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diff --git a/old/52053-0.txt b/old/52053-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 20ae297..0000000 --- a/old/52053-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1804 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Sperry Gyro-Compass, by The Sperry Gyroscope Co. - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Sperry Gyro-Compass - -Author: The Sperry Gyroscope Co. - -Release Date: May 12, 2016 [EBook #52053] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPERRY GYRO-COMPASS *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, RichardW, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - THE SPERRY GYRO-COMPASS, - BY - THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO. - - - [Illustration] - - - _Copyright,_ 1920 - THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY - BROOKLYN, N. Y., U. S. A. - - DESIGNED, ENGRAVED - AND PRINTED BY - - [Illustration: ROBERT L. STILLSON - COMPANY NEW YORK] - - - THE - - SPERRY - - GYRO-COMPASS - - - [Illustration] - - - THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE CO. - - MAIN OFFICE AND FACTORY - - MANHATTAN BRIDGE PLAZA. - BROOKLYN, N.Y. - -[Illustration: Man’s first venture in shipbuilding was the Raft.] - -[Illustration] - - -THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY - - _Boston, Mass._ - 60 VIRGINIA STREET - - _Great Lakes District_ - 828 GUARDIAN BUILDING - Cleveland, Ohio - - _San Francisco, Cal._ - 52 DAVIS STREET - -_Main European Office_: THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY, Ltd., 15 Victoria -Street, London, S. W. 1 - -—REPRESENTATIVES— - - _France_ - - COMTE A. DeCHAMBURE - 37, Rue Bergere - Paris - - GEORGES BREITTMAYER - 20, Rue Taitbout - Paris - - F. J. DELVES - 20, Rue Taitbout - Paris - - _Spain_ - - F. WEYDMANN - Victoria 2 - Madrid - - _Holland_ - - TECHNISCH BUREAU VAN LEENT - Nassaukade 17 - Ryswyk - - _Italy_ - - F. P. CAMPERIO - Via Bagutta 24 - Milan - - _Sweden_ - - GRAHAM BROS. - Stockholm - - _Denmark_ - - C. KNUDSEN - 11 Kobmagagade - Copenhagen - - _Norway_ - - OTTO PLATOU - Skovveien 39 - Christiania - - _Japan_ - - MITSUI & CO., LTD. - Tokyo - - MITSUBISHI ZOSEN KAISHA, LTD. - Tokyo - (For Ship Stabilizer) - - _Chili, Peru & Bolivia_ - - WESSEL DUVAL & CO. - 25 Broad Street - New York - -[Illustration: An inflated ox-skin Balsa of earliest times.] - - - THE - SPERRY GYROSCOPE - COMPANY - -[Illustration] - - _Manufacturers of_ - - GYRO-COMPASSES GYRO SHIP STABILIZERS - GUN-FIRE CONTROL APPARATUS NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS - NAVAL AND COMMERCIAL SEARCHLIGHTS - -[Illustration: The ancient Egyptians built boats of rushes.] - - - - -_Putting the Earth to Work_ - - -When the earth was thrown off from the sun and commenced rotating about -its own axis, there was developed a force generated by the earth’s -rotation. For countless centuries this force has been at work, but no -one has ever been able to harness it to serve the purposes of man. But -now, through the efforts of Foucault, Hopkins, Sperry, and other noted -scientists, this force has been put to work. It serves to direct a -thousand ships in their courses. - -Of course, this is not the only force which has been used to guide -ships. Since 1297 A.D. mariners have used magnetic attraction as the -force by which to guide their vessels. For centuries seafaring men -sailed only in wooden ships, and were therefore satisfied with the -magnetic compass. Then came steam and steel. Navigation then instead of -being a hit or miss game of chance became the exact art of directing a -ship by the shortest possible course in the quickest possible time. - -Now that ships cost millions of dollars to build and thousands of -dollars per day to operate, time has become the most essential element -in navigation. The development of ships from the sailing vessel to -the ocean greyhound has been one of the marvels of modern times. -But the development of the magnetic compass has not kept pace with -the development of the ships which rely upon it. Many of the great -trans-Atlantic liners are guided by practically the same type of -compass as that which Columbus used on the _Santa Maria_. The compass -on the wooden _Santa Maria_ pointed to magnetic north with a fair -degree of accuracy, but the compass on the steel greyhounds must -contend with many distractions. - -For years magnetic compass designers spent their efforts to produce -compensating devices that would annul the effects of all external -influences, so that the magnetic compass would be free to indicate only -the direction of the earth’s magnetic lines. Very little has been done -to improve the compass itself—it still depends upon the attraction of -the Magnetic North Pole. The Sperry Gyro-Compass differs in principle -from any other compass. It is not magnetic. It derives its directive -force, not from magnetic attraction, but from the earth’s rotation. - -[Illustration: Bearing Repeater on Upper Bridge.] - -[Illustration: The Vikings crossed the Atlantic in open ships.] - -There is certainly a crying need for this new type of compass. A ship -now-a-days costs millions of dollars and carries cargoes usually equal -in value to that of the ship. It has been estimated that inaccuracies -in navigation attending the use of the magnetic compass cause a yearly -loss of ships to the value of $70,000,000. No estimate can possibly be -made on the value of lives lost on these ships. - -Millions of dollars are spent each year on charts, lighthouses, buoys, -geodetic and hydrographic surveys, and on compilation of notices to -mariners. Notwithstanding all of these, ships must ultimately depend -upon their compasses for their safety and efficiency of navigation. - -Inaccuracies in navigation can be eliminated by the use of a reliable -compass. The Sperry Gyro-Compass puts the earth to work. It utilizes a -force which is as unvarying as the law of gravity, a force that cannot -be interfered with by any other influence. - - -How the Earth’s Rotation Is Utilized - -Any wheel rotating at a high speed about its own axis, and free to -place itself in any plane, is called a _Gyroscope_. The _Gyroscope_ is -the instrument which utilizes the earth’s rotation as a force to direct -the course of ships. - -Suppose you were to place such a small wheel supported by its axis upon -a larger wheel which also is revolving. The rotation of the larger -wheel would so influence the smaller wheel that its axis would point -in the same direction as the axis of the larger wheel. Why this is the -case does not concern us here. Let it suffice that the larger wheel -will cause the smaller wheel to behave in this manner. This is in -accordance with a natural law. This law operates as unfailingly as the -law which causes an unsupported body to fall to the ground. - -[Illustration: Preparing Master Compass for Test.] - -Suppose the larger wheel happens to be the earth, which in reality -is a revolving wheel. Suppose further, the small wheel is a Sperry -Gyro-Compass. In accordance with this natural law just