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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7cfbd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52256 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52256) diff --git a/old/52256-0.txt b/old/52256-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 68adcb3..0000000 --- a/old/52256-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1784 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lead Pencil Manufactory of A. W. Faber -at Stein near Nürnberg, Bavaria, by A. W. Faber - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Lead Pencil Manufactory of A. W. Faber at Stein near Nürnberg, Bavaria - -Author: A. W. Faber - -Release Date: June 7, 2016 [EBook #52256] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEAD PENCIL MANUFACTORY *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Carolyn Jablonski and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - THE - - LEAD PENCIL MANUFACTORY - - OF - - _A. W. FABER_ - - AT - - STEIN NEAR NÜRNBERG. - - BAVARIA. - - - - - An historical sketch, - - in commemoration of the Jubilee celebrated - in the year 1861 to mark the completion of - the first Century of the existence of the - Establishment, dedicated by the Proprietor - to his Patrons and Business friends. - - MOSS & CO. - FABER’S AGENTS FOR SIBERIAN PENCILS, - No. 432 Chestnut Street, - PHILADELPHIA. - - - - - DESCRIPTIVE LIST - - OF - - FABER’S SIBERIAN LEAD PENCILS, - (See page 20 to 23 inclusive.) - - _ESPECIALLY ADAPTED_ - - FOR ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, ARTISTS, WOOD ENGRAVERS, AND - OFFICE USE. - - Extra Soft and Extra Black, marked B B B B B B - Very Soft and Very Black, “ B B B - Soft and Very Black, “ B B or No. 1. - Soft and Black, “ B “ No. 2. - Hard and Black, “ H B “ No. 3. - Middling, “ F “ No. 4. - Hard, “ H “ No. 5. - Harder, “ H H - Very Hard, “ H H H - Extra Hard, “ H H H H H H - - - On cards, 10 pencils, one of each above grades. - - In boxes, 7 do. do. do. B B B, B B, B, H B, F, H, H H. - Do. 5 do. do. do. B B, B, H B, F, H. - Do. 5 (WITH KNIFE AND RUBBER.) do. do. do. do. do. - - -Artists’ Patent Pencils with moveable leads of all the grades. - -Moveable leads, same quality, in boxes, containing six leads of any -grade. - - - - - MOSS & CO. - - Dealers in Drawing Instruments, Papers, Tracing Cloth, - Tracing Paper, &c. - No. 432 CHESTNUT STREET, - PHILADELPHIA. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - J. L. Faber - geb. 12 Juni 1817.] - - - - - THE - - LEAD PENCIL MANUFACTORY - - OF - - _A. W. FABER_ - - AT - - STEIN NEAR NÜRNBERG. - - BAVARIA. - - - An historical sketch, - - in commemoration of the Jubilee celebrated - in the year 1861 to mark the completion of - the first Century of the existence of the - Establishment, dedicated by the Proprietor - to his Patrons and Business friends. - - Nürnberg. Printed by U. E. Sebald. - - - - -The lead pencil, as everyone knows, is an invention of modern times, and -may unhesitatingly be placed side by side with the numerous improvements -and inventions, by means of which the last three centuries in particular -have so largely contributed towards the spread of Arts and Sciences and -the facilitation of Study and Communication. To the classic ages and -their art the pencil and in general every application of lead as a -writing material was entirely unknown and it was first in the middle -ages, as we hear, that lead was employed for this purpose. This metal -however was by no means the same sort of thing as the black lead of our -pencils, which are indeed only mentioned in conjunction of lead on -account of the writing produced by them bearing some resemblance to -lead. Besides which lead was then only used for ruling lines and in no -instance for writing or drawing purposes. This leadruler was in form a -sharpedged disc, such as is said to have been used for the same purpose -even in the later periods of the classic ages. - -With the developement and growth of modern painting the traces of -pencil-like drawings first begin to manifest themselves. The masters of -the fourteenth century, especially _van Eyck_, and of the fifteenth, -such as _Memlink_ and others, appear to be the first who mention works -of art executed with a pencil-like instrument upon chalked paper. They -are generally designated as drawings in silver-style, this specification -however not being capable of any closer confirmation, though this much -is certain that the use of pure silver is not intended to be implied. In -like manner it is reported of the Italian artists of the latter part of -the middle ages, that they drew with a silver-style upon smooth deal -covered with the dust of calcined bones, which process appears however -only to have met with very partial success. - -On the other hand in Italy in the fourteenth century much drawing was -done with styles composed of a mixture of lead and tin; drawings that -could be effaced with bread crumb. - -_Petrarch’s_ Laura was delineated by a contemporary in this manner and -in the time of _Michael Angelo_ the process was still in use. These -styles were then introduced into Germany from Italy, under what -particular name, we know not. In Italy they are called “_Stile_”, but -even they never seem at any time to have been the universally -acknowledged drawing material. - -About the same period the pen came into use as a drawing- as well as -writing-material, to which were added, in the most flourishing days of -painting, black chalk and red chalk which enjoyed extensive use. The -Italians obtained the best red chalk from Germany and the best black -chalk from Spain. _Vasari_, speaking of an artist of the sixteenth -century, especially remarks that he understood how to use style, pen, -black chalk and red chalk with equal dexterity. - -To this period belongs also the discovery of black lead and with it the -production of an entirely new writing- and drawing-material—_The Lead -Pencil_. - -This invention, which conferred so many benefits not only upon practical -life but also upon art, was made in England in the reign of Queen -Elisabeth, for in the year 1564 the celebrated blacklead mines of -Borrowdale in Cumberland were discovered. With the opening of this mine -every element was present to render the developement of an extensive -pencil trade upon English soil possible. - -In the year 1565 the _first_ lead pencils were manufactured in England. -The mines of Borrowdale, at one time on account of the valuable nature -of their produce exposed even to the predatory attacks of the -inhabitants of the neighbouring mountains, supply the English down to -the present day with the material for the best English leadpencils. The -manufacturing of the lead obtained was simple, the material, as soon as -it came out of the mine, being cut to the proper size with a saw and -then without any further manipulation fastened into the wood and it is -remarkable, that the first pencils made in this manner are acknowledged -to be decidedly the best and down to the present day unsurpassed by any -other manufacture in the softness and delicacy of the lead. Although the -Cumberland pencils were soon in great request as being the first to -really meet an exigency long felt, it is their excellent quality that -has given them their lasting and universal reputation especially in the -World of Art. - -The Cumberland mine only remained open for six weeks in the year and yet -the blacklead obtained in this short time is stated to have been of the -value of £ 40,000 or One Million Francs each time. - -The raw material was sent up to London just as it came from the mine and -there sold by auction in the _black lead market_, these sales taking -place on the first Monday in every month. The price averaged 36-40 -shillings per English pound and the value of the good Cumberland black -lead according to Dufrénoy was 400 Francs per Kilogramme. - -The fact of the English Government having considered it expedient -rigorously to prohibit the export of black lead in any other form than -that of leadpencils goes to prove of what importance these mines and the -manufacture of leadpencils in connexion with them was to England. In -spite of the fact however that the mines only remained open for six -weeks in the year and that no blacklead might be exported from them, the -working of the mines, continued as it was for upwards of a century, at -last began to have the effect of diminishing the yield, until at last -nothing was to be obtained from them but an inferior and impure material -no longer adapted as before for the manufacture of pencils. - -In order to protect themselves from the consequences of a failure of the -Cumberland blacklead mines, the English strenuously sought in every -direction for new blacklead deposits, but down to the present day -without the desired success. There remained therefore nothing but to -look about for some means whereby the impure refuse still obtainable -could be purified. - -The process invented for this purpose consisted of first grinding the -blacklead to powder as soon as it came out of the mine, then purifying -it as much as possible from foreign substances by chemical means and -finally compressing it by means of a press in such a manner that the -mass could be just as easily cut as the pure Cumberland blacklead used -to be. However notwithstanding all the appliances of art and science -were brought to bear upon the subject and spite of every exertion to -render this composition perfect, the English have not hitherto succeeded -in producing any material capable of replacing the natural blacklead as -obtained from the Cumberland mines. - -These circumstances operated as an inducement to search for a -substitute, which would admit of a greater economy in the use of -blacklead. Experiments were made in England with this view and various -substances such as glue, isinglass, tragacanth, gum &c. were tried for -the purpose of cementing and consolidating the earthy blacklead into a -firm mass. But none of these means succeeded. Subsequently it was -attempted to improve the blacklead by melting it with minerals, -compounding it with 30 or 40 per cent of sulphur. But this made the -blacklead too brittle and the pencils made by this process would hardly -mark at all. At last mixing with antimony was tried, which certainly -yielded a composition in outward appearance very similar to the pure -blacklead, but which proved to be but an unsatisfactory writingmaterial. - -Towards the end of last century the manufacture of leadpencils was -introduced into _France_ and soon attained to an extensive developement. -Hardly were the last restrictions upon industrial freedom removed in -that country, when in the year 1795 the idea was started of making use -of clay for the purpose of binding the blacklead together. This process -soon found favor on account of its many advantages for by this -commixture a great portion of the costly blacklead was saved and at the -same time the manufacture rendered materially easier, so that the -leadpencils could be supplied at a very much cheaper rate. - -By these novel improvements a fresh era in the manufacture of -leadpencils was commenced in France. Notwithstanding this however, there -was yet very much to be done in the department of blackleadpencil -manufacture in order to keep pace with the increased requirements of -advancing art and more civilised life. - -True, various degrees of hardness and different sorts of pencils were -thus obtained but these were by no means proportional to the various -modes of use. The manipulation of the brittle material demanded deep -study, and conscientious laborers in order to give the pencil the -requisite perfection. - -If we now turn to _Germany_, it will in the first place be necessary to -cast a glance at the developement of German industry and German -leadpencil manufacture, it being then shown under what circumstances it -had to develope itself and with what rivals it had to enter into -competition. - -It is not to be denied that from the very first German industry found -itself in a more disadvantageous position. France and England had -already become intrinsically industrious countries. They possessed -immense facilities for foreign trade, the greatest internal freedom of -motion for the industrial element, a legislature which took cognizance -of all the requirements of industry, in short both countries were, in -comparison with Germany, favored by certain circumstances which are -indispensably necessary to render industry flourishing and which were -then already fulfilled, whereas in Germany political division and -animosity and the pressure of the guilds operated most perniciously upon -industrial enterprise. - -For these reasons industry could only develope itself in Germany later -and then but slowly. The transition from the old to the new state of -things appeared much more difficult, as many long since antiquated -forms, which had become endeared to us by use, had first to be -abolished. - -The Saxon spirit, which, on the other side of the Channel had attained -to such glorious results, had to sustain many a conflict in its native -land, and many a praiseworthy attempt suffered shipwreck on the many -obstacles, which the splitting up of the nation and the retention of -unfeasable arrangements opposed to every great idea. - -German science flourished at the same time to a very great extent, but -in its exaltation it stood too high above ordinary life, not perceiving -how to associate itself with it, so as to penetrate it with its -enlightening and warmthgiving rays. Thus German industry remained far -behind foreign enterprise and Germany beheld herself inundated with -quantities of foreign manufactures, which she herself could have -produced just as well, indeed it came to such a pass that foreigners -relying upon their well organised commerce and the celebrity of their -products even ventured to send German manufactures into the German -market, stamped with a foreign trademark. - -German industry being at this low ebb, the manufacture of leadpencils -occupied but a very modest place. The first traces are to be found in -the village of _Stein_ not far from _Nürnberg_. As far back as the year -1726 the churchbooks mention marriages of “_Pencilmakers_”, subsequently -also “_Blacklead cutters_” male and female. - -Leadpencil making however was then in its very lowest state, as in no -case is a large establishment mentioned, and it may be assumed that this -branch of trade was only just able to maintain a precarious position in -comparison with the English manufacture. - -The Bavarian government however soon devoted their attention to this -branch of industry and sought to advance it. In the year 1766 a Count -von Kronsfeld received a concession for the erection of a leadpencil -manufactory at Jettenbach. - -But the manufacture, wanting as it was in material, experience and -custom, still remained so insignificant, that in “Beckmanns -Technologie”, which appeared in the year 1777 “Pencilmaking” merely -received a quite superficial and incidental notice. - -In the year 1816 the Bavarian government erected a Royal Leadpencil -manufactory at Obernzell (Hafnerzell) and introduced into this -establishment the French process already mentioned of using clay to -consolidate the blacklead. - -When the new manufacture was in full play, the government transferred -the whole establishment into private hands as was intended from the -commencement, though the credit of having given the impetus to renewed -activity on a large scale certainly belongs to it. - -The establishment is now in the possession of the renowned Regensburg -manufacturer. In addition to this the leadpencil manufacture had taken -root in Vienna and an establishment was formed there, in which likewise -the French process of mixing the blacklead with clay was adopted. - - * * * * * - -The now so extensive _leadpencil manufactory at Stein_ sprung from very -modest beginnings. In the year 1760 namely its founder, =Kaspar Faber=, -settled in this village of _Stein_ three miles from Nürnberg, and in the -year 1761 commenced the manufacture of leadpencils. - -At that time adverse external circumstances pressed heavily upon the -young manufactory, the whole possessions of its founder consisting only -of a small house situated on the Rednitz and surrounded by a small -garden. A judicial inventory dated 1786 still preserved in the family -specifies faithfully the insignificant property possessed by them, -showing a nett result of “Fifty nine florins”. - -The finest and dearest qualities mentioned therein are spoken of as -“several gross of _English_ pencils”, for thus the better German -manufactures had to disguise themselves under a foreign title. The -demand for these manufactures was trifling and purely local, as the -spirit of commerce and enterprise did but little to assist their -introduction. - -Nürnberg and Fürth appear to have been the first to patronise the -products of the manufactory. To these places, as we know, the pencils -finished in the course of the week were carried on Saturdays in a -basket; but the fact of their having been well paid for goes to prove -that even then their excellence was acknowledged. The relations at that -time existing between the producer and the consuming public were however -but little regulated. The producer stood by himself alone, cut off from -the world, which seemed to him too immensely large for him to dare to -step out into it. The farsighted vision, searching in every direction to -discover new wants and invent new improvements, were wanting to him, as -was also the beneficial influence of external relations, with which he -was never brought in contact. - -Nor was the consumer any more favorably situated. - -The article became the object of extensive commercial speculation and -had often to travel a very long way before it reached the hands of the -consuming public, nor was the repute of a good name any guarantee to the -consumer of the excellence of the article, for in order to keep the -manufacturers in complete dependance, the merchants would not allow them -to mark their better products with their names, but prescribed them -foreign names and unmeaning signs, such as: Harps, Stars etc. - -It was but slowly that the French process of mixing the lead with clay -gained ground and many years after the adoption of this process the -workmen, even in _Faber’s_ manufactory, were still employed in working -the Spanish lead in the old fashioned way by melting it and cutting it -with a saw. - -The progress of the French however soon forced the merchants to press -the Nürnberg manufacturers to advance, so as not to be left behind by -competition. After the introduction of the new composition the Nürnberg -manufactories soon found themselves favorably circumstanced and yielded -satisfactory profits both to the merchants and the manufacturers. - -But this was not to last. In the first ten years of this century -competition increased steadily and enormously so that demand by no means -kept pace with supply, and the vital question forced itself upon the -manufacturers, whether they were in a position to produce the article -either better or cheaper? - -This difficult problem was however solved in a manner unfavorable to the -manufacture, and with that revolution commences the decay of the same -which now began to make itself felt. - -The manufacture had, as before observed, become dependant upon the trade -of Nürnberg, which however no longer occupied its former high position, -for, although a considerable trade with foreign lands still existed, it -was to a great extent nominal. The enlargement and correction of ideas -by foreign travel and personal acquaintance with the grand advancement -in foreign industry, were wanting and thus no beneficial adjustment of -the Nürnberg manufacture could be brought about. Manufacture became the -shuttlecock of commercial speculation, which could not even so much as -claim the credit of having successfully met the increased requirements -of the age or put a stop to powerful competition or an overworked system -of trade more calculated for the future. - -The trade of Nürnberg at that time lay in the fetters of the guild -system, the relic of an earlier golden time, which, aiming at the -isolation of industry, which was thereby given into its hands, was the -ban that opposed its progress for a length of time, alluring it to act -contrary to the interests of native industry and therefore contrary to -its own interests. - -How much did this system leave of the ancient splendor and well earnt -renown of the City of Nürnberg?