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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California, by 
+William Henry Hudson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Famous Missions of California
+
+Author: William Henry Hudson
+
+Release Date: March, 2004  [EBook #5211]
+Posting Date: March 28, 2009
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Schwan
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+by William Henry Hudson
+
+Lately Professor of English Literature at Stanford University,
+
+
+
+     To
+
+     Bonnie Burckhalter Fletcher
+
+     With Affectionate Recollections of California Days
+
+
+
+     London, England, 1901
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+
+  I.    Of Junipero Serra, and the proposed settlement of Alta California.
+  II.   How Father Junipero came to San Diego.
+  III.  Of the founding of the Mission at San Diego.
+  IV.   Of Portola's quest for the harbour of Monterey, and the founding
+            of the Mission of San Carlos.
+  V.    How Father Junipero established the Missions of San Antonio de
+            Padua, San Gabriel, and San Louis Obispo.
+  VI.   Of the tragedy at San Diego, and the founding of the Missions of
+            San Juan Capistrano, San Francisco, and Santa Clara.
+  VII.  Of the establishment of the Mission of San Buenaventura, and of
+            the death and character of Father Junipero.
+  VIII. How the Missions of Santa Barbara, La Purisima Concepcion, Santa
+            Cruz, Soledad, San Jose, San Juan Bautista, San Miguel, San
+            Fernando, San Luis Rey, and Santa Inez, were added to the list.
+  IX.   Of the founding of the Missions of San Rafael and San Francisco
+            Solano.
+  X.    Of the downfall of the Missions of California.
+  XI.   Of the old Missions, and life in them.
+  XII.  Of the Mission system in California, and its results.
+
+
+
+
+THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+
+On the 1st of July, 1769--a day forever memorable in the annals of
+California--a small party of men, worn out by the fatigues and hardships
+of their long and perilous journey from San Fernandez de Villicatà,
+came in sight of the beautiful Bay of San Diego. They formed the
+last division of a tripartite expedition which had for its object the
+political and spiritual conquest of the great Northwest coast of the
+Pacific; and among their number were Gaspar de Portolà, the colonial
+governor and military commander of the enterprise; and Father Junipero
+Serra, with whose name and achievements the early history of California
+is indissolubly bound up.
+
+This expedition was the outcome of a determination on the part of Spain
+to occupy and settle the upper of its California provinces, or Alta
+California, as it was then called, and thus effectively prevent the more
+than possible encroachments of the Russians and the English. Fully alive
+to the necessity of immediate and decisive action, Carlos III. had sent
+Jose de Galvez out to New Spain, giving him at once large powers
+as visitador general of the provinces, and special instructions to
+establish military posts at San Diego and Monterey. Galvez was a man of
+remarkable zeal, energy, and organizing ability, and after the manner of
+his age and church he regarded his undertaking as equally important from
+the religious and from the political side. The twofold purpose of his
+expedition was, as he himself stated it, "to establish the Catholic
+faith among a numerous heathen people, submerged in the obscure darkness
+of paganism, and to extend the dominion of the King, our Lord, and
+protect this peninsula from the ambitious views of foreign nations."
+From the first it was his intention that the Cross and the flag of Spain
+should be carried side by side in the task of dominating and colonizing
+the new country. Having, therefore, gathered his forces together at
+Santa Ana, near La Paz, he sent thence to Loreto, inviting Junipero
+Serra, the recently appointed President of the California Missions, to
+visit him in his camp. Loreto was a hundred leagues distant; but this
+was no obstacle to the religious enthusiast, whose lifelong dream it had
+been to bear the faith far and wide among the barbarian peoples of
+the Spanish world. He hastened to La Paz, and in the course of a long
+interview with Galvez not only promised his hearty co-operation, but
+also gave great help in the arrangement of the preliminary details of
+the expedition.
+
+In the opportunity thus offered him for the missionary labour in
+hitherto unbroken fields, Father Junipero saw a special manifestation
+both of the will and of the favour of God. He threw himself into the
+work with characteristic ardour and determination, and Galvez quickly
+realized that his own efforts were now to be ably seconded by a man who,
+by reason of his devotion, courage, and personal magnetism, might well
+seem to have been providentially designated for the task which had been
+put into his hands.
+
+Miguel Joseph Serra, now known only by his adopted name of Junipero,
+which he took out of reverence for the chosen companion of St. Francis,
+was a native of the Island of Majorca, where he was born, of humble
+folk, in 1713. According to the testimony of his intimate friend and
+biographer, Father Francesco Palou, his desires, even during boyhood,
+were turned towards the religious life. Before he was seventeen he
+entered the Franciscan Order, a regular member of which he became a year
+or so later. His favorite reading during his novitiate, Palou tells us,
+was in the Lives of the Saints, over which he would pore day after
+day with passionate and ever-growing enthusiasm; and from these devout
+studies sprang an intense ambition to "imitate the holy and venerable
+men" who had given themselves up to the grand work of carrying the
+Gospel among gentiles and savages. The missionary idea thus implanted
+became the dominant purpose of his life, and neither the astonishing
+success of his sermons, nor the applause with which his lectures were
+received when he was made professor of theology, sufficed to dampen his
+apostolic zeal. Whatever work was given him to do, he did with all
+his heart, and with all his might, for such was the man's nature; but
+everywhere and always he looked forward to the mission field as his
+ultimate career. He was destined, however, to wait many years before his
+chance came. At length, in 1749, after making many vain petitions to
+be set apart for foreign service, he and Palou were offered places in
+a body of priests who, at the urgent request of the College of San
+Fernando, in Mexico, were then being sent out as recruits to various
+parts of the New World. The hour had come; and in a spirit of gratitude
+and joy too deep for words, Junipero Serra set his face towards the far
+lands which were henceforth to be his home.
+
+The voyage out was long and trying. In the first stage of it--from
+Majorca to Malaga--the dangers and difficulties of seafaring were
+varied, if not relieved by strange experiences, of which Palou has
+left us a quaint and graphic account. Their vessel was a small English
+coaster, in command of a stubborn cross-patch of a captain, who combined
+navigation with theology, and whose violent protestations and fondness
+for doctrinal dispute allowed his Catholic passengers, during the
+fifteen days of their passage, scarcely a minute's peace. His habit was
+to declaim chosen texts out of his "greasy old" English Bible, putting
+his own interpretation upon them; then, if when challenged by Father
+Junipero, who "was well trained in dogmatic theology," he could find
+no verse to fit his argument, he would roundly declare that the leaf he
+wanted happened to be torn. Such methods are hardly praiseworthy. But
+this was not the worst. Sometimes the heat of argument would prove too
+much for him, and then, I grieve to say, he would even threaten to pitch
+his antagonists overboard, and shape his course for London. However,
+despite this unlooked-for danger, Junipero and his companions finally
+reached Malaga, whence they proceeded first to Cadiz, and then, after
+some delay, to Vera Cruz. The voyage across from Cadiz alone occupied
+ninety-nine days, though of these, fifteen were spent at Porto Rico,
+where Father Junipero improved the time by establishing a mission.
+Hardships were not lacking; for water and food ran short, and the vessel
+encountered terrific storms. But "remembering the end for which they had
+come," the father "felt no fear", and his own buoyancy did much to keep
+up the flagging spirits of those about him. Even when Vera Cruz was
+reached, the terrible journey was by no means over, for a hundred
+Spanish leagues lay between that port and the City of Mexico. Too
+impatient to wait for the animals and wagons which had been promised for
+transportation, but which, through some oversight or blunder, had not
+yet arrived in Vera Cruz, Junipero set out to cover the distance on
+foot. The strain brought on an ulcer in one of his legs, from which he
+suffered all the rest of his life; and it is highly probable that he
+would have died on the road but for the quite unexpected succor which
+came to him more than once in the critical hour. This, according to his
+wont, he did not fail to refer directly to the special favour of the
+Virgin and St. Joseph.
+
+For nearly nineteen years after his arrival in Mexico, Junipero was
+engaged in active missionary work, mainly among the Indians of the
+Sierra Gorda, whom he successfully instructed in the first principles
+of the Catholic faith and in the simpler arts of peace. Then came his
+selection as general head, or president, of the Missions of California,
+the charge of which, on the expulsion of the Jesuits, in 1768, had
+passed over to the Franciscans. These, thirteen in number, were all in
+Lower California, for no attempt had as yet been made to evangelize
+the upper province. This, however, the indefatigable apostle was now to
+undertake by co-operating with Jose de Galvez in his proposed northwest
+expedition [1]. Junipero was now fifty-five years of age, and could look
+back upon a career of effort and accomplishment which to any less active
+man might well seem to have earned repose for body and mind. Yet great
+as his services to church and civilization had been in the past, by far
+the most important part of his life-work still lay before him.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+As a result of the conference between Galvez and Father Junipero, it
+was decided that their joint expedition should be sent out in two
+portions--one by sea and one by land; the land portion being again
+sub-divided into two, in imitation, Palou informs us, of the policy
+of the patriarch Joseph, "so that if one came to misfortune, the other
+might still be saved." It was arranged that four missionaries should go
+into the ships, and one with the advance-detachment of the land-force,
+the second part of which was to include the president himself. So far as
+the work of the missionaries was concerned their immediate purpose was
+to establish three settlements--one at San Diego, a second at Monterey,
+and a third on a site to be selected, about midway between the two,
+which was to be called San Buenaventura. The two divisions of the
+land-force were under the leadership of Captain Fernando Rivera y
+Moncada and Governor Portolà respectively. The ships were to carry all
+the heavier portions of the camp equipage, provisions, household goods,
+vestments and sacred vessels; the land-parties were to take with them
+herds and flocks from Loreto. The understanding was that whichever party
+first reached San Diego was to wait there twenty days for the rest, and
+in the event of their failure to arrive within that time, to push on to
+Monterey.
+
+The sea-detachment of the general expedition--the "Seraphic and
+Apostolic Squadron," as Palou calls it, was composed of three ships--the
+San Carlos, the San Antonio, and the San Joseph. A list, fortunately
+preserved, gives all the persons on board the San Carlos, a vessel of
+about 200 tons only, and the flagship of Don Vicente Vila, the commander
+of the marine division. They were as follows:--the commander himself;
+a lieutenant in charge of a company of soldiers; a missionary; the
+captain, pilot and surgeon; twenty-five soldiers; the officers and crew
+of the ship, twenty-five in all; the baker, the cook and two assistants;
+and two blacksmiths: total, sixty-two souls. An inventory shows that the
+vessel was provisioned for eight months.
+
+The San Carlos left La Paz on the 9th of January; the San Antonio on the
+15th of February; the San Joseph on the 16th of June. All the vessels
+met with heavy storms, and the San Carlos, being driven sadly out of her
+route, did not reach San Diego till twenty days after the San Antonio,
+though dispatched some five weeks earlier. We shudder to read that of
+her crew but one sailor and the cook were left alive; the rest, along
+with many of the soldiers, having succumbed to the scurvy. The San
+Antonio also lost eight of her crew from the same dreadful disease.
+These little details serve better than any general description to give
+us an idea of the horrible conditions of Spanish seamanship in the
+middle of the eighteenth century. As for the San Joseph, she never
+reached her destination at all, though where and how she met her fate
+remains one of the dark mysteries of the ocean. Two small points in
+connection with her loss are perhaps sufficiently curious to merit
+notice. In the first place, she was the only one of the ships that had
+no missionary on board; and secondly, she was called after the very
+saint who had been named special patron of the entire undertaking.
+
+The original plan, as we have seen, had been that Father Junipero should
+accompany the governor in the second division of the land-expedition;
+but this, when the day fixed for departure came, was found to be quite
+impossible owing to the ulcerous sore on his leg, which had been much
+aggravated by the exertions of his recent hurried journey from Loreto to
+La Paz and back. Greatly chafing under the delay, he was none the less
+obliged to postpone his start for several weeks. At length, on the 28th
+of March, in company with two soldiers and a servant, he mounted his
+mule and set out. The event showed that he had been guilty of undue
+haste, for he suffered terribly on the rough way, and on reaching
+San Xavier, whither he went to turn over the management of the Lower
+California missions to Palou, who was then settled there, his condition
+was such that his friend implored him to remain behind, and allow him
+(Palou) to go forward in his stead. But of this Junipero would not hear,
+for he regarded himself as specially chosen and called by God for the
+work to which he stood, body and soul, committed. "Let us speak no more
+of this," he said. "I have placed all my faith in God, through whose
+goodness I hope to reach not only San Diego, to plant and fix there the
+standard of the Holy Cross, but even as far as Monterey." And Palou,
+seeing that Junipero was not to be turned aside, wisely began to talk of
+other things.
+
+After three days devoted to business connected with the missions of
+the lower province, the indomitable father determined to continue his
+journey, notwithstanding the fact that, still totally unable to move his
+leg, he had to be lifted by two men into the saddle. We may imagine that
+poor Palou found it hard enough to answer his friend's cheery farewells,
+and watched him with sickness of heart as he rode slowly away. It seemed
+little likely indeed that they would ever meet again on this side of the
+grave. But Junipero's courage never gave out. Partly for rest and partly
+for conference with those in charge, he lingered awhile at the missions
+along the way; but, nevertheless, presently came up with Portolà and his
+detachment, with whom he proceeded to Villacatà. Here during a temporary
+halt, he founded a mission which was dedicated to San Fernando, King of
+Castile and Leon. But the worst experiences of the journey were still
+in store. For when the party was ready to move forward again towards San
+Diego, which, as time was fast running on, the commander was anxious to
+reach with the least possible delay, it was found that Junipero's leg
+was in such an inflamed condition that he could neither stand, nor sit,
+nor sleep. For a few leagues he persevered, without complaint to any
+one, and then collapsed. Portolà urged him to return at once to San
+Fernando for the complete repose in which alone there seemed any chance
+of recovery, but after his manner Junipero refused; nor, out of kindly
+feeling for the tired native servants, would he ever hear of the litter
+which the commander thereupon proposed to have constructed for his
+transportation. The situation was apparently beyond relief, when, after
+prayer to God, the padre called to him one of the muleteers. "Son," he
+said--the conversation is reported in full by Palou, from whose memoir
+of his friend it is here translated--"do you not know how to make a
+remedy for the ulcer on my foot and leg?" And the muleteer replied:
+"Father, how should I know of any remedy? Am I a surgeon? I am a
+muledriver, and can only cure harness-wounds on animals." "Then, son."
+rejoined Junipero, "consider that I am an animal, and that this ulcer is
+a harness-wound... and prepare for me the same medicament as you would
+make for a beast." Those who heard this request smiled. And the muleteer
+obeyed; and mixing certain herbs with hot tallow, applied the compound
+to the ulcerated leg, with the astonishing result that the sufferer
+slept that night in absolute comfort, and was perfectly able the next
+morning to undertake afresh the fatigues of the road.
+
+Of the further incidents of the tedious journey it is needless to write.
+It is enough to say that for forty-six days--from the 15th of May to
+the 1st of July--the little party plodded on, following the track of
+the advance-division of the land-expedition under Rivera y Moncada. With
+what joy and gratitude they at last looked down upon the harbour of
+San Diego, and realized that the first object of their efforts had now
+indeed been achieved, may be readily imagined. Out in the bay lay the
+San Carlos and the San Antonio, and on the shore were the tents of the
+men who had preceded them, and of whose safety they were now assured;
+and when, with volley after volley, they announced their arrival,
+ships and camp replied in glad salute. And this responsive firing was
+continued, says Palou, in his lively description of the scene, "until,
+all having alighted, they were ready to testify their mutual love by
+close embraces and affectionate rejoicing to see the expeditions thus
+joined, and at their desired destination." Yet one cannot but surmise
+that the delights of reunion were presently chilled when those who had
+thus been spared to come together fell into talk over the companions who
+had perished by the way. History has little to tell us of such details;
+but the sympathetic reader will hardly fail to provide them for himself.
+
+The condition of things which the governor and the president
+found confronting them on their arrival was indeed the reverse of
+satisfactory. Of the one hundred and thirty or so men comprising the
+combined companies, many were seriously ill; some it was necessary to
+dispatch at once with the San Antonio back to San Blas for additional
+supplies and reinforcements; a further number had to be detailed for
+the expedition to Monterey, which, in accordance with the explicit
+instructions of the visitador general it was decided to send out
+immediately. All this left the San Diego camp extremely short-handed,
+but there was no help for it. To reach Monterey at all costs was
+Portolà's next duty; and on the 14th of July, with a small party which
+included Fathers Crespi and Gomez, he commenced his northwest march.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+In the meanwhile, says Palou, "that fervent zeal which continually
+glowed and burned in the heart of our venerable Father Junipero, did not
+permit him to forget the principal object of his journey." As soon
+as Portolà had left the encampment, he began to busy himself with the
+problem of the mission which, it had been determined, should be
+founded on that spot. Ground was carefully chosen with an eye to the
+requirements, not only of the mission itself, but also of the pueblo, or
+village, which in course of time would almost certainly grow up about it
+[2]; and on the 16th of July--the day upon which, as the anniversary
+of a great victory over the Moors in 1212, the Spanish church solemnly
+celebrated the Triumph of the Holy Cross--the first mission of Upper
+California was dedicated to San Diego de Alcalà, after whom the bay had
+been named by Sebastian Viscaino, the explorer, many years before. The
+ceremonies were a repetition of those which had been employed in the
+founding of the Mission of San Fernando at Villicatà; the site was
+blessed and sprinkled with holy water; a great cross reared, facing the
+harbour; the mass celebrated; the Venite Creator Spiritus sung. And,
+as before, where the proper accessories failed, Father Junipero and his
+colleagues fell back undeterred upon the means which Heaven had actually
+put at their disposal. The constant firing of the troops supplied the
+lack of musical instruments, and the smoke of the powder was accepted as
+a substitute for incense. Father Palou's brief and unadorned description
+will not prove altogether wanting in impressiveness for those who in
+imagination can conjure up a picture of the curious, yet dramatic scene.
+
+The preliminary work of foundation thus accomplished, Father Junipero
+gathered about him the few healthy men who could be spared from the
+tending of their sick comrades and routine duties, and with their help
+erected a few rude huts, one of which was immediately consecrated as a
+temporary chapel. So far as his own people were concerned, the padre's
+labours were for the most part of a grievous character, for, during the
+first few months, the records tell us, disease made such fearful ravages
+among the soldiers, sailors and servants, that ere long the number of
+persons at this settlement had been reduced to twenty. But the tragedy
+of these poor nameless fellows--(it was Junipero's pious hope that they
+might all be named in Heaven)--after all hardly forms part of our proper
+story. The father's real work was to lie among the native Indians, and
+it is with his failures and successes in this direction that the main
+interest of our California mission annals is connected.
+
+They were not an attractive people, these "gentiles" of a country which
+to the newcomers must itself have seemed an outer garden of Paradise;
+and Junipero's first attempts to gain their good will met with
+very slight encouragement. During the ceremonies attendant upon the
+foundation and dedication of the mission, they had stood round in silent
+wonder, and now they showed themselves responsive to the strangers'
+advances to the extent of receiving whatever presents were offered,
+provided the gift was not in the form of anything to eat. The Spaniards'
+food they would not even touch, apparently regarding it as the cause
+of the dire sickness of the troops. And this, in the long run, remarks
+Palou, was without doubt "singularly providential," owing to the rapid
+depletion of the stores. Ignorance of the Indians' language, of course,
+added seriously to the father's difficulties in approaching them,
+and presently their thefts of cloth, for the possession of which they
+developed a perfect passion, and other depredations, rendered them
+exceedingly troublesome. Acts of violence became more and more common,
+and by-and-bye, a determined and organized attack upon the mission, in
+which the assailants many times outnumbered their opponents, led to a
+pitched battle, and the death of one of the Spanish servants. This was
+the crisis; for, happily, like a thunderstorm, the disturbance, which
+seemed so threatening of future ill, cleared the air, at any rate for
+a time; and the kindness with which the Spaniards treated their wounded
+foes evidently touched the savage heart. Little by little a few Indians
+here and there began to frequent the mission; and with the hearty
+welcome accorded them their numbers soon increased. Among them there
+happened to be a boy, of some fifteen years of age, who showed himself
+more tractable than his fellows, and whom Father Junipero determined
+to use as an instrument for his purpose. When the lad had picked up a
+smattering of Spanish, the padre sent him to his people with the promise
+that if he were allowed to bring back one of the children, the youngster
+should not only by baptism be made a Christian, but should also (and
+here the good father descended to a bribe) be tricked out like
+the Spaniards themselves, in handsome clothes. A few days later, a
+"gentile," followed by a large crowd, appeared with a child in his arms,
+and the padre, filled with unutterable joy, at once threw a piece of
+cloth over it, and called upon one of the soldiers to stand godfather
+to this first infant of Christ. But, alas! just as he was preparing to
+sprinkle the holy water, the natives snatched the child from him, and
+made off with it (and the cloth) to their own ranchería. The soldiers
+who stood round as witnesses were furious at this insult, and, left to
+themselves, would have inflicted summary punishment upon the offenders.
+But the good father pacified them, attributing his failure--of which he
+was wont to speak tearfully to the end of his life--to his own sins
+and unworthiness. However, this first experience in convert-making
+was fortunately not prophetic, for though it is true that many months
+elapsed before a single neophyte was gained for the mission, and though
+more serious troubles were still to come, in the course of the next
+few years a number of the aborigines, both children and adults, were
+baptized.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+While Junipero and his companions were thus engaged in planting the
+faith among the Indians of San Diego, Portolà's expedition was meeting
+with unexpected trials and disappointments. The harbour of Monterey
+had been discovered and described by Viscaino at the beginning of the
+seventeenth century, and it seemed no very difficult matter to reach
+it by way of the coast. But either the charts misled them, or their own
+calculations erred, or the appearance of the landscape was strangely
+deceptive--at any rate, for whatever reason or combination of reasons,
+the exploring party passed the harbour without recognizing it, though
+actually lingering awhile on the sand hills overlooking the bay. Half
+persuaded in their bewilderment that some great catastrophe must, since
+Viscaino's observations, have obliterated the port altogether, they
+pressed northward another forty leagues, and little dreaming of the
+importance attaching to their wanderings, crossed the Coast range, and
+looked down thence over the Santa Clara valley and the "immense arm"
+of San Francisco Bay. By this time the rainy season had set in, and
+convinced as they now were that they must, through some oversight or
+ill-chance, have missed the object of their quest, they determined to
+retrace their steps, and institute another and more thorough search.
+On again reaching the neighborhood of Monterey, they spent a whole
+fortnight in systematic exploration, but still, strangely enough,
+without discovering "any indication or landmark" of the harbour.
+Baffled and disheartened, therefore, the leaders resolved to abandon the
+enterprise. They then erected two large wooden crosses as memorials of
+their visit, and cutting on one of these the words--"Dig at the foot
+of this and you will find a writing"--buried there a brief narrative of
+their experiences. This is reproduced in the diary of Father Crespé
+[3]; and its closing words have a touch of simple pathos: "At last,
+undeceived, and despairing of finding it [the harbour] after so many
+efforts, sufferings and labours, and having left of all our provisions
+but fourteen small sacks of flour, our expedition leaves this place
+to-day for San Diego; I beg of Almighty God to guide it, and for thee,
+voyager, that His divine providence may lead thee to the harbour of
+salvation. Done in this Bay of Pinos, the 9th of December, 1769." On
+the cross on the other side of Point Pinos was cut with a razor
+this legend:--"The land expedition returned to San Diego for want of
+provisions, this 9th day of December, 1769."
+
+The little party--or more correctly speaking--what was left of it, did
+not reach San Diego till the 25th of the following month, having in
+their march down suffered terribly from hunger, exposure, wet, fatigue
+and sickness. Depressed themselves, they found nothing to encourage them
+in the mission and camp, where death had played havoc among those they
+had left behind them six months before, and where the provisions were so
+fast running low that only the timely reappearance of the San Antonio,
+long overdue, would save the survivors from actual starvation. Perhaps
+it is hardly surprising that, under these circumstances, Portolà's
+courage should have failed him, and that he should have decided upon a
+return to Mexico. He caused an inventory of all available provisions to
+be taken, and calculating that, with strict economy, and setting aside
+what would be required for the journey back to San Fernando, they might
+last till somewhat beyond the middle of March, he gave out that unless
+the San Antonio should arrive by the 20th of that month, he should
+on that day abandon San Diego, and start south. But if the governor
+imagined for a moment that he could persuade the padre presidente to
+fall in with this arrangement, he did not know his man. Junipero firmly
+believed, despite the failure of Portolà's expedition, that the harbour
+of Monterey still existed, and might be found; he even interested
+Vicente Vila in a plan of his own for reaching it by sea; and he
+furthermore made up his mind that, come what might, nothing should
+ever induce him to turn his back upon his work. Then a wonderful thing
+happened. On the 19th of March--the very day before that fixed by the
+governor for his departure, and when everything was in readiness for
+to-morrow's march--the sail of a ship appeared far out at sea; and
+though the vessel presently disappeared towards the northwest, it
+returned four days later and proved to be none other than the San
+Antonio, bearing the much needed succour. She had passed up towards
+Monterey in the expectation of finding the larger body of settlers
+there, and had only put back to San Diego when unexpectedly, (and as it
+seemed, providentially), she had run short of water. It was inevitable
+that Father Junipero should see in this series of happenings the very
+hand of God--the more so as the day of relief chanced to be the festival
+of St. Joseph, who, as we have noted, was the patron of the mission
+enterprise.
+
+The arrival of the San Antonio put an entirely new complexion upon
+affairs; and, relieved of immediate anxiety, Portolà now resolved upon a
+second expedition in quest of Monterey. Two divisions, one for sea, the
+other for land, were accordingly made ready; the former, which included
+Junipero, started in the San Antonio, on the 16th of April; the latter,
+under the leadership of Portolà, a day later. Strong adverse winds
+interfered with the vessel, which did not make Monterey for a month and
+a half. The land-party, following the coast, reached the more southern
+of the great wooden crosses on the 24th of May, and after some
+difficulty succeeded at last in identifying the harbour. Seven days
+later, steering by the fires lighted for her guidance along the shore,
+the San Antonio came safely into port; and formal possession of the bay
+and surrounding country was presently taken in the name of church and
+King. This was on the 3rd of June, the Feast of Pentecost; and on that
+day of peculiar significance in the apostolic history of the church, the
+second of the Upper California missions came into being. Palou has left
+us a full account of the ceremonies. Governor, soldiers and priests
+gathered together on the beach, on the spot where, in 1603, the
+Carmelite fathers who had accompanied Viscaino, had celebrated the mass.
+An altar was improvised and bells rung; and then, in alb and stole, the
+father-president invoked the aid of the Holy Ghost, solemnly chanted the
+Venite Creator Spiritus; blessed and raised a great cross; "to put to
+flight all the infernal enemies;" and sprinkled with holy water the
+beach and adjoining fields. Mass was then sung; Father Junipero preached
+a sermon; again the roar of cannon and muskets took the place of
+instrumental music; and the function was concluded with the Te Deum.
+Though now commonly called Carmelo, or Carmel, from the river across
+which it looks, and which has thus lent it a memory of the first
+Christian explorers on the spot, this mission is properly known by the
+name of San Carlos Borromeo, Cardinal-Archbishop of Milan. A few huts
+enclosed by a palisade, and forming the germ at once of the religious
+and of the military settlement, were hastily erected. But the actual
+building of the mission was not begun until the summer of 1771
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+
+News of the establishment of the missions and military posts at San
+Diego and Monterey was in due course carried to the City of Mexico,
+where it so delighted the Marques de Croix, Viceroy of New Spain, and
+Jose de Galvez, that they not only set the church bells ringing, but
+forthwith began to make arrangements for the founding of more missions
+in the upper province. Additional priests were provided by the College
+of San Fernando; funds liberally subscribed; and the San Antonio made
+ready to sail from San Blas with the friars and supplies. On the 21st
+of May, 1771, the good ship dropped anchor at Monterey, where, in
+the meantime, Junipero, though busy enough among the natives of the
+neighborhood, was suffering grievous disappointment because, from lack
+of priests and soldiers, he was unable to proceed at once with the
+proposed establishment of San Buenaventura. The safe arrival of ten
+assistants now brought him assurance of a rapid extension of work in
+"the vineyard of the Lord." He was not the man to let time slip by him
+unimproved. Plans were immediately laid for carrying the cross still
+further into the wilderness, and six new missions--those of San
+Buenaventura, San Gabriel, San Louis Obispo, San Antonio, Santa Clara
+and San Francisco--were presently agreed upon. It was discovered later
+on, however, that these plans outran the resources at the president's
+disposal, and much to his regret, the design for settlements at Santa
+Clara and San Francisco had to be temporarily given up.
+
+There was, none the less, plenty to engage the energies of even so
+tireless a worker as Junipero, for three of the new missions were
+successfully established between July, 1771, and the autumn of the
+following year. The first of these was the Mission of San Antonio
+de Padua, in a beautiful spot among the Santa Lucia mountains, some
+twenty-five leagues southeast of Monterey; the second, that of San
+Gabriel Arcángel, near what is now known as the San Gabriel river;
+and the third, the Mission of San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, for which a
+location was chosen near the coast, about twenty-five leagues southeast
+of San Antonio. In his account of the founding of the first named of
+these, Palou throws in a characteristic touch. After the bells had been
+hung on trees and loudly tolled, he says, the excited padre-presidente
+began to shout like one transported:--"Ho, gentiles! Come to the Holy
+Church; Come! Come! and receive the faith of Jesus Christ!" His comrade,
+Father Pieras, standing by astonished, interrupted his fervent eloquence
+with the eminently practical remark that as there were no gentiles
+within hearing, it was idle to ring the bells. But the enthusiast's
+ardour was not to be damped by such considerations, and he continued to
+ring and shout. I, for one, am grateful for such a detail as this.
+An even more significant story, though of a quite different sort, is
+recorded of the dedication of San Gabriel. It was, of course, inevitable
+that here and there in connection with such a record as this of Serra
+and his work, there should spring up legends of miraculous doings and
+occurrences; though on the whole, it is, perhaps, remarkable that the
+mythopoeic tendency was not more powerful. The incident now referred to
+may be taken as an illustration. While the missionary party were engaged
+in exploring for a suitable site, a large force of natives, under two
+chiefs, suddenly broke in upon them. Serious conflict seemed imminent;
+when one of the fathers drew forth a piece of canvas bearing the picture
+of the Virgin. Instantly the savages threw their weapons to the
+ground, and, following their leaders, crowded with offerings about the
+marvellous image. Thus the danger was averted. Further troubles attended
+the settlement at San Gabriel; but in after years it became one of the
+most successful of all the missions, and gained particular fame from the
+industries maintained by its converts, and their skill in carving wood,
+horn and leather.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+
+Though, as we thus see, Father Junipero had ample reason to be
+encouraged over the progress of his enterprise, he still had various
+difficulties to contend with. The question of supplies often assumed
+formidable proportions, and the labors of the missionaries were not
+always as fruitful as had been hoped. Fortunately, however, the Indians
+were, as a rule, friendly, notwithstanding the fact that the behaviour
+of the Spanish soldiers, especially towards their women, occasionally
+aroused their distrust and resentment. At one establishment only did
+serious disturbances actually threaten for a time the continuance of
+the mission and its work. Junipero had lately returned from Mexico, with
+undiminished zeal and all sorts of fresh designs revolving in his brain,
+when a courier reached him at San Carlos bringing news of a terrible
+disaster at San Diego. Important affairs detained him for a time at
+Monterey, but when at length he was able to get to the scene of the
+trouble, it was to find that first reports had not been exaggerated. On
+the night of the 4th of November, 1775, eight hundred Indians had made
+a ferocious assault upon the mission, fired the buildings, and brutally
+done to death Father Jayme, one of the two priests in charge. "God
+be thanked," Junipero had exclaimed, when the letter containing the
+dreadful news had been read to him, "now the soil is watered, and the
+conquest of the Dieguinos will soon be complete!" In the faith that
+the blood of the martyrs is veritably the seed of the church, he, on
+reaching San Diego, with his customary energy, set about the task of
+re-establishing the mission; and the buildings which presently arose
+from the ruins were a great improvement upon those which had been
+destroyed.
+
+Before these alarming events at the mother-mission broke in upon his
+regular work, the president had resolved upon yet another settlement
+(not included in the still uncompleted plan), for which he had selected
+a point on the coast some twenty-six leagues north of San Diego, and
+which was to be dedicated to San Juan Capistrano. A beginning had indeed
+been made there, not by Junipero in person, but by fathers delegated by
+him for the purpose; but when news of the murder of Father Jayme reached
+them, they had hastily buried bells, chasubles and supplies, and hurried
+south. As soon as ever he felt it wise to leave San Diego Junipero
+himself now repaired to the abandoned site; and there, on the 1st of
+November, 1776, the bells were dug up and hung, mass said, and
+the mission established. It is curious to remember that while the
+padre-presidente was thus immersed in apostolic labors on the far
+Pacific coast, on the other side of the North American continent events
+of a very different character were shaking the whole civilized world.
+
+Though the establishment of San Juan Capistrano is naturally mentioned
+in this place, partly because of the abortive start made there a year
+before, and partly because its actual foundation constituted the next
+noteworthy incident in Junipero's career, this mission is, in strict
+chronological order, not the sixth, but the seventh on our list. For
+some three weeks before its dedication, and without the knowledge of the
+president himself, though in full accordance with his designs, the cross
+had been planted at a point many leagues northward beyond San Carlos,
+and destined presently to be the most important on the coast. It will be
+remembered that when Portolà's party made their first futile search for
+the harbour of Monterey, they had by accident found their way as far as
+the Bay of San Francisco. The significance of their discovery was
+not appreciated at the time, either by themselves or by those at
+headquarters to whom it was reported; but later explorations so clearly
+established the value of the spot for settlement and fortification,
+that it was determined to build a presidio there. Some years previous
+to this, as we have seen, a mission on the northern bay had been part
+of Junipero's ambitious scheme; and though at the time he was forced by
+circumstances to hold his hand, the idea was constantly uppermost in
+his thoughts. At length, when, in the summer of 1776, an expedition was
+despatched from Monterey for the founding of the proposed presidio, two
+missionaries were included in the party--one of these being none other
+than that Father Palou, whose records have been our chief guides in
+the course of this story. The buildings of the presidio--store
+house, commandant's dwelling, and huts for the soldiers and their
+families--were completed by the middle of September; and on the 17th
+of that month--the day of St. Francis, patron of the station and
+harbour--imposing ceremonies of foundation were performed. A wooden
+church was then built; and on the 9th of October, in the presence of
+many witnesses, Father Palou said mass, the image of St. Francis was
+borne about in procession, and the mission solemnly dedicated to his
+name [4].
+
+It was at San Luis Obispo on his way back from San Diego to Monterey,
+that Father Junipero learned of the foundation of the mission at San
+Francisco, and though he may doubtless have felt some little regret
+at not having himself been present on such an occasion, his heart
+overflowed with joy. For there was a special reason why the long delay
+in carrying out this portion of his plan had weighed heavily upon him.
+Years before, when the visitador general had told him that the first
+three missions in Alta California were to be named after San Diego,
+San Carlos and San Buenaventura (for such, we recollect, had been
+the original programme), he had exclaimed:--"Then is our father, St.
+Francis, to have no mission?" And Galvez had made reply:--"If St.