outlined the -smaller wheel, or Gyro-Compass, will point its axis in the same -direction as the axis of the earth, or, in other words, to the true -or geographical North Pole. This explanation of the principle of -gyroscopic motion is necessarily crude. The principle itself has -been established beyond any reasonable doubt. It can be proved by -mathematics to the satisfaction of the most exacting scientist and has -been demonstrated, throughout the navies of the world, to practical -seamen. - -The final result is that we have a principle which enables us to -construct an instrument which will place itself in the true geographic -north and south meridian, and that it responds to no influence or -impulse other than the earth’s unvarying rotation. - -[Illustration: Galley-slaves drove the Triremes of ancient Rome.] - -[Illustration: FIGURE 1. - -THE EARTH SURROUNDED BY ROTATING WHEELS AS IT APPEARS TO AN IMAGINARY -OBSERVER LOOKING AT IT FROM THE SIDE.] - -[Illustration: FIGURE 2. - -THE EARTH SURROUNDED BY ROTATING WHEELS AS IT APPEARS TO AN IMAGINARY -OBSERVER LOOKING DIRECTLY AT THE SOUTH POLE] - -[Illustration: A War-ship, “when knighthood was in flower”.] - - - - -_How a Compass is Used_ - - -The purpose of a compass is to indicate direction. The relative -position of the North Pole to any point on the earth’s surface is -called North. We figure all direction from this conception. This -geographical North Pole is called the True North. About 800 miles from -this True North Pole is a spot which has a strange magnetic attraction. -The needle of the magnetic compass, if undisturbed by local influences, -points to this spot, and not to the True North Pole. This spot is -called the Magnetic North Pole. This mysterious attractive spot is not -stationary. It moves about from year to year within a wide circle. - -Inasmuch as the navigator must refer to True North, he must determine -the angle or variation between True North and Magnetic North as -indicated by his magnetic compass. This determination is made -comparatively easy by using charts which express in degrees the -difference between Magnetic North and True North for any point on the -earth’s surface. - -Such a chart is shown in Figure 3. Also on each chart used by a -navigator for a particular locality there is marked a compass rose in -which is recorded the variation for that exact spot as of a certain -date, and in addition the rate at which the variation changes annually, -Figure 4. - -Navigation along a coast line where sights can be taken on buoys or -lighthouses is simple, and is termed “piloting.” This, of course, can -be done without the aid of a compass. - -[Illustration: Master Compasses Awaiting Shipment.] - -Upon getting to open sea the mariner checks his position in a similar -manner, by observing the position of his ship in relation to the -position of the sun, moon or stars. Between observations the position -of a ship is determined by “dead reckoning.” The distance it has -traveled from the last known position is measured by the ship’s log -and the direction is indicated by the compass. Very often for days -at a time, owing to weather conditions, it is impossible to get an -observation or sight on a celestial body. During this run the navigator -is dependent entirely upon the compass. The slightest error in the -compass, due to variation or deviation, in such circumstances will -cause the ship to be miles out of its course, and the actual position -will be far from the calculated position. - -[Illustration: Crusaders sailed to Palestine in ships like this.] - -[Illustration: Figure 3, Figure 4.] - -[Illustration: The Santa Maria carried Columbus to the new world.] - - - - -_The Ideal Compass_ - - -If you were to conceive of a compass which would be free from all the -troubles and errors found in most compasses, which would relieve you of -all the worry and care the present compass requires, a compass which -would be accurate and reliable, a compass which would be the Ideal -Compass under all conditions, you would undoubtedly conceive of a -compass that had the following characteristics: - -1. It must point True North. - -2. It must free you from the necessity of making calculations and -corrections. - -3. It must free you from compensating the compass for errors. - -4. It must free you from the burden of swinging the ship, or otherwise -taking the deviation of your compass. - -5. It must not be influenced by inherent magnetism of the ship. - -6. It must not be influenced by any change in the character or -disposition of the cargo. - -7. It must not be influenced directly or indirectly by any temperature -changes. - -8. It must not be influenced by the roll or pitch of the ship. - -9. It must not be influenced by any weather conditions. - -10. In the event of failure, or error, it should give instant warning. - - -Comparison of the Magnetic Compass with the Sperry Gyro-Compass - -Let us compare the Magnetic Compass with the Sperry Gyro-Compass and -determine which more nearly approaches the Ideal Compass. - -[Illustration] - - -True North - - -The Magnetic Compass - -The Magnetic Compass does not point to True North, it points to -Magnetic North, which is about 800 miles from the True North Pole. - - -The Sperry Gyro-Compass - -The Sperry Gyro-Compass, which is not a Magnetic Compass, and is not -affected by a magnetism of any sort, and derives its directive force -from the earth’s rotation, points True North. It does not point to the -Magnetic North Pole. - -[Illustration: A Galleon, the treasure ship of the Spanish Main.] - -[Illustration] - - -Freedom From Calculation - -Every time a ship’s course is laid or changed, or its position noted, -the navigator must make and apply calculations to correct the errors -caused by variation of the earth’s magnetic fields, and deviation due -to local conditions about the ship. Mistakes are frequently made in -applying the correction factors by applying them to the wrong side. An -error is thus introduced, which in magnitude is twice the correction -factor. Instances are reported of ships being 200 miles out of their -courses as a result. - -The Gyro-Compass requires no corrections since it is undisturbed by -variations or any local magnetic conditions. The reading indicated -by the Sperry Gyro-Compass is not approximate—it is absolutely and -immediately correct. It is not necessary to correct the course every -few hours for variation—the navigator is freed from the necessity of -making calculations. - -[Illustration] - - -Freedom From Compensation - -After the navigator has made calculations for the deviation errors of -the Magnetic Compass, they must be applied by means of manipulating -the soft iron globes and compensating magnets. This is an operation -requiring such a high degree of skill that only trained men called -Compass Adjusters are qualified for the work. - -The occasional turning of a thumb nut is the only compensation -necessary in the use of a Sperry Gyro-Compass. No tables or curves are -required. The ship’s Navigating Officer makes this adjustment with -ease. - -[Illustration: A Ship of the Line, the dreadnought of former days.] - -[Illustration] - - -Freedom From Checking Deviation - -Each time a compass is compensated it is necessary to check the -compensation by checking the deviation on various headings. This may be -done by the use of deflector magnets. A more exact method is to swing -the ship in a circle while bearings are taken of a known object on land -and the deviation noted on various headings. The sun is often taken as -a reference point for this purpose. - -It is never necessary to swing ship or to correct the Gyro-Compass -for either variation or deviation of any kind. Where a Gyro-Compass -and a magnetic compass are both used on a ship, the ship may be swung -to correct the magnetic compass—the Gyro-Compass furnishing true -headings. The time required is thereby materially shortened. - -[Illustration] - - -Influences Due to Magnetism of the Ship - -When a steel ship is building a sub-permanent magnetism is induced in -its keel, hull, and plates. It causes a compass deviation classed as -“semi-circular.” This deviation must be compensated for. - -As a ship moves through the earth’s magnetic fields in its varying -quantities and directions, a temporary and varying magnetism is induced -in the soft iron of the ship. The resultant deviation is classed as -“quadrantal,” and must be compensated for. - -The Sperry is not a Magnetic Compass. Hammering, riveting, and moving -through magnetic fields may induce magnetism in the ship, but will have -no effect upon the Sperry Gyro-Compass. - -There is no condition of the ship or cargo for which the Gyro-Compass -must be corrected. - -[Illustration: An American Clipper, highest type of sailing ships.] - -[Illustration] - - -Influences Due to Cargo - -Change in the character or disposition of the cargo of the ship causes -a change in the magnetic fields surrounding the compass. These changes -must be compensated for. - -The Sperry Gyro-Compass is not affected by any cargo. A cargo of iron -ore has no more effect upon it than a cargo of cotton. You could even -carry a load of strong magnets without causing the slightest deviation. - -[Illustration] - - -Influences Due to Temperature Changes - -Changes in the temperature of the stack, due to shifting of the wind -and force of draft, vary its magnetic characteristics. Consequently the -Magnetic Compass is affected. - -Temperature changes do not influence the Sperry Gyro-Compass. - -No matter what the conditions are that change the magnetic -characteristics of the stack, ship or cargo, they cannot affect the -Gyro-Compass, as it has nothing whatever to do with magnetism. - -[Illustration: Fulton’s Clermont ushered in the age of steam.] - -[Illustration] - - -Influences Due to Roll and Pitch of the Ship - - -The Magnetic Compass - -Another error, called heeling error, is caused by the change in the -disposition of the material of the ship with reference to the compass. -It is brought about when the ship rolls. For example, a ship heading -on a northerly course would, if rolled to port, place all magnetic -material of the ship to the eastward of the compass. This pulls the -north end of the compass to the eastward. The action and effect would -be just opposite to this on a roll to the starboard. The result is that -the needle is caused to oscillate in either direction. The helmsman -in his attempt to keep “on” will cause the ship to traverse a sinuous -course. - -The card and needle of the magnetic compass are placed in a bowl -filled with a liquid. The purpose in so doing is to make the action -of the card somewhat sluggish, so that it will not follow very slight -magnetic distractions or ship movements. Every time the course of the -ship is changed the sluggish action, due to adhesion between the bowl, -liquid and card, pulls the compass off the meridian. Official test has -shown that from three to four minutes are required for the compass to -overcome this “lag.” The “lag” is somewhat less in the dry card compass. - - -The Sperry Gyro-Compass - -Not only is the Sperry Gyro-Compass unaffected by magnetic conditions, -resulting from the heeling error, but before being placed upon the ship -it is tested for days under conditions simulating the motion of the -ship in the most severe storm. - -A ship steered by the Gyro-Compass traverses a straight line course; -the Gyro-Compass does not oscillate with the rolling of the ship. It is -not necessary for the helmsman to use as much helm to keep the ship on -her course. A great saving is made in the use of the steering engine. - -There is no “lag” in the Sperry Gyro-Compass, because it does not leave -the meridian, no matter which way or how quickly the ship may turn or -zig-zag. Exhaustive tests have been conducted on compasses installed on -torpedo boat destroyers. Even when zig-zagging at top speed in heavy -seas the Gyro-Compass shows no “lag.” - -Traveling the straight line course instead of the sinuous course, ships -equipped with the Sperry Gyro-Compass have saved from one to ten per -cent in time over the average schedule time required to cover their -courses when steering by the magnetic compass. - -[Illustration: The Savannah, first steamship to cross the ocean.] - -[Illustration] - - -Warning of Unreliability - -Due to magnetic storms and any number of other causes the magnetic -compass may at any time be distracted so that it does not indicate -correctly. Disturbances are extraneous and their direction and -magnitude cannot be determined. The navigator is constantly subject to -the feeling that his compass may not be accurate—that he cannot depend -on it. - -About the only thing that will cause an error in the Gyro-Compass is -the failure of the electrical power supply. Should this contingency -occur an electric bell warns the navigator. Any disturbances must -originate with the master compass and can be quickly and accurately -located. - - * * * * * - -The Sperry Gyro-Compass unfailingly points True North under all -conditions of weather, ship or cargo. It relieves the navigator of -calculation of errors, and tiresome compass compensations. It makes a -great saving in time required to “swing ship.” The Sperry Gyro-Compass -is, therefore, the Ideal Compass. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: The Great Eastern laid the first Atlantic cable.] - - - - -_Advantages Attending the Use of the Sperry Gyro-Compass_ - -During the construction of a steel ship it is usual to build it on ways -the direction of which lie in the East-West line. Should the ways be -placed in a North-South line the riveting on the keel and plates tends -to help the molecules of metal to place themselves parallel to the -magnetic lines of force, and magnetize the metal. When placed in the -East-West line the molecules of metal in the plates are at right angles -to the magnetic lines of force, and are not as easily magnetized. The -use of the Gyro-Compass eliminates the necessity of placing the ways in -the East-West line. - -After a large ship has been launched, and during the fitting out -period, it is often necessary to have it swung end for end in order to -neutralize or equalize the magnetism induced by the earth’s magnetic -field. To swing a large ship end for end costs anywhere from one -thousand ($1000) to three thousand ($3000) dollars. The Gyro-Compass -is unaffected by any magnetic phenomena, and is so dependable that it -makes the swinging of the ship unnecessary. - -In constructing a ship it is customary to make all metal parts within -approximately ten (10) feet of the magnetic-compass stand of bronze, -brass or other non-magnetic material. The proximity of magnetic metals -seriously affects the accuracy of the compass. All electric leads are -run so as to clear the vicinity of the compass, as the magnetic fields -set up by such conductors seriously influence the compass needle. -Actual experience is on record that the total installation cost of the -Sperry Gyro-Compass has been saved many times over by the elimination -of special metals and special run of electric leads. - -[Illustration: Gyro-Compass School for Training Ship’s Officers and -Men.] - -Before starting on a long voyage, especially with a new ship using the -magnetic compass, it is customary to swing the ship through a complete -circle to check deviation. To swing ship it is first necessary to pick -out a suitable object on land having a known bearing to the ship. -This object is used as a reference point. If at sea observations are -taken on the sun. The ship is then swung through 360 degrees, stopping -usually on each 15-degree heading, and noting the deviation. A table -is made up showing the deviation on each of these headings. An attempt -is then made to so adjust or manipulate the compensating magnets to -eliminate the error found. The ship must then again be swung through -360 degrees, stopping at headings as before to check the applied -compensation. - -[Illustration: A Stern-wheeler of early steam-boating days.] - -On some ships it is the custom to check the deviation by the deflector -magnet method. The ship in this case is put on a certain heading and a -magnet placed to one side of the compass and the deviation noted. The -same magnet is then placed at an equal distance to the opposite side -and the deviation noted. The difference, if any, between the readings -is the deviation on that particular course. - -With either method of checking for deviation, considerable time -is used. It is not necessary to check for deviation or apply any -compensation to the Gyro-Compass, as it is not magnetic. In fact the -Gyro-Compass has nothing whatever to do with magnetism. - -When at sea the Gyro-Compass affords the means of keeping to the -straight-line, true course. The line A B, Figure 5, shows the -straight-line course from the port of New York to the port of -Liverpool. The line A C E B shows, with exaggeration, the actual course -steered due to compass and other errors. At the point E the ship’s -position was checked by observation of a celestial body. The line E B -represents the new course set to bring the ship to her destination. -This is an occurrence which sometimes happens not once but often during -a voyage. - -[Illustration: Figure 5. Errors of Magnetic Compass Cause Departure -From Desired Course.] - -It is evident that a loss of time is involved when the ship leaves her -straight line course. The inherent accuracy of the Sperry Gyro-Compass -enables the ship to keep to the straight line course, and also to steer -directly on true courses. - -By keeping on a straight line course the ship is enabled to make a -good many more miles on the same number of revolutions or turns of -the propeller. Under exactly the same weather conditions a 16,000 ton -liner made 370 miles in 24 hours at an average of 86.95 revolutions per -minute per mile when steered by a magnetic compass, and the same liner -made 377 miles with 85.61 revolutions per minute per mile when steered -by the Gyro-Compass. This saving amounts to easily $50 per day for this -ship. During her eleven-day voyage she saved $550. At this rate of -saving the Gyro-Compass equipment is soon paid for. - -[Illustration: Steering Repeater in Wheel House.] - -[Illustration: The Turbinia was the first turbine steamer.] - -The Sperry Gyro-Compass does not oscillate with the rolling of the -ship, or in other words, has no heeling error. The use of the helm -is greatly diminished. Records show that on one trans-Atlantic liner -a saving of 24 percent in the revolutions of the steering engine, -when steered by Gyro-Compass, was effected. One of the largest -trans-Atlantic liners reports that but one-third of the helm is used -when the ship is steered by Gyro-Compass. - -This saving in the use of the steering engine gives actual proof that -the ship navigated by a Gyro-Compass steers a straight line course. -It further proves that the ship does not divert its slip-stream as -often—the power output of the main engines is thereby reduced. - -Records taken on a well-known passenger liner show that in making her -regular trip between New York and Jacksonville, Florida, she saved more -than two hours due to steering by a Sperry Gyro-Compass. A saving of -3,410 turns of her propeller was also effected. These savings were made -even with much greater than the usual draft. - -Records taken by means of the Sperry Recording Compass show that when -the helmsman is given a certain course he can keep the ship one and -one-half degrees nearer the course when steering by the Gyro-Compass -than when steering by magnetic compass. - -The Gyro-Compass can make great savings in money both in construction -and operation of the ship. These factors are perhaps trivial when -compared with the safety factor introduced by the use of the Sperry -Gyro-Compass. - -[Illustration: High Potential Test on Repeaters.] - -Due to the elimination of the many uncertainties of the magnetic -compass, insurance companies are favorably disposed toward the use of -the Sperry Gyro-Compass, which ultimately will result in a reduction of -insurance rates. - -The use of the Sperry Gyro-Compass eliminates inaccuracies due to -navigation, thereby saving time, insuring the ship, the cargo, and the -lives of passengers and crew. - -Sperry Gyro-Compasses are operating on many of the world’s largest -and fastest passenger liners and cargo ships. These ships are making -savings every day of fuel used and time required to make their courses. -The navigators using these compasses find that they can come very much -nearer their calculated positions when steering by the Gyro-Compass. -The Gyro-Compass makes the art of navigation more exact. - -The Sperry Gyro-Compass is the only one to pass the service tests in -the world’s navies. - -[Illustration: Schooners are economical, needing but small crews.] - - - - -_The Sperry Gyro-Compass Equipment_ - - -The equipment which applies the principle set forth in a practical way -consists of: - -1. The Master, True North Compass. - -2. Compass Control-Panel—for controlling the electric current. - -3. Repeaters—operated from the Master Compass, and indicating its -exact reading at any instant. - -4. Motor-generator—for