—A minimum kept and retained solely and -alone by the self denial, frugality and industry of the inhabitants. The -ingenious, serviceable articles had disappeared, giving place to goods, -whose only recommendation consisted in their being unprecedentedly -cheap. The endeavour to manufacture without the least regard to quality -or serviceability as long as cheapness was attained had become a rooted -evil increasing as it descended in all its fulness from father to son. -The honorable distinction of the title “Nuernberg, good” soon became -changed into the lasting and contemptuous one of “Nürnberg goods” and in -the business world people even went so far as to say that nothing good -could possibly be produced at Nürnberg. - -These circumstances, which are to be laid to the account not only of -individuals but likewise of a domineering system and the spirit of a -time not so very far distant even now, attest that real industrial -activity must go hand in hand with mercantile spirit in order to -maintain itself in the world free from the influences above pointed out -and enter the lists with competition. It is only emancipated industry -that can congratulate itself on real progress and improve the article -only by having an eye to the requirements of the consumer. - -It was under these circumstances that =Anton Wilhelm Faber=, the son of -the founder, whose name the firm still bears, and since 1810 =Georg -Leonhard Faber=, the father of the present proprietor, stood at the head -of the establishment. - -Many improvements had been attempted and several adopted; much valuable -experience had been gained, many processes in the manufacture had been -perfected and a number of intelligent workmen drawn together; spite of -all this however the mercantile relations above described operated most -perniciously upon the manufactory. - -The mode of manufacture induced by the enslavement of industry on the -part of trade more especially destroyed that conscientious strictness, -which must form the foundation of a solid industry. Things went so far -that articles were sent forth into the world, possessing the outward -appearance of pencils, the wood being just tipped with lead at each end -as though it was properly filled, whereas in fact you only had a useless -stick of wood before you. - -Such swindling impositions, sent forth by the Nürnberg manufactories -into foreign countries, were well calculated to bring about a complete -collapse and it is difficult to regain confidence once deceived or -esteem once forfeited. But it must not be supposed that the interests of -the Nürnberg pencil manufacture were not solid. The unscrupulous -transactions on part of some establishments as a matter of course -damaged the reputation of those which carried on their business in an -industrious and conscientious manner and the renown of the whole trade -was thus placed in jeopardy. - -In the year 1839 the present proprietor =Johann Lothar Faber= undertook -the management of the manufactory upon the death of his father _Georg -Leonhard Faber_ abovenamed. - -This gentleman had, down to his nineteenth year, endeavoured as far as -possible to perfect his commercial education in Nuernberg in the most -fundamental and general manner and, from his earliest youth, especially -devoted himself to the study of everything at all bearing upon his -father’s manufactory. Even at that time he directed his attention not -merely to his father’s affairs, but also to the developement of a -business so sadly crippled and underwent many privations in order as -much is possible to satisfy the manifold claims laid upon him by the aim -which was always present to his imagination. - -When nineteen years of age he went to Paris in order to increase his -stock of knowledge. There, in that capital of the World a greater range -of vision was opened to him and he beheld the operation of that restless -spirit of enterprise, which so mightily stirs the heart of the country. -For the first time the youth was brought face to face with the enormous -business carried on both with France and foreign lands and of which -Paris is the centre. He surveyed the fruits of a free, active industry, -the great highroads, upon which commerce flows from the mother country -to distant lands, the realisation of a colossal traffic, which allows no -article to escape its observation and flows in an ever moving wave -between purchasers and consumers. Then his thoughts were carried back to -his distant native land with its industry so cramped and fettered as to -be altogether estranged from the great markets of the world and the -possibility flashed across his mind, that matters might be rendered very -different at home and native industry not only reconquer its honour and -the renown of its pristine good name, but that it might also be led -forth from its narrow prison and enabled to compete with the vigour and -intelligence of the markets of the world and that it would thus ensure -obtaining an honourable position. - -At that time industrial life was in full activity at Paris, scarcely six -years having elapsed since the revolution of July and Louis Philippe -being firmly established on the constitutional citizen-throne. - -Thus great hopes filled the breast of the young man and impelled him to -follow up the ideas and plans of life he had adopted with all his -energy. - -After a sojourn of three years in Paris there fell upon him suddenly and -unexpectedly, on the midst of his labours, the news of the death of his -father and after first performing a previously contemplated journey to -London, in order to enrich his store of knowledge and experience, he -returned to his native land in August 1839. - -Now was the time to carry out and realise all the ideas he had imbibed. -The condition of his father’s manufactory was, as before stated, -extremely unsatisfactory. Scarcely twenty workmen were employed and the -annual business done amounted only to about 12000 florins. If that -glorious future, which the young man had assigned to the manufactory in -his imagination at Paris was to become a fact, it would involve carrying -on a conflict with all the old perverted notions, to break with the -cumbersome progress of former times and upon the ruins of the Nürnberg -trade, which beheld itself excluded from the world’s market, to lay the -foundations of a new commerce, which alone would be able to reconquer -for the venerable commercial city of Nürnberg her ancient renown. - -He was the man, who brought, in the first place certainly only the -pencil manufacture, but therewith also native industry in general, into -direct contact with the ideas of foreign countries. - -Sure and gradual progress was however indispensable. The new proprietor -adopted the device of: - - “Truth, Respectability, Industry” - -as the fundamental principle of his dealings, being firmly convinced, -that no human undertaking, which aspires to a future and lasting -success, can possibly exist, if it in any respect be based upon untruth, -or at variance with that, which passes for right and respectable among -men in general or, which ignores the duty of unwearying activity and -energetic industry. These principles seemed to him all the more -indispensable for his manufactory as he, by his position, rendered -himself to a certain extent responsible for the weal and woe of so many -souls. - -The two brothers of the new proprietor had been destined by their father -for other modes of occupation, there being at that time no prospect of -the pencil manufacture maintaining them. - -The present proprietor of the manufactory however, feeling confident of -the success of his comprehensive schemes, took to himself in the year -1840 his second youngest brother =Johann Faber=, who at that time -carried on an Hotel at Prague, in order to unite his activity with his -own. - -The pencils were then only manufactured in proportionally few and cheap -sorts, but the new proprietor of the manufactory was soon induced to -introduce finer sorts at proportionate prices. - -While still at Paris he had endeavoured in every way by letters to his -father to conduce towards the elevation of the manufactory and the -improvement of the quality of the articles manufactured, but it was when -he began to put his hands to the work himself that he first aimed at any -material success. - -These improved manufactures and especially his new so called Polygrade -Pencils, which have met with the greatest renown especially among -artists, were all marked with the name of the firm and, as they by -reason of their increased price, the unavoidable consequence of improved -quality, met with but little countenance among the Nürnberg merchants, -the manufacturer travelled with them himself through Germany, Russia, -Austria, Belgium, Holland, France, England, Italy and Switzerland and -opened up business connexions with all the chief cities of Europe, -which, with the continued improvements in his manufactures, soon found -him a satisfactory custom and an ever increasing demand, important -enough to raise itself above the narrow sphere of local interests. - -In the interior of the manufactory two great improvements were -undertaken, as nearly every year called for some new addition. In these -new erections care was taken to construct them as roomy and light as -possible, thus taking into consideration the health of the workmen and -the fact that work is much better performed in sunny spacious rooms, -than in gloomy dark vaults in which the air cannot be renewed, and that -the pleasure and zest with which it is performed redounds to the benefit -of the manufactory itself. - -The countless departments of business, in which pencils are used, by -degrees rendered an extensive and systematic classification necessary -from the long easel-pencil to the smallest pocketbook-pencil. - -The manufacture had, in consequence of its extensive foreign connexions, -already become considerably improved and extended and the varying -tastes, even the varying customs of the nations which used them, had to -be taken into consideration. The manufacturer never ceased to study all -wants, to subject his manufactures constantly to new trials, to avail -himself of fresh experiences in order to surpass with his products all -similar articles if possible. - -The renown of his manufactures has penetrated to all parts of the world -and it is not merely their widely extended use, that attests their -excellence, but more especially the voice of those men, who make the -greatest demands upon the manufactory. There are few Architects and -Engineers who use any other article but _Faber’s pencils_, and the whole -profession of artists has long since proclaimed A. W. _Faber’s_ pencil -to be the very best for drawing purposes. Such men as _Cornelius_, -_Kaulbach_, _Bendemann_, _Lessing_, _Horace Vernet_ have expressed -themselves to this effect. - -In accordance with this verdict is the result of the competition in the -several industrial Exhibitions, both at home and abroad, in which -_Faber’s_ pencils gained the victory all over all other manufactures of -the same nature. - -With the year 1849 a new era in the activity of the manufactory -commenced. Ever since that year the products of the manufactory had met -with recognition and custom in America and with the continued increase -of the population it was to be assumed that the sale of the same would -also constantly increase in importance, especially as the manufacture of -leadpencils had not as yet taken firm root there and it therefore became -a question of obtaining a generally acknowledged product of European -manufacture, the excellence of which had been proved by the experience -of years and its honest manufacture. - -This induced the proprietor of the manufactory to establish a house at -_New-York_ and entrust the management of the same to his youngest -brother =Eberhard Faber=, who had just completed his study for the law -at the universities of Berlin and Erlangen and was at that time engaged -in acquiring the necessary mercantile knowledge in the establishment at -Stein. - -The trade with America thereby acquired a firm footing, the -communication spite of the great distance became more regular and the -connexion of the manufactory with the new world more close. As -_England_, _France_, _Russia_, _Italy_ and the East had long since been -open to _Faber’s_ manufactures, the idea of creating an universal trade -appeared to be realised. - -As in the American commercial metropolis, so also in Paris a house was -founded, not merely to manage the important trade with France and the -neighbouring countries, but also to minister to the fine tastes and -elegant requirements of the French, which are of so much advantage to -any product intrinsically excellent. - -In like manner, in order to supply the requirements of _England_, -_India_ and _Australia_, an agency was established in London in the year -1851 with M^{r.} _A. Heintzmann_, now _Heintzmann & Rochussen_, of N^o 9 -Friday Street, City, E. C. - -While thus the external relations of the manufactory continued steadily -to extend themselves, its internal developement likewise advanced step -by step. - -On the very spot, where once the little house stood, the extensive -factory premises are now erected on either side of the Rednitz, the -water power of which river proving too insufficient and fluctuating, -steam had to be called into requisition and a large engine erected. - -As already stated, almost each year demanded an addition to the premises -and considerable enlargements and alterations rendered necessary partly -by the constantly increasing business and partly by sanatory or -ornamental considerations, so that the very character of the locality -underwent considerable change. - -Gardens now enclose the whole establishment on three of its sides. In -one of them stands the residence of the proprietor of the manufactory, -_Lothar_, visible from afar by reason of the height of its situation and -remarkable on account of the peculiarity of the style of its -architecture; in the other the house of his younger brother, _Johann_, -so that everything stands together in the closest connexion like the -life of a large family. - -The proprietor, while endeavouring in every way to advance all the ends -of the manufactory in the most perfect manner, has not omitted to bear -in mind at the same time the moral and material welfare of his workmen, -whom he has accustomed himself to recognise as men and his fellow -creatures. - -In their interest there were in the first place factory rules drawn up, -which regulated the duties and rights of the individual in the most -precise manner and especially took cognisance of the moral conduct of -the workman. They also gave the most diligent workmen and such as were -more advanced in years, opportunities of increasing their income by -ensuring them an increase of pay under certain conditions. - -In order to awaken and encourage a spirit of frugality in the men and to -render their future more comfortable and independant, a Workman’s -Savings _Bank_ was instituted, with the following fundamental -principles: Acceptance of the smallest deposit at any time; interest at -four per cent to commence as soon as the deposit reaches the amount of -five florins; deposits to be withdrawn only on account of some -notoriously pressing necessity. This institution found immediate -recognition and by degrees came into almost general favor, so that now -many an individual, who formerly had to battle with economical cares, -finds himself in the possession of a little property and rejoices in his -wellregulated family affairs. - -There is likewise a special fund for sickness. - -A library has also been founded by the master of the manufactory, -accessible both to the workman and his family and well used by them, at -the same time too an infant school was started for the children of the -work people. He likewise originated and supported with his own means the -erection of a new schoolhouse, and embraced every opportunity of -advancing the education therein. - -The social life of the workmen was also taken into consideration and the -taste for more elevating amusements, invigorating alike to soul and -body, encouraged. Of an evening they would meet in two singing societies -to indulge in the good German song, or on Sundays they would amuse -themselves with the crossbow in the free, fresh air of God’s Nature in -the neighbouring forest, or again on festive occasions they would all -meet together like one large united family for a sociable convivial -repast. - -Finally, care was also taken that the workman should mix with the world -outside the factory, for which purpose a number of them were sent by the -master of the factory to the Industrial Exhibition at Munich in order -that they might themselves see the fruit of their labour publicly -exposed to view and honorably mentioned, and at the same time obtain a -glimpse of other branches of industry. - -Further, in order to provide new dwellings for the workmen a large -building was erected, of pleasing external proportions, and other -buildings were converted into workmen’s dwellings. The