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diff --git a/5211-h/5211-h.htm b/5211-h/5211-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1531ba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/5211-h/5211-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2053 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + The Famous Missions of California, by William Henry Hudson + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California, by +William Henry Hudson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Famous Missions of California + +Author: William Henry Hudson + +Release Date: March 28, 2009 [EBook #5211] +Last Updated: January 25, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA *** + + + + +Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA + </h1> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + by William Henry Hudson + </h2> + <h3> + Lately Professor of English Literature at Stanford University, + </h3> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h5> + To<br /><br /> Bonnie Burckhalter Fletcher <br /><br /> With Affectionate + Recollections of California Days <br /><br /> London, England, 1901 + </h5> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> <b>THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA.</b> + </a><br /><br /><br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> I. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> II. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> III. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> IV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> V. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> VI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> VII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> VIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> IX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> X. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> XI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> XII. </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> <a href="#link2H_FOOT"> FOOTNOTES </a> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h3> + Detailed Contents. + </h3> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + I. Of Junipero Serra, and the proposed settlement of Alta California. + II. How Father Junipero came to San Diego. + III. Of the founding of the Mission at San Diego. + IV. Of Portola's quest for the harbour of Monterey, and the founding + of the Mission of San Carlos. + V. How Father Junipero established the Missions of San Antonio de + Padua, San Gabriel, and San Louis Obispo. + VI. Of the tragedy at San Diego, and the founding of the Missions of + San Juan Capistrano, San Francisco, and Santa Clara. + VII. Of the establishment of the Mission of San Buenaventura, and of + the death and character of Father Junipero. + VIII. How the Missions of Santa Barbara, La Purisima Concepcion, Santa + Cruz, Soledad, San Jose, San Juan Bautista, San Miguel, San + Fernando, San Luis Rey, and Santa lnez, were added to the list. + IX. Of the founding of the Missions of San Rafael and San Francisco + Solano. + X. Of the downfall of the Missions of California. + XI. Of the old Missions, and life in them. + XII. Of the Mission system in California, and its results. +</pre> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h1> + THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA. + </h1> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + I. + </h2> + <p> + On the 1st of July, 1769—a day forever memorable in the annals of + California—a small party of men, worn out by the fatigues and + hardships of their long and perilous journey from San Fernandez de + Villicatà, came in sight of the beautiful Bay of San Diego. They formed + the last division of a tripartite expedition which had for its object the + political and spiritual conquest of the great Northwest coast of the + Pacific; and among their number were Gaspar de Portolà, the colonial + governor and military commander of the enterprise; and Father Junipero + Serra, with whose name and achievements the early history of California is + indissolubly bound up. + </p> + <p> + This expedition was the outcome of a determination on the part of Spain to + occupy and settle the upper of its California provinces, or Alta + California, as it was then called, and thus effectively prevent the more + than possible encroachments of the Russians and the English. Fully alive + to the necessity of immediate and decisive action, Carlos III. had sent + Jose de Galvez out to New Spain, giving him at once large powers as + visitador general of the provinces, and special instructions to establish + military posts at San Diego and Monterey. Galvez was a man of remarkable + zeal, energy, and organizing ability, and after the manner of his age and + church he regarded his undertaking as equally important from the religious + and from the political side. The twofold purpose of his expedition was, as + he himself stated it, "to establish the Catholic faith among a numerous + heathen people, submerged in the obscure darkness of paganism, and to + extend the dominion of the King, our Lord, and protect this peninsula from + the ambitious views of foreign nations." From the first it was his + intention that the Cross and the flag of Spain should be carried side by + side in the task of dominating and colonizing the new country. Having, + therefore, gathered his forces together at Santa Ana, near La Paz, he sent + thence to Loreto, inviting Junipero Serra, the recently appointed + President of the California Missions, to visit him in his camp. Loreto was + a hundred leagues distant; but this was no obstacle to the religious + enthusiast, whose lifelong dream it had been to bear the faith far and + wide among the barbarian peoples of the Spanish world. He hastened to La + Paz, and in the course of a long interview with Galvez not only promised + his hearty co-operation, but also gave great help in the arrangement of + the preliminary details of the expedition. + </p> + <p> + In the opportunity thus offered him for the missionary labour in hitherto + unbroken fields, Father Junipero saw a special manifestation both of the + will and of the favour of God. He threw himself into the work with + characteristic ardour and determination, and Galvez quickly realized that + his own efforts were now to be ably seconded by a man who, by reason of + his devotion, courage, and personal magnetism, might well seem to have + been providentially designated for the task which had been put into his + hands. + </p> + <p> + Miguel Joseph Serra, now known only by his adopted name of Junipero, which + he took out of reverence for the chosen companion of St. Francis, was a + native of the Island of Majorca, where he was born, of humble folk, in + 1713. According to the testimony of his intimate friend and biographer, + Father Francesco Palou, his desires, even during boyhood, were turned + towards the religious life. Before he was seventeen he entered the + Franciscan Order, a regular member of which he became a year or so later. + His favorite reading during his novitiate, Palou tells us, was in the + Lives of the Saints, over which he would pore day after day with + passionate and ever-growing enthusiasm; and from these devout studies + sprang an intense ambition to "imitate the holy and venerable men" who had + given themselves up to the grand work of carrying the Gospel among + gentiles and savages. The missionary idea thus implanted became the + dominant purpose of his life, and neither the astonishing success of his + sermons, nor the applause with which his lectures were received when he + was made professor of theology, sufficed to dampen his apostolic zeal. + Whatever work was given him to do, he did with all his heart, and with all + his might, for such was the man's nature; but everywhere and always he + looked forward to the mission field as his ultimate career. He was + destined, however, to wait many years before his chance came. At length, + in 1749, after making many vain petitions to be set apart for foreign + service, he and Palou were offered places in a body of priests who, at the + urgent request of the College of San Fernando, in Mexico, were then being + sent out as recruits to various parts of the New World. The hour had come; + and in a spirit of gratitude and joy too deep for words, Junipero Serra + set his face towards the far lands which were henceforth to be his home. + </p> + <p> + The voyage out was long and trying. In the first stage of it—from + Majorca to Malaga—the dangers and difficulties of seafaring were + varied, if not relieved by strange experiences, of which Palou has left us + a quaint and graphic account. Their vessel was a small English coaster, in + command of a stubborn cross-patch of a captain, who combined navigation + with theology, and whose violent protestations and fondness for doctrinal + dispute allowed his Catholic passengers, during the fifteen days of their + passage, scarcely a minute's peace. His habit was to declaim chosen texts + out of his "greasy old" English Bible, putting his own interpretation upon + them; then, if when challenged by Father Junipero, who "was well trained + in dogmatic theology," he could find no verse to fit his argument, he + would roundly declare that the leaf he wanted happened to be torn. Such + methods are hardly praiseworthy. But this was not the worst. Sometimes the + heat of argument would prove too much for him, and then, I grieve to say, + he would even threaten to pitch his antagonists overboard, and shape his + course for London. However, despite this unlooked-for danger, Junipero and + his companions finally reached Malaga, whence they proceeded first to + Cadiz, and then, after some delay, to Vera Cruz. The voyage across from + Cadiz alone occupied ninety-nine days, though of these, fifteen were spent + at Porto Rico, where Father Junipero improved the time by establishing a + mission. Hardships were not lacking; for water and food ran short, and the + vessel encountered terrific storms. But "remembering the end for which + they had come," the father "felt no fear", and his own buoyancy did much + to keep up the flagging spirits of those about him. Even when Vera Cruz + was reached, the terrible journey was by no means over, for a hundred + Spanish leagues lay between that port and the City of Mexico. Too + impatient to wait for the animals and wagons which had been promised for + transportation, but which, through some oversight or blunder, had not yet + arrived in Vera Cruz, Junipero set out to cover the distance on foot. The + strain brought on an ulcer in one of his legs, from which he suffered all + the rest of his life; and it is highly probable that he would have died on + the road but for the quite unexpected succor which came to him more than + once in the critical hour. This, according to his wont, he did not fail to + refer directly to the special favour of the Virgin and St. Joseph. + </p> + <p> + For nearly nineteen years after his arrival in Mexico, Junipero was + engaged in active missionary work, mainly among the Indians of the Sierra + Gorda, whom he successfully instructed in the first principles of the + Catholic faith and in the simpler arts of peace. Then came his selection + as general head, or president, of the Missions of California, the charge + of which, on the expulsion of the Jesuits, in 1768, had passed over to the + Franciscans. These, thirteen in number, were all in Lower California, for + no attempt had as yet been made to evangelize the upper province. This, + however, the indefatigable apostle was now to undertake by co-operating + with Jose de Galvez in his proposed northwest expedition <a + href="#linknote-1" name="linknoteref-1" id="linknoteref-1"><small>1</small></a>. + Junipero was now fifty-five years of age, and could look back upon a + career of effort and accomplishment which to any less active man might + well seem to have earned repose for body and mind. Yet great as his + services to church and civilization had been in the past, by far the most + important part of his life-work still lay before him. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + II. + </h2> + <p> + As a result of the conference between Galvez and Father Junipero, it was + decided that their joint expedition should be sent out in two portions—one + by sea and one by land; the land portion being again sub-divided into two, + in imitation, Palou informs us, of the policy of the patriarch Joseph, "so + that if one came to misfortune, the other might still be saved." It was + arranged that four missionaries should go into the ships, and one with the + advance-detachment of the land-force, the second part of which was to + include the president himself. So far as the work of the missionaries was + concerned their immediate purpose was to establish three settlements—one + at San Diego, a second at Monterey, and a third on a site to be selected, + about midway between the two, which was to be called San Buenaventura. The + two divisions of the land-force were under the leadership of Captain + Fernando Rivera y Moncada and Governor Portolà respectively. The ships + were to carry all the heavier portions of the camp equipage, provisions, + household goods, vestments and sacred vessels; the land-parties were to + take with them herds and flocks from Loreto. The understanding was that + whichever party first reached San Diego was to wait there twenty days for + the rest, and in the event of their failure to arrive within that time, to + push on to Monterey. + </p> + <p> + The sea-detachment of the general expedition—the "Seraphic and + Apostolic Squadron," as Palou calls it, was composed of three ships—the + San Carlos, the San Antonio, and the San Joseph. A list, fortunately + preserved, gives all the persons on board the San Carlos, a vessel of + about 200 tons only, and the flagship of Don Vicente Vila, the commander + of the marine division. They were as follows:—the commander himself; + a lieutenant in charge of a company of soldiers; a missionary; the + captain, pilot and surgeon; twenty-five soldiers; the officers and crew of + the ship, twenty-five in all; the baker, the cook and two assistants; and + two blacksmiths: total, sixty-two souls. An inventory shows that the + vessel was provisioned for eight months. + </p> + <p> + The San Carlos left La Paz on the 9th of January; the San Antonio on the + 15th of February; the San Joseph on the 16th of June. All the vessels met + with heavy storms, and the San Carlos, being driven sadly out of her + route, did not reach San Diego till twenty days after the San Antonio, + though dispatched some five weeks earlier. We shudder to read that of her + crew but one sailor and the cook were left alive; the rest, along with + many of the soldiers, having succumbed to the scurvy. The San Antonio also + lost eight of her crew from the same dreadful disease. These little + details serve better than any general description to give us an idea of + the horrible conditions of Spanish seamanship in the middle of the + eighteenth century. As for the San Joseph, she never reached her + destination at all, though where and how she met her fate remains one of + the dark mysteries of the ocean. Two small points in connection with her + loss are perhaps sufficiently curious to merit notice. In the first place, + she was the only one of the ships that had no missionary on board; and + secondly, she was called after the very saint who had been named special + patron of the entire undertaking. + </p> + <p> + The original plan, as we have seen, had been that Father Junipero should + accompany the governor in the second division of the land-expedition; but + this, when the day fixed for departure came, was found to be quite + impossible owing to the ulcerous sore on his leg, which had been much + aggravated by the exertions of his recent hurried journey from Loreto to + La Paz and back. Greatly chafing under the delay, he was none the less + obliged to postpone his start for several weeks. At length, on the 28th of + March, in company with two soldiers and a servant, he mounted his mule and + set out. The event showed that he had been guilty of undue haste, for he + suffered terribly on the rough way, and on reaching San Xavier, whither he + went to turn over the management of the Lower California missions to + Palou, who was then settled there, his condition was such that his friend + implored him to remain behind, and allow him (Palou) to go forward in his + stead. But of this Junipero would not hear, for he regarded himself as + specially chosen and called by God for the work to which he stood, body + and soul, committed. "Let us speak no more of this," he said. "I have + placed all my faith in God, through whose goodness I hope to reach not + only San Diego, to plant and fix there the standard of the Holy Cross, but + even as far as Monterey." And Palou, seeing that Junipero was not to be + turned aside, wisely began to talk of other things. + </p> + <p> + After three days devoted to business connected with the missions of the + lower province, the indomitable father determined to continue his journey, + notwithstanding the fact that, still totally unable to move his leg, he + had to be lifted by two men into the saddle. We may imagine that poor + Palou found it hard enough to answer his friend's cheery farewells, and + watched him with sickness of heart as he rode slowly away. It seemed + little likely indeed that they would ever meet again on this side of the + grave. But Junipero's courage never gave out. Partly for rest and partly + for conference with those in charge, he lingered awhile at the missions + along the way; but, nevertheless, presently came up with Portolà and his + detachment, with whom he proceeded to Villacatà. Here during a temporary + halt, he founded a mission which was dedicated to San Fernando, King of + Castile and Leon. But the worst experiences of the journey were still in + store. For when the party was ready to move forward again towards San + Diego, which, as time was fast running on, the commander was anxious to + reach with the least possible delay, it was found that Junipero's leg was + in such an inflamed condition that he could neither stand, nor sit, nor + sleep. For a few leagues he persevered, without complaint to any one, and + then collapsed. Portolà urged him to return at once to San Fernando for + the complete repose in which alone there seemed any chance of recovery, + but after his manner Junipero refused; nor, out of kindly feeling for the + tired native servants, would he ever hear of the litter which the + commander thereupon proposed to have constructed for his transportation. + The situation was apparently beyond relief, when, after prayer to God, the + padre called to him one of the muleteers. "Son," he said—the + conversation is reported in full by Palou, from whose memoir of his friend + it is here translated—"do you not know how to make a remedy for the + ulcer on my foot and leg?" And the muleteer replied: "Father, how should I + know of any remedy? Am I a surgeon? I am a muledriver, and can only cure + harness-wounds on animals." "Then, son." rejoined Junipero, "consider that + I am an animal, and that this ulcer is a harness-wound... and prepare for + me the same medicament as you would make for a beast." Those who heard + this request smiled. And the muleteer obeyed; and mixing certain herbs + with hot tallow, applied the compound to the ulcerated leg, with the + astonishing result that the sufferer slept that night in absolute comfort, + and was perfectly able the next morning to undertake afresh the fatigues + of the road. + </p> + <p> + Of the further incidents of the tedious journey it is needless to write. + It is enough to say that for forty-six days—from the 15th of May to + the 1st of July—the little party plodded on, following the track of + the advance-division of the land-expedition under Rivera y Moncada. With + what joy and gratitude they at last looked down upon the harbour of San + Diego, and realized that the first object of their efforts had now indeed + been achieved, may be readily imagined. Out in the bay lay the San Carlos + and the San Antonio, and on the shore were the tents of the men who had + preceded them, and of whose safety they were now assured; and when, with + volley after volley, they announced their arrival, ships and camp replied + in glad salute. And this responsive firing was continued, says Palou, in + his lively description of the scene, "until, all having alighted, they + were ready to testify their mutual love by close embraces and affectionate + rejoicing to see the expeditions thus joined, and at their desired + destination." Yet one cannot but surmise that the delights of reunion were + presently chilled when those who had thus been spared to come together + fell into talk over the companions who had perished by the way. History + has little to tell us of such details; but the sympathetic reader will + hardly fail to provide them for himself. + </p> + <p> + The condition of things which the governor and the president found + confronting them on their arrival was indeed the reverse of satisfactory. + Of the one hundred and thirty or so men comprising the combined companies, + many were seriously ill; some it was necessary to dispatch at once with + the San Antonio back to San Blas for additional supplies and + reinforcements; a further number had to be detailed for the expedition to + Monterey, which, in accordance with the explicit instructions of the + visitador general it was decided to send out immediately. All this left + the San Diego camp extremely short-handed, but there was no help for it. + To reach Monterey at all costs was Portolà's next duty; and on the 14th of + July, with a small party which included Fathers Crespi and Gomez, he + commenced his northwest march. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + III. + </h2> + <p> + In the meanwhile, says Palou, "that fervent zeal which continually glowed + and burned in the heart of our venerable Father Junipero, did not permit + him to forget the principal object of his journey." As soon as Portolà had + left the encampment, he began to busy himself with the problem of the + mission which, it had been determined, should be founded on that spot. + Ground was carefully chosen with an eye to the requirements, not only of + the mission itself, but also of the pueblo, or village, which in course of + time would almost certainly grow up about it <a href="#linknote-2" + name="linknoteref-2" id="linknoteref-2"><small>2</small></a>; and on the + 16th of July—the day upon which, as the anniversary of a great + victory over the Moors in 1212, the Spanish church solemnly celebrated the + Triumph of the Holy Cross—the first mission of Upper California was + dedicated to San Diego de Alcalà, after whom the bay had been named by + Sebastian Viscaino, the explorer, many years before. The ceremonies were a + repetition of those which had been employed in the founding of the Mission + of San Fernando at Villicatà; the site was blessed and sprinkled with holy + water; a great cross reared, facing the harbour; the mass celebrated; the + Venite Creator Spiritus sung. And, as before, where the proper accessories + failed, Father Junipero and his colleagues fell back undeterred upon the + means which Heaven had actually put at their disposal. The constant firing + of the troops supplied the lack of musical instruments, and the smoke of + the powder was accepted as a substitute for incense. Father Palou's brief + and unadorned description will not prove altogether wanting in + impressiveness for those who in imagination can conjure up a picture of + the curious, yet dramatic scene. + </p> + <p> + The preliminary work of foundation thus accomplished, Father Junipero + gathered about him the few healthy men who could be spared from the + tending of their sick comrades and routine duties, and with their help + erected a few rude huts, one of which was immediately consecrated as a + temporary chapel. So far as his own people were concerned, the padre's + labours were for the most part of a grievous character, for, during the + first few months, the records tell us, disease made such fearful ravages + among the soldiers, sailors and servants, that ere long the number of + persons at this settlement had been reduced to twenty. But the tragedy of + these poor nameless fellows—(it was Junipero's pious hope that they + might all be named in Heaven)—after all hardly forms part of our + proper story. The father's real work was to lie among the native Indians, + and it is with his failures and successes in this direction that the main + interest of our California mission annals is connected. + </p> + <p> + They were not an attractive people, these "gentiles" of a country which to + the newcomers must itself have seemed an outer garden of Paradise; and + Junipero's first attempts to gain their good will met with very slight + encouragement. During the ceremonies attendant upon the foundation and + dedication of the mission, they had stood round in silent wonder, and now + they showed themselves responsive to the strangers' advances to the extent + of receiving whatever presents were offered, provided the gift was not in + the form of anything to eat. The Spaniards' food they would not even + touch, apparently regarding it as the cause of the dire sickness of the + troops. And this, in the long run, remarks Palou, was without doubt + "singularly providential," owing to the rapid depletion of the stores. + Ignorance of the Indians' language, of course, added seriously to the + father's difficulties in approaching them, and presently their thefts of + cloth, for the possession of which they developed a perfect passion, and + other depredations, rendered them exceedingly troublesome. Acts of + violence became more and more common, and by-and-bye, a determined and + organized attack upon the mission, in which the assailants many times + outnumbered their opponents, led to a pitched battle, and the death of one + of the Spanish servants. This was the crisis; for, happily, like a + thunderstorm, the disturbance, which seemed so threatening of future ill, + cleared the air, at any rate for a time; and the kindness with which the + Spaniards treated their wounded foes evidently touched the savage heart. + Little by little a few Indians here and there began to frequent the + mission; and with the hearty welcome accorded them their numbers soon + increased. Among them there happened to be a boy, of some fifteen years of + age, who showed himself more tractable than his fellows, and whom Father + Junipero determined to use as an instrument for his purpose. When the lad + had picked up a smattering of Spanish, the padre sent him to his people + with the promise that if he were allowed to bring back one of the + children, the youngster should not only by baptism be made a Christian, + but should also (and here the good father descended to a bribe) be tricked + out like the Spaniards themselves, in handsome clothes. A few days later, + a "gentile," followed by a large crowd, appeared with a child in his arms, + and the padre, filled with unutterable joy, at once threw a piece of cloth + over it, and called upon one of the soldiers to stand godfather to this + first infant of Christ. But, alas! just as he was preparing to sprinkle + the holy water, the natives snatched the child from him, and made off with + it (and the cloth) to their own ranchería. The soldiers who stood round as + witnesses were furious at this insult, and, left to themselves, would have + inflicted summary punishment upon the offenders. But the good father + pacified them, attributing his failure—of which he was wont to speak + tearfully to the end of his life—to his own sins and unworthiness. + However, this first experience in convert-making was fortunately not + prophetic, for though it is true that many months elapsed before a single + neophyte was gained for the mission, and though more serious troubles were + still to come, in the course of the next few years a number of the + aborigines, both children and adults, were baptized. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + IV. + </h2> + <p> + While Junipero and his companions were thus engaged in planting the faith + among the Indians of San Diego, Portolà's expedition was meeting with + unexpected trials and disappointments. The harbour of Monterey had been + discovered and described by Viscaino at the beginning of the seventeenth + century, and it seemed no very difficult matter to reach it by way of the + coast. But either the charts misled them, or their own calculations erred, + or the appearance of the landscape was strangely deceptive—at any + rate, for whatever reason or combination of reasons, the exploring party + passed the harbour without recognizing it, though actually lingering + awhile on the sand hills overlooking the bay. Half persuaded in their + bewilderment that some great catastrophe must, since Viscaino's + observations, have obliterated the port altogether, they pressed northward + another forty leagues, and little dreaming of the importance attaching to + their wanderings, crossed the Coast range, and looked down thence over the + Santa Clara valley and the "immense arm" of San Francisco Bay. By this + time the rainy season had set in, and convinced as they now were that they + must, through some oversight or ill-chance, have missed the object of + their quest, they determined to retrace their steps, and institute another + and more thorough search. On again reaching the neighborhood of Monterey, + they spent a whole fortnight in systematic exploration, but still, + strangely enough, without discovering "any indication or landmark" of the + harbour. Baffled and disheartened, therefore, the leaders resolved to + abandon the enterprise. They then erected two large wooden crosses as + memorials of their visit, and cutting on one of these the words—"Dig + at the foot of this and you will find a writing"—buried there a + brief narrative of their experiences. This is reproduced in the diary of + Father Crespé <a href="#linknote-3" name="linknoteref-3" id="linknoteref-3"><small>3</small></a>; + and its closing words have a touch of simple pathos: "At last, undeceived, + and despairing of finding it [the harbour] after so many efforts, + sufferings and labours, and having left of all our provisions but fourteen + small sacks of flour, our expedition leaves this place to-day for San + Diego; I beg of Almighty God to guide it, and for thee, voyager, that His + divine providence may lead thee to the harbour of salvation. Done in this + Bay of Pinos, the 9th of December, 1769." On the cross on the other side + of Point Pinos was cut with a razor this legend:—"The land + expedition returned to San Diego for want of provisions, this 9th day of + December, 1769." + </p> + <p> + The little party—or more correctly speaking—what was left of + it, did not reach San Diego till the 25th of the following month, having + in their march down suffered terribly from hunger, exposure, wet, fatigue + and sickness. Depressed themselves, they found nothing to encourage them + in the mission and camp, where death had played havoc among those they had + left behind them six months before, and where the provisions were so fast + running low that only the timely reappearance of the San Antonio, long + overdue, would save the survivors from actual starvation. Perhaps it is + hardly surprising that, under these circumstances, Portolà's courage + should have failed him, and that he should have decided upon a return to + Mexico. He caused an inventory of all available provisions to be taken, + and calculating that, with strict economy, and setting aside what would be + required for the journey back to San Fernando, they might last till + somewhat beyond the middle of March, he gave out that unless the San + Antonio should arrive by the 20th of that month, he should on that day + abandon San Diego, and start south. But if the governor imagined for a + moment that he could persuade the padre presidente to fall in with this + arrangement, he did not know his man. Junipero firmly believed, despite + the failure of Portolà's expedition, that the harbour of Monterey still + existed, and might be found; he even interested Vicente Vila in a plan of + his own for reaching it by sea; and he furthermore made up his mind that, + come what might, nothing should ever induce him to turn his back upon his + work. Then a wonderful thing happened. On the 19th of March—the very + day before that fixed by the governor for his departure, and when + everything was in readiness for to-morrow's march—the sail of a ship + appeared far out at sea; and though the vessel presently disappeared + towards the northwest, it returned four days later and proved to be none + other than the San Antonio, bearing the much needed succour. She had + passed up towards Monterey in the expectation of finding the larger body + of settlers there, and had only put back to San Diego when unexpectedly, + (and as it seemed, providentially), she had run short of water. It was + inevitable that Father Junipero should see in this series of happenings + the very hand of God—the more so as the day of relief chanced to be + the festival of St. Joseph, who, as we have noted, was the patron of the + mission enterprise. + </p> + <p> + The arrival of the San Antonio put an entirely new complexion upon + affairs; and, relieved of immediate anxiety, Portolà now resolved upon a + second expedition in quest of Monterey. Two divisions, one for sea, the + other for land, were accordingly made ready; the former, which included + Junipero, started in the San Antonio, on the 16th of April; the latter, + under the leadership of Portolà, a day later. Strong adverse winds + interfered with the vessel, which did not make Monterey for a month and a + half. The land-party, following the coast, reached the more southern of + the great wooden crosses on the 24th of May, and after some difficulty + succeeded at last in identifying the harbour. Seven days later, steering + by the fires lighted for her guidance along the shore, the San Antonio + came safely into port; and formal possession of the bay and surrounding + country was presently taken in the name of church and King. This was on + the 3rd of June, the Feast of Pentecost; and on that day of peculiar + significance