+Francis desires a mission, let him show us his port, and he shall have
+one there." To Junipero it had seemed that Portolà had providentially
+been led beyond Monterey to the Bay of San Francisco, and the founder
+of his order had thus given emphatic answer to the visitador's words.
+It may well be imagined that he was ill at rest until the saint's wishes
+had been carried into effect.
+
+But this was not the only good work done in the north while Junipero was
+busy elsewhere; for on the 12th of January, 1777, the Mission of Santa
+Clara was established in the wonderfully fertile and beautiful valley
+which is now known by that name. The customary rites were performed
+by Father Tomas de la Peña, a rude chapel erected, and the work of
+constructing the necessary buildings of the settlement immediately begun
+[5]. It should be noted in passing that before the end of the year the
+town of San Jose--or, to give it its full Spanish title, El Pueblo de
+San Jose de Guadalupe--was founded near by. This has historic interest
+as the first purely civil settlement in California. The fine Alameda
+from the mission to the pueblo was afterwards made and laid out under
+the fathers' supervision.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+
+Though Junipero's subordinates had thus done without him in these
+important developments at San Francisco and Santa Clara, he still
+resolved to go north, both to visit the new foundations and to inspect
+for himself the marvellous country of which he had heard much, but which
+he had not yet seen. As usual, he was long detained by urgent affairs,
+and it was not till autumn that he succeeded in breaking away. He made a
+short stay at Santa Clara, and then pushed on to San Francisco, which he
+reached in time to say mass on St. Francis' day. After a ten days' rest,
+he crossed to the presidio and feasted his eyes on the glorious vision
+of the Golden Gate--a sight which once seen is never to be forgotten.
+"Thanks be to God!" he cried, in rapture (these, says Palou, were the
+words most frequently on his lips); "now our Father St. Francis, with
+the Holy Cross of the procession of missions, has reached the ultimate
+end of this continent of California. To go further ships will be
+required!" Yet his joy was tempered with the thought that the eight
+missions already founded were very far apart, and that much labour would
+be necessary to fill up the gaps.
+
+It was thus with the feeling that, while something had been done, far
+more was left to do, that the padre returned to his own special charge
+at San Carlos. Various circumstances in combination had caused the
+postponement, year after year, of that third mission, which, according
+to original intentions, was to have followed immediately upon the
+establishments at San Diego and Monterey. Three new settlements were now
+projected on the Santa Barbara Channel, and the first of these was to
+be the mission of San Buenaventura. It was not until 1782, however, that
+the long-delayed purpose was at length accomplished. The site chosen
+was at the southeastern extremity of the channel, and close to an Indian
+village, or ranchería to which Portalà's expedition in 1769 had given
+the name of Ascencion de Nuestra Señora, or, briefly, Assumpta. A little
+later on, in pursuance of the same plan, the then governor, Filipe de
+Neve, took formal possession of a spot some ten leagues distant, and
+there began the construction of the presidio of Santa Barbara. It was
+Junipero's earnest desire to proceed at once with the adjoining mission.
+But the governor, for reasons of his own, threw obstacles in the way,
+and in the end this fresh undertaking was left to other hands.
+
+For we have now come to the close of Father Junipero's long and
+strenuous career; and as we look back over the record of it, our wonder
+is, not that he should have died when he did, but rather that he had not
+killed himself many years before. His is surely one of those cases in
+which supreme spiritual power and sheer force of will triumph over an
+accumulation of bodily ills. Far from robust of constitution, he
+had never given himself consideration or repose, forcing himself to
+exertions which it would have appeared utterly impossible that his frame
+could bear, and adding to the constant strain of his labours and travels
+the hardships of self-inflicted tortures of a severe ascetic régime. He
+had always been much troubled by the old ulcer on his leg, though
+this, no matter how painful, he never regarded save when it actually
+incapacitated him for work; and for many years he had suffered from a
+serious affection of the heart, which had been greatly aggravated, even
+if it was not in the first instance caused, by his habit of beating
+himself violently on his chest with a huge stone, at the conclusion of
+his sermons--to the natural horror of his hearers, who, it is said,
+were often alarmed lest he should drop dead before their eyes. The fatal
+issue of such practices could only be a question of time. At length,
+mental anxiety and sorrow added their weight to his burden--particularly
+disappointment at the slow progress of his enterprise, and grief over
+the death of his fellow-countryman and close friend, Father Crespì, who
+passed to his well-earned rest on New Year's Day, 1782. After this
+loss, it is recorded, he was never the same man again, though he held so
+tenaciously to his duties, that only a year before the call came to him,
+being then over seventy, he limped from San Diego to Monterey, visiting
+his missions, and weeping over the outlying Indian rancherìas, because
+he was powerless to help the unconverted dwellers in them. He died at
+San Carlos, tenderly nursed to the end by the faithful Palou, on the
+28th August, 1784; and his passing was so peaceful that those watching
+thought him asleep. On hearing the mission bells toll for his death, the
+whole population, knowing well what had occurred, burst into tears; and
+when, clothed in the simple habit of his order, his body was laid out
+in his cell, the native neophytes crowded in with flowers, while the
+Spanish soldiers and sailors pressed round in the hope of being blessed
+by momentary contact with his corpse. He was laid beneath the mission
+altar beside his beloved friend Crespì; but when, in after years, a new
+church was built, the remains of both were removed and placed within it.
+
+It is not altogether easy to measure such a man as Junipero Serra by our
+ordinary modern standards of character and conduct. He was essentially
+a religious enthusiast, and as a religious enthusiast he must be judged.
+To us who read his story from a distance, who breathe an atmosphere
+totally different from his, and whose lives are governed by quite
+other passions and ideals, he may often appear one-sided, extravagant,
+deficient in tact and forethought, and, in the excess of his zeal, too
+ready to sacrifice everything to the purposes he never for an instant
+allowed to drop out of his sight. We may even, with some of his critics,
+protest that he was not a man of powerful intellect; that his views of
+people and things were distressingly narrow; that, after his kind, he
+was extremely superstitious; that he was despotic in his dealings
+with his converts, and stiffnecked in his relations with the civil and
+military authorities. For all this is doubtless true. But all this
+must not prevent us from seeing him as he actually was--charitable,
+large-hearted, energetic, indomitable; in all respects a remarkable, in
+many ways, a really wise and great man. At whatever points he may fall
+short of our criteria, this much must be said of him, that he was fired
+throughout with the high spirit of his vocation, that he was punctual in
+the performance of duty as he understood it, that he was obedient to
+the most rigorous dictates of that Gospel which he had set himself to
+preach. In absolute, single-hearted, unflinching, and tireless devotion
+to the task of his life--the salvation of heathen souls--he spent
+himself freely and cheerfully, a true follower of that noblest and most
+engaging of the mediaeval saints, whose law he had laid upon himself,
+and whom he looked up to as his guide and examplar. Let us place him
+where he belongs--among the transcendent apostolic figures of his own
+church; for thus alone shall we do justice to his personality, his
+objects, his career. The memory of such a man will survive all changes
+in creeds and ideals; and the great state, of which he was the first
+pioneer, will do honour to herself in honouring him.
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+
+After Junipero's death the supervision of the missions devolved for a
+time upon Palou, under whose management, owing to difficulties with the
+civil powers, no new foundations were undertaken, though satisfactory
+progress was made in those already existing. In 1786, Palou was
+appointed head of the College of San Fernando, and his place as mission
+president was filled by Father Firmin Francisco de Lasuen, by whom the
+mission of Santa Barbara was dedicated, on the festival day of that
+virgin-martyr, before the close of the year [6]. Just twelve months
+later, the third channel settlement was started, with the performance
+of the usual rites, on the spot fixed for the Mission of La Purisima
+Concepcion, at the western extremity of the bay; though some months
+passed before real work there was begun. Thus the proposed scheme,
+elaborated before Junipero's death, for the occupation of that portion
+of the coast, was at length successfully carried out.
+
+Hardly had this been accomplished before the viceroy and governor,
+having resolved upon a further extension of the mission system, sent
+orders to Father Lasuen to proceed with two fresh settlements, one of
+which was to be dedicated to the Holy Cross, the other to Our Lady
+of Solitude. Time was, as usual, consumed in making the necessary
+preparations, and the two missions were finally founded within a few
+weeks of each other--on the 28th of August and the 9th of October, 1791,
+respectively. The site selected for the Mission of Santa Cruz was in the
+neighborhood already known by that name, and near the San Lorenzo River;
+that of Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, on the west side of the Salinas
+River, in the vicinity of the present town of Soledad, and about thirty
+miles from Monterey.
+
+A glance at the map of California will help us to understand the policy
+which had dictated the creation of the four missions founded since
+Junipero's death. The enormous stretch of country between San Francisco
+and San Diego, the northern and southern extremes of evangelical
+enterprise, was as yet quite insufficiently occupied, and these new
+settlements had been started with the object of to some extent filling
+up the vast vacant spaces still left among those already existing. For
+the efficient performance of missionary work something more was needed
+than a number of separate establishments, no matter how well managed
+and successful these in themselves might be. Systematic organization was
+essential; for this it was requisite that the various missions should
+be brought, by proximity, into vital relations with one another, that
+communication might be kept up, companionship enjoyed, and, in case of
+need, advice given and assistance rendered. The foundations of Santa
+Barbara, La Purisima, Santa Cruz and Soledad, had done something, as
+will be seen, towards the ultimate drawing together of the scattered
+outposts of church and civilization. But with them a beginning had only
+been made. Further developments of the same general plan which aimed, it
+will be understood, not alone at the spiritual conquest, but also at the
+proper control of the new kingdom--were now taken under consideration.
+And, as a result, five fresh missions were presently resolved upon. One
+of these was to be situated between San Francisco and Santa Clara; the
+second, between Santa Clara and Monterey; the third, between San Antonio
+and San Luis Obispo; the fourth, between San Buenaventura and San
+Gabriel; and the fifth, between San Juan Capistrano and San Diego. The
+importance of these proposed settlements as connecting links will be at
+once apparent, if we observe that by reason of their carefully chosen
+locations they served, as it were, to put the older missions into actual
+touch. When at length the preliminary arrangements had been made, no
+time was wasted in the carrying out of the programme, and in a little
+over a year, all five missions were in operation. The mission San
+Jose (a rather tardy recognition to the patron-saint of the whole
+undertaking), was founded on the 11th June, 1797; San Juan Bautista
+thirteen days later; San Miguel Arcángel on the 25th July, and San
+Fernando Rey de España on the 8th September of the same year; and San
+Luis Rey de Francia (commonly called San Luis Rey to distinguish it from
+San Luis Obispo), on the 13th of the July following. The delay which
+had not at all been anticipated in the establishment of this last-named
+mission, was due to some difficulties in regard to site. With this
+ended--so far as fresh foundations were concerned--the pious labours
+of Lasuen as padre-presidente. He now returned to San Carlos to devote
+himself during the remainder of his life to the arduous duties
+of supervision and administration. There he died, in 1803, aged
+eighty-three years.
+
+His successor, Father Estevan Tapis, fourth president of the Upper
+California missions, signalized his elevation to office by adding a
+nineteenth to the establishments under his charge. Founded on the
+17th September, 1804, on a spot, eighteen miles from La Purisima and
+twenty-two from Santa Barbara, to which Lasuen had already directed
+attention, this was dedicated to the virgin-martyr, Santa Inez. It was
+felt that a settlement somewhere in this region was still needed for the
+completion of the mission system, since without it, a gap was left in
+the line between the two missions first-named, which were some forty
+miles apart. With the planting of Santa Inez thorough spiritual
+occupation may be said to have been accomplished over the entire area
+between San Francisco and San Diego, and from the Coast Range to the
+ocean. The nineteen missions had been so distributed over the vast
+country, that the Indians scattered through it could everywhere be
+reached; while the distance from mission to mission had, at the same
+time, been so reduced that it was in no case too great to be easily
+covered in a single day's journey. The fathers of each establishment
+could thus hold frequent intercourse with their next neighbors, and
+occasional travelers moving to and fro on business could from day to day
+be certain of finding a place for refreshment and repose [7].
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+
+Santa Inez carries us for the first time over into the nineteenth
+century, and its establishment may in a sense be regarded as marking the
+term of the period of expansion in California mission history. A pause
+of more than a decade ensued, during which no effort was made towards
+the further spread of the general system; and then, with the planting
+of two relatively unimportant settlements in a district thentofore
+unoccupied the tally was brought to a close.
+
+The missions which thus represented a slight and temporary revival of
+the old spirit of enterprise, were those of San Rafael Arcángel and San
+Francisco Solano. The former, located near Mount Tamalpais, between San
+Francisco de Assis and the Russian military station at Fort Ross, dates
+from the 17th December, 1817; the latter, situated still further north,
+in the Sonoma Valley, from the 4th July, 1823. Some little uncertainty
+exists as to the true reasons and purposes of their foundation. The
+commonly accepted version of the story connects them directly with
+problems which arose out of the course of affairs at San Francisco. In
+1817 a most serious epidemic caused great mortality among the Indians
+there; a panic seemed inevitable; and on the advice of Lieutenant Sola,
+a number of the sick neophytes were removed by the padres to the other
+side of the bay. The change of climate proved highly beneficial;
+the region of Mount Tamalpais was found singularly attractive; and a
+decision to start a branch establishment, or asistencia, of the mission
+at San Francisco was a natural result. The patronage of San Rafael was
+selected in the hope that, as the name itself expresses the "healing of
+God," that "most glorious prince" might be induced to care "for bodies
+as well as souls." While considerable success attended this new venture,
+the condition of things at San Francisco, on the other hand, continued
+anything but satisfactory; and a proposal based on these two facts was
+presently made, that the old mission should be removed entirely from the
+peninsula, and refounded in a more favorable locality somewhere in the
+healthy and fertile country beyond San Rafael. It was thus that the name
+of San Francisco got attached from the outset to the new settlement at
+Sonoma; and when later on (the old mission being left in its place) this
+was made into an independent mission, the name was retained, though the
+dedication was transferred, appropriately enough, from St. Francis of
+Assisi to that other St. Francis who figures in the records as "the
+great apostle of the Indies."
+
+Such is the simpler explanation of the way in which the last two
+missions came to be established. It has, however, been suggested that,
+while all this may be true as far as it goes, other causes were at work
+of a subtler character than those specified, and that these causes were
+involved in the development of political affairs. It will have been
+noted that, though the threatened encroachments of the Russians had been
+one of the chief reasons for this Spanish occupation of Alta California,
+there had hitherto been no attempt to meet their possible advances in
+the very regions where they were most to be expected--that is, in the
+country north of San Francisco. In course of time, however, always with
+the ostensible purpose of hunting the seal and the otter, the Russians
+were found to be creeping further and further south; and at length,
+under instructions from St. Petersburg, they took possession of the
+region of Bodega Bay, establishing there a trading post of their Fur
+Company, and a strong military station which they called Fort Ross. As
+this settlement was on the coast, and only sixty-five miles, as the crow
+flies, from San Francisco, it will be seen that the Spanish authorities
+had some genuine cause for alarm. And the mission movement north of San
+Francisco is considered by some writers to have been initiated, less
+from spiritual motives, than from the dread of continued Russian
+aggression, and the hope of raising at least a slight barrier against
+it. However this may be, the two missions were never employed for
+defensive purposes; nor is it very clear that they could have been made
+of much practical service in case of actual need.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+
+Such, in briefest outline, is the story of the planting of the
+twenty-one missions of Alta California. This story, as we have seen,
+brings us down to the year 1823. But by this time, as we follow the
+chronicles, our attention has already begun to be diverted from the
+forces which still made for growth and success to those which ere long
+were to co-operate for the complete undoing of the mission system and
+the ruin of all its work.
+
+Perhaps it was in the nature of things (if one may venture here to
+employ a phrase too often used out of mere idleness or ignorance) that
+the undertaking which year by year had been carried forward with so much
+energy and success, should after a while come to a standstill; and
+the commonest observation of life will suffice to remind us that when
+progress ceases, retrogression is almost certain to set in. The immense
+zeal and unflagging enthusiasm of Junipero Serra and his immediate
+followers could not be transmitted by any rite or formula to the men
+upon whose shoulders their responsibilities came presently to rest.
+Men they were, of course, of widely varying characters and
+capabilities--some, unfortunately, altogether unworthy both morally
+and mentally, of their high calling; many, on the contrary, genuine
+embodiments of the great principles of their order--humane, benevolent,
+faithful in the discharge of daily duty, patient alike in labour and
+trial, and careful administrators of the practical affairs which lay
+within their charge. But without injustice it may be said of them that
+for the most part they possessed little of the tremendous personal force
+of their predecessors, and a generous endowment of such personal force
+was as needful now as it ever had been.
+
+Not unless we wish to emulate Southey's learned friend, who wrote whole
+volumes of hypothetical history in the subjunctive mood, it is hardly
+necessary for present purposes to discuss the internal changes which,
+had the missions been left to themselves, might in the long run have
+brought about their decay. For as a matter of fact the missions were not
+left to themselves. The closing chapter of their history, to which
+we have now to turn, is mainly concerned, not with their spiritual
+management, or with their success or failure in the work they had been
+given to do, but with the general movement of political events, and the
+upheavals which preceded the final conquest of California by the United
+States.
+
+In considering the attitude of the civil authorities towards the mission
+system, and their dealings with it, we must remember that the Spanish
+government had from the first anticipated the gradual transformation of
+the missions into pueblos and parishes, and with this, the substitution
+of the regular clergy for the Franciscan padres. This was part of the
+general plan of colonization, of which the mission settlements were
+regarded as forming only the beginning. Their work was to bring the
+heathen into the fold of the church, to subdue them to the conditions of
+civilization, to instruct them in the arts of peace, and thus to prepare
+them for citizenship; and this done, it was purposed that they should
+be straightway removed from the charge of the fathers and placed under
+civil jurisdiction. No decisive step towards the accomplishment of this
+design was, however, taken for many years; and meanwhile, the fathers
+jealously resisted every effort of the government to interfere with
+their prerogatives. At length, with little comprehension of the nature
+of the materials out of which citizens were thus to be manufactured, and
+with quite as little realization of the fact that the paternal methods
+of education adopted by the padres were calculated, not to train their
+neophytes to self-government, but to keep them in a state of perpetual
+tutelage, the Spanish Cortes decreed that all missions which had then
+been in existence ten years should at once be turned over to bishops,
+and the Indians attached to them made subject to civil authority. Though
+promulgated in 1813, this decree was not published in California till
+1820, and even then was practically a dead letter. Two years later,
+California became a province of the Mexican Empire, and in due course
+the new government turned its attention to the missions, in 1833
+ordering their complete secularization. The atrocious mishandling by
+both Spain and Mexico of the funds by which they had been kept up, and
+the large demands made later upon them for provisions and money, had
+by this time made serious inroads upon their resources; notwithstanding
+which they had faithfully persisted in their work. The new law now dealt
+them a crushing blow. Ten years of great confusion followed, and then an
+effort was made to save them from the complete ruin by which they were
+threatened by a proclamation ordering that the more important of them,
+twelve in number, should be restored to the padres. Nothing came of
+this, however; the collapse continued; and in 1846, the sale of the
+mission buildings was decreed by the Departmental Assembly. When in
+the August of that year, the American flag was unfurled at Monterey,
+everything connected with the missions--their lands, their priests,
+their neophytes, their management--was in a state of seemingly hopeless
+chaos. Finally General Kearney issued a declaration to the effect that
+"the missions and their property should remain under the charge of the
+Catholic priests... until the titles to the lands should be decided by
+proper authority." But of whatever temporary service this measure may
+have been, it was of course altogether powerless to breathe fresh life
+into a system already in the last stages of decay. The mission-buildings
+were crumbling into ruins. Their lands were neglected; their converts
+for the most part dead or scattered. The rule of the padres was over.
+The Spanish missions in Alta California were things of the past.
+
+In these late days of a civilization so different in all its essential
+elements from that which the Franciscans laboured so strenuously to
+establish on the Pacific Coast, we may think of the fathers as we will,
+and pass what judgment we see fit upon their work. But be that what it
+may, our hearts cannot fail to be touched and stirred by the pitiful
+story of those true servants of God who, in the hour of ultimate
+disaster, firmly refused to be separated from their flocks.
+
+Among the ruins of San Luis Obispo, in 1842, De Mofras found the oldest
+Spanish priest then left in California, who, after sixty years of
+unremitting toil, was then reduced to such abject poverty that he was
+forced to sleep on a hide, drink from a horn, and feed upon strips of
+meat dried in the sun. Yet this faithful creature still continued to
+share the little he possessed with the children of the few Indians who
+lingered in the huts about the deserted church; and when efforts were
+made to induce him to seek some other spot where he might find refuge
+and rest, his answer was that he meant to die at his post. The same
+writer has recorded an even more tragic case from the annals of La
+Soledad. Long after the settlement there had been abandoned, and when
+the buildings were falling to pieces, an old priest, Father Sarría,
+still remained to minister to the bodily and physical wants of a handful
+of wretched natives who yet haunted the neighborhood, and whom he
+absolutely refused to forsake. One Sunday morning in August, 1833,
+after his habit, he gathered his neophytes together in what was once the
+church, and began, according to his custom, the celebration of the mass.
+But age, suffering, and privation had by this time told fatally upon
+him. Hardly had he commenced the service, when his strength gave way. He
+stumbled upon the crumbling altar, and died, literally of starvation, in
+the arms of those to whom for thirty years he had given freely whatever
+he had to give. Surely these simple records of Christ-like devotion will
+live in the tender remembrance of all who revere the faith that, linked
+with whatever creed, manifests itself in good works, the love that
+spends itself in service, the quiet heroism that endures to the end.
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+
+The California missions, though greatly varying of course in regard to
+size and economy, were constructed upon the same general plan, in the
+striking and beautiful style of architecture, roughly known as Moorish,
+which the fathers transplanted from Spain, but which rather seems by
+reason of its singular appropriateness, a native growth of the new
+soil. The edifices which now, whether in ruins or in restoration, still
+testify to the skill and energy of their pious designers, were in all
+cases later, in most cases much later, than the settlements themselves.
+At the outset, a few rude buildings of wood or adobe were deemed
+sufficient for the temporary accommodation of priests and converts,
+and the celebration of religious services. Then, little by little,
+substantial structures in brick or stone took the place of these, and
+what we now think of as the mission came into being.
+
+The best account left us of the mission establishment in its palmy
+days is that given by De Mofras in his careful record of travel and
+exploration along the Pacific Coast; and often quoted as this has been,
+we still cannot do better here than to translate some portions of it
+anew. The observant Frenchman wrote with his eye mainly upon what was
+perhaps the most completely typical of all the missions--that of San
+Luis Rey. But his description, though containing a number of merely
+local particulars, was intended to be general; and for this reason may
+the more properly be reproduced in this place.
+
+"The edifice," he wrote, "is quadrilateral, and about one hundred and
+fifty metres long in front. The church occupies one of the wings. The
+façade is ornamented with a gallery [or arcade]. The building, a single
+storey in height, is generally raised some feet above the ground. The
+interior forms a court, adorned with flowers and planted with trees.
+Opening on the gallery which runs round it are the rooms of the monks,
+majordomos, and travelers, as well as the workshops, schoolrooms, and
+storehouses. Hospitals for men and women are situated in the quietest
+parts of the mission, where also are placed the schoolrooms. The young
+Indian girls occupy apartments called the monastery (el moujerìo), and
+they themselves are styled nuns (las moujas)... Placed under the care of
+trustworthy Indian women, they are there taught to spin wool, flax, and
+cotton, and do no leave their seclusion till they are old enough to be
+married. The Indian children attend the same school as the children of
+the white colonists. A certain number of them, chosen from those who
+exhibit most intelligence, are taught music--plain-chant, violin,
+flute, horn, violincello, and other instruments. Those who distinguish
+themselves in the carpenter's shop, at the forge, or in the field, are
+termed alcaldes, or chiefs, and given charge of a band of workmen. The
+management of each mission is composed of two monks; the elder looks
+after internal administration and religious instruction; the younger
+has direction of agricultural work... For the sake of order and morals,
+whites are employed only where strictly necessary, for the fathers know
+their influence to be altogether harmful, and that they lead the Indians
+to gambling and drunkenness, to which vices they are already too prone.
+To encourage the natives in their tasks, the fathers themselves often
+lend a hand, and everywhere furnish an example of industry. Necessity
+has made them industrious. One is struck with astonishment on observing
+that, with such meagre resources, often without European workmen or
+any skilled help, but with the assistance only of savages, always
+unintelligent and often hostile, they have yet succeeded in executing
+such works of architecture and engineering as mills, machinery, bridges,
+roads, and canals for irrigation. For the erection of nearly all the
+mission buildings it was necessary to bring to the sites chosen, beams
+cut on mountains eight or ten leagues away, and to teach the Indians to
+burn lime, cut stone, and make bricks.
+
+"Around the mission," De Mofras continues, "are the huts of the
+neophytes, and the dwellings of some white colonists. Besides the
+central establishment, there exists, for a space of thirty or forty
+leagues, accessory farms to the number of fifteen or twenty, and branch
+chapels (chapelles succursales). Opposite the mission is a guard-house
+for an escort, composed of four cavalry soldiers and a sergeant. These
+act as messengers, carrying orders from one mission to another, and in
+the earlier days of conquest repelled the savages who would sometimes
+attack the settlement."
+
+Of the daily life and routine of a mission, accounts of travelers enable
+us to form a pretty vivid picture; and though doubtless changes of
+detail might be marked in passing from place to place, the larger and
+more essential features would be found common to all the establishments.
+
+At sunrise the little community was already astir, and then the Angelus
+summoned all to the church, where mass was said, and a short time given
+to the religious instruction of the neophytes. Breakfast followed,
+composed mainly of the staple dish atole, or pottage of roasted
+barley. This finished, the Indians repaired in squads, each under the
+supervision of its alcalde, to their various tasks in workshop and
+field. Between eleven and twelve o'clock, a wholesome and sufficiently
+generous midday meal was served out. At two, work was resumed. An hour
+or so before sunset, the bell again tolled for the Angelus; evening
+mass was performed; and after supper had been eaten, the day closed with
+dance, or music, or some simple games of chance. Thus week by week,
+and month by month, with monotonous regularity, life ran its unbroken
+course; and what with the labours directly connected with the
+management of the mission itself, the tending of sheep and cattle in the
+neighboring ranches, and the care of the gardens and orchards upon which
+the population was largely dependent for subsistence, there was plenty
+to occupy the attention of the padres, and quite enough work to be done
+by the Indians under their charge. But all this does not exhaust the
+list of mission activities. For in course of time, as existence became
+more settled, and the children of the early converts shot up into
+boys and girls, various industries were added to such first necessary
+occupations, and the natives were taught to work at the forge and the
+bench, to make saddles and shoes, to weave, and cut, and sew. In these
+and similar acts, many of them acquired considerable proficiency.
+
+It is pleasant enough to look back upon such a busy yet placid life.
+But while we may justly acknowledge its antique, pastoral charm, we must
+guard ourselves against the temptation to idealization. Beautiful in
+many respects it must have been; but its shadows were long and deep.
+According to the first principles adopted by the missionaries, the
+domesticated Indians were held down rigorously in a condition of
+servile dependence and subjection. They were indeed, as one of the early
+travelers in California put it, slaves under another name--slaves to
+the cast-iron power of a system which, like all systems, was capable of
+unlimited abuse, and which, at the very best, was narrow and arbitrary.
+Every vestige of freedom was taken from them when they entered, or were
+brought into, the settlement. Henceforth they belonged, body and soul,
+to the mission and its authority. Their tasks were assigned to them,
+their movements controlled, the details of their daily doings dictated,
+by those who were to all intents and purposes their absolute masters;
+and corporal punishment was visited freely not only upon those who were
+guilty of actual misdemeanor, but also upon such as failed in attendance
+at church, or, when there, did not conduct themselves properly. From
+time to time some unusually turbulent spirit would rise against such
+paternal despotism, and break away to his old savage life. But these
+cases, we are told, were of rare occurrence. The California Indians were
+for the most part indolent, apathetic, and of low intelligence; and as,
+under domestication, they were clothed, housed and fed, while the labour
+demanded from them was rarely excessive, they were wont as a rule to
+accept the change from the hardships of their former rough existence to
+the comparative comfort of the mission, if not exactly in a spirit of
+gratitude, at any rate with a certain brutal contentment.
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+
+It does not fall within the scope of this little sketch, in which
+nothing more has been aimed at than to tell an interesting story in the
+simplest possible way, to enter into any discussion of a question
+to which what has just been said might naturally seem to lead--the
+question, namely, of the results, immediate and remote, of the mission
+system in California. The widely divergent conclusions on this subject
+registered by the historians will, on investigation, be found, as
+in most such cases, to depend quite as much upon bias of mind and
+preconceived ideals, as upon the bare facts presented, concerning which,
+one would imagine, there can hardly be much difference of opinion. To
+decide upon the value of a given social experiment, we must, to begin
+with, wake up our minds as to what we should wish to see achieved; and
+where there is no unanimity concerning the object to be reached, there
+will scarcely be any in respect of the means employed. It is not to
+be wondered at, therefore, that critical judgment upon the Franciscan
+missionaries and their work has been given here in terms of unqualified
+laudation, and there in the form of severest disapproval, and that
+everyone who touches the topic afresh is expected to take sides. In
+their favor it must, I think, be universally admitted that they wrought
+always with the highest motives and the noblest intentions, and that
+their labours were really fruitful of much good among the native
+tribes. On the other hand, when regarded from the standpoint of secular
+progress, it seems equally certain that their work was sadly hampered
+by narrowness of outlook and understanding, and an utter want of
+appreciation of the demands and conditions of the modern world. Thus
+while we give them the fullest credit for all that they accomplished by
+their teachings and example, we have still frankly to acknowledge
+their failure in the most important and most difficult part of their
+undertaking--in the task of transforming many thousands of ignorant and
+degraded savages into self-respecting men and women, fit for the duties
+and responsibilities of civilization. Yet to put it in this way is to
+show sharply enough that such failure is not hastily to be set down to
+their discredit. It is often said, indeed, that they went altogether the
+wrong way to work for the achievement of the much-desired result; and
+it is unquestionably true, as La Pérouse long ago pointed out, that they
+made the fundamental, but with them inevitable mistake, of sacrificing
+the temporal and material welfare of the natives to the consideration of
+so-called "heavenly interests." Yet in common fairness we must remember
+the stuff with which they had to deal. The Indian was by nature a child
+and a slave; and if, out of children and slaves they did not at once
+manufacture independent and law-abiding citizens, is it for us, who have
+not yet exhibited triumphant success in handling the same problem under
+far more favorable conditions, to cover them with our contempt, or
+dismiss them with our blame? Civilization is at best a slow and painful
+affair, as we half-civilized people ought surely to understand by this
+time--a matter not of individuals and years, but of generations and
+centuries; and nothing permanent has ever yet been gained by any
+attempt, how promising soever it may have seemed, to force the natural
+processes of social evolution. The mission padres bore the cross from
+point to point along the far-off Pacific coast; they built churches,
+they founded settlements, they gave their strength to the uplifting of
+the heathen. Little that was enduring came out of all this toil. Perhaps
+this was partly because their methods were shortsighted, their means
+inadequate to the ends proposed. But when we remember that they had set
+their hands to an almost impossible task, we shall perhaps be inclined
+rather to acknowledge their partial success, than to deal harshly with
+them on the score of their manifest failure.
+
+Be all this as it may, however, the missions of California passed away,
+leaving practically nothing behind them but a memory. Yet this is surely
+a memory to be cherished by all who feel a pious reverence for the past,
+and whose hearts are responsive to the sense of tears that there is in
+mortal things. And alike for those who live beneath the blue skies of
+California, and for those who wander awhile as visitors among her
+scenes of wonder and enchantment, the old mission buildings will ever
+be objects of curious and unique interest. Survivals from a by-gone era,
+embodiments not only of the purposes of their founders, but of the faith
+which built the great cathedrals of Europe, they stand pathetic figures
+in a world to which they do not seem to belong. In the noise and bustle
+of the civilization which is taking possession of what was once their
+territory, they have no share. The life about them looks towards the
+future. They point mutely to the past. A tender sentiment clings
+about them; in their hushed enclosures we breathe a drowsy old-world
+atmosphere of peace; to linger within their walls, to muse in their
+graveyards, is to step out of the noisy present into the silence of
+departed years. In a land where everything is of yesterday, and whose
+marvellous natural beauties are but rarely touched with the associations
+of history or charms of romance, these things have a subtle and peculiar
+power--a magic not to be resisted by any one who turns aside for an hour
+or two from the highways of the modern world, to dream among the scenes
+where the old padres toiled and died. And as in imagination he there
+calls up the ghostly figures of neophyte and soldier and priest, now
+busy with the day's task-work, now kneeling at twilight mass in the
+dimly-lighted chapel; as the murmur of strange voices and the faint
+music of bell and chant steal in upon his ears; he will hardly fail
+to realize that, however much or little the Franciscan missionaries
+accomplished for California, they have passed down to our prosaic
+after-generation a legacy of poetry, whereof the sweetness will not soon
+die away.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: In the sequel, it may here be noted, the Franciscans
+ceded Baja California to the Dominicans, keeping Alta California to
+themselves.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The mission was transferred in 1874 from the location
+selected by Junipero to a site some two miles distant, up the river.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Diary, furnishing a detailed itinerary of the
+expedition, is given in full in Palou's noticias de la Nueva
+California.]
+
+[Footnote 4: This is now colloquially known as the Mission Dolores.
+Its proper title is, however, Mission of San Francisco de Assis. It
+originally stood on the Laguna de los Dolores (now filled up); and hence
+its popular name.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The site originally chosen lay too low, and from the outset
+danger of inundation was foreseen. A flood occurred in 1779, and in 1784
+the mission was removed to higher ground. The present buildings date
+from 1825-26.]
+
+[Footnote 6: The original adobe church was injured by earthquakes in
+1806 and 1812. The present edifice was begun in 1815 and finished in
+1820.]
+
+[Footnote 7: The table given by the French traveler, De Mofras, in his
+authoritative Exploration du Territoire de L'Oregon, les Californies,
+etc., shows us that the distance between mission and mission nowhere
+exceeded nineteen leagues, and that it was often very much less.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California, by 
+William Henry Hudson
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+
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+   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" >
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>
+      The Famous Missions of California, by William Henry Hudson
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+    
+    body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify}
+    P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
+    H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; }
+    hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+    .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; }
+    blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .mynote    {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;}
+    .toc       { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+    .toc2      { margin-left: 20%;}
+    div.fig    { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; }
+    div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; }
+    .figleft   {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;}
+    .figright  {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;}
+    .pagenum   {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal;
+               margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%;
+               text-align: right;}
+    pre        { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
+    
+</style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California, by
+William Henry Hudson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Famous Missions of California
+
+Author: William Henry Hudson
+
+Release Date: March 28, 2009 [EBook #5211]
+Last Updated: January 25, 2013
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      by William Henry Hudson
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      Lately Professor of English Literature at Stanford University,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h5>
+      To<br /><br /> Bonnie Burckhalter Fletcher <br /><br /> With Affectionate
+      Recollections of California Days <br /><br /> London, England, 1901
+    </h5>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br /> <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> <b>THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA.</b>
+        </a><br /><br /><br />
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> I. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> II. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> III.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> IV. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> V. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> VI. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> VII. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> VIII. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> IX. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> X. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> XI. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p class="toc">
+        <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> XII. </a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        <br /> <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES </a>
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Detailed Contents.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+  I.    Of Junipero Serra, and the proposed settlement of Alta California.
