowl
+      over back-yard fences, as among these despised and persecuted creatures he
+      has discovered the highest degrees of docility, sagacity, and
+      intelligence.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0053" id="linkimage-0053"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0119.jpg" alt="0119 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0119.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER VI.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>The Elephant&mdash;Differences between Indian and African Elephants&mdash;The
+      Begging Elephant of Willenoor&mdash;Recognition of a Friend&mdash;What the
+      Elephant Enjoys&mdash;Elephant Working a Pump&mdash;One that Served as a
+      Nursemaid to Children&mdash;Madame Duphot's Pet, Nirjara&mdash;The
+      Elephant who Remembered an Injury&mdash;How Wild Elephants are Caught&mdash;Tame
+      Elephants used for Hunting Wild Ones&mdash;Manjari and what he did&mdash;Securing
+      the Captives&mdash;Driving a Herd into a Keddali&mdash;Laws against
+      Killing Elephants&mdash;The Sagacity of a Young Elephant in Robbing a
+      Garden.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">W</span>e will go at once
+      from a small animal to a large one,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham at their next
+      conversation about the intelligence of quadrupeds. &ldquo;And not only to a
+      large one but to the largest four-footed animal in existence.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That must be the elephant,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;as he is conceded to be the
+      largest land animal in the world.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; replied the gentleman, &ldquo;and what can you tell me about him?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He belongs to the order of <i>Pachydermata</i> and the section <i>Proboscidean</i>,&rdquo;
+       the youth answered, &ldquo;and his ordinary height at the shoulder is about
+      eight feet, though there are many elephants that exceed ten feet. He is
+      very bulky in proportion to his height and length, the weight of a large
+      elephant being about five tons. He can sleep standing and often does so,
+      but it is incorrect to suppose, as some people do, that he cannot lie down
+      on account of the shortness and stiffness of his legs. He is very
+      sure-footed and can go up and down steep hills and mountains with very
+      little trouble.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Quite correctly stated,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham as Charley paused. Then turning
+      to George he asked how many kinds of elephants there are in the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0054" id="linkimage-0054"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0121.jpg" alt="0121 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0121.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are only two distinct species now living,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;and they
+      are known as the Indian and the African elephants. Some differences have
+      been found between the Sumatran elephant and the Indian one but the
+      naturalists are not agreed as to whether the Sumatran should be classed as
+      a distinct species.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Evidently you have been reading up the subject of elephants,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham with a smile, &ldquo;as I did not expect to find you so well informed.
+      But I have brought you something which probably you have not seen, and it
+      may combine instruction with amusement as it has much to do with
+      elephants.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon Mr. Graham took from the table a book which he explained was
+      written by Louis Jacolliott, a French gentleman who lived many years in
+      India and devoted much time and observation to the elephant. &ldquo;I have
+      marked several passages in the volume,&rdquo; said lie, &ldquo;and you may read them
+      aloud in English, partly for practice in translating from French but
+      mainly for the edification of Mr. Webb and Henry as well as of
+      yourselves.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Charley was first called upon to translate from the marked passages, which
+      he did as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The most curious and interesting animal which I have met,&rdquo; says M.
+      Jacolliott, &ldquo;is the elephant. Not the elephant of the menageries, broken
+      in spirit and submissive, but the elephant as he is found in his native
+      country. Some instances of his aptitude and intelligence are marvellous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A few leagues from Pondichery stands a pagoda called Willenoor, which, at
+      the grand feasts of May, receives a multitude of five or six hundred
+      thousand pilgrims, coming from all parts of India. A number of sacred
+      elephants are attached to this pagoda, and among them is a mendicant, or
+      begging elephant. Twice each week this elephant, accompanied by his
+      driver, goes to the villages and to Pondichery to beg alms for the priests
+      of Willenoor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Many times, working beneath the veranda, closed in by curtains on the
+      first story of my house, I have seen him lift the movable curtain with his
+      great trunk and balance himself to ask me for a piece of small coin, which
+      he sucked from my hand to his trunk, a distance of more than three inches.
+      I never failed to give him a small piece of money for the pagoda, and for
+      himself a loaf of bread which my servant dipped in molasses, of which the
+      elephant was very fond. In a short time we became very friendly. He had
+      seen me only in undress, that is, in the light silk garments of the
+      country, and then, only across the little pillars of the balcony of my
+      cottage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One day I had occasion to go to Willenoor on business. I arrived at noon;
+      the sun was burning the earth; no one was seen in the streets or on the
+      verandas; every one was resting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;My carriage had stopped under a mango-tree in the principal square, and I
+      was about to start for the house of the thasildar, or governor of the
+      village, when all at once a monstrous black elephant came running out of
+      the pagoda which was opposite. He arrived in front of us and, before I had
+      time to collect my senses, he lifted me up, placed me on his neck and
+      started at full speed for the pagoda; he carried me across the first
+      enclosure, in which was the great well for bathing, and brought me direct
+      to the elephant quarters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Once there, he placed me on the ground in the center of all his
+      companions; it was the begging elephant; he had recognized me. He uttered
+      short cries, lifting his trunk and waving his ears, which his friends
+      doubtless interpreted to my advantage, for when the thasildar, followed by
+      the priests of the temple, came out to seek the cause of this strange
+      demonstration, they found me calm, and recovered from my surprise, in the
+      midst of these enormous beasts who were tendering an ovation in my behalf.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'This is most remarkable,' said one of the priests, 'I have never seen
+      them act so friendly toward any one.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I related to him the circumstances of my gifts to the begging elephant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I am no longer surprised,' he answered, 'he has already recounted it to
+      the whole band and the gourmands are paying you these attentions in hope
+      of attaining the same reward.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Is it possible?' I said with amazement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I am perfectly sure of it. Do you wish to see the proof? Pass your arm
+      around the trunk of your elephant friend and make him understand by signs
+      that you wish him to go out with you; they will all follow you. Allow
+      yourself to be led and you will see where they will bring you.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0055" id="linkimage-0055"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0124.jpg" alt="0124 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0124.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0056" id="linkimage-0056"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0125.jpg" alt="0125 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0125.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The priest with whom I had already spoken, and who was a professor of
+      philosophy at the temple of Willenoor, told me that from time to time the
+      begging elephant managed to escape from them, and wandered as far as
+      Pondichéry to beg on his own account. Knowing perfectly the market where
+      he obtained the provisions on his expeditions, he would go there, place
+      the money he had collected upon the table of a fruit merchant, and eat as
+      many pineapples, bananas, mangoes and as much sugar-cane and arrack as the
+      Hindoo would allow him for the money.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'I followed his instructions; the begging elephant and I took up the
+      lead, the nine others joined in the pace, uttering cries of contentment
+      among themselves. We passed through the gate of the pagoda and they led me
+      directly to the shop of a native baker. I would have been utterly
+      astounded had I not already known the wonderful intelligence of these
+      animals. At the shop my duty was readily understood and I presented to
+      each one a loaf of bread, covered with the precious molasses syrup, which
+      is their greatest delicacy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The following instance occurred before my own eyes:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Every one knows that the elephant can be trained to do all kinds of work.
+      While I have no hesitation about relating instances bearing on this
+      statement, I prefer to tell of occurrences which indicate an actual
+      reasoning power in the animal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is customary in the settlements to water the cattle from large wooden
+      buckets filled with water pumped from a well. This is done that they may
+      not drink the water of the reservoirs, which is stagnant and unwholesome.
+      Ordinarily the pumping is done at early morning by one of the elephants,
+      the work taking nearly an hour. Accustomed to the task, he does not wait
+      to be ordered, and every morning, an hour before sunrise he is at his
+      labor with the precision of a living alarm-clock.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I was staying once at Trichinopoly, at the house of a friend of mine, a
+      merchant, who owned a grand villa a few leagues outside the city. The sun
+      was rising and my servant had just awakened me for my bath. Passing
+      through the yard I saw a large white elephant working at the pump. He
+      closed his eyes sadly and was apparently trying to turn his thoughts from
+      his wearisome labor. He saluted my presence with a joyful flapping of his
+      ears, for during the two days since my arrival I had given him many
+      dainties, but he did not cease from his work, which had to be finished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I was stroking him with my hand in passing, when I noticed that one of
+      the two planks which supported the bucket on either side had fallen away.
+      It thus happened that the bucket, being upheld on one side only, spilled
+      its contents without a possibility of being filled.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The elephant did not think that his work was ended because one side of
+      the bucket was filled: nor did he attempt the impossible feat of trying to
+      fill the other side until both sides were even. In a few minutes the water
+      commenced to run from the lower side of the bucket, and the animal began
+      to show signs of uneasiness; nevertheless he continued to pump. Soon,
+      however, he dropped the handle and drew nearer to observe the cause of the
+      trouble. He returned to the pump three times, each time coming back to
+      examine the bucket. I awaited the end of this strange scene with
+      unflagging interest. All at once a waving of the ears seemed to indicate
+      that an idea had occurred to him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He came over to lift up the plank that had fallen away, and for a moment
+      I thought that he intended to put it back in its place under the lower
+      side of the bucket. But he was not troubled about the lower side, which
+      was already tilled with water; it was the other side which annoyed him.
+      Lifting the bucket carefully, he supported it for a moment with one of his
+      great feet, while with his trunk he pulled out the second plank, and
+      placed the bucket on solid earth, thus making it even on all sides. This
+      done, the labor of filling it was easy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0058" id="linkimage-0058"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0127.jpg" alt="0127 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0127.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The elephant is much attached to the women and children in the villages,
+      and it would be dangerous for a stranger to make even an unfriendly
+      gesture in the presence of this animal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is a remarkable sight to see him guard his master's children in their
+      promenades; he watches everything; beasts, serpents, turf-pits and swamps,
+      in fact, any danger which may be imagined, is overcome by his presence.
+      His pace is regulated by that of the children, and he attends them,
+      gathering flowers, fruit from the trees, and sugar-canes; at a motion from
+      one of them he will break a tree-branch if one desires to make a whip or
+      cane. At the slightest noise which he does not understand, if he sees a
+      jackall or a hyena in the distant thicket, he instantly gathers his brood
+      under his trunk, commences to roar with rage, and anything, lion, tiger or
+      man which threatens harm to his charges, is in danger of being dashed to
+      the ground.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In the lowlands of the Ganges, a swampy country covered with jungles and
+      rice-fields, the royal Bengal tiger is found of great size and ferocity.
+      The combats between this terrible beast and the elephant, guarding the
+      cattle, servants or children of his master, are of almost daily
+      occurrence. The royal Bengal tiger is so fierce that he never refuses to
+      fight his adversary, although the end of the combat generally finds him
+      crushed to death under the feet of his terrible enemy. In spite of the
+      fact that the elephant is an unpitying foe in his battles with the tiger,
+      bear or rhinoceros, he never molests the smaller, inoffensive animals. No
+      matter what power a keeper may have over him, it is impossible to make him
+      crush an insect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is a little insect which children in Prance call '<i>les betes a
+      bon Dieu</i>'; the same insect is found in India, but growing to a size
+      twice as large as in France. I have often seen one of these little
+      creatures placed on a level surface, in the troughs of a yard, for
+      instance; I have seen the elephant ordered to crush the insect, but never,
+      for master or driver, would he lift his foot above it in passing by,
+      evidently avoiding any opportunity to do harm. If, on the contrary, he is
+      commanded to bring it to you, he will pick it up delicately with his
+      trunk, and place it in your hands without bruising its wings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Nirjara, Madame Duphot's favorite elephant, was an admirable animal. He
+      was a white elephant, which is the most intelligent of all the elephant
+      race. About twenty-five years old, he possessed all the power of youth and
+      infancy, for, in the elephant, the full strength is not reached until they
+      have passed fifty years. Nirjara was not born in the settlements. He was
+      captured in a wild state by the elephants employed for the purpose, and
+      was presented as a gift to his mistress. As soon as he had accustomed
+      himself to his new surroundings, without a hope of returning to the free
+      life of the mountains, he had been made the guardian of Madame Duphot's
+      two young children, and the companion of all their sports and journeys.
+      Even in the ordinary walks and rides she made use of the 'howdah' carried
+      by Nirjara, in preference to her own carriage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;This fine animal, having no other task, was entirely free to go and come
+      as he desired, but he seldom strayed beyond the sound of Madame's whistle.