houses themselves -contain separate apartments, which afford the families at a low rent a -much pleasanter abode than could be obtained in most of the houses in -the towns. Nor is there any constraint; the houses are open to any body -and the domestic regulations introduced in the interests of the -community are of that nature, that they are cheerfully complied with by -everyone. Thus there reigns in these premises a spirit of order and -contentment, which alone can make life agreeable. - -The village of _Stein_ did not formerly possess any church. For years -all exertions to found a separate parish there remained fruitless, until -at last the year 1861 brought their reward and in that year, in which -the manufactory celebrated its hundredth anniversary, the peaceful clang -of the bells for the first time invited the faithful to divine service -in the newly erected church, the cost of which had been defrayed by the -master of the factory entirely from his own means, out of concern for -the spiritual welfare of his workpeople and attachment to his own native -place. - -The formerly neglected little village has assumed quite a different -appearance since then. From afar the slender gothic steeple of the -church may be seen rearing its pinnacle proudly aloft, while the smoke -of the surrounding shafts tell of busy industry and labour. The former -picture of want has given place to a certain degree of wealth and the -little garden of the humble house been converted into two large parks. - -Simultaneously however with this prosperity in general the manufactory -had of course to experience some unpleasant incidents and obstinate -struggles. The universal demand for _Faber’s_ manufactures was not slow -in inducing other manufacturers to imitate and pirate the trademark of -the manufactory, which is to be found on all articles manufactured -there, and thus to pass off upon the public spurious goods possessing -nothing more than the external similarity to the genuine articles, and -which could scarcely aspire to mediocrity, which frauds were often -repeated, coming to light in various countries. - -The manufacturing firm of Rubenstein at Moscow adopted the plan of -making use of _Faber’s_ trademark and wrappers for their own -manufactures and then to circulate them in the Russian market. These -malpractises were carried on for a length of time in spite of every -exertion to put a stop to them and the prohibition which the Russian -Governement issued against the firm in question. Manufactures with -spurious trademarks were constantly turning up in Russia until King -_Maximilian_ of Bavaria during his protracted stay at Nürnberg in the -year 1855 suppressed the evil. His lively interest for reviving industry -had already induced him to decorate the proprietor of the manufactory -with the order of merit of St. Michael, firstclass, in the year 1854, on -which occasion he likewise honoured the factory at _Stein_ with a visit -and made himself acquainted with all the details of its operations from -the mouth of the manager of the factory, and as at that time these -malpractises were brought before his notice he gave the matter all his -attention and promised some assistance. - -Nor had we to wait long for this, for shortly afterwards _Lothar Faber_ -received a communication from the State ministry of the Royal House and -Foreign affairs, stating, that, by the intervention of the Royal -Bavarian Embassy at St. Petersburg, the evil had been put a stop to by -the Russian Government; all the articles marked with _Faber’s_ trademark -together with the stamp destroyed, and the manager of the Russian -manufactory compelled to give assurance in writing that he would no -longer pirate _Faber’s_ trademark, in default rendering himself liable -to legal penalties. - -In New-York similar frauds were also carried on. Pencils manufactured in -Nürnberg with _Faber’s_ trademark and in precise imitations of his -wrappers were imported and sold by the firm of Winterhoff, Piper & -C^{o.}. Complaint having been made, the Customhouse at New-York, at the -instance of the examiner appointed for the department of “Literature, -Writingmaterials and fine Arts”, detained one case of these spurious -articles, whereupon the courts of law prohibited all further sale in the -town and county of New-York. - -A still more cunning fraud was perpetrated at Nürnberg. A deaf and dumb -lithographer by name Georg Wolfgang Faber was put forward, whose name -was to be made use of. The similarity of the surname and wrapper exactly -copied from those of _Faber’s_ manufactory were sufficient to make the -public believe that they really had the genuine article from _Faber’s_ -manufactory before them. On the intervention of the authorities, whom -_Lothar Faber_ put in motion, the reputed manufacturer was subjected to -an examination, which proved him to be altogether incapable of producing -such a thing as a serviceable article and shewed that he had only lent -his name to other speculators, whereupon the Royal Government of middle -Franconia withdrew the licence for pencil making from the said G. W. -Faber. - -Proceedings were likewise taken against a Pencilmanufacturer at Fulda, -who had manufactured and circulated upwards of seven thousand dozen -leadpencils with the false stamp “A. W. Faber”. The Criminal Court of -the Electorate of Hesse in a decision dated 2^{nd} September 1856, -condemned the defendant, on account of fraud, to a pecuniary fine of 50 -Thalers and further to four weeks imprisonment, a decision, which the -supreme Court of Appeal at Cassel absolutely confirmed. Similar events -took place in other countries with like results. - -As the proprietor of the factory has hitherto proceeded against many -persons at home and abroad who had attempted to manufacture and sell -pencils in imitation of those of his firm he will further use all his -efforts to suppress every deception foisted upon the public. - -In the meanwhile the manufactory assiduously endeavoured to attain to -perfection in its products. As the stock of blacklead began to disappear -in the mines of Cumberland, it succeeded, by its perfected manipulation -of the material, in producing so many grades of hardness and supplying -such an extensive variety of pencil, that no demand could present itself -without meeting with satisfaction among the great choice of -manufactures. - -In the opinion of connoisseurs the finest sorts even surpass the best -Cumberland leadpencils in their lasting and uniform degrees of hardness, -their greater firmness and durability as also in the increased purity of -the lead. In addition to this they possess such an amount of softness -and delicacy, as to be able to stand comparison in this and every -particular with the Cumberland pencils. Besides this, and in addition to -several other improvements relating to their external appearance, the -most useful and ornamental shapes for pencils of the finer descriptions -were devised and introduced, and still more recently the socalled -“_Artist’s pencils_” were added to the list of novelties and immediately -met with the most universal recognition, which soon stimulated other -manufacturers to attempt imitations. - -In the midst of these exertions the news was suddenly received, that -that, which the English had so long sought for and which the perfected -system of manufacture still stood much in need of in order to yield more -than was previously possible, had been found. A new blacklead mine had -been discovered. _Johann Peter Alibert_, merchant of the first class at -Tabasthus in Siberia, had undertaken an exploring expedition in the -mountainous eastern portion of Siberia, partly to search for gold. He -examined the sand of the rivers Oka, Belloi, Kitoi and Irkutsk, and in -one of the mountain ravines in the vicinity of Irkutsk lighted -accidentally upon specimens of pure blacklead. _Alibert_ immediately -recognised the value and importance of the material and instituted -strict investigations until in the year 1847 after much labor and -exertion he arrived at the conviction that, in a branch of the mountain -range of Saian among the heights of the Batougol mountains four hundred -versts westward of the town of Irkutsk, close to the frontier of China, -a primitive deposit of blacklead must exist. He addressed himself at -once to the task of opening a mine in order to bring the costly material -to the surface. - -At first the blacklead met with proved to be no better than the refuse -Cumberland blacklead, and upwards of three hundred tons of this quality -had to be removed before a deposit of the best and purest blacklead was -finally opened up. Pieces were soon obtained weighing as much as eighty -pounds. The Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, before which body -_Alibert_ laid his samples of blacklead for analysis, declared the same -to consist of the same elements and possess the same properties and -consequently to be of precisely the same nature as the Cumberland -blacklead. _Alibert_ now proceeded to England where he visited the -declining blacklead mines of Cumberland and convinced himself by -personal observation of the exhaustion and decay of the same. He -thereupon submitted his samples of blacklead to some of the most -extensive English leadpencil manufactories for examination, who -unanimously confirmed the verdict of the Academy at St. Petersburg, -pronouncing the quality of the Siberian blacklead to be excellent and in -no way inferior to the Cumberland lead. - -It had cost _Alibert_ eight years of unremitting labour and a capital of -one million Francs when he beheld his enterprise crowned with this -certainly unexpected success. - -He now turned his attention to rendering the newly discovered material -available for the manufacture of pencils. Having convinced himself that -_Faber’s_ manufactory was the most extensive in existence and that it -circulated the largest amount of fine goods in the world, he applied to -the same with a proposition for an agreement, by virtue of which his -blacklead was to be taken solely and exclusively by that establishment -for the manufacture of pencils. - -The firm on the other hand, having thoroughly convinced themselves that -the newly discovered blacklead was quite equal to the genuine and best -Cumberland blacklead in quality, willingly entertained this proposition -of _Alibert’s_, so that in the year 1856 a contract was entered into -between the manufactory and _Alibert_ and sanctioned by the Russian -Government, according to which all the blacklead, which comes from the -Siberian mines is to be delivered to _A. W. Faber’s_ manufactory, and to -no other establishment for the purposes of pencil manufacture, now and -for all time. - -It was a mighty work which the restless energy of _Alibert_ had brought -into execution in a land so difficult of access. On the summit of the -mountain of Batougol, which now in the Russian maps of the country is -designated by the name of “_Alibertsberg_” in honorable remembrance of -the discoverer of the blacklead mine, _Alibert_ assembled all his -working force and a little colony soon sprung up, which addressed itself -zealously to the new mining operations. - -The miners brought the blacklead to the surface in large blocks and the -material thus obtained proclaimed at once, by its external purity and a -beautiful silvery lustre, its excellent value and composition. The -transport was attended with immense difficulties. The blocks of -blacklead, carefully packed in wooden cases, had to traverse enormous -tracts of country, across which not the least vestige of a road is to be -found, upon the backs of reindeer to reach the nearest seaport, whence -they were shipped to Europe, while other consignments of the blacklead -were forwarded to the manufactory exclusively by land. - -It may be conceived that _Alibert_ by this discovery drew even the -attention of the Russian Government upon himself and was gratified by -the kindest encouragement both on part of the Czar and the Governor of -the province of Irkutsk, Count _Murawiew Amursky_. In the report -concerning explorations in Siberia issued by the imperial Academy of -Sciences the discoverer is mentioned particularly (page 33) and at the -same time _Faber’s_ manufactory, the capital of which has facilitated -and advanced this enterprise, is honorably spoken of. - -The manufactory, thus in possession of so extensive a store of -blacklead, the excellence of which both theory and practice place on a -level with the Borrowdale lead, has produced pencils made with the -Siberian lead ever since the year 1856. It was now no longer a question -of attaining to the standard of the Cumberland pencils but rather of -surpassing it. - -The new material was worked partly in a natural state so as to enable -connoisseurs to convince themselves of its excellent quality and partly -artificially manufactured, which yielded as a result such a degree of -evenness, purity and unchanging hardness as had never before been -obtained, not even in the best Cumberland pencils. After the exertions -of six years the manufactory is just now intending to enter the World’s -market with its new productions. - - * * * * * - -Before we conclude our sketch we must stop to contemplate a bright spot -in the internal history of the factory and remember the day on which it -celebrated the completion of the hundredth year of its existence with a -festival, to which the joyful feelings of a happy and contented -population and the not less hearty than general participation therein -from far and near, lent a peculiar solemnity. - -The festival was celebrated by the proprietor of the manufactory =Johann -Lothar Faber= and his brother =Johann Faber= together with their -families and in the midst of the assembled factory hands male and -female, as also of all masterworkmen employed for the manufactory and a -large number of invited guests. - -The 16^{th} September 1861 was the day fixed for the occasion, chiefly -with the view of rendering the festival all the more impressive by a -special celebration of divine service in the new church of the village, -which had only been consecrated a fortnight before. Preparations of the -most varied character occupied both the masters of the factory and their -families for some time previously, in order to render this auspicious -and happy event a thoroughly joyous festival for their workpeople and -all that participated therein, and the remembrance of it no less -pleasing than indelible. - -Similar feelings however also actuated the workpeople, who exerted -themselves with all their power to add to the splendor of the festival, -and manifest their good feelings and gratitude in a touching and -unexpected manner. - -On the eve of the festive day the workmen in a body brought their master -a torchlight procession, which, after passing through the whole of the -gaily decorated premises, came to halt in the courtyard of Mr. _Faber’s_ -house, whereupon the workmen’s singing club performed three partsongs -composed expressly for the occasion. - -A deputation of workmen consisting of men who had been longest in the -factory then handed the master, together with an appropriate address -made by their senior member, a handsome and tasteful album as a festive -present from them, and a parchment roll on which were printed a -dedication composed in verse, then the speech which a workman made in -the most spirited manner previous to the presentation of the album, -further the songs performed and a list of the names of all the workmen -and women. This was certainly one of the most affecting moments and even -those men, who had become grey in the service of the factory were unable -to restrain their tears of emotion and gratitude. - -_Lothar Faber_ in his reply dwelt particularly upon how he valued the -proofs of love, attachment, gratitude and faithfulness shown to him as -being not merely intended for himself alone but likewise for his whole -house and more especially for his two brothers standing so faithfully by -his side, and how he wished that these sentiments of the workpeople -might ever spread among them and be manifested to him and his family for -all time. - -On the morning of the sixteenth of September all the workmen and women -assembled at the house of _L. Faber_ in order to receive the festive -present appointed for each person as also a commemoration medal coined -expressly for this festival, having on the one side the arms of the -family with the legend: “Founder: _Kaspar Faber_ † 1784; Successors: _A. -W. Faber_ † 1819; _G. L. Faber_ † 1839; _J. L. Faber_”; and upon the -Obverse the legend: “In remembrance of the Century Jubilee of the -Leadpencil Manufactory of _A. W. Faber_ at Stein near Nürnberg.” - - * * * * * - -The festive clang of bells now summoned all present to the special -divine service, which was destined to form a worthy commencement to the -festival and all the factory hands arranged themselves in a stately -procession, which, headed by the members of the _Faber_ family, moved -towards the church in order there to give vent to the feelings of -gratitude in a pious and christian manner. A sermon was preached, the -text being taken from the 90^{th} Psalm, verses 16. 