+  II.   How Father Junipero came to San Diego.
+  III.  Of the founding of the Mission at San Diego.
+  IV.   Of Portola's quest for the harbour of Monterey, and the founding
+            of the Mission of San Carlos.
+  V.    How Father Junipero established the Missions of San Antonio de
+            Padua, San Gabriel, and San Louis Obispo.
+  VI.   Of the tragedy at San Diego, and the founding of the Missions of
+            San Juan Capistrano, San Francisco, and Santa Clara.
+  VII.  Of the establishment of the Mission of San Buenaventura, and of
+            the death and character of Father Junipero.
+  VIII. How the Missions of Santa Barbara, La Purisima Concepcion, Santa
+            Cruz, Soledad, San Jose, San Juan Bautista, San Miguel, San
+            Fernando, San Luis Rey, and Santa lnez, were added to the list.
+  IX.   Of the founding of the Missions of San Rafael and San Francisco
+            Solano.
+  X.    Of the downfall of the Missions of California.
+  XI.   Of the old Missions, and life in them.
+  XII.  Of the Mission system in California, and its results.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h1>
+      THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA.
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      I.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      On the 1st of July, 1769&mdash;a day forever memorable in the annals of
+      California&mdash;a small party of men, worn out by the fatigues and
+      hardships of their long and perilous journey from San Fernandez de
+      Villicatà, came in sight of the beautiful Bay of San Diego. They formed
+      the last division of a tripartite expedition which had for its object the
+      political and spiritual conquest of the great Northwest coast of the
+      Pacific; and among their number were Gaspar de Portolà, the colonial
+      governor and military commander of the enterprise; and Father Junipero
+      Serra, with whose name and achievements the early history of California is
+      indissolubly bound up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This expedition was the outcome of a determination on the part of Spain to
+      occupy and settle the upper of its California provinces, or Alta
+      California, as it was then called, and thus effectively prevent the more
+      than possible encroachments of the Russians and the English. Fully alive
+      to the necessity of immediate and decisive action, Carlos III. had sent
+      Jose de Galvez out to New Spain, giving him at once large powers as
+      visitador general of the provinces, and special instructions to establish
+      military posts at San Diego and Monterey. Galvez was a man of remarkable
+      zeal, energy, and organizing ability, and after the manner of his age and
+      church he regarded his undertaking as equally important from the religious
+      and from the political side. The twofold purpose of his expedition was, as
+      he himself stated it, "to establish the Catholic faith among a numerous
+      heathen people, submerged in the obscure darkness of paganism, and to
+      extend the dominion of the King, our Lord, and protect this peninsula from
+      the ambitious views of foreign nations." From the first it was his
+      intention that the Cross and the flag of Spain should be carried side by
+      side in the task of dominating and colonizing the new country. Having,
+      therefore, gathered his forces together at Santa Ana, near La Paz, he sent
+      thence to Loreto, inviting Junipero Serra, the recently appointed
+      President of the California Missions, to visit him in his camp. Loreto was
+      a hundred leagues distant; but this was no obstacle to the religious
+      enthusiast, whose lifelong dream it had been to bear the faith far and
+      wide among the barbarian peoples of the Spanish world. He hastened to La
+      Paz, and in the course of a long interview with Galvez not only promised
+      his hearty co-operation, but also gave great help in the arrangement of
+      the preliminary details of the expedition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the opportunity thus offered him for the missionary labour in hitherto
+      unbroken fields, Father Junipero saw a special manifestation both of the
+      will and of the favour of God. He threw himself into the work with
+      characteristic ardour and determination, and Galvez quickly realized that
+      his own efforts were now to be ably seconded by a man who, by reason of
+      his devotion, courage, and personal magnetism, might well seem to have
+      been providentially designated for the task which had been put into his
+      hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Miguel Joseph Serra, now known only by his adopted name of Junipero, which
+      he took out of reverence for the chosen companion of St. Francis, was a
+      native of the Island of Majorca, where he was born, of humble folk, in
+      1713. According to the testimony of his intimate friend and biographer,
+      Father Francesco Palou, his desires, even during boyhood, were turned
+      towards the religious life. Before he was seventeen he entered the
+      Franciscan Order, a regular member of which he became a year or so later.
+      His favorite reading during his novitiate, Palou tells us, was in the
+      Lives of the Saints, over which he would pore day after day with
+      passionate and ever-growing enthusiasm; and from these devout studies
+      sprang an intense ambition to "imitate the holy and venerable men" who had
+      given themselves up to the grand work of carrying the Gospel among
+      gentiles and savages. The missionary idea thus implanted became the
+      dominant purpose of his life, and neither the astonishing success of his
+      sermons, nor the applause with which his lectures were received when he
+      was made professor of theology, sufficed to dampen his apostolic zeal.
+      Whatever work was given him to do, he did with all his heart, and with all
+      his might, for such was the man's nature; but everywhere and always he
+      looked forward to the mission field as his ultimate career. He was
+      destined, however, to wait many years before his chance came. At length,
+      in 1749, after making many vain petitions to be set apart for foreign
+      service, he and Palou were offered places in a body of priests who, at the
+      urgent request of the College of San Fernando, in Mexico, were then being
+      sent out as recruits to various parts of the New World. The hour had come;
+      and in a spirit of gratitude and joy too deep for words, Junipero Serra
+      set his face towards the far lands which were henceforth to be his home.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The voyage out was long and trying. In the first stage of it&mdash;from
+      Majorca to Malaga&mdash;the dangers and difficulties of seafaring were
+      varied, if not relieved by strange experiences, of which Palou has left us
+      a quaint and graphic account. Their vessel was a small English coaster, in
+      command of a stubborn cross-patch of a captain, who combined navigation
+      with theology, and whose violent protestations and fondness for doctrinal
+      dispute allowed his Catholic passengers, during the fifteen days of their
+      passage, scarcely a minute's peace. His habit was to declaim chosen texts
+      out of his "greasy old" English Bible, putting his own interpretation upon
+      them; then, if when challenged by Father Junipero, who "was well trained
+      in dogmatic theology," he could find no verse to fit his argument, he
+      would roundly declare that the leaf he wanted happened to be torn. Such
+      methods are hardly praiseworthy. But this was not the worst. Sometimes the
+      heat of argument would prove too much for him, and then, I grieve to say,
+      he would even threaten to pitch his antagonists overboard, and shape his
+      course for London. However, despite this unlooked-for danger, Junipero and
+      his companions finally reached Malaga, whence they proceeded first to
+      Cadiz, and then, after some delay, to Vera Cruz. The voyage across from
+      Cadiz alone occupied ninety-nine days, though of these, fifteen were spent
+      at Porto Rico, where Father Junipero improved the time by establishing a
+      mission. Hardships were not lacking; for water and food ran short, and the
+      vessel encountered terrific storms. But "remembering the end for which
+      they had come," the father "felt no fear", and his own buoyancy did much
+      to keep up the flagging spirits of those about him. Even when Vera Cruz
+      was reached, the terrible journey was by no means over, for a hundred
+      Spanish leagues lay between that port and the City of Mexico. Too
+      impatient to wait for the animals and wagons which had been promised for
+      transportation, but which, through some oversight or blunder, had not yet
+      arrived in Vera Cruz, Junipero set out to cover the distance on foot. The
+      strain brought on an ulcer in one of his legs, from which he suffered all
+      the rest of his life; and it is highly probable that he would have died on
+      the road but for the quite unexpected succor which came to him more than
+      once in the critical hour. This, according to his wont, he did not fail to
+      refer directly to the special favour of the Virgin and St. Joseph.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For nearly nineteen years after his arrival in Mexico, Junipero was
+      engaged in active missionary work, mainly among the Indians of the Sierra
+      Gorda, whom he successfully instructed in the first principles of the
+      Catholic faith and in the simpler arts of peace. Then came his selection
+      as general head, or president, of the Missions of California, the charge
+      of which, on the expulsion of the Jesuits, in 1768, had passed over to the
+      Franciscans. These, thirteen in number, were all in Lower California, for
+      no attempt had as yet been made to evangelize the upper province. This,
+      however, the indefatigable apostle was now to undertake by co-operating
+      with Jose de Galvez in his proposed northwest expedition <a
+      href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1" id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a>.
+      Junipero was now fifty-five years of age, and could look back upon a
+      career of effort and accomplishment which to any less active man might
+      well seem to have earned repose for body and mind. Yet great as his
+      services to church and civilization had been in the past, by far the most
+      important part of his life-work still lay before him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      II.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      As a result of the conference between Galvez and Father Junipero, it was
+      decided that their joint expedition should be sent out in two portions&mdash;one
+      by sea and one by land; the land portion being again sub-divided into two,
+      in imitation, Palou informs us, of the policy of the patriarch Joseph, "so
+      that if one came to misfortune, the other might still be saved." It was
+      arranged that four missionaries should go into the ships, and one with the
+      advance-detachment of the land-force, the second part of which was to
+      include the president himself. So far as the work of the missionaries was
+      concerned their immediate purpose was to establish three settlements&mdash;one
+      at San Diego, a second at Monterey, and a third on a site to be selected,
+      about midway between the two, which was to be called San Buenaventura. The
+      two divisions of the land-force were under the leadership of Captain
+      Fernando Rivera y Moncada and Governor Portolà respectively. The ships
+      were to carry all the heavier portions of the camp equipage, provisions,
+      household goods, vestments and sacred vessels; the land-parties were to
+      take with them herds and flocks from Loreto. The understanding was that
+      whichever party first reached San Diego was to wait there twenty days for
+      the rest, and in the event of their failure to arrive within that time, to
+      push on to Monterey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The sea-detachment of the general expedition&mdash;the "Seraphic and
+      Apostolic Squadron," as Palou calls it, was composed of three ships&mdash;the
+      San Carlos, the San Antonio, and the San Joseph. A list, fortunately
+      preserved, gives all the persons on board the San Carlos, a vessel of
+      about 200 tons only, and the flagship of Don Vicente Vila, the commander
+      of the marine division. They were as follows:&mdash;the commander himself;
+      a lieutenant in charge of a company of soldiers; a missionary; the
+      captain, pilot and surgeon; twenty-five soldiers; the officers and crew of
+      the ship, twenty-five in all; the baker, the cook and two assistants; and
+      two blacksmiths: total, sixty-two souls. An inventory shows that the
+      vessel was provisioned for eight months.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The San Carlos left La Paz on the 9th of January; the San Antonio on the
+      15th of February; the San Joseph on the 16th of June. All the vessels met
+      with heavy storms, and the San Carlos, being driven sadly out of her
+      route, did not reach San Diego till twenty days after the San Antonio,
+      though dispatched some five weeks earlier. We shudder to read that of her
+      crew but one sailor and the cook were left alive; the rest, along with
+      many of the soldiers, having succumbed to the scurvy. The San Antonio also
+      lost eight of her crew from the same dreadful disease. These little
+      details serve better than any general description to give us an idea of
+      the horrible conditions of Spanish seamanship in the middle of the
+      eighteenth century. As for the San Joseph, she never reached her
+      destination at all, though where and how she met her fate remains one of
+      the dark mysteries of the ocean. Two small points in connection with her
+      loss are perhaps sufficiently curious to merit notice. In the first place,
+      she was the only one of the ships that had no missionary on board; and
+      secondly, she was called after the very saint who had been named special
+      patron of the entire undertaking.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The original plan, as we have seen, had been that Father Junipero should
+      accompany the governor in the second division of the land-expedition; but
+      this, when the day fixed for departure came, was found to be quite
+      impossible owing to the ulcerous sore on his leg, which had been much
+      aggravated by the exertions of his recent hurried journey from Loreto to
+      La Paz and back. Greatly chafing under the delay, he was none the less
+      obliged to postpone his start for several weeks. At length, on the 28th of
+      March, in company with two soldiers and a servant, he mounted his mule and
+      set out. The event showed that he had been guilty of undue haste, for he
+      suffered terribly on the rough way, and on reaching San Xavier, whither he
+      went to turn over the management of the Lower California missions to
+      Palou, who was then settled there, his condition was such that his friend
+      implored him to remain behind, and allow him (Palou) to go forward in his
+      stead. But of this Junipero would not hear, for he regarded himself as
+      specially chosen and called by God for the work to which he stood, body
+      and soul, committed. "Let us speak no more of this," he said. "I have
+      placed all my faith in God, through whose goodness I hope to reach not
+      only San Diego, to plant and fix there the standard of the Holy Cross, but
+      even as far as Monterey." And Palou, seeing that Junipero was not to be
+      turned aside, wisely began to talk of other things.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After three days devoted to business connected with the missions of the
+      lower province, the indomitable father determined to continue his journey,
+      notwithstanding the fact that, still totally unable to move his leg, he
+      had to be lifted by two men into the saddle. We may imagine that poor
+      Palou found it hard enough to answer his friend's cheery farewells, and
+      watched him with sickness of heart as he rode slowly away. It seemed
+      little likely indeed that they would ever meet again on this side of the
+      grave. But Junipero's courage never gave out. Partly for rest and partly
+      for conference with those in charge, he lingered awhile at the missions
+      along the way; but, nevertheless, presently came up with Portolà and his
+      detachment, with whom he proceeded to Villacatà. Here during a temporary
+      halt, he founded a mission which was dedicated to San Fernando, King of
+      Castile and Leon. But the worst experiences of the journey were still in
+      store. For when the party was ready to move forward again towards San
+      Diego, which, as time was fast running on, the commander was anxious to
+      reach with the least possible delay, it was found that Junipero's leg was
+      in such an inflamed condition that he could neither stand, nor sit, nor
+      sleep. For a few leagues he persevered, without complaint to any one, and
+      then collapsed. Portolà urged him to return at once to San Fernando for
+      the complete repose in which alone there seemed any chance of recovery,
+      but after his manner Junipero refused; nor, out of kindly feeling for the
+      tired native servants, would he ever hear of the litter which the
+      commander thereupon proposed to have constructed for his transportation.
+      The situation was apparently beyond relief, when, after prayer to God, the
+      padre called to him one of the muleteers. "Son," he said&mdash;the
+      conversation is reported in full by Palou, from whose memoir of his friend
+      it is here translated&mdash;"do you not know how to make a remedy for the
+      ulcer on my foot and leg?" And the muleteer replied: "Father, how should I
+      know of any remedy? Am I a surgeon? I am a muledriver, and can only cure
+      harness-wounds on animals." "Then, son." rejoined Junipero, "consider that
+      I am an animal, and that this ulcer is a harness-wound... and prepare for
+      me the same medicament as you would make for a beast." Those who heard
+      this request smiled. And the muleteer obeyed; and mixing certain herbs
+      with hot tallow, applied the compound to the ulcerated leg, with the
+      astonishing result that the sufferer slept that night in absolute comfort,
+      and was perfectly able the next morning to undertake afresh the fatigues
+      of the road.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of the further incidents of the tedious journey it is needless to write.
+      It is enough to say that for forty-six days&mdash;from the 15th of May to
+      the 1st of July&mdash;the little party plodded on, following the track of
+      the advance-division of the land-expedition under Rivera y Moncada. With
+      what joy and gratitude they at last looked down upon the harbour of San
+      Diego, and realized that the first object of their efforts had now indeed
+      been achieved, may be readily imagined. Out in the bay lay the San Carlos
+      and the San Antonio, and on the shore were the tents of the men who had
+      preceded them, and of whose safety they were now assured; and when, with
+      volley after volley, they announced their arrival, ships and camp replied
+      in glad salute. And this responsive firing was continued, says Palou, in
+      his lively description of the scene, "until, all having alighted, they
+      were ready to testify their mutual love by close embraces and affectionate
+      rejoicing to see the expeditions thus joined, and at their desired
+      destination." Yet one cannot but surmise that the delights of reunion were
+      presently chilled when those who had thus been spared to come together
+      fell into talk over the companions who had perished by the way. History
+      has little to tell us of such details; but the sympathetic reader will
+      hardly fail to provide them for himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The condition of things which the governor and the president found
+      confronting them on their arrival was indeed the reverse of satisfactory.
+      Of the one hundred and thirty or so men comprising the combined companies,
+      many were seriously ill; some it was necessary to dispatch at once with
+      the San Antonio back to San Blas for additional supplies and
+      reinforcements; a further number had to be detailed for the expedition to
+      Monterey, which, in accordance with the explicit instructions of the
+      visitador general it was decided to send out immediately. All this left
+      the San Diego camp extremely short-handed, but there was no help for it.
+      To reach Monterey at all costs was Portolà's next duty; and on the 14th of
+      July, with a small party which included Fathers Crespi and Gomez, he
+      commenced his northwest march.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      III.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      In the meanwhile, says Palou, "that fervent zeal which continually glowed
+      and burned in the heart of our venerable Father Junipero, did not permit
+      him to forget the principal object of his journey." As soon as Portolà had
+      left the encampment, he began to busy himself with the problem of the
+      mission which, it had been determined, should be founded on that spot.
+      Ground was carefully chosen with an eye to the requirements, not only of
+      the mission itself, but also of the pueblo, or village, which in course of
+      time would almost certainly grow up about it <a href="#linknote-2"
+      name="linknoteref-2" id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a>; and on the
+      16th of July&mdash;the day upon which, as the anniversary of a great
+      victory over the Moors in 1212, the Spanish church solemnly celebrated the
+      Triumph of the Holy Cross&mdash;the first mission of Upper California was
+      dedicated to San Diego de Alcalà, after whom the bay had been named by
+      Sebastian Viscaino, the explorer, many years before. The ceremonies were a
+      repetition of those which had been employed in the founding of the Mission
+      of San Fernando at Villicatà; the site was blessed and sprinkled with holy
+      water; a great cross reared, facing the harbour; the mass celebrated; the
+      Venite Creator Spiritus sung. And, as before, where the proper accessories
+      failed, Father Junipero and his colleagues fell back undeterred upon the
+      means which Heaven had actually put at their disposal. The constant firing
+      of the troops supplied the lack of musical instruments, and the smoke of
+      the powder was accepted as a substitute for incense. Father Palou's brief
+      and unadorned description will not prove altogether wanting in
+      impressiveness for those who in imagination can conjure up a picture of
+      the curious, yet dramatic scene.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The preliminary work of foundation thus accomplished, Father Junipero
+      gathered about him the few healthy men who could be spared from the
+      tending of their sick comrades and routine duties, and with their help
+      erected a few rude huts, one of which was immediately consecrated as a
+      temporary chapel. So far as his own people were concerned, the padre's
+      labours were for the most part of a grievous character, for, during the
+      first few months, the records tell us, disease made such fearful ravages
+      among the soldiers, sailors and servants, that ere long the number of
+      persons at this settlement had been reduced to twenty. But the tragedy of
+      these poor nameless fellows&mdash;(it was Junipero's pious hope that they
+      might all be named in Heaven)&mdash;after all hardly forms part of our
+      proper story. The father's real work was to lie among the native Indians,
+      and it is with his failures and successes in this direction that the main
+      interest of our California mission annals is connected.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They were not an attractive people, these "gentiles" of a country which to
+      the newcomers must itself have seemed an outer garden of Paradise; and
+      Junipero's first attempts to gain their good will met with very slight
+      encouragement. During the ceremonies attendant upon the foundation and
+      dedication of the mission, they had stood round in silent wonder, and now
+      they showed themselves responsive to the strangers' advances to the extent
+      of receiving whatever presents were offered, provided the gift was not in
+      the form of anything to eat. The Spaniards' food they would not even
+      touch, apparently regarding it as the cause of the dire sickness of the
+      troops. And this, in the long run, remarks Palou, was without doubt
+      "singularly providential," owing to the rapid depletion of the stores.
+      Ignorance of the Indians' language, of course, added seriously to the
+      father's difficulties in approaching them, and presently their thefts of
+      cloth, for the possession of which they developed a perfect passion, and
+      other depredations, rendered them exceedingly troublesome. Acts of
+      violence became more and more common, and by-and-bye, a determined and
+      organized attack upon the mission, in which the assailants many times
+      outnumbered their opponents, led to a pitched battle, and the death of one
+      of the Spanish servants. This was the crisis; for, happily, like a
+      thunderstorm, the disturbance, which seemed so threatening of future ill,
+      cleared the air, at any rate for a time; and the kindness with which the
+      Spaniards treated their wounded foes evidently touched the savage heart.
+      Little by little a few Indians here and there began to frequent the
+      mission; and with the hearty welcome accorded them their numbers soon
+      increased. Among them there happened to be a boy, of some fifteen years of
+      age, who showed himself more tractable than his fellows, and whom Father
+      Junipero determined to use as an instrument for his purpose. When the lad
+      had picked up a smattering of Spanish, the padre sent him to his people
+      with the promise that if he were allowed to bring back one of the
+      children, the youngster should not only by baptism be made a Christian,
+      but should also (and here the good father descended to a bribe) be tricked
+      out like the Spaniards themselves, in handsome clothes. A few days later,
+      a "gentile," followed by a large crowd, appeared with a child in his arms,
+      and the padre, filled with unutterable joy, at once threw a piece of cloth
+      over it, and called upon one of the soldiers to stand godfather to this
+      first infant of Christ. But, alas! just as he was preparing to sprinkle
+      the holy water, the natives snatched the child from him, and made off with
+      it (and the cloth) to their own ranchería. The soldiers who stood round as
+      witnesses were furious at this insult, and, left to themselves, would have
+      inflicted summary punishment upon the offenders. But the good father
+      pacified them, attributing his failure&mdash;of which he was wont to speak
+      tearfully to the end of his life&mdash;to his own sins and unworthiness.
+      However, this first experience in convert-making was fortunately not
+      prophetic, for though it is true that many months elapsed before a single
+      neophyte was gained for the mission, and though more serious troubles were
+      still to come, in the course of the next few years a number of the
+      aborigines, both children and adults, were baptized.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IV.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      While Junipero and his companions were thus engaged in planting the faith
+      among the Indians of San Diego, Portolà's expedition was meeting with
+      unexpected trials and disappointments. The harbour of Monterey had been
+      discovered and described by Viscaino at the beginning of the seventeenth
+      century, and it seemed no very difficult matter to reach it by way of the
+      coast. But either the charts misled them, or their own calculations erred,
+      or the appearance of the landscape was strangely deceptive&mdash;at any
+      rate, for whatever reason or combination of reasons, the exploring party
+      passed the harbour without recognizing it, though actually lingering
+      awhile on the sand hills overlooking the bay. Half persuaded in their
+      bewilderment that some great catastrophe must, since Viscaino's
+      observations, have obliterated the port altogether, they pressed northward
+      another forty leagues, and little dreaming of the importance attaching to
+      their wanderings, crossed the Coast range, and looked down thence over the
+      Santa Clara valley and the "immense arm" of San Francisco Bay. By this
+      time the rainy season had set in, and convinced as they now were that they
+      must, through some oversight or ill-chance, have missed the object of
+      their quest, they determined to retrace their steps, and institute another
+      and more thorough search. On again reaching the neighborhood of Monterey,
+      they spent a whole fortnight in systematic exploration, but still,
+      strangely enough, without discovering "any indication or landmark" of the
+      harbour. Baffled and disheartened, therefore, the leaders resolved to
+      abandon the enterprise. They then erected two large wooden crosses as
+      memorials of their visit, and cutting on one of these the words&mdash;"Dig
+      at the foot of this and you will find a writing"&mdash;buried there a
+      brief narrative of their experiences. This is reproduced in the diary of
+      Father Crespé <a href="#linknote-3" name="linknoteref-3" id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a>;
+      and its closing words have a touch of simple pathos: "At last, undeceived,
+      and despairing of finding it [the harbour] after so many efforts,
+      sufferings and labours, and having left of all our provisions but fourteen
+      small sacks of flour, our expedition leaves this place to-day for San
+      Diego; I beg of Almighty God to guide it, and for thee, voyager, that His
+      divine providence may lead thee to the harbour of salvation. Done in this
+      Bay of Pinos, the 9th of December, 1769." On the cross on the other side
+      of Point Pinos was cut with a razor this legend:&mdash;"The land
+      expedition returned to San Diego for want of provisions, this 9th day of
+      December, 1769."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The little party&mdash;or more correctly speaking&mdash;what was left of
+      it, did not reach San Diego till the 25th of the following month, having
+      in their march down suffered terribly from hunger, exposure, wet, fatigue
+      and sickness. Depressed themselves, they found nothing to encourage them
+      in the mission and camp, where death had played havoc among those they had
+      left behind them six months before, and where the provisions were so fast
+      running low that only the timely reappearance of the San Antonio, long
+      overdue, would save the survivors from actual starvation. Perhaps it is
+      hardly surprising that, under these circumstances, Portolà's courage
+      should have failed him, and that he should have decided upon a return to
+      Mexico. He caused an inventory of all available provisions to be taken,
+      and calculating that, with strict economy, and setting aside what would be
+      required for the journey back to San Fernando, they might last till
+      somewhat beyond the middle of March, he gave out that unless the San
+      Antonio should arrive by the 20th of that month, he should on that day
+      abandon San Diego, and start south. But if the governor imagined for a
+      moment that he could persuade the padre presidente to fall in with this
+      arrangement, he did not know his man. Junipero firmly believed, despite
+      the failure of Portolà's expedition, that the harbour of Monterey still
+      existed, and might be found; he even interested Vicente Vila in a plan of
+      his own for reaching it by sea; and he furthermore made up his mind that,
+      come what might, nothing should ever induce him to turn his back upon his
+      work. Then a wonderful thing happened. On the 19th of March&mdash;the very
+      day before that fixed by the governor for his departure, and when
+      everything was in readiness for to-morrow's march&mdash;the sail of a ship
+      appeared far out at sea; and though the vessel presently disappeared
+      towards the northwest, it returned four days later and proved to be none
+      other than the San Antonio, bearing the much needed succour. She had
+      passed up towards Monterey in the expectation of finding the larger body
+      of settlers there, and had only put back to San Diego when unexpectedly,
+      (and as it seemed, providentially), she had run short of water. It was
+      inevitable that Father Junipero should see in this series of happenings
+      the very hand of God&mdash;the more so as the day of relief chanced to be
+      the festival of St. Joseph, who, as we have noted, was the patron of the
+      mission enterprise.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The arrival of the San Antonio put an entirely new complexion upon
+      affairs; and, relieved of immediate anxiety, Portolà now resolved upon a
+      second expedition in quest of Monterey. Two divisions, one for sea, the
+      other for land, were accordingly made ready; the former, which included
+      Junipero, started in the San Antonio, on the 16th of April; the latter,
+      under the leadership of Portolà, a day later. Strong adverse winds
+      interfered with the vessel, which did not make Monterey for a month and a
+      half. The land-party, following the coast, reached the more southern of
+      the great wooden crosses on the 24th of May, and after some difficulty
+      succeeded at last in identifying the harbour. Seven days later, steering
+      by the fires lighted for her guidance along the shore, the San Antonio
+      came safely into port; and formal possession of the bay and surrounding
+      country was presently taken in the name of church and King. This was on
+      the 3rd of June, the Feast of Pentecost; and on that day of peculiar
+      significance in the apostolic history of the church, the second of the
+      Upper California missions came into being. Palou has left us a full
+      account of the ceremonies. Governor, soldiers and priests gathered
+      together on the beach, on the spot where, in 1603, the Carmelite fathers
+      who had accompanied Viscaino, had celebrated the mass. An altar was
+      improvised and bells rung; and then, in alb and stole, the
+      father-president invoked the aid of the Holy Ghost, solemnly chanted the
+      Venite Creator Spiritus; blessed and raised a great cross; "to put to
+      flight all the infernal enemies;" and sprinkled with holy water the beach
+      and adjoining fields. Mass was then sung; Father Junipero preached a
+      sermon; again the roar of cannon and muskets took the place of
+      instrumental music; and the function was concluded with the Te Deum.
+      Though now commonly called Carmelo, or Carmel, from the river across which
+      it looks, and which has thus lent it a memory of the first Christian
+      explorers on the spot, this mission is properly known by the name of San
+      Carlos Borromeo, Cardinal-Archbishop of Milan. A few huts enclosed by a
+      palisade, and forming the germ at once of the religious and of the
+      military settlement, were hastily erected. But the actual building of the
+      mission was not begun until the summer of 1771
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      V.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      News of the establishment of the missions and military posts at San Diego
+      and Monterey was in due course carried to the City of Mexico, where it so
+      delighted the Marques de Croix, Viceroy of New Spain, and Jose de Galvez,
+      that they not only set the church bells ringing, but forthwith began to
+      make arrangements for the founding of more missions in the upper province.
+      Additional priests were provided by the College of San Fernando; funds
+      liberally subscribed; and the San Antonio made ready to sail from San Blas
+      with the friars and supplies. On the 21st of May, 1771, the good ship
+      dropped anchor at Monterey, where, in the meantime, Junipero, though busy
+      enough among the natives of the neighborhood, was suffering grievous
+      disappointment because, from lack of priests and soldiers, he was unable
+      to proceed at once with the proposed establishment of San Buenaventura.
+      The safe arrival of ten assistants now brought him assurance of a rapid
+      extension of work in "the vineyard of the Lord." He was not the man to let
+      time slip by him unimproved. Plans were immediately laid for carrying the
+      cross still further into the wilderness, and six new missions&mdash;those
+      of San Buenaventura, San Gabriel, San Louis Obispo, San Antonio, Santa
+      Clara and San Francisco&mdash;were presently agreed upon. It was
+      discovered later on, however, that these plans outran the resources at the
+      president's disposal, and much to his regret, the design for settlements
+      at Santa Clara and San Francisco had to be temporarily given up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There was, none the less, plenty to engage the energies of even so
+      tireless a worker as Junipero, for three of the new missions were
+      successfully established between July, 1771, and the autumn of the
+      following year. The first of these was the Mission of San Antonio de
+      Padua, in a beautiful spot among the Santa Lucia mountains, some
+      twenty-five leagues southeast of Monterey; the second, that of San Gabriel
+      Arcángel, near what is now known as the San Gabriel river; and the third,
+      the Mission of San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, for which a location was chosen
+      near the coast, about twenty-five leagues southeast of San Antonio. In his
+      account of the founding of the first named of these, Palou throws in a
+      characteristic touch. After the bells had been hung on trees and loudly
+      tolled, he says, the excited padre-presidente began to shout like one
+      transported:&mdash;"Ho, gentiles! Come to the Holy Church; Come! Come! and
+      receive the faith of Jesus Christ!" His comrade, Father Pieras, standing
+      by astonished, interrupted his fervent eloquence with the eminently
+      practical remark that as there were no gentiles within hearing, it was
+      idle to ring the bells. But the enthusiast's ardour was not to be damped
+      by such considerations, and he continued to ring and shout. I, for one, am
+      grateful for such a detail as this. An even more significant story, though
+      of a quite different sort, is recorded of the dedication of San Gabriel.
+      It was, of course, inevitable that here and there in connection with such
+      a record as this of Serra and his work, there should spring up legends of
+      miraculous doings and occurrences; though on the whole, it is, perhaps,
+      remarkable that the mythopoeic tendency was not more powerful. The
+      incident now referred to may be taken as an illustration. While the
+      missionary party were engaged in exploring for a suitable site, a large
+      force of natives, under two chiefs, suddenly broke in upon them. Serious
+      conflict seemed imminent; when one of the fathers drew forth a piece of
+      canvas bearing the picture of the Virgin. Instantly the savages threw
+      their weapons to the ground, and, following their leaders, crowded with
+      offerings about the marvellous image. Thus the danger was averted. Further
+      troubles attended the settlement at San Gabriel; but in after years it
+      became one of the most successful of all the missions, and gained
+      particular fame from the industries maintained by its converts, and their
+      skill in carving wood, horn and leather.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VI.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Though, as we thus see, Father Junipero had ample reason to be encouraged
+      over the progress of his enterprise, he still had various difficulties to
+      contend with. The question of supplies often assumed formidable
+      proportions, and the labors of the missionaries were not always as
+      fruitful as had been hoped. Fortunately, however, the Indians were, as a
+      rule, friendly, notwithstanding the fact that the behaviour of the Spanish
+      soldiers, especially towards their women, occasionally aroused their
+      distrust and resentment. At one establishment only did serious
+      disturbances actually threaten for a time the continuance of the mission
+      and its work. Junipero had lately returned from Mexico, with undiminished
+      zeal and all sorts of fresh designs revolving in his brain, when a courier
+      reached him at San Carlos bringing news of a terrible disaster at San
+      Diego. Important affairs detained him for a time at Monterey, but when at
+      length he was able to get to the scene of the trouble, it was to find that
+      first reports had not been exaggerated. On the night of the 4th of
+      November, 1775, eight hundred Indians had made a ferocious assault upon
+      the mission, fired the buildings, and brutally done to death Father Jayme,
+      one of the two priests in charge. "God be thanked," Junipero had
+      exclaimed, when the letter containing the dreadful news had been read to
+      him, "now the soil is watered, and the conquest of the Dieguinos will soon
+      be complete!" In the faith that the blood of the martyrs is veritably the
+      seed of the church, he, on reaching San Diego, with his customary energy,
+      set about the task of re-establishing the mission; and the buildings which
+      presently arose from the ruins were a great improvement upon those which
+      had been destroyed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Before these alarming events at the mother-mission broke in upon his
+      regular work, the president had resolved upon yet another settlement (not
+      included in the still uncompleted plan), for which he had selected a point
+      on the coast some twenty-six leagues north of San Diego, and which was to
+      be dedicated to San Juan Capistrano. A beginning had indeed been made
+      there, not by Junipero in person, but by fathers delegated by him for the
+      purpose; but when news of the murder of Father Jayme reached them, they
+      had hastily buried bells, chasubles and supplies, and hurried south. As
+      soon as ever he felt it wise to leave San Diego Junipero himself now
+      repaired to the abandoned site; and there, on the 1st of November, 1776,
+      the bells were dug up and hung, mass said, and the mission established. It
+      is curious to remember that while the padre-presidente was thus immersed
+      in apostolic labors on the far Pacific coast, on the other side of the
+      North American continent events of a very different character were shaking
+      the whole civilized world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Though the establishment of San Juan Capistrano is naturally mentioned in
+      this place, partly because of the abortive start made there a year before,
+      and partly because its actual foundation constituted the next noteworthy
+      incident in Junipero's career, this mission is, in strict chronological
+      order, not the sixth, but the seventh on our list. For some three weeks
+      before its dedication, and without the knowledge of the president himself,
+      though in full accordance with his designs, the cross had been planted at
+      a point many leagues northward beyond San Carlos, and destined presently
+      to be the most important on the coast. It will be remembered that when
+      Portolà's party made their first futile search for the harbour of
+      Monterey, they had by accident found their way as far as the Bay of San
+      Francisco. The significance of their discovery was not appreciated at the
+      time, either by themselves or by those at headquarters to whom it was
+      reported; but later explorations so clearly established the value of the
+      spot for settlement and fortification, that it was determined to build a
+      presidio there. Some years previous to this, as we have seen, a mission on
+      the northern bay had been part of Junipero's ambitious scheme; and though
+      at the time he was forced by circumstances to hold his hand, the idea was
+      constantly uppermost in his thoughts. At length, when, in the summer of
+      1776, an expedition was despatched from Monterey for the founding of the
+      proposed presidio, two missionaries were included in the party&mdash;one
+      of these being none other than that Father Palou, whose records have been
+      our chief guides in the course of this story. The buildings of the
+      presidio&mdash;store house, commandant's dwelling, and huts for the
+      soldiers and their families&mdash;were completed by the middle of
+      September; and on the 17th of that month&mdash;the day of St. Francis,
+      patron of the station and harbour&mdash;imposing ceremonies of foundation
+      were performed. A wooden church was then built; and on the 9th of October,
+      in the presence of many witnesses, Father Palou said mass, the image of
+      St. Francis was borne about in procession, and the mission solemnly
+      dedicated to his name <a href="#linknote-4" name="linknoteref-4"
+      id="linknoteref-4"><small>4</small></a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was at San Luis Obispo on his way back from San Diego to Monterey, that
+      Father Junipero learned of the foundation of the mission at San Francisco,
+      and though he may doubtless have felt some little regret at not having
+      himself been present on such an occasion, his heart overflowed with joy.