+      He was devoted to her, and always hastened to answer the slightest call. I
+      have often seen him standing a few paces from the veranda, following with
+      his eye the movements of his mistress for hours at a time. I believe he
+      would have slain the entire household at a word from her. Every day as a
+      part of his food of fresh grass, she used to prepare for him an
+      eight-pound loaf of bread, made of rice and maize-flour dipped in the
+      juice of sugar-cane. This she gave to him with her own hands. His drink
+      was composed of water in which sugarcane had been crushed, and in warm
+      weather she frequently added to this a measure of wine flavored with
+      plenty of cinnamon and cloves. Her feeling of security in the journeys
+      made under his protection is easily understood.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Here Charley paused at a signal from Mr. Graham and the book was handed to
+      George. The latter remarked that he had never before heard of an elephant
+      being regularly employed as a nursemaid, though he had read of the great
+      fondness which he has for children.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Many anecdotes are told of this peculiarity of the elephant,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham, &ldquo;and he seems to remember kindness quite as much as the dog or any
+      other quadruped. He can also remember injuries or insults, even though
+      years may have passed since they occurred.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0059" id="linkimage-0059"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0130.jpg" alt="0130 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0130.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have read,&rdquo; said Charley, &ldquo;of a tailor at Acheen who was in front of
+      his shop one day when an elephant put his trunk in and begged for
+      something. Instead of giving him anything the man pricked the creature's
+      trunk with a needle and the elephant turned and went away. A long time
+      afterward the same elephant was in the neighborhood, and as he approached
+      the shop he filled his trunk with water from a trough, and then watched
+      his chance to eject it upon the man who had offended him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0060" id="linkimage-0060"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0131.jpg" alt="0131 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0131.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That story is in one of the books on the sagacity of animals,&rdquo; Mr. Graham
+      answered. Then, turning to George, he said they would now listen to
+      something from M. Jacolliott about the mode of catching wild elephants in
+      India and Ceylon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thereupon George read as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mounted on well trained elephants, the ordinary dangers of hunting are
+      readily comprehended and foreseen; the intelligence of these splendid
+      animals is sufficient to inspire confidence. Nevertheless, grave accidents
+      may arise. When the elephant becomes enraged in his pursuit of a tiger, it
+      sometimes happens that he listens to no voice whatever, dashing madly
+      onward until the 'howdah,' in which the hunter is enclosed, is broken in
+      pieces against a huge tree, branch, or other obstacle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is extraordinary, in hunting wild elephants, that the trained beasts,
+      once on the field, have no other guide than their own instincts. At the
+      first sight of a human form the hunted animal retreats immediately to the
+      thicket, where pursuit is very likely to end in a catastrophe to the
+      pursuers; or, the wild elephants, sometimes being assembled in force, will
+      turn courageously to give battle to the trained animals, of which battle
+      the result can never be foreseen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In these expeditions, the slightest carelessness will sometimes reveal
+      the lurking-place of the hunters; the chase is only undertaken with twice
+      as many trained elephants as there are wild ones to be captured, and then
+      only when it has been ascertained by trustworthy scouts that there are no
+      large troops of elephants within a circle of forty or fifty miles. The
+      utmost care is used in this respect. When there is no other way, the
+      Hindoos who make a profession of elephant-hunting sometimes attack with an
+      inferior force, but the European, who follows the chase for pleasure, does
+      not fail to take all necessary precautions.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The following is an account of one of these hunts:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The last commands had hardly been given to Manjari, the chief elephant,
+      by his master, when he started, at the head of his little troop, to
+      descend the hill on the opposite side to that by which we had ascended; he
+      marched slowly, giving no evidence of his intention to rejoin the party
+      which he was leaving behind. The intelligent animal played his part to
+      perfection; he moved slowly, with his companions, toward the stream which
+      wound through the depth of the ravine, as if he intended to slake his
+      thirst at the water. On his way down he stopped here and there to break a
+      tree branch or to pick up a bunch of grass, which he lazily deposited in
+      his mouth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The wild elephants, resting in the valley, gazed on Manjari and his troop
+      with curiosity but without, alarm; every movement proved that they had no
+      suspicion of the intentions of the new-comers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Suddenly we witnessed a remarkable sight. A young elephant, which was in
+      the wild herd with its mother, seeing Manjari and his companions advancing
+      slowly, bounded toward them to make acquaintance with the strangers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0061" id="linkimage-0061"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0133.jpg" alt="0133 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0133.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The young animal was recalled two or three times by its mother, but she,
+      seeing that no attention was paid to her calls, continued her watching
+      from a distance wondering, without doubt, at the welcome extended to her
+      little one. The old elephant Manjari received the little wanderer with
+      cries of joy and marks of tenderness which were too well feigned to arouse
+      suspicion. When, however, the first reception was over, Manjari gave a
+      signal and two elephants placed themselves, one on each side of the young
+      one, and he was a captive.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0062" id="linkimage-0062"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0134.jpg" alt="0134 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0134.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They marched to the banks of the stream and drank eagerly; then, without
+      the slightest hesitation, they directed their way toward the two wild
+      elephants who were to be brought back as prisoners. The young elephant
+      seemed overjoyed to see its new friends going toward the place where its
+      mother was lying. She answered its cries, without an idea of the danger
+      which was impending. Her companion was gathering here and there tufts of
+      grass, and devouring the young buds of the trees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They were surrounded in a very short time, and when they realized that
+      they had to deal with enemies, it was too late to fly; each one had been
+      caught by its trunk by two of the animals under Manjari and opposition and
+      resistance were alike vain. After a few struggles they seemed to
+      understand their position and they commenced to fill the forest with roars
+      and cries of despair.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Four more trained elephants were now turned loose and they immediately
+      joined their troop; they were not needed, however, as two of the trained
+      elephants could easily lead a wild one, but their presence served to
+      remove the last faint hope of escape for the captured animals. All this
+      was accomplished easily, without any visible resistance. In a moment their
+      trunks were seized, all power of defence was taken away, and the captives
+      were pressed on each side with such terrible force by their captors, that
+      they seemed to understand instinctively the futility of resistance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When the first attempt was made to force them to walk, they made a
+      supreme effort to remain, but a shower of blows from the trunk of Manjari
+      decided their movements in a short space of time. When the poor brutes saw
+      our party, they were terror-stricken and trembled violently; our weak
+      appearance evidently produced a greater effect on their imagination, than
+      did that of their captors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In a little time, a hunter crept behind each of them, and having given
+      orders to have them held firmly, bound their hind feet with chains of
+      special strength. From this moment a single elephant easily guarded them;
+      they could only march slowly, and a child could have escaped them. Nothing
+      now remained but to train them, and to make them forget, by kind and
+      gentle treatment, their early life and the great forests in which they
+      were born.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Ordinarily it is possible to approach a captured elephant at the end of
+      three days; on the eighth day the chains are taken off, and when a month
+      has passed by the animal will go about quietly with the trained ones,
+      imitating their actions, and offering to take part in their work. Indeed,
+      it sometimes happens that, a few hours after the hunt is over, captors and
+      captives are on the best of terms with each other, and the latter are set
+      free by the Hindoo banters on the third or fourth day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0063" id="linkimage-0063"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0136.jpg" alt="0136 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0136.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When the elephant has tasted the delights of civilized life, he never
+      returns to the jungle except to hunt, in his turn, his own fellows, and in
+      this pursuit he displays as much cunning as the older ones did in
+      capturing him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Another mode of hunting elephants,&rdquo; said Mr. Webb, &ldquo;is by driving them
+      into a keddah or corral. A strong yard is built with trunks of trees set
+      in the ground like posts about two feet apart so that men can easily go in
+      and out but elephants cannot pass.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0064" id="linkimage-0064"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0137.jpg" alt="0137 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0137.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      From the entrance of the yard two fences enclosing a space shaped like a
+      'V' are extended several miles and the herd of wild elephants is driven so
+      that it will come into the space enclosed by the 'V' Until they are within
+      the jaws of the fences the driving is done very quietly so as not to alarm
+      the animals and put them to flight, but when they are once inside of it,
+      all silence comes to an end, and the hunters make as much noise as
+      possible with guns, drums and other instruments. This frightens the
+      elephants and they rush pell-mell into the keddah, where they are made
+      prisoners.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked if the elephants were killed when caught or were simply made
+      prisoners.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No elephants are wantonly killed nowadays in India and Ceylon,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Webb, &ldquo;with the exception of those that are actually dangerous on account
+      of their vices. There are stringent laws against shooting an elephant, the
+      animal being under government protection, and whenever a herd is driven
+      into a keddah the officials select as many as are wanted for use and allow
+      the rest to return to the forest. In the early part of this century the
+      government gave a bounty in Ceylon for the slaughter of elephants and
+      great numbers were killed by hunters. The mistake in the policy was not
+      discovered until the animals became very scarce, when the laws were
+      reversed. Instead of paying now to have elephants killed the government
+      protects them by making it a serious offence to shoot one.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But the case is different in Africa,&rdquo; said the gentleman. &ldquo;The African
+      elephant is not domesticated at present, or very rarely so, though he
+      seems to have been in ancient times if we may judge by history. The famous
+      Jumbo was an African elephant; you remember that his ears were about three
+      times as large as those of an ordinary elephant, and this is the principal
+      feature which distinguishes one kind from the other. The African is not as
+      docile as the Asiatic elephant; he is hunted for his ivory and for his
+      flesh, which is eagerly devoured by the natives. He is shot, speared,
+      driven into pit-falls, and otherwise taken, and his numbers are said to be
+      diminishing rapidly. By the end of the century, at the rate the
+      destruction is going on, there will not be many African elephants
+      remaining.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked about, the mammoth which formerly lived in Siberia, and whose
+      remains are occasionally found at the present time where they have lain
+      for thousands of years imbedded in the frozen earth. Mr. Graham told him
+      that the mammoth was a member of the elephant family, and his body was
+      covered with thick fur or long hair to protect it from the cold. Of the
+      few specimens that have been found the tusks were longer than those of the
+      elephant and greatly curved; the skele were trimmed into the required
+      shape for telegraph poles; a number of them being piled at intervals along
+      the track.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0065" id="linkimage-0065"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0140.jpg" alt="0140 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0140.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Then the elephants were sent to carry the poles to the distances they
+      were to be set apart. I saw one mahout conduct his elephant to-a pile of
+      these heavy poles and tell the intelligent animal to pick one up. He then,
+      with a long wand he had for the purpose, measured off the distance and
+      accompanied the elephant, who carried the pole to the place the mahout
+      indicated. Then I saw the mahout tell the elephant to go to the pile and
+      place them in line along the track, at the ton of one is in the museum at
+      St. Petersburg, and portions of the hair and skin are preserved with it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0066" id="linkimage-0066"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0139.jpg" alt="0139 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0139.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Returning to the subject of the intelligence of the elephant, Mr. Grahani
+      read the following from the pen of an American traveler in Burmah, who
+      tells how the elephant was employed in building a telegraph line:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;First a track was made by felling all timber and clearing off any
+      undergrowth, etc., to about twenty feet in width, hundreds of men being
+      employed. Such trees as were suitable in length and otherwise same
+      distance apart as the one he had measured. The man then lay down under a
+      tree and went to sleep. In the meantime the noble animal took up each
+      piece of timber, and carried it to its proper place in the line. I felt so
+      interested that I stayed to witness the whole proceeding. I measured the
+      distance by pacing and found them all to be equal in length and correctly
+      placed like the first one. The beast then went to his mahout and gently
+      touched him with the tip of his trunk and awoke him, as much as to say,
+      'All is finished, master, according to your orders.' The mahout awoke,
+      mounted the elephant, and went forward to continue the line in the same
+      easy and agreeable manner.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0067" id="linkimage-0067"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0141.jpg" alt="0141 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0141.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The same writer says:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The young elephants are made pets of and not allowed to work until fully
+      grown. That they are not deficient in understanding, even at an early age,
+      the following anecdote will prove:&mdash;The commissioner at Shweygheen
+      had a young elephant, quite a baby, given him by a Burmese gentleman, and
+      the lively intelligent beast afforded much amusement to his owner and all
+      who knew him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The youngster could do everything but speak. He was kept in a stable in
+      the garden, specially made for him, the sides being composed of stout
+      planks instead of the usual wattled split bamboo. The heavy teak door was
+      fastened on the outside by a sliding bar of the same wood, running in iron
+      staples. The paths and walks through the garden were made of ground rolled
+      and pressed to the hardness of a macadamized road.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Shortly after the young elephant's arrival and installation in his
+      stable, the garden was found one morning to have been robbed during' the
+      night, the mangoes especially suffering, a quantity of the best fruit
+      having been taken. No traces were left by the thief or thieves, there were
+      no footprints on the soft ground outside, nothing to indicate how an
+      entrance had been made into the garden. This went on for several nights,
+      and at last it was discovered that the young elephant was the thief. He
+      used to raise the edge of the roof so as to put out his trank and slide
+      the bolt; then there was no obstacle to prevent opening the door, and he
+      opened it and went into the garden. After regaling himself on the fruit he
+      returned to the stable, closed the door, slid the bolt into its place, let
+      the edge of the roof fall to its proper position, and thus made it
+      impossible for any one to know he had been out.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0068" id="linkimage-0068"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:15%;">
+      <img src="images/5142.jpg" alt="5142 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/5142.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER VII.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Apes, Baboons and Monkeys&mdash;The Apes at Gibraltar&mdash;How they
+      Saved the Fort from Surprise&mdash;A Monkey Fishing Party&mdash;The
+      Monkey's Resemblance to Man&mdash;Illustrations of his Intelligence&mdash;A
+      Monkey Theater&mdash;Dressing the Performers&mdash;The Four-handed Actors
+      and What they Did&mdash;Interview with their Trainer&mdash;Mandrills and
+      their Peculiarities&mdash;The Chacma and his Uses as a Watch-Dog&mdash;How
+      Monkeys find Water&mdash;Differences between Old-World and New-World
+      Monkeys&mdash;Monkeys with Prehensile Tails&mdash;The South American
+      Howler&mdash;Sapajous and Spider Monkeys&mdash;Simian Intelligence&mdash;Organizing
+      to Rob Gardens&mdash;A Bridge of Monkeys.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">W</span>HAT animal shall
+      we consider now?&rdquo; queried Mr. Graham at their next conversation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We've just had the elephant,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;who belongs in Africa and
+      Asia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0069" id="linkimage-0069"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8143.jpg" alt="8143 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8143.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Suppose we talk about another animal of those countries, the monkey.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;If you mean that the monkey belongs exclusively in Africa and Asia as the
+      elephant does,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;you're wrong. The monkey is found there, it
+      is true, but he is also found in America and Europe.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I know he's found in America,&rdquo; replied George, &ldquo;but didn't know that he
+      lived in Europe in a wild state. The only European monkeys I ever heard of
+      were in captivity.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You're not far wrong, though,&rdquo; Harry answered with a slight, laugh, &ldquo;as
+      there's only one place in Europe where monkeys run wild and that is on the
+      Rock of Gibraltar.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0070" id="linkimage-0070"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0144.jpg" alt="0144 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0144.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Are there many of them?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;No, not a great number, and they are supposed to be descended from some