17 and at the -conclusion of the service all the workpeople male and female assembled -at eleven o’clock at the workmen’s dwellinghouses in the village of -Stein built by _L. Faber_, from whence they started in a procession, -headed by the band of the fourteenth regiment of infantry stationed at -Nürnberg, for the park of _L. Faber_, one portion of which nearest the -dwellinghouse had been specially arranged for the festival partly for -the entertainment of the numerous guests and partly for various -amusements of play and dance, and which, by its elegant decorations and -appropriate mottoes, bearing upon the past and present of the Factory, -made the most agreeable impression upon every one. Arrived upon the -festive grounds the entire body of workpeople about four hundred in -number partook of the dinner provided for them, the regimental band -performing agreeable music the while. The repast concluded, _L. Faber_ -mounted a tribune especially erected for this occasion and ornamented -with lifesize busts of the departed ancestors, and in a short speech set -before them the chief features of the history of the manufactory, -impressing upon them, on the commencement of the second century of its -existence, the value of that order and carefulness which are so -indispensably necessary for the prosperous career of a large -establishment in the requirements of our age, and concluding with a -cheer for the existence and welfare of the Factory in which all joined -vociferously. - - * * * * * - -The two youngest boys of the family, _Wilhelm_ the son of _L. Faber_ ten -years and _Ernst_ the son of his brother _Johann_, seven years of age -hereupon ascended the steps and while the former greeted his father with -a poem in the name of the four surviving brothers and sisters of _L. -Faber_, the latter presented him with a silver goblet also in their name -as a souvenir of the festival. - - * * * * * - -By three o’clock the number of the guests had increased to nearly six -hundred. They amused themselves with all sorts of games, to which the -drawing of prizes lent an especial charm, and with dancing round the -lofty maypole erected on the grass plot, or with wandering through the -park, which was entirely thrown open, while the band charmed the ear -with its performances. In the midst of this lively scene of rejoicing, -which partook of the appearance of a national gathering, the Master of -the Factory _L. Faber_, together with all others present were surprised -in the most agreeable manner by the arrival of a gracious autographic -missive from _His Majesty_ the King, which read as follows: - - - “On the 16^{th} inst. you celebrate, as I am given to understand the - completion of the first Century of the existence of the manufactory - founded by your ancestors and whose well earnt fame both at home and - abroad redounds to the honor of Bavarian industry. It has likewise - given me special pleasure to observe the care, with which you watch - over the moral and temporal affairs of your workpeople. The festival - which you are about to keep, affords me an opportunity of offering - my best congratulations to you and the establishment conducted by - you with so much success and at the same time of expressing the hope - that the manufactory will be blest with continued prosperity. - - With the sincerest good wishes - - Hohenschwangau 14. September 1861. - - Your affectionate King - =Max.= - - To - Mr. _Johann Lothar Faber_ Manufacturer.” - - -With joyous emotion _L. Faber_ communicated this gracious mark of honour -to all assembled, by reading it aloud from the tribune, concluding with -a triple cheer for His Majesty King _Max_ in which every one joined with -the greatest spirit. - -He then gave the health of his two brothers, who so faithfully and -energetically seconded his exertions, which was received with joyous -acclamations echoing again and again from the vast assembly; then his -fellowworkers for the manufactory outside its pale, as also all his -business friends and especially the artists, who, by patronising his -manufactures and appreciating their value for art had so materially -contributed to the extension of his fame. _L. Faber_ thereupon recited a -poem the fundamental idea of which was the motto of the manufactory: - - “Truth, Respectability, Industry.” - -This recital served as an introduction to the unveiling of an -allegorical tableau executed by _Maar_ of Nürnberg representing partly -the activity of the Factory, and mercantile enterprise, and partly an -appropriate allusion to the Jubilee festival. Then a short address -followed by the presentation of a congratulatory testimonial to _L. -Faber_ on part of the authorities of the council of trade of Nürnberg -was made, which elicited a cheer for the same. Then _Maar_ the artist -made a speech upon the history of the lead pencil and its application to -Art, thanking _L. Faber_ in the name of his colleagues for the cheer -given them and concluding with a toast for the establishment. - -A small brochure setting forth the contents of the Festival Album before -mentioned and containing a capital piece of poetry composed by a -relation of the _Faber_ family was then distributed among the guests. - -A number of speeches and toasts were now made and given by the workmen -themselves, who were fairly carried away by excitement, which one and -all breathed a spirit of attachment and gratitude, and of which not a -few, spite of their simple character, caused feelings of emotion. -Performances of their singing clubs alternated with those of the band -until as darkness drew near the illumination of the festive grounds and -an extensive portion of the park presented a fresh tableau. Bengal -lights illumined several of the more lovely points and a pyrotechnic -display brought the festival to a conclusion at nine o’clock, when all -the participators departed in the gayest spirits and with hearty wishes -for the continued prosperity of the Manufactory. - -The foregoing description of the Jubilee festival of _A. W. Faber’s_ -Pencil manufactory may be appropriately closed with the mention off a -transaction which was no less a gratification than an honor to the -proprietor of the same: - -On the morning of the eighth of October a deputation of the magistracy -and representatives of the Commune of Nürnberg, consisting of the two -Burgomasters, _von Wächter_ and _Seiler_ and the President of the -College of the Commune, Dr. _Lindner_, proceeded to Stein in order to -present _Johann Lothar Faber_ with the diploma of honorary citizenship -of the City of Nürnberg, which reads as follows: - - - “The Magistrate and representatives of the Commune of the Royal - Bavarian city of Nürnberg have conferred upon Mr. _Johann Lothar - Faber_, proprietor of the Pencil manufactory at Stein in the Royal - Jurisdiction of Nürnberg, in appreciation of the many and important - services, which he has rendered to industry in general and the trade - of Nürnberg in particular, by an unanimous resolution the honorary - citizenship of the city of Nürnberg, and, after obtaining the most - gracious consent of His Majesty the King, caused this deed to be - drawn up for him. Given under the great seal of the city and the - signatures of the two Burgomasters as also that of the President of - the College of the Commune. - - Nürnberg the 16^{th} September 1861. - - _von Wächter_, I. Burgomaster. - _Seiler_, II. Burgomaster. - _Lindner_, President of the Presentatives of the Commune.” - - ------------------ - - - - -The celebration of the hundreth anniversary of the existence of the -Factory afforded the proprietor of the same a welcome opportunity of -dedicating this memoir to all his honoured business friends and patrons -as a token of his gratitude and esteem and at the same time of giving -them a pretty perfect sketch of his Factory and a view of its internal -arrangement. With this latter object he had the nine views, attached to -the end hereof, taken, which represent a faithful sketch of the chief -points of the establishment and by means of which it is possible to form -a tolerably accurate idea of the Lead pencil Manufacture. - -The _first plate_ represents the sluicing process. On the left hand side -of the picture the blacklead is seen in its original casks, on the right -hand side the clay. These two raw materials are here washed and then -passed on in pans to be dried. - -The _second plate_ shows the grinding which goes on day and night, the -composition of blacklead, clay &c. being ground fine while in a wet -state, and then dried in ovens especially adapted for that purpose. - -The _third plate_ depicts the preparation of the lead. The workmen to -the left in the background are forming a plastic mass of the composition -by wetting it with water, which while still wet is passed into the -cylinder of the press where it is forced through a copper plate, at the -bottom of the cylinder, in the centre of which there is an opening of a -peculiar shape. As is seen in the representation the lead thus pressed -through the cylinder assumes the shape of a ring and is then carried by -the workmen on the right upon boards and lying in a straight position, -to a moderately warm place to dry. Before however the lead is completely -dry, it is cut into sticks of the proper length for filling the pencils. -After the drying comes the annealing in peculiarly constructed ovens. -This process takes place in hermetically closed vessels of clay or iron -in which the sticks of lead are placed in a horizontal position. - -In the _fourth plate_ the method of cutting, sawing and planing the wood -is seen. In the foreground to the right lies a balk of Florida Cedar -wood. These balks are from 10 to 15 feet in length and 8 to 24 inches in -thickness. They are first cut across with an upright saw in pieces of -the length of a pencil, which pieces are then cut into sticks by small -circular saws as shown on the right hand side of the view, the sticks -being thereupon planed smooth by the machine in front. Behind the -planing machine the grooving machines are situated by means of which the -smoothly planed sticks are cut with fine circular saws into top and -bottom pieces, the latter of which are furnished with grooves. - -The _fifth plate_ represents the process of glueing the sticks of lead -into the wood. At each glueing table there are three workmen, one of -whom smears the two pieces of wood with glue, while the second places -the lead in the groove and the third, after the two pieces are fixed -together, trims the pencils, which are then placed in a press and firmly -pressed together by means of screws. The round bundles seen in this view -are partly finished pencils and partly tops and bottoms. - -At this stage of the manufacture the pencils are all square and are now -passed on to the planing shop represented in the _sixth plate_. There -they are cut to the exact length by means of fine circular saws and then -planed round or square, oval or even hexagonal or trigonal by the -planing machines, which they reach in a square form. - -The seventh and eighth plates show those operations which are carried on -by females. - -In the _seventh plate_ to the right the workwomen are seen engaged in -polishing the pencils with colours, and to the left those who by means -of a lever press stamp the name of the firm upon them. - -At last the polished and stamped pencils arrive at the room, where they -are made up into packets as represented in the _eighth_ plate. Here they -are fastened up in dozens, covered with tickets and packed either by the -dozen or the gross. - -The _ninth plate_ represents the dwelling houses and manufacturing -Premises. The residence on an elevation to the left is that of the -proprietor of the Manufactory, below which is seen that of his brother. -The two houses in the middle were dwellinghouses in former times and -have been used for years as Countinghouse, Warehouse and -Sample-show-room. The workshops lower down on the right stand close to -the river Rednitz and the machinery therein is set in motion by -waterpower, whereas in the other premises higher up steam is the agent -employed. - - - - -[Illustration: - - Schlemmen. - Atelier de la purification du graphite. - Sluicing the lead.] - - - - -[Illustration: - - Mahlen. - Moulins à moudre le graphite. - Grinding the lead.] - - - - -[Illustration: - - Bearbeitung des Bleies. - Atelier de la manipulation de la mine. - Grinding the lead.] - - - - -[Illustration: - - Sägen und Hobeln des Holzes. - Atelier du sciage et rabotage du bois. - Sawing and planing process.] - - - - -[Illustration: - - Einleimen des Bleies. - Atelier du collage de la mine dans le bois. - Gluing room.] - - - - -[Illustration: - - Hobeln der Bleistifte. - Atelier du rabotage des crayons. - Planing room.] - - - - -[Illustration: - - Poliren und Zeichnen. - Atelier de vernisage et numérotage. - Polishing and stamping process.] - - - - -[Illustration: - - Binden und Verpacken. - Atelier de l’empaquetage des crayons. - Tying and packing room.] - - - - -[Illustration: - - Fabrik in Stein bei Nürnberg. - Fabrique de Crayons. - Pencil-Manufactory.] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - - -Punctuation has been normalized. Variations in hyphenation have been -retained as they were in the original publication. The author’s original -choice of spelling and variations therein have been maintained with the -exception of the following: - - too —> two great improvements {page 13} - loftly —> dancing round the lofty maypole {page 26} - second —> seconded his exertions {page 27} - -The following attribution line, which appeared in the illustration -captions in the original publication, has not been included in the -captions in this ebook: - - Lor. Ritter del. Druckerei von C. Kruthoffer, Frankfurt a. M. - -The original version of this book used spaced text, most frequently for -proper and place names. The spaced text has been represented using -_underscores_ in the plain text version of the book. - -Bolded phrases are presented by surrounding the text with =equal signs= -herein. - -The caret symbol ^ precedes characters that were raised as a -superscript in the original book. In the case where more than one -character was raised, those characters were encased in brackets, as in -this example: 2^{nd} - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lead Pencil Manufactory of A. W. -Faber at Stein near Nürnberg, Bavar, by A. W. 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W. Faber, By A. W. 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W. Faber -at Stein near Nürnberg, Bavaria, by A. W. Faber - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Lead Pencil Manufactory of A. W. Faber at Stein near Nürnberg, Bavaria - -Author: A. W. Faber - -Release Date: June 7, 2016 [EBook #52256] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEAD PENCIL MANUFACTORY *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Carolyn Jablonski and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div> - <h1 class='c000'><span class='small'>THE</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='xlarge'>LEAD PENCIL MANUFACTORY</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='small'>OF</span> <br /> <br /> <i><b><span class='xxlarge'>A. W. FABER</span></b></i> <br /> <br /> <span class='small'>AT</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='xlarge'>STEIN <span class='fss'>NEAR</span> NÜRNBERG.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='large'>BAVARIA.</span></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='large'>An historical sketch,</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c002'>in commemoration of the Jubilee celebrated in the year 1861 -to mark the completion of the first Century of the existence -of the Establishment, dedicated by the Proprietor to his Patrons -and Business friends.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='large'>MOSS & CO.</span></div> - <div>FABER’S AGENTS FOR SIBERIAN PENCILS,</div> - <div>No. 432 Chestnut Street,</div> - <div><span class='small'>PHILADELPHIA.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'>DESCRIPTIVE LIST <br /> <br /> <span class='small'>OF</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='large'>FABER’S SIBERIAN LEAD PENCILS,</span> <br /> <span class='small'>(See page 20 to 23 inclusive.)</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><i>ESPECIALLY ADAPTED</i></div> - <div class='c005'><span class='sc'>For Engineers, Architects, Artists, Wood Engravers, and</span></div> - <div><span class='sc'>Office Use.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Extra Soft and Extra Black,</td> - <td class='c007'>marked</td> - <td class='c006'>B B B B B B</td> - <td class='c008'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Very Soft and Very Black,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>B B B</td> - <td class='c008'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Soft and Very Black,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>B B</td> - <td class='c008'>or No. 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Soft and Black,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>B</td> - <td class='c008'>“ No. 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Hard and Black,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>H B</td> - <td class='c008'>“ No. 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Middling,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>F</td> - <td class='c008'>“ No. 4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Hard,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>H</td> - <td class='c008'>“ No. 5.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Harder,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>H H</td> - <td class='c008'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Very Hard,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>H H H</td> - <td class='c008'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Extra Hard,</td> - <td class='c007'>“</td> - <td class='c006'>H H H H H H</td> - <td class='c008'> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='lg-container-l c004'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in1'>On cards, 10 pencils, one of each above grades.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>In boxes,</td> - <td class='c009'>7 do. do. do.</td> - <td class='c006'>B B B,</td> - <td class='c006'>B B,</td> - <td class='c007'>B,</td> - <td class='c010'>H B,</td> - <td class='c006'>F,</td> - <td class='c006'>H,</td> - <td class='c008'>H H.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Do.</td> - <td class='c009'>5 do. do. do.</td> - <td class='c006'>B B,</td> - <td class='c006'>B,</td> - <td class='c007'>H B,</td> - <td class='c010'>F,</td> - <td class='c006'> </td> - <td class='c006'>H.</td> - <td class='c008'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c006'>Do.</td> - <td class='c009'>5 (<span class='fss'>WITH KNIFE AND RUBBER.</span>)</td> - <td class='c006'>do.</td> - <td class='c006'>do.</td> - <td class='c007'>do.</td> - <td class='c010'>do.</td> - <td class='c006'> </td> - <td class='c006'>do.</td> - <td class='c008'> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c011'>Artists’ Patent Pencils with moveable leads of all the grades.</p> - -<p class='c012'>Moveable leads, same quality, in boxes, containing six leads of any grade.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='large'>MOSS & CO.</span></div> - <div class='c005'>Dealers in Drawing Instruments, Papers, Tracing Cloth,</div> - <div>Tracing Paper, &c.</div> - <div><span class='small'>No. 432 <span class='sc'>Chestnut Street</span>,</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>PHILADELPHIA.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i-06.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p>J. L. Faber<br />geb. 12 Juni 1817.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'><span class='small'>THE</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='xlarge'>LEAD PENCIL MANUFACTORY</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='small'>OF</span> <br /> <br /> <i><b><span class='xxlarge'>A. W. FABER</span></b></i> <br /> <br /> <span class='small'>AT</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='xlarge'>STEIN <span class='fss'>NEAR</span> NÜRNBERG.</span> <br /> <br /> <span class='large'>BAVARIA.</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><span class='large'>An historical sketch,</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c002'>in commemoration of the Jubilee celebrated in the year 1861 -to mark the completion of the first Century of the existence -of the Establishment, dedicated by the Proprietor to his Patrons -and Business friends.