+      For there was a special reason why the long delay in carrying out this
+      portion of his plan had weighed heavily upon him. Years before, when the
+      visitador general had told him that the first three missions in Alta
+      California were to be named after San Diego, San Carlos and San
+      Buenaventura (for such, we recollect, had been the original programme), he
+      had exclaimed:&mdash;"Then is our father, St. Francis, to have no
+      mission?" And Galvez had made reply:&mdash;"If St. Francis desires a
+      mission, let him show us his port, and he shall have one there." To
+      Junipero it had seemed that Portolà had providentially been led beyond
+      Monterey to the Bay of San Francisco, and the founder of his order had
+      thus given emphatic answer to the visitador's words. It may well be
+      imagined that he was ill at rest until the saint's wishes had been carried
+      into effect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But this was not the only good work done in the north while Junipero was
+      busy elsewhere; for on the 12th of January, 1777, the Mission of Santa
+      Clara was established in the wonderfully fertile and beautiful valley
+      which is now known by that name. The customary rites were performed by
+      Father Tomas de la Peña, a rude chapel erected, and the work of
+      constructing the necessary buildings of the settlement immediately begun
+      <a href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a>.
+      It should be noted in passing that before the end of the year the town of
+      San Jose&mdash;or, to give it its full Spanish title, El Pueblo de San
+      Jose de Guadalupe&mdash;was founded near by. This has historic interest as
+      the first purely civil settlement in California. The fine Alameda from the
+      mission to the pueblo was afterwards made and laid out under the fathers'
+      supervision.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VII.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Though Junipero's subordinates had thus done without him in these
+      important developments at San Francisco and Santa Clara, he still resolved
+      to go north, both to visit the new foundations and to inspect for himself
+      the marvellous country of which he had heard much, but which he had not
+      yet seen. As usual, he was long detained by urgent affairs, and it was not
+      till autumn that he succeeded in breaking away. He made a short stay at
+      Santa Clara, and then pushed on to San Francisco, which he reached in time
+      to say mass on St. Francis' day. After a ten days' rest, he crossed to the
+      presidio and feasted his eyes on the glorious vision of the Golden Gate&mdash;a
+      sight which once seen is never to be forgotten. "Thanks be to God!" he
+      cried, in rapture (these, says Palou, were the words most frequently on
+      his lips); "now our Father St. Francis, with the Holy Cross of the
+      procession of missions, has reached the ultimate end of this continent of
+      California. To go further ships will be required!" Yet his joy was
+      tempered with the thought that the eight missions already founded were
+      very far apart, and that much labour would be necessary to fill up the
+      gaps.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was thus with the feeling that, while something had been done, far more
+      was left to do, that the padre returned to his own special charge at San
+      Carlos. Various circumstances in combination had caused the postponement,
+      year after year, of that third mission, which, according to original
+      intentions, was to have followed immediately upon the establishments at
+      San Diego and Monterey. Three new settlements were now projected on the
+      Santa Barbara Channel, and the first of these was to be the mission of San
+      Buenaventura. It was not until 1782, however, that the long-delayed
+      purpose was at length accomplished. The site chosen was at the
+      southeastern extremity of the channel, and close to an Indian village, or
+      ranchería to which Portalà's expedition in 1769 had given the name of
+      Ascencion de Nuestra Señora, or, briefly, Assumpta. A little later on, in
+      pursuance of the same plan, the then governor, Filipe de Neve, took formal
+      possession of a spot some ten leagues distant, and there began the
+      construction of the presidio of Santa Barbara. It was Junipero's earnest
+      desire to proceed at once with the adjoining mission. But the governor,
+      for reasons of his own, threw obstacles in the way, and in the end this
+      fresh undertaking was left to other hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For we have now come to the close of Father Junipero's long and strenuous
+      career; and as we look back over the record of it, our wonder is, not that
+      he should have died when he did, but rather that he had not killed himself
+      many years before. His is surely one of those cases in which supreme
+      spiritual power and sheer force of will triumph over an accumulation of
+      bodily ills. Far from robust of constitution, he had never given himself
+      consideration or repose, forcing himself to exertions which it would have
+      appeared utterly impossible that his frame could bear, and adding to the
+      constant strain of his labours and travels the hardships of self-inflicted
+      tortures of a severe ascetic régime. He had always been much troubled by
+      the old ulcer on his leg, though this, no matter how painful, he never
+      regarded save when it actually incapacitated him for work; and for many
+      years he had suffered from a serious affection of the heart, which had
+      been greatly aggravated, even if it was not in the first instance caused,
+      by his habit of beating himself violently on his chest with a huge stone,
+      at the conclusion of his sermons&mdash;to the natural horror of his
+      hearers, who, it is said, were often alarmed lest he should drop dead
+      before their eyes. The fatal issue of such practices could only be a
+      question of time. At length, mental anxiety and sorrow added their weight
+      to his burden&mdash;particularly disappointment at the slow progress of
+      his enterprise, and grief over the death of his fellow-countryman and
+      close friend, Father Crespì, who passed to his well-earned rest on New
+      Year's Day, 1782. After this loss, it is recorded, he was never the same
+      man again, though he held so tenaciously to his duties, that only a year
+      before the call came to him, being then over seventy, he limped from San
+      Diego to Monterey, visiting his missions, and weeping over the outlying
+      Indian rancherìas, because he was powerless to help the unconverted
+      dwellers in them. He died at San Carlos, tenderly nursed to the end by the
+      faithful Palou, on the 28th August, 1784; and his passing was so peaceful
+      that those watching thought him asleep. On hearing the mission bells toll
+      for his death, the whole population, knowing well what had occurred, burst
+      into tears; and when, clothed in the simple habit of his order, his body
+      was laid out in his cell, the native neophytes crowded in with flowers,
+      while the Spanish soldiers and sailors pressed round in the hope of being
+      blessed by momentary contact with his corpse. He was laid beneath the
+      mission altar beside his beloved friend Crespì; but when, in after years,
+      a new church was built, the remains of both were removed and placed within
+      it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is not altogether easy to measure such a man as Junipero Serra by our
+      ordinary modern standards of character and conduct. He was essentially a
+      religious enthusiast, and as a religious enthusiast he must be judged. To
+      us who read his story from a distance, who breathe an atmosphere totally
+      different from his, and whose lives are governed by quite other passions
+      and ideals, he may often appear one-sided, extravagant, deficient in tact
+      and forethought, and, in the excess of his zeal, too ready to sacrifice
+      everything to the purposes he never for an instant allowed to drop out of
+      his sight. We may even, with some of his critics, protest that he was not
+      a man of powerful intellect; that his views of people and things were
+      distressingly narrow; that, after his kind, he was extremely
+      superstitious; that he was despotic in his dealings with his converts, and
+      stiffnecked in his relations with the civil and military authorities. For
+      all this is doubtless true. But all this must not prevent us from seeing
+      him as he actually was&mdash;charitable, large-hearted, energetic,
+      indomitable; in all respects a remarkable, in many ways, a really wise and
+      great man. At whatever points he may fall short of our criteria, this much
+      must be said of him, that he was fired throughout with the high spirit of
+      his vocation, that he was punctual in the performance of duty as he
+      understood it, that he was obedient to the most rigorous dictates of that
+      Gospel which he had set himself to preach. In absolute, single-hearted,
+      unflinching, and tireless devotion to the task of his life&mdash;the
+      salvation of heathen souls&mdash;he spent himself freely and cheerfully, a
+      true follower of that noblest and most engaging of the mediaeval saints,
+      whose law he had laid upon himself, and whom he looked up to as his guide
+      and examplar. Let us place him where he belongs&mdash;among the
+      transcendent apostolic figures of his own church; for thus alone shall we
+      do justice to his personality, his objects, his career. The memory of such
+      a man will survive all changes in creeds and ideals; and the great state,
+      of which he was the first pioneer, will do honour to herself in honouring
+      him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VIII.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      After Junipero's death the supervision of the missions devolved for a time
+      upon Palou, under whose management, owing to difficulties with the civil
+      powers, no new foundations were undertaken, though satisfactory progress
+      was made in those already existing. In 1786, Palou was appointed head of
+      the College of San Fernando, and his place as mission president was filled
+      by Father Firmin Francisco de Lasuen, by whom the mission of Santa Barbara
+      was dedicated, on the festival day of that virgin-martyr, before the close
+      of the year <a href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6" id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a>.
+      Just twelve months later, the third channel settlement was started, with
+      the performance of the usual rites, on the spot fixed for the Mission of
+      La Purisima Concepcion, at the western extremity of the bay; though some
+      months passed before real work there was begun. Thus the proposed scheme,
+      elaborated before Junipero's death, for the occupation of that portion of
+      the coast, was at length successfully carried out.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hardly had this been accomplished before the viceroy and governor, having
+      resolved upon a further extension of the mission system, sent orders to
+      Father Lasuen to proceed with two fresh settlements, one of which was to
+      be dedicated to the Holy Cross, the other to Our Lady of Solitude. Time
+      was, as usual, consumed in making the necessary preparations, and the two
+      missions were finally founded within a few weeks of each other&mdash;on
+      the 28th of August and the 9th of October, 1791, respectively. The site
+      selected for the Mission of Santa Cruz was in the neighborhood already
+      known by that name, and near the San Lorenzo River; that of Nuestra Señora
+      de la Soledad, on the west side of the Salinas River, in the vicinity of
+      the present town of Soledad, and about thirty miles from Monterey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A glance at the map of California will help us to understand the policy
+      which had dictated the creation of the four missions founded since
+      Junipero's death. The enormous stretch of country between San Francisco
+      and San Diego, the northern and southern extremes of evangelical
+      enterprise, was as yet quite insufficiently occupied, and these new
+      settlements had been started with the object of to some extent filling up
+      the vast vacant spaces still left among those already existing. For the
+      efficient performance of missionary work something more was needed than a
+      number of separate establishments, no matter how well managed and
+      successful these in themselves might be. Systematic organization was
+      essential; for this it was requisite that the various missions should be
+      brought, by proximity, into vital relations with one another, that
+      communication might be kept up, companionship enjoyed, and, in case of
+      need, advice given and assistance rendered. The foundations of Santa
+      Barbara, La Purisima, Santa Cruz and Soledad, had done something, as will
+      be seen, towards the ultimate drawing together of the scattered outposts
+      of church and civilization. But with them a beginning had only been made.
+      Further developments of the same general plan which aimed, it will be
+      understood, not alone at the spiritual conquest, but also at the proper
+      control of the new kingdom&mdash;were now taken under consideration. And,
+      as a result, five fresh missions were presently resolved upon. One of
+      these was to be situated between San Francisco and Santa Clara; the
+      second, between Santa Clara and Monterey; the third, between San Antonio
+      and San Luis Obispo; the fourth, between San Buenaventura and San Gabriel;
+      and the fifth, between San Juan Capistrano and San Diego. The importance
+      of these proposed settlements as connecting links will be at once
+      apparent, if we observe that by reason of their carefully chosen locations
+      they served, as it were, to put the older missions into actual touch. When
+      at length the preliminary arrangements had been made, no time was wasted
+      in the carrying out of the programme, and in a little over a year, all
+      five missions were in operation. The mission San Jose (a rather tardy
+      recognition to the patron-saint of the whole undertaking), was founded on
+      the 11th June, 1797; San Juan Bautista thirteen days later; San Miguel
+      Arcángel on the 25th July, and San Fernando Rey de España on the 8th
+      September of the same year; and San Luis Rey de Francia (commonly called
+      San Luis Rey to distinguish it from San Luis Obispo), on the 13th of the
+      July following. The delay which had not at all been anticipated in the
+      establishment of this last-named mission, was due to some difficulties in
+      regard to site. With this ended&mdash;so far as fresh foundations were
+      concerned&mdash;the pious labours of Lasuen as padre-presidente. He now
+      returned to San Carlos to devote himself during the remainder of his life
+      to the arduous duties of supervision and administration. There he died, in
+      1803, aged eighty-three years.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His successor, Father Estevan Tapis, fourth president of the Upper
+      California missions, signalized his elevation to office by adding a
+      nineteenth to the establishments under his charge. Founded on the 17th
+      September, 1804, on a spot, eighteen miles from La Purisima and twenty-two
+      from Santa Barbara, to which Lasuen had already directed attention, this
+      was dedicated to the virgin-martyr, Santa Inez. It was felt that a
+      settlement somewhere in this region was still needed for the completion of
+      the mission system, since without it, a gap was left in the line between
+      the two missions first-named, which were some forty miles apart. With the
+      planting of Santa Inez thorough spiritual occupation may be said to have
+      been accomplished over the entire area between San Francisco and San
+      Diego, and from the Coast Range to the ocean. The nineteen missions had
+      been so distributed over the vast country, that the Indians scattered
+      through it could everywhere be reached; while the distance from mission to
+      mission had, at the same time, been so reduced that it was in no case too
+      great to be easily covered in a single day's journey. The fathers of each
+      establishment could thus hold frequent intercourse with their next
+      neighbors, and occasional travelers moving to and fro on business could
+      from day to day be certain of finding a place for refreshment and repose
+      <a href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7" id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      IX.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Santa Inez carries us for the first time over into the nineteenth century,
+      and its establishment may in a sense be regarded as marking the term of
+      the period of expansion in California mission history. A pause of more
+      than a decade ensued, during which no effort was made towards the further
+      spread of the general system; and then, with the planting of two
+      relatively unimportant settlements in a district thentofore unoccupied the
+      tally was brought to a close.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The missions which thus represented a slight and temporary revival of the
+      old spirit of enterprise, were those of San Rafael Arcángel and San
+      Francisco Solano. The former, located near Mount Tamalpais, between San
+      Francisco de Assis and the Russian military station at Fort Ross, dates
+      from the 17th December, 1817; the latter, situated still further north, in
+      the Sonoma Valley, from the 4th July, 1823. Some little uncertainty exists
+      as to the true reasons and purposes of their foundation. The commonly
+      accepted version of the story connects them directly with problems which
+      arose out of the course of affairs at San Francisco. In 1817 a most
+      serious epidemic caused great mortality among the Indians there; a panic
+      seemed inevitable; and on the advice of Lieutenant Sola, a number of the
+      sick neophytes were removed by the padres to the other side of the bay.
+      The change of climate proved highly beneficial; the region of Mount
+      Tamalpais was found singularly attractive; and a decision to start a
+      branch establishment, or asistencia, of the mission at San Francisco was a
+      natural result. The patronage of San Rafael was selected in the hope that,
+      as the name itself expresses the "healing of God," that "most glorious
+      prince" might be induced to care "for bodies as well as souls." While
+      considerable success attended this new venture, the condition of things at
+      San Francisco, on the other hand, continued anything but satisfactory; and
+      a proposal based on these two facts was presently made, that the old
+      mission should be removed entirely from the peninsula, and refounded in a
+      more favorable locality somewhere in the healthy and fertile country
+      beyond San Rafael. It was thus that the name of San Francisco got attached
+      from the outset to the new settlement at Sonoma; and when later on (the
+      old mission being left in its place) this was made into an independent
+      mission, the name was retained, though the dedication was transferred,
+      appropriately enough, from St. Francis of Assisi to that other St. Francis
+      who figures in the records as "the great apostle of the Indies."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such is the simpler explanation of the way in which the last two missions
+      came to be established. It has, however, been suggested that, while all
+      this may be true as far as it goes, other causes were at work of a subtler
+      character than those specified, and that these causes were involved in the
+      development of political affairs. It will have been noted that, though the
+      threatened encroachments of the Russians had been one of the chief reasons
+      for this Spanish occupation of Alta California, there had hitherto been no
+      attempt to meet their possible advances in the very regions where they
+      were most to be expected&mdash;that is, in the country north of San
+      Francisco. In course of time, however, always with the ostensible purpose
+      of hunting the seal and the otter, the Russians were found to be creeping
+      further and further south; and at length, under instructions from St.
+      Petersburg, they took possession of the region of Bodega Bay, establishing
+      there a trading post of their Fur Company, and a strong military station
+      which they called Fort Ross. As this settlement was on the coast, and only
+      sixty-five miles, as the crow flies, from San Francisco, it will be seen
+      that the Spanish authorities had some genuine cause for alarm. And the
+      mission movement north of San Francisco is considered by some writers to
+      have been initiated, less from spiritual motives, than from the dread of
+      continued Russian aggression, and the hope of raising at least a slight
+      barrier against it. However this may be, the two missions were never
+      employed for defensive purposes; nor is it very clear that they could have
+      been made of much practical service in case of actual need.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      X.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Such, in briefest outline, is the story of the planting of the twenty-one
+      missions of Alta California. This story, as we have seen, brings us down
+      to the year 1823. But by this time, as we follow the chronicles, our
+      attention has already begun to be diverted from the forces which still
+      made for growth and success to those which ere long were to co-operate for
+      the complete undoing of the mission system and the ruin of all its work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Perhaps it was in the nature of things (if one may venture here to employ
+      a phrase too often used out of mere idleness or ignorance) that the
+      undertaking which year by year had been carried forward with so much
+      energy and success, should after a while come to a standstill; and the
+      commonest observation of life will suffice to remind us that when progress
+      ceases, retrogression is almost certain to set in. The immense zeal and
+      unflagging enthusiasm of Junipero Serra and his immediate followers could
+      not be transmitted by any rite or formula to the men upon whose shoulders
+      their responsibilities came presently to rest. Men they were, of course,
+      of widely varying characters and capabilities&mdash;some, unfortunately,
+      altogether unworthy both morally and mentally, of their high calling;
+      many, on the contrary, genuine embodiments of the great principles of
+      their order&mdash;humane, benevolent, faithful in the discharge of daily
+      duty, patient alike in labour and trial, and careful administrators of the
+      practical affairs which lay within their charge. But without injustice it
+      may be said of them that for the most part they possessed little of the
+      tremendous personal force of their predecessors, and a generous endowment
+      of such personal force was as needful now as it ever had been.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Not unless we wish to emulate Southey's learned friend, who wrote whole
+      volumes of hypothetical history in the subjunctive mood, it is hardly
+      necessary for present purposes to discuss the internal changes which, had
+      the missions been left to themselves, might in the long run have brought
+      about their decay. For as a matter of fact the missions were not left to
+      themselves. The closing chapter of their history, to which we have now to
+      turn, is mainly concerned, not with their spiritual management, or with
+      their success or failure in the work they had been given to do, but with
+      the general movement of political events, and the upheavals which preceded
+      the final conquest of California by the United States.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In considering the attitude of the civil authorities towards the mission
+      system, and their dealings with it, we must remember that the Spanish
+      government had from the first anticipated the gradual transformation of
+      the missions into pueblos and parishes, and with this, the substitution of
+      the regular clergy for the Franciscan padres. This was part of the general
+      plan of colonization, of which the mission settlements were regarded as
+      forming only the beginning. Their work was to bring the heathen into the
+      fold of the church, to subdue them to the conditions of civilization, to
+      instruct them in the arts of peace, and thus to prepare them for
+      citizenship; and this done, it was purposed that they should be
+      straightway removed from the charge of the fathers and placed under civil
+      jurisdiction. No decisive step towards the accomplishment of this design
+      was, however, taken for many years; and meanwhile, the fathers jealously
+      resisted every effort of the government to interfere with their
+      prerogatives. At length, with little comprehension of the nature of the
+      materials out of which citizens were thus to be manufactured, and with
+      quite as little realization of the fact that the paternal methods of
+      education adopted by the padres were calculated, not to train their
+      neophytes to self-government, but to keep them in a state of perpetual
+      tutelage, the Spanish Cortes decreed that all missions which had then been
+      in existence ten years should at once be turned over to bishops, and the
+      Indians attached to them made subject to civil authority. Though
+      promulgated in 1813, this decree was not published in California till
+      1820, and even then was practically a dead letter. Two years later,
+      California became a province of the Mexican Empire, and in due course the
+      new government turned its attention to the missions, in 1833 ordering
+      their complete secularization. The atrocious mishandling by both Spain and
+      Mexico of the funds by which they had been kept up, and the large demands
+      made later upon them for provisions and money, had by this time made
+      serious inroads upon their resources; notwithstanding which they had
+      faithfully persisted in their work. The new law now dealt them a crushing
+      blow. Ten years of great confusion followed, and then an effort was made
+      to save them from the complete ruin by which they were threatened by a
+      proclamation ordering that the more important of them, twelve in number,
+      should be restored to the padres. Nothing came of this, however; the
+      collapse continued; and in 1846, the sale of the mission buildings was
+      decreed by the Departmental Assembly. When in the August of that year, the
+      American flag was unfurled at Monterey, everything connected with the
+      missions&mdash;their lands, their priests, their neophytes, their
+      management&mdash;was in a state of seemingly hopeless chaos. Finally
+      General Kearney issued a declaration to the effect that "the missions and
+      their property should remain under the charge of the Catholic priests...
+      until the titles to the lands should be decided by proper authority." But
+      of whatever temporary service this measure may have been, it was of course
+      altogether powerless to breathe fresh life into a system already in the
+      last stages of decay. The mission-buildings were crumbling into ruins.
+      Their lands were neglected; their converts for the most part dead or
+      scattered. The rule of the padres was over. The Spanish missions in Alta
+      California were things of the past.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In these late days of a civilization so different in all its essential
+      elements from that which the Franciscans laboured so strenuously to
+      establish on the Pacific Coast, we may think of the fathers as we will,
+      and pass what judgment we see fit upon their work. But be that what it
+      may, our hearts cannot fail to be touched and stirred by the pitiful story
+      of those true servants of God who, in the hour of ultimate disaster,
+      firmly refused to be separated from their flocks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Among the ruins of San Luis Obispo, in 1842, De Mofras found the oldest
+      Spanish priest then left in California, who, after sixty years of
+      unremitting toil, was then reduced to such abject poverty that he was
+      forced to sleep on a hide, drink from a horn, and feed upon strips of meat
+      dried in the sun. Yet this faithful creature still continued to share the
+      little he possessed with the children of the few Indians who lingered in
+      the huts about the deserted church; and when efforts were made to induce
+      him to seek some other spot where he might find refuge and rest, his
+      answer was that he meant to die at his post. The same writer has recorded
+      an even more tragic case from the annals of La Soledad. Long after the
+      settlement there had been abandoned, and when the buildings were falling
+      to pieces, an old priest, Father Sarría, still remained to minister to the
+      bodily and physical wants of a handful of wretched natives who yet haunted
+      the neighborhood, and whom he absolutely refused to forsake. One Sunday
+      morning in August, 1833, after his habit, he gathered his neophytes
+      together in what was once the church, and began, according to his custom,
+      the celebration of the mass. But age, suffering, and privation had by this
+      time told fatally upon him. Hardly had he commenced the service, when his
+      strength gave way. He stumbled upon the crumbling altar, and died,
+      literally of starvation, in the arms of those to whom for thirty years he
+      had given freely whatever he had to give. Surely these simple records of
+      Christ-like devotion will live in the tender remembrance of all who revere
+      the faith that, linked with whatever creed, manifests itself in good
+      works, the love that spends itself in service, the quiet heroism that
+      endures to the end.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      XI.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      The California missions, though greatly varying of course in regard to
+      size and economy, were constructed upon the same general plan, in the
+      striking and beautiful style of architecture, roughly known as Moorish,
+      which the fathers transplanted from Spain, but which rather seems by
+      reason of its singular appropriateness, a native growth of the new soil.
+      The edifices which now, whether in ruins or in restoration, still testify
+      to the skill and energy of their pious designers, were in all cases later,
+      in most cases much later, than the settlements themselves. At the outset,
+      a few rude buildings of wood or adobe were deemed sufficient for the
+      temporary accommodation of priests and converts, and the celebration of
+      religious services. Then, little by little, substantial structures in
+      brick or stone took the place of these, and what we now think of as the
+      mission came into being.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The best account left us of the mission establishment in its palmy days is
+      that given by De Mofras in his careful record of travel and exploration
+      along the Pacific Coast; and often quoted as this has been, we still
+      cannot do better here than to translate some portions of it anew. The
+      observant Frenchman wrote with his eye mainly upon what was perhaps the
+      most completely typical of all the missions&mdash;that of San Luis Rey.
+      But his description, though containing a number of merely local
+      particulars, was intended to be general; and for this reason may the more
+      properly be reproduced in this place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The edifice," he wrote, "is quadrilateral, and about one hundred and
+      fifty metres long in front. The church occupies one of the wings. The
+      façade is ornamented with a gallery [or arcade]. The building, a single
+      storey in height, is generally raised some feet above the ground. The
+      interior forms a court, adorned with flowers and planted with trees.
+      Opening on the gallery which runs round it are the rooms of the monks,
+      majordomos, and travelers, as well as the workshops, schoolrooms, and
+      storehouses. Hospitals for men and women are situated in the quietest
+      parts of the mission, where also are placed the schoolrooms. The young
+      Indian girls occupy apartments called the monastery (el moujerìo), and
+      they themselves are styled nuns (las moujas)... Placed under the care of
+      trustworthy Indian women, they are there taught to spin wool, flax, and
+      cotton, and do no leave their seclusion till they are old enough to be
+      married. The Indian children attend the same school as the children of the
+      white colonists. A certain number of them, chosen from those who exhibit
+      most intelligence, are taught music&mdash;plain-chant, violin, flute,
+      horn, violincello, and other instruments. Those who distinguish themselves
+      in the carpenter's shop, at the forge, or in the field, are termed
+      alcaldes, or chiefs, and given charge of a band of workmen. The management
+      of each mission is composed of two monks; the elder looks after internal
+      administration and religious instruction; the younger has direction of
+      agricultural work... For the sake of order and morals, whites are employed
+      only where strictly necessary, for the fathers know their influence to be
+      altogether harmful, and that they lead the Indians to gambling and
+      drunkenness, to which vices they are already too prone. To encourage the
+      natives in their tasks, the fathers themselves often lend a hand, and
+      everywhere furnish an example of industry. Necessity has made them
+      industrious. One is struck with astonishment on observing that, with such
+      meagre resources, often without European workmen or any skilled help, but
+      with the assistance only of savages, always unintelligent and often
+      hostile, they have yet succeeded in executing such works of architecture
+      and engineering as mills, machinery, bridges, roads, and canals for
+      irrigation. For the erection of nearly all the mission buildings it was
+      necessary to bring to the sites chosen, beams cut on mountains eight or
+      ten leagues away, and to teach the Indians to burn lime, cut stone, and
+      make bricks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Around the mission," De Mofras continues, "are the huts of the neophytes,
+      and the dwellings of some white colonists. Besides the central
+      establishment, there exists, for a space of thirty or forty leagues,
+      accessory farms to the number of fifteen or twenty, and branch chapels
+      (chapelles succursales). Opposite the mission is a guard-house for an
+      escort, composed of four cavalry soldiers and a sergeant. These act as
+      messengers, carrying orders from one mission to another, and in the
+      earlier days of conquest repelled the savages who would sometimes attack
+      the settlement."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of the daily life and routine of a mission, accounts of travelers enable
+      us to form a pretty vivid picture; and though doubtless changes of detail
+      might be marked in passing from place to place, the larger and more
+      essential features would be found common to all the establishments.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At sunrise the little community was already astir, and then the Angelus
+      summoned all to the church, where mass was said, and a short time given to
+      the religious instruction of the neophytes. Breakfast followed, composed
+      mainly of the staple dish atole, or pottage of roasted barley. This
+      finished, the Indians repaired in squads, each under the supervision of
+      its alcalde, to their various tasks in workshop and field. Between eleven
+      and twelve o'clock, a wholesome and sufficiently generous midday meal was
+      served out. At two, work was resumed. An hour or so before sunset, the
+      bell again tolled for the Angelus; evening mass was performed; and after
+      supper had been eaten, the day closed with dance, or music, or some simple
+      games of chance. Thus week by week, and month by month, with monotonous
+      regularity, life ran its unbroken course; and what with the labours
+      directly connected with the management of the mission itself, the tending
+      of sheep and cattle in the neighboring ranches, and the care of the
+      gardens and orchards upon which the population was largely dependent for
+      subsistence, there was plenty to occupy the attention of the padres, and
+      quite enough work to be done by the Indians under their charge. But all
+      this does not exhaust the list of mission activities. For in course of
+      time, as existence became more settled, and the children of the early
+      converts shot up into boys and girls, various industries were added to
+      such first necessary occupations, and the natives were taught to work at
+      the forge and the bench, to make saddles and shoes, to weave, and cut, and
+      sew. In these and similar acts, many of them acquired considerable
+      proficiency.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is pleasant enough to look back upon such a busy yet placid life. But
+      while we may justly acknowledge its antique, pastoral charm, we must guard
+      ourselves against the temptation to idealization. Beautiful in many
+      respects it must have been; but its shadows were long and deep. According
+      to the first principles adopted by the missionaries, the domesticated
+      Indians were held down rigorously in a condition of servile dependence and
+      subjection. They were indeed, as one of the early travelers in California
+      put it, slaves under another name&mdash;slaves to the cast-iron power of a
+      system which, like all systems, was capable of unlimited abuse, and which,
+      at the very best, was narrow and arbitrary. Every vestige of freedom was
+      taken from them when they entered, or were brought into, the settlement.
+      Henceforth they belonged, body and soul, to the mission and its authority.
+      Their tasks were assigned to them, their movements controlled, the details
+      of their daily doings dictated, by those who were to all intents and
+      purposes their absolute masters; and corporal punishment was visited
+      freely not only upon those who were guilty of actual misdemeanor, but also
+      upon such as failed in attendance at church, or, when there, did not
+      conduct themselves properly. From time to time some unusually turbulent
+      spirit would rise against such paternal despotism, and break away to his
+      old savage life. But these cases, we are told, were of rare occurrence.
+      The California Indians were for the most part indolent, apathetic, and of
+      low intelligence; and as, under domestication, they were clothed, housed
+      and fed, while the labour demanded from them was rarely excessive, they
+      were wont as a rule to accept the change from the hardships of their
+      former rough existence to the comparative comfort of the mission, if not
+      exactly in a spirit of gratitude, at any rate with a certain brutal
+      contentment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      XII.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It does not fall within the scope of this little sketch, in which nothing
+      more has been aimed at than to tell an interesting story in the simplest
+      possible way, to enter into any discussion of a question to which what has
+      just been said might naturally seem to lead&mdash;the question, namely, of
+      the results, immediate and remote, of the mission system in California.
+      The widely divergent conclusions on this subject registered by the
+      historians will, on investigation, be found, as in most such cases, to
+      depend quite as much upon bias of mind and preconceived ideals, as upon
+      the bare facts presented, concerning which, one would imagine, there can
+      hardly be much difference of opinion. To decide upon the value of a given
+      social experiment, we must, to begin with, wake up our minds as to what we
+      should wish to see achieved; and where there is no unanimity concerning
+      the object to be reached, there will scarcely be any in respect of the
+      means employed. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that critical
+      judgment upon the Franciscan missionaries and their work has been given
+      here in terms of unqualified laudation, and there in the form of severest
+      disapproval, and that everyone who touches the topic afresh is expected to
+      take sides. In their favor it must, I think, be universally admitted that
+      they wrought always with the highest motives and the noblest intentions,
+      and that their labours were really fruitful of much good among the native
+      tribes. On the other hand, when regarded from the standpoint of secular
+      progress, it seems equally certain that their work was sadly hampered by
+      narrowness of outlook and understanding, and an utter want of appreciation
+      of the demands and conditions of the modern world. Thus while we give them
+      the fullest credit for all that they accomplished by their teachings and
+      example, we have still frankly to acknowledge their failure in the most
+      important and most difficult part of their undertaking&mdash;in the task
+      of transforming many thousands of ignorant and degraded savages into
+      self-respecting men and women, fit for the duties and responsibilities of
+      civilization. Yet to put it in this way is to show sharply enough that
+      such failure is not hastily to be set down to their discredit. It is often
+      said, indeed, that they went altogether the wrong way to work for the
+      achievement of the much-desired result; and it is unquestionably true, as
+      La Pérouse long ago pointed out, that they made the fundamental, but with
+      them inevitable mistake, of sacrificing the temporal and material welfare
+      of the natives to the consideration of so-called "heavenly interests." Yet
+      in common fairness we must remember the stuff with which they had to deal.
+      The Indian was by nature a child and a slave; and if, out of children and
+      slaves they did not at once manufacture independent and law-abiding
+      citizens, is it for us, who have not yet exhibited triumphant success in
+      handling the same problem under far more favorable conditions, to cover
+      them with our contempt, or dismiss them with our blame? Civilization is at
+      best a slow and painful affair, as we half-civilized people ought surely
+      to understand by this time&mdash;a matter not of individuals and years,
+      but of generations and centuries; and nothing permanent has ever yet been
+      gained by any attempt, how promising soever it may have seemed, to force
+      the natural processes of social evolution. The mission padres bore the
+      cross from point to point along the far-off Pacific coast; they built
+      churches, they founded settlements, they gave their strength to the
+      uplifting of the heathen. Little that was enduring came out of all this
+      toil. Perhaps this was partly because their methods were shortsighted,
+      their means inadequate to the ends proposed. But when we remember that
+      they had set their hands to an almost impossible task, we shall perhaps be
+      inclined rather to acknowledge their partial success, than to deal harshly
+      with them on the score of their manifest failure.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Be all this as it may, however, the missions of California passed away,
+      leaving practically nothing behind them but a memory. Yet this is surely a
+      memory to be cherished by all who feel a pious reverence for the past, and
+      whose hearts are responsive to the sense of tears that there is in mortal
+      things. And alike for those who live beneath the blue skies of California,
+      and for those who wander awhile as visitors among her scenes of wonder and
+      enchantment, the old mission buildings will ever be objects of curious and
+      unique interest. Survivals from a by-gone era, embodiments not only of the
+      purposes of their founders, but of the faith which built the great
+      cathedrals of Europe, they stand pathetic figures in a world to which they
+      do not seem to belong. In the noise and bustle of the civilization which
+      is taking possession of what was once their territory, they have no share.