+      that were brought there from Africa and escaped from captivity. The
+      naturalists class them as Magots or Barbary Apes, and say they are
+      identical with the monkeys or apes of Northern Africa. Before we go
+      further let me explain that an ape is a monkey without a tail, a baboon is
+      a monkey with a short tail, and a monkey is an animal of the same great
+      family with a long tail.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We thank you for the explanation,&rdquo; said Harry, and his words were, echoed
+      by George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some interesting stories are told about these Gibraltar monkeys,&rdquo; said
+      Mr. Graham, resuming the topic of conversation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What are they, please?&rdquo; exclaimed the youths in a breath.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It is said,&rdquo; remarked Mr. Graham, &ldquo;that a few weeks before the famous
+      siege of Gibraltar, the Spaniards attempted to surprise one of the British
+      outposts, and they would have succeeded if it had not been for the
+      monkeys. The party which was attempting the surprise had to pass a group
+      of monkeys; the animals set up such a chattering as to alarm the outpost
+      and put it on its guard. As a reward for their services in saving
+      Gibraltar, the English garrison has ever since allowed the monkeys to live
+      unmolested.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Another story,&rdquo; the gentleman continued, &ldquo;relates to the imitative powers
+      of the monkey. When Lord Howe went to the relief of the garrison during
+      the siege, he had among the reinforcements the Twenty-fifth Regiment of
+      infantry. After peace had been declared, several officers of this regiment
+      went to a spot at the back of the rock to amuse themselves by catching
+      fish. They found a good place for their purpose, and were busily engaged
+      in catching whiting, when they were pelted by some one concealed on the
+      steep rock above them. They shifted their ground two or three times, and
+      finally found a place where they were no longer disturbed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The fish were biting at a goodly rate when suddenly the drums sounded to
+      arms. The officers rowed their boat ashore, left it high and dry on the
+      beach, and then hurried away to report for duty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When they came back they were greatly surprised to find that the position
+      of the boat had been changed, and some of the hooks which had been left
+      bare were baited. The lines were a good deal tangled, and it was evident
+      that whoever used the boat had not been at all particular about other
+      people's property.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In a day or two the mystery was explained. An officer of Hanoverian
+      Grenadiers had taken a solitary walk on that very afternoon, and found a
+      party of young monkeys pelting the fishermen from behind the rocks. The
+      officer was a good deal of a naturalist, and so he concealed himself
+      carefully and watched the performance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;While the youngsters were pelting the fishermen, several old monkeys
+      arrived and drove the mischievous youths away. Then they sat down and
+      watched very attentively the business of fish-taking, and when the
+      officers beached their boat and went away, the monkeys determined to
+      improve their lesson. They launched the boat, baited the hooks, and went
+      to fishing. They caught a few fish, and then came back to shore, left the
+      boat and retired up the rock before the officers came in sight again.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Did they carry off the fish they had caught?&rdquo; George asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;not only what they caught themselves but those that
+      the officers had left in the boat.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What a human action!&rdquo; exclaimed Harry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0071" id="linkimage-0071"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9146.jpg" alt="9146 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9146.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The men who argue that we are descended from monkeys ought to know of the
+      performance of the Gibralter apes.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not only in actions but in structure,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;does the monkey
+      bear a resemblance to man. Several naturalists have regarded the monkey as
+      only an inferior form of the human race and have so classified him. The
+      celebrated naturalist Linnæus placed man with monkeys in his order of
+      Primates or first animals. He made his genus <i>Homo</i> consist of human
+      beings (<i>Homo sapiens</i>), of chimpanzees (<i>Homo Troglodytes</i>), of
+      orang outangs (<i>Homo satyrus</i>), and the Gibbons <i>Homo lar</i>.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Was his classification accepted by the other naturalists?&rdquo; one of the
+      youths asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;By some, but by no means by all,&rdquo; was the reply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There was aloud protest against it, not by the monkeys, who didn't
+      trouble their heads on the subject, but learned men and others who felt
+      that the dignity of the human race had been affronted. As time went on the
+      opinions of Linnæus fell more and more into disfavor, and the present
+      classification places man in a distinct genus, that of <i>Bimana</i>
+      (two-handed) while the whole tribe of monkeys, apes and the like, are
+      classed as <i>Quadrumana</i> (four-handed.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It must be admitted,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;that from a purely
+      anatomical point of view, the monkey has a close resemblance to man. He
+      can stand upright, has a nude face, his eyes are directed forward, his
+      internal organs are very much the same, and he is subject to many diseases
+      of which man is the victim. But although he can walk upright he does so
+      with difficulty; his forelegs or arms are much longer than the human arm,
+      in proportion to the rest of the body, and although he has the same organs
+      in his throat he has not the power of speech. Though his hand is shaped
+      like the human one in a general way, it is far from being as perfect; the
+      fingers do not act separately like those of man and the thumb is short and
+      unwieldy and does not oppose each of the fingers, or only very imperfectly
+      so.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have read somewhere,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that the highest intellect shown by
+      the monkey is lower than that of the most degraded savage. Monkeys are not
+      afraid of fire, but no monkey ever rose to the intelligence of producing
+      it by rubbing two sticks together as is done by the lowest of savages.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You are right,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham. &ldquo;The observation you refer to was made
+      by a French philosopher, Joseph de Maistre. There are other points in
+      which we can show a wide gulf between man and the quadrumana, but we will
+      drop them for the present.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      At this moment an exclamation from George turned attention in his
+      direction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's something for us to see,&rdquo; said George, as he held up a newspaper
+      on which he had rested his eye for a moment, while listening to the
+      remarks of Mr. Graham.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is it?&rdquo; Harry asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A monkey show,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;a theatrical performance by trained
+      monkeys, or rather a pantomime, as the animals cannot be expected to talk
+      as human actors do.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      It was agreed at once that the monkey performance was something to be
+      seen, and accordingly arrangements were made for attending it. Mr. Graham
+      explained to the youths that while these performances were comparatively
+      rare in America they were an old established institution in Europe.
+      &ldquo;Germany and Italy,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;are famous for them, and in some of the
+      German and Italian cities there are monkey theaters where performances are
+      given by quadrumana throughout the entire year. They are assisted by dogs
+      and ponies, and altogether the show is very funny and interesting.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The exhibition which our friends attended was managed by Mr. Brockmann, a
+      famous monkey-trainer of Vienna, who thought it would be a good
+      speculation to bring his troupe to America. Among the members of his
+      four-handed company were Kullman, the elegant circus rider; the fat and
+      lovesick Lottie; Anthony, a gentleman not to be joked with with impunity;
+      Jack, a little dandy; and George, the clown of the company, who was said
+      to create any amount of fun by his queer antics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0072" id="linkimage-0072"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0149.jpg" alt="0149 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0149.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Our young friends read with interest an account from a German paper of the
+      preparations for their nightly appearance on the stage. &ldquo;As soon as the
+      operation of dressing begins,&rdquo; says the writer, &ldquo;the cunning little
+      animals begin to be restless. They shuffle to and fro on their high
+      stools; they sneeze and blow and sniffle, and make faces at the keepers
+      and each other. But woe to him who would dare laugh at their grimaces and
+      their fooling. He would soon make acquaintance with their teeth and nails.
+      The comical little fellows love to carry on all sorts of fun, but they
+      wont allow anybody to laugh at them. For this reason they are attached
+      with little chains to their stools as long as their dressing lasts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0073" id="linkimage-0073"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9150.jpg" alt="9150 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9150.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      They like to play all sorts of tricks with the keepers who are dressing
+      them. One of them amuses himself by tearing his brand new trousers into
+      shreds, and when he has fully succeeded in doing so, he gives vent to his
+      delight by loud screams. Another takes pleasure in pulling off the vest
+      which the keeper has had the greatest difficulty in buttoning on him, and
+      grins at the unfortunate man with truly fiendish delight. A third
+      absolutely refuses to put his tiny little hand into the sleeves, although
+      the keeper holds the armhole in the most inviting manner before him. The
+      little rascal pretends not to be able to find it, pushing his hands in
+      every direction but the right one. If the keeper at last loses his
+      patience and pushes the arm by force into the sleeve, the indignant artist
+      feels insulted, and replies with a ringing slap in the keeper's face.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;At last the operation of dressing has been performed. The little artists
+      sit quietly on their stools, not a little proud of their gay costumes.
+      They grin and wink at each other, and munch with great delight nuts and
+      almonds and other delicacies with which they are rewarded. Lottie is
+      particularly vain and proud of her pretty costume. With great complacency
+      she pulls her dress, arranges her coiffure, pushes her hat from one side
+      to the other to see which is most becoming, and keeps on a continual
+      flirtation with the gentlemen of the company. Dainty little Jack, for whom
+      these demonstrations of love are intended, seems to trouble himself very
+      little about his coquetish mistress. He sits quietly in a corner enjoying
+      the draughts from a small bottle of mild beer, of which he is particularly
+      fond, taking very great care that not a drop of the precious liquor is
+      spilled on his snowy white jacket and apron, which as cook is his
+      professional costume. Jack is possessed of a most versatile talent. With
+      equal skill and elegance he appears now as a cook, then as a coachman, or
+      a circus rider and athlete. Besides this, he has assumed for his own
+      pleasure the function of picking up the various articles that lie
+      scattered on the stage after the performance and conveying them swiftly
+      behind the scenes.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      While waiting for the performance to begin, Harry read the following
+      account of a reporter's interview with Mr. Brockmann, the manager of the
+      monkey troupe. The reporter asked about the system of training, and in
+      reply to the question the manager said: &ldquo;I cannot tell everything, as I
+      have certain methods which I do not want to make generally known. For
+      forty years my father and I have given exhibitions of trained animals, and
+      in that time we have naturally learned much of their habits and
+      dispositions. The great thing, however, is to gain command of an animal's
+      entire attention. Once this is obtained, all the rest is comparatively
+      easy. When a monkey's training begins he is restless, his eyes wander all
+      over the room, and his attention is never for more than a minute
+      concentrated on any one thing. I have to teach him to forget everything
+      else and watch me. He must learn to keep his eyes on mine. If any one in
+      the audience will watch the monkeys when they are doing important acts, he
+      will see that they never take their eyes off me. It is a singular thing
+      that, while dogs and ponies look larger on the stage than they really are,
+      monkeys appear very much smaller when dressed up. I have a little monkey
+      who is an even better tightrope performer than the one now exhibited, but
+      he would look so small that the audience would scarcely be able to see his
+      feats. My animals are very fond of me. The rewards you see me give them on
+      the stage are almonds and raisins.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The reporter had an opportunity of witnessing a display of the monkeys'
+      affection for Mr. Brockman, when he made his first appearance for the day
+      in their dressing-room. He went the rounds and spoke a word or two to
+      each. Some kissed him, others climbed up and put their arms around his
+      neck, and each exhibited the utmost impatience till his turn for
+      recognition came.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What monkeys are the easiest to train?&rdquo; inquired the reporter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mandrills and baboons, though they are perhaps a little more delicate
+      than the other kinds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0074" id="linkimage-0074"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9152.jpg" alt="9152 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9152.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Still my father had one for thirty years. The oldest performer in the
+      present troupe is a blue-faced mandrill, whom I have had for twelve years.
+      He is very good-tempered and will not reject any attentions you may feel
+      inclined to show him. As a general rule, when a monkey holds out his hand
+      encouragingly it is safest to give him a wide berth, and one who is
+      chattering to himself is nearly always in a bad temper.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How often do you feed them, and what, is their favorite food?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When they are performing twice they get four light meals a day, milk,
+      fruit, and potatoes being their principal diet. We keep their cages very
+      clean, but they look after their own toilets and we do not wash them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What animals do you find possess the most intelligence, monkeys, dogs or
+      horses?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are clever and stupid specimens of each, but I don't think there is
+      any great difference in general intelligence. The great difficulty with
+      all of them is to get undivided attention.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0075" id="linkimage-0075"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0153.jpg" alt="0153 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0153.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is the difference between a mandrill and an ordinary monkey?&rdquo;
+       queried Harry as he paused at the end of his reading.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The mandrill,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;is one of the many members of the monkey
+      family, and belongs among the apes or the baboons. He is a native of the
+      coast of Guinea in Africa, and has a very short tail or no tail at all;
+      his face is furrowed, and so much resembles that of a dog, that he is
+      often spoken of as a dog-faced monkey. A full grown mandrill is about,
+      five feet high when standing erect, and his head is very large in
+      proportion to his body. He is not the best looking of his race, and would
+      never be chosen as a contestant for a prize for beauty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are monkeys with tails,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and monkeys without
+      tails, and the list of each kind is so long that you couldn't remember a
+      quarter of it if it were repeated. Generally speaking the apes, or the
+      tailless monkeys, are more quiet in disposition than the others, and hence
+      they are the easiest to teach and control. At best the monkey is a
+      restless animal, and his attention cannot be kept at any one thing for
+      more than a few moments. Mr. Brockmann justly says that the work of
+      securing the monkey's attention is the most difficult part of his
+      education.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have read about a variety of monkey that the settlers at the Cape of
+      Good Hope train to serve as watch-dogs,&rdquo; said Harry. &ldquo;Are they of the same
+      kind as the mandrills?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not exactly.&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but they are closely related to them. They
+      are known as chaemas, and when full grown are as large as an English
+      mastiff and excel him in strength and agility. The chaema has a tail about
+      half as long as his body and with a tuft of hair at the end. Like most
+      other monkeys he is a great thief, and cannot be trusted in the presence
+      of provisions of which he is fond. He has such a keen scent that it is
+      very difficult to poison him, and he can find water when the most
+      experienced traveler or bushman is unable to discover it. The Hottentots
+      in traveling carry a tame chaema with them, and when unable to find water
+      they turn him loose and follow him. After carefully surveying the ground,
+      he selects a spot and begins to dig; the Hottentots dig where he directs,
+      and almost invariably succeed in finding the water that they want.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0076" id="linkimage-0076"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0155.jpg" alt="0155 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0155.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But how about his serving as a watch-dog?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He can hear sounds that are inaudible even to the dogs; in a camp he will
+      always give the alarm when danger approaches, and so much do the dogs rely
+      on him, that they go to sleep in the fullest confidence that he will call
+      them in case their services are wanted. When he gives the alarm, they are
+      on the alert and rush in the direction he indicates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He generally lives on good terms with the dogs, and one traveler who
+      carried a chaema tells how the beast used to jump on the backs of the dogs
+      when he was tired. Some of them used to carry him without objection, but
+      others did not like to be employed as pack animals. One in particular
+      always stopped when the chaema mounted his shoulders, and allowed the
+      caravan to pass on out of sight. The monkey did not like to be separated
+      from the caravan, and as it disappeared over the plain or among the hills
+      he would dismount and follow it. The cunning dog then joined him in
+      running to overtake the caravan, but always managed to keep the chaema a
+      little in advance, so that he would not be likely to jump again on the
+      dog's shoulders.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Which shows that the intellect of the dog was superior to that of the
+      chaema,&rdquo; George remarked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The dog's reasoning powers are superior to those of the monkey.&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham, &ldquo;but the latter has the greater faculty for pure imitation.&mdash;Ah!