in the apostolic history of the church, the second of the + Upper California missions came into being. Palou has left us a full + account of the ceremonies. Governor, soldiers and priests gathered + together on the beach, on the spot where, in 1603, the Carmelite fathers + who had accompanied Viscaino, had celebrated the mass. An altar was + improvised and bells rung; and then, in alb and stole, the + father-president invoked the aid of the Holy Ghost, solemnly chanted the + Venite Creator Spiritus; blessed and raised a great cross; "to put to + flight all the infernal enemies;" and sprinkled with holy water the beach + and adjoining fields. Mass was then sung; Father Junipero preached a + sermon; again the roar of cannon and muskets took the place of + instrumental music; and the function was concluded with the Te Deum. + Though now commonly called Carmelo, or Carmel, from the river across which + it looks, and which has thus lent it a memory of the first Christian + explorers on the spot, this mission is properly known by the name of San + Carlos Borromeo, Cardinal-Archbishop of Milan. A few huts enclosed by a + palisade, and forming the germ at once of the religious and of the + military settlement, were hastily erected. But the actual building of the + mission was not begun until the summer of 1771 + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + V. + </h2> + <p> + News of the establishment of the missions and military posts at San Diego + and Monterey was in due course carried to the City of Mexico, where it so + delighted the Marques de Croix, Viceroy of New Spain, and Jose de Galvez, + that they not only set the church bells ringing, but forthwith began to + make arrangements for the founding of more missions in the upper province. + Additional priests were provided by the College of San Fernando; funds + liberally subscribed; and the San Antonio made ready to sail from San Blas + with the friars and supplies. On the 21st of May, 1771, the good ship + dropped anchor at Monterey, where, in the meantime, Junipero, though busy + enough among the natives of the neighborhood, was suffering grievous + disappointment because, from lack of priests and soldiers, he was unable + to proceed at once with the proposed establishment of San Buenaventura. + The safe arrival of ten assistants now brought him assurance of a rapid + extension of work in "the vineyard of the Lord." He was not the man to let + time slip by him unimproved. Plans were immediately laid for carrying the + cross still further into the wilderness, and six new missions—those + of San Buenaventura, San Gabriel, San Louis Obispo, San Antonio, Santa + Clara and San Francisco—were presently agreed upon. It was + discovered later on, however, that these plans outran the resources at the + president's disposal, and much to his regret, the design for settlements + at Santa Clara and San Francisco had to be temporarily given up. + </p> + <p> + There was, none the less, plenty to engage the energies of even so + tireless a worker as Junipero, for three of the new missions were + successfully established between July, 1771, and the autumn of the + following year. The first of these was the Mission of San Antonio de + Padua, in a beautiful spot among the Santa Lucia mountains, some + twenty-five leagues southeast of Monterey; the second, that of San Gabriel + Arcángel, near what is now known as the San Gabriel river; and the third, + the Mission of San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, for which a location was chosen + near the coast, about twenty-five leagues southeast of San Antonio. In his + account of the founding of the first named of these, Palou throws in a + characteristic touch. After the bells had been hung on trees and loudly + tolled, he says, the excited padre-presidente began to shout like one + transported:—"Ho, gentiles! Come to the Holy Church; Come! Come! and + receive the faith of Jesus Christ!" His comrade, Father Pieras, standing + by astonished, interrupted his fervent eloquence with the eminently + practical remark that as there were no gentiles within hearing, it was + idle to ring the bells. But the enthusiast's ardour was not to be damped + by such considerations, and he continued to ring and shout. I, for one, am + grateful for such a detail as this. An even more significant story, though + of a quite different sort, is recorded of the dedication of San Gabriel. + It was, of course, inevitable that here and there in connection with such + a record as this of Serra and his work, there should spring up legends of + miraculous doings and occurrences; though on the whole, it is, perhaps, + remarkable that the mythopoeic tendency was not more powerful. The + incident now referred to may be taken as an illustration. While the + missionary party were engaged in exploring for a suitable site, a large + force of natives, under two chiefs, suddenly broke in upon them. Serious + conflict seemed imminent; when one of the fathers drew forth a piece of + canvas bearing the picture of the Virgin. Instantly the savages threw + their weapons to the ground, and, following their leaders, crowded with + offerings about the marvellous image. Thus the danger was averted. Further + troubles attended the settlement at San Gabriel; but in after years it + became one of the most successful of all the missions, and gained + particular fame from the industries maintained by its converts, and their + skill in carving wood, horn and leather. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VI. + </h2> + <p> + Though, as we thus see, Father Junipero had ample reason to be encouraged + over the progress of his enterprise, he still had various difficulties to + contend with. The question of supplies often assumed formidable + proportions, and the labors of the missionaries were not always as + fruitful as had been hoped. Fortunately, however, the Indians were, as a + rule, friendly, notwithstanding the fact that the behaviour of the Spanish + soldiers, especially towards their women, occasionally aroused their + distrust and resentment. At one establishment only did serious + disturbances actually threaten for a time the continuance of the mission + and its work. Junipero had lately returned from Mexico, with undiminished + zeal and all sorts of fresh designs revolving in his brain, when a courier + reached him at San Carlos bringing news of a terrible disaster at San + Diego. Important affairs detained him for a time at Monterey, but when at + length he was able to get to the scene of the trouble, it was to find that + first reports had not been exaggerated. On the night of the 4th of + November, 1775, eight hundred Indians had made a ferocious assault upon + the mission, fired the buildings, and brutally done to death Father Jayme, + one of the two priests in charge. "God be thanked," Junipero had + exclaimed, when the letter containing the dreadful news had been read to + him, "now the soil is watered, and the conquest of the Dieguinos will soon + be complete!" In the faith that the blood of the martyrs is veritably the + seed of the church, he, on reaching San Diego, with his customary energy, + set about the task of re-establishing the mission; and the buildings which + presently arose from the ruins were a great improvement upon those which + had been destroyed. + </p> + <p> + Before these alarming events at the mother-mission broke in upon his + regular work, the president had resolved upon yet another settlement (not + included in the still uncompleted plan), for which he had selected a point + on the coast some twenty-six leagues north of San Diego, and which was to + be dedicated to San Juan Capistrano. A beginning had indeed been made + there, not by Junipero in person, but by fathers delegated by him for the + purpose; but when news of the murder of Father Jayme reached them, they + had hastily buried bells, chasubles and supplies, and hurried south. As + soon as ever he felt it wise to leave San Diego Junipero himself now + repaired to the abandoned site; and there, on the 1st of November, 1776, + the bells were dug up and hung, mass said, and the mission established. It + is curious to remember that while the padre-presidente was thus immersed + in apostolic labors on the far Pacific coast, on the other side of the + North American continent events of a very different character were shaking + the whole civilized world. + </p> + <p> + Though the establishment of San Juan Capistrano is naturally mentioned in + this place, partly because of the abortive start made there a year before, + and partly because its actual foundation constituted the next noteworthy + incident in Junipero's career, this mission is, in strict chronological + order, not the sixth, but the seventh on our list. For some three weeks + before its dedication, and without the knowledge of the president himself, + though in full accordance with his designs, the cross had been planted at + a point many leagues northward beyond San Carlos, and destined presently + to be the most important on the coast. It will be remembered that when + Portolà's party made their first futile search for the harbour of + Monterey, they had by accident found their way as far as the Bay of San + Francisco. The significance of their discovery was not appreciated at the + time, either by themselves or by those at headquarters to whom it was + reported; but later explorations so clearly established the value of the + spot for settlement and fortification, that it was determined to build a + presidio there. Some years previous to this, as we have seen, a mission on + the northern bay had been part of Junipero's ambitious scheme; and though + at the time he was forced by circumstances to hold his hand, the idea was + constantly uppermost in his thoughts. At length, when, in the summer of + 1776, an expedition was despatched from Monterey for the founding of the + proposed presidio, two missionaries were included in the party—one + of these being none other than that Father Palou, whose records have been + our chief guides in the course of this story. The buildings of the + presidio—store house, commandant's dwelling, and huts for the + soldiers and their families—were completed by the middle of + September; and on the 17th of that month—the day of St. Francis, + patron of the station and harbour—imposing ceremonies of foundation + were performed. A wooden church was then built; and on the 9th of October, + in the presence of many witnesses, Father Palou said mass, the image of + St. Francis was borne about in procession, and the mission solemnly + dedicated to his name <a href="#linknote-4" name="linknoteref-4" + id="linknoteref-4"><small>4</small></a>. + </p> + <p> + It was at San Luis Obispo on his way back from San Diego to Monterey, that + Father Junipero learned of the foundation of the mission at San Francisco, + and though he may doubtless have felt some little regret at not having + himself been present on such an occasion, his heart overflowed with joy. + For there was a special reason why the long delay in carrying out this + portion of his plan had weighed heavily upon him. Years before, when the + visitador general had told him that the first three missions in Alta + California were to be named after San Diego, San Carlos and San + Buenaventura (for such, we recollect, had been the original programme), he + had exclaimed:—"Then is our father, St. Francis, to have no + mission?" And Galvez had made reply:—"If St. Francis desires a + mission, let him show us his port, and he shall have one there." To + Junipero it had seemed that Portolà had providentially been led beyond + Monterey to the Bay of San Francisco, and the founder of his order had + thus given emphatic answer to the visitador's words. It may well be + imagined that he was ill at rest until the saint's wishes had been carried + into effect. + </p> + <p> + But this was not the only good work done in the north while Junipero was + busy elsewhere; for on the 12th of January, 1777, the Mission of Santa + Clara was established in the wonderfully fertile and beautiful valley + which is now known by that name. The customary rites were performed by + Father Tomas de la Peña, a rude chapel erected, and the work of + constructing the necessary buildings of the settlement immediately begun + <a href="#linknote-5" name="linknoteref-5" id="linknoteref-5"><small>5</small></a>. + It should be noted in passing that before the end of the year the town of + San Jose—or, to give it its full Spanish title, El Pueblo de San + Jose de Guadalupe—was founded near by. This has historic interest as + the first purely civil settlement in California. The fine Alameda from the + mission to the pueblo was afterwards made and laid out under the fathers' + supervision. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VII. + </h2> + <p> + Though Junipero's subordinates had thus done without him in these + important developments at San Francisco and Santa Clara, he still resolved + to go north, both to visit the new foundations and to inspect for himself + the marvellous country of which he had heard much, but which he had not + yet seen. As usual, he was long detained by urgent affairs, and it was not + till autumn that he succeeded in breaking away. He made a short stay at + Santa Clara, and then pushed on to San Francisco, which he reached in time + to say mass on St. Francis' day. After a ten days' rest, he crossed to the + presidio and feasted his eyes on the glorious vision of the Golden Gate—a + sight which once seen is never to be forgotten. "Thanks be to God!" he + cried, in rapture (these, says Palou, were the words most frequently on + his lips); "now our Father St. Francis, with the Holy Cross of the + procession of missions, has reached the ultimate end of this continent of + California. To go further ships will be required!" Yet his joy was + tempered with the thought that the eight missions already founded were + very far apart, and that much labour would be necessary to fill up the + gaps. + </p> + <p> + It was thus with the feeling that, while something had been done, far more + was left to do, that the padre returned to his own special charge at San + Carlos. Various circumstances in combination had caused the postponement, + year after year, of that third mission, which, according to original + intentions, was to have followed immediately upon the establishments at + San Diego and Monterey. Three new settlements were now projected on the + Santa Barbara Channel, and the first of these was to be the mission of San + Buenaventura. It was not until 1782, however, that the long-delayed + purpose was at length accomplished. The site chosen was at the + southeastern extremity of the channel, and close to an Indian village, or + ranchería to which Portalà's expedition in 1769 had given the name of + Ascencion de Nuestra Señora, or, briefly, Assumpta. A little later on, in + pursuance of the same plan, the then governor, Filipe de Neve, took formal + possession of a spot some ten leagues distant, and there began the + construction of the presidio of Santa Barbara. It was Junipero's earnest + desire to proceed at once with the adjoining mission. But the governor, + for reasons of his own, threw obstacles in the way, and in the end this + fresh undertaking was left to other hands. + </p> + <p> + For we have now come to the close of Father Junipero's long and strenuous + career; and as we look back over the record of it, our wonder is, not that + he should have died when he did, but rather that he had not killed himself + many years before. His is surely one of those cases in which supreme + spiritual power and sheer force of will triumph over an accumulation of + bodily ills. Far from robust of constitution, he had never given himself + consideration or repose, forcing himself to exertions which it would have + appeared utterly impossible that his frame could bear, and adding to the + constant strain of his labours and travels the hardships of self-inflicted + tortures of a severe ascetic régime. He had always been much troubled by + the old ulcer on his leg, though this, no matter how painful, he never + regarded save when it actually incapacitated him for work; and for many + years he had suffered from a serious affection of the heart, which had + been greatly aggravated, even if it was not in the first instance caused, + by his habit of beating himself violently on his chest with a huge stone, + at the conclusion of his sermons—to the natural horror of his + hearers, who, it is said, were often alarmed lest he should drop dead + before their eyes. The fatal issue of such practices could only be a + question of time. At length, mental anxiety and sorrow added their weight + to his burden—particularly disappointment at the slow progress of + his enterprise, and grief over the death of his fellow-countryman and + close friend, Father Crespì, who passed to his well-earned rest on New + Year's Day, 1782. After this loss, it is recorded, he was never the same + man again, though he held so tenaciously to his duties, that only a year + before the call came to him, being then over seventy, he limped from San + Diego to Monterey, visiting his missions, and weeping over the outlying + Indian rancherìas, because he was powerless to help the unconverted + dwellers in them. He died at San Carlos, tenderly nursed to the end by the + faithful Palou, on the 28th August, 1784; and his passing was so peaceful + that those watching thought him asleep. On hearing the mission bells toll + for his death, the whole population, knowing well what had occurred, burst + into tears; and when, clothed in the simple habit of his order, his body + was laid out in his cell, the native neophytes crowded in with flowers, + while the Spanish soldiers and sailors pressed round in the hope of being + blessed by momentary contact with his corpse. He was laid beneath the + mission altar beside his beloved friend Crespì; but when, in after years, + a new church was built, the remains of both were removed and placed within + it. + </p> + <p> + It is not altogether easy to measure such a man as Junipero Serra by our + ordinary modern standards of character and conduct. He was essentially a + religious enthusiast, and as a religious enthusiast he must be judged. To + us who read his story from a distance, who breathe an atmosphere totally + different from his, and whose lives are governed by quite other passions + and ideals, he may often appear one-sided, extravagant, deficient in tact + and forethought, and, in the excess of his zeal, too ready to sacrifice + everything to the purposes he never for an instant allowed to drop out of + his sight. We may even, with some of his critics, protest that he was not + a man of powerful intellect; that his views of people and things were + distressingly narrow; that, after his kind, he was extremely + superstitious; that he was despotic in his dealings with his converts, and + stiffnecked in his relations with the civil and military authorities. For + all this is doubtless true. But all this must not prevent us from seeing + him as he actually was—charitable, large-hearted, energetic, + indomitable; in all respects a remarkable, in many ways, a really wise and + great man. At whatever points he may fall short of our criteria, this much + must be said of him, that he was fired throughout with the high spirit of + his vocation, that he was punctual in the performance of duty as he + understood it, that he was obedient to the most rigorous dictates of that + Gospel which he had set himself to preach. In absolute, single-hearted, + unflinching, and tireless devotion to the task of his life—the + salvation of heathen souls—he spent himself freely and cheerfully, a + true follower of that noblest and most engaging of the mediaeval saints, + whose law he had laid upon himself, and whom he looked up to as his guide + and examplar. Let us place him where he belongs—among the + transcendent apostolic figures of his own church; for thus alone shall we + do justice to his personality, his objects, his career. The memory of such + a man will survive all changes in creeds and ideals; and the great state, + of which he was the first pioneer, will do honour to herself in honouring + him. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + VIII. + </h2> + <p> + After Junipero's death the supervision of the missions devolved for a time + upon Palou, under whose management, owing to difficulties with the civil + powers, no new foundations were undertaken, though satisfactory progress + was made in those already existing. In 1786, Palou was appointed head of + the College of San Fernando, and his place as mission president was filled + by Father Firmin Francisco de Lasuen, by whom the mission of Santa Barbara + was dedicated, on the festival day of that virgin-martyr, before the close + of the year <a href="#linknote-6" name="linknoteref-6" id="linknoteref-6"><small>6</small></a>. + Just twelve months later, the third channel settlement was started, with + the performance of the usual rites, on the spot fixed for the Mission of + La Purisima Concepcion, at the western extremity of the bay; though some + months passed before real work there was begun. Thus the proposed scheme, + elaborated before Junipero's death, for the occupation of that portion of + the coast, was at length successfully carried out. + </p> + <p> + Hardly had this been accomplished before the viceroy and governor, having + resolved upon a further extension of the mission system, sent orders to + Father Lasuen to proceed with two fresh settlements, one of which was to + be dedicated to the Holy Cross, the other to Our Lady of Solitude. Time + was, as usual, consumed in making the necessary preparations, and the two + missions were finally founded within a few weeks of each other—on + the 28th of August and the 9th of October, 1791, respectively. The site + selected for the Mission of Santa Cruz was in the neighborhood already + known by that name, and near the San Lorenzo River; that of Nuestra Señora + de la Soledad, on the west side of the Salinas River, in the vicinity of + the present town of Soledad, and about thirty miles from Monterey. + </p> + <p> + A glance at the map of California will help us to understand the policy + which had dictated the creation of the four missions founded since + Junipero's death. The enormous stretch of country between San Francisco + and San Diego, the northern and southern extremes of evangelical + enterprise, was as yet quite insufficiently occupied, and these new + settlements had been started with the object of to some extent filling up + the vast vacant spaces still left among those already existing. For the + efficient performance of missionary work something more was needed than a + number of separate establishments, no matter how well managed and + successful these in themselves might be. Systematic organization was + essential; for this it was requisite that the various missions should be + brought, by