+      The life about them looks towards the future. They point mutely to the
+      past. A tender sentiment clings about them; in their hushed enclosures we
+      breathe a drowsy old-world atmosphere of peace; to linger within their
+      walls, to muse in their graveyards, is to step out of the noisy present
+      into the silence of departed years. In a land where everything is of
+      yesterday, and whose marvellous natural beauties are but rarely touched
+      with the associations of history or charms of romance, these things have a
+      subtle and peculiar power&mdash;a magic not to be resisted by any one who
+      turns aside for an hour or two from the highways of the modern world, to
+      dream among the scenes where the old padres toiled and died. And as in
+      imagination he there calls up the ghostly figures of neophyte and soldier
+      and priest, now busy with the day's task-work, now kneeling at twilight
+      mass in the dimly-lighted chapel; as the murmur of strange voices and the
+      faint music of bell and chant steal in upon his ears; he will hardly fail
+      to realize that, however much or little the Franciscan missionaries
+      accomplished for California, they have passed down to our prosaic
+      after-generation a legacy of poetry, whereof the sweetness will not soon
+      die away.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      FOOTNOTES:
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ In the sequel, it may here
+      be noted, the Franciscans ceded Baja California to the Dominicans, keeping
+      Alta California to themselves.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ The mission was transferred
+      in 1874 from the location selected by Junipero to a site some two miles
+      distant, up the river.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ The Diary, furnishing a
+      detailed itinerary of the expedition, is given in full in Palou's noticias
+      de la Nueva California.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ This is now colloquially
+      known as the Mission Dolores. Its proper title is, however, Mission of San
+      Francisco de Assis. It originally stood on the Laguna de los Dolores (now
+      filled up); and hence its popular name.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ The site originally chosen
+      lay too low, and from the outset danger of inundation was foreseen. A
+      flood occurred in 1779, and in 1784 the mission was removed to higher
+      ground. The present buildings date from 1825-26.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ The original adobe church
+      was injured by earthquakes in 1806 and 1812. The present edifice was begun
+      in 1815 and finished in 1820.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7">
+      <!-- Note --></a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="foot">
+      7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ The table given by the
+      French traveler, De Mofras, in his authoritative Exploration du Territoire
+      de L'Oregon, les Californies, etc., shows us that the distance between
+      mission and mission nowhere exceeded nineteen leagues, and that it was
+      often very much less.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California, by
+William Henry Hudson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+***** This file should be named 5211-h.htm or 5211-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/1/5211/
+
+Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger
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+</pre>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/5211.txt b/5211.txt
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/5211.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California, by
+William Henry Hudson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Famous Missions of California
+
+Author: William Henry Hudson
+
+Release Date: March, 2004  [EBook #5211]
+Posting Date: March 28, 2009
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Schwan
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+by William Henry Hudson
+
+Lately Professor of English Literature at Stanford University,
+
+
+
+     To
+
+     Bonnie Burckhalter Fletcher
+
+     With Affectionate Recollections of California Days
+
+
+
+     London, England, 1901
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+
+  I.    Of Junipero Serra, and the proposed settlement of Alta California.
+  II.   How Father Junipero came to San Diego.
+  III.  Of the founding of the Mission at San Diego.
+  IV.   Of Portola's quest for the harbour of Monterey, and the founding
+            of the Mission of San Carlos.
+  V.    How Father Junipero established the Missions of San Antonio de
+            Padua, San Gabriel, and San Louis Obispo.
+  VI.   Of the tragedy at San Diego, and the founding of the Missions of
+            San Juan Capistrano, San Francisco, and Santa Clara.
+  VII.  Of the establishment of the Mission of San Buenaventura, and of
+            the death and character of Father Junipero.
+  VIII. How the Missions of Santa Barbara, La Purisima Concepcion, Santa
+            Cruz, Soledad, San Jose, San Juan Bautista, San Miguel, San
+            Fernando, San Luis Rey, and Santa Inez, were added to the list.
+  IX.   Of the founding of the Missions of San Rafael and San Francisco
+            Solano.
+  X.    Of the downfall of the Missions of California.
+  XI.   Of the old Missions, and life in them.
+  XII.  Of the Mission system in California, and its results.
+
+
+
+
+THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+
+On the 1st of July, 1769--a day forever memorable in the annals of
+California--a small party of men, worn out by the fatigues and hardships
+of their long and perilous journey from San Fernandez de Villicata,
+came in sight of the beautiful Bay of San Diego. They formed the
+last division of a tripartite expedition which had for its object the
+political and spiritual conquest of the great Northwest coast of the
+Pacific; and among their number were Gaspar de Portola, the colonial
+governor and military commander of the enterprise; and Father Junipero
+Serra, with whose name and achievements the early history of California
+is indissolubly bound up.
+
+This expedition was the outcome of a determination on the part of Spain
+to occupy and settle the upper of its California provinces, or Alta
+California, as it was then called, and thus effectively prevent the more
+than possible encroachments of the Russians and the English. Fully alive
+to the necessity of immediate and decisive action, Carlos III. had sent
+Jose de Galvez out to New Spain, giving him at once large powers
+as visitador general of the provinces, and special instructions to
+establish military posts at San Diego and Monterey. Galvez was a man of
+remarkable zeal, energy, and organizing ability, and after the manner of
+his age and church he regarded his undertaking as equally important from
+the religious and from the political side. The twofold purpose of his
+expedition was, as he himself stated it, "to establish the Catholic
+faith among a numerous heathen people, submerged in the obscure darkness
+of paganism, and to extend the dominion of the King, our Lord, and
+protect this peninsula from the ambitious views of foreign nations."
+From the first it was his intention that the Cross and the flag of Spain
+should be carried side by side in the task of dominating and colonizing
+the new country. Having, therefore, gathered his forces together at
+Santa Ana, near La Paz, he sent thence to Loreto, inviting Junipero
+Serra, the recently appointed President of the California Missions, to
+visit him in his camp. Loreto was a hundred leagues distant; but this
+was no obstacle to the religious enthusiast, whose lifelong dream it had
+been to bear the faith far and wide among the barbarian peoples of
+the Spanish world. He hastened to La Paz, and in the course of a long
+interview with Galvez not only promised his hearty co-operation, but
+also gave great help in the arrangement of the preliminary details of
+the expedition.
+
+In the opportunity thus offered him for the missionary labour in
+hitherto unbroken fields, Father Junipero saw a special manifestation
+both of the will and of the favour of God. He threw himself into the
+work with characteristic ardour and determination, and Galvez quickly
+realized that his own efforts were now to be ably seconded by a man who,
+by reason of his devotion, courage, and personal magnetism, might well
+seem to have been providentially designated for the task which had been
+put into his hands.
+
+Miguel Joseph Serra, now known only by his adopted name of Junipero,
+which he took out of reverence for the chosen companion of St. Francis,
+was a native of the Island of Majorca, where he was born, of humble
+folk, in 1713. According to the testimony of his intimate friend and
+biographer, Father Francesco Palou, his desires, even during boyhood,
+were turned towards the religious life. Before he was seventeen he
+entered the Franciscan Order, a regular member of which he became a year
+or so later. His favorite reading during his novitiate, Palou tells us,
+was in the Lives of the Saints, over which he would pore day after
+day with passionate and ever-growing enthusiasm; and from these devout
+studies sprang an intense ambition to "imitate the holy and venerable
+men" who had given themselves up to the grand work of carrying the
+Gospel among gentiles and savages. The missionary idea thus implanted
+became the dominant purpose of his life, and neither the astonishing
+success of his sermons, nor the applause with which his lectures were
+received when he was made professor of theology, sufficed to dampen his
+apostolic zeal. Whatever work was given him to do, he did with all
+his heart, and with all his might, for such was the man's nature; but
+everywhere and always he looked forward to the mission field as his
+ultimate career. He was destined, however, to wait many years before his
+chance came. At length, in 1749, after making many vain petitions to
+be set apart for foreign service, he and Palou were offered places in
+a body of priests who, at the urgent request of the College of San
+Fernando, in Mexico, were then being sent out as recruits to various
+parts of the New World. The hour had come; and in a spirit of gratitude
+and joy too deep for words, Junipero Serra set his face towards the far
+lands which were henceforth to be his home.
+
+The voyage out was long and trying. In the first stage of it--from
+Majorca to Malaga--the dangers and difficulties of seafaring were
+varied, if not relieved by strange experiences, of which Palou has
+left us a quaint and graphic account. Their vessel was a small English
+coaster, in command of a stubborn cross-patch of a captain, who combined
+navigation with theology, and whose violent protestations and fondness
+for doctrinal dispute allowed his Catholic passengers, during the
+fifteen days of their passage, scarcely a minute's peace. His habit was
+to declaim chosen texts out of his "greasy old" English Bible, putting
+his own interpretation upon them; then, if when challenged by Father
+Junipero, who "was well trained in dogmatic theology," he could find
+no verse to fit his argument, he would roundly declare that the leaf he
+wanted happened to be torn. Such methods are hardly praiseworthy. But
+this was not the worst. Sometimes the heat of argument would prove too
+much for him, and then, I grieve to say, he would even threaten to pitch
+his antagonists overboard, and shape his course for London. However,
+despite this unlooked-for danger, Junipero and his companions finally
+reached Malaga, whence they proceeded first to Cadiz, and then, after
+some delay, to Vera Cruz. The voyage across from Cadiz alone occupied
+ninety-nine days, though of these, fifteen were spent at Porto Rico,
+where Father Junipero improved the time by establishing a mission.
+Hardships were not lacking; for water and food ran short, and the vessel
+encountered terrific storms. But "remembering the end for which they had
+come," the father "felt no fear", and his own buoyancy did much to keep
+up the flagging spirits of those about him. Even when Vera Cruz was
+reached, the terrible journey was by no means over, for a hundred
+Spanish leagues lay between that port and the City of Mexico. Too
+impatient to wait for the animals and wagons which had been promised for
+transportation, but which, through some oversight or blunder, had not
+yet arrived in Vera Cruz, Junipero set out to cover the distance on
+foot. The strain brought on an ulcer in one of his legs, from which he
+suffered all the rest of his life; and it is highly probable that he
+would have died on the road but for the quite unexpected succor which
+came to him more than once in the critical hour. This, according to his
+wont, he did not fail to refer directly to the special favour of the
+Virgin and St. Joseph.
+
+For nearly nineteen years after his arrival in Mexico, Junipero was
+engaged in active missionary work, mainly among the Indians of the
+Sierra Gorda, whom he successfully instructed in the first principles
+of the Catholic faith and in the simpler arts of peace. Then came his
+selection as general head, or president, of the Missions of California,
+the charge of which, on the expulsion of the Jesuits, in 1768, had
+passed over to the Franciscans. These, thirteen in number, were all in
+Lower California, for no attempt had as yet been made to evangelize
+the upper province. This, however, the indefatigable apostle was now to
+undertake by co-operating with Jose de Galvez in his proposed northwest
+expedition [1]. Junipero was now fifty-five years of age, and could look
+back upon a career of effort and accomplishment which to any less active
+man might well seem to have earned repose for body and mind. Yet great
+as his services to church and civilization had been in the past, by far
+the most important part of his life-work still lay before him.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+As a result of the conference between Galvez and Father Junipero, it
+was decided that their joint expedition should be sent out in two
+portions--one by sea and one by land; the land portion being again
+sub-divided into two, in imitation, Palou informs us, of the policy
+of the patriarch Joseph, "so that if one came to misfortune, the other
+might still be saved." It was arranged that four missionaries should go
+into the ships, and one with the advance-detachment of the land-force,
+the second part of which was to include the president himself. So far as
+the work of the missionaries was concerned their immediate purpose was
+to establish three settlements--one at San Diego, a second at Monterey,
+and a third on a site to be selected, about midway between the two,
+which was to be called San Buenaventura. The two divisions of the
+land-force were under the leadership of Captain Fernando Rivera y
+Moncada and Governor Portola respectively. The ships were to carry all
+the heavier portions of the camp equipage, provisions, household goods,
+vestments and sacred vessels; the land-parties were to take with them
+herds and flocks from Loreto. The understanding was that whichever party
+first reached San Diego was to wait there twenty days for the rest, and
+in the event of their failure to arrive within that time, to push on to
+Monterey.
+
+The sea-detachment of the general expedition--the "Seraphic and
+Apostolic Squadron," as Palou calls it, was composed of three ships--the
+San Carlos, the San Antonio, and the San Joseph. A list, fortunately
+preserved, gives all the persons on board the San Carlos, a vessel of
+about 200 tons only, and the flagship of Don Vicente Vila, the commander
+of the marine division. They were as follows:--the commander himself;
+a lieutenant in charge of a company of soldiers; a missionary; the
+captain, pilot and surgeon; twenty-five soldiers; the officers and crew
+of the ship, twenty-five in all; the baker, the cook and two assistants;
+and two blacksmiths: total, sixty-two souls. An inventory shows that the
+vessel was provisioned for eight months.
+
+The San Carlos left La Paz on the 9th of January; the San Antonio on the
+15th of February; the San Joseph on the 16th of June. All the vessels
+met with heavy storms, and the San Carlos, being driven sadly out of her
+route, did not reach San Diego till twenty days after the San Antonio,
+though dispatched some five weeks earlier. We shudder to read that of
+her crew but one sailor and the cook were left alive; the rest, along
+with many of the soldiers, having succumbed to the scurvy. The San
+Antonio also lost eight of her crew from the same dreadful disease.
+These little details serve better than any general description to give
+us an idea of the horrible conditions of Spanish seamanship in the
+middle of the eighteenth century. As for the San Joseph, she never
+reached her destination at all, though where and how she met her fate
+remains one of the dark mysteries of the ocean. Two small points in
+connection with her loss are perhaps sufficiently curious to merit
+notice. In the first place, she was the only one of the ships that had
+no missionary on board; and secondly, she was called after the very
+saint who had been named special patron of the entire undertaking.
+
+The original plan, as we have seen, had been that Father Junipero should
+accompany the governor in the second division of the land-expedition;
+but this, when the day fixed for departure came, was found to be quite
+impossible owing to the ulcerous sore on his leg, which had been much
+aggravated by the exertions of his recent hurried journey from Loreto to
+La Paz and back. Greatly chafing under the delay, he was none the less
+obliged to postpone his start for several weeks. At length, on the 28th
+of March, in company with two soldiers and a servant, he mounted his
+mule and set out. The event showed that he had been guilty of undue
+haste, for he suffered terribly on the rough way, and on reaching
+San Xavier, whither he went to turn over the management of the Lower
+California missions to Palou, who was then settled there, his condition
+was such that his friend implored him to remain behind, and allow him
+(Palou) to go forward in his stead. But of this Junipero would not hear,
+for he regarded himself as specially chosen and called by God for the
+work to which he stood, body and soul, committed. "Let us speak no more
+of this," he said. "I have placed all my faith in God, through whose
+goodness I hope to reach not only San Diego, to plant and fix there the
+standard of the Holy Cross, but even as far as Monterey." And Palou,
+seeing that Junipero was not to be turned aside, wisely began to talk of
+other things.
+
+After three days devoted to business connected with the missions of
+the lower province, the indomitable father determined to continue his
+journey, notwithstanding the fact that, still totally unable to move his
+leg, he had to be lifted by two men into the saddle. We may imagine that
+poor Palou found it hard enough to answer his friend's cheery farewells,
+and watched him with sickness of heart as he rode slowly away. It seemed
+little likely indeed that they would ever meet again on this side of the
+grave. But Junipero's courage never gave out. Partly for rest and partly
+for conference with those in charge, he lingered awhile at the missions
+along the way; but, nevertheless, presently came up with Portola and his
+detachment, with whom he proceeded to Villacata. Here during a temporary
+halt, he founded a mission which was dedicated to San Fernando, King of
+Castile and Leon. But the worst experiences of the journey were still
+in store. For when the party was ready to move forward again towards San
+Diego, which, as time was fast running on, the commander was anxious to
+reach with the least possible delay, it was found that Junipero's leg
+was in such an inflamed condition that he could neither stand, nor sit,
+nor sleep. For a few leagues he persevered, without complaint to any
+one, and then collapsed. Portola urged him to return at once to San
+Fernando for the complete repose in which alone there seemed any chance
+of recovery, but after his manner Junipero refused; nor, out of kindly
+feeling for the tired native servants, would he ever hear of the litter
+which the commander thereupon proposed to have constructed for his
+transportation. The situation was apparently beyond relief, when, after
+prayer to God, the padre called to him one of the muleteers. "Son," he
+said--the conversation is reported in full by Palou, from whose memoir
+of his friend it is here translated--"do you not know how to make a
+remedy for the ulcer on my foot and leg?" And the muleteer replied:
+"Father, how should I know of any remedy? Am I a surgeon? I am a
+muledriver, and can only cure harness-wounds on animals." "Then, son."
+rejoined Junipero, "consider that I am an animal, and that this ulcer is
+a harness-wound... and prepare for me the same medicament as you would
+make for a beast." Those who heard this request smiled. And the muleteer
+obeyed; and mixing certain herbs with hot tallow, applied the compound
+to the ulcerated leg, with the astonishing result that the sufferer
+slept that night in absolute comfort, and was perfectly able the next
+morning to undertake afresh the fatigues of the road.
+
+Of the further incidents of the tedious journey it is needless to write.
+It is enough to say that for forty-six days--from the 15th of May to
+the 1st of July--the little party plodded on, following the track of
+the advance-division of the land-expedition under Rivera y Moncada. With
+what joy and gratitude they at last looked down upon the harbour of
+San Diego, and realized that the first object of their efforts had now
+indeed been achieved, may be readily imagined. Out in the bay lay the
+San Carlos and the San Antonio, and on the shore were the tents of the
+men who had preceded them, and of whose safety they were now assured;
+and when, with volley after volley, they announced their arrival,
+ships and camp replied in glad salute. And this responsive firing was
+continued, says Palou, in his lively description of the scene, "until,
+all having alighted, they were ready to testify their mutual love by
+close embraces and affectionate rejoicing to see the expeditions thus
+joined, and at their desired destination." Yet one cannot but surmise
+that the delights of reunion were presently chilled when those who had
+thus been spared to come together fell into talk over the companions who
+had perished by the way. History has little to tell us of such details;
+but the sympathetic reader will hardly fail to provide them for himself.
+
+The condition of things which the governor and the president
+found confronting them on their arrival was indeed the reverse of
+satisfactory. Of the one hundred and thirty or so men comprising the
+combined companies, many were seriously ill; some it was necessary to
+dispatch at once with the San Antonio back to San Blas for additional
+supplies and reinforcements; a further number had to be detailed for
+the expedition to Monterey, which, in accordance with the explicit
+instructions of the visitador general it was decided to send out
+immediately. All this left the San Diego camp extremely short-handed,
+but there was no help for it. To reach Monterey at all costs was
+Portola's next duty; and on the 14th of July, with a small party which
+included Fathers Crespi and Gomez, he commenced his northwest march.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+In the meanwhile, says Palou, "that fervent zeal which continually
+glowed and burned in the heart of our venerable Father Junipero, did not
+permit him to forget the principal object of his journey." As soon
+as Portola had left the encampment, he began to busy himself with the
+problem of the mission which, it had been determined, should be
+founded on that spot. Ground was carefully chosen with an eye to the
+requirements, not only of the mission itself, but also of the pueblo, or
+village, which in course of time would almost certainly grow up about it
+[2]; and on the 16th of July--the day upon which, as the anniversary
+of a great victory over the Moors in 1212, the Spanish church solemnly
+celebrated the Triumph of the Holy Cross--the first mission of Upper
+California was dedicated to San Diego de Alcala, after whom the bay had
+been named by Sebastian Viscaino, the explorer, many years before. The
+ceremonies were a repetition of those which had been employed in the
+founding of the Mission of San Fernando at Villicata; the site was
+blessed and sprinkled with holy water; a great cross reared, facing the
+harbour; the mass celebrated; the Venite Creator Spiritus sung. And,
+as before, where the proper accessories failed, Father Junipero and his
+colleagues fell back undeterred upon the means which Heaven had actually
+put at their disposal. The constant firing of the troops supplied the
+lack of musical instruments, and the smoke of the powder was accepted as
+a substitute for incense. Father Palou's brief and unadorned description
+will not prove altogether wanting in impressiveness for those who in
+imagination can conjure up a picture of the curious, yet dramatic scene.
+
+The preliminary work of foundation thus accomplished, Father Junipero
+gathered about him the few healthy men who could be spared from the
+tending of their sick comrades and routine duties, and with their help
+erected a few rude huts, one of which was immediately consecrated as a
+temporary chapel. So far as his own people were concerned, the padre's
+labours were for the most part of a grievous character, for, during the
+first few months, the records tell us, disease made such fearful ravages
+among the soldiers, sailors and servants, that ere long the number of
+persons at this settlement had been reduced to twenty. But the tragedy
+of these poor nameless fellows--(it was Junipero's pious hope that they
+might all be named in Heaven)--after all hardly forms part of our proper
+story. The father's real work was to lie among the native Indians, and
+it is with his failures and successes in this direction that the main
+interest of our California mission annals is connected.
+
+They were not an attractive people, these "gentiles" of a country which
+to the newcomers must itself have seemed an outer garden of Paradise;
+and Junipero's first attempts to gain their good will met with
+very slight encouragement. During the ceremonies attendant upon the
+foundation and dedication of the mission, they had stood round in silent
+wonder, and now they showed themselves responsive to the strangers'
+advances to the extent of receiving whatever presents were offered,
+provided the gift was not in the form of anything to eat. The Spaniards'
+food they would not even touch, apparently regarding it as the cause
+of the dire sickness of the troops. And this, in the long run, remarks
+Palou, was without doubt "singularly providential," owing to the rapid
+depletion of the stores. Ignorance of the Indians' language, of course,
+added seriously to the father's difficulties in approaching them,
+and presently their thefts of cloth, for the possession of which they
+developed a perfect passion, and other depredations, rendered them
+exceedingly troublesome. Acts of violence became more and more common,
+and by-and-bye, a determined and organized attack upon the mission, in
+which the assailants many times outnumbered their opponents, led to a
+pitched battle, and the death of one of the Spanish servants. This was
+the crisis; for, happily, like a thunderstorm, the disturbance, which
+seemed so threatening of future ill, cleared the air, at any rate for
+a time; and the kindness with which the Spaniards treated their wounded
+foes evidently touched the savage heart. Little by little a few Indians
+here and there began to frequent the mission; and with the hearty
+welcome accorded them their numbers soon increased. Among them there
+happened to be a boy, of some fifteen years of age, who showed himself
+more tractable than his fellows, and whom Father Junipero determined
+to use as an instrument for his purpose. When the lad had picked up a
+smattering of Spanish, the padre sent him to his people with the promise
+that if he were allowed to bring back one of the children, the youngster
+should not only by baptism be made a Christian, but should also (and
+here the good father descended to a bribe) be tricked out like
+the Spaniards themselves, in handsome clothes. A few days later, a
+"gentile," followed by a large crowd, appeared with a child in his arms,
+and the padre, filled with unutterable joy, at once threw a piece of
+cloth over it, and called upon one of the soldiers to stand godfather
+to this first infant of Christ. But, alas! just as he was preparing to
+sprinkle the holy water, the natives snatched the child from him, and
+made off with it (and the cloth) to their own rancheria. The soldiers
+who stood round as witnesses were furious at this insult, and, left to
+themselves, would have inflicted summary punishment upon the offenders.
+But the good father pacified them, attributing his failure--of which he
+was wont to speak tearfully to the end of his life--to his own sins
+and unworthiness. However, this first experience in convert-making
+was fortunately not prophetic, for though it is true that many months
+elapsed before a single neophyte was gained for the mission, and though
+more serious troubles were still to come, in the course of the next
+few years a number of the aborigines, both children and adults, were
+baptized.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+While Junipero and his companions were thus engaged in planting the
+faith among the Indians of San Diego, Portola's expedition was meeting
+with unexpected trials and disappointments. The harbour of Monterey
+had been discovered and described by Viscaino at the beginning of the
+seventeenth century, and it seemed no very difficult matter to reach
+it by way of the coast. But either the charts misled them, or their own
+calculations erred, or the appearance of the landscape was strangely
+deceptive--at any rate, for whatever reason or combination of reasons,
+the exploring party passed the harbour without recognizing it, though
+actually lingering awhile on the sand hills overlooking the bay. Half
+persuaded in their bewilderment that some great catastrophe must, since
+Viscaino's observations, have obliterated the port altogether, they
+pressed northward another forty leagues, and little dreaming of the
+importance attaching to their wanderings, crossed the Coast range, and
+looked down thence over the Santa Clara valley and the "immense arm"
+of San Francisco Bay. By this time the rainy season had set in, and
+convinced as they now were that they must, through some oversight or
+ill-chance, have missed the object of their quest, they determined to
+retrace their steps, and institute another and more thorough search.
+On again reaching the neighborhood of Monterey, they spent a whole
+fortnight in systematic exploration, but still, strangely enough,
+without discovering "any indication or landmark" of the harbour.
+Baffled and disheartened, therefore, the leaders resolved to abandon the
+enterprise. They then erected two large wooden crosses as memorials of
+their visit, and cutting on one of these the words--"Dig at the foot
+of this and you will find a writing"--buried there a brief narrative of
+their experiences. This is reproduced in the diary of Father Crespe
+[3]; and its closing words have a touch of simple pathos: "At last,
+undeceived, and despairing of finding it [the harbour] after so many
+efforts, sufferings and labours, and having left of all our provisions
+but fourteen small sacks of flour, our expedition leaves this place
+to-day for San Diego; I beg of Almighty God to guide it, and for thee,
+voyager, that His divine providence may lead thee to the harbour of
+salvation. Done in this Bay of Pinos, the 9th of December, 1769." On
+the cross on the other side of Point Pinos was cut with a razor
+this legend:--"The land expedition returned to San Diego for want of
+provisions, this 9th day of December, 1769."
+
+The little party--or more correctly speaking--what was left of it, did
+not reach San Diego till the 25th of the following month, having in
+their march down suffered terribly from hunger, exposure, wet, fatigue
+and sickness. Depressed themselves, they found nothing to encourage them
+in the mission and camp, where death had played havoc among those they
+had left behind them six months before, and where the provisions were so
+fast running low that only the timely reappearance of the San Antonio,
+long overdue, would save the survivors from actual starvation. Perhaps
+it is hardly surprising that, under these circumstances, Portola's
+courage should have failed him, and that he should have decided upon a
+return to Mexico. He caused an inventory of all available provisions to
+be taken, and calculating that, with strict economy, and setting aside
+what would be required for the journey back to San Fernando, they might
+last till somewhat beyond the middle of March, he gave out that unless
+the San Antonio should arrive by the 20th of that month, he should
+on that day abandon San Diego, and start south. But if the governor
+imagined for a moment that he could persuade the padre presidente to
+fall in with this arrangement, he did not know his man. Junipero firmly
+believed, despite the failure of Portola's expedition, that the harbour
+of Monterey still existed, and might be found; he even interested
+Vicente Vila in a plan of his own for reaching it by sea; and he
+furthermore made up his mind that, come what might, nothing should
+ever induce him to turn his back upon his work. Then a wonderful thing
+happened. On the 19th of March--the very day before that fixed by the
+governor for his departure, and when everything was in readiness for
+to-morrow's march--the sail of a ship appeared far out at sea; and
+though the vessel presently disappeared towards the northwest, it
+returned four days later and proved to be none other than the San
+Antonio, bearing the much needed succour. She had passed up towards
+Monterey in the expectation of finding the larger body of settlers
+there, and had only put back to San Diego when unexpectedly, (and as it
+seemed, providentially), she had run short of water. It was inevitable
+that Father Junipero should see in this series of happenings the very
+hand of God--the more so as the day of relief chanced to be the festival
+of St. Joseph, who, as we have noted, was the patron of the mission
+enterprise.
+
+The arrival of the San Antonio put an entirely new complexion upon
+affairs; and, relieved of immediate anxiety, Portola now resolved upon a
+second expedition in quest of Monterey. Two divisions, one for sea, the
+other for land, were accordingly made ready; the former, which included
+Junipero, started in the San Antonio, on the 16th of April; the latter,
+under the leadership of Portola, a day later. Strong adverse winds
+interfered with the vessel, which did not make Monterey for a month and
+a half. The land-party, following the coast, reached the more southern
+of the great wooden crosses on the 24th of May, and after some
+difficulty succeeded at last in identifying the harbour. Seven days
+later, steering by the fires lighted for her guidance along the shore,
+the San Antonio came safely into port; and formal possession of the bay
+and surrounding country was presently taken in the name of church and
+King. This was on the 3rd of June, the Feast of Pentecost; and on that
+day of peculiar significance in the apostolic history of the church, the
+second of the Upper California missions came into being. Palou has left
+us a full account of the ceremonies. Governor, soldiers and priests
+gathered together on the beach, on the spot where, in 1603, the
+Carmelite fathers who had accompanied Viscaino, had celebrated the mass.
+An altar was improvised and bells rung; and then, in alb and stole, the
+father-president invoked the aid of the Holy Ghost, solemnly chanted the
+Venite Creator Spiritus; blessed and raised a great cross; "to put to
+flight all the infernal enemies;" and sprinkled with holy water the
+beach and adjoining fields. Mass was then sung; Father Junipero preached
+a sermon; again the roar of cannon and muskets took the place of
+instrumental music; and the function was concluded with the Te Deum.
+Though now commonly called Carmelo, or Carmel, from the river across
+which it looks, and which has thus lent it a memory of the first
+Christian explorers on the spot, this mission is properly known by the
+name of San Carlos Borromeo, Cardinal-Archbishop of Milan. A few huts
+enclosed by a palisade, and forming the germ at once of the religious
+and of the military settlement, were hastily erected. But the actual
+building of the mission was not begun until the summer of 1771
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+
+News of the establishment of the missions and military posts at San
+Diego and Monterey was in due course carried to the City of Mexico,
+where it so delighted the Marques de Croix, Viceroy of New Spain, and
+Jose de Galvez, that they not only set the church bells ringing, but
+forthwith began to make arrangements for the founding of more missions
+in the upper province. Additional priests were provided by the College
+of San Fernando; funds liberally subscribed; and the San Antonio made
+ready to sail from San Blas with the friars and supplies. On the 21st
+of May, 1771, the good ship dropped anchor at Monterey, where, in
+the meantime, Junipero, though busy enough among the natives of the
+neighborhood, was suffering grievous disappointment because, from lack
+of priests and soldiers, he was unable to proceed at once with the
+proposed establishment of San Buenaventura. The safe arrival of ten
+assistants now brought him assurance of a rapid extension of work in
+"the vineyard of the Lord." He was not the man to let time slip by him
+unimproved. Plans were immediately laid for carrying the cross still
+further into the wilderness, and six new missions--those of San
+Buenaventura, San Gabriel, San Louis Obispo, San Antonio, Santa Clara
+and San Francisco--were presently agreed upon. It was discovered later
+on, however, that these plans outran the resources at the president's
+disposal, and much to his regret, the design for settlements at Santa
+Clara and San Francisco had to be temporarily given up.
+
+There was, none the less, plenty to engage the energies of even so
+tireless a worker as Junipero, for three of the new missions were
+successfully established between July, 1771, and the autumn of the
+following year. The first of these was the Mission of San Antonio
+de Padua, in a beautiful spot among the Santa Lucia mountains, some
+twenty-five leagues southeast of Monterey; the second, that of San
+Gabriel Arcangel, near what is now known as the San Gabriel river;
+and the third, the Mission of San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, for which a
+location was chosen near the coast, about twenty-five leagues southeast
+of San Antonio. In his account of the founding of the first named of
+these, Palou throws in a characteristic touch. After the bells had been
+hung on trees and loudly tolled, he says, the excited padre-presidente
+began to shout like one transported:--"Ho, gentiles! Come to the Holy
+Church; Come! Come! and receive the faith of Jesus Christ!" His comrade,
+Father Pieras, standing by astonished, interrupted his fervent eloquence
+with the eminently practical remark that as there were no gentiles
+within hearing, it was idle to ring the bells. But the enthusiast's
+ardour was not to be damped by such considerations, and he continued to
+ring and shout. I, for one, am grateful for such a detail as this.
+An even more significant story, though of a quite different sort, is
+recorded of the dedication of San Gabriel. It was, of course, inevitable
+that here and there in connection with such a record as this of Serra
+and his work, there should spring up legends of miraculous doings and
+occurrences; though on the whole, it is, perhaps, remarkable that the
+mythopoeic tendency was not more powerful. The incident now referred to
+may be taken as an illustration. While the missionary party were engaged
+in exploring for a suitable site, a large force of natives, under two
+chiefs, suddenly broke in upon them. Serious conflict seemed imminent;
+when one of the fathers drew forth a piece of canvas bearing the picture
+of the Virgin. Instantly the savages threw their weapons to the
+ground, and, following their leaders, crowded with offerings about the
+marvellous image. Thus the danger was averted. Further troubles attended
+the settlement at San Gabriel; but in after years it became one of the
+most successful of all the missions, and gained particular fame from the
+industries maintained by its converts, and their skill in carving wood,
+horn and leather.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+
+Though, as we thus see, Father Junipero had ample reason to be
+encouraged over the progress of his enterprise, he still had various
+difficulties to contend with. The question of supplies often assumed
+formidable proportions, and the labors of the missionaries were not
+always as fruitful as had been hoped. Fortunately, however, the Indians
+were, as a rule, friendly, notwithstanding the fact that the behaviour
+of the Spanish soldiers, especially towards their women, occasionally
+aroused their distrust and resentment. At one establishment only did
+serious disturbances actually threaten for a time the continuance of
+the mission and its work. Junipero had lately returned from Mexico, with
+undiminished zeal and all sorts of fresh designs revolving in his brain,
+when a courier reached him at San Carlos bringing news of a terrible
+disaster at San Diego. Important affairs detained him for a time at
+Monterey, but when at length he was able to get to the scene of the
+trouble, it was to find that first reports had not been exaggerated. On
+the night of the 4th of November, 1775, eight hundred Indians had made
+a ferocious assault upon the mission, fired the buildings, and brutally
+done to death Father Jayme, one of the two priests in charge. "God
+be thanked," Junipero had exclaimed, when the letter containing the
+dreadful news had been read to him, "now the soil is watered, and the
+conquest of the Dieguinos will soon be complete!" In the faith that
+the blood of the martyrs is veritably the seed of the church, he, on
+reaching San Diego, with his customary energy, set about the task of
+re-establishing the mission; and the buildings which presently arose
+from the ruins were a great improvement upon those which had been
+destroyed.
+
+Before these alarming events at the mother-mission broke in upon his
+regular work, the president had resolved upon yet another settlement
+(not included in the still uncompleted plan), for which he had selected
+a point on the coast some twenty-six leagues north of San Diego, and
+which was to be dedicated to San Juan Capistrano. A beginning had indeed
+been made there, not by Junipero in person, but by fathers delegated by
+him for the purpose; but when news of the murder of Father Jayme reached
+them, they had hastily buried bells, chasubles and supplies, and hurried
+south. As soon as ever he felt it wise to leave San Diego Junipero
+himself now repaired to the abandoned site; and there, on the 1st of
+November, 1776, the bells were dug up and hung, mass said, and
+the mission established. It is curious to remember that while the
+padre-presidente was thus immersed in apostolic labors on the far
+Pacific coast, on the other side of the North American continent events
+of a very different character were shaking the whole civilized world.
