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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0b32ac --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52573 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52573) diff --git a/old/52573-0.txt b/old/52573-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index cef09a0..0000000 --- a/old/52573-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3517 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Samuell Gorton, by Lewis G. Janes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Samuell Gorton - A Forgotten Founder of our Liberties. First Settler of Warwick, R. I. - -Author: Lewis G. Janes - -Release Date: July 14, 2016 [EBook #52573] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMUELL GORTON *** - - - - -Produced by WebRover, Carolyn Jablonski, Chris Curnow and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - SAMUELL GORTON - - - - - The Rhode Island Series. - - ------- - - 1. MARY DYER OF RHODE ISLAND, THE QUAKER MARTYR THAT WAS HANGED ON - BOSTON COMMON JUNE 1, 1660. BY JUDGE HORATIO ROGERS. - - 2. A SUMMER VISIT OF THREE RHODE ISLANDERS TO THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY IN - 1651: ITS INNOCENT PURPOSE AND ITS PAINFUL CONSEQUENCES. BY HENRY - MELVILLE KING. - - 3. SAMUELL GORTON: A FORGOTTEN FOUNDER OF OUR LIBERTIES; FIRST SETTLER - OF WARWICK. BY LEWIS G. JANES. - - ------- - - IN PREPARATION: - - 4. THOMAS OLNEY, JUNIOR, TOWN CLERK. BY EDWARD FIELD. - - ------- - - _Uniform, 12mo., cloth, $1.00 net each._ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - SAMUELL GORTON: - - - A FORGOTTEN FOUNDER OF OUR LIBERTIES - FIRST SETTLER OF WARWICK, R. I. - - - - - BY - - LEWIS G. JANES - - AUTHOR OF “A STUDY OF PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANITY,” - ETC. - - - - -“More ideas which have become National, have emanated from the little -Colony of Rhode Island, than from all the other American States.”—GEORGE -BANCROFT, in Address before the New York Historical Society. - - - - - PROVIDENCE - PRESTON AND ROUNDS - 1896 - - - - - COPYRIGHT, 1896 - - BY - - PRESTON AND ROUNDS - - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. - - - - - PRESS OF - E. L. FREEMAN & SONS, PROVIDENCE, R. I. - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - PREFACE - - -It has been the misfortune of Rhode Island to have had its earlier -history written and read under the bias of prejudices engendered by the -controversies which led to its settlement. Justice has not yet been done -to the prescience and statesmanship of the remarkable men who were the -builders of the first Commonwealth in the world’s history dedicated to -Soul Liberty. - -Among these men, none were possessed of a personality more striking and -picturesque than the subject of this paper, Samuell Gorton. The cordial -reception of this brief historical sketch by the distinguished audience -which gave it a hearing before the Rhode Island Historical Society has -induced me to consent to its publication. It has since been carefully -revised, and a few doubtful points have been cleared up as well as the -character of all available data will permit. - -I am indebted to Mr. William D. Ely and Mr. Charles Gorton, of -Providence, and Mr. Adelos Gorton, of Philadelphia, for valuable aid and -suggestion in perfecting this revision. It is hoped that the publication -may stimulate further research in the interesting field of our Colonial -history. A native of Rhode Island, the writer traces his ancestry by two -distinct lines to the Mayflower, while the first of his family name in -America was one of the earliest settlers of the New Haven Colony. He is -therefore able to approach the subject without undue bias of ancestral -prejudice, and with the sole desire of vindicating the truth of -impartial history. - - L. G. J. - - -BROOKLYN, N. Y., May 25, 1896. - - - - - SAMUELL GORTON: - - A FORGOTTEN FOUNDER OF OUR LIBERTIES - FIRST SETTLER OF WARWICK, R. I. - - - - - I - - WARWICK, NEW AND OLD - - -The town of Warwick, R. I., is not to-day of remarkable interest to the -antiquary or seeker after the venerable relics of bygone days. It has -“come out into the newness” of our nineteenth century life. Its streams -respond to the music of the flying shuttle and the turning wheel with a -dash and hurry almost human in their restlessness. Half a score of -flourishing manufacturing villages lend their potent aid to make it the -sixth town, in population, in the State having a larger number of -inhabitants to the square mile than any other in the American Union. - -The old Colonial and Revolutionary dwellings were largely, doubtless, of -a humble sort, and have given place to the more prosperous farm-houses -and pretentious mansions of a generation that knows not the ways of the -fathers. The busy Pawtuxet and its tributary streams, partly excused -from the drudgery of mill-turning by the more potent substitutes of the -later day, are pumped away to quench the thirst of the distant city -whose contentions a quarter of a millenium ago drove Samuell Gorton[1] -and his colleagues to seek their homes in