proximity, into vital relations with one another, that + communication might be kept up, companionship enjoyed, and, in case of + need, advice given and assistance rendered. The foundations of Santa + Barbara, La Purisima, Santa Cruz and Soledad, had done something, as will + be seen, towards the ultimate drawing together of the scattered outposts + of church and civilization. But with them a beginning had only been made. + Further developments of the same general plan which aimed, it will be + understood, not alone at the spiritual conquest, but also at the proper + control of the new kingdom—were now taken under consideration. And, + as a result, five fresh missions were presently resolved upon. One of + these was to be situated between San Francisco and Santa Clara; the + second, between Santa Clara and Monterey; the third, between San Antonio + and San Luis Obispo; the fourth, between San Buenaventura and San Gabriel; + and the fifth, between San Juan Capistrano and San Diego. The importance + of these proposed settlements as connecting links will be at once + apparent, if we observe that by reason of their carefully chosen locations + they served, as it were, to put the older missions into actual touch. When + at length the preliminary arrangements had been made, no time was wasted + in the carrying out of the programme, and in a little over a year, all + five missions were in operation. The mission San Jose (a rather tardy + recognition to the patron-saint of the whole undertaking), was founded on + the 11th June, 1797; San Juan Bautista thirteen days later; San Miguel + Arcángel on the 25th July, and San Fernando Rey de España on the 8th + September of the same year; and San Luis Rey de Francia (commonly called + San Luis Rey to distinguish it from San Luis Obispo), on the 13th of the + July following. The delay which had not at all been anticipated in the + establishment of this last-named mission, was due to some difficulties in + regard to site. With this ended—so far as fresh foundations were + concerned—the pious labours of Lasuen as padre-presidente. He now + returned to San Carlos to devote himself during the remainder of his life + to the arduous duties of supervision and administration. There he died, in + 1803, aged eighty-three years. + </p> + <p> + His successor, Father Estevan Tapis, fourth president of the Upper + California missions, signalized his elevation to office by adding a + nineteenth to the establishments under his charge. Founded on the 17th + September, 1804, on a spot, eighteen miles from La Purisima and twenty-two + from Santa Barbara, to which Lasuen had already directed attention, this + was dedicated to the virgin-martyr, Santa Inez. It was felt that a + settlement somewhere in this region was still needed for the completion of + the mission system, since without it, a gap was left in the line between + the two missions first-named, which were some forty miles apart. With the + planting of Santa Inez thorough spiritual occupation may be said to have + been accomplished over the entire area between San Francisco and San + Diego, and from the Coast Range to the ocean. The nineteen missions had + been so distributed over the vast country, that the Indians scattered + through it could everywhere be reached; while the distance from mission to + mission had, at the same time, been so reduced that it was in no case too + great to be easily covered in a single day's journey. The fathers of each + establishment could thus hold frequent intercourse with their next + neighbors, and occasional travelers moving to and fro on business could + from day to day be certain of finding a place for refreshment and repose + <a href="#linknote-7" name="linknoteref-7" id="linknoteref-7"><small>7</small></a>. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + IX. + </h2> + <p> + Santa Inez carries us for the first time over into the nineteenth century, + and its establishment may in a sense be regarded as marking the term of + the period of expansion in California mission history. A pause of more + than a decade ensued, during which no effort was made towards the further + spread of the general system; and then, with the planting of two + relatively unimportant settlements in a district thentofore unoccupied the + tally was brought to a close. + </p> + <p> + The missions which thus represented a slight and temporary revival of the + old spirit of enterprise, were those of San Rafael Arcángel and San + Francisco Solano. The former, located near Mount Tamalpais, between San + Francisco de Assis and the Russian military station at Fort Ross, dates + from the 17th December, 1817; the latter, situated still further north, in + the Sonoma Valley, from the 4th July, 1823. Some little uncertainty exists + as to the true reasons and purposes of their foundation. The commonly + accepted version of the story connects them directly with problems which + arose out of the course of affairs at San Francisco. In 1817 a most + serious epidemic caused great mortality among the Indians there; a panic + seemed inevitable; and on the advice of Lieutenant Sola, a number of the + sick neophytes were removed by the padres to the other side of the bay. + The change of climate proved highly beneficial; the region of Mount + Tamalpais was found singularly attractive; and a decision to start a + branch establishment, or asistencia, of the mission at San Francisco was a + natural result. The patronage of San Rafael was selected in the hope that, + as the name itself expresses the "healing of God," that "most glorious + prince" might be induced to care "for bodies as well as souls." While + considerable success attended this new venture, the condition of things at + San Francisco, on the other hand, continued anything but satisfactory; and + a proposal based on these two facts was presently made, that the old + mission should be removed entirely from the peninsula, and refounded in a + more favorable locality somewhere in the healthy and fertile country + beyond San Rafael. It was thus that the name of San Francisco got attached + from the outset to the new settlement at Sonoma; and when later on (the + old mission being left in its place) this was made into an independent + mission, the name was retained, though the dedication was transferred, + appropriately enough, from St. Francis of Assisi to that other St. Francis + who figures in the records as "the great apostle of the Indies." + </p> + <p> + Such is the simpler explanation of the way in which the last two missions + came to be established. It has, however, been suggested that, while all + this may be true as far as it goes, other causes were at work of a subtler + character than those specified, and that these causes were involved in the + development of political affairs. It will have been noted that, though the + threatened encroachments of the Russians had been one of the chief reasons + for this Spanish occupation of Alta California, there had hitherto been no + attempt to meet their possible advances in the very regions where they + were most to be expected—that is, in the country north of San + Francisco. In course of time, however, always with the ostensible purpose + of hunting the seal and the otter, the Russians were found to be creeping + further and further south; and at length, under instructions from St. + Petersburg, they took possession of the region of Bodega Bay, establishing + there a trading post of their Fur Company, and a strong military station + which they called Fort Ross. As this settlement was on the coast, and only + sixty-five miles, as the crow flies, from San Francisco, it will be seen + that the Spanish authorities had some genuine cause for alarm. And the + mission movement north of San Francisco is considered by some writers to + have been initiated, less from spiritual motives, than from the dread of + continued Russian aggression, and the hope of raising at least a slight + barrier against it. However this may be, the two missions were never + employed for defensive purposes; nor is it very clear that they could have + been made of much practical service in case of actual need. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + X. + </h2> + <p> + Such, in briefest outline, is the story of the planting of the twenty-one + missions of Alta California. This story, as we have seen, brings us down + to the year 1823. But by this time, as we follow the chronicles, our + attention has already begun to be diverted from the forces which still + made for growth and success to those which ere long were to co-operate for + the complete undoing of the mission system and the ruin of all its work. + </p> + <p> + Perhaps it was in the nature of things (if one may venture here to employ + a phrase too often used out of mere idleness or ignorance) that the + undertaking which year by year had been carried forward with so much + energy and success, should after a while come to a standstill; and the + commonest observation of life will suffice to remind us that when progress + ceases, retrogression is almost certain to set in. The immense zeal and + unflagging enthusiasm of Junipero Serra and his immediate followers could + not be transmitted by any rite or formula to the men upon whose shoulders + their responsibilities came presently to rest. Men they were, of course, + of widely varying characters and capabilities—some, unfortunately, + altogether unworthy both morally and mentally, of their high calling; + many, on the contrary, genuine embodiments of the great principles of + their order—humane, benevolent, faithful in the discharge of daily + duty, patient alike in labour and trial, and careful administrators of the + practical affairs which lay within their charge. But without injustice it + may be said of them that for the most part they possessed little of the + tremendous personal force of their predecessors, and a generous endowment + of such personal force was as needful now as it ever had been. + </p> + <p> + Not unless we wish to emulate Southey's learned friend, who wrote whole + volumes of hypothetical history in the subjunctive mood, it is hardly + necessary for present purposes to discuss the internal changes which, had + the missions been left to themselves, might in the long run have brought + about their decay. For as a matter of fact the missions were not left to + themselves. The closing chapter of their history, to which we have now to + turn, is mainly concerned, not with their spiritual management, or with + their success or failure in the work they had been given to do, but with + the general movement of political events, and the upheavals which preceded + the final conquest of California by the United States. + </p> + <p> + In considering the attitude of the civil authorities towards the mission + system, and their dealings with it, we must remember that the Spanish + government had from the first anticipated the gradual transformation of + the missions into pueblos and parishes, and with this, the substitution of + the regular clergy for the Franciscan padres. This was part of the general + plan of colonization, of which the mission settlements were regarded as + forming only the beginning. Their work was to bring the heathen into the + fold of the church, to subdue them to the conditions of civilization, to + instruct them in the arts of peace, and thus to prepare them for + citizenship; and this done, it was purposed that they should be + straightway removed from the charge of the fathers