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='small'>Nürnberg. Printed by U. E. Sebald.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'><span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span>The lead pencil, as everyone knows, is an invention of modern times, and may -unhesitatingly be placed side by side with the numerous improvements and -inventions, by means of which the last three centuries in particular have so -largely contributed towards the spread of Arts and Sciences and the facilitation -of Study and Communication. To the classic ages and their art the pencil and -in general every application of lead as a writing material was entirely unknown -and it was first in the middle ages, as we hear, that lead was employed for this -purpose. This metal however was by no means the same sort of thing as the -black lead of our pencils, which are indeed only mentioned in conjunction of -lead on account of the writing produced by them bearing some resemblance to -lead. Besides which lead was then only used for ruling lines and in no instance -for writing or drawing purposes. This leadruler was in form a sharpedged disc, -such as is said to have been used for the same purpose even in the later periods -of the classic ages.</p> - -<p class='c014'>With the developement and growth of modern painting the traces of -pencil-like drawings first begin to manifest themselves. The masters of the -fourteenth century, especially <i>van Eyck</i>, and of the fifteenth, such as <i>Memlink</i> -and others, appear to be the first who mention works of art executed with a -pencil-like instrument upon chalked paper. They are generally designated as -drawings in silver-style, this specification however not being capable of any closer -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>confirmation, though this much is certain that the use of pure silver is not intended -to be implied. In like manner it is reported of the Italian artists of the -latter part of the middle ages, that they drew with a silver-style upon smooth -deal covered with the dust of calcined bones, which process appears however -only to have met with very partial success.</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the other hand in Italy in the fourteenth century much drawing -was done with styles composed of a mixture of lead and tin; drawings that could -be effaced with bread crumb.</p> - -<p class='c014'><i>Petrarch’s</i> Laura was delineated by a contemporary in this manner -and in the time of <i>Michael Angelo</i> the process was still in use. These styles -were then introduced into Germany from Italy, under what particular name, we -know not. In Italy they are called “<i>Stile</i>”, but even they never seem at any -time to have been the universally acknowledged drawing material.</p> - -<p class='c014'>About the same period the pen came into use as a drawing- as well as -writing-material, to which were added, in the most flourishing days of painting, -black chalk and red chalk which enjoyed extensive use. The Italians obtained -the best red chalk from Germany and the best black chalk from Spain. <i>Vasari</i>, -speaking of an artist of the sixteenth century, especially remarks that he understood -how to use style, pen, black chalk and red chalk with equal dexterity.</p> - -<p class='c014'>To this period belongs also the discovery of black lead and with it the -production of an entirely new writing- and drawing-material—<i>The Lead Pencil</i>.</p> - -<p class='c014'>This invention, which conferred so many benefits not only upon practical -life but also upon art, was made in England in the reign of Queen Elisabeth, -for in the year 1564 the celebrated blacklead mines of Borrowdale in Cumberland -were discovered. With the opening of this mine every element was present -to render the developement of an extensive pencil trade upon English soil possible.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In the year 1565 the <i>first</i> lead pencils were manufactured in England. -The mines of Borrowdale, at one time on account of the valuable nature of their -produce exposed even to the predatory attacks of the inhabitants of the neighbouring -mountains, supply the English down to the present day with the material -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>for the best English leadpencils. The manufacturing of the lead obtained was -simple, the material, as soon as it came out of the mine, being cut to the proper -size with a saw and then without any further manipulation fastened into the -wood and it is remarkable, that the first pencils made in this manner are acknowledged -to be decidedly the best and down to the present day unsurpassed by -any other manufacture in the softness and delicacy of the lead. Although the -Cumberland pencils were soon in great request as being the first to really meet -an exigency long felt, it is their excellent quality that has given them their -lasting and universal reputation especially in the World of Art.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Cumberland mine only remained open for six weeks in the year -and yet the blacklead obtained in this short time is stated to have been of the -value of £ 40,000 or One Million Francs each time.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The raw material was sent up to London just as it came from the -mine and there sold by auction in the <i>black lead market</i>, these sales taking -place on the first Monday in every month. The price averaged 36-40 shillings -per English pound and the value of the good Cumberland black lead according -to Dufrénoy was 400 Francs per Kilogramme.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The fact of the English Government having considered it expedient -rigorously to prohibit the export of black lead in any other form than that of -leadpencils goes to prove of what importance these mines and the manufacture -of leadpencils in connexion with them was to England. In spite of the fact -however that the mines only remained open for six weeks in the year and that -no blacklead might be exported from them, the working of the mines, continued -as it was for upwards of a century, at last began to have the effect of -diminishing the yield, until at last nothing was to be obtained from them but an -inferior and impure material no longer adapted as before for the manufacture -of pencils.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In order to protect themselves from the consequences of a failure of -the Cumberland blacklead mines, the English strenuously sought in every direction -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>for new blacklead deposits, but down to the present day without the desired -success. There remained therefore nothing but to look about for some means -whereby the impure refuse still obtainable could be purified.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The process invented for this purpose consisted of first grinding the -blacklead to powder as soon as it came out of the mine, then purifying it as -much as possible from foreign substances by chemical means and finally compressing -it by means of a press in such a manner that the mass could be just as -easily cut as the pure Cumberland blacklead used to be. However notwithstanding -all the appliances of art and science were brought to bear upon the subject and -spite of every exertion to render this composition perfect, the English have not -hitherto succeeded in producing any material capable of replacing the natural -blacklead as obtained from the Cumberland mines.</p> - -<p class='c014'>These circumstances operated as an inducement to search for a substitute, -which would admit of a greater economy in the use of blacklead. Experiments -were made in England with this view and various substances such as glue, -isinglass, tragacanth, gum &c. were tried for the purpose of cementing and consolidating -the earthy blacklead into a firm mass. But none of these means succeeded. -Subsequently it was attempted to improve the blacklead by melting it with -minerals, compounding it with 30 or 40 per cent of sulphur. But this made -the blacklead too brittle and the pencils made by this process would hardly mark -at all. At last mixing with antimony was tried, which certainly yielded a composition -in outward appearance very similar to the pure blacklead, but which proved -to be but an unsatisfactory writingmaterial.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Towards the end of last century the manufacture of leadpencils was -introduced into <i>France</i> and soon attained to an extensive developement. Hardly -were the last restrictions upon industrial freedom removed in that country, when -in the year 1795 the idea was started of making use of clay for the purpose of -binding the blacklead together. This process soon found favor on account of its -many advantages for by this commixture a great portion of the costly blacklead -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>was saved and at the same time the manufacture rendered materially easier, so -that the leadpencils could be supplied at a very much cheaper rate.</p> - -<p class='c014'>By these novel improvements a fresh era in the manufacture of leadpencils -was commenced in France. Notwithstanding this however, there was yet -very much to be done in the department of blackleadpencil manufacture in order -to keep pace with the increased requirements of advancing art and more civilised -life.</p> - -<p class='c014'>True, various degrees of hardness and different sorts of pencils were -thus obtained but these were by no means proportional to the various modes of -use. The manipulation of the brittle material demanded deep study, and conscientious -laborers in order to give the pencil the requisite perfection.</p> - -<p class='c014'>If we now turn to <i>Germany</i>, it will in the first place be necessary -to cast a glance at the developement of German industry and German leadpencil -manufacture, it being then shown under what circumstances it had to -develope itself and with what rivals it had to enter into competition.</p> - -<p class='c014'>It is not to be denied that from the very first German industry found -itself in a more disadvantageous position. France and England had already become -intrinsically industrious countries. They possessed immense facilities for -foreign trade, the greatest internal freedom of motion for the industrial element, -a legislature which took cognizance of all the requirements of industry, in short -both countries were, in comparison with Germany, favored by certain circumstances -which are indispensably necessary to render industry flourishing and which -were then already fulfilled, whereas in Germany political division and animosity -and the pressure of the guilds operated most perniciously upon industrial enterprise.</p> - -<p class='c014'>For these reasons industry could only develope itself in Germany later -and then but slowly. The transition from the old to the new state of things -appeared much more difficult, as many long since antiquated forms, which had -become endeared to us by use, had first to be abolished.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Saxon spirit, which, on the other side of the Channel had attained -to such glorious results, had to sustain many a conflict in its native land, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>many a praiseworthy attempt suffered shipwreck on the many obstacles, which -the splitting up of the nation and the retention of unfeasable arrangements -opposed to every great idea.</p> - -<p class='c014'>German science flourished at the same time to a very great extent, -but in its exaltation it stood too high above ordinary life, not perceiving how -to associate itself with it, so as to penetrate it with its enlightening and -warmthgiving rays. Thus German industry remained far behind foreign enterprise -and Germany beheld herself inundated with quantities of foreign manufactures, -which she herself could have produced just as well, indeed it came to -such a pass that foreigners relying upon their well organised commerce and the -celebrity of their products even ventured to send German manufactures into the -German market, stamped with a foreign trademark.</p> - -<p class='c014'>German industry being at this low ebb, the manufacture of leadpencils -occupied but a very modest place. The first traces are to be found in the -village of <i>Stein</i> not far from <i>Nürnberg</i>. As far back as the year 1726 the -churchbooks mention marriages of “<i>Pencilmakers</i>”, subsequently also “<i>Blacklead -cutters</i>” male and female.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Leadpencil making however was then in its very lowest state, as in no -case is a large establishment mentioned, and it may be assumed that this branch -of trade was only just able to maintain a precarious position in comparison -with the English manufacture.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The Bavarian government however soon devoted their attention to this -branch of industry and sought to advance it. In the year 1766 a Count von -Kronsfeld received a concession for the erection of a leadpencil manufactory at -Jettenbach.</p> - -<p class='c014'>But the manufacture, wanting as it was in material, experience and -custom, still remained so insignificant, that in “Beckmanns Technologie”, which -appeared in the year 1777 “Pencilmaking” merely received a quite superficial -and incidental notice.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>In the year 1816 the Bavarian government erected a Royal Leadpencil -manufactory at Obernzell (Hafnerzell) and introduced into this establishment the -French process already mentioned of using clay to consolidate the blacklead.</p> - -<p class='c014'>When the new manufacture was in full play, the government transferred -the whole establishment into private hands as was intended from the commencement, -though the credit of having given the impetus to renewed activity on a large -scale certainly belongs to it.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The establishment is now in the possession of the renowned Regensburg -manufacturer. In addition to this the leadpencil manufacture had taken root in -Vienna and an establishment was formed there, in which likewise the French -process of mixing the blacklead with clay was adopted.</p> - -<hr class='c015' /> - -<p class='c014'>The now so extensive <i>leadpencil manufactory at Stein</i> sprung -from very modest beginnings. In the year 1760 namely its founder, <b>Kaspar -Faber</b>, settled in this village of <i>Stein</i> three miles from Nürnberg, and in the -year 1761 commenced the manufacture of leadpencils.</p> - -<p class='c014'>At that time adverse external circumstances pressed heavily upon the -young manufactory, the whole possessions of its founder consisting only of a -small house situated on the Rednitz and surrounded by a small garden. A judicial -inventory dated 1786 still preserved in the family specifies faithfully the insignificant -property possessed by them, showing a nett result of “Fifty nine florins”.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The finest and dearest qualities mentioned therein are spoken of as -“several gross of <i>English</i> pencils”, for thus the better German manufactures -had to disguise themselves under a foreign title. The demand for these manufactures -was trifling and purely local, as the spirit of commerce and enterprise did -but little to assist their introduction.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Nürnberg and Fürth appear to have been the first to patronise the -products of the manufactory. To these places, as we know, the pencils finished -in the course of the week were carried on Saturdays in a basket; but the fact -of their having been well paid for goes to prove that even then their excellence -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>was acknowledged. The relations at that time existing between the producer -and the consuming public were however but little regulated. The producer stood -by himself alone, cut off from the world, which seemed to him too immensely -large for him to dare to step out into it. The farsighted vision, searching in -every direction to discover new wants and invent new improvements, were wanting -to him, as was also the beneficial influence of external relations, with which -he was never brought in contact.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Nor was the consumer any more favorably situated.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The article became the object of extensive commercial speculation and -had often to travel a very long way before it reached the hands of the consuming -public, nor was the repute of a good name any guarantee to the consumer -of the excellence of the article, for in order to keep the manufacturers in complete -dependance, the merchants would not allow them to mark their better products -with their names, but prescribed them foreign names and unmeaning signs, -such as: Harps, Stars etc.</p> - -<p class='c014'>It was but slowly that the French process of mixing the lead with clay -gained ground and many years after the adoption of this process the workmen, -even in <i>Faber’s</i> manufactory, were still employed in working the Spanish lead -in the old fashioned way by melting it and cutting it with a saw.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The progress of the French however soon forced the merchants to press -the Nürnberg manufacturers to advance, so as not to be left behind by competition. -After the introduction of the new composition the Nürnberg manufactories -soon found themselves favorably circumstanced and yielded satisfactory profits -both to the merchants and the manufacturers.</p> - -<p class='c014'>But this was not to last. In the first ten years of this century competition -increased steadily and enormously so that demand by no means kept pace -with supply, and the vital question forced itself upon the manufacturers, whether -they were in a position to produce the article either better or cheaper?</p> - -<p class='c014'>This difficult problem was however solved in a manner unfavorable to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>the manufacture, and with that revolution commences the decay of the same -which now began to make itself felt.