+      there goes the curtain and the performance is about to commence.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Here is the account which Harry wrote after his return from the theater:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The opening scene is entitled 'African Friends Meet&mdash;A dinner at
+      Delmonico's.' Seated at a table on the stage when the curtain rises, are
+      three monkeys, dressed in the height of fashion. They are Mr. Blackberry,
+      a dude: Colonel Axletree, a retired army officer, and Miss Terrini, from
+      the Darwinian Theater. Mr. Blackberry rings a bell which summons a
+      waitress. The waitress hands the diners a bill of fare and each gives an
+      order. Presently. M. Pouillon, the cook, comes in to consult the feasters,
+      who explain just how they want everything served. The monkey cook bows in
+      inimitable French style and departs. In a moment or two the dinner is
+      served, the only unusual thing in the act being the fact that each monkey
+      steals a portion of his neighbor's food. While his master's back is turned
+      the cook takes a sly drink from a bottle, and also helps himself to the
+      contents of a basket which he has been ordered to place on the table. The
+      monkeys at the table appear to be in conversation, and the by-play among
+      them is very amusing. The pantomine is excellent and the apes do almost
+      everything but speak.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The adventures of Robert Macaire are illustrated by two monkeys known as
+      Cadieux and Ravennes, while another called Robinson does several clever
+      acts as a circus rider. He rides upright upon a pony's back, jumps through
+      rings and over hurdles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0077" id="linkimage-0077"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8157.jpg" alt="8157 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8157.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Other monkeys stand on their heads, walk tight-ropes with balancing rods,
+      turn somersaults, and do acts on the flying trapeze.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      On the way home from the theater the conversation about monkeys was
+      continued, and the youths made mental note of several matters on which
+      they desired information. Harry expressed his disappointment at the
+      absence of tails on the performing monkeys, a circumstance which has
+      already been explained. The youth said he had expected to see the
+      creatures suspending themselves by the tail from the ropes where they were
+      to walk or balance themselves; he thought it would have added materially
+      to the interest of the performance, and wondered if the monkey trainers of
+      Asia or Africa could not do better in this line than did Mr. Brockmann.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;As to that,&rdquo; replied Mr. Graham, &ldquo;I am in very great doubt or rather in
+      no doubt at all. No Asiatic or African monkey can suspend himself by the
+      tail, no matter how long that appendage may be.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Do you mean,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that none of the old world monkeys have
+      prehensile tails?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Exactly so,&rdquo; was the reply. &ldquo;The only monkeys that can use the tail as a
+      fifth hand, or for clinging to branches of trees, are found in America,
+      and never in the old world unless they have been carried there from this
+      country. But do not understand that all the American monkeys have
+      prehensile tails; some of them have the tail wonderfully developed and
+      useful, while others cannot hold on with it, and several varieties have
+      almost no tails at all. A naturalist who lived four years in South America
+      says that in that time he saw twenty-one varieties of monkey, seven of
+      them having prehensile and fourteen of them non-prehensile tails. The
+      Asiatic monkey does not seem to be aware that the tail can be made of any
+      use, but the liveliest of the American monkeys employ it for picking up
+      objects and for support while swinging among the trees. And we may further
+      say that the monkeys of the old world are unlike those of the new, none of
+      the varieties that exist on one side of the Atlantic being found on the
+      other.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The largest of the American monkeys is far below the largest of his
+      Asiatic or African cousins in the matter of size. While several members of
+      the baboon family are five feet in height, and a large gorilla is said to
+      be six feet or very nearly when standing erect, the largest of the
+      American monkeys, if we leave his long tail out of calculation, does not
+      exceed three feet. He belongs in South America, and is known as the
+      Howler, and he can howl louder than twenty men if the stories of travelers
+      are to be believed. The noise he makes is so terrific, that many a
+      traveler has been frightened by it and has thought that all the wild
+      beasts of the woods had assembled close at hand, and were about to devour
+      everybody and everything within their neighborhood. One monkey gives a
+      howl, and when he is tired he signals to the rest tried to ascertain
+      accurately how far the sound could be heard. Judging the distance by the
+      time it took him to reach the tree where the monkeys were, he thought two
+      miles not an over estimate; when the sound came across a lake unimpeded by
+      trees it was easily audible a good three miles.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked if these animals kept up their howling when in captivity?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They all shout in chorus. After a while they stop, and then the solitary
+      one starts up again. And in this way the unearthly chorus is kept up from
+      midnight till sunrise; sometimes they begin at the close of day and keep
+      it up all night, making it quite impossible for a traveler to sleep within
+      a mile of them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0078" id="linkimage-0078"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0159.jpg" alt="0159 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0159.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Can they really be heard at the distance of a mile?&rdquo; one of the boys
+      asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes, and farther still,&rdquo; was the reply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr Graham explained that they were active enough in the woods, but as soon
+      as they became prisoners they lost all their spirit, displayed surly
+      dispositions, refused to make friends with anybody, and soon died of
+      grief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0079" id="linkimage-0079"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9160.jpg" alt="9160 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9160.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Other varieties of South American monkeys were more tractable, Mr Graham
+      further explained, and he specially mentioned the little spider monkey and
+      a sapajou as amusing and affectionate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Some of these American monkeys,&rdquo; Mr Graham continued, &ldquo;show a great deal
+      of intelligence, bordering upon reason. A naturalist who studied them in
+      Brazil says that when one of them received an egg for the first time he
+      broke it clumsily and lost half the contents, but so, he handled it with
+      the greatest care. Lumps of sugar were occasionally given to him wrapped
+      in paper; one day a live wasp was put in the paper with the sugar, so that
+      when the monkey tore it open he was stung. After that he always held the
+      paper to his ear and listened intently to detect any movement within.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Haven't I read,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;about monkeys organizing raids upon
+      orchards and gardens in a very systematic manner, just as boys or men
+      might do?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Quite likely you have,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;for such things are by no means
+      uncommon. Monkeys are gregarious animals and hunt in the second time he
+      only broke the top and lost nothing. Ever after that when he received an
+      egg he gently broke the top by hitting it against a hard substance, and
+      then picked off the fragments of the shell with his fingers. After cutting
+      himself once with a sharp tool he would not for some time touch it again,
+      and when he finally did troops; these troops generally have their chiefs,
+      whom they obey implicity, and there would seem to be some mode of
+      communication among them by which orders are issued and understood.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The monkeys of Northern Africa come down from their places of concealment
+      in the forest and rob the gardens of the people, carrying off the fruit by
+      wholesale. Sentinels are posted to give warning in case of danger, then
+      one of the troop climbs over the fence followed by another and another.
+      They form a line from the wall to the tree which is to be robbed, and as
+      fast as the fruit is plucked it is passed from one to another with the
+      greatest rapidity. Those at the farther end of the line and outside of the
+      garden wall, load themselves with all they can carry and then move away;
+      as soon as the fruit has been stripped from the tree, or at the slightest
+      note of alarm, the whole line scrambles off and is out of reach in a
+      moment.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0080" id="linkimage-0080"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0162.jpg" alt="0162 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0162.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;How do they divide their spoil?&rdquo; one of the youths asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We don't know that,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but it is certain they have some
+      form of division or they would not pass the fruit from one to another as
+      they do. It is quite possible that the chief takes the best for himself
+      and either assigns the others their shares or lets them quarrel over what
+      he does not want.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Another instance of their close imitation of human customs,&rdquo; said George
+      with a laugh.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Captain Mayne Reid gives an interesting account,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;of
+      how monkeys in the tropical forest of America cross a stream. It is an
+      excellent illustration of the subject we have under consideration.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      When they reached home Mr. Graham found the book containing the story and
+      handed it to Harry, who read aloud as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The half-human voices now sounded nearer, and we could perceive that the
+      animals were approaching the spot where we lay. Presently they appeared
+      upon the opposite bank, headed by an old gray chieftain, and officered
+      like so many soldiers. They were of the <i>comadreja</i> or ring-tailed
+      tribe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One&mdash;an aide-de-camp, or chief pioneer, perhaps&mdash;ran out upon a
+      projecting rock, and after looking across the stream, as if calculating
+      the distance, scampered back, and appeared to communicate with the leader.
+      This produced a movement in the troops. Commands were issued, and fatigue
+      parties were detailed and marched to the front.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0081" id="linkimage-0081"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8163.jpg" alt="8163 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8163.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile several of the <i>comadrejas</i>&mdash;engineers, no doubt&mdash;ran
+      along the bank, examining the trees on both sides.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;At length they all collected around a tall cotton-wood tree that grew
+      over the narrowest part of the stream, and twenty or thirty of them
+      scampered up its trunk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On reaching a high point, the foremost, a strong fellow, ran out upon a
+      limb, and taking several turns of his tail around it, slipped off and hung
+      head downwards. The next on the limb, also a stout one, climbed down the
+      body of the first, and whipping his tail tightly round the neck and
+      forearm of the latter, dropped off in his turn, and hung, head down. The
+      third repeated the maneuver upon the second, and the fourth upon the
+      third, and so on, until the last one upon the string rested his forepaws
+      upon the ground.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The living chain now commenced swinging backward and forward, like the
+      pendulum of a clock. The motion was slight at first, but gradually
+      increased, the lowermost monkey striking his hands violently on the earth
+      as he passed the tangent of the oscillating curve. Several others upon the
+      limbs above aided the movement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;This continued until the monkey at the end of the chain was thrown among
+      the branches of a tree on the opposite bank. Here, after two or three
+      vibrations, he clutched a limb and held fast. This movement was executed
+      adroitly, just at the culminating point of the oscillation, in order to
+      save the intermediate links from the violence of a too sudden jerk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The chain was fast at both ends, forming a complete suspension bridge,
+      over which the whole troop, to the number of four or five hundred, passed
+      with the rapidity of thought.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The troop was now on the other side, but how were the animals forming the
+      bridge to get themselves over? This was the question which suggested
+      itself. Manifestly by number one letting go his tail. But then the point
+      d'appui on the other side was much lower down, and number one, with half a
+      dozen of his neighbors, would be dashed against the opposite bank, or
+      soused into the water.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here, then, was a problem, and we waited with some curiosity for its
+      solution. It was soon solved. A monkey was now seen attaching his tail to
+      the lowest on the bridge, another girded him in a similar manner, and
+      another and so on until a dozen more were added to the string. These last
+      were all powerful fellows, and running up a high limb, they lifted the
+      bridge into a position almost horizontal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Then a scream from the last monkey of the new formation warned the
+      tail-end that all was ready, and the next moment the whole chain was swung
+      over, and landed safely on the opposite bank. The lowermost links now
+      dropped off like a melting candle, while the higher ones leaped on the
+      branches and came down by the trunk. The whole troop then scampered off
+      into the chapparal and disappeared.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER VIII.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>A Famous Chimpanzee&mdash;Mr. Crowley of Central Park&mdash;His Origin
+      and History&mdash;Details of his Early Life&mdash;His Training and
+      Accomplishments&mdash;Elating at Table with Knife, Fork, and Spoon&mdash;Furniture
+      of his Apartment&mdash;Drinking from a Cup&mdash;What he Eats and Drinks&mdash;His
+      appreciation of Music&mdash;Refusal to wear Clothes&mdash;Ill of Pneumonia
+      and Recovery&mdash;A bad Temper&mdash;The Gorilla and his near Relatives&mdash;The
+      Gorilla at Home&mdash;Du Chaillu's Experiences&mdash;Friendship between a
+      Dog and a Gorilla&mdash;The Orang-outang&mdash;His Home and Habits&mdash;Performances
+      of a Baby Orang&mdash;The Gibbon&mdash;Gentlest of the Monkey Family&mdash;Mr.
+      Newmian's Pet&mdash;Long-nosed Monkeys&mdash;Monkeys catching Crabs with
+      their Tails&mdash;How the Traveler Lost and Recovered his Red Caps&mdash;The
+      Monkey and the Mirror&mdash;The Orang that Saved the Child.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">T</span>he afternoon of
+      the day following the visit to the monkey theater was devoted to a visit
+      to the collection of wild animals in Central Park. The special object of
+      the visit was a famous chimpanzee known as Mr. Crowley, who was the wonder
+      and admiration of many children and grown people on account of his
+      intelligence and accomplishments.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Unfortunately for the interest of science and the amusement of the public,
+      Mr. Crowley met the fate that befalls most monkeys who are brought from
+      their tropical homes to colder climates; he died of pneumonia and pleurisy
+      after having been several times dangerously ill.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0082" id="linkimage-0082"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0166.jpg" alt="0166 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0166.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Monkeys rarely live long in northern countries; they die of pneumonia or
+      consumption, generally in a few months, in spite of the greatest care in
+      shielding them from the effects of draughts or chills. The tailless
+      monkeys are more hardy than the tailed ones, but even they are not proof
+      against the rigors of the north.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From his own observations, aided by free quotations from a little book
+      entitled &ldquo;Mr. Crowley of Central Park,&rdquo; by Henry S. Fuller, George
+      prepared the following description of this remarkable animal:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Crowley was captured when very young in the forests of Africa, not far
+      from Monrovia, Liberia. He was presented to the Central Park Museum by the
+      Hon. Mr. Smythe, U. S. Minister to Liberia, and became a resident of New
+      York in May 1884. He was then thought to be about six months old and
+      weighed not far from twenty-five pounds; he was very active, and soon
+      after his arrival a trapeze was fitted up for him on which he took great
+      pleasure in swinging.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0083" id="linkimage-0083"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0168.jpg" alt="0168 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0168.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      A pair of ninepins were obtained for him, in shape like small Indian
+      clubs, and several wooden balls sufficiently large not to be slipped
+      through the grating. He took great pleasure in making targets of the pins,
+      and would hurl the balls at them with all his strength and chatter with
+      delight when the targets were struck. Tiring of this, he would seize the
+      pins, one in each hand, and exercise with these, not entirely according to
+      the written rules of club exercise, but with a zest that was of equal
+      benefit to the muscles; although, when he abandoned this practice and used
+      them as drumsticks to batter the sides of his apartment, the uproar
+      sometimes became too great to be endured.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;His meals were usually taken outside of his apartment. Seated in one of
+      the office chairs about six o'clock, after his morning toilet had been
+      made, he was handed a plate of boiled rice, sweetened with a little sugar,
+      which he ate in genteel fashion with a spoon, and with apparent relish,
+      often looking up at his benefactor with one eye in apparent gratitude, and
+      only pausing an instant to wipe his spacious chin of little rivulets of
+      rice that would trickle at times from the convex corners of his mouth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0084" id="linkimage-0084"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9169.jpg" alt="9169 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9169.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      A cup of milk would then be given him to aid the digestion of more solid
+      food.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;These meals were prepared punctually four times a day, a custom which has
+      become of a second nature to the chimpanzee and continues to the present
+      time. The first meal was in the morning, and a lunch followed about ten
+      o'clock; between one and two he was given his dinner, and his supper hour
+      was at five, after which he invariably indicated a desire to retire to his
+      blanket and dispose of himself for the night. The lunch in the morning and
+      the supper were often varied with fruit, an orange or a banana, which was
+      first carefully prepared by peeling. Otherwise his diet was quite plain;
+      all sweetmeats, candies and dainties being positively prohibited.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;During the fall of 1884, his weight, increasing at more than a pound a
+      month, reached forty pounds. His height and strength developed
+      proportionately. The coat of hair that had begun to appear upon his body
+      was black and glossy. It was brushed daily, an operation which he seemed
+      to enjoy; about the head, where it grew longer, a natural inclination was
+      discovered to part in the center, and for better effect the hair was
+      brushed down over his forehead and kept trimmed and banged, imparting a
+      more civilized appearance when he was presented to visitors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On being permitted to view himself in a glass, Crowley expressed his
+      entire approbation of this fashion. He displayed much vanity and did not
+      soon tire of admiring himself. When he grasped a policeman's club that was
+      in the room and paraded up and down with it for a cane, his appearance was
+      striking. The natural stoop of his shoulders became profoundly English,
+      and taken in conjunction with the cane, so thick and heavy in proportion
+      to Crowley's figure, the resemblance was most perfect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He was quite conscious of his increasing importance, and took great
+      pleasure in receiving visitors. He submitted to the cleaning of his nails
+      and the scrubbing of his teeth, but the washing of his hands and face was
+      always extremely distasteful to him. He never became entirely reconciled
+      to that practice, and after he became older he discarded it almost
+      entirely.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A small chair and a table of solid oak were made for him, both articles
+      being sufficiently heavy to withstand an outburst of animal spirits that
+      he sometimes indulged in after a meal. For the same reason his dishes were
+      of the heavy ware used in down-town restaurants. He had previously learned
+      to drink from a cup and sip his milk with a spoon. Now he was instructed
+      in the use of knife and fork, and in the absence of meat or other solid
+      food, he carved into slices the bananas and other fruits given him, and
+      conveyed these slices to his mouth on the fork.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One admirer sent him a napkin enclosed in a plated silver ring. The ring
+      was engraved, 'Remus Crowley, Esq.,' and a corner of the napkin had also
+      the name embroidered on it. After inspecting both with grave deliberation,
+      he grunted his appreciation, and proceeded to thrust the napkin into his
+      mouth. Much patient persevering was required to impress upon him the
+      importance of laying the napkin on one knee, or of folding it over his
+      chest while eating, and that its function was to keep his mouth and chin
+      clean, but repeated instructions at last instilled these precepts on his
+      mind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The chimpanzees are keen, observant animals, and Crowley inherited the
+      full gifts of his race. Little that transpired around him escaped his
+      attention, while his understanding was not less ready and intelligent. In
+      a few days he learned to lock and unlock the doors of the room in which he
+      lived, and to hide the key which was used to lock him in the apartment.