converting the ship’s current into current of -proper characteristics for spinning the gyro wheels and operating the -repeaters. - -5. Storage Battery—for emergency operation of the equipment in case of -failure of the ship’s supply. - -The function of each piece of equipment and its relation to other parts -is shown on pages 22 and 23. - - -The Master Compass - -The Master Gyro-Compass is contained within a binnacle stand, with -glass dome top. - -As shown in the photographs and sectional view, the twin gyro-wheels -are supported from a frame-work which is in turn set in gimbal rings. -The outer gimbal ring is attached to the binnacle stand by means of a -number of supporting springs. The springs are provided for protecting -the compass against sudden jars and vibrations. Figure 18 shows a -photograph of the top view, while the wheels are shown from below in -Figure 16. - -A diagrammatic representation of the Sperry Gyro-Compass is shown in -plan view in Figure 17. The elevation, or side view, is shown in Figure -15. These drawings show the working parts of the Gyro-Compass. Each of -the twin gyro-wheels is enclosed in a case, which is in turn suspended -from the main frame and spider. - -The wheels are spun at a high speed in unison by means of electricity. -The force of the earth’s rotation combines with the force resulting -from the rotating wheels. The resultant action of these two forces is -that both wheels turn their axes directly into, or parallel with, the -earth’s north and south meridian. The compass card, of course, also -turns and indicates direction by comparing the stationary “lubber -line,” representing the ship’s head, with the compass card. - -[Illustration: Using Bearing Repeater at Sea.] - -[Illustration: The trade of China is carried in clumsy Junks.] - -[Illustration: Figure 6. Control Panel. - -Figure 7. Motor Generator. - -Figure 8. Master Compass. - -Figure 9. Storage Battery.] - -[Illustration: Steel Square-riggers still compete with steamers.] - -[Illustration: Figure 10. Repeater on Steering Stand. - -Figure 11. Repeater, Bulkhead Type. - -Figure 12. Bearing Repeater in Pelorus Stand.] - -[Illustration: The Dhow is the trading ship of East Africa.] - -[Illustration: Figure 14.] - -A single gyro-wheel would constitute a satisfactory stationary, or -“land compass.” On shipboard the roll, yaw and pitch of the ship would -impose additional duty on a single wheel. It would have to point not -only True North, but also offset the effect of the sea. One of the two -wheels is arranged to always point True North, while its twin wheel -opposes and neutralizes all influences other than the force of the -earth’s rotation. The force of both wheels is utilized in seeking the -meridian. - -The Master Gyro-Compass is a marvel of mechanical perfection and -ruggedness. Every rotating or revolving part moves upon special -bearings to reduce friction. It should be noted also that the -gyro-wheels do not directly operate the compass card. The compass card -is turned by a small electric motor (Azimuth Motor), Figure 17. The -slightest change in position between the wheels and card operates the -“trolley” or electrical contact, which controls the Azimuth Motor. The -card is made to “shadow” the wheels. The follow-up is so close that the -card frame has been called the “phantom.” - -An electrical transmitter, Figure 17, is operated by the movement of -the card. This transmitter is the means by which the repeaters are -kept in unison with the movements of the Master Gyro-Compass, and made -to show the exact reading at any instant. Again the Azimuth Motor -furnishes the very slight amount of power required to operate this -device. - -[Illustration: Figure 13.] - -The Master Compass is placed near the center of the ship at the water -line. At this point the effect of rolling is at a minimum. It is, -however, not necessary to place it exactly at this position. Figure -13 shows the approximate location of the various pieces of equipment -aboard ship. - - -The Repeaters - -[Illustration: An indispensable link between producer and consumer.] - -A familiar application of the repeater principle is that used in -hotels and public buildings, where a number of repeater clocks are -operated from one master instrument. Likewise, the repeater used upon -the bridge, the bearing repeater, and the one at the after steering -station, are all operated by electricity in perfect unison with the -Master Gyro-Compass and show the exact reading of the Master at any -instant. Repeaters are operated by a small electric motor within each -case, controlled by the transmitter at the Master Gyro. In designing -the repeaters particular attention has been given to the electrical -circuits so as to make all connections water, spray and condensation -proof. Stuffing tubes of improved design are used at all outlets and -entrances. - -A miniature electric lamp within the repeater supplies the necessary -illumination of the dial. The illumination can be brightened or dimmed -by turning the switch handle on the face of the terminal box. - -The repeaters are supplied in three styles: - -1. Repeater mounted on steering stand—for use on bridge. - -2. Bearing repeater mounted within pelorus stand. - -3. Repeater mounted on bulkhead in Master’s room, or at the after -steering station. - -Special stands or fixtures can be supplied if necessary. - -A metal “non-reflection” cover is supplied which can be fitted to -either the bridge or the after steering repeaters. The cover has -adjustable doors and a hood. Its object is to exclude all light from -the top glass of the repeater except at the lubber’s line. No light -will be reflected into the eyes of the helmsman. The doors can be -closed until a very small sector of the repeater dial appears at -the lubber’s line. Experience has proved that it is easier to watch -and concentrate when only a small portion of the dial is visible. A -magnifying glass can be used in conjunction with the cover so that the -repeater indication can be read at a distance. - -[Illustration: Bearing Repeater with Sperry Azimuth Circle.] - -The bridge and after steering repeaters are mounted on adjustable -brackets. The position of the repeater can be changed so as to allow a -full face view of the dial from almost any angle. - -The bearing repeater is of great aid to the navigator. The repeater -is mounted within the stand and, of course, shows the exact reading -of the Master Compass. In taking a bearing on a distant object or -a sun azimuth it is not necessary to first set the “dumb” compass -to correspond with the main compass. A constant true indication is -afforded. - -Installation of the bearing repeater can be made in such a position on -the upper bridge so that it may be used for steering from that position -as well as for taking bearings. A special pelorus stand cover can be -supplied with windows to allow steering with the cover on, so as to -protect the repeater from spray and the weather. - -[Illustration: The light unsinkable Kayak of the Eskimo.] - -[Illustration: Figure 15.] - -[Illustration: Figure 