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The manufacture had, as before observed, become dependant upon the -trade of Nürnberg, which however no longer occupied its former high position, -for, although a considerable trade with foreign lands still existed, it was to a -great extent nominal. The enlargement and correction of ideas by foreign travel -and personal acquaintance with the grand advancement in foreign industry, were -wanting and thus no beneficial adjustment of the Nürnberg manufacture could -be brought about. Manufacture became the shuttlecock of commercial speculation, -which could not even so much as claim the credit of having successfully met the -increased requirements of the age or put a stop to powerful competition or an -overworked system of trade more calculated for the future.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The trade of Nürnberg at that time lay in the fetters of the guild -system, the relic of an earlier golden time, which, aiming at the isolation of -industry, which was thereby given into its hands, was the ban that opposed its -progress for a length of time, alluring it to act contrary to the interests of -native industry and therefore contrary to its own interests.</p> - -<p class='c014'>How much did this system leave of the ancient splendor and well -earnt renown of the City of Nürnberg?—A minimum kept and retained solely -and alone by the self denial, frugality and industry of the inhabitants. The ingenious, -serviceable articles had disappeared, giving place to goods, whose only -recommendation consisted in their being unprecedentedly cheap. The endeavour -to manufacture without the least regard to quality or serviceability as long as -cheapness was attained had become a rooted evil increasing as it descended in -all its fulness from father to son. The honorable distinction of the title “Nuernberg, -good” soon became changed into the lasting and contemptuous one of -“Nürnberg goods” and in the business world people even went so far as to say -that nothing good could possibly be produced at Nürnberg.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>These circumstances, which are to be laid to the account not only of -individuals but likewise of a domineering system and the spirit of a time not -so very far distant even now, attest that real industrial activity must go hand -in hand with mercantile spirit in order to maintain itself in the world free -from the influences above pointed out and enter the lists with competition. It -is only emancipated industry that can congratulate itself on real progress and -improve the article only by having an eye to the requirements of the consumer.</p> - -<p class='c014'>It was under these circumstances that <b>Anton Wilhelm Faber</b>, the -son of the founder, whose name the firm still bears, and since 1810 <b>Georg -Leonhard Faber</b>, the father of the present proprietor, stood at the head of -the establishment.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Many improvements had been attempted and several adopted; much -valuable experience had been gained, many processes in the manufacture had -been perfected and a number of intelligent workmen drawn together; spite of -all this however the mercantile relations above described operated most perniciously -upon the manufactory.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The mode of manufacture induced by the enslavement of industry on -the part of trade more especially destroyed that conscientious strictness, which -must form the foundation of a solid industry. Things went so far that articles -were sent forth into the world, possessing the outward appearance of pencils, -the wood being just tipped with lead at each end as though it was properly -filled, whereas in fact you only had a useless stick of wood before you.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Such swindling impositions, sent forth by the Nürnberg manufactories -into foreign countries, were well calculated to bring about a complete collapse and -it is difficult to regain confidence once deceived or esteem once forfeited. But -it must not be supposed that the interests of the Nürnberg pencil manufacture -were not solid. The unscrupulous transactions on part of some establishments as -a matter of course damaged the reputation of those which carried on their -business in an industrious and conscientious manner and the renown of the -whole trade was thus placed in jeopardy.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>In the year 1839 the present proprietor <b>Johann Lothar Faber</b> -undertook the management of the manufactory upon the death of his father -<i>Georg Leonhard Faber</i> abovenamed.</p> - -<p class='c014'>This gentleman had, down to his nineteenth year, endeavoured as far -as possible to perfect his commercial education in Nuernberg in the most fundamental -and general manner and, from his earliest youth, especially devoted -himself to the study of everything at all bearing upon his father’s manufactory. -Even at that time he directed his attention not merely to his father’s affairs, -but also to the developement of a business so sadly crippled and underwent -many privations in order as much is possible to satisfy the manifold claims laid -upon him by the aim which was always present to his imagination.</p> - -<p class='c014'>When nineteen years of age he went to Paris in order to increase his -stock of knowledge. There, in that capital of the World a greater range of -vision was opened to him and he beheld the operation of that restless spirit of -enterprise, which so mightily stirs the heart of the country. For the first time -the youth was brought face to face with the enormous business carried on both -with France and foreign lands and of which Paris is the centre. He surveyed -the fruits of a free, active industry, the great highroads, upon which commerce -flows from the mother country to distant lands, the realisation of a colossal -traffic, which allows no article to escape its observation and flows in an ever -moving wave between purchasers and consumers. Then his thoughts were carried -back to his distant native land with its industry so cramped and fettered -as to be altogether estranged from the great markets of the world and the -possibility flashed across his mind, that matters might be rendered very different -at home and native industry not only reconquer its honour and the renown of -its pristine good name, but that it might also be led forth from its narrow -prison and enabled to compete with the vigour and intelligence of the markets -of the world and that it would thus ensure obtaining an honourable position.</p> - -<p class='c014'>At that time industrial life was in full activity at Paris, scarcely -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>six years having elapsed since the revolution of July and Louis Philippe being -firmly established on the constitutional citizen-throne.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Thus great hopes filled the breast of the young man and impelled him -to follow up the ideas and plans of life he had adopted with all his energy.</p> - -<p class='c014'>After a sojourn of three years in Paris there fell upon him suddenly -and unexpectedly, on the midst of his labours, the news of the death of his -father and after first performing a previously contemplated journey to London, -in order to enrich his store of knowledge and experience, he returned to his -native land in August 1839.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Now was the time to carry out and realise all the ideas he had imbibed. -The condition of his father’s manufactory was, as before stated, extremely unsatisfactory. -Scarcely twenty workmen were employed and the annual business done -amounted only to about 12000 florins. If that glorious future, which the young -man had assigned to the manufactory in his imagination at Paris was to become -a fact, it would involve carrying on a conflict with all the old perverted notions, -to break with the cumbersome progress of former times and upon the ruins of -the Nürnberg trade, which beheld itself excluded from the world’s market, to -lay the foundations of a new commerce, which alone would be able to reconquer -for the venerable commercial city of Nürnberg her ancient renown.</p> - -<p class='c014'>He was the man, who brought, in the first place certainly only the -pencil manufacture, but therewith also native industry in general, into direct -contact with the ideas of foreign countries.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Sure and gradual progress was however indispensable. The new proprietor -adopted the device of:</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>“Truth, Respectability, Industry”</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>as the fundamental principle of his dealings, being firmly convinced, that no human -undertaking, which aspires to a future and lasting success, can possibly exist, -if it in any respect be based upon untruth, or at variance with that, which -passes for right and respectable among men in general or, which ignores the -duty of unwearying activity and energetic industry. These principles seemed to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>him all the more indispensable for his manufactory as he, by his position, rendered -himself to a certain extent responsible for the weal and woe of so many -souls.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The two brothers of the new proprietor had been destined by their -father for other modes of occupation, there being at that time no prospect of -the pencil manufacture maintaining them.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The present proprietor of the manufactory however, feeling confident -of the success of his comprehensive schemes, took to himself in the year 1840 -his second youngest brother <b>Johann Faber</b>, who at that time carried on an -Hotel at Prague, in order to unite his activity with his own.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The pencils were then only manufactured in proportionally few and -cheap sorts, but the new proprietor of the manufactory was soon induced to -introduce finer sorts at proportionate prices.</p> - -<p class='c014'>While still at Paris he had endeavoured in every way by letters to his -father to conduce towards the elevation of the manufactory and the improvement -of the quality of the articles manufactured, but it was when he began to put -his hands to the work himself that he first aimed at any material success.</p> - -<p class='c014'>These improved manufactures and especially his new so called Polygrade -Pencils, which have met with the greatest renown especially among artists, were -all marked with the name of the firm and, as they by reason of their increased -price, the unavoidable consequence of improved quality, met with but little countenance -among the Nürnberg merchants, the manufacturer travelled with them -himself through Germany, Russia, Austria, Belgium, Holland, France, England, -Italy and Switzerland and opened up business connexions with all the chief cities -of Europe, which, with the continued improvements in his manufactures, soon -found him a satisfactory custom and an ever increasing demand, important enough -to raise itself above the narrow sphere of local interests.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In the interior of the manufactory two great improvements were undertaken, -as nearly every year called for some new addition. In these new erections -care was taken to construct them as roomy and light as possible, thus -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>taking into consideration the health of the workmen and the fact that work -is much better performed in sunny spacious rooms, than in gloomy dark vaults -in which the air cannot be renewed, and that the pleasure and zest with which -it is performed redounds to the benefit of the manufactory itself.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The countless departments of business, in which pencils are used, by -degrees rendered an extensive and systematic classification necessary from the -long easel-pencil to the smallest pocketbook-pencil.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The manufacture had, in consequence of its extensive foreign connexions, -already become considerably improved and extended and the varying tastes, even -the varying customs of the nations which used them, had to be taken into consideration. -The manufacturer never ceased to study all wants, to subject his -manufactures constantly to new trials, to avail himself of fresh experiences in -order to surpass with his products all similar articles if possible.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The renown of his manufactures has penetrated to all parts of the -world and it is not merely their widely extended use, that attests their excellence, -but more especially the voice of those men, who make the greatest demands -upon the manufactory. There are few Architects and Engineers who use any -other article but <i>Faber’s pencils</i>, and the whole profession of artists has long -since proclaimed A. W. <i>Faber’s</i> pencil to be the very best for drawing purposes. -Such men as <i>Cornelius</i>, <i>Kaulbach</i>, <i>Bendemann</i>, <i>Lessing</i>, <i>Horace -Vernet</i> have expressed themselves to this effect.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In accordance with this verdict is the result of the competition in the -several industrial Exhibitions, both at home and abroad, in which <i>Faber’s</i> -pencils gained the victory all over all other manufactures of the same nature.</p> - -<p class='c014'>With the year 1849 a new era in the activity of the manufactory commenced. -Ever since that year the products of the manufactory had met with -recognition and custom in America and with the continued increase of the population -it was to be assumed that the sale of the same would also constantly -increase in importance, especially as the manufacture of leadpencils had not as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>yet taken firm root there and it therefore became a question of obtaining a -generally acknowledged product of European manufacture, the excellence of which -had been proved by the experience of years and its honest manufacture.</p> - -<p class='c014'>This induced the proprietor of the manufactory to establish a house at -<i>New-York</i> and entrust the management of the same to his youngest brother -<b>Eberhard Faber</b>, who had just completed his study for the law at the universities -of Berlin and Erlangen and was at that time engaged in acquiring the -necessary mercantile knowledge in the establishment at Stein.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The trade with America thereby acquired a firm footing, the communication -spite of the great distance became more regular and the connexion -of the manufactory with the new world more close. As <i>England</i>, <i>France</i>, -<i>Russia</i>, <i>Italy</i> and the East had long since been open to <i>Faber’s</i> manufactures, -the idea of creating an universal trade appeared to be realised.</p> - -<p class='c014'>As in the American commercial metropolis, so also in Paris a house -was founded, not merely to manage the important trade with France and the -neighbouring countries, but also to minister to the fine tastes and elegant requirements -of the French, which are of so much advantage to any product intrinsically -excellent.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In like manner, in order to supply the requirements of <i>England</i>, -<i>India</i> and <i>Australia</i>, an agency was established in London in the year 1851 -with M<sup>r.</sup> <i>A. Heintzmann</i>, now <i>Heintzmann & Rochussen</i>, of N<sup>o</sup> 9 Friday -Street, City, E. C.</p> - -<p class='c014'>While thus the external relations of the manufactory continued steadily -to extend themselves, its internal developement likewise advanced step by step.</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the very spot, where once the little house stood, the extensive -factory premises are now erected on either side of the Rednitz, the water power -of which river proving too insufficient and fluctuating, steam had to be called -into requisition and a large engine erected.</p> - -<p class='c014'>As already stated, almost each year demanded an addition to the premises -and considerable enlargements and alterations rendered necessary partly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>by the constantly increasing business and partly by sanatory or ornamental considerations, -so that the very character of the locality underwent considerable change.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Gardens now enclose the whole establishment on three of its sides. In -one of them stands the residence of the proprietor of the manufactory, <i>Lothar</i>, -visible from afar by reason of the height of its situation and remarkable on -account of the peculiarity of the style of its architecture; in the other the house -of his younger brother, <i>Johann</i>, so that everything stands together in the -closest connexion like the life of a large family.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The proprietor, while endeavouring in every way to advance all the -ends of the manufactory in the most perfect manner, has not omitted to bear in -mind at the same time the moral and material welfare of his workmen, whom -he has accustomed himself to recognise as men and his fellow creatures.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In their interest there were in the first place factory rules drawn up, -which regulated the duties and rights of the individual in the most precise -manner and especially took cognisance of the moral conduct of the workman. -They also gave the most diligent workmen and such as were more advanced in -years, opportunities of increasing their income by ensuring them an increase of -pay under certain conditions.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In order to awaken and encourage a spirit of frugality in the men and -to render their future more comfortable and independant, a Workman’s Savings -<i>Bank</i> was instituted, with the following fundamental principles: Acceptance of -the smallest deposit at any time; interest at four per cent to commence as soon -as the deposit reaches the amount of five florins; deposits to be withdrawn -only on account of some notoriously pressing necessity. This institution found -immediate recognition and by degrees came into almost general favor, so -that now many an individual, who formerly had to battle with economical cares, -finds himself in the possession of a little property and rejoices in his wellregulated -family affairs.</p> - -<p class='c014'>There is likewise a special fund for sickness.</p> - -<p class='c014'>A library has also been founded by the master of the manufactory, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>accessible both to the workman and his family and well used by them, at the -same time too an infant school was started for the children of the work people. -He likewise originated and supported with his own means the erection of a new -schoolhouse, and embraced every opportunity of advancing the education therein.