+      More care was needed with him than for a child of live years. If he could
+      not express himself intelligently in speech. He was neither deaf nor dumb,
+      and he had a vocabulary of his own made up of gutteral monosyllables,
+      which his attendant professes to understand quite well, though to the
+      uninitiated it is more than Greek or Sanscrit.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0085" id="linkimage-0085"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0171.jpg" alt="0171 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0171.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Shall I wash your face, Crowley?' asked his keeper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Ooh! ooh! ooh!' exclaimed Crowley, moving away disgusted. 'That means
+      no,' explains the attendant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Here's an orange, baby.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Ut, oot, oot, oot!' and Crowley thrust out a fist eagerly. His other
+      expressions are more complex, except with regard to pain or pleasure. With
+      the first he utters a yell that would startle a Sioux Indian; when
+      pleased, the ends of his mouth stretch to each ear, while he dances and
+      mumbles with enjoyment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;By the summer of 1885 Crowley weighed fifty pounds and was very vigorous.
+      A new cage was made for him in the west end of the monkey house; it was
+      about ten feet long, six feet high, and of the same width, open on all
+      sides, and protected by a grating of iron wire, the thickness of a lady's
+      little finger. One of the new features introduced in it was a swing or
+      trapeze; a wooden bar suspended at one end of the cage by two stout ropes
+      from the ceiling. At the other end of the cage was a spring board, to
+      enable him to indulge to his full bent in his propensity for leaping. When
+      placed in his new quarters he made a dignified circuit of his room,
+      walking as erect as possible, only resting on the knuckles of his hands,
+      or supporting himself by holding to the grating, He inspected the
+      spring-board as if accustomed to spring-boards of various patterns, and
+      passed on without testing its elasticity. The trapeze he eyed with some
+      curiosity, but did not deign to try it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;At the close of his second summer, it was decided that many changes would
+      be needed another year, to fit that place for his growth. When standing
+      erect, and flat on his feet, Crowley was now nearly four feet in height.
+      He had outgrown the baby chair provided for him the first year, and it was
+      succeeded by one better suited to a person of his size and importance. A
+      bedstead of oak was procured, so that instead of stretching himself on the
+      hard floor, he could sleep like other people. The bedstead was five feet
+      long and three feet wide, giving him ample room to turn around without
+      rolling out; but for greater security it was attached to the floor with
+      iron braces, which defied, for the time, Mr. Crowley's ingenuity to
+      unscrew, and his strength to remove from their places.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Crowley had a fondness for music. Whenever his attendant produced a mouth
+      organ and played on it &ldquo;Sweet Violets,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Yankee Doodle,&rdquo; the
+      chimpanzee's whole attention was at once arrested. He would listen for a
+      few moments intently, and as the air proceeded, a state of great nervous
+      excitement would come upon him. His body would begin to sway in unison
+      with the attendant's foot as it beat upon the floor, until at last, no
+      longer able to contain himself, he would spring up and down in a
+      chimpanzee jig, which appears to be a kind of cross between a Virginia
+      reel and an Irish break-down, keeping this up until he became exhausted or
+      the music ceased. When the instrument was given to him and held for him,
+      he would blow upon it and try to reproduce the sounds which caused him
+      pleasure, and when he succeeded, an expression of delight would brighten
+      his flexible features. But his performances were never such as to warrant
+      his applying for a situation in Theodore Thomas's orchestra or even in an
+      ordinary street band.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;With the winter of 1887-88 Crowley entered upon his fifth year. He had
+      attained the weight of nearly one hundred pounds, and when erect he stood
+      quite four feet two inches in his bare feet. His hands were as big and
+      knotted as those of a negro laborer inured to toil, and his muscles were
+      thoroughly developed. His temper did not improve, and it became necessary
+      to apply a whip to him occasionally to keep him under discipline. During
+      the winter he had an attack of pneumonia, and when the fever came on all
+      his bluster and bad temper disappeared. His strength left him and he
+      became quite helpless, lying all day on the floor in the center of his
+      cage, his head resting on one arm for a pillow, with a piece of heavy
+      bagging beneath him for a mattress. When strangers entered his cage he was
+      too weak to raise his head. Many physicians called to see him and tender
+      their services. He recognized their kindness and their purpose with a low
+      grunt, which often ended in a fit of coughing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0086" id="linkimage-0086"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0175.jpg" alt="0175 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0175.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When requested, he would proffer his arm for the physicians to feel his
+      pulse, turn over that the breathing in his chest might be listened to, and
+      show his tongue for examination. For a long time he regarded the
+      thermometer used to secure his temperature with suspicion. It could not be
+      placed beneath his tongue for fear of the consequences, but, as he became
+      weaker, and unable to repel the liberties, he was persuaded to hold the
+      instrument under an arm.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;All that could be done for Crowley seemed of little avail, and for two
+      weeks he remained in this hopeless state.. His temperature at times rose
+      to one hundred and five degrees, and pulse beat nearly a hundred. In the
+      absence of hot applications, only hot teas and liquors could be given him.
+      A concoction of rum and molasses was prepared and he was prevailed on, at
+      a critical point of his illness, to swallow a large dose of this, to which
+      a quantity of brandy was added. Soon after swallowing it he fell into a
+      heavy stupor which continued for several hours. About midnight he startled
+      his attendant by suddenly leaping into his trapeze with all his old
+      nimbleness. He bounded upon his spring-board and for an hour danced and
+      shouted in his cage, and then staggered and sank down in a profound
+      perspiration. He was covered with a blanket and slept soundly until
+      morning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When he awoke, there was something like the old grin on his face as he
+      looked up at his keeper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Comin' around, old man?' asked the keeper tenderly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Oogh, oogh!' muttered Crowley, faintly, and closed his eyes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Sure enough he was on the way to recovery. His strength and flesh
+      returned, and with them his occasional displays of bad temper that
+      required the use of the whip.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is the difference between the chimpanzee and the gorilla?&rdquo; Harry
+      asked, when George had finished reading his description of Mr. Crowley and
+      his curious ways.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The name has sometimes been given to all the great apes, including the
+      gorilla and the orang-outang,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;but it properly belongs
+      to the lowest of the man-shaped apes of equatorial Africa. The gorilla
+      stands at the head of the list; then comes the kooloo-kamba, then the
+      nachiego-mbouve, then the soko, and after these the chimpanzee. They are
+      all so closely allied that any one but a close student may mistake one for
+      the other, and this circumstance has led to confusion in the stories of
+      explorers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In size and shape the gorilla approaches more nearly to man than any
+      other of the monkey family, but he is still a long way from being able to
+      claim one of us as his brother. The arms are so long that they almost
+      touch the ground when the animal stands erect, which he does not do
+      easily.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0087" id="linkimage-0087"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0177.jpg" alt="0177 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0177.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mr. du Chaillu was the first explorer to see the gorilla at home; he
+      killed several specimens of this remarkable creature and sent their skins
+      to England, but though he tried very hard to bring away a living sample he
+      was unable to do so. Later travelers have been more fortunate, and I have
+      read to-day in a newspaper that Boston has just received from Africa the
+      largest gorilla ever landed in this country. His name is Jack, and he is
+      five feet in height when standing erect, and measures seven feet from the
+      end of one outstretched hand to the other. He weighs about one hundred and
+      twenty-five pounds and exhibits enormous strength, compared with which
+      that of man seems like a child's. He arrived in a large box made of
+      planking two and a half inches thick, and when being removed from the ship
+      he tore large splinters from the hard wood planks with as much ease as a
+      child would break a twig. The hair, which is very coarse, and from two to
+      four inches in length, is of a greenish-gray color, and on the back, legs
+      and arms inclines to a black. His shoulders are immense. The expression of
+      his face, which is black, is scowling. The eyes are small, sunken in the
+      head, and the lips large and thin.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I suppose the gorilla does not make as good-natured a captive as Mr.
+      Crowley, for example,&rdquo; one of the boys remarked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not by any means,&rdquo; answered Mr. Graham. &ldquo;He is of an ugly disposition and
+      generally refuses to be tamed, though occasionally one is found that is
+      comparatively submissive. Some years ago a gentleman bought a gorilla that
+      was thought to be about two years old and shipped it to England. It was
+      not spiteful or obstinate in its ways, but seemed to be very shy; its
+      owner thought the best plan was to allow it to run about the ship, and
+      after it was given its freedom it got along very well. It would take food
+      from the hands of passengers and sailors, but permitted no familiarity; it
+      formed a great friendship for a bull terrier, and the two used to play
+      together by the hour, the dog occasionally giving a very sharp nip which
+      was not resented by the larger animal. But, unfortunately, the gorilla was
+      missed one morning, and was supposed to have fallen overboard during the
+      night.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The gorilla is the largest monkey of Africa and in fact of the whole
+      world. The largest Asiatic monkey is found, not on the continent of Asia,
+      but on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. He is know to foreigners as the
+      orang-outang or wild man of the forest, and is generally called 'mias' by
+      the natives. Many of the people believe that the creature is a human being
+      who lives in a wild state, and hence the name by which he is described to
+      strangers. In habits, size, and general appearance, the mias is much like
+      the gorilla, but he is more easily tamed and kept in captivity. He lives
+      in the forestand travels from tree to tree without descending to the
+      ground; in fact he sleeps in the trees, making a bed of leaves among the
+      branches. Mr. Wallace, a naturalist, describes how he shot at a mias and
+      broke his arm. The animal was in the top of a tree at the time, and
+      immediately proceeded to break off branches and make a nest for himself.
+      Mr. Wallace fired at him several times, but he did not quit his work, and
+      he finally laid down in the nest and died there from the effects of the
+      shot. It was necessary to cut down the tree in order to obtain the body,
+      which proved to be a very large one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0088" id="linkimage-0088"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0179.jpg" alt="0179 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0179.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Mr. Wallace caught a young mias and managed to keep it six or eight
+      weeks; he hoped to be able to take it to England, but it died at the end
+      of that time, probably from the impossibility of obtaining proper food. He
+      said it would cry like a child when hungry or when its food did not suit
+      its taste; if its keeper persisted in offering food that it disliked it
+      would scream and kick violently, exactly like a baby in a passion.