+
+Though the establishment of San Juan Capistrano is naturally mentioned
+in this place, partly because of the abortive start made there a year
+before, and partly because its actual foundation constituted the next
+noteworthy incident in Junipero's career, this mission is, in strict
+chronological order, not the sixth, but the seventh on our list. For
+some three weeks before its dedication, and without the knowledge of the
+president himself, though in full accordance with his designs, the cross
+had been planted at a point many leagues northward beyond San Carlos,
+and destined presently to be the most important on the coast. It will be
+remembered that when Portola's party made their first futile search for
+the harbour of Monterey, they had by accident found their way as far as
+the Bay of San Francisco. The significance of their discovery was
+not appreciated at the time, either by themselves or by those at
+headquarters to whom it was reported; but later explorations so clearly
+established the value of the spot for settlement and fortification,
+that it was determined to build a presidio there. Some years previous
+to this, as we have seen, a mission on the northern bay had been part
+of Junipero's ambitious scheme; and though at the time he was forced by
+circumstances to hold his hand, the idea was constantly uppermost in
+his thoughts. At length, when, in the summer of 1776, an expedition was
+despatched from Monterey for the founding of the proposed presidio, two
+missionaries were included in the party--one of these being none other
+than that Father Palou, whose records have been our chief guides in
+the course of this story. The buildings of the presidio--store
+house, commandant's dwelling, and huts for the soldiers and their
+families--were completed by the middle of September; and on the 17th
+of that month--the day of St. Francis, patron of the station and
+harbour--imposing ceremonies of foundation were performed. A wooden
+church was then built; and on the 9th of October, in the presence of
+many witnesses, Father Palou said mass, the image of St. Francis was
+borne about in procession, and the mission solemnly dedicated to his
+name [4].
+
+It was at San Luis Obispo on his way back from San Diego to Monterey,
+that Father Junipero learned of the foundation of the mission at San
+Francisco, and though he may doubtless have felt some little regret
+at not having himself been present on such an occasion, his heart
+overflowed with joy. For there was a special reason why the long delay
+in carrying out this portion of his plan had weighed heavily upon him.
+Years before, when the visitador general had told him that the first
+three missions in Alta California were to be named after San Diego,
+San Carlos and San Buenaventura (for such, we recollect, had been
+the original programme), he had exclaimed:--"Then is our father, St.
+Francis, to have no mission?" And Galvez had made reply:--"If St.
+Francis desires a mission, let him show us his port, and he shall have
+one there." To Junipero it had seemed that Portola had providentially
+been led beyond Monterey to the Bay of San Francisco, and the founder
+of his order had thus given emphatic answer to the visitador's words.
+It may well be imagined that he was ill at rest until the saint's wishes
+had been carried into effect.
+
+But this was not the only good work done in the north while Junipero was
+busy elsewhere; for on the 12th of January, 1777, the Mission of Santa
+Clara was established in the wonderfully fertile and beautiful valley
+which is now known by that name. The customary rites were performed
+by Father Tomas de la Pena, a rude chapel erected, and the work of
+constructing the necessary buildings of the settlement immediately begun
+[5]. It should be noted in passing that before the end of the year the
+town of San Jose--or, to give it its full Spanish title, El Pueblo de
+San Jose de Guadalupe--was founded near by. This has historic interest
+as the first purely civil settlement in California. The fine Alameda
+from the mission to the pueblo was afterwards made and laid out under
+the fathers' supervision.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+
+Though Junipero's subordinates had thus done without him in these
+important developments at San Francisco and Santa Clara, he still
+resolved to go north, both to visit the new foundations and to inspect
+for himself the marvellous country of which he had heard much, but which
+he had not yet seen. As usual, he was long detained by urgent affairs,
+and it was not till autumn that he succeeded in breaking away. He made a
+short stay at Santa Clara, and then pushed on to San Francisco, which he
+reached in time to say mass on St. Francis' day. After a ten days' rest,
+he crossed to the presidio and feasted his eyes on the glorious vision
+of the Golden Gate--a sight which once seen is never to be forgotten.
+"Thanks be to God!" he cried, in rapture (these, says Palou, were the
+words most frequently on his lips); "now our Father St. Francis, with
+the Holy Cross of the procession of missions, has reached the ultimate
+end of this continent of California. To go further ships will be
+required!" Yet his joy was tempered with the thought that the eight
+missions already founded were very far apart, and that much labour would
+be necessary to fill up the gaps.
+
+It was thus with the feeling that, while something had been done, far
+more was left to do, that the padre returned to his own special charge
+at San Carlos. Various circumstances in combination had caused the
+postponement, year after year, of that third mission, which, according
+to original intentions, was to have followed immediately upon the
+establishments at San Diego and Monterey. Three new settlements were now
+projected on the Santa Barbara Channel, and the first of these was to
+be the mission of San Buenaventura. It was not until 1782, however, that
+the long-delayed purpose was at length accomplished. The site chosen
+was at the southeastern extremity of the channel, and close to an Indian
+village, or rancheria to which Portala's expedition in 1769 had given
+the name of Ascencion de Nuestra Senora, or, briefly, Assumpta. A little
+later on, in pursuance of the same plan, the then governor, Filipe de
+Neve, took formal possession of a spot some ten leagues distant, and
+there began the construction of the presidio of Santa Barbara. It was
+Junipero's earnest desire to proceed at once with the adjoining mission.
+But the governor, for reasons of his own, threw obstacles in the way,
+and in the end this fresh undertaking was left to other hands.
+
+For we have now come to the close of Father Junipero's long and
+strenuous career; and as we look back over the record of it, our wonder
+is, not that he should have died when he did, but rather that he had not
+killed himself many years before. His is surely one of those cases in
+which supreme spiritual power and sheer force of will triumph over an
+accumulation of bodily ills. Far from robust of constitution, he
+had never given himself consideration or repose, forcing himself to
+exertions which it would have appeared utterly impossible that his frame
+could bear, and adding to the constant strain of his labours and travels
+the hardships of self-inflicted tortures of a severe ascetic regime. He
+had always been much troubled by the old ulcer on his leg, though
+this, no matter how painful, he never regarded save when it actually
+incapacitated him for work; and for many years he had suffered from a
+serious affection of the heart, which had been greatly aggravated, even
+if it was not in the first instance caused, by his habit of beating
+himself violently on his chest with a huge stone, at the conclusion of
+his sermons--to the natural horror of his hearers, who, it is said,
+were often alarmed lest he should drop dead before their eyes. The fatal
+issue of such practices could only be a question of time. At length,
+mental anxiety and sorrow added their weight to his burden--particularly
+disappointment at the slow progress of his enterprise, and grief over
+the death of his fellow-countryman and close friend, Father Crespi, who
+passed to his well-earned rest on New Year's Day, 1782. After this
+loss, it is recorded, he was never the same man again, though he held so
+tenaciously to his duties, that only a year before the call came to him,
+being then over seventy, he limped from San Diego to Monterey, visiting
+his missions, and weeping over the outlying Indian rancherias, because
+he was powerless to help the unconverted dwellers in them. He died at
+San Carlos, tenderly nursed to the end by the faithful Palou, on the
+28th August, 1784; and his passing was so peaceful that those watching
+thought him asleep. On hearing the mission bells toll for his death, the
+whole population, knowing well what had occurred, burst into tears; and
+when, clothed in the simple habit of his order, his body was laid out
+in his cell, the native neophytes crowded in with flowers, while the
+Spanish soldiers and sailors pressed round in the hope of being blessed
+by momentary contact with his corpse. He was laid beneath the mission
+altar beside his beloved friend Crespi; but when, in after years, a new
+church was built, the remains of both were removed and placed within it.
+
+It is not altogether easy to measure such a man as Junipero Serra by our
+ordinary modern standards of character and conduct. He was essentially
+a religious enthusiast, and as a religious enthusiast he must be judged.
+To us who read his story from a distance, who breathe an atmosphere
+totally different from his, and whose lives are governed by quite
+other passions and ideals, he may often appear one-sided, extravagant,
+deficient in tact and forethought, and, in the excess of his zeal, too
+ready to sacrifice everything to the purposes he never for an instant
+allowed to drop out of his sight. We may even, with some of his critics,
+protest that he was not a man of powerful intellect; that his views of
+people and things were distressingly narrow; that, after his kind, he
+was extremely superstitious; that he was despotic in his dealings
+with his converts, and stiffnecked in his relations with the civil and
+military authorities. For all this is doubtless true. But all this
+must not prevent us from seeing him as he actually was--charitable,
+large-hearted, energetic, indomitable; in all respects a remarkable, in
+many ways, a really wise and great man. At whatever points he may fall
+short of our criteria, this much must be said of him, that he was fired
+throughout with the high spirit of his vocation, that he was punctual in
+the performance of duty as he understood it, that he was obedient to
+the most rigorous dictates of that Gospel which he had set himself to
+preach. In absolute, single-hearted, unflinching, and tireless devotion
+to the task of his life--the salvation of heathen souls--he spent
+himself freely and cheerfully, a true follower of that noblest and most
+engaging of the mediaeval saints, whose law he had laid upon himself,
+and whom he looked up to as his guide and examplar. Let us place him
+where he belongs--among the transcendent apostolic figures of his own
+church; for thus alone shall we do justice to his personality, his
+objects, his career. The memory of such a man will survive all changes
+in creeds and ideals; and the great state, of which he was the first
+pioneer, will do honour to herself in honouring him.
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+
+After Junipero's death the supervision of the missions devolved for a
+time upon Palou, under whose management, owing to difficulties with the
+civil powers, no new foundations were undertaken, though satisfactory
+progress was made in those already existing. In 1786, Palou was
+appointed head of the College of San Fernando, and his place as mission
+president was filled by Father Firmin Francisco de Lasuen, by whom the
+mission of Santa Barbara was dedicated, on the festival day of that
+virgin-martyr, before the close of the year [6]. Just twelve months
+later, the third channel settlement was started, with the performance
+of the usual rites, on the spot fixed for the Mission of La Purisima
+Concepcion, at the western extremity of the bay; though some months
+passed before real work there was begun. Thus the proposed scheme,
+elaborated before Junipero's death, for the occupation of that portion
+of the coast, was at length successfully carried out.
+
+Hardly had this been accomplished before the viceroy and governor,
+having resolved upon a further extension of the mission system, sent
+orders to Father Lasuen to proceed with two fresh settlements, one of
+which was to be dedicated to the Holy Cross, the other to Our Lady
+of Solitude. Time was, as usual, consumed in making the necessary
+preparations, and the two missions were finally founded within a few
+weeks of each other--on the 28th of August and the 9th of October, 1791,
+respectively. The site selected for the Mission of Santa Cruz was in the
+neighborhood already known by that name, and near the San Lorenzo River;
+that of Nuestra Senora de la Soledad, on the west side of the Salinas
+River, in the vicinity of the present town of Soledad, and about thirty
+miles from Monterey.
+
+A glance at the map of California will help us to understand the policy
+which had dictated the creation of the four missions founded since
+Junipero's death. The enormous stretch of country between San Francisco
+and San Diego, the northern and southern extremes of evangelical
+enterprise, was as yet quite insufficiently occupied, and these new
+settlements had been started with the object of to some extent filling
+up the vast vacant spaces still left among those already existing. For
+the efficient performance of missionary work something more was needed
+than a number of separate establishments, no matter how well managed
+and successful these in themselves might be. Systematic organization was
+essential; for this it was requisite that the various missions should
+be brought, by proximity, into vital relations with one another, that
+communication might be kept up, companionship enjoyed, and, in case of
+need, advice given and assistance rendered. The foundations of Santa
+Barbara, La Purisima, Santa Cruz and Soledad, had done something, as
+will be seen, towards the ultimate drawing together of the scattered
+outposts of church and civilization. But with them a beginning had only
+been made. Further developments of the same general plan which aimed, it
+will be understood, not alone at the spiritual conquest, but also at the
+proper control of the new kingdom--were now taken under consideration.
+And, as a result, five fresh missions were presently resolved upon. One
+of these was to be situated between San Francisco and Santa Clara; the
+second, between Santa Clara and Monterey; the third, between San Antonio
+and San Luis Obispo; the fourth, between San Buenaventura and San
+Gabriel; and the fifth, between San Juan Capistrano and San Diego. The
+importance of these proposed settlements as connecting links will be at
+once apparent, if we observe that by reason of their carefully chosen
+locations they served, as it were, to put the older missions into actual
+touch. When at length the preliminary arrangements had been made, no
+time was wasted in the carrying out of the programme, and in a little
+over a year, all five missions were in operation. The mission San
+Jose (a rather tardy recognition to the patron-saint of the whole
+undertaking), was founded on the 11th June, 1797; San Juan Bautista
+thirteen days later; San Miguel Arcangel on the 25th July, and San
+Fernando Rey de Espana on the 8th September of the same year; and San
+Luis Rey de Francia (commonly called San Luis Rey to distinguish it from
+San Luis Obispo), on the 13th of the July following. The delay which
+had not at all been anticipated in the establishment of this last-named
+mission, was due to some difficulties in regard to site. With this
+ended--so far as fresh foundations were concerned--the pious labours
+of Lasuen as padre-presidente. He now returned to San Carlos to devote
+himself during the remainder of his life to the arduous duties
+of supervision and administration. There he died, in 1803, aged
+eighty-three years.
+
+His successor, Father Estevan Tapis, fourth president of the Upper
+California missions, signalized his elevation to office by adding a
+nineteenth to the establishments under his charge. Founded on the
+17th September, 1804, on a spot, eighteen miles from La Purisima and
+twenty-two from Santa Barbara, to which Lasuen had already directed
+attention, this was dedicated to the virgin-martyr, Santa Inez. It was
+felt that a settlement somewhere in this region was still needed for the
+completion of the mission system, since without it, a gap was left in
+the line between the two missions first-named, which were some forty
+miles apart. With the planting of Santa Inez thorough spiritual
+occupation may be said to have been accomplished over the entire area
+between San Francisco and San Diego, and from the Coast Range to the
+ocean. The nineteen missions had been so distributed over the vast
+country, that the Indians scattered through it could everywhere be
+reached; while the distance from mission to mission had, at the same
+time, been so reduced that it was in no case too great to be easily
+covered in a single day's journey. The fathers of each establishment
+could thus hold frequent intercourse with their next neighbors, and
+occasional travelers moving to and fro on business could from day to day
+be certain of finding a place for refreshment and repose [7].
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+
+Santa Inez carries us for the first time over into the nineteenth
+century, and its establishment may in a sense be regarded as marking the
+term of the period of expansion in California mission history. A pause
+of more than a decade ensued, during which no effort was made towards
+the further spread of the general system; and then, with the planting
+of two relatively unimportant settlements in a district thentofore
+unoccupied the tally was brought to a close.
+
+The missions which thus represented a slight and temporary revival of
+the old spirit of enterprise, were those of San Rafael Arcangel and San
+Francisco Solano. The former, located near Mount Tamalpais, between San
+Francisco de Assis and the Russian military station at Fort Ross, dates
+from the 17th December, 1817; the latter, situated still further north,
+in the Sonoma Valley, from the 4th July, 1823. Some little uncertainty
+exists as to the true reasons and purposes of their foundation. The
+commonly accepted version of the story connects them directly with
+problems which arose out of the course of affairs at San Francisco. In
+1817 a most serious epidemic caused great mortality among the Indians
+there; a panic seemed inevitable; and on the advice of Lieutenant Sola,
+a number of the sick neophytes were removed by the padres to the other
+side of the bay. The change of climate proved highly beneficial;
+the region of Mount Tamalpais was found singularly attractive; and a
+decision to start a branch establishment, or asistencia, of the mission
+at San Francisco was a natural result. The patronage of San Rafael was
+selected in the hope that, as the name itself expresses the "healing of
+God," that "most glorious prince" might be induced to care "for bodies
+as well as souls." While considerable success attended this new venture,
+the condition of things at San Francisco, on the other hand, continued
+anything but satisfactory; and a proposal based on these two facts was
+presently made, that the old mission should be removed entirely from the
+peninsula, and refounded in a more favorable locality somewhere in the
+healthy and fertile country beyond San Rafael. It was thus that the name
+of San Francisco got attached from the outset to the new settlement at
+Sonoma; and when later on (the old mission being left in its place) this
+was made into an independent mission, the name was retained, though the
+dedication was transferred, appropriately enough, from St. Francis of
+Assisi to that other St. Francis who figures in the records as "the
+great apostle of the Indies."
+
+Such is the simpler explanation of the way in which the last two
+missions came to be established. It has, however, been suggested that,
+while all this may be true as far as it goes, other causes were at work
+of a subtler character than those specified, and that these causes were
+involved in the development of political affairs. It will have been
+noted that, though the threatened encroachments of the Russians had been
+one of the chief reasons for this Spanish occupation of Alta California,
+there had hitherto been no attempt to meet their possible advances in
+the very regions where they were most to be expected--that is, in the
+country north of San Francisco. In course of time, however, always with
+the ostensible purpose of hunting the seal and the otter, the Russians
+were found to be creeping further and further south; and at length,
+under instructions from St. Petersburg, they took possession of the
+region of Bodega Bay, establishing there a trading post of their Fur
+Company, and a strong military station which they called Fort Ross. As
+this settlement was on the coast, and only sixty-five miles, as the crow
+flies, from San Francisco, it will be seen that the Spanish authorities
+had some genuine cause for alarm. And the mission movement north of San
+Francisco is considered by some writers to have been initiated, less
+from spiritual motives, than from the dread of continued Russian
+aggression, and the hope of raising at least a slight barrier against
+it. However this may be, the two missions were never employed for
+defensive purposes; nor is it very clear that they could have been made
+of much practical service in case of actual need.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+
+Such, in briefest outline, is the story of the planting of the
+twenty-one missions of Alta California. This story, as we have seen,
+brings us down to the year 1823. But by this time, as we follow the
+chronicles, our attention has already begun to be diverted from the
+forces which still made for growth and success to those which ere long
+were to co-operate for the complete undoing of the mission system and
+the ruin of all its work.
+
+Perhaps it was in the nature of things (if one may venture here to
+employ a phrase too often used out of mere idleness or ignorance) that
+the undertaking which year by year had been carried forward with so much
+energy and success, should after a while come to a standstill; and
+the commonest observation of life will suffice to remind us that when
+progress ceases, retrogression is almost certain to set in. The immense
+zeal and unflagging enthusiasm of Junipero Serra and his immediate
+followers could not be transmitted by any rite or formula to the men
+upon whose shoulders their responsibilities came presently to rest.
+Men they were, of course, of widely varying characters and
+capabilities--some, unfortunately, altogether unworthy both morally
+and mentally, of their high calling; many, on the contrary, genuine
+embodiments of the great principles of their order--humane, benevolent,
+faithful in the discharge of daily duty, patient alike in labour and
+trial, and careful administrators of the practical affairs which lay
+within their charge. But without injustice it may be said of them that
+for the most part they possessed little of the tremendous personal force
+of their predecessors, and a generous endowment of such personal force
+was as needful now as it ever had been.
+
+Not unless we wish to emulate Southey's learned friend, who wrote whole
+volumes of hypothetical history in the subjunctive mood, it is hardly
+necessary for present purposes to discuss the internal changes which,
+had the missions been left to themselves, might in the long run have
+brought about their decay. For as a matter of fact the missions were not
+left to themselves. The closing chapter of their history, to which
+we have now to turn, is mainly concerned, not with their spiritual
+management, or with their success or failure in the work they had been
+given to do, but with the general movement of political events, and the
+upheavals which preceded the final conquest of California by the United
+States.
+
+In considering the attitude of the civil authorities towards the mission
+system, and their dealings with it, we must remember that the Spanish
+government had from the first anticipated the gradual transformation of
+the missions into pueblos and parishes, and with this, the substitution
+of the regular clergy for the Franciscan padres. This was part of the
+general plan of colonization, of which the mission settlements were
+regarded as forming only the beginning. Their work was to bring the
+heathen into the fold of the church, to subdue them to the conditions of
+civilization, to instruct them in the arts of peace, and thus to prepare
+them for citizenship; and this done, it was purposed that they should
+be straightway removed from the charge of the fathers and placed under
+civil jurisdiction. No decisive step towards the accomplishment of this
+design was, however, taken for many years; and meanwhile, the fathers
+jealously resisted every effort of the government to interfere with
+their prerogatives. At length, with little comprehension of the nature
+of the materials out of which citizens were thus to be manufactured, and
+with quite as little realization of the fact that the paternal methods
+of education adopted by the padres were calculated, not to train their
+neophytes to self-government, but to keep them in a state of perpetual
+tutelage, the Spanish Cortes decreed that all missions which had then
+been in existence ten years should at once be turned over to bishops,
+and the Indians attached to them made subject to civil authority. Though
+promulgated in 1813, this decree was not published in California till
+1820, and even then was practically a dead letter. Two years later,
+California became a province of the Mexican Empire, and in due course
+the new government turned its attention to the missions, in 1833
+ordering their complete secularization. The atrocious mishandling by
+both Spain and Mexico of the funds by which they had been kept up, and
+the large demands made later upon them for provisions and money, had
+by this time made serious inroads upon their resources; notwithstanding
+which they had faithfully persisted in their work. The new law now dealt
+them a crushing blow. Ten years of great confusion followed, and then an
+effort was made to save them from the complete ruin by which they were
+threatened by a proclamation ordering that the more important of them,
+twelve in number, should be restored to the padres. Nothing came of
+this, however; the collapse continued; and in 1846, the sale of the
+mission buildings was decreed by the Departmental Assembly. When in
+the August of that year, the American flag was unfurled at Monterey,
+everything connected with the missions--their lands, their priests,
+their neophytes, their management--was in a state of seemingly hopeless
+chaos. Finally General Kearney issued a declaration to the effect that
+"the missions and their property should remain under the charge of the
+Catholic priests... until the titles to the lands should be decided by
+proper authority." But of whatever temporary service this measure may
+have been, it was of course altogether powerless to breathe fresh life
+into a system already in the last stages of decay. The mission-buildings
+were crumbling into ruins. Their lands were neglected; their converts
+for the most part dead or scattered. The rule of the padres was over.
+The Spanish missions in Alta California were things of the past.
+
+In these late days of a civilization so different in all its essential
+elements from that which the Franciscans laboured so strenuously to
+establish on the Pacific Coast, we may think of the fathers as we will,
+and pass what judgment we see fit upon their work. But be that what it
+may, our hearts cannot fail to be touched and stirred by the pitiful
+story of those true servants of God who, in the hour of ultimate
+disaster, firmly refused to be separated from their flocks.
+
+Among the ruins of San Luis Obispo, in 1842, De Mofras found the oldest
+Spanish priest then left in California, who, after sixty years of
+unremitting toil, was then reduced to such abject poverty that he was
+forced to sleep on a hide, drink from a horn, and feed upon strips of
+meat dried in the sun. Yet this faithful creature still continued to
+share the little he possessed with the children of the few Indians who
+lingered in the huts about the deserted church; and when efforts were
+made to induce him to seek some other spot where he might find refuge
+and rest, his answer was that he meant to die at his post. The same
+writer has recorded an even more tragic case from the annals of La
+Soledad. Long after the settlement there had been abandoned, and when
+the buildings were falling to pieces, an old priest, Father Sarria,
+still remained to minister to the bodily and physical wants of a handful
+of wretched natives who yet haunted the neighborhood, and whom he
+absolutely refused to forsake. One Sunday morning in August, 1833,
+after his habit, he gathered his neophytes together in what was once the
+church, and began, according to his custom, the celebration of the mass.
+But age, suffering, and privation had by this time told fatally upon
+him. Hardly had he commenced the service, when his strength gave way. He
+stumbled upon the crumbling altar, and died, literally of starvation, in
+the arms of those to whom for thirty years he had given freely whatever
+he had to give. Surely these simple records of Christ-like devotion will
+live in the tender remembrance of all who revere the faith that, linked
+with whatever creed, manifests itself in good works, the love that
+spends itself in service, the quiet heroism that endures to the end.
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+
+The California missions, though greatly varying of course in regard to
+size and economy, were constructed upon the same general plan, in the
+striking and beautiful style of architecture, roughly known as Moorish,
+which the fathers transplanted from Spain, but which rather seems by
+reason of its singular appropriateness, a native growth of the new
+soil. The edifices which now, whether in ruins or in restoration, still
+testify to the skill and energy of their pious designers, were in all
+cases later, in most cases much later, than the settlements themselves.
+At the outset, a few rude buildings of wood or adobe were deemed
+sufficient for the temporary accommodation of priests and converts,
+and the celebration of religious services. Then, little by little,
+substantial structures in brick or stone took the place of these, and
+what we now think of as the mission came into being.
+
+The best account left us of the mission establishment in its palmy
+days is that given by De Mofras in his careful record of travel and
+exploration along the Pacific Coast; and often quoted as this has been,
+we still cannot do better here than to translate some portions of it
+anew. The observant Frenchman wrote with his eye mainly upon what was
+perhaps the most completely typical of all the missions--that of San
+Luis Rey. But his description, though containing a number of merely
+local particulars, was intended to be general; and for this reason may
+the more properly be reproduced in this place.
+
+"The edifice," he wrote, "is quadrilateral, and about one hundred and
+fifty metres long in front. The church occupies one of the wings. The
+facade is ornamented with a gallery [or arcade]. The building, a single
+storey in height, is generally raised some feet above the ground. The
+interior forms a court, adorned with flowers and planted with trees.
+Opening on the gallery which runs round it are the rooms of the monks,
+majordomos, and travelers, as well as the workshops, schoolrooms, and
+storehouses. Hospitals for men and women are situated in the quietest
+parts of the mission, where also are placed the schoolrooms. The young
+Indian girls occupy apartments called the monastery (el moujerio), and
+they themselves are styled nuns (las moujas)... Placed under the care of
+trustworthy Indian women, they are there taught to spin wool, flax, and
+cotton, and do no leave their seclusion till they are old enough to be
+married. The Indian children attend the same school as the children of
+the white colonists. A certain number of them, chosen from those who
+exhibit most intelligence, are taught music--plain-chant, violin,
+flute, horn, violincello, and other instruments. Those who distinguish
+themselves in the carpenter's shop, at the forge, or in the field, are
+termed alcaldes, or chiefs, and given charge of a band of workmen. The
+management of each mission is composed of two monks; the elder looks
+after internal administration and religious instruction; the younger
+has direction of agricultural work... For the sake of order and morals,
+whites are employed only where strictly necessary, for the fathers know
+their influence to be altogether harmful, and that they lead the Indians
+to gambling and drunkenness, to which vices they are already too prone.
+To encourage the natives in their tasks, the fathers themselves often
+lend a hand, and everywhere furnish an example of industry. Necessity
+has made them industrious. One is struck with astonishment on observing
+that, with such meagre resources, often without European workmen or
+any skilled help, but with the assistance only of savages, always
+unintelligent and often hostile, they have yet succeeded in executing
+such works of architecture and engineering as mills, machinery, bridges,
+roads, and canals for irrigation. For the erection of nearly all the
+mission buildings it was necessary to bring to the sites chosen, beams
+cut on mountains eight or ten leagues away, and to teach the Indians to
+burn lime, cut stone, and make bricks.
+
+"Around the mission," De Mofras continues, "are the huts of the
+neophytes, and the dwellings of some white colonists. Besides the
+central establishment, there exists, for a space of thirty or forty
+leagues, accessory farms to the number of fifteen or twenty, and branch
+chapels (chapelles succursales). Opposite the mission is a guard-house
+for an escort, composed of four cavalry soldiers and a sergeant. These
+act as messengers, carrying orders from one mission to another, and in
+the earlier days of conquest repelled the savages who would sometimes
+attack the settlement."
+
+Of the daily life and routine of a mission, accounts of travelers enable
+us to form a pretty vivid picture; and though doubtless changes of
+detail might be marked in passing from place to place, the larger and
+more essential features would be found common to all the establishments.
+
+At sunrise the little community was already astir, and then the Angelus
+summoned all to the church, where mass was said, and a short time given
+to the religious instruction of the neophytes. Breakfast followed,
+composed mainly of the staple dish atole, or pottage of roasted
+barley. This finished, the Indians repaired in squads, each under the
+supervision of its alcalde, to their various tasks in workshop and
+field. Between eleven and twelve o'clock, a wholesome and sufficiently
+generous midday meal was served out. At two, work was resumed. An hour
+or so before sunset, the bell again tolled for the Angelus; evening
+mass was performed; and after supper had been eaten, the day closed with
+dance, or music, or some simple games of chance. Thus week by week,
+and month by month, with monotonous regularity, life ran its unbroken
+course; and what with the labours directly connected with the
+management of the mission itself, the tending of sheep and cattle in the
+neighboring ranches, and the care of the gardens and orchards upon which
+the population was largely dependent for subsistence, there was plenty
+to occupy the attention of the padres, and quite enough work to be done
+by the Indians under their charge. But all this does not exhaust the
+list of mission activities. For in course of time, as existence became
+more settled, and the children of the early converts shot up into
+boys and girls, various industries were added to such first necessary
+occupations, and the natives were taught to work at the forge and the
+bench, to make saddles and shoes, to weave, and cut, and sew. In these
+and similar acts, many of them acquired considerable proficiency.
+
+It is pleasant enough to look back upon such a busy yet placid life.
+But while we may justly acknowledge its antique, pastoral charm, we must
+guard ourselves against the temptation to idealization. Beautiful in
+many respects it must have been; but its shadows were long and deep.
+According to the first principles adopted by the missionaries, the
+domesticated Indians were held down rigorously in a condition of
+servile dependence and subjection. They were indeed, as one of the early
+travelers in California put it, slaves under another name--slaves to
+the cast-iron power of a system which, like all systems, was capable of
+unlimited abuse, and which, at the very best, was narrow and arbitrary.
+Every vestige of freedom was taken from them when they entered, or were
+brought into, the settlement. Henceforth they belonged, body and soul,
+to the mission and its authority. Their tasks were assigned to them,
+their movements controlled, the details of their daily doings dictated,
+by those who were to all intents and purposes their absolute masters;
+and corporal punishment was visited freely not only upon those who were
+guilty of actual misdemeanor, but also upon such as failed in attendance
+at church, or, when there, did not conduct themselves properly. From
+time to time some unusually turbulent spirit would rise against such
+paternal despotism, and break away to his old savage life. But these
+cases, we are told, were of rare occurrence. The California Indians were
+for the most part indolent, apathetic, and of low intelligence; and as,
+under domestication, they were clothed, housed and fed, while the labour
+demanded from them was rarely excessive, they were wont as a rule to
+accept the change from the hardships of their former rough existence to
+the comparative comfort of the mission, if not exactly in a spirit of
+gratitude, at any rate with a certain brutal contentment.
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+
+It does not fall within the scope of this little sketch, in which
+nothing more has been aimed at than to tell an interesting story in the
+simplest possible way, to enter into any discussion of a question
+to which what has just been said might naturally seem to lead--the
+question, namely, of the results, immediate and remote, of the mission
+system in California. The widely divergent conclusions on this subject
+registered by the historians will, on investigation, be found, as
+in most such cases, to depend quite as much upon bias of mind and
+preconceived ideals, as upon the bare facts presented, concerning which,
+one would imagine, there can hardly be much difference of opinion. To
+decide upon the value of a given social experiment, we must, to begin
+with, wake up our minds as to what we should wish to see achieved; and
+where there is no unanimity concerning the object to be reached, there
+will scarcely be any in respect of the means employed. It is not to
+be wondered at, therefore, that critical judgment upon the Franciscan
+missionaries and their work has been given here in terms of unqualified
+laudation, and there in the form of severest disapproval, and that
+everyone who touches the topic afresh is expected to take sides. In
+their favor it must, I think, be universally admitted that they wrought
+always with the highest motives and the noblest intentions, and that
+their labours were really fruitful of much good among the native
+tribes. On the other hand, when regarded from the standpoint of secular
+progress, it seems equally certain that their work was sadly hampered
+by narrowness of outlook and understanding, and an utter want of
+appreciation of the demands and conditions of the modern world. Thus
+while we give them the fullest credit for all that they accomplished by
+their teachings and example, we have still frankly to acknowledge
+their failure in the most important and most difficult part of their
+undertaking--in the task of transforming many thousands of ignorant and
+degraded savages into self-respecting men and women, fit for the duties
+and responsibilities of civilization. Yet to put it in this way is to
+show sharply enough that such failure is not hastily to be set down to
+their discredit. It is often said, indeed, that they went altogether the
+wrong way to work for the achievement of the much-desired result; and
+it is unquestionably true, as La Perouse long ago pointed out, that they
+made the fundamental, but with them inevitable mistake, of sacrificing
+the temporal and material welfare of the natives to the consideration of
+so-called "heavenly interests." Yet in common fairness we must remember
+the stuff with which they had to deal. The Indian was by nature a child
+and a slave; and if, out of children and slaves they did not at once
+manufacture independent and law-abiding citizens, is it for us, who have
+not yet exhibited triumphant success in handling the same problem under
+far more favorable conditions, to cover them with our contempt, or
+dismiss them with our blame? Civilization is at best a slow and painful
+affair, as we half-civilized people ought surely to understand by this
+time--a matter not of individuals and years, but of generations and
+centuries; and nothing permanent has ever yet been gained by any
+attempt, how promising soever it may have seemed, to force the natural
+processes of social evolution. The mission padres bore the cross from
+point to point along the far-off Pacific coast; they built churches,
+they founded settlements, they gave their strength to the uplifting of
+the heathen. Little that was enduring came out of all this toil. Perhaps
+this was partly because their methods were shortsighted, their means
+inadequate to the ends proposed. But when we remember that they had set
+their hands to an almost impossible task, we shall perhaps be inclined
+rather to acknowledge their partial success, than to deal harshly with
+them on the score of their manifest failure.
+
+Be all this as it may, however, the missions of California passed away,
+leaving practically nothing behind them but a memory. Yet this is surely
+a memory to be cherished by all who feel a pious reverence for the past,
+and whose hearts are responsive to the sense of tears that there is in
+mortal things. And alike for those who live beneath the blue skies of
+California, and for those who wander awhile as visitors among her
+scenes of wonder and enchantment, the old mission buildings will ever
+be objects of curious and unique interest. Survivals from a by-gone era,
+embodiments not only of the purposes of their founders, but of the faith
+which built the great cathedrals of Europe, they stand pathetic figures
+in a world to which they do not seem to belong. In the noise and bustle
+of the civilization which is taking possession of what was once their
+territory, they have no share. The life about them looks towards the
+future. They point mutely to the past. A tender sentiment clings
+about them; in their hushed enclosures we breathe a drowsy old-world
+atmosphere of peace; to linger within their walls, to muse in their
+graveyards, is to step out of the noisy present into the silence of
+departed years. In a land where everything is of yesterday, and whose
+marvellous natural beauties are but rarely touched with the associations
+of history or charms of romance, these things have a subtle and peculiar
+power--a magic not to be resisted by any one who turns aside for an hour
+or two from the highways of the modern world, to dream among the scenes
+where the old padres toiled and died. And as in imagination he there
+calls up the ghostly figures of neophyte and soldier and priest, now
+busy with the day's task-work, now kneeling at twilight mass in the
+dimly-lighted chapel; as the murmur of strange voices and the faint
+music of bell and chant steal in upon his ears; he will hardly fail
+to realize that, however much or little the Franciscan missionaries
+accomplished for California, they have passed down to our prosaic
+after-generation a legacy of poetry, whereof the sweetness will not soon
+die away.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: In the sequel, it may here be noted, the Franciscans
+ceded Baja California to the Dominicans, keeping Alta California to
+themselves.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The mission was transferred in 1874 from the location
+selected by Junipero to a site some two miles distant, up the river.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Diary, furnishing a detailed itinerary of the
+expedition, is given in full in Palou's noticias de la Nueva
+California.]
+
+[Footnote 4: This is now colloquially known as the Mission Dolores.