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The social life of the workmen was also taken into consideration and -the taste for more elevating amusements, invigorating alike to soul and body, -encouraged. Of an evening they would meet in two singing societies to indulge -in the good German song, or on Sundays they would amuse themselves with the -crossbow in the free, fresh air of God’s Nature in the neighbouring forest, or -again on festive occasions they would all meet together like one large united -family for a sociable convivial repast.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Finally, care was also taken that the workman should mix with the -world outside the factory, for which purpose a number of them were sent by -the master of the factory to the Industrial Exhibition at Munich in order that -they might themselves see the fruit of their labour publicly exposed to view and -honorably mentioned, and at the same time obtain a glimpse of other branches -of industry.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Further, in order to provide new dwellings for the workmen a large -building was erected, of pleasing external proportions, and other buildings were -converted into workmen’s dwellings. The houses themselves contain separate -apartments, which afford the families at a low rent a much pleasanter abode -than could be obtained in most of the houses in the towns. Nor is there any -constraint; the houses are open to any body and the domestic regulations introduced -in the interests of the community are of that nature, that they are -cheerfully complied with by everyone. Thus there reigns in these premises a spirit -of order and contentment, which alone can make life agreeable.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The village of <i>Stein</i> did not formerly possess any church. For years -all exertions to found a separate parish there remained fruitless, until at last the -year 1861 brought their reward and in that year, in which the manufactory -celebrated its hundredth anniversary, the peaceful clang of the bells for the first time -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>invited the faithful to divine service in the newly erected church, the cost of which -had been defrayed by the master of the factory entirely from his own means, -out of concern for the spiritual welfare of his workpeople and attachment to his -own native place.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The formerly neglected little village has assumed quite a different appearance -since then. From afar the slender gothic steeple of the church may be -seen rearing its pinnacle proudly aloft, while the smoke of the surrounding shafts -tell of busy industry and labour. The former picture of want has given place -to a certain degree of wealth and the little garden of the humble house been -converted into two large parks.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Simultaneously however with this prosperity in general the manufactory -had of course to experience some unpleasant incidents and obstinate struggles. -The universal demand for <i>Faber’s</i> manufactures was not slow in inducing other -manufacturers to imitate and pirate the trademark of the manufactory, which is -to be found on all articles manufactured there, and thus to pass off upon the -public spurious goods possessing nothing more than the external similarity to the -genuine articles, and which could scarcely aspire to mediocrity, which frauds -were often repeated, coming to light in various countries.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The manufacturing firm of Rubenstein at Moscow adopted the plan of -making use of <i>Faber’s</i> trademark and wrappers for their own manufactures -and then to circulate them in the Russian market. These malpractises were -carried on for a length of time in spite of every exertion to put a stop to them -and the prohibition which the Russian Governement issued against the firm in -question. Manufactures with spurious trademarks were constantly turning up in -Russia until King <i>Maximilian</i> of Bavaria during his protracted stay at Nürnberg -in the year 1855 suppressed the evil. His lively interest for reviving industry -had already induced him to decorate the proprietor of the manufactory -with the order of merit of St. Michael, firstclass, in the year 1854, on which -occasion he likewise honoured the factory at <i>Stein</i> with a visit and made himself -acquainted with all the details of its operations from the mouth of the manager -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>of the factory, and as at that time these malpractises were brought before his -notice he gave the matter all his attention and promised some assistance.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Nor had we to wait long for this, for shortly afterwards <i>Lothar Faber</i> -received a communication from the State ministry of the Royal House and Foreign -affairs, stating, that, by the intervention of the Royal Bavarian Embassy at -St. Petersburg, the evil had been put a stop to by the Russian Government; all -the articles marked with <i>Faber’s</i> trademark together with the stamp destroyed, -and the manager of the Russian manufactory compelled to give assurance in -writing that he would no longer pirate <i>Faber’s</i> trademark, in default rendering -himself liable to legal penalties.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In New-York similar frauds were also carried on. Pencils manufactured -in Nürnberg with <i>Faber’s</i> trademark and in precise imitations of his wrappers -were imported and sold by the firm of Winterhoff, Piper & C<sup>o.</sup>. Complaint -having been made, the Customhouse at New-York, at the instance of the examiner -appointed for the department of “Literature, Writingmaterials and fine Arts”, -detained one case of these spurious articles, whereupon the courts of law prohibited -all further sale in the town and county of New-York.</p> - -<p class='c014'>A still more cunning fraud was perpetrated at Nürnberg. A deaf -and dumb lithographer by name Georg Wolfgang Faber was put forward, whose -name was to be made use of. The similarity of the surname and wrapper exactly -copied from those of <i>Faber’s</i> manufactory were sufficient to make the public -believe that they really had the genuine article from <i>Faber’s</i> manufactory -before them. On the intervention of the authorities, whom <i>Lothar Faber</i> put -in motion, the reputed manufacturer was subjected to an examination, which -proved him to be altogether incapable of producing such a thing as a serviceable -article and shewed that he had only lent his name to other speculators, whereupon -the Royal Government of middle Franconia withdrew the licence for pencil -making from the said G. W. Faber.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Proceedings were likewise taken against a Pencilmanufacturer at Fulda, -who had manufactured and circulated upwards of seven thousand dozen leadpencils -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>with the false stamp “A. W. Faber”. The Criminal Court of the Electorate -of Hesse in a decision dated 2<sup>nd</sup> September 1856, condemned the defendant, -on account of fraud, to a pecuniary fine of 50 Thalers and further to -four weeks imprisonment, a decision, which the supreme Court of Appeal at Cassel -absolutely confirmed. Similar events took place in other countries with like -results.</p> - -<p class='c014'>As the proprietor of the factory has hitherto proceeded against many -persons at home and abroad who had attempted to manufacture and sell pencils -in imitation of those of his firm he will further use all his efforts to suppress -every deception foisted upon the public.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In the meanwhile the manufactory assiduously endeavoured to attain to -perfection in its products. As the stock of blacklead began to disappear in the -mines of Cumberland, it succeeded, by its perfected manipulation of the material, -in producing so many grades of hardness and supplying such an extensive variety -of pencil, that no demand could present itself without meeting with satisfaction -among the great choice of manufactures.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In the opinion of connoisseurs the finest sorts even surpass the best -Cumberland leadpencils in their lasting and uniform degrees of hardness, their -greater firmness and durability as also in the increased purity of the lead. In -addition to this they possess such an amount of softness and delicacy, as to be -able to stand comparison in this and every particular with the Cumberland pencils. -Besides this, and in addition to several other improvements relating to -their external appearance, the most useful and ornamental shapes for pencils of -the finer descriptions were devised and introduced, and still more recently the -socalled “<i>Artist’s pencils</i>” were added to the list of novelties and immediately -met with the most universal recognition, which soon stimulated other manufacturers -to attempt imitations.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In the midst of these exertions the news was suddenly received, that -that, which the English had so long sought for and which the perfected system -of manufacture still stood much in need of in order to yield more than was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>previously possible, had been found. A new blacklead mine had been discovered. -<i>Johann Peter Alibert</i>, merchant of the first class at Tabasthus in Siberia, -had undertaken an exploring expedition in the mountainous eastern portion of -Siberia, partly to search for gold. He examined the sand of the rivers Oka, -Belloi, Kitoi and Irkutsk, and in one of the mountain ravines in the vicinity of -Irkutsk lighted accidentally upon specimens of pure blacklead. <i>Alibert</i> immediately -recognised the value and importance of the material and instituted strict -investigations until in the year 1847 after much labor and exertion he arrived -at the conviction that, in a branch of the mountain range of Saian among the -heights of the Batougol mountains four hundred versts westward of the town of -Irkutsk, close to the frontier of China, a primitive deposit of blacklead must -exist. He addressed himself at once to the task of opening a mine in order to -bring the costly material to the surface.</p> - -<p class='c014'>At first the blacklead met with proved to be no better than the -refuse Cumberland blacklead, and upwards of three hundred tons of this quality -had to be removed before a deposit of the best and purest blacklead was finally -opened up. Pieces were soon obtained weighing as much as eighty pounds. The -Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, before which body <i>Alibert</i> laid his -samples of blacklead for analysis, declared the same to consist of the same elements -and possess the same properties and consequently to be of precisely the -same nature as the Cumberland blacklead. <i>Alibert</i> now proceeded to England -where he visited the declining blacklead mines of Cumberland and convinced -himself by personal observation of the exhaustion and decay of the same. He -thereupon submitted his samples of blacklead to some of the most extensive -English leadpencil manufactories for examination, who unanimously confirmed -the verdict of the Academy at St. Petersburg, pronouncing the quality of the -Siberian blacklead to be excellent and in no way inferior to the Cumberland lead.</p> - -<p class='c014'>It had cost <i>Alibert</i> eight years of unremitting labour and a capital -of one million Francs when he beheld his enterprise crowned with this certainly -unexpected success.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>He now turned his attention to rendering the newly discovered material -available for the manufacture of pencils. Having convinced himself that <i>Faber’s</i> -manufactory was the most extensive in existence and that it circulated the largest -amount of fine goods in the world, he applied to the same with a proposition -for an agreement, by virtue of which his blacklead was to be taken solely and -exclusively by that establishment for the manufacture of pencils.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The firm on the other hand, having thoroughly convinced themselves -that the newly discovered blacklead was quite equal to the genuine and best -Cumberland blacklead in quality, willingly entertained this proposition of <i>Alibert’s</i>, -so that in the year 1856 a contract was entered into between the manufactory -and <i>Alibert</i> and sanctioned by the Russian Government, according to which all -the blacklead, which comes from the Siberian mines is to be delivered to <i>A. W. -Faber’s</i> manufactory, and to no other establishment for the purposes of pencil -manufacture, now and for all time.</p> - -<p class='c014'>It was a mighty work which the restless energy of <i>Alibert</i> had -brought into execution in a land so difficult of access. On the summit of the -mountain of Batougol, which now in the Russian maps of the country is designated -by the name of “<i>Alibertsberg</i>” in honorable remembrance of the discoverer -of the blacklead mine, <i>Alibert</i> assembled all his working force and a -little colony soon sprung up, which addressed itself zealously to the new mining -operations.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The miners brought the blacklead to the surface in large blocks and -the material thus obtained proclaimed at once, by its external purity and a -beautiful silvery lustre, its excellent value and composition. The transport was -attended with immense difficulties. The blocks of blacklead, carefully packed in -wooden cases, had to traverse enormous tracts of country, across which not the -least vestige of a road is to be found, upon the backs of reindeer to reach the -nearest seaport, whence they were shipped to Europe, while other consignments -of the blacklead were forwarded to the manufactory exclusively by land.</p> - -<p class='c014'>It may be conceived that <i>Alibert</i> by this discovery drew even the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>attention of the Russian Government upon himself and was gratified by the -kindest encouragement both on part of the Czar and the Governor of the province -of Irkutsk, Count <i>Murawiew Amursky</i>. In the report concerning explorations -in Siberia issued by the imperial Academy of Sciences the discoverer is -mentioned particularly (page 33) and at the same time <i>Faber’s</i> manufactory, -the capital of which has facilitated and advanced this enterprise, is honorably -spoken of.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The manufactory, thus in possession of so extensive a store of blacklead, -the excellence of which both theory and practice place on a level with -the Borrowdale lead, has produced pencils made with the Siberian lead ever -since the year 1856. It was now no longer a question of attaining to the standard -of the Cumberland pencils but rather of surpassing it.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The new material was worked partly in a natural state so as to enable -connoisseurs to convince themselves of its excellent quality and partly artificially -manufactured, which yielded as a result such a degree of evenness, purity and -unchanging hardness as had never before been obtained, not even in the best -Cumberland pencils. After the exertions of six years the manufactory is just -now intending to enter the World’s market with its new productions.</p> - -<hr class='c015' /> - -<p class='c014'>Before we conclude our sketch we must stop to contemplate a bright -spot in the internal history of the factory and remember the day on which it -celebrated the completion of the hundredth year of its existence with a festival, -to which the joyful feelings of a happy and contented population and the not -less hearty than general participation therein from far and near, lent a peculiar -solemnity.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The festival was celebrated by the proprietor of the manufactory <b>Johann -Lothar Faber</b> and his brother <b>Johann Faber</b> together with their families -and in the midst of the assembled factory hands male and female, as also of all -masterworkmen employed for the manufactory and a large number of invited guests.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The 16<sup>th</sup> September 1861 was the day fixed for the occasion, chiefly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>with the view of rendering the festival all the more impressive by a special -celebration of divine service in the new church of the village, which had only -been consecrated a fortnight before. Preparations of the most varied character -occupied both the masters of the factory and their families for some time previously, -in order to render this auspicious and happy event a thoroughly joyous festival -for their workpeople and all that participated therein, and the remembrance of -it no less pleasing than indelible.</p> - -<p class='c014'>Similar feelings however also actuated the workpeople, who exerted -themselves with all their power to add to the splendor of the festival, and -manifest their good feelings and gratitude in a touching and unexpected manner.</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the eve of the festive day the workmen in a body brought their -master a torchlight procession, which, after passing through the whole of the -gaily decorated premises, came to halt in the courtyard of Mr. <i>Faber’s</i> house, -whereupon the workmen’s singing club performed three partsongs composed expressly -for the occasion.</p> - -<p class='c014'>A deputation of workmen consisting of men who had been longest in -the factory then handed the master, together with an appropriate address made -by their senior member, a handsome and tasteful album as a festive present from -them, and a parchment roll on which were printed a dedication composed in -verse, then the speech which a workman made in the most spirited manner -previous to the presentation of the album, further the songs performed and a -list of the names of all the workmen and women. This was certainly one of -the most affecting moments and even those men, who had become grey in the -service of the factory were unable to restrain their tears of emotion and gratitude.</p> - -<p class='c014'><i>Lothar Faber</i> in his reply dwelt particularly upon how he valued -the proofs of love, attachment, gratitude and faithfulness shown to him as being -not merely intended for himself alone but likewise for his whole house and more -especially for his two brothers standing so faithfully by his side, and how he -wished that these sentiments of the workpeople might ever spread among them -and be manifested to him and his family for all time.