+      Altogether he thought it very human in its actions, and was very sorry
+      when it died from intermittent fever.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Harry asked if the gibbon monkey which comes from Siam and the neighboring
+      countries was anything like the mias.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham explained that the gibbon was much smaller than the gorilla or
+      the orang-outang, and more human in his general appearance. He is a
+      delicate creature and cannot exist in a cold climate even with the
+      greatest care. An adult gibbon rarely lives more than a few weeks in
+      captivity, and when captured young the animal does not usually reach
+      maturity. The gibbons are very gentle in their manners, devotedly attached
+      to their masters when kindly treated, and not at all mischievous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On a steamer that carried me from Bangkok to Singapore,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham,
+      &ldquo;one of the passengers, Mr. Newman, had a gibbon which he was undertaking
+      to carry to England. The little fellow was very gentle and playful and
+      easily made friends with all the passengers. Mr. Newman said he had kept
+      the monkey at his house in Bangkok and allowed him the largest liberty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The house was full of bric-a-brac and curios of various kinds, but the
+      monkey went about with the greatest care and never injured anything.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;One of his favorite amusements was to race around the verandah of the
+      house with his master, the two starting from one point and going in
+      opposite directions. Frequently he came in the morning and by signs
+      indicated that he wished a race; Mr. Newman generally allowed the monkey
+      to beat him, and the creature always seemed pleased at his triumph.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He sat at the table and drank milk and coffee from a cup, and his manners
+      in general were far better than those of most monkeys in captivity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Another gibbon that was being carried to England on a steamer would walk
+      the entire length of the saloon table at dinner without breaking or even
+      touching anything upon it, although the table might be covered with
+      glasses and plates and the vessel was rolling heavily. He would start from
+      the foot of the table, walk to the other end to take a glass of wine with
+      the captain, and then return in the same careful manner. The wild gibbons
+      drink by scooping up the water with a single paw, and it requires some
+      patience to teach them to drink from a glass or cup in a human fashion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0089" id="linkimage-0089"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0182.jpg" alt="0182 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0182.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But of all the monkeys in the world,&rdquo; continued the gentleman, &ldquo;the most
+      comical is the long-nosed monkey of Borneo; as far as known it has been
+      found nowhere else than in that island. He grows to the size of a large
+      pointer dog, lives in the same forests with the orang-outang, and probably
+      associates with him. He has a funny appearance at any age, but perhaps the
+      funniest when young and the nose has just begun to develop. Its hair grows
+      naturally down the sides of the head as though parted by a comb, it has
+      whiskers but no mustaches, and it has a long tail which starts high enough
+      up the back not to be in the way when the animal sits down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The Dyak natives believe that these monkeys are a race of men who have
+      fled to the forest in order to avoid the payment of taxes!&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0090" id="linkimage-0090"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0183.jpg" alt="0183 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0183.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;And now,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, glancing at his watch, &ldquo;we will drop the
+      subject of apes and their kindred until to-morrow.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The youths took the hint and no further questions were asked that evening
+      about quadrumana and their strange ways. But the next day they were ready
+      with several &ldquo;monkey stories,&rdquo; some of which are worth repeating.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Harry found the following, which certainly shows a reasoning power on the
+      part of the monkey:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is on the coast of Java a peculiar long-tailed monkey, and a sand
+      crab that grows to extraordinary size and possesses great strength in its
+      claws.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0091" id="linkimage-0091"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8184.jpg" alt="8184 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8184.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The monkeys are particularly fond of these crabs, which live in deep holes
+      in the sand, but spend much of their time on the outside of their holes,
+      where they run and hop about. They range in size from that of a silver
+      dollar to that of our edible crabs. Their claws are not large, but have a
+      grip that is vise-like. The monkeys make daily raids on the haunts of
+      these crabs, and occasionally succeed&mdash;by creeping stealthily to
+      within a few feet of a group of them and then springing down upon them&mdash;in
+      capturing one. Usually, however, the crabs are so wary that while the
+      monkey is in the air during his spring toward them they have separated and
+      disappeared into the ground. The monkey finding himself too slow to make a
+      capture, then resorts to a bit of strategy to secure a dinner; he backs
+      himself up to a hole into which a crab has disappeared, and sitting down,
+      thrusts his long tail into the hole. The crab seizes the end of the tail
+      the moment it approaches near enough. Any one who may have been fortunate
+      enough to hide himself in the bushes unobserved by the monkey making a
+      raid, will have a hard time to restrain his laughter when the critical
+      moment of contact between the crab's claw and the monkey's tail is
+      reached. There is a look of comical suspense on the monkey's face as he
+      thrusts his tail in the hole. When the crab closes on the tail the look of
+      suspense departs. The monkey gives an involuntary start, and then settles
+      on his haunches while he closes his teeth together with a determined air,
+      and eventually, springing forward, out comes the tail from the hole with
+      the crab dangling to it, and the monkey is soon proceeding with his meal.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's another story,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;which is old but good: 'A Spanish
+      mule-driver once invested his scant earnings, purchasing a number of red
+      woolen caps, which form the crown of the turban worn throughout Turkey and
+      Africa, and set out to make his fortune in the interior.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0092" id="linkimage-0092"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9185.jpg" alt="9185 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9185.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      He started before sunrise, and, when the heat of the day came on, lay down
+      to sleep beneath a tree in a wood. Taking off his hat he opened his
+      valise, and, putting on a red cap, was soon asleep.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'When the sun was low in the horizon he awoke, and to his horror, saw the
+      trees tilled with monkeys in red raps. They had seen the Spaniard put on
+      the red cap before going to sleep, and followed his example. The poor
+      Spaniard, with all the gesticulation peculiar to his country, stamped his
+      foot in anger, and tearing off his red cap threw it on the ground, when&mdash;blessed
+      and unexpected result&mdash;all the monkeys followed his example. He
+      picked up his caps and moved on.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Here's a story from a St Louis newspaper,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;about an incident
+      that must have been very funny:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;'Yesterday was a good day for the monkeys at the Fair grounds, and they
+      liked it. They frisked about in the sunshine, and cut their antics with an
+      abandon that showed them to be bubbling over with fun and mischief. There
+      is one that by some amusing peculiarities becomes an immediate favorite
+      with every spectator. A gentleman in the crowd yesterday happened to have
+      a small pocket-mirror, and just for sport passed it to the favorite. The
+      monkey's behavior, on seeing his face reflected in the glass, kept the
+      crowd in a roar of laughter for nearly an hour. The monkey of course
+      failed to recognize the reflection of himself, and took it for another
+      monkey, and his anxiety to get hold of that monkey was what made the fun.
+      He would look behind the glass, and feel for it in such a comical way
+      while he was looking in the glass, that one could not help laughing. While
+      the glass was close to his eye he gradually bent over, casually, and
+      noticing that the evanescent monkey was on his back apparently he dropped
+      the glass and made a sudden grab for him. When he didn't get him he looked
+      surprised and commenced looking under the straw to see what had become of
+      him. He was then seized with a luminous idea. He picked up the glass and
+      ran to the topmost branch of the dead tree that is erected in the cage,
+      and climbing to the extreme end, again looked in the glass. It seemed he
+      reasoned that in such a position the monkey could not get away. He felt
+      for it, grabbed at it, and tried all sorts of strategy to capture it,
+      notwithstanding repeated failures.'&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      That the monkey can be a hero is shown by a story which George found in <i>Our
+      Animal Friends</i>, credited to <i>The Children's Treasury</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A nobleman had a favorite monkey, a large orang-outang.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0093" id="linkimage-0093"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8186.jpg" alt="8186 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8186.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      This monkey was very much attached to his master and to the baby boy who
+      was the pet of the whole family. One day, a fire suddenly broke out in the
+      house, and everybody was running here and there to put it out, while the
+      little boy in the nursery was almost forgotten; and, when they thought of
+      him, the staircase was all in flames. What could be done?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;As they were looking up and wondering, a large hairy hand and arm opened
+      the window: and presently the monkey appeared with the baby in his arms,
+      and carefully climbed down over the porch, and brought the child safely to
+      his nurse. Nobody else could have done it; for a man cannot climb like a
+      monkey and is not nearly so strong.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You may imagine how the faithful creature was praised and petted after
+      that. This is a true story, and the child who was saved was the young
+      Marquis of Kildare.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0094" id="linkimage-0094"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:15%;">
+      <img src="images/5187.jpg" alt="5187 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/5187.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0009" id="link2HCH0009"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER IX
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>A Calf saving a Child from Drowning&mdash;Another that Seasoned&mdash;Illustrations
+      of the Intelligence of Horned Cattle&mdash;Oxen taking care of Sheep&mdash;The
+      Cow that sought Help for Another&mdash;Natural History of the Ox&mdash;Peculiarities
+      of the Bison&mdash;Encounter with a Bull-bison&mdash;How a Hunter Escaped
+      being Trampled to Death&mdash;Stampeding a Herd&mdash;The Aurochs or
+      European Bison&mdash;A bad Character&mdash;The Yak and the Musk-ox&mdash;Mr.
+      Graham's Narrow Escape from an Egyptian Buffalo&mdash;The Cape Buffalo&mdash;How
+      the Natives Hunt him, and are Hunted by him.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">H</span>ere's a good
+      story,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;about the intelligence of a calf. It is copied from
+      the Atlanta Constitution.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Graham and George listened attentively while Harry read as follows:&mdash;&ldquo;Little
+      Dillie Welsh is the four-year-old daughter of Yard-master Welsh, of the
+      Louisville and Nashville Railroad.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0095" id="linkimage-0095"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figright" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/8188.jpg" alt="8188 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/8188.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      She is bright and a general favorite. Her father keeps a Jersey cow, which
+      has a calf. The calf and little Dillie have formed a mutual affection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;In the adjoining lot to Mr. Welsh is a mineral well, which has a low
+      opening, and a child can stand and look over it. A few days ago Dillie and
+      her calf were playing near the well when the little girl went too near.
+      She crawled up and was looking over, when the calf came up and held onto
+      her dress with his teeth. She lost her balance and fell over in the mouth
+      of the well. The calf held on to the child's clothes while she was
+      suspended in the air over the water. If the animal had let go the dress,
+      the child would have been drowned. The child was rescued by a servant, and
+      the calf was happy.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That's a very pretty story,&rdquo; said George; &ldquo;and I have a good one to go
+      with it.&rdquo; Thereupon he read something which he said was from <i>The
+      Greenville (N. C.) Reflector</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;An amusing incident occurred at the home of Mr. S. M. Jones, near Bethel,
+      recently. Among his cattle was a calf that seemed to possess a very great
+      dislike to being roped at milking time and always made quite an objection.
+      One morning Mrs. Jones went out to attend the milking, and upon looking in
+      the accustomed place for the rope failed to find it. While the search for
+      it was going on the calf thought, perhaps, to get more than his share of
+      the milk, but something seemed to interfere with the imbibing process, and
+      his peculiar actions attracted attention to him, whereupon it was
+      discovered that the calf had swallowed the rope, but failed to make a
+      complete job of it, as the noose was hanging from one corner of his mouth.
+      The noose was laid hold of and a steady pull brought the rope to light.
+      The calf is sufficiently amused and doesn't swallow any more ropes to
+      evade being tied.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Isn't it unusual for calves or any of their relatives to display as much
+      intelligence as we have in these two stories?&rdquo; one of the boys asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Decidedly unusual,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and that's the reason why these
+      performances have been placed on record. But the fact is,&rdquo; the gentleman
+      continued, &ldquo;that the ox is not as stupid a creature as is generally
+      supposed. He is patient and slow, and for this reason the conclusion has
+      been arrived at that he is correspondingly dull. The naturalists tell us
+      that some of the tribes of South Africa trust to oxen to care for their
+      flocks, and that the sagacious animals perform their duties in a manner
+      worthy of the highest praise. They are quick to discover the approach of
+      danger, and if the flocks are attacked by wild animals the oxen show a
+      great deal of bravery in defending their charges. But while brave, they
+      are prudent, and will not take any needless risk. When night approaches
+      they drive the flocks to the camp or village, and if any of the sheep are
+      inclined to straggle. The watchful guardians prod them in no gentle manner
+      with their horns and make them understand that they are liable to severe
+      punishment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0096" id="linkimage-0096"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      alt="191 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The South African oxen are not only used for teaming purposes like oxen
+      in other parts of the world, but they are excellent for carrying burdens
+      on their backs. African hunters tell how they have used oxen in this way.
+      Andersson, a famous hunter in South Africa, had an ox that he rode more
+      than two thousand miles, and for ordinary traveling preferred him to a
+      horse. When it came to pursuing wild animals, and especially to escape
+      from a furious elephant or lion, he found a great advantage in the
+      superior speed of the horse. His plan was to ride the ox while traveling
+      and reserve his horse for hunting expeditions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are many varieties of <i>bovidae</i>,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;as this
+      family is called, and these varieties have certain subdivisions. The most
+      remarkable are the American bison, commonly called the buffalo, the
+      European bison or aurochs, the yak of Tartary, and the musk ox of the
+      extreme parts of North America. The greatest intelligence of the bovine
+      family is displayed by the wild animals, for the reason that they have
+      been obliged to depend entirely on themselves, while the domestic species
+      have the protection and care of their owners on whom they rely. A domestic
+      ox or cow, when in trouble, will seek the aid of his master when it is
+      possible to do so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I was reading not long ago,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;of a cow that came from the
+      pasture one afternoon, and called the attention of some of the men about
+      the place in a way which told very plainly that help was wanted. She
+      repeatedly tried to induce somebody to follow her; when she finally
+      succeeded she trotted off and led the way to a clump of trees, where
+      another cow had become entangled in such a manner that she could not free
+      herself without assistance. When the prisoner was liberated both she and
+      the cow that had gone for help fairly danced about the man, and showed in
+      every way in their power how grateful they were to him. They licked his
+      hands with their rough tongues, caressed him with their noses, and when he
+      returned to the barn they trotted along, one on each side of him until he
+      reached the gate. Then they went back to to pasture and resumed their
+      grazing.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Many stories of the same kind have been told about domestic cattle, all
+      of them showing the reliance that these good-natured animals place upon
+      man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0097" id="linkimage-0097"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="figleft" style="width:20%;">
+      <img src="images/9193.jpg" alt="9193 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/9193.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The time when they were first domesticated is unknown; the Egyptians had
+      their herds of oxen and cows, and some naturalists think the ox was a
+      domestic animal while the dog and cat were still in a wild state, in other
+      words it was the earliest animal which submitted to the control of man.
+      Centuries of domestication have made him the patient and gentle animal
+      that he is, but he retains enough of his original instincts to be made
+      wild again without much difficulty. A herd of cattle turned loose and
+      allowed to run free for a single season are half wild at the end of it,
+      and very difficult to manage. A few seasons make them fully so, and the
+      calves that grow to maturity without any association with man seem to have
+      lost everything that came from centuries of domestic ancestors. The wild
+      cattle of South America are descended from tame ones and the same may be
+      said of wild cattle in most parts of the world.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      George asked if the buffalo of America was anything like that of the old
+      world. He said he had read about the differences between them but couldn't
+      remember what they were.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The name of buffalo,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;is improperly applied to the
+      bison, whose scientific name is <i>Bison Americanus</i>. The American
+      bison is rapidly becoming extinct, and it is quite probable that there
+      will not be one of these animals alive at the end of the present century.