+Its proper title is, however, Mission of San Francisco de Assis. It
+originally stood on the Laguna de los Dolores (now filled up); and hence
+its popular name.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The site originally chosen lay too low, and from the outset
+danger of inundation was foreseen. A flood occurred in 1779, and in 1784
+the mission was removed to higher ground. The present buildings date
+from 1825-26.]
+
+[Footnote 6: The original adobe church was injured by earthquakes in
+1806 and 1812. The present edifice was begun in 1815 and finished in
+1820.]
+
+[Footnote 7: The table given by the French traveler, De Mofras, in his
+authoritative Exploration du Territoire de L'Oregon, les Californies,
+etc., shows us that the distance between mission and mission nowhere
+exceeded nineteen leagues, and that it was often very much less.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California, by
+William Henry Hudson
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California
+by William Henry Hudson
+(#2 in our series by William Henry Hudson)
+
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+Title: The Famous Missions of California
+
+Author: William Henry Hudson
+
+Release Date: March, 2004  [EBook #5211]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on June 6, 2002]
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+Language: English
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+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by David Schwan <davidsch@earthlink.net>.
+
+
+
+The Famous Missions
+of
+California
+
+
+
+by
+
+
+
+William Henry Hudson
+Lately Professor of English Literature at Stanford University,
+
+
+
+To
+
+Bonnie Burckhalter Fletcher
+
+With Affectionate Recollections of California Days
+
+
+
+London, England, 1901
+
+
+
+Contents.
+
+
+
+I.    Of Junipero Serra, and the proposed settlement of Alta California.
+II.   How Father Junipero came to San Diego.
+III.  Of the founding of the Mission at San Diego.
+IV.   Of Portola's quest for the harbour of Monterey, and the founding
+          of the Mission of San Carlos.
+V.    How Father Junipero established the Missions of San Antonio de
+          Padua, San Gabriel, and San Louis Obispo.
+VI.   Of the tragedy at San Diego, and the founding of the Missions of
+          San Juan Capistrano, San Francisco, and Santa Clara.
+VII.  Of the establishment of the Mission of San Buenaventura, and of
+          the death and character of Father Junipero.
+VIII. How the Missions of Santa Barbara, La Purisima Concepcion, Santa
+          Cruz, Soledad, San Jose, San Juan Bautista, San Miguel, San
+          Fernando, San Luis Rey, and Santa lnez, were added to the list.
+IX.   Of the founding of the Missions of San Rafael and San Francisco
+          Solano.
+X.    Of the downfall of the Missions of California.
+XI.   Of the old Missions, and life in them.
+XII.  Of the Mission system in California, and its results.
+
+
+
+The Famous Missions of California.
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+
+On the 1st of July, 1769 - a day forever memorable in the annals of
+California - a small party of men, worn out by the fatigues and
+hardships of their long and perilous journey from San Fernandez de
+Villicatà, came in sight of the beautiful Bay of San Diego. They formed
+the last division of a tripartite expedition which had for its object
+the political and spiritual conquest of the great Northwest coast of the
+Pacific; and among their number were Gaspar de Portolà, the colonial
+governor and military commander of the enterprise; and Father Junipero
+Serra, with whose name and achievements the early history of California
+is indissolubly bound up.
+
+This expedition was the outcome of a determination on the part of Spain
+to occupy and settle the upper of its California provinces, or Alta
+California, as it was then called, and thus effectively prevent the more
+than possible encroachments of the Russians and the English. Fully alive
+to the necessity of immediate and decisive action, Carlos III. had sent
+Jose de Galvez out to New Spain, giving him at once large powers as
+visitador general of the provinces, and special instructions to
+establish military posts at San Diego and Monterey. Galvez was a man of
+remarkable zeal, energy, and organizing ability, and after the manner of
+his age and church he regarded his undertaking as equally important from
+the religious and from the political side. The twofold purpose of his
+expedition was, as he himself stated it, "to establish the Catholic
+faith among a numerous heathen people, submerged in the obscure darkness
+of paganism, and to extend the dominion of the King, our Lord, and
+protect this peninsula from the ambitious views of foreign nations."
+From the first it was his intention that the Cross and the flag of Spain
+should be carried side by side in the task of dominating and colonizing
+the new country. Having, therefore, gathered his forces together at
+Santa Ana, near La Paz, he sent thence to Loreto, inviting Junipero
+Serra, the recently appointed President of the California Missions, to
+visit him in his camp. Loreto was a hundred leagues distant; but this
+was no obstacle to the religious enthusiast, whose lifelong dream it had
+been to bear the faith far and wide among the barbarian peoples of the
+Spanish world. He hastened to La Paz, and in the course of a long
+interview with Galvez not only promised his hearty co-operation, but
+also gave great help in the arrangement of the preliminary details of
+the expedition.
+
+In the opportunity thus offered him for the missionary labour in
+hitherto unbroken fields, Father Junipero saw a special manifestation
+both of the will and of the favour of God. He threw himself into the
+work with characteristic ardour and determination, and Galvez quickly
+realized that his own efforts were now to be ably seconded by a man who,
+by reason of his devotion, courage, and personal magnetism, might well
+seem to have been providentially designated for the task which had been
+put into his hands.
+
+Miguel Joseph Serra, now known only by his adopted name of Junipero,
+which he took out of reverence for the chosen companion of St. Francis,
+was a native of the Island of Majorca, where he was born, of humble
+folk, in 1713. According to the testimony of his intimate friend and
+biographer, Father Francesco Palou, his desires, even during boyhood,
+were turned towards the religious life. Before he was seventeen he
+entered the Franciscan Order, a regular member of which he became a year
+or so later. His favorite reading during his novitiate, Palou tells us,
+was in the Lives of the Saints, over which he would pore day after day
+with passionate and ever-growing enthusiasm; and from these devout
+studies sprang an intense ambition to "imitate the holy and venerable
+men" who had given themselves up to the grand work of carrying the
+Gospel among gentiles and savages. The missionary idea thus implanted
+became the dominant purpose of his life, and neither the astonishing
+success of his sermons, nor the applause with which his lectures were
+received when he was made professor of theology, sufficed to dampen his
+apostolic zeal. Whatever work was given him to do, he did with all his
+heart, and with all his might, for such was the man's nature; but
+everywhere and always he looked forward to the mission field as his
+ultimate career. He was destined, however, to wait many years before his
+chance came. At length, in 1749, after making many vain petitions to be
+set apart for foreign service, he and Palou were offered places in a
+body of priests who, at the urgent request of the College of San
+Fernando, in Mexico, were then being sent out as recruits to various
+parts of the New World. The hour had come; and in a spirit of gratitude
+and joy too deep for words, Junipero Serra set his face towards the far
+lands which were henceforth to be his home.
+
+The voyage out was long and trying. In the first stage of it - from
+Majorca to Malaga - the dangers and difficulties of seafaring were
+varied, if not relieved by strange experiences, of which Palou has left
+us a quaint and graphic account. Their vessel was a small English
+coaster, in command of a stubborn cross-patch of a captain, who combined
+navigation with theology, and whose violent protestations and fondness
+for doctrinal dispute allowed his Catholic passengers, during the
+fifteen days of their passage, scarcely a minute's peace. His habit was
+to declaim chosen texts out of his "greasy old" English Bible, putting
+his own interpretation upon them; then, if when challenged by Father
+Junipero, who "was well trained in dogmatic theology," he could find no
+verse to fit his argument, he would roundly declare that the leaf he
+wanted happened to be torn. Such methods are hardly praiseworthy. But
+this was not the worst. Sometimes the heat of argument would prove too
+much for him, and then, I grieve to say, he would even threaten to pitch
+his antagonists overboard, and shape his course for London. However,
+despite this unlooked-for danger, Junipero and his companions finally
+reached Malaga, whence they proceeded first to Cadiz, and then, after
+some delay, to Vera Cruz. The voyage across from Cadiz alone occupied
+ninety-nine days, though of these, fifteen were spent at Porto Rico,
+where Father Junipero improved the time by establishing a mission.
+Hardships were not lacking; for water and food ran short, and the vessel
+encountered terrific storms. But "remembering the end for which they had
+come," the father "felt no fear, and his own buoyancy did much to keep
+up the flagging spirits of those about him. Even when Vera Cruz was
+reached, the terrible journey was by no means over, for a hundred
+Spanish leagues lay between that port and the City of Mexico. Too
+impatient to wait for the animals and wagons which had been promised for
+transportation, but which, through some oversight or blunder, had not
+yet arrived in Vera Cruz, Junipero set out to cover the distance on
+foot. The strain brought on an ulcer in one of his legs, from which he
+suffered all the rest of his life; and it is highly probable that he
+would have died on the road but for the quite unexpected succor which
+came to him more than once in the critical hour. This, according to his
+wont, he did not fail to refer directly to the special favour of the
+Virgin and St. Joseph.
+
+For nearly nineteen years after his arrival in Mexico, Junipero was
+engaged in active missionary work, mainly among the Indians of the
+Sierra Gorda, whom he successfully instructed in the first principles of
+the Catholic faith and in the simpler arts of peace. Then came his
+selection as general head, or president, of the Missions of California,
+the charge of which, on the expulsion of the Jesuits, in 1768, had
+passed over to the Franciscans. These, thirteen in number, were all in
+Lower California, for no attempt had as yet been made to evangelize the
+upper province. This, however, the indefatigable apostle was now to
+undertake by co-operating with Jose de Galvez in his proposed northwest
+expedition[1]. Junipero was now fifty-five years of age, and could look
+back upon a career of effort and accomplishment which to any less active
+man might well seem to have earned repose for body and mind. Yet great
+as his services to church and civilization had been in the past, by far
+the most important part of his life-work still lay before him.
+
+
+
+[1] In the sequel, it may here be noted, the Franciscans ceded Baja
+California to the Dominicans, keeping Alta California to themselves.
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+
+As a result of the conference between Galvez and Father Junipero, it was
+decided that their joint expedition should be sent out in two portions -
+one by sea and one by land; the land portion being again sub-divided
+into two, in imitation, Palou informs us, of the policy of the patriarch
+Joseph, "so that if one came to misfortune, the other might still be
+saved." It was arranged that four missionaries should go into the ships,
+and one with the advance-detachment of the land-force, the second part
+of which was to include the president himself. So far as the work of the
+missionaries was concerned their immediate purpose was to establish
+three settlements - one at San Diego, a second at Monterey, and a third
+on a site to be selected, about midway between the two, which was to be
+called San Buenaventura. The two divisions of the land-force were under
+the leadership of Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada and Governor Portolà
+respectively. The ships were to carry all the heavier portions of the
+camp equipage, provisions, household goods, vestments and sacred
+vessels; the land-parties were to take with them herds and flocks from
+Loreto. The understanding was that whichever party first reached San
+Diego was to wait there twenty days for the rest, and in the event of
+their failure to arrive within that time, to push on to Monterey.
+
+The sea-detachment of the general expedition - the "Seraphic and
+Apostolic Squadron," as Palou calls it, was composed of three ships -
+the San Carlos, the San Antonio, and the San Joseph. A list, fortunately
+preserved, gives all the persons on board the San Carlos, a vessel of
+about 200 tons only, and the flagship of Don Vicente Vila, the commander
+of the marine division. They were as follows: - the commander himself; a
+lieutenant in charge of a company of soldiers; a missionary; the
+captain, pilot and surgeon; twenty-five soldiers; the officers and crew
+of the ship, twenty-five in all; the baker, the cook and two assistants;
+and two blacksmiths: total, sixty-two souls. An inventory shows that the
+vessel was provisioned for eight months.
+
+The San Carlos left La Paz on the 9th of January; the San Antonio on the
+15th of February; the San Joseph on the 16th of June. All the vessels
+met with heavy storms, and the San Carlos, being driven sadly out of her
+route, did not reach San Diego till twenty days after the San Antonio,
+though dispatched some five weeks earlier. We shudder to read that of
+her crew but one sailor and the cook were left alive; the rest, along
+with many of the soldiers, having succumbed to the scurvy. The San
+Antonio also lost eight of her crew from the same dreadful disease.
+These little details serve better than any general description to give
+us an idea of the horrible conditions of Spanish seamanship in the
+middle of the eighteenth century. As for the San Joseph, she never
+reached her destination at all, though where and how she met her fate
+remains one of the dark mysteries of the ocean. Two small points in
+connection with her loss are perhaps sufficiently curious to merit
+notice. In the first place, she was the only one of the ships that had
+no missionary on board; and secondly, she was called after the very
+saint who had been named special patron of the entire undertaking.
+
+The original plan, as we have seen, had been that Father Junipero should
+accompany the governor in the second division of the land-expedition;
+but this, when the day fixed for departure came, was found to be quite
+impossible owing to the ulcerous sore on his leg, which had been much
+aggravated by the exertions of his recent hurried journey from Loreto to
+La Paz and back. Greatly chafing under the delay, he was none the less
+obliged to postpone his start for several weeks. At length, on the 28th
+of March, in company with two soldiers and a servant, he mounted his
+mule and set out. The event showed that he had been guilty of undue
+haste, for he suffered terribly on the rough way, and on reaching San
+Xavier, whither he went to turn over the management of the Lower
+California missions to Palou, who was then settled there, his condition
+was such that his friend implored him to remain behind, and allow him
+(Palou) to go forward in his stead. But of this Junipero would not hear,
+for he regarded himself as specially chosen and called by God for the
+work to which he stood, body and soul, committed. "Let us speak no more
+of this," he said. "I have placed all my faith in God, through whose
+goodness I hope to reach not only San Diego, to plant and fix there the
+standard of the Holy Cross, but even as far as Monterey." And Palou,
+seeing that Junipero was not to be turned aside, wisely began to talk of
+other things.
+
+After three days devoted to business connected with the missions of the
+lower province, the indomitable father determined to continue his
+journey, notwithstanding the fact that, still totally unable to move his
+leg, he had to be lifted by two men into the saddle. We may imagine that
+poor Palou found it hard enough to answer his friend's cheery farewells,
+and watched him with sickness of heart as he rode slowly away. It seemed
+little likely indeed that they would ever meet again on this side of the
+grave. But Junipero's courage never gave out. Partly for rest and partly
+for conference with those in charge, he lingered awhile at the missions
+along the way; but, nevertheless, presently came up with Portolà and his
+detachment, with whom he proceeded to Villacatà. Here during a temporary
+halt, he founded a mission which was dedicated to San Fernando, King of
+Castile and Leon. But the worst experiences of the journey were still in
+store. For when the party was ready to move forward again towards San
+Diego, which, as time was fast running on, the commander was anxious to
+reach with the least possible delay, it was found that Junipero's leg
+was in such an inflamed condition that he could neither stand, nor sit,
+nor sleep. For a few leagues he persevered, without complaint to any
+one, and then collapsed. Portolà urged him to return at once to San
+Fernando for the complete repose in which alone there seemed any chance
+of recovery, but after his manner Junipero refused; nor, out of kindly
+feeling for the tired native servants, would he ever hear of the litter
+which the commander thereupon proposed to have constructed for his
+transportation. The situation was apparently beyond relief, when, after
+prayer to God, the padre called to him one of the muleteers. "Son," he
+said - the conversation is reported in full by Palou, from whose memoir
+of his friend it is here translated - "do you not know how to make a
+remedy for the ulcer on my foot and leg?" And the muleteer replied:
+"Father, how should I know of any remedy? Am I a surgeon? I am a
+muledriver, and can only cure harness-wounds on animals." "Then, son."
+rejoined Junipero, "consider that I am an animal, and that this ulcer is
+a harness-wound . . . and prepare for me the same medicament as you
+would make for a beast." Those who heard this request smiled. And the
+muleteer obeyed; and mixing certain herbs with hot tallow, applied the
+compound to the ulcerated leg, with the astonishing result that the
+sufferer slept that night in absolute comfort, and was perfectly able
+the next morning to undertake afresh the fatigues of the road.
+
+Of the further incidents of the tedious journey it is needless to write.
+It is enough to say that for forty-six days - from the 15th of May to
+the 1st of July - the little party plodded on, following the track of
+the advance-division of the land-expedition under Rivera y Moncada. With
+what joy and gratitude they at last looked down upon the harbour of San
+Diego, and realized that the first object of their efforts had now
+indeed been achieved, may be readily imagined. Out in the bay lay the
+San Carlos and the San Antonio, and on the shore were the tents of the
+men who had preceded them, and of whose safety they were now assured;
+and when, with volley after volley, they announced their arrival, ships
+and camp replied in glad salute. And this responsive firing was
+continued, says Palou, in his lively description of the scene, "until,
+all having alighted, they were ready to testify their mutual love by
+close embraces and affectionate rejoicing to see the expeditions thus
+joined, and at their desired destination." Yet one cannot but surmise
+that the delights of reunion were presently chilled when those who had
+thus been spared to come together fell into talk over the companions who
+had perished by the way. History has little to tell us of such details;
+but the sympathetic reader will hardly fail to provide them for himself.
+
+The condition of things which the governor and the president found
+confronting them on their arrival was indeed the reverse of
+satisfactory. Of the one hundred and thirty or so men comprising the
+combined companies, many were seriously ill; some it was necessary to
+dispatch at once with the San Antonio back to San Blas for additional
+supplies and reinforcements; a further number had to be detailed for the
+expedition to Monterey, which, in accordance with the explicit
+instructions of the visitador general it was decided to send out
+immediately. All this left the San Diego camp extremely short-handed,
+but there was no help for it. To reach Monterey at all costs was
+Portolà's next duty; and on the 14th of July, with a small party which
+included Fathers Crespi and Gomez, he commenced his northwest march.
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+
+In the meanwhile, says Palou, "that fervent zeal which continually
+glowed and burned in the heart of our venerable Father Junipero, did not
+permit him to forget the principal object of his journey." As soon as
+Portolà had left the encampment, he began to busy himself with the
+problem of the mission which, it had been determined, should be founded
+on that spot. Ground was carefully chosen with an eye to the
+requirements, not only of the mission itself, but also of the pueblo, or
+village, which in course of time would almost certainly grow up about
+it[2]; and on the 16th of July - the day upon which, as the anniversary
+of a great victory over the Moors in 1212, the Spanish church solemnly
+celebrated the Triumph of the Holy Cross - the first mission of Upper
+California was dedicated to San Diego de Alcalà, after whom the bay had
+been named by Sebastian Viscaino, the explorer, many years before. The
+ceremonies were a repetition of those which had been employed in the
+founding of the Mission of San Fernando at Villicatà; the site was
+blessed and sprinkled with holy water; a great cross reared, facing the
+harbour; the mass celebrated; the Venite Creator Spiritus sung. And, as
+before, where the proper accessories failed, Father Junipero and his
+colleagues fell back undeterred upon the means which Heaven had actually
+put at their disposal. The constant firing of the troops supplied the
+lack of musical instruments, and the smoke of the powder was accepted as
+a substitute for incense. Father Palou's brief and unadorned description
+will not prove altogether wanting in impressiveness for those who in
+imagination can conjure up a picture of the curious, yet dramatic scene.
+
+The preliminary work of foundation thus accomplished, Father Junipero
+gathered about him the few healthy men who could be spared from the
+tending of their sick comrades and routine duties, and with their help
+erected a few rude huts, one of which was immediately consecrated as a
+temporary chapel. So far as his own people were concerned, the padre's
+labours were for the most part of a grievous character, for, during the
+first few months, the records tell us, disease made such fearful ravages
+among the soldiers, sailors and servants, that ere long the number of
+persons at this settlement had been reduced to twenty. But the tragedy
+of these poor nameless fellows - (it was Junipero's pious hope that they
+might all be named in Heaven) - after all hardly forms part of our
+proper story. The father's real work was to lie among the native
+Indians, and it is with his failures and successes in this direction
+that the main interest of our California mission annals is connected.
+
+They were not an attractive people, these "gentiles" of a country which
+to the newcomers must itself have seemed an outer garden of Paradise;
+and Junipero's first attempts to gain their good will met with very
+slight encouragement. During the ceremonies attendant upon the
+foundation and dedication of the mission, they had stood round in silent
+wonder, and now they showed themselves responsive to the strangers'
+advances to the extent of receiving whatever presents were offered,
+provided the gift was not in the form of anything to eat. The Spaniards'
+food they would not even touch, apparently regarding it as the cause of
+the dire sickness of the troops. And this, in the long run, remarks
+Palou, was without doubt "singularly providential," owing to the rapid
+depletion of the stores. Ignorance of the Indians' language, of course,
+added seriously to the father's difficulties in approaching them, and
+presently their thefts of cloth, for the possession of which they
+developed a perfect passion, and other depredations, rendered them
+exceedingly troublesome. Acts of violence became more and more common,
+and by-and-bye, a determined and organized attack upon the mission, in
+which the assailants many times outnumbered their opponents, led to a
+pitched battle, and the death of one of the Spanish servants. This was
+the crisis; for, happily, like a thunderstorm, the disturbance, which
+seemed so threatening of future ill, cleared the air, at any rate for a
+time; and the kindness with which the Spaniards treated their wounded
+foes evidently touched the savage heart. Little by little a few Indians
+here and there began to frequent the mission; and with the hearty
+welcome accorded them their numbers soon increased. Among them there
+happened to be a boy, of some fifteen years of age, who showed himself
+more tractable than his fellows, and whom Father Junipero determined to
+use as an instrument for his purpose. When the lad had picked up a
+smattering of Spanish, the padre sent him to his people with the promise
+that if he were allowed to bring back one of the children, the youngster
+should not only by baptism be made a Christian, but should also (and
+here the good father descended to a bribe) be tricked out like the
+Spaniards themselves, in handsome clothes. A few days later, a
+"gentile," followed by a large crowd, appeared with a child in his arms,
+and the padre, filled with unutterable joy, at once threw a piece of
+cloth over it, and called upon one of the soldiers to stand godfather to
+this first infant of Christ. But, alas! just as he was preparing to
+sprinkle the holy water, the natives snatched the child from him, and
+made off with it (and the cloth) to their own ranchería. The soldiers
+who stood round as witnesses were furious at this insult, and, left to
+themselves, would have inflicted summary punishment upon the offenders.
+But the good father pacified them, attributing his failure - of which he
+was wont to speak tearfully to the end of his life - to his own sins and
+unworthiness. However, this first experience in convert-making was
+fortunately not prophetic, for though it is true that many months
+elapsed before a single neophyte was gained for the mission, and though
+more serious troubles were still to come, in the course of the next few
+years a number of the aborigines, both children and adults, were
+baptized.
+
+
+
+[2] The mission was transferred in 1874 from the location selected by
+Junipero to a site some two miles distant, up the river.
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+
+While Junipero and his companions were thus engaged in planting the
+faith among the Indians of San Diego, Portolà's expedition was meeting
+with unexpected trials and disappointments. The harbour of Monterey had
+been discovered and described by Viscaino at the beginning of the
+seventeenth century, and it seemed no very difficult matter to reach it
+by way of the coast. But either the charts misled them, or their own
+calculations erred, or the appearance of the landscape was strangely
+deceptive - at any rate, for whatever reason or combination of reasons,
+the exploring party passed the harbour without recognizing it, though
+actually lingering awhile on the sand hills overlooking the bay. Half
+persuaded in their bewilderment that some great catastrophe must, since
+Viscaino's observations, have obliterated the port altogether, they
+pressed northward another forty leagues, and little dreaming of the
+importance attaching to their wanderings, crossed the Coast range, and
+looked down thence over the Santa Clara valley and the "immense arm" of
+San Francisco Bay. By this time the rainy season had set in, and
+convinced as they now were that they must, through some oversight or
+ill-chance, have missed the object of their quest, they determined to
+retrace their steps, and institute another and more thorough search. On
+again reaching the neighborhood of Monterey, they spent a whole
+fortnight in systematic exploration, but still, strangely enough,
+without discovering "any indication or landmark" of the harbour. Baffled
+and disheartened, therefore, the leaders resolved to abandon the
+enterprise. They then erected two large wooden crosses as memorials of
+their visit, and cutting on one of these the words - "Dig at the foot of
+this and you will find a writing" - buried there a brief narrative of
+their experiences. This is reproduced in the diary of Father Crespé[3];
+and its closing words have a touch of simple pathos: "At last,
+undeceived, and despairing of finding it [the harbour] after so many
+efforts, sufferings and labours, and having left of all our provisions
+but fourteen small sacks of flour, our expedition leaves this place
+to-day for San Diego; I beg of Almighty God to guide it, and for thee,
+voyager, that His divine providence may lead thee to the harbour of
+salvation. Done in this Bay of Pinos, the 9th of December, 1769." On the
+cross on the other side of Point Pinos was cut with a razor this legend:
+- "The land expedition returned to San Diego for want of provisions,
+this 9th day of December, 1769."
+
+The little party - or more correctly speaking - what was left of it, did
+not reach San Diego till the 25th of the following month, having in
+their march down suffered terribly from hunger, exposure, wet, fatigue
+and sickness. Depressed themselves, they found nothing to encourage them
+in the mission and camp, where death had played havoc among those they
+had left behind them six months before, and where the provisions were so
+fast running low that only the timely reappearance of the San Antonio,
+long overdue, would save the survivors from actual starvation. Perhaps
+it is hardly surprising that, under these circumstances, Portolà's
+courage should have failed him, and that he should have decided upon a
+return to Mexico. He caused an inventory of all available provisions to
+be taken, and calculating that, with strict economy, and setting aside
+what would be required for the journey back to San Fernando, they might
+last till somewhat beyond the middle of March, he gave out that unless
+the San Antonio should arrive by the 20th of that month, he should on
+that day abandon San Diego, and start south. But if the governor
+imagined for a moment that he could persuade the padre presidente to
+fall in with this arrangement, he did not know his man. Junipero firmly
+believed, despite the failure of Portolà's expedition, that the harbour
+of Monterey still existed, and might be found; he even interested
+Vicente Vila in a plan of his own for reaching it by sea; and he
+furthermore made up his mind that, come what might, nothing should ever
+induce him to turn his back upon his work. Then a wonderful thing
+happened. On the 19th of March - the very day before that fixed by the
+governor for his departure, and when everything was in readiness for
+to-morrow's march - the sail of a ship appeared far out at sea; and
+though the vessel presently disappeared towards the northwest, it
+returned four days later and proved to be none other than the San
+Antonio, bearing the much needed succour. She had passed up towards
+Monterey in the expectation of finding the larger body of settlers
+there, and had only put back to San Diego when unexpectedly, (and as it
+seemed, providentially), she had run short of water. It was inevitable
+that Father Junipero should see in this series of happenings the very
+hand of God - the more so as the day of relief chanced to be the
+festival of St. Joseph, who, as we have noted, was the patron of the
+mission enterprise.
+
+The arrival of the San Antonio put an entirely new complexion upon
+affairs; and, relieved of immediate anxiety, Portolà now resolved upon a
+second expedition in quest of Monterey. Two divisions, one for sea, the
+other for land, were accordingly made ready; the former, which included
+Junipero, started in the San Antonio, on the 16th of April; the latter,
+under the leadership of Portolà, a day later. Strong adverse winds
+interfered with the vessel, which did not make Monterey for a month and
+a half. The land-party, following the coast, reached the more southern
+of the great wooden crosses on the 24th of May, and after some
+difficulty succeeded at last in identifying the harbour. Seven days
+later, steering by the fires lighted for her guidance along the shore,
+the San Antonio came safely into port; and formal possession of the bay
+and surrounding country was presently taken in the name of church and
+King. This was on the 3rd of June, the Feast of Pentecost; and on that
+day of peculiar significance in the apostolic history of the church, the
+second of the Upper California missions came into being. Palou has left
+us a full account of the ceremonies. Governor, soldiers and priests
+gathered together on the beach, on the spot where, in 1603, the
+Carmelite fathers who had accompanied Viscaino, had celebrated the mass.
+An altar was improvised and bells rung; and then, in alb and stole, the
+father-president invoked the aid of the Holy Ghost, solemnly chanted the
+Venite Creator Spiritus; blessed and raised a great cross; "to put to
+flight all the infernal enemies;" and sprinkled with holy water the
+beach and adjoining fields. Mass was then sung; Father Junipero preached
+a sermon; again the roar of cannon and muskets took the place of
+instrumental music; and the function was concluded with the Te Deum.
+Though now commonly called Carmelo, or Carmel, from the river across
+which it looks, and which has thus lent it a memory of the first
+Christian explorers on the spot, this mission is properly known by the
+name of San Carlos Borromeo, Cardinal-Archbishop of Milan. A few huts
+enclosed by a palisade, and forming the germ at once of the religious
+and of the military settlement, were hastily erected. But the actual
+building of the mission was not begun until the summer of 1771
+
+
+
+[3] The Diary, furnishing a detailed itinerary of the expedition, is
+given in full in Palou's noticias de la Nueva California.
+
+
+
+V.
+
+
+
+News of the establishment of the missions and military posts at San
+Diego and Monterey was in due course carried to the City of Mexico,
+where it so delighted the Marques de Croix, Viceroy of New Spain, and
+Jose de Galvez, that they not only set the church bells ringing, but
+forthwith began to make arrangements for the founding of more missions
+in the upper province. Additional priests were provided by the College
+of San Fernando; funds liberally subscribed; and the San Antonio made
+ready to sail from San Blas with the friars and supplies. On the 21st of
+May, 1771, the good ship dropped anchor at Monterey, where, in the
+meantime, Junipero, though busy enough among the natives of the
+neighborhood, was suffering grievous disappointment because, from lack
+of priests and soldiers, he was unable to proceed at once with the
+proposed establishment of San Buenaventura. The safe arrival of ten
+assistants now brought him assurance of a rapid extension of work in
+"the vineyard of the Lord." He was not the man to let time slip by him
+unimproved. Plans were immediately laid for carrying the cross still
+further into the wilderness, and six new missions - those of San
+Buenaventura, San Gabriel, San Louis Obispo, San Antonio, Santa Clara
+and San Francisco - were presently agreed upon. It was discovered later
+on, however, that these plans outran the resources at the president's
+disposal, and much to his regret, the design for settlements at Santa
+Clara and San Francisco had to be temporarily given up.
+
+There was, none the less, plenty to engage the energies of even so
+tireless a worker as Junipero, for three of the new missions were
+successfully established between July, 1771, and the autumn of the
+following year. The first of these was the Mission of San Antonio de
+Padua, in a beautiful spot among the Santa Lucia mountains, some
+twenty-five leagues southeast of Monterey; the second, that of San
+Gabriel Arcángel, near what is now known as the San Gabriel river; and
+the third, the Mission of San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, for which a
+location was chosen near the coast, about twenty-five leagues southeast
+of San Antonio. In his account of the founding of the first named of
+these, Palou throws in a characteristic touch. After the bells had been
+hung on trees and loudly tolled, he says, the excited padre-presidente
+began to shout like one transported: - "Ho, gentiles! Come to the Holy
+Church; Come! Come! and receive the faith of Jesus Christ!" His comrade,
+Father Pieras, standing by astonished, interrupted his fervent eloquence
+with the eminently practical remark that as there were no gentiles
+within hearing, it was idle to ring the bells. But the enthusiast's
+ardour was not to be damped by such considerations, and he continued to
+ring and shout. I, for one, am grateful for such a detail as this. An
+even more significant story, though of a quite different sort, is
+recorded of the dedication of San Gabriel. It was, of course, inevitable
+that here and there in connection with such a record as this of Serra
+and his work, there should spring up legends of miraculous doings and
+occurrences; though on the whole, it is, perhaps, remarkable that the
+mythopoeic tendency was not more powerful. The incident now referred to
+may be taken as an illustration. While the missionary party were engaged
+in exploring for a suitable site, a large force of natives, under two
+chiefs, suddenly broke in upon them. Serious conflict seemed imminent;
+when one of the fathers drew forth a piece of canvas bearing the picture
+of the Virgin. Instantly the savages threw their weapons to the ground,
+and, following their leaders, crowded with offerings about the
+marvellous image. Thus the danger was averted. Further troubles attended
+the settlement at San Gabriel; but in after years it became one of the
+most successful of all the missions, and gained particular fame from the
+industries maintained by its converts, and their skill in carving wood,
+horn and leather.
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+
+
+Though, as we thus see, Father Junipero had ample reason to be
+encouraged over the progress of his enterprise, he still had various
+difficulties to contend with. The question of supplies often assumed
+formidable proportions, and the labors of the missionaries were not
+always as fruitful as had been hoped. Fortunately, however, the Indians
+were, as a rule, friendly, notwithstanding the fact that the behaviour
+of the Spanish soldiers, especially towards their women, occasionally
+aroused their distrust and resentment. At one establishment only did
+serious disturbances actually threaten for a time the continuance of the
+mission and its work. Junipero had lately returned from Mexico, with
+undiminished zeal and all sorts of fresh designs revolving in his brain,
+when a courier reached him at San Carlos bringing news of a terrible
+disaster at San Diego. Important affairs detained him for a time at
+Monterey, but when at length he was able to get to the scene of the
+trouble, it was to find that first reports had not been exaggerated. On
+the night of the 4th of November, 1775, eight hundred Indians had made a
+ferocious assault upon the mission, fired the buildings, and brutally
+done to death Father Jayme, one of the two priests in charge. "God be
+thanked," Junipero had exclaimed, when the letter containing the
+dreadful news had been read to him, "now the soil is watered, and the
+conquest of the Dieguinos will soon be complete!" In the faith that the
+blood of the martyrs is veritably the seed of the church, he, on
+reaching San Diego, with his customary energy, set about the task of
+re-establishing the mission; and the buildings which presently arose
+from the ruins were a great improvement upon those which had been
+destroyed.
+
+Before these alarming events at the mother-mission broke in upon his
+regular work, the president had resolved upon yet another settlement
+(not included in the still uncompleted plan), for which he had selected
+a point on the coast some twenty-six leagues north of San Diego, and
+which was to be dedicated to San Juan Capistrano. A beginning had indeed
+been made there, not by Junipero in person, but by fathers delegated by
+him for the purpose; but when news of the murder of Father Jayme reached
+them, they had hastily buried bells, chasubles and supplies, and hurried
+south. As soon as ever he felt it wise to leave San Diego Junipero
+himself now repaired to the abandoned site; and there, on the 1st of
+November, 1776, the bells were dug up and hung, mass said, and the
+mission established. It is curious to remember that while the
+padre-presidente was thus immersed in apostolic labors on the far
+Pacific coast, on the other side of the North American continent events
+of a very different character were shaking the whole civilized world.
+
+Though the establishment of San Juan Capistrano is naturally mentioned
+in this place, partly because of the abortive start made there a year
+before, and partly because its actual foundation constituted the next
+noteworthy incident in Junipero's career, this mission is, in strict
+chronological order, not the sixth, but the seventh on our list. For
+some three weeks before its dedication, and without the knowledge of the
+president himself, though in full accordance with his designs, the cross
+had been planted at a point many leagues northward beyond San Carlos,
+and destined presently to be the most important on the coast. It will be
+remembered that when Portolà's party made their first futile search for
+the harbour of Monterey, they had by accident found their way as far as
+the Bay of San Francisco. The significance of their discovery was not
+appreciated at the time, either by themselves or by those at
+headquarters to whom it was reported; but later explorations so clearly
+established the value of the spot for settlement and fortification, that
+it was determined to build a presidio there. Some years previous to
+this, as we have seen, a mission on the northern bay had been part of
+Junipero's ambitious scheme; and though at the time he was forced by
+circumstances to hold his hand, the idea was constantly uppermost in his
+thoughts. At length, when, in the summer of 1776, an expedition was
+despatched from Monterey for the founding of the proposed presidio, two
+missionaries were included in the party - one of these being none other
+than that Father Palou, whose records have been our chief guides in the
+course of this story. The buildings of the presidio - store house,
+commandant's dwelling, and huts for the soldiers and their families -
+were completed by the middle of September; and on the 17th of that month
+- the day of St. Francis, patron of the station and harbour - imposing
+ceremonies of foundation were performed. A wooden church was then built;
+and on the 9th of October, in the presence of many witnesses, Father
+Palou said mass, the image of St. Francis was borne about in procession,
+and the mission solemnly dedicated to his name[4].