and placed under civil + jurisdiction. No decisive step towards the accomplishment of this design + was, however, taken for many years; and meanwhile, the fathers jealously + resisted every effort of the government to interfere with their + prerogatives. At length, with little comprehension of the nature of the + materials out of which citizens were thus to be manufactured, and with + quite as little realization of the fact that the paternal methods of + education adopted by the padres were calculated, not to train their + neophytes to self-government, but to keep them in a state of perpetual + tutelage, the Spanish Cortes decreed that all missions which had then been + in existence ten years should at once be turned over to bishops, and the + Indians attached to them made subject to civil authority. Though + promulgated in 1813, this decree was not published in California till + 1820, and even then was practically a dead letter. Two years later, + California became a province of the Mexican Empire, and in due course the + new government turned its attention to the missions, in 1833 ordering + their complete secularization. The atrocious mishandling by both Spain and + Mexico of the funds by which they had been kept up, and the large demands + made later upon them for provisions and money, had by this time made + serious inroads upon their resources; notwithstanding which they had + faithfully persisted in their work. The new law now dealt them a crushing + blow. Ten years of great confusion followed, and then an effort was made + to save them from the complete ruin by which they were threatened by a + proclamation ordering that the more important of them, twelve in number, + should be restored to the padres. Nothing came of this, however; the + collapse continued; and in 1846, the sale of the mission buildings was + decreed by the Departmental Assembly. When in the August of that year, the + American flag was unfurled at Monterey, everything connected with the + missions—their lands, their priests, their neophytes, their + management—was in a state of seemingly hopeless chaos. Finally + General Kearney issued a declaration to the effect that "the missions and + their property should remain under the charge of the Catholic priests... + until the titles to the lands should be decided by proper authority." But + of whatever temporary service this measure may have been, it was of course + altogether powerless to breathe fresh life into a system already in the + last stages of decay. The mission-buildings were crumbling into ruins. + Their lands were neglected; their converts for the most part dead or + scattered. The rule of the padres was over. The Spanish missions in Alta + California were things of the past. + </p> + <p> + In these late days of a civilization so different in all its essential + elements from that which the Franciscans laboured so strenuously to + establish on the Pacific Coast, we may think of the fathers as we will, + and pass what judgment we see fit upon their work. But be that what it + may, our hearts cannot fail to be touched and stirred by the pitiful story + of those true servants of God who, in the hour of ultimate disaster, + firmly refused to be separated from their flocks. + </p> + <p> + Among the ruins of San Luis Obispo, in 1842, De Mofras found the oldest + Spanish priest then left in California, who, after sixty years of + unremitting toil, was then reduced to such abject poverty that he was + forced to sleep on a hide, drink from a horn, and feed upon strips of meat + dried in the sun. Yet this faithful creature still continued to share the + little he possessed with the children of the few Indians who lingered in + the huts about the deserted church; and when efforts were made to induce + him to seek some other spot where he might find refuge and rest, his + answer was that he meant to die at his post. The same writer has recorded + an even more tragic case from the annals of La Soledad. Long after the + settlement there had been abandoned, and when the buildings were falling + to pieces, an old priest, Father Sarría, still remained to minister to the + bodily and physical wants of a handful of wretched natives who yet haunted + the neighborhood, and whom he absolutely refused to forsake. One Sunday + morning in August, 1833, after his habit, he gathered his neophytes + together in what was once the church, and began, according to his custom, + the celebration of the mass. But age, suffering, and privation had by this + time told fatally upon him. Hardly had he commenced the service, when his + strength gave way. He stumbled upon the crumbling altar, and died, + literally of starvation, in the arms of those to whom for thirty years he + had given freely whatever he had to give. Surely these simple records of + Christ-like devotion will live in the tender remembrance of all who revere + the faith that, linked with whatever creed, manifests itself in good + works, the love that spends itself in service, the quiet heroism that + endures to the end. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XI. + </h2> + <p> + The California missions, though greatly varying of course in regard to + size and economy, were constructed upon the same general plan, in the + striking and beautiful style of architecture, roughly known as Moorish, + which the fathers transplanted from Spain, but which rather seems by + reason of its singular appropriateness, a native growth of the new soil. + The edifices which now, whether in ruins or in restoration, still testify + to the skill and energy of their pious designers, were in all cases later, + in most cases much later, than the settlements themselves. At the outset, + a few rude buildings of wood or adobe were deemed sufficient for the + temporary accommodation of priests and converts, and the celebration of + religious services. Then, little by little, substantial structures in + brick or stone took the place of these, and what we now think of as the + mission came into being. + </p> + <p> + The best account left us of the mission establishment in its palmy days is + that given by De Mofras in his careful record of travel and exploration + along the Pacific Coast; and often quoted as this has been, we still + cannot do better here than to translate some portions of it anew. The + observant Frenchman wrote with his eye mainly upon what was perhaps the + most completely typical of all the missions—that of San Luis Rey. + But his description, though containing a number of merely local + particulars, was intended to be general; and for this reason may the more + properly be reproduced in this place. + </p> + <p> + "The edifice," he wrote, "is quadrilateral, and about one hundred and + fifty metres long in front. The church occupies one of the wings. The + façade is ornamented with a gallery [or arcade]. The building, a single + storey in height, is generally raised some feet above the ground. The + interior forms a court, adorned with flowers and planted with trees. + Opening on the gallery which runs round it are the rooms of the monks, + majordomos, and travelers, as well as the workshops, schoolrooms, and + storehouses. Hospitals for men and women are situated in the quietest + parts of the mission, where also are placed the schoolrooms. The young + Indian girls occupy apartments called the monastery (el moujerìo), and + they themselves are styled nuns (las moujas)... Placed under the care of + trustworthy Indian women, they are there taught to spin wool, flax, and + cotton, and do no leave their seclusion till they are old enough to be + married. The Indian children attend the same school as the children of the + white colonists. A certain number of them, chosen from those who exhibit + most intelligence, are taught music—plain-chant, violin, flute, + horn, violincello, and other instruments. Those who distinguish themselves + in the carpenter's shop, at the forge, or in the field, are termed + alcaldes, or chiefs, and given charge of a band of workmen. The management + of each mission is composed of two monks; the elder looks after internal + administration and religious instruction; the younger has direction of + agricultural work... For the sake of order and morals, whites are employed + only where strictly necessary, for the fathers know their influence to be + altogether harmful, and that they lead the Indians to gambling and + drunkenness, to which vices they are already too prone. To encourage the + natives in their tasks, the fathers themselves often lend a hand, and + everywhere furnish an example of industry. Necessity has made them + industrious. One is struck with astonishment on observing that, with such + meagre resources, often without European workmen or any skilled help, but + with the assistance only of savages, always unintelligent and often + hostile, they have yet succeeded in executing such works of architecture + and engineering as mills, machinery, bridges, roads, and canals for + irrigation. For the erection of nearly all the mission buildings it was + necessary to bring to the sites chosen, beams cut on mountains eight or + ten leagues away, and to teach the Indians to burn lime, cut stone, and + make bricks. + </p> + <p> + "Around the mission," De Mofras continues, "are the huts of the neophytes, + and the dwellings of some white colonists. Besides the central + establishment, there exists, for a space of thirty or forty leagues, + accessory farms to the number of fifteen or twenty, and branch chapels + (chapelles succursales). Opposite the mission is a guard-house for an + escort, composed of four cavalry soldiers and a sergeant. These act as + messengers, carrying orders from one mission to another, and in the + earlier days of conquest repelled the savages who would sometimes attack + the settlement." + </p> + <p> + Of the daily life and routine of a mission, accounts of travelers enable + us to form a pretty vivid picture; and though doubtless changes of detail + might be marked in passing from place to place, the larger and more + essential features would be found common to all the establishments. + </p> + <p> + At sunrise the little community was already astir, and then the Angelus + summoned all to the church, where mass was said, and a short time given to + the religious instruction of the neophytes. Breakfast followed, composed + mainly of the staple dish atole, or pottage of roasted barley. This + finished, the Indians repaired in squads, each under the supervision of + its alcalde, to their various tasks in workshop and field. Between eleven + and twelve o'clock, a wholesome and sufficiently generous midday meal was + served out. At two, work was resumed. An hour or so before sunset, the + bell again tolled for the Angelus; evening mass was performed; and after + supper had been eaten, the day closed with dance, or music, or some simple + games of chance. Thus week by week, and month by month, with monotonous + regularity, life ran its unbroken course; and what with the labours + directly connected with the management of the mission itself, the tending + of sheep and cattle in the neighboring ranches, and the care of the + gardens and orchards upon which the population was largely dependent for + subsistence, there was plenty to occupy the attention of the padres, and + quite enough work to be done by the Indians under their charge. But all + this does not exhaust the list of mission activities. For in course of + time, as existence became more settled, and the children of the early + converts shot up into boys and girls, various industries were added to + such first necessary occupations, and the natives were taught to work at + the forge and the bench, to make saddles and shoes, to weave, and cut, and + sew. In these and similar acts, many of them acquired considerable + proficiency. + </p> + <p> + It is pleasant enough to look back upon such a busy yet placid life. But + while we may justly acknowledge its antique, pastoral charm, we must guard + ourselves against the temptation to idealization. Beautiful in many + respects it must have been; but its shadows were long and deep. According + to the first principles adopted by the missionaries, the domesticated + Indians were held down rigorously in a condition of servile dependence and + subjection. They were indeed, as one of the early travelers in California + put it, slaves under another name—slaves to the cast-iron power of a + system which, like all systems, was capable of unlimited abuse, and which, + at the very best, was narrow and arbitrary. Every vestige of freedom was + taken from them when they entered, or were brought into, the settlement. + Henceforth they belonged, body and soul, to the mission and its authority. + Their tasks were assigned to them, their movements controlled, the details + of their daily doings dictated, by those who were to all intents and + purposes their absolute masters; and corporal punishment was visited + freely not only upon those who were guilty of actual misdemeanor, but also + upon such as failed in attendance at church, or, when there, did not + conduct themselves properly. From time to time some unusually turbulent + spirit would rise against such paternal despotism, and break away to his + old savage life. But these cases, we are told, were of rare occurrence. + The California Indians were for the most part indolent, apathetic, and of + low intelligence; and as, under domestication, they were clothed, housed + and fed, while the labour demanded from them was rarely excessive, they + were wont as a rule to accept the change from the hardships of their + former rough existence to the comparative comfort of the mission, if not + exactly in a spirit of gratitude, at any rate with a certain brutal + contentment. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + XII. + </h2> + <p> + It does not fall within the scope of this little sketch, in which nothing + more has been aimed at than to tell an interesting story in the simplest + possible way, to enter into any discussion of a question to which what has + just been said might naturally seem to lead—the question, namely, of + the results, immediate and remote, of the mission system in California. + The widely divergent conclusions on this subject registered by the + historians will, on investigation, be found, as in most such cases, to + depend quite as much upon bias of mind and preconceived ideals, as upon + the bare facts presented, concerning which, one would imagine, there can + hardly be much difference of opinion. To decide upon the value of a given + social experiment, we must, to begin with, wake up our minds as to what we + should wish to see achieved; and where there is no unanimity concerning + the object to be reached, there will scarcely be any in respect of the + means employed. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that critical + judgment upon the Franciscan missionaries and their work has been given + here in terms of unqualified laudation, and there in the form of severest + disapproval, and that everyone who touches the topic afresh is expected to + take sides. In their favor it must, I think, be universally admitted that + they wrought always with the highest motives and the noblest intentions, + and that their labours were really fruitful of much good among the native + tribes. On the other hand, when regarded from the standpoint of secular + progress, it seems equally certain that their work was sadly hampered by + narrowness of outlook and understanding, and an utter want of appreciation + of the demands and conditions of the modern world. Thus while we give them + the fullest credit for all that they accomplished by their teachings and + example, we have still frankly to acknowledge their failure in the most + important and most difficult part of their undertaking—in the task + of transforming many thousands of ignorant and degraded savages into + self-respecting men and women, fit for the duties and responsibilities of + civilization. Yet to put it in this way is to show sharply enough that + such failure is not hastily to be set down to their discredit. It is often + said, indeed, that they went altogether the wrong way to work for the + achievement of the much-desired result; and it is unquestionably true, as + La Pérouse long ago pointed out, that they made the fundamental, but with + them inevitable mistake, of sacrificing the temporal and material welfare + of the natives to the consideration of so-called "heavenly interests." Yet + in common fairness we must remember the stuff with which they had to deal. + The Indian was by nature a child and a slave; and if, out of children and + slaves they did not at once manufacture independent and law-abiding + citizens, is it for us, who have not yet exhibited triumphant success in + handling the same problem under far more favorable conditions, to cover + them with our contempt, or dismiss them with our blame? Civilization is at + best a slow and painful affair, as we half-civilized people ought surely + to understand by this time—a matter not of individuals and years, + but of generations and centuries; and nothing permanent has ever yet been + gained by any attempt, how promising soever it may have seemed, to force + the natural processes of social evolution. The mission padres bore the + cross from point to point along the far-off Pacific coast; they built + churches, they founded settlements, they gave their strength to the + uplifting of the heathen. Little that was enduring came out of all this + toil. Perhaps this was partly because their methods were shortsighted, + their means inadequate to the ends proposed. But when we remember that + they had set their hands to an almost impossible task, we shall perhaps be + inclined rather to acknowledge their partial success, than to deal harshly + with them on the score of their manifest failure. + </p> + <p> + Be all this as it may, however, the missions of California passed away, + leaving practically nothing behind them but a memory. Yet this is surely a + memory to be cherished by all who feel a pious reverence for the past, and + whose hearts are responsive to the sense of tears that there is in mortal + things. And alike for those who live beneath the blue skies of California, + and for those who wander awhile as visitors among her scenes of wonder and + enchantment, the old mission buildings will ever be objects of curious and + unique interest. Survivals from a by-gone era, embodiments not only of the + purposes of their founders, but of the faith which built the great + cathedrals of Europe, they stand pathetic figures in a world to which they + do not seem to belong. In the noise and bustle of the civilization which + is taking possession of what was once their territory, they have no share. + The life about them looks towards the future. They point mutely to the + past. A tender sentiment clings about them; in their hushed enclosures we + breathe a drowsy old-world atmosphere of peace; to linger within their + walls, to muse in their graveyards, is to step out of the noisy present + into the silence of departed years. In a land where everything is of + yesterday, and whose marvellous natural beauties are but rarely touched + with the associations of history or charms of romance, these things have a + subtle and peculiar power—a magic not to be resisted by any one who + turns aside for an hour or two from the highways of the modern world, to + dream among the scenes where the old padres toiled and died. And as in + imagination he there calls up the ghostly figures of neophyte and soldier + and priest, now busy with the day's task-work, now kneeling at twilight + mass in the dimly-lighted chapel; as the murmur of strange voices and the + faint music of bell and chant steal in upon his ears; he will hardly fail + to realize that, however much or little the Franciscan missionaries + accomplished for California, they have passed down to our prosaic + after-generation a legacy of poetry, whereof the sweetness will not soon + die away. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_FOOT" id="link2H_FOOT"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + FOOTNOTES: + </h2> + <p> + <a name="linknote-1" id="linknote-1"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 1 (<a href="#linknoteref-1">return</a>)<br /> [ In the sequel, it may here + be noted, the Franciscans ceded Baja California to the Dominicans, keeping + Alta California to themselves.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-2" id="linknote-2"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 2 (<a href="#linknoteref-2">return</a>)<br /> [ The mission was transferred + in 1874 from the location selected by Junipero to a site some two miles + distant, up the river.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-3" id="linknote-3"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 3 (<a href="#linknoteref-3">return</a>)<br /> [ The Diary, furnishing a + detailed itinerary of the expedition, is given in full in Palou's noticias + de la Nueva California.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-4" id="linknote-4"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 4 (<a href="#linknoteref-4">return</a>)<br /> [ This is now colloquially + known as the Mission Dolores. Its proper title is, however, Mission of San + Francisco de Assis. It originally stood on the Laguna de los Dolores (now + filled up); and hence its popular name.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-5" id="linknote-5"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 5 (<a href="#linknoteref-5">return</a>)<br /> [ The site originally chosen + lay too low, and from the outset danger of inundation was foreseen. A + flood occurred in 1779, and in 1784 the mission was removed to higher + ground. The present buildings date from 1825-26.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-6" id="linknote-6"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 6 (<a href="#linknoteref-6">return</a>)<br /> [ The original adobe church + was injured by earthquakes in 1806 and 1812. The present edifice was begun + in 1815 and finished in 1820.] + </p> + <p> + <a name="linknote-7" id="linknote-7"> + <!-- Note --></a> + </p> + <p class="foot"> + 7 (<a href="#linknoteref-7">return</a>)<br /> [ The table given by the + French traveler, De Mofras, in his authoritative Exploration du Territoire + de L'Oregon, les Californies, etc., shows us that the distance between + mission and mission nowhere exceeded nineteen leagues, and that it was + often very much less.] + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Famous Missions of California, by +William Henry Hudson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FAMOUS MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA *** + +***** This file should be named 5211-h.htm or 5211-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/1/5211/ + +Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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