+      Fifty years ago there were countless millions of these animals, and as
+      recently as twenty-five years ago vast herds of them roamed the western
+      prairies from Texas to the Saskatchewan.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0098" id="linkimage-0098"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0194.jpg" alt="0194 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0194.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      At this moment their numbers have diminished to a few dozens, or at most a
+      few hundreds; if I have read correctly there are only two or three small
+      herds known to exist, one of them being in the north of Texas and the
+      other near the boundary between Canada and the United States. An effort is
+      being made to capture the few remaining bison and keep them in reserve
+      fields or pastures, but it is doubtful if the experiment succeeds. The
+      bison does not thrive in captivity, and as for taking him alive that is a
+      very difficult matter. The calves and cows may possibly be captured but as
+      for the bulls I would rather not be the one to attempt to take them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;They are hard fighters; I suppose,&rdquo; said George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When driven into a corner and forced to defend themselves,&rdquo; Mr. Graham
+      answered, &ldquo;they do so with great vigor. Properly speaking, the bison is
+      not a ferocious animal: he does not wantonly attack man but on the
+      contrary will always flee from him if he has the opportunity. His fighting
+      qualities come out when he is obliged to defend himself or when men get in
+      the way of the herds in their movements across country. The fiercest and
+      strongest bulls are always in advance: they turn aside if they can do so
+      in time, but if men get in their way and attack them they dash on without
+      regard to circumstances. A man who is thrown down in front of an advancing
+      herd has very little chance of escape. The herd passes on and tramples him
+      to death, even if he escapes the advance guard of bulls.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have read,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;of a man who was in front of a herd of buffalo
+      when his horse stumbled and fell. The man had the presence of mind to draw
+      his revolver and fire it several times, not at the herd or any animal in
+      it, but straight up in the air. If he had wounded one of the bulls he and
+      his horse would have been gored to death; the sound of the shots caused
+      the advance to divide and leave him unharmed. The rest of the herd
+      followed the example of the advance and for several hours the man and the
+      horse lay there like a little islet in a vast river of buffaloes. When the
+      last of the herd had passed, the man mounted his horse and rode away, very
+      thankful to have escaped unharmed from so great a danger.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Incidents of the same kind have occurred in stampedes of cattle in the
+      far west of our country and in Australia,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Harry asked what a stampede was.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Cattle and horses are said to be stampeded,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered, &ldquo;when
+      they take fright at anything and run away. The word is of Spanish origin
+      and seems at present to be regularly adopted into our language. When a
+      large herd of half-wild cattle is stampeded it is very apt to run over
+      anything that comes in its way. Sometimes the herdsmen are thrown from
+      their horses right in the midst of a frightened herd and trampled to
+      death; if it happens that the herd separates at the moment a man falls the
+      rest of it will do likewise and nothing serious occurs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Returning to the bison,&rdquo; continued Mr. Graham, &ldquo;the animal looks much
+      more fierce than he really is. His head is large and carried quite low,
+      his eyes are small and piercing, and his head and shoulders are covered,
+      with long shaggy hair that make the forward half of the animal look very
+      heavy. He has a hump on his shoulders which consists partly of fat and
+      partly of strong muscles, the amount of fat varying according to the
+      season of the year and the condition of the animal. The flesh of the bulls
+      is so tough and strong that only a very hungry man can eat it, but that of
+      the young cows is rich and juicy like good beef. The choice parts of the
+      buffalo are the hump and the tongue, the latter being the greatest
+      delicacy of the buffalo country. You see I have fallen into the universal
+      practice and speak of the animal as the buffalo, when he is really the
+      bison, as I have before told you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0099" id="linkimage-0099"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0196.jpg" alt="0196 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0196.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But by whatever name he is known, it is a pity that he is rapidly
+      becoming a creature of the past. Indians and white men have waged
+      incessant war upon him: as long as only the Indians attacked him with
+      their arrows and lances, the slaughter was not sufficiently great to make
+      any impression upon the herds, but when the white men poured into the West
+      bringing their improved weapons, which were speedily acquired by the
+      Indians, the destruction of the buffalo became simply a question of time.
+      When the buffalo became scarce on the plains they were followed to their
+      winter haunts, and killed in the deep snow, where they were unable to make
+      any resistance. Thousands, and we could almost say millions, of buffaloes
+      have been shot for mere sport and left to rot on the ground, not even
+      their hides being taken away. Of late years their hides have risen to high
+      figures owing to their scarcity; 'buffalo robes' were common enough twenty
+      or thirty years ago, but at the present time they are rarely seen.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0100" id="linkimage-0100"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0198.jpg" alt="0198 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0198.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Isn't there a bison in Europe as well as in America?&rdquo; queried George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There is,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;and he is known as the aurochs in books on
+      natural history. He is thought to be the oldest of his race, and would
+      have been extinct long ago were it not for the protection he has received.
+      He is found only in a few localities in Russia, where he is protected by
+      the Government, and no animal of the race can be killed under severe
+      penalties except by permission of the Russian Emperor. It is needless to
+      say that this permission is seldom or almost never given. These creatures
+      have never been domesticated, but run wild in the forest, where they eat
+      grass and brushwood, and the bark and twigs of young trees. The aurochs
+      does not reach maturity until its sixth year, and next to the elephant,
+      rhinoceros and giraffe it is the largest of land animals.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      One of the youths asked what was the size of a full-grown aurochs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Measured at its withers,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;it is nearly six feet high, and
+      it is immensely strong. Its horns are large, round and lateral, and its
+      tail is long with a tuft of hair at the end. The shoulders and all the
+      front part of the body are covered with long coarse hair very much like
+      that of the American bison, and it has a long mane under its throat. The
+      rest of the body has a thick coat of black hair, and altogether the
+      aurochs is not an amiable looking beast.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0101" id="linkimage-0101"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      alt="200 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      One of the listeners asked whether he was fierce or gentle in his ways.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;As to that,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered, &ldquo;he bears a bad reputation. He is very
+      shy, and like the American bison will keep out of the way man face to
+      face, but rushes at him with great fierceness. If captured when young he
+      becomes accustomed to his keepers, but will not tolerate the presence of
+      any one else.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The aurochs is the urus of the ancients,&rdquo; continued the gentleman, &ldquo;his
+      name coming from Ure-ox. Fossil remains of the animal have been found all
+      over Europe, and in the time of Julius Cæsar it lived in Germany. It was a
+      contemporary of the mammoth and is the only existing land animal whose
+      skeleton has been found side by side when he can. He also resembles his
+      American cousin in having a keen scent, so that he can only be approached
+      against the wind; the buffalo hunters will tell you that you cannot get
+      anywhere near a herd if you approach it with the wind, as the animals will
+      scent the danger miles away and start off at a rapid pace to avoid it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0102" id="linkimage-0102"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0201.jpg" alt="0201 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0201.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The aurochs also resembles the bison in fighting fiercely when cornered;
+      he is worse than the bison in one respect, as he will not try to escape
+      when he meets a with that of the huge creature whose remains have
+      astonished the scientific world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;From the bison to the buffalo is a very natural step, and by buffalo I
+      mean the animal to whom the name properly belongs. But before taking him
+      up I will mention the yak of Tartary, which has a flowing tail like that
+      of a horse, a hump on its shoulders, a tuft of hair on its forehead, a
+      mane along its neck and shoulders, and long hair on the lower part of its
+      body which varies in quantity according to the season of the year. He is
+      used as a beast of burden and can carry a very heavy load, and he is as
+      sure-footed as a goat. The Tartars keep large herds of these animals and
+      move about from place to place to find pasturage; they make tents and
+      ropes of the hair of the yak, and clothing out of his skin, and they
+      occasionally eat the flesh of the beast, though they prefer that of the
+      horse. They make butter from the milk, and by putting it in bladders
+      tightly closed against the air they can preserve it a long time.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0103" id="linkimage-0103"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0203.jpg" alt="0203 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0203.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I've been reading about another animal,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that must be a near
+      relative of the yak.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is that?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The musk ox of North America,&rdquo; was the reply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;he is a relative of the yak, though somewhat
+      smaller, in fact he is so small that he resembles a large sheep more than
+      an ox. He belongs in the cold regions of North America, and is very useful
+      to Arctic explorers, who feed upon his flesh. He has a covering of thick
+      and long hair of a dark brown color, and his horns are thick and large,
+      bending downwards over the sides of his head and then suddenly backwards
+      and upwards at the tips.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He looks very clumsy.&rdquo; said George, glancing at the picture of the
+      animal, &ldquo;and evidently can't, get over the ground very fast.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;On the contrary.&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;he is as nimble as a goat and can make
+      astonishingly rapid speed over the rough and rocky ground where lie lives.
+      The hunter who thinks he can travel as fast as this apparently clumsy
+      animal makes a great mistake.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;He's not the only animal that deceives us that way,&rdquo; said George. &ldquo;Nobody
+      would think the hog could run and yet what a lively chase it is to catch a
+      wild one. But some hogs are swifter than others, and I have heard of parts
+      of the country where hogs were prized not according to their fatness, but
+      for their ability to out-run professional hogthieves.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0104" id="linkimage-0104"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0204.jpg" alt="0204 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0204.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The buffalo of Europe and Asia,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;is supposed to be a
+      native of the damp parts of India, whence he has spread over the countries
+      where he is now found. He is essentially a tropical animal and does not
+      thrive in mild climates, and he is fond of wallowing in the mud and lying
+      down to rest there.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0105" id="linkimage-0105"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0205.jpg" alt="0205 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0205.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      George asked in what the Asiatic buffalo resembled the common ox. Mr.
+      Graham said it was about the size of the ox and had a bulging-forehead
+      with two black horns curved outward. It has a scanty coat and generally
+      presents a very dingy appearance. &ldquo;It is of an ugly disposition,&rdquo;
+       continued the gentleman, &ldquo;and is much inclined to attack strangers. I had
+      an adventure with one of these creatures in Egypt that came near costing
+      me my life.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Please tell us about it,&rdquo; said one of the boys.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I was taking a walk in the fields a few miles from Cairo,&rdquo; said Mr.
+      Graham, &ldquo;and carried nothing except a small walking stick. While I was
+      looking at the grasses and the fields of cotton and douro, and watching
+      the pigeons circling in the air, I heard all at once the shouting of the
+      natives to indicate something unusual. Looking around I saw that a buffalo
+      was coming directly toward me and was not more than a hundred feet away.
+      His head was lowered and it was very evident that I was to be the object
+      of his attack.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I had to think and act very quickly, as none of the natives were near
+      enough to divert the attention of the brute. There was no fence near and
+      no building or enclosure in which I could find safety.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Close by me was a field of cotton, the bushes being as high as my head.
+      Into this field I ran, and once in its shelter I doubled on my pursuer and
+      ran the way that both of us had come. Then I met the crowd of natives that
+      were trying to catch the runaway animal and they soon had him secured. A
+      friend of mine in Egypt that same year only saved himself by firing a
+      charge of shot directly at the buffalo's eyes when the creature was not
+      more than ten yards away. He was compelled to pay for the destruction of
+      the animal, as it was very properly argued that he was a trespasser in the
+      field where the buffalo was grazing. You may be sure that he was careful
+      after that not to go where he had no right to be, especially if there was
+      a likelihood of encountering buffaloes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A very pugnacious variety of the buffalo is the South African one. He has
+      large horns, that spread out at the base so as to form a sort of helmet
+      that is impenetrable for a bullet or for any other missile smaller than a
+      cannon shot. The African buffalo is found all the way from Guinea to the
+      Cape of Good Hope, and is often called the Cape buffalo. He lives in large
+      herds in the forests, though he sometimes comes into the open plains,
+      where he is more cautious and less quarrelsome than when in the woods. The
+      natives hunt the Cape buffalo, but very often the animal shows so much
+      fight that he becomes the hunter and drives his assailants away. Not
+      infrequently he kills some of them with his powerful horns, and also with
+      his feet, which he uses with great alertness. A single buffalo has been
+      known to resist successfully a hundred natives armed with spears; since
+      the introduction of fire-arms the numbers of the Cape buffalo have
+      diminished, as he is unable to stand against the weapons of civilization
+      any more than can his American namesake.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We'll go from the cows to sheep at our next talk,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham to the
+      youths, &ldquo;and in the meantime please look at the books, and when we sit
+      down to discuss them you may tell what you have found.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      In the language of Parliamentarians &ldquo;the meeting then adjourned,&rdquo; and the
+      boys proceeded to look at Cassell's Natural History and other books for
+      information on the topic which they were next to consider.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0106" id="linkimage-0106"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0207.jpg" alt="0207 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0207.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0010" id="link2HCH0010"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER X.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Origin of the Sheep&mdash;The Asiatic Argali&mdash;Rocky Mountain
+      Big-Horns&mdash;Their Remarkable Intelligence and other Peculiarities&mdash;A
+      Hunter's Experience Among Them&mdash;Sentinels Guarding the Flocks&mdash;Differences
+      between Wild and Domestic Sheep&mdash;Gentleness of the Lamb&mdash;The
+      Lamb and the Children in the Well&mdash;The Sheep that Broke Through the
+      Fence&mdash;Varieties of Sheep&mdash;The Long Wool and the Short Wool&mdash;The
+      Merino&mdash;His Origin and Present Extent&mdash;Sheep in Australia&mdash;An
+      Old Question and its Answer&mdash;Astrachan Sheep&mdash;Intelligence and
+      Activity of the Goat&mdash;Some of his Performances&mdash;His Powers of
+      Climbing&mdash;Goats said to eat Tomato-Cans and Old Boots&mdash;What
+      Buffon says of the Goat&mdash;the End.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p class="pfirst">
+      <span class="dropcap" style="font-size: 4.00em">W</span>ell,&rdquo; remarked Mr.
+      Graham as they sat down for their next discussion of the animal kingdom,
+      &ldquo;what have you learned about the sheep and his kindred?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The youths waited a half minute or more, each desiring the other to begin.
+      Then Mr. Graham turned to Harry and nodded for him to speak. Thus
+      encouraged the youth made an end of the silence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I have found,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;that the naturalists do not agree as to the
+      origin of the sheep. Some think he is descended from the argali, an animal
+      which is found in Asia and is as large as a deer. In shape and general
+      appearance he resembles a sheep but is larger than the largest known
+      variety of the domestic sheep. He runs wild in the mountains but can be
+      easily tamed, especially if he is captured when young.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Has he any relatives in America?&rdquo; the gentleman asked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; was the reply; &ldquo;the Rocky Mountain sheep or big-horn, as he is also
+      called, is the American argali, and resembles the Asiatic one very nearly,
+      Now while some naturalists think the domestic sheep is descended from the
+      argali, others believe that the sheep is a animal that has never lived in
+      a wild state.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What do you think about it?&rdquo; was a query that somewhat puzzled the
+      youths.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We haven't made up our minds yet,&rdquo; answered Harry, &ldquo;and from present
+      appearances we are not likely to at once. We went to look at a flock of
+      sheep and concluded from what we knew of the habits of the animal that
+      they would have a hard time to exist if they were outside the care of man.