16.] - -[Illustration: An Ore-steamer of the American Great Lakes.] - -[Illustration: Figure 17.] - -[Illustration: Figure 18.] - -[Illustration: The great painted War-Canoe of Alaskan Indians.] - -An improved design of azimuth circle is furnished which fits directly -over the top of the repeater. Figures 24 and 26, on page 30, show -the azimuth circle and bearing repeater in use, taking a bearing on -a distant object, and on the sun respectively. This azimuth circle -is so constructed as to bring the object, the spirit level and dial -within the field of vision concurrently. The bearing can be taken with -great accuracy. There is no possibility of the Master Compass changing -its position while the pelorus is in use. Such an occurrence is not -uncommon when using the ordinary pelorus or “dummy” compass. - -An additional graduated ring, Figure 25, is supplied for placing under -the azimuth circle so that in case the Gyro-Compass is not operating -such, for instance, as when the ship is at anchor, the pelorus can -still be used as a “dumb” compass. The main compass setting is made -upon the ring, and the azimuth circle used in the usual manner. - -The bearing repeater can be furnished with any one of three kinds of -azimuth circles. The Ritchie circle is usually supplied. The purchaser -also has the option of choosing either the Sperry circle or the Kelvin -Azimuth Mirror. - - -Compass Control-Panel - -The compass control-panel provides a means for controlling the -various electrical parts of the Gyro-Compass, the storage battery, -motor-generator and ship’s supply current. It is very compact, neat, -and of good appearance. It receives electrical power from the ship’s -mains and distributes it to the motor-generator set, Master Compass and -repeater. - -The switch panel is made up of black ebony asbestos, mounted upon angle -iron. The panel is usually mounted with its back near the bulkheads, -but so hinged as to admit of access to its rear. - - -Motor-Generator - -The Motor-Generator supplied is an efficient and exceptionally reliable -piece of equipment. Its purpose is to convert the ship’s supply -current into electricity of the characteristics used in spinning the -gyro-wheels and operating the repeaters. - -[Illustration: Line of Precision Lathes.] - - -Storage Battery - -The complete failure of the electrical plant aboard a modern ship is -an event of rare occurrence. If, however, such a contingency should -occur, provision has been made for it in the Gyro-Compass equipment -by supplying a storage battery of sufficient capacity to operate the -entire equipment for a period of two hours. The battery is so connected -electrically as to keep itself in a charged condition while the compass -is operating under normal conditions. - -[Illustration: A Super-dreadnought, the bulwark of sea power.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 19, FIG. 20, FIG. 21, FIG. 22, FIG. 23. - -Sperry Gyro-Compass Repeaters.] - -[Illustration: The Dahabeah is the passenger boat of the Nile.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 24, FIG. 25, FIG. 26. - -Sperry Gyro-Compass Bearing Repeater With Azimuth Circle.] - -[Illustration: A fast-steaming hotel for ocean travelers.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 27, FIG. 28, FIG. 29, FIG. 30. - -Bearing Repeater Mounted in Pelorus Stand.] - -[Illustration: Malay pirates use the swift-sailing Proa.] - -[Illustration: Figure 31.] - - -Sperry Recording Compass - -An outstanding feature of the Gyro-Compass is that it makes possible -the recording of the actual courses steered by a vessel. The recording -compass is connected to the electrical circuits like a repeater and -follows the movements of the Master Compass. It not only indicates the -heading at any instant, but also makes a graphic record on a chart. -Radial lines on the chart represent the various courses. Concentric -circles represent time—each small division five minutes—each large -division one hour. - -The dial on which the chart is mounted turns with the movements of the -master compass bringing the correct course under the marking point. -As the time advances a line is marked on the chart showing the exact -course steered at a definite time. On starting, the marking arm is at -the inner edge, clockwork moves it toward the outer edge with uniform -motion. - -[Illustration: Figure 32.] - -The chart shown in Figure 32 forms a valuable record. It was taken on -a ship at a time a radio call was received from a burning oil tanker. -Being within the distance defined by law, the ship was legally, as well -as morally bound to proceed to the distressed ship. The chart shows -that the course was altered to go to the tanker’s aid. It also showed -the exact time, thereby establishing proof as to the fulfillment of -the obligation. A few minutes later another radio call advised that -the fire aboard the tanker was extinguished. The chart shows that the -course was again altered to bring the vessel back on her original given -course. - -[Illustration: The Destroyer is the grey-hound of the sea.] - -The chart further shows the actual courses steered in holding the ship -on its given course. It shows just how efficiently each helmsman -handles the ship. It provides an excellent method of training helmsmen -to use less helm, effecting a saving by less frequent use of the -steering engine. - -The recording compass is a great aid to the Captain and Navigator in -improving the navigating efficiency of the ship. - -The recording compass can be supplied as a part of the Gyro-Compass -equipment—its additional cost is small when compared to the saving and -benefits derived from its use. - - -Operation - -The operation of the Sperry Gyro-Compass is made easy by making all -parts as simple as possible. - -In starting the equipment it is necessary to turn but one switch. The -twin wheels immediately start spinning and will in a short time come up -to the normal speed. - -After the speed has been attained, a short time is allowed for the -wheels to cause their axes to “settle,” or, in other words, to seek and -hold the meridian. - -In case of failure of the ship’s supply, or other trouble, an audible -signal immediately gives indication that something is wrong. This is -a decided improvement over the ordinary compass, as no indication is -afforded of the presence of factors which cause errors in its reading. - - -Care - -All of the greatest commercial aids require some care, such, for -instance, as the telephone, typewriter, adding machine, duplicating -machine and so on. - -[Illustration: Bearing Repeater Equipped with Windows in Storm Cover.] - -The magnetic compasses aboard ship receive especially watchful -attention, to see that they are not meddled or tampered with. As a rule -the entire ship’s crew, including the youngest apprentice, knows that -the compass must in no way be handled. - -It should be remembered that the Sperry Gyro-Compass is a mechanical -compass. Although the very best materials, design and skill enter -into its construction, it is still liable to failure. Even with that -possibility, it is so superior to the magnetic compass that it more -than justifies its installation use. In the same way the electric -light, although liable to failure, is vastly superior to the old oil -lamp. The oil lamps are seldom used, yet they are carried aboard ships -for the contingency which might happen. Similarly a failure of the -electric or hydraulic steering gear may necessitate the temporary use -of the inefficient hand-steering gear. - -[Illustration: In Venice, graceful Gondolas take the place of cabs.