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>On the morning of the sixteenth of September all the workmen and -women assembled at the house of <i>L. Faber</i> in order to receive the festive -present appointed for each person as also a commemoration medal coined expressly -for this festival, having on the one side the arms of the family with the -legend: “Founder: <i>Kaspar Faber</i> † 1784; Successors: <i>A. W. Faber</i> † -1819; <i>G. L. Faber</i> † 1839; <i>J. L. Faber</i>”; and upon the Obverse the legend: -“In remembrance of the Century Jubilee of the Leadpencil Manufactory of -<i>A. W. Faber</i> at Stein near Nürnberg.”</p> - -<hr class='c015' /> - -<p class='c014'>The festive clang of bells now summoned all present to the special -divine service, which was destined to form a worthy commencement to the -festival and all the factory hands arranged themselves in a stately procession, -which, headed by the members of the <i>Faber</i> family, moved towards the church -in order there to give vent to the feelings of gratitude in a pious and christian -manner. A sermon was preached, the text being taken from the 90<sup>th</sup> Psalm, -verses 16. 17 and at the conclusion of the service all the workpeople male and -female assembled at eleven o’clock at the workmen’s dwellinghouses in the village -of Stein built by <i>L. Faber</i>, from whence they started in a procession, headed -by the band of the fourteenth regiment of infantry stationed at Nürnberg, for -the park of <i>L. Faber</i>, one portion of which nearest the dwellinghouse had been -specially arranged for the festival partly for the entertainment of the numerous -guests and partly for various amusements of play and dance, and which, by its -elegant decorations and appropriate mottoes, bearing upon the past and present -of the Factory, made the most agreeable impression upon every one. Arrived -upon the festive grounds the entire body of workpeople about four hundred in -number partook of the dinner provided for them, the regimental band performing -agreeable music the while. The repast concluded, <i>L. Faber</i> mounted a -tribune especially erected for this occasion and ornamented with lifesize busts -of the departed ancestors, and in a short speech set before them the chief -features of the history of the manufactory, impressing upon them, on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>commencement of the second century of its existence, the value of that order and -carefulness which are so indispensably necessary for the prosperous career of a -large establishment in the requirements of our age, and concluding with a cheer -for the existence and welfare of the Factory in which all joined vociferously.</p> - -<hr class='c015' /> - -<p class='c014'>The two youngest boys of the family, <i>Wilhelm</i> the son of <i>L. Faber</i> -ten years and <i>Ernst</i> the son of his brother <i>Johann</i>, seven years of age hereupon -ascended the steps and while the former greeted his father with a poem -in the name of the four surviving brothers and sisters of <i>L. Faber</i>, the latter -presented him with a silver goblet also in their name as a souvenir of the -festival.</p> - -<hr class='c015' /> - -<p class='c014'>By three o’clock the number of the guests had increased to nearly six -hundred. They amused themselves with all sorts of games, to which the drawing -of prizes lent an especial charm, and with dancing round the lofty maypole -erected on the grass plot, or with wandering through the park, which was -entirely thrown open, while the band charmed the ear with its performances. -In the midst of this lively scene of rejoicing, which partook of the appearance -of a national gathering, the Master of the Factory <i>L. Faber</i>, together with -all others present were surprised in the most agreeable manner by the arrival of a -gracious autographic missive from <i>His Majesty</i> the King, which read as follows:</p> - -<p class='c016'>“On the 16<sup>th</sup> inst. you celebrate, as I am given to understand -the completion of the first Century of the existence of the manufactory -founded by your ancestors and whose well earnt fame both at home and -abroad redounds to the honor of Bavarian industry. It has likewise given -me special pleasure to observe the care, with which you watch over the -moral and temporal affairs of your workpeople. The festival which you -are about to keep, affords me an opportunity of offering my best congratulations -to you and the establishment conducted by you with so much -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>success and at the same time of expressing the hope that the manufactory -will be blest with continued prosperity.</p> - -<p class='c017'>With the sincerest good wishes</p> - -<p class='c018'>Hohenschwangau 14. September 1861.</p> - -<div class='c019'>Your affectionate King</div> -<div class='c020'><b>Max.</b> </div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c021'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>To</div> - <div class='line'>Mr. <i>Johann Lothar Faber</i> Manufacturer.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c022'>With joyous emotion <i>L. Faber</i> communicated this gracious mark of -honour to all assembled, by reading it aloud from the tribune, concluding with -a triple cheer for His Majesty King <i>Max</i> in which every one joined with the -greatest spirit.</p> - -<p class='c014'>He then gave the health of his two brothers, who so faithfully and -energetically seconded his exertions, which was received with joyous acclamations -echoing again and again from the vast assembly; then his fellowworkers for the -manufactory outside its pale, as also all his business friends and especially the -artists, who, by patronising his manufactures and appreciating their value for -art had so materially contributed to the extension of his fame. <i>L. Faber</i> -thereupon recited a poem the fundamental idea of which was the motto of the -manufactory:</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>“Truth, Respectability, Industry.”</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>This recital served as an introduction to the unveiling of an allegorical -tableau executed by <i>Maar</i> of Nürnberg representing partly the activity of the -Factory, and mercantile enterprise, and partly an appropriate allusion to the -Jubilee festival. Then a short address followed by the presentation of a congratulatory -testimonial to <i>L. Faber</i> on part of the authorities of the council of -trade of Nürnberg was made, which elicited a cheer for the same. Then <i>Maar</i> -the artist made a speech upon the history of the lead pencil and its application -to Art, thanking <i>L. Faber</i> in the name of his colleagues for the cheer given -them and concluding with a toast for the establishment.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>A small brochure setting forth the contents of the Festival Album before -mentioned and containing a capital piece of poetry composed by a relation -of the <i>Faber</i> family was then distributed among the guests.</p> - -<p class='c014'>A number of speeches and toasts were now made and given by the -workmen themselves, who were fairly carried away by excitement, which one -and all breathed a spirit of attachment and gratitude, and of which not a few, -spite of their simple character, caused feelings of emotion. Performances of -their singing clubs alternated with those of the band until as darkness drew near -the illumination of the festive grounds and an extensive portion of the park -presented a fresh tableau. Bengal lights illumined several of the more lovely -points and a pyrotechnic display brought the festival to a conclusion at nine -o’clock, when all the participators departed in the gayest spirits and with hearty -wishes for the continued prosperity of the Manufactory.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The foregoing description of the Jubilee festival of <i>A. W. Faber’s</i> -Pencil manufactory may be appropriately closed with the mention off a transaction -which was no less a gratification than an honor to the proprietor of the same:</p> - -<p class='c014'>On the morning of the eighth of October a deputation of the magistracy -and representatives of the Commune of Nürnberg, consisting of the two Burgomasters, -<i>von Wächter</i> and <i>Seiler</i> and the President of the College of the -Commune, Dr. <i>Lindner</i>, proceeded to Stein in order to present <i>Johann -Lothar Faber</i> with the diploma of honorary citizenship of the City of Nürnberg, -which reads as follows:</p> - -<p class='c016'>“The Magistrate and representatives of the Commune of the Royal -Bavarian city of Nürnberg have conferred upon Mr. <i>Johann Lothar -Faber</i>, proprietor of the Pencil manufactory at Stein in the Royal Jurisdiction -of Nürnberg, in appreciation of the many and important services, -which he has rendered to industry in general and the trade of Nürnberg -in particular, by an unanimous resolution the honorary citizenship of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>city of Nürnberg, and, after obtaining the most gracious consent of His -Majesty the King, caused this deed to be drawn up for him. Given under -the great seal of the city and the signatures of the two Burgomasters as -also that of the President of the College of the Commune.</p> - -<p class='c023'>Nürnberg the 16<sup>th</sup> September 1861.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c024'> - <div><i>von Wächter</i>, I. Burgomaster.</div> - <div><i>Seiler</i>, II. Burgomaster.</div> - <div><i>Lindner</i>, President of the Presentatives of the Commune.”</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c025' /> - -<p class='c013'>The celebration of the hundreth anniversary of the existence of the Factory -afforded the proprietor of the same a welcome opportunity of dedicating this -memoir to all his honoured business friends and patrons as a token of his gratitude -and esteem and at the same time of giving them a pretty perfect sketch -of his Factory and a view of its internal arrangement. With this latter object -he had the nine views, attached to the end hereof, taken, which represent a -faithful sketch of the chief points of the establishment and by means of which -it is possible to form a tolerably accurate idea of the Lead pencil Manufacture.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The <i>first plate</i> represents the sluicing process. On the left hand -side of the picture the blacklead is seen in its original casks, on the right hand -side the clay. These two raw materials are here washed and then passed on in -pans to be dried.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The <i>second plate</i> shows the grinding which goes on day and night, -the composition of blacklead, clay &c. being ground fine while in a wet state, -and then dried in ovens especially adapted for that purpose.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The <i>third plate</i> depicts the preparation of the lead. The workmen -to the left in the background are forming a plastic mass of the composition by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>wetting it with water, which while still wet is passed into the cylinder of the -press where it is forced through a copper plate, at the bottom of the cylinder, -in the centre of which there is an opening of a peculiar shape. As is seen in -the representation the lead thus pressed through the cylinder assumes the shape -of a ring and is then carried by the workmen on the right upon boards and -lying in a straight position, to a moderately warm place to dry. Before however -the lead is completely dry, it is cut into sticks of the proper length for filling -the pencils. After the drying comes the annealing in peculiarly constructed -ovens. This process takes place in hermetically closed vessels of clay or iron -in which the sticks of lead are placed in a horizontal position.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In the <i>fourth plate</i> the method of cutting, sawing and planing the -wood is seen. In the foreground to the right lies a balk of Florida Cedar -wood. These balks are from 10 to 15 feet in length and 8 to 24 inches in -thickness. They are first cut across with an upright saw in pieces of the length -of a pencil, which pieces are then cut into sticks by small circular saws as -shown on the right hand side of the view, the sticks being thereupon planed -smooth by the machine in front. Behind the planing machine the grooving -machines are situated by means of which the smoothly planed sticks are cut -with fine circular saws into top and bottom pieces, the latter of which are -furnished with grooves.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The <i>fifth plate</i> represents the process of glueing the sticks of lead -into the wood. At each glueing table there are three workmen, one of whom -smears the two pieces of wood with glue, while the second places the lead in -the groove and the third, after the two pieces are fixed together, trims the -pencils, which are then placed in a press and firmly pressed together by means -of screws. The round bundles seen in this view are partly finished pencils and -partly tops and bottoms.</p> - -<p class='c014'>At this stage of the manufacture the pencils are all square and are now -passed on to the planing shop represented in the <i>sixth plate</i>. There they -are cut to the exact length by means of fine circular saws and then planed round -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>or square, oval or even hexagonal or trigonal by the planing machines, which -they reach in a square form.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The seventh and eighth plates show those operations which are carried -on by females.</p> - -<p class='c014'>In the <i>seventh plate</i> to the right the workwomen are seen engaged -in polishing the pencils with colours, and to the left those who by means of a -lever press stamp the name of the firm upon them.</p> - -<p class='c014'>At last the polished and stamped pencils arrive at the room, where -they are made up into packets as represented in the <i>eighth</i> plate. Here they -are fastened up in dozens, covered with tickets and packed either by the dozen -or the gross.</p> - -<p class='c014'>The <i>ninth plate</i> represents the dwelling houses and manufacturing -Premises. The residence on an elevation to the left is that of the proprietor -of the Manufactory, below which is seen that of his brother. The two houses -in the middle were dwellinghouses in former times and have been used for years -as Countinghouse, Warehouse and Sample-show-room. The workshops lower down -on the right stand close to the river Rednitz and the machinery therein is set -in motion by waterpower, whereas in the other premises higher up steam is -the agent employed.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_41.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Schlemmen.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Atelier de la purification du graphite.</span><br />Sluicing the lead.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_43.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Mahlen.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Moulins à moudre le graphite.</span><br />Grinding the lead.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_45.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bearbeitung des Bleies.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Atelier de la manipulation de la mine.</span><br />Grinding the lead.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_47.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Sägen und Hobeln des Holzes.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Atelier du sciage et rabotage du bois.</span><br />Sawing and planing process.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_49.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Einleimen des Bleies.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Atelier du collage de la mine dans le bois.</span><br />Gluing room.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_51.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Hobeln der Bleistifte.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Atelier du rabotage des crayons.</span><br />Planing room.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_53.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Poliren und Zeichnen.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Atelier de vernisage et numérotage.</span><br />Polishing and stamping process.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_55.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Binden und Verpacken.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Atelier de l’empaquetage des crayons.</span><br />Tying and packing room.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_57.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fabrik in Stein bei Nürnberg.</span><br /><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Fabrique de Crayons.</span><br />Pencil-Manufactory.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c001' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'><span class='large'><b>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</b></span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c022'>Punctuation has been normalized. Variations -in hyphenation have been retained as they were in the -original publication. The author’s original choice of -spelling and variations therein have been maintained -with the exception of the following:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c005'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>too —> two great improvements {page 13}</div> - <div class='line'>loftly —> dancing round the lofty maypole {page 26}</div> - <div class='line'>second —> seconded his exertions {page 27}</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>The following attribution line, which appeared in the illustration captions -in the original publication, has not been included in the captions in this -ebook:</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Lor. Ritter del. Druckerei von C. Kruthoffer, Frankfurt a. M.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c014'>The original version of this book used spaced text, most frequently -for proper and place names. The spaced text has been reproduced -using italics font in the html versions of the book.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lead Pencil Manufactory of A. W. -Faber at Stein near Nürnberg, Bavar, by A. W. 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