+      We don't know much about the argali either in Asia or America, but if he
+      is no more intelligent than the sheep he would not be able to elude the
+      hunters as he does.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0107" id="linkimage-0107"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0209.jpg" alt="0209 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0209.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You are quite right,&rdquo; said their mentor, &ldquo;as the argali far surpasses the
+      sheep in intelligence and activity. The argali is graceful in figure,
+      wonderfully sure of foot, his vision and heaving are of the keenest, and
+      when there is any danger near he is always on the alert to discover it.
+      Read what a hunter say of the <i>Ovis montana</i> or Rocky Mountain
+      sheep,&rdquo; he continued, as he opened the pages of a book entitled &ldquo;Sporting
+      Adventures in the Far West,&rdquo; by J. Mortimer Murphy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      George took the book and read as follows:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Few creatures are more difficult of approach than the big-horn, for, like
+      all mountain animals, it is exceedingly keen of scent, unusually vigilant,
+      and so cautious that it carefully reconnoitres a country from an elevated
+      stand-point ere it presumes to advance toward it. The Nimrod who would
+      place the head of the big-horn among his trophies of the chase, must be
+      not only of an active and vigorous form to bear steep mountain climbing
+      and a rarefied atmosphere, but he must also possess the qualities of
+      patience, perseverance and hardihood, for its pursuit may lead him through
+      deep and gloomy precipices, and over ground so stony and rough as to seem
+      impassable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0108" id="linkimage-0108"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0210.jpg" alt="0210 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0210.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When a flock is migrating to new pastures the sentinels or leaden
+      carefully scrutinize the country before them from every commanding
+      position, and when they are satisfied with its appearance the whole party
+      advance boldly, and having made it their head-quarters, throw out
+      vedettes, generally males, who mount guard on elevated crags or hillocks,
+      and vigilantly survey their surroundings until their companions have
+      dined, when all seek shelter amidst crags, small pine or fir coppices, and
+      inaccessible shelves of rock or somber canyons, where no ordinary enemy
+      can follow them without making its presence known.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0109" id="linkimage-0109"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0211.jpg" alt="0211 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0211.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;When a sentinel detects the approach of a suspicions object, he sounds an
+      alarm at once by a few loud and peremptory hissing snorts; this brings the
+      flock huddling together, the lambs and ewes in the center; and when the
+      column is formed, all dash for the highest ridges at their best pace, and
+      never stop until they have sought a safe refuge among crags or chasms. The
+      advance is always led by a sturdy ram, one that is generally looked upon
+      as the leader, and the rear and flanks are carefully guarded by the young
+      males. In regions where they are little disturbed they raise their heads
+      every few minutes while feeding and survey their surroundings; and as they
+      are both sharp of eye and keen of scent it requires the most careful
+      stalking to approach them within shooting range without being discovered.
+      They will get the scent of a hunter to windward seemingly half a mile
+      away; and when that terrifying odor is made known to the flock they
+      display the greatest symptoms of terror and dash wildly for the highest
+      pinnacles, now leaping nimbly from crag to crag, or vaulting dark and
+      narrow chasms with the greatest ease, nor do they stop until they have
+      placed a goodly distance between themselves and their most dreaded foe.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0110" id="linkimage-0110"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0212.jpg" alt="0212 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0212.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;A common sheep could do nothing like that,&rdquo; said Harry, as George paused
+      and closed the book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Not by any means,&rdquo; responded Mr. Graham, &ldquo;as he is heavy in his steps and
+      slow in his motions. His intelligence is low and his constitution could
+      not stand the exposure to the weather that the wild animal endures without
+      injury. Except under very favorable circumstances a flock of sheep would
+      soon perish if turned out to shift for themselves.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Then I suppose we cannot find many stories of the intelligence of the
+      sheep as we can of the dog, the elephant and the horse,&rdquo; one of the youths
+      remarked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;We cannot,&rdquo; was the reply, &ldquo;but to offset the lack of sagacity in the
+      sheep we have its patience and kindness of disposition, in which it is
+      without a superior. The lamb has been in all ages the type of gentleness,
+      and will probably continue so as long as man and the sheep exist together.
+      He is also the type of playfulness, and there can be few more pleasing
+      sights than that of a flock of lambs sporting on the grass or a single
+      lamb playing among children by whom he is kept as a pet. I have somewhere
+      read a story of a lamb that belonged to some children and went out with
+      them one day as he had often done before. An hour or so later the 'lamb
+      came to the house bleating loudly and evidently wishing to attract
+      somebody's attention. When he obtained it he led the way to where the two
+      children had fallen into a shallow well, and though not injured by the
+      fall, which had only been a few feet, they were unable to get out. It
+      seems they were standing on a plank which covered the well; the plank
+      being old and rotten had given way beneath them, but as the well had been
+      filled nearly to the top with earth they suffered no damage. In this case
+      the lamb had the intelligence to understand that help was needed and he
+      went to bring it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Sheep will sometimes display considerable cunning in getting into fields
+      and pastures where they have no right to go. On the country farm where I
+      lived when I was a boy we had a small flock of sheep; they were all stupid
+      enough with the exception of one, that used to devote himself to hunting
+      for weak places in the fence between the pasture where they ran and the
+      adjoining field. It was what we called a 'brush' fence, and this
+      mischievous animal used to walk along the line and survey it with great
+      care. When he found what he thought was a weak place he would insert his
+      head through the opening and work patiently till lie had enlarged it
+      sufficiently to permit him to get through. Then the rest of the lot
+      followed 'like a flock of sheep,' and when we went to drive them out the
+      shrewd leader took them in a direction quite opposite to the opening. He
+      seemed to understand that it would be blocked up as soon as discovered and
+      he wanted to keep it for further use.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0111" id="linkimage-0111"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0214.jpg" alt="0214 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0214.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      Harry asked how many varieties of sheep there are in the world. He had
+      looked through the works on natural history but was unable to find out.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;There are two great varieties,&rdquo; answered George proudly, as he realized
+      that he had come upon some information which had escaped his brother.
+      &ldquo;They are the long-wool and the short-wool,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;the former being
+      most useful for the production of meat and the latter for their wool. The
+      long-wooled sheep have the wool straight or slightly curved while the
+      short-wooled kind have it thick and curly. The Leicesters, Cotswolds,
+      Scotch and Welsh breeds are of the long-wooled kind, while the Merino is
+      the most noted of the other sort.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0112" id="linkimage-0112"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0215.jpg" alt="0215 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0215.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;That is right,&rdquo; said Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and can you tell me which is the most
+      widely known of the short-wooled sheep?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I can,&rdquo; said Harry; &ldquo;it is the Merino, which was brought into Spain by
+      the Moors and derives its name from the Spanish word <i>merino</i> which
+      signifies 'wandering.' It was introduced into France more than a hundred
+      years ago and has gradually spread all over Europe and to America and
+      Australia. There wasn't a sheep in Australia when Governor Philip went
+      there in 1788, and now that country sends a million and a quarter bales of
+      wool every year to London alone besides what it ships to other countries
+      and consumes at home. The merino is the favorite sheep of Australia, and
+      it has also found a home in the British colonies at the Cape of Good Hope.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0113" id="linkimage-0113"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0216.jpg" alt="0216 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0216.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;As to the other kinds of sheep,&rdquo; continued the youth, &ldquo;they are, as the
+      auctioneers say in their advertisements, too numerous to mention. Almost
+      every county of England has its peculiar breed, some of them being more
+      famous for their mutton than their wool, and others <i>vice versa.</i>
+      Scattered over Europe are many breeds, but it is safe to say that the most
+      of them came from one original stock and owe their variation in
+      development to the differences of climate and modes of rearing. One of the
+      most famous breeds of sheep in England is the Southdown, which is famous
+      both for wool and meat: it has been introduced into France and other
+      countries, and we have a good supply of Southdowns nowadays in America.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I am reminded,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;of a conundrum I heard a while ago, and it
+      is about sheep.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;What is it?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Why do white sheep eat more than black ones?&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I know,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that's a chestnut. It's because there are more of
+      them.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; responded Mr. Graham, &ldquo;and the naturalists have had much difficulty
+      in separating the one from the other in consequence of the intermediate
+      forms between them. The goat is generally believed to be descended from
+      the paseng or ibex of Asia, and he inherits some of the qualities of his
+      ancestors who dwell among the rugged mountains. He is marvelously
+      sure-footed, and can go where almost any other quadruped would not dare
+      venture.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I wonder if it is true,&rdquo; said one of the youths, &ldquo;that when two
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;But it isn't exactly right,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;at least not for all parts of
+      the world. In Central Asia the flocks contain more black sheep than white
+      ones; the Astrachan sheep is generally black and his wool is very soft and
+      curly. The skin of the Astrachan lamb is used as a sort of fur, and very
+      pretty cloaks, muffs, collars, coats and similar things are made of it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0114" id="linkimage-0114"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0217.jpg" alt="0217 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0217.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;While I was looking up the description of sheep,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;I read
+      something about the goat, who may be called his first cousin, when goats
+      meet on a mountain road where it is too narrow for them to turn around or
+      pass at the side, one will lie down and let the other go over him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0115" id="linkimage-0115"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0218.jpg" alt="0218 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0218.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;It has been told so often,&rdquo; Mr. Graham answered, &ldquo;that it certainly ought
+      to be true. Not long ago I read of exactly such an occurrence somewhere in
+      Spain, and it was witnessed by several persons. But what is much more
+      likely to happen is that the animals would fight for the possession of the
+      road, and one or perhaps both would be forced over the precipice and
+      dashed to death on the rocks below.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;The goat's power of climbing and his fondness for getting into dangerous
+      places are something remarkable. I have seen in the Alps and also in
+      Algeria the goats browsing on the steep side of a mountain where it would
+      be impossible for a man to climb, and where a single slip or mis-step
+      would send the animal down for hundreds of feet almost perpendicularly. At
+      Constantine in Algeria there is a wall of rock five or six hundred feet
+      high; it is slightly, broken near the top, perpendicular further down, and
+      the goats browse along the broken part, springing slowly from break to
+      break until they can get no farther. Then they slowly ascend the cliff and
+      start out for a new grazing place. The funny thing was that there was
+      plenty of grass elsewhere and they had no occasion to get into such
+      dangerous positions. They seemed to do it for the fun of the thing.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;You remember they had a goat at the monkey theater,&rdquo; said Harry, &ldquo;that
+      climbed upon bottles in the shape of a pyramid, stood on the top of a
+      pole, balanced himself on a table and did other curious things. I wonder
+      somebody doesn't train goats to walk a tight rope, for it must be they
+      could do it.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0116" id="linkimage-0116"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0220.jpg" alt="0220 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0220.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I think I've heard of their doing it,&rdquo; Mr. Graham remarked, &ldquo;though I am
+      not positive on that point. I've seen an elephant walk a tight rope, but
+      it was stretched only a foot or so from the ground so that a fall wouldn't
+      injure him.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0117" id="linkimage-0117"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0219.jpg" alt="0219 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0219.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0118" id="linkimage-0118"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:50%;">
+      <img src="images/0221.jpg" alt="0221 " width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h5>
+      <a href="images/0221.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      The conversation about goats took a wide range and included performances
+      both actual and apochryphal. George asked what variety of goat it was that
+      was credited with eating tomato-cans, umbrellas, boots, and similar things
+      usually considered inedible, and was told he must seek it in the upper
+      districts of New York and at Hoboken and other suburban places. But while
+      Mr. Graham would not aver that the goat lived upon the articles mentioned,
+      he positively assured the youths that he had seen the creature devour
+      newspapers and bill-posters with apparent relish, and that it didn't seem
+      to make any difference to him whether the newspapers were Republican or
+      Democratic, secular or religious. He was sure that the digestion of the
+      goat was one of the best in the world and could justly be envied by a
+      great many men. &ldquo;But leaving all jest aside,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;the goat is a
+      hardy feeder and can live on very little; he has been called the poor
+      man's cow, as he can be kept by people who cannot afford the expense of a
+      cow and the milk of the goat is rich and nutritious. Invalids are
+      sometimes nourished on it when the milk of the cow does not answer the
+      purpose, and in some countries large flocks of goats are maintained for
+      their milk. The medicinal properties of goat's milk and whey are well
+      known, and cheese made from goat's milk brings a higher price in the
+      market than that from cow's milk.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      &ldquo;I found what Buffon, the naturalist, said of the goat,&rdquo; said George, &ldquo;and
+      it is worth remembering. He considers the goat superior to the sheep both
+      in intelligence and agility. He is stronger, lighter, and more agile than
+      the sheep, he is sprightly, capricious and given to wander, and it is with
+      difficulty he can be confined to a flock. He loves to retire into
+      solitude, and climb steep and rugged places. Though he seems to feel the
+      effects of severe cold, he is not afraid of rain or storms or too great a
+      degree of heat: he cheerfully exposes himself to the sun and without
+      inconvenience sleeps under its most severe rays.&rdquo;
+     </p>
+    <p>
+      The various kinds of goat, the Angora and Cashmere varieties, which supply
+      the wool for shawls and other fine fabrics, the Syrian goat with pendulous
+      ears, the Swiss goat which is kept in large flocks and is highly
+      profitable to its owners, and the common goat which is found in all
+      civilized countries of the world, all were discussed and duly considered.
+      But the youths were disappointed in the animal, as they were obliged to
+      offset his numerous good qualities with the fact that he is wayward and
+      unruly, and does not form any serious attachment to his owner. The youths
+      decided that they would not enter the business of rearing goats, but be
+      content with the pet animals they then possessed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      George suggested that it was time to look after their horses. While they
+      are busy with those favorites we will lay down our pen for the present, in
+      the hope that we will be allowed to listen whenever they again discuss the
+      members of the animal kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linkimage-0119" id="linkimage-0119"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:15%;">
+      <img src="images/5222.jpg" alt="5222 " width="100%" /><br /><a
+      href="images/5222.jpg"><img src="images/enlarge.jpg" alt="" /> </a>
+    </div>
+    <div style="height: 6em;">
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+  </body>
+</html>
author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 18:22:20 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 18:22:20 -0700
commit	789e80345a5c5b633213032c79d470a101a141e9 (patch)
tree	6f992a4c064f9fc0922655c19bb0a863dfe5de85 /old