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 33. Repeater at After Steering Station. - -Fig. 35. Repeater on Wing of Upper Bridge. - -Fig. 34. Bearing Repeater on top of Wheel-house.] - -[Illustration: Steam-yachting is the most costly of all sports.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 37. Bearing Repeater. - -Fig. 36. Repeater at Steering Station.] - -[Illustration: The Mediterranean Felucca, swift in all weathers.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 38. Master Compasses on Long Run Floor Test. - -Fig. 39. Master Compasses under Test on Special Machine constructed to -simulate the motion of a Ship in a Heavy Sea.] - -[Illustration: The Submarine, the unseen terror of the seas.] - - - - -_Sperry Service_ - -When a Gyro-Compass is sold the interest of The Sperry Gyroscope -Company does not cease. Our interest in our customer is only beginning. -An experienced service engineer installs every Sperry Gyro-Compass. -This engineer is also available to make the first trip with the compass -in order to assure its proper operation. After installation the Sperry -Service Engineers are available in every large port in the world to -come aboard and inspect, clean, repair and overhaul the Gyro-Compass -equipment so as to keep it in first class operating condition. A -radiogram sent to any of the Sperry Service Stations will bring a -Service Engineer to meet your ship. During the first year there is no -charge. After this period a reasonable charge is made for the service. -Such a charge is similar to that at present made by compass-adjusters. - -A list of the Sperry Representatives is given on the title page of this -book. - - -Workmanship - -[Illustration: Ritchie Azimuth Circle in Use on Bearing Repeater.] - -The Sperry Gyro-Compass is an instrument of precision. From the work -done by the Gyro-Compass and the objects accomplished it would be -natural to class it as a scientific instrument. It is, however, more -than that for the reason that it has been made strong and sturdy for -operation under the most severe conditions at sea. The most expert and -skilled workmanship is required to combine strength and precision, such -as found in the Gyro-Compass. The Sperry organization prides itself -upon having the best workmen that can be obtained for their respective -vocations. - -The materials used are the very best obtainable. The rigid and -inflexible set of purchasing specifications insures receiving the best -materials. - -A well organized inspection force passes upon all material upon its -receipt, and through the various manufacturing stages to the final -product. - -[Illustration: The Sampan shoots the rapids of Japanese rivers.] - -Testing - -Each Sperry Gyro-Compass is on test for several days. During this time -it is put through every devisable test to simulate the conditions -under which it will have to operate. Figures 38 and 39 show a compass -mounted on a stand which is operated by means of motor driven gears, -cams, etc., so as to reproduce the roll, pitch and yaw of a ship at -sea. Absolute accuracy of the Master Compass and all repeaters while -operating under this condition is required. - -The purchaser is thereby assured that the compass to be installed upon -his ship will have had all manufacturing inaccuracies or so-called -“kinks” worked out. A record of the test accompanies each compass. - - -Packing - -Special care is taken in packing the Gyro-Compass for shipment. -Experience gained from the shipment of hundreds of compasses has -devised means whereby to insure the safe arrival of all parts so that -installation will not be delayed. - -In order that no injury may result to any parts, the Gyro-Compass is -unpacked under the supervision of the Sperry Service Engineer. - - -The Sperry Service Organization - -The Sperry Service Organization is one which serves in all parts of the -world. A corps of Service Engineers, having special training at the -factory in all departments relating to the Gyro-Compass, are available -in nearly every large port of the world. These engineers are ready to -come aboard your ship, to clean, adjust and overhaul the Gyro-Compass, -thus relieving the navigator of all care other than the actual use of -the Gyro-Compass. - -[Illustration: Master Compasses on Testing Machine which simulates the -Roll, Pitch and Yaw of Ship at Sea.] - -During the war we had Service Engineers in every port where the ships -of the Navy were likely to call. Our men have been in many of the -naval actions and have been able to render very considerable service -on many unusual occasions. For example, it was desired to place an -equipment on a British ship which was on her way to the Dardanelles. -The Admiralty instructed us by telegram to have an equipment and a -Service Engineer meet the ship at the British Naval Station at Malta in -the Mediterranean. By sending the equipment with our Service Engineer -via a passenger train to the south of Italy and via destroyer to Malta -we were able to meet the ship there on the day she arrived. The ship -was able to stay only twenty-four hours, and as it took about four days -to install the equipment, our engineer remained on board and finished -the work while the ship was enroute from Malta to the Dardanelles. - -[Illustration: The Whale-back, steadiest of all in rough weather.] - -This ship, the _Inflexible_, arrived at the Dardanelles just in time -to join in the first naval action directed against the land batteries. -During the first part of the engagement our engineer remained with the -Master Compass which was installed near the dynamo room. When he saw -that it was functioning properly he left it to go on deck and view the -action, the effects of which he had become aware of, as a number of -shells from the land batteries had hit the ship. Almost immediately -after he arrived on deck a torpedo struck the ship directly under the -compartment where the Gyro-Compass was located, killing every man in -that compartment. Although badly damaged the ship was able to get -out of range of the land batteries and reach the naval base near the -Dardanelles. - -The Gyro-Compass was, of course, almost totally destroyed. Shortly -after the action ended our engineer was enabled to get ashore on a -Greek island via one of the British destroyers. This island had a -telegraph station which he used to cable us that “Equipment No. 286 is -under four feet of water,” and that we should have another equipment -ready to replace it. We took this telegram to the Admiralty who -authorized us to have another equipment prepared