+
+It was at San Luis Obispo on his way back from San Diego to Monterey,
+that Father Junipero learned of the foundation of the mission at San
+Francisco, and though he may doubtless have felt some little regret at
+not having himself been present on such an occasion, his heart
+overflowed with joy. For there was a special reason why the long delay
+in carrying out this portion of his plan had weighed heavily upon him.
+Years before, when the visitador general had told him that the first
+three missions in Alta California were to be named after San Diego, San
+Carlos and San Buenaventura (for such, we recollect, had been the
+original programme), he had exclaimed: - "Then is our father, St.
+Francis, to have no mission?" And Galvez had made reply: - "If St.
+Francis desires a mission, let him show us his port, and he shall have
+one there." To Junipero it had seemed that Portolà had providentially
+been led beyond Monterey to the Bay of San Francisco, and the founder of
+his order had thus given emphatic answer to the visitador's  words. It
+may well be imagined that he was ill at rest until the saint's wishes
+had been carried into effect.
+
+But this was not the only good work done in the north while Junipero was
+busy elsewhere; for on the 12th of January, 1777, the Mission of Santa
+Clara was established in the wonderfully fertile and beautiful valley
+which is now known by that name. The customary rites were performed by
+Father Tomas de la Peña, a rude chapel erected, and the work of
+constructing the necessary buildings of the settlement immediately
+begun[5]. It should be noted in passing that before the end of the year
+the town of San Jose - or, to give it its full Spanish title, El Pueblo
+de San Jose de Guadalupe - was founded near by. This has historic
+interest as the first purely civil settlement in California. The fine
+Alameda from the mission to the pueblo was afterwards made and laid out
+under the fathers' supervision.
+
+
+
+[4] This is now colloquially known as the Mission Dolores. Its proper
+title is, however, Mission of San Francisco de Assis. It originally
+stood on the Laguna de los Dolores (now filled up) ; and hence its
+popular name.
+
+[5] The site originally chosen lay too low, and from the outset danger
+of inundation was foreseen. A flood occurred in 1779, and in 1784 the
+mission was removed to higher ground. The present buildings date from
+1825-26.
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+
+
+Though Junipero's subordinates had thus done without him in these
+important developments at San Francisco and Santa Clara, he still
+resolved to go north, both to visit the new foundations and to inspect
+for himself the marvellous country of which he had heard much, but which
+he had not yet seen. As usual, he was long detained by urgent affairs,
+and it was not till autumn that he succeeded in breaking away. He made a
+short stay at Santa Clara, and then pushed on to San Francisco, which he
+reached in time to say mass on St. Francis' day. After a ten days' rest,
+he crossed to the presidio and feasted his eyes on the glorious vision
+of the Golden Gate - a sight which once seen is never to be forgotten.
+"Thanks be to God!" he cried, in rapture (these, says Palou, were the
+words most frequently on his lips); "now our Father St. Francis, with
+the Holy Cross of the procession of missions, has reached the ultimate
+end of this continent of California. To go further ships will be
+required!" Yet his joy was tempered with the thought that the eight
+missions already founded were very far apart, and that much labour would
+be necessary to fill up the gaps.
+
+It was thus with the feeling that, while something had been done, far
+more was left to do, that the padre returned to his own special charge
+at San Carlos. Various circumstances in combination had caused the
+postponement, year after year, of that third mission, which, according
+to original intentions, was to have followed immediately upon the
+establishments at San Diego and Monterey. Three new settlements were now
+projected on the Santa Barbara Channel, and the first of these was to be
+the mission of San Buenaventura. It was not until 1782, however, that
+the long-delayed purpose was at length accomplished. The site chosen was
+at the southeastern extremity of the channel, and close to an Indian
+village, or ranchería to which Portalà's expedition in 1769 had given
+the name of Ascencion de Nuestra Señora, or, briefly, Assumpta. A little
+later on, in pursuance of the same plan, the then governor, Filipe de
+Neve, took formal possession of a spot some ten leagues distant, and
+there began the construction of the presidio of Santa Barbara. It was
+Junipero's earnest desire to proceed at once with the adjoining mission.
+But the governor, for reasons of his own, threw obstacles in the way,
+and in the end this fresh undertaking was left to other hands.
+
+For we have now come to the close of Father Junipero's long and
+strenuous career; and as we look back over the record of it, our wonder
+is, not that he should have died when he did, but rather that he had not
+killed himself many years before. His is surely one of those cases in
+which supreme spiritual power and sheer force of will triumph over an
+accumulation of bodily ills. Far from robust of constitution, he had
+never given himself consideration or repose, forcing himself to
+exertions which it would have appeared utterly impossible that his frame
+could bear, and adding to the constant strain of his labours and travels
+the hardships of self-inflicted tortures of a severe ascetic régime. He
+had always been much troubled by the old ulcer on his leg, though this,
+no matter how painful, he never regarded save when it actually
+incapacitated him for work; and for many years he had suffered from a
+serious affection of the heart, which had been greatly aggravated, even
+if it was not in the first instance caused, by his habit of beating
+himself violently on his chest with a huge stone, at the conclusion of
+his sermons - to the natural horror of his hearers, who, it is said,
+were often alarmed lest he should drop dead before their eyes. The fatal
+issue of such practices could only be a question of time. At length,
+mental anxiety and sorrow added their weight to his burden -
+particularly disappointment at the slow progress of his enterprise, and
+grief over the death of his fellow-countryman and close friend, Father
+Crespì, who passed to his well-earned rest on New Year's Day, 1782.
+After this loss, it is recorded, he was never the same man again, though
+he held so tenaciously to his duties, that only a year before the call
+came to him, being then over seventy, he limped from San Diego to
+Monterey, visiting his missions, and weeping over the outlying Indian
+rancherìas, because he was powerless to help the unconverted dwellers in
+them. He died at San Carlos, tenderly nursed to the end by the faithful
+Palou, on the 28th August, 1784; and his passing was so peaceful that
+those watching thought him asleep. On hearing the mission bells toll for
+his death, the whole population, knowing well what had occurred, burst
+into tears; and when, clothed in the simple habit of his order, his body
+was laid out in his cell, the native neophytes crowded in with flowers,
+while the Spanish soldiers and sailors pressed round in the hope of
+being blessed by momentary contact with his corpse. He was laid beneath
+the mission altar beside his beloved friend Crespì; but when, in after
+years, a new church was built, the remains of both were removed and
+placed within it.
+
+It is not altogether easy to measure such a man as Junipero Serra by our
+ordinary modern standards of character and conduct. He was essentially a
+religious enthusiast, and as a religious enthusiast he must be judged.
+To us who read his story from a distance, who breathe an atmosphere
+totally different from his, and whose lives are governed by quite other
+passions and ideals, he may often appear one-sided, extravagant,
+deficient in tact and forethought, and, in the excess of his zeal, too
+ready to sacrifice everything to the purposes he never for an instant
+allowed to drop out of his sight. We may even, with some of his critics,
+protest that he was not a man of powerful intellect; that his views of
+people and things were distressingly narrow; that, after his kind, he
+was extremely superstitious; that he was despotic in his dealings with
+his converts, and stiffnecked in his relations with the civil and
+military authorities. For all this is doubtless true. But all this must
+not prevent us from seeing him as he actually was - charitable,
+large-hearted, energetic, indomitable; in all respects a remarkable, in
+many ways, a really wise and great man. At whatever points he may fall
+short of our criteria, this much must be said of him, that he was fired
+throughout with the high spirit of his vocation, that he was punctual in
+the performance of duty as he understood it, that he was obedient to the
+most rigorous dictates of that Gospel which he had set himself to
+preach. In absolute, single-hearted, unflinching, and tireless devotion
+to the task of his life - the salvation of heathen souls - he spent
+himself freely and cheerfully, a true follower of that noblest and most
+engaging of the mediaeval saints, whose law he had laid upon himself,
+and whom he looked up to as his guide and examplar. Let us place him
+where he belongs - among the transcendent apostolic figures of his own
+church; for thus alone shall we do justice to his personality, his
+objects, his career. The memory of such a man will survive all changes
+in creeds and ideals; and the great state, of which he was the first
+pioneer, will do honour to herself in honouring him.
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+
+
+After Junipero's death the supervision of the missions devolved for a
+time upon Palou, under whose management, owing to difficulties with the
+civil powers, no new foundations were undertaken, though satisfactory
+progress was made in those already existing. In 1786, Palou was
+appointed head of the College of San Fernando, and his place as mission
+president was filled by Father Firmin Francisco de Lasuen, by whom the
+mission of Santa Barbara was dedicated, on the festival day of that
+virgin-martyr, before the close of the year[6]. Just twelve months
+later, the third channel settlement was started, with the performance of
+the usual rites, on the spot fixed for the Mission of La Purisima
+Concepcion, at the western extremity of the bay; though some months
+passed before real work there was begun. Thus the proposed scheme,
+elaborated before Junipero's death, for the occupation of that portion
+of the coast, was at length successfully carried out.
+
+Hardly had this been accomplished before the viceroy and governor,
+having resolved upon a further extension of the mission system, sent
+orders to Father Lasuen to proceed with two fresh settlements, one of
+which was to be dedicated to the Holy Cross, the other to Our Lady of
+Solitude. Time was, as usual, consumed in making the necessary
+preparations, and the two missions were finally founded within a few
+weeks of each other - on the 28th of August and the 9th of October,
+1791, respectively. The site selected for the Mission of Santa Cruz was
+in the neighborhood already known by that name, and near the San Lorenzo
+River; that of Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, on the west side of the
+Salinas River, in the vicinity of the present town of Soledad, and about
+thirty miles from Monterey.
+
+A glance at the map of California will help us to understand the policy
+which had dictated the creation of the four missions founded since
+Junipero's death. The enormous stretch of country between San Francisco
+and San Diego, the northern and southern extremes of evangelical
+enterprise, was as yet quite insufficiently occupied, and these new
+settlements had been started with the object of to some extent filling
+up the vast vacant spaces still left among those already existing. For
+the efficient performance of missionary work something more was needed
+than a number of separate establishments, no matter how well managed and
+successful these in themselves might be. Systematic organization was
+essential; for this it was requisite that the various missions should be
+brought, by proximity, into vital relations with one another, that
+communication might be kept up, companionship enjoyed, and, in case of
+need, advice given and assistance rendered. The foundations of Santa
+Barbara, La Purisima, Santa Cruz and Soledad, had done something, as
+will be seen, towards the ultimate drawing together of the scattered
+outposts of church and civilization. But with them a beginning had only
+been made. Further developments of the same general plan which aimed, it
+will be understood, not alone at the spiritual conquest, but also at the
+proper control of the new kingdom - were now taken under consideration.
+And, as a result, five fresh missions were presently resolved upon. One
+of these was to be situated between San Francisco and Santa Clara; the
+second, between Santa Clara and Monterey; the third, between San Antonio
+and San Luis Obispo; the fourth, between San Buenaventura and San
+Gabriel; and the fifth, between San Juan Capistrano and San Diego. The
+importance of these proposed settlements as connecting links will be at
+once apparent, if we observe that by reason of their carefully chosen
+locations they served, as it were, to put the older missions into actual
+touch. When at length the preliminary arrangements had been made, no
+time was wasted in the carrying out of the programme, and in a little
+over a year, all five missions were in operation. The mission San Jose
+(a rather tardy recognition to the patron-saint of the whole
+undertaking), was founded on the 11th June, 1797; San Juan Bautista
+thirteen days later; San Miguel Arcángel on the 25th July, and San
+Fernando Rey de España on the 8th September of the same year; and San
+Luis Rey de Francia (commonly called San Luis Rey to distinguish it from
+San Luis Obispo), on the 13th of the July following. The delay which had
+not at all been anticipated in the establishment of this last-named
+mission, was due to some difficulties in regard to site. With this ended
+- so far as fresh foundations were concerned - the pious labours of
+Lasuen as padre-presidente. He now returned to San Carlos to devote
+himself during the remainder of his life to the arduous duties of
+supervision and administration. There he died, in 1803, aged
+eighty-three years.
+
+His successor, Father Estevan Tapis, fourth president of the Upper
+California missions, signalized his elevation to office by adding a
+nineteenth to the establishments under his charge. Founded on the 17th
+September, 1804, on a spot, eighteen miles from La Purisima and
+twenty-two from Santa Barbara, to which Lasuen had already directed
+attention, this was dedicated to the virgin-martyr, Santa Inez. It was
+felt that a settlement somewhere in this region was still needed for the
+completion of the mission system, since without it, a gap was left in
+the line between the two missions first-named, which were some forty
+miles apart. With the planting of Santa Inez thorough spiritual
+occupation may be said to have been accomplished over the entire area
+between San Francisco and San Diego, and from the Coast Range to the
+ocean. The nineteen missions had been so distributed over the vast
+country, that the Indians scattered through it could everywhere be
+reached; while the distance from mission to mission had, at the same
+time, been so reduced that it was in no case too great to be easily
+covered in a single day's journey. The fathers of each establishment
+could thus hold frequent intercourse with their next neighbors, and
+occasional travelers moving to and fro on business could from day to day
+be certain of finding a place for refreshment and repose[7].
+
+
+
+[6] The original adobe church was injured by earthquakes in 1806 and
+1812. The present edifice was begun in 1815 and finished in 1820.
+
+[7] The table given by the French traveler, De Mofras, in his
+authoritative Exploration du Territoire de L'Oregon, les Californies,
+etc., shows us that the distance between mission and mission nowhere
+exceeded nighteen leagues, and that it was often very much less.
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+
+
+Santa Inez carries us for the first time over into the nineteenth
+century, and its establishment may in a sense be regarded as marking the
+term of the period of expansion in California mission history. A pause
+of more than a decade ensued, during which no effort was made towards
+the further spread of the general system; and then, with the planting of
+two relatively unimportant settlements in a district thentofore
+unoccupied the tally was brought to a close.
+
+The missions which thus represented a slight and temporary revival of
+the old spirit of enterprise, were those of San Rafael Arcángel and San
+Francisco Solano. The former, located near Mount Tamalpais, between San
+Francisco de Assis and the Russian military station at Fort Ross, dates
+from the 17th December, 1817; the latter, situated still further north,
+in the Sonoma Valley, from the 4th July, 1823. Some little uncertainty
+exists as to the true reasons and purposes of their foundation. The
+commonly accepted version of the story connects them directly with
+problems which arose out of the course of affairs at San Francisco. In
+1817 a most serious epidemic caused great mortality among the Indians
+there; a panic seemed inevitable; and on the advice of Lieutenant Sola,
+a number of the sick neophytes were removed by the padres to the other
+side of the bay. The change of climate proved highly beneficial; the
+region of Mount Tamalpais was found singularly attractive; and a
+decision to start a branch establishment, or asistencia, of the mission
+at San Francisco was a natural result. The patronage of San Rafael was
+selected in the hope that, as the name itself expresses the "healing of
+God," that "most glorious prince" might be induced to care "for bodies
+as well as souls." While considerable success attended this new venture,
+the condition of things at San Francisco, on the other hand, continued
+anything but satisfactory; and a proposal based on these two facts was
+presently made, that the old mission should be removed entirely from the
+peninsula, and refounded in a more favorable locality somewhere in the
+healthy and fertile country beyond San Rafael. It was thus that the name
+of San Francisco got attached from the outset to the new settlement at
+Sonoma; and when later on (the old mission being left in its place) this
+was made into an independent mission, the name was retained, though the
+dedication was transferred, appropriately enough, from St. Francis of
+Assisi to that other St. Francis who figures in the records as "the
+great apostle of the Indies."
+
+Such is the simpler explanation of the way in which the last two
+missions came to be established. It has, however, been suggested that,
+while all this may be true as far as it goes, other causes were at work
+of a subtler character than those specified, and that these causes were
+involved in the development of political affairs. It will have been
+noted that, though the threatened encroachments of the Russians had been
+one of the chief reasons for this Spanish occupation of Alta California,
+there had hitherto been no attempt to meet their possible advances in
+the very regions where they were most to be expected - that is, in the
+country north of San Francisco. In course of time, however, always with
+the ostensible purpose of hunting the seal and the otter, the Russians
+were found to be creeping further and further south; and at length,
+under instructions from St. Petersburg, they took possession of the
+region of Bodega Bay, establishing there a trading post of their Fur
+Company, and a strong military station which they called Fort Ross. As
+this settlement was on the coast, and only sixty-five miles, as the crow
+flies, from San Francisco, it will be seen that the Spanish authorities
+had some genuine cause for alarm. And the mission movement north of San
+Francisco is considered by some writers to have been initiated, less
+from spiritual motives, than from the dread of continued Russian
+aggression, and the hope of raising at least a slight barrier against
+it. However this may be, the two missions were never employed for
+defensive purposes; nor is it very clear that they could have been made
+of much practical service in case of actual need.
+
+
+
+X.
+
+
+
+Such, in briefest outline, is the story of the planting of the
+twenty-one missions of Alta California. This story, as we have seen,
+brings us down to the year 1823. But by this time, as we follow the
+chronicles, our attention has already begun to be diverted from the
+forces which still made for growth and success to those which ere long
+were to co-operate for the complete undoing of the mission system and
+the ruin of all its work.
+
+Perhaps it was in the nature of things (if one may venture here to
+employ a phrase too often used out of mere idleness or ignorance) that
+the undertaking which year by year had been carried forward with so much
+energy and success, should after a while come to a standstill; and the
+commonest observation of life will suffice to remind us that when
+progress ceases, retrogression is almost certain to set in. The immense
+zeal and unflagging enthusiasm of Junipero Serra and his immediate
+followers could not be transmitted by any rite or formula to the men
+upon whose shoulders their responsibilities came presently to rest. Men
+they were, of course, of widely varying characters and capabilities -
+some, unfortunately, altogether unworthy both morally and mentally, of
+their high calling; many, on the contrary, genuine embodiments of the
+great principles of their order - humane, benevolent, faithful in the
+discharge of daily duty, patient alike in labour and trial, and careful
+administrators of the practical affairs which lay within their charge.
+But without injustice it may be said of them that for the most part they
+possessed little of the tremendous personal force of their predecessors,
+and a generous endowment of such personal force was as needful now as it
+ever had been.
+
+Not unless we wish to emulate Southey's learned friend, who wrote whole
+volumes of hypothetical history in the subjunctive mood, it is hardly
+necessary for present purposes to discuss the internal changes which,
+had the missions been left to themselves, might in the long run have
+brought about their decay. For as a matter of fact the missions were not
+left to themselves. The closing chapter of their history, to which we
+have now to turn, is mainly concerned, not with their spiritual
+management, or with their success or failure in the work they had been
+given to do, but with the general movement of political events, and the
+upheavals which preceded the final conquest of California by the United
+States.
+
+In considering the attitude of the civil authorities towards the mission
+system, and their dealings with it, we must remember that the Spanish
+government had from the first anticipated the gradual transformation of
+the missions into pueblos and parishes, and with this, the substitution
+of the regular clergy for the Franciscan padres. This was part of the
+general plan of colonization, of which the mission settlements were
+regarded as forming only the beginning. Their work was to bring the
+heathen into the fold of the church, to subdue them to the conditions of
+civilization, to instruct them in the arts of peace, and thus to prepare
+them for citizenship; and this done, it was purposed that they should be
+straightway removed from the charge of the fathers and placed under
+civil jurisdiction. No decisive step towards the accomplishment of this
+design was, however, taken for many years; and meanwhile, the fathers
+jealously resisted every effort of the government to interfere with
+their prerogatives. At length, with little comprehension of the nature
+of the materials out of which citizens were thus to be manufactured, and
+with quite as little realization of the fact that the paternal methods
+of education adopted by the padres were calculated, not to train their
+neophytes to self-government, but to keep them in a state of perpetual
+tutelage, the Spanish Cortes decreed that all missions which had then
+been in existence ten years should at once be turned over to bishops,
+and the Indians attached to them made subject to civil authority. Though
+promulgated in 1813, this decree was not published in California till
+1820, and even then was practically a dead letter. Two years later,
+California became a province of the Mexican Empire, and in due course
+the new government turned its attention to the missions, in 1833
+ordering their complete secularization. The atrocious mishandling by
+both Spain and Mexico of the funds by which they had been kept up, and
+the large demands made later upon them for provisions and money, had by
+this time made serious inroads upon their resources; notwithstanding
+which they had faithfully persisted in their work. The new law now dealt
+them a crushing blow. Ten years of great confusion followed, and then an
+effort was made to save them from the complete ruin by which they were
+threatened by a proclamation ordering that the more important of them,
+twelve in number, should be restored to the padres. Nothing came of
+this, however; the collapse continued; and in 1846, the sale of the
+mission buildings was decreed by the Departmental Assembly. When in the
+August of that year, the American flag was unfurled at Monterey,
+everything connected with the missions - their lands, their priests,
+their neophytes, their management - was in a state of seemingly hopeless
+chaos. Finally General Kearney issued a declaration to the effect that
+"the missions and their property should remain under the charge of the
+Catholic priests . . . until the titles to the lands should be decided
+by proper authority." But of whatever temporary service this measure may
+have been, it was of course altogether powerless to breathe fresh life
+into a system already in the last stages of decay. The mission-buildings
+were crumbling into ruins. Their lands were neglected; their converts
+for the most part dead or scattered. The rule of the padres was over.
+The Spanish missions in Alta California were things of the past.
+
+In these late days of a civilization so different in all its essential
+elements from that which the Franciscans laboured so strenuously to
+establish on the Pacific Coast, we may think of the fathers as we will,
+and pass what judgment we see fit upon their work. But be that what it
+may, our hearts cannot fail to be touched and stirred by the pitiful
+story of those true servants of God who, in the hour of ultimate
+disaster, firmly refused to be separated from their flocks.
+
+Among the ruins of San Luis Obispo, in 1842, De Mofras found the oldest
+Spanish priest then left in California, who, after sixty years of
+unremitting toil, was then reduced to such abject poverty that he was
+forced to sleep on a hide, drink from a horn, and feed upon strips of
+meat dried in the sun. Yet this faithful creature still continued to
+share the little he possessed with the children of the few Indians who
+lingered in the huts about the deserted church; and when efforts were
+made to induce him to seek some other spot where he might find refuge
+and rest, his answer was that he meant to die at his post. The same
+writer has recorded an even more tragic case from the annals of La
+Soledad. Long after the settlement there had been abandoned, and when
+the buildings were falling to pieces, an old priest, Father Sarría,
+still remained to minister to the bodily and physical wants of a handful
+of wretched natives who yet haunted the neighborhood, and whom he
+absolutely refused to forsake. One Sunday morning in August, 1833, after
+his habit, he gathered his neophytes together in what was once the
+church, and began, according to his custom, the celebration of the mass.
+But age, suffering, and privation had by this time told fatally upon
+him. Hardly had he commenced the service, when his strength gave way. He
+stumbled upon the crumbling altar, and died, literally of starvation, in
+the arms of those to whom for thirty years he had given freely whatever
+he had to give. Surely these simple records of Christ-like devotion will
+live in the tender remembrance of all who revere the faith that, linked
+with whatever creed, manifests itself in good works, the love that
+spends itself in service, the quiet heroism that endures to the end.
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+
+
+The California missions, though greatly varying of course in regard to
+size and economy, were constructed upon the same general plan, in the
+striking and beautiful style of architecture, roughly known as Moorish,
+which the fathers transplanted from Spain, but which rather seems by
+reason of its singular appropriateness, a native growth of the new soil.
+The edifices which now, whether in ruins or in restoration, still
+testify to the skill and energy of their pious designers, were in all
+cases later, in most cases much later, than the settlements themselves.
+At the outset, a few rude buildings of wood or adobe were deemed
+sufficient for the temporary accommodation of priests and converts, and
+the celebration of religious services. Then, little by little,
+substantial structures in brick or stone took the place of these, and
+what we now think of as the mission came into being.
+
+The best account left us of the mission establishment in its palmy days
+is that given by De Mofras in his careful record of travel and
+exploration along the Pacific Coast; and often quoted as this has been,
+we still cannot do better here than to translate some portions of it
+anew. The observant Frenchman wrote with his eye mainly upon what was
+perhaps the most completely typical of all the missions - that of San
+Luis Rey. But his description, though containing a number of merely
+local particulars, was intended to be general; and for this reason may
+the more properly be reproduced in this place.
+
+"The edifice," he wrote, "is quadrilateral, and about one hundred and
+fifty metres long in front. The church occupies one of the wings. The
+façade is ornamented with a gallery [or arcade]. The building, a single
+storey in height, is generally raised some feet above the ground. The
+interior forms a court, adorned with flowers and planted with trees.
+Opening on the gallery which runs round it are the rooms of the monks,
+majordomos, and travelers, as well as the workshops, schoolrooms, and
+storehouses. Hospitals for men and women are situated in the quietest
+parts of the mission, where also are placed the schoolrooms. The young
+Indian girls occupy apartments called the monastery (el moujerìo), and
+they themselves are styled nuns (las moujas) . . . Placed under the care
+of trustworthy Indian women, they are there taught to spin wool, flax,
+and cotton, and do no leave their seclusion till they are old enough to
+be married. The Indian children attend the same school as the children
+of the white colonists. A certain number of them, chosen from those who
+exhibit most intelligence, are taught music - plain-chant, violin,
+flute, horn, violincello, and other instruments. Those who distinguish
+themselves in the carpenter's shop, at the forge, or in the field, are
+termed alcaldes, or chiefs, and given charge of a band of workmen. The
+management of each mission is composed of two monks; the elder looks
+after internal administration and religious instruction; the younger has
+direction of agricultural work . . . For the sake of order and morals,
+whites are employed only where strictly necessary, for the fathers know
+their influence to be altogether harmful, and that they lead the Indians
+to gambling and drunkenness, to which vices they are already too prone.
+To encourage the natives in their tasks, the fathers themselves often
+lend a hand, and everywhere furnish an example of industry. Necessity
+has made them industrious. One is struck with astonishment on observing
+that, with such meagre resources, often without European workmen or any
+skilled help, but with the assistance only of savages, always
+unintelligent and often hostile, they have yet succeeded in executing
+such works of architecture and engineering as mills, machinery, bridges,
+roads, and canals for irrigation. For the erection of nearly all the
+mission buildings it was necessary to bring to the sites chosen, beams
+cut on mountains eight or ten leagues away, and to teach the Indians to
+burn lime, cut stone, and make bricks.
+
+"Around the mission," De Mofras continues, "are the huts of the
+neophytes, and the dwellings of some white colonists. Besides the
+central establishment, there exists, for a space of thirty or forty
+leagues, accessory farms to the number of fifteen or twenty, and branch
+chapels (chapelles succursales). Opposite the mission is a guard-house
+for an escort, composed of four cavalry soldiers and a sergeant. These
+act as messengers, carrying orders from one mission to another, and in
+the earlier days of conquest repelled the savages who would sometimes
+attack the settlement."
+
+Of the daily life and routine of a mission, accounts of travelers enable
+us to form a pretty vivid picture; and though doubtless changes of
+detail might be marked in passing from place to place, the larger and
+more essential features would be found common to all the establishments.
+
+At sunrise the little community was already astir, and then the Angelus
+summoned all to the church, where mass was said, and a short time given
+to the religious instruction of the neophytes. Breakfast followed,
+composed mainly of the staple dish atole, or pottage of roasted barley.
+This finished, the Indians repaired in squads, each under the
+supervision of its alcalde, to their various tasks in workshop and
+field. Between eleven and twelve o'clock, a wholesome and sufficiently
+generous midday meal was served out. At two, work was resumed. An hour
+or so before sunset, the bell again tolled for the Angelus; evening mass
+was performed; and after supper had been eaten, the day closed with
+dance, or music, or some simple games of chance. Thus week by week, and
+month by month, with monotonous regularity, life ran its unbroken
+course; and what with the labours directly connected with the management
+of the mission itself, the tending of sheep and cattle in the
+neighboring ranches, and the care of the gardens and orchards upon which
+the population was largely dependent for subsistence, there was plenty
+to occupy the attention of the padres, and quite enough work to be done
+by the Indians under their charge. But all this does not exhaust the
+list of mission activities. For in course of time, as existence became
+more settled, and the children of the early converts shot up into boys
+and girls, various industries were added to such first necessary
+occupations, and the natives were taught to work at the forge and the
+bench, to make saddles and shoes, to weave, and cut, and sew. In these
+and similar acts, many of them acquired considerable proficiency.
+
+It is pleasant enough to look back upon such a busy yet placid life. But
+while we may justly acknowledge its antique, pastoral charm, we must
+guard ourselves against the temptation to idealization. Beautiful in
+many respects it must have been; but its shadows were long and deep.
+According to the first principles adopted by the missionaries, the
+domesticated Indians were held down rigorously in a condition of servile
+dependence and subjection. They were indeed, as one of the early
+travelers in California put it, slaves under another name - slaves to
+the cast-iron power of a system which, like all systems, was capable of
+unlimited abuse, and which, at the very best, was narrow and arbitrary.
+Every vestige of freedom was taken from them when they entered, or were
+brought into, the settlement. Henceforth they belonged, body and soul,
+to the mission and its authority. Their tasks were assigned to them,
+their movements controlled, the details of their daily doings dictated,
+by those who were to all intents and purposes their absolute masters;
+and corporal punishment was visited freely not only upon those who were
+guilty of actual misdemeanor, but also upon such as failed in attendance
+at church, or, when there, did not conduct themselves properly. From
+time to time some unusually turbulent spirit would rise against such
+paternal despotism, and break away to his old savage life. But these
+cases, we are told, were of rare occurrence. The California Indians were
+for the most part indolent, apathetic, and of low intelligence; and as,
+under domestication, they were clothed, housed and fed, while the labour
+demanded from them was rarely excessive, they were wont as a rule to
+accept the change from the hardships of their former rough existence to
+the comparative comfort of the mission, if not exactly in a spirit of
+gratitude, at any rate with a certain brutal contentment.
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+
+
+It does not fall within the scope of this little sketch, in which
+nothing more has been aimed at than to tell an interesting story in the
+simplest possible way, to enter into any discussion of a question to
+which what has just been said might naturally seem to lead - the
+question, namely, of the results, immediate and remote, of the mission
+system in California. The widely divergent conclusions on this subject
+registered by the historians will, on investigation, be found, as in
+most such cases, to depend quite as much upon bias of mind and
+preconceived ideals, as upon the bare facts presented, concerning which,
+one would imagine, there can hardly be much difference of opinion. To
+decide upon the value of a given social experiment, we must, to begin
+with, wake up our minds as to what we should wish to see achieved; and
+where there is no unanimity concerning the object to be reached, there
+will scarcely be any in respect of the means employed. It is not to be
+wondered at, therefore, that critical judgment upon the Franciscan
+missionaries and their work has been given here in terms of unqualified
+laudation, and there in the form of severest disapproval, and that
+everyone who touches the topic afresh is expected to take sides. In
+their favor it must, I think, be universally admitted that they wrought
+always with the highest motives and the noblest intentions, and that
+their labours were really fruitful of much good among the native tribes.
+On the other hand, when regarded from the standpoint of secular
+progress, it seems equally certain that their work was sadly hampered by
+narrowness of outlook and understanding, and an utter want of
+appreciation of the demands and conditions of the modern world. Thus
+while we give them the fullest credit for all that they accomplished by
+their teachings and example, we have still frankly to acknowledge their
+failure in the most important and most difficult part of their
+undertaking - in the task of transforming many thousands of ignorant and
+degraded savages into self-respecting men and women, fit for the duties
+and responsibilities of civilization. Yet to put it in this way is to
+show sharply enough that such failure is not hastily to be set down to
+their discredit. It is often said, indeed, that they went altogether the
+wrong way to work for the achievement of the much-desired result; and it
+is unquestionably true, as La Pérouse long ago pointed out, that they
+made the fundamental, but with them inevitable mistake, of sacrificing
+the temporal and material welfare of the natives to the consideration of
+so-called "heavenly interests." Yet in common fairness we must remember
+the stuff with which they had to deal. The Indian was by nature a child
+and a slave; and if, out of children and slaves they did not at once
+manufacture independent and law-abiding citizens, is it for us, who have
+not yet exhibited triumphant success in handling the same problem under
+far more favorable conditions, to cover them with our contempt, or
+dismiss them with our blame? Civilization is at best a slow and painful
+affair, as we half-civilized people ought surely to understand by this
+time - a matter not of individuals and years, but of generations and
+centuries; and nothing permanent has ever yet been gained by any
+attempt, how promising soever it may have seemed, to force the natural
+processes of social evolution. The mission padres bore the cross from
+point to point along the far-off Pacific coast; they built churches,
+they founded settlements, they gave their strength to the uplifting of
+the heathen. Little that was enduring came out of all this toil. Perhaps
+this was partly because their methods were shortsighted, their means
+inadequate to the ends proposed. But when we remember that they had set
+their hands to an almost impossible task, we shall perhaps be inclined
+rather to acknowledge their partial success, than to deal harshly with
+them on the score of their manifest failure.
+
+Be all this as it may, however, the missions of California passed away,
+leaving practically nothing behind them but a memory. Yet this is surely
+a memory to be cherished by all who feel a pious reverence for the past,
+and whose hearts are responsive to the sense of tears that there is in
+mortal things. And alike for those who live beneath the blue skies of
+California, and for those who wander awhile as visitors among her scenes
+of wonder and enchantment, the old mission buildings will ever be
+objects of curious and unique interest. Survivals from a by-gone era,
+embodiments not only of the purposes of their founders, but of the faith
+which built the great cathedrals of Europe, they stand pathetic figures
+in a world to which they do not seem to belong. In the noise and bustle
+of the civilization which is taking possession of what was once their
+territory, they have no share. The life about them looks towards the
+future. They point mutely to the past. A tender sentiment clings about
+them; in their hushed enclosures we breathe a drowsy old-world
+atmosphere of peace; to linger within their walls, to muse in their
+graveyards, is to step out of the noisy present into the silence of
+departed years. In a land where everything is of yesterday, and whose
+marvellous natural beauties are but rarely touched with the associations
+of history or charms of romance, these things have a subtle and peculiar
+power - a magic not to be resisted by any one who turns aside for an
+hour or two from the highways of the modern world, to dream among the
+scenes where the old padres toiled and died. And as in imagination he
+there calls up the ghostly figures of neophyte and soldier and priest,
+now busy with the day's task-work, now kneeling at twilight mass in the
+dimly-lighted chapel; as the murmur of strange voices and the faint
+music of bell and chant steal in upon his ears; he will hardly fail to
+realize that, however much or little the Franciscan missionaries
+accomplished for California, they have passed down to our prosaic
+after-generation a legacy of poetry, whereof the sweetness will not soon
+die away.
+
+
+
+The End.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA ***
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