to meet this ship -at Gibraltar. This we did, again sending a Service Engineer who met -the ship at Gibraltar, on her way back to England to be repaired and -refitted. - -The Sperry Service Organization stands ready to help all ships equipped -with a Gyro-Compass at all times, even in emergencies such as those -experienced by naval vessels. - - -Service Given to the World’s Navies by the Gyro-Compass - -[Illustration: Steering from Bearing Repeater.] - -[Illustration: The Coracle of ancient Britain, still used in Wales.] - -At the time of the battle of Coronel on the west coast of South -America, H. M. S. _Invincible_ was being overhauled at the Portsmouth -Dockyard in England. She was immediately ordered with one other large -British ship to South American waters under the command of Admiral -Sturdee, to re-enforce the British fleet, and then to find and destroy -the German ships which had defeated the British at the battle of -Coronel. When the overhaul of the _Invincible_ was completed and she -was ready to leave the docks, it was at first planned to delay sailing -until the ship could be swung and the magnetic compasses compensated. -It was decided, however, that although the compasses were badly in -need of adjustment it was necessary to save every minute in order to -reach South American waters before the German ships could find and -destroy the British ships remaining in those waters. The _Invincible_ -therefore sailed without adjusting her magnetic compasses and navigated -entirely by the Sperry Gyro-Compass from Portsmouth to the Falkland -Islands. When an azimuth was finally taken the magnetic compass was -found to be out about 22 degrees. The _Invincible_ arrived at the -Falkland Islands just in time to coal before the German fleet appeared. -If H. M. S. _Invincible_ had not had a Gyro-Compass the probabilities -are that she would not have reached the Falkland Islands in time to win -the battle which took place almost immediately upon her arrival. - -Figure 49 shows a British submarine, a sister ship of the E-11, that -entered the Sea of Marmora through the Dardanelles for the purpose of -destroying Turkish and German shipping. The E-11 put a torpedo right -into Constantinople harbor. The Second Officer of the E-11 in relating -this exploit, stated that they steered by the “Sperry” all the way in -and out. His remark was that, “It never let me down.” - -In this exploit, and many others of a similar nature, the Gyro-Compass -was used for all navigation. These extremely daring and hazardous -operations would not have been possible without this instrument. - -A similar British submarine left Harwich on the east coast of England, -and during a period of three weeks made seven patrol trips, and without -once seeing the sun, finally returned to Harwich and picked up the buoy -at the mouth of the harbor without the least difficulty. The navigation -in this case was carried out entirely by the Gyro-Compass. - -[Illustration: Repeaters on Test.] - -Figure 54 is a photograph of H. M. S. _Lion_, the flagship of Admiral -Beatty in the battle of Jutland. This ship was provided with the Sperry -Gyro-Compass equipment early in the war. During the Jutland engagement -a fire broke out in a magazine of the _Lion_ immediately below the two -Master Compasses which were located in one compartment. It became so -hot that the lead sheathing was melted off the electric cables and one -of the Gyro-Compasses was heated until its parts fused. Notwithstanding -this same heat the other compass functioned throughout the entire -action. Of the ships engaged in the battle of Jutland practically all -except the destroyers were equipped with the Gyro-Compass. Every one of -them performed perfectly throughout the action except in the case of -the _Lion_ on which one was destroyed by fire. - -Hundreds of Sperry Gyro-Compasses are veterans of many battles and -encounters under heavy gunfire and adverse conditions. - -[Illustration: The Power Boat, small, able, reliable, comfortable.] - -[Illustration: 40. R. M. S Bergensfjord. 41. R. M. S. Aquitania. 42. S. -S. Lenape. 43. S. S. Conneaut. 44. Yacht Lyndonia. - -Ships Equipped with Sperry Gyro-Compass.] - -[Illustration: Huge Dug-Outs are used on African rivers.] - -[Illustration: - - 45. U.S.S. Pennsylvania— - © E. Muller, Jr. - - 46. U.S.S. Bush. - - 47. H.M.S. Invincible— - © Underwood & Underwood. - - 48. R. F. La Marsellaise— - © Underwood & Underwood. - - 49. H.M. Submarine E-11— - © Underwood & Underwood. - -Ships Equipped with Sperry Gyro-Compass.] - -[Illustration: Great Colliers carry coal for the world’s navies.] - -[Illustration: - - 50. H. I. M. S. Kongo— - © Underwood & Underwood. - - 51. H. M. S. Conte di Cavour— - © Underwood & Underwood. - - 52. U. S. S. Delaware— - First Ship to Carry Gyro-Compass. - - 53. H. M. S. Queen Elizabeth— - © Western Newspaper Union. - - 54. H. M. S. Lion— - © Underwood & Underwood. - -Ships Equipped with Sperry Gyro-Compass.] - -[Illustration: Speedy Ice-boats provide thrilling winter sport.] - - - - - Telegrams Inland: SPERIGYCO, Vic, London. - Foreign: SPERIGYCO, London. - Telephone, 7398 VICTORIA. - - THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY, LTD. - - NEW YORK—LONDON—MILAN—PARIS PETROGRAD—TOKIO—COPENHAGEN - STOCKHOLM—LA HAGUE - - 15, VICTORIA STREET, - LONDON, S. W. - - August 1st. 1916. - - B-3909. - - The Sperry Gyroscope Company, - NEW YORK. - -Gentlemen, - -It gives me very great pleasure to inform you that my Company has -received from Their Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, under date -20th July, the following words of commendation:― - - “I am to add an expression of Their Lordships’ appreciation of the - valuable assistance rendered to the Admiralty by your Company since - the outbreak of War, in your very prompt and efficient execution of - the important work entrusted to you”. - -I might mention that this was the first recommendation given to a -private Firm by the British Admiralty for fifteen years, and had to be -concurred in by no less than thirty-seven Government Officials. - - Very truly yours, - - THE SPERRY GYROSCOPE COMPANY LTD. - - [Illustration: signature] - - Managing Director. - - - - -TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE - -Original spelling and grammar are generally retained. Illustrations are -moved from inside paragraphs to between paragraphs. Original italics -_looks like this_. Original small caps is converted to uppercase. - -Page 21. The second and third list items under the heading "_The Sperry -Gyro-Compass Equipment_" were incorrectly labeled "3." and "2.", in that -order. These labels were corrected. - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sperry Gyro-Compass, by -The Sperry Gyroscope Co. - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPERRY GYRO-COMPASS *** - -***** This file should be named 52053-0.txt or 52053-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/0/5/52053/ - -Produced by deaurider, RichardW, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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