the Shawomet wilderness, there -to become the founders of a State. - -Yet the Warwick of to-day, in its summer dress, well repays the visitor -who may chance upon its hospitable soil. All along its beautiful shores -arise pleasant homes and hostelries for the accommodation of the summer -visitor; while inland, the rolling hills, prosperous with growing grass -and coming harvests, are not without a quiet and restful beauty which -pleases the eye, and solaces the mind and heart. In the little hamlet of -Apponaug, close by Coweset Bay, the brave new Town Hall, one of the -finest in New England, testifies to the enterprise as well as to the -prosperity of the people. Its newness is in harmonious touch with the -prevalent appearance of the country around it. There is nothing old, -apparently, in old Warwick but the sub-soil and rocks, and here and -there a venerable tree antedating European occupation, beneath the -branches of which Pomham and Soccononocco, with their dusky braves, may -have sat and smoked the pipe of peace with the men of Massachusetts, or -taken counsel as to the best means of circumventing the united wiles of -the head-sachem of the Narragansetts, Miantonomi, and his persistent -allies, the pale-faced “Gortonoges.” - -Yet old Warwick has a history surpassed in interest by none other of the -New England settlements. Its founder was a man of intellectual and moral -force, worthy to rank with Roger Williams, William Bradford, and the -other noble founders of our liberties. He was a man much misrepresented -in his day and generation, and but little remembered and understood even -in our own time, when history is being studied anew in the light of -evolution and a true historical method, and reconstructed on the -principles of enlightened scholarship and impartial justice. The later -history of Warwick also has much of interest for the patriotic American. -On its shores the first blow of our Revolutionary struggle was struck, -in the capture and destruction of the British schooner Gaspee; while the -heights of Warwick Neck were then crowned with a fort, long since -dismantled, for the protection of the settlements around Coweset Bay -from the attacks of the English. - -It is the Warwick of the seventeenth century, not that of the eighteenth -or nineteenth, that I would fain call to the minds of my readers,—the -Warwick whose inland acres were covered with the primitive wilderness, -where wolves and Indians were at home,[2] and the white man was a -stranger; the Warwick which Samuell Gorton sought after being frozen out -of Boston, banished from Plymouth and Pocasset, and driven by -contentions from Providence and Pawtuxet. - -Yonder, on Conimicut Point, he built his block-house,[3] and therein -defied for a day and a night the force of Puritans and savages in equal -numbers, aggregating more than four times his own, which Massachusetts -sent against him; finally surrendering to superior battalions to prevent -blood-shed. Farther south, at the head of Warwick Cove, a quiet arm of -the Narragansett, stood his humble homestead, where he passed his -declining years in the honorable service of the Town and Commonwealth -which he helped to found; the land surrounding which has remained in -unbroken succession in the hands of his descendants to the present day. -Near by, John Greene, John Wickes, Randall Holden and the other men, -good and true, who were his colleagues and supporters, cleared and -tilled their allotted acres, making the wilderness to blossom as the -rose. - -Yes, there are after all some reminders of these primitive times besides -the sub-soil and the ancient cedar by the Potowomut River; for yonder, -at Rocky Point, the perennial clambake celebrates in aboriginal fashion -and in their native haunts, the shore-feasts of the Indians. And down on -Potowomut Neck which Warwick won for her own after long and litigious -struggles, once the favorite camping ground of the aborigines, you may -still pick up the flint arrow-heads which they fashioned and left behind -them three centuries ago. You may paddle up the Pawtuxet, under the -over-arching branches of noble trees, into quiet reaches of the river, -where the hum of cities and the bustle of civilization seem remote -indeed. And in the new Town Hall at Apponaug you may shut out the noises -of the day, and curiously con the ancient records of the Town;—you may -see the very pages on which these pioneers of a new civilization bore -testimony to their humble beginnings, and told, in part, the story of -the building of a State. I have searched these records faithfully—here, -and in the library of the Historical Society at Providence, where other -precious manuscripts are preserved. Some of these men I have come to -know. I have thought their thoughts after them in deciphering their -writings. I have felt their throbbing human hearts, laboring to lay the -foundations of a Commonwealth wherein liberty should be secure under the -protection of law; wherein the civil power should have no control over -the consciences of men. Something of this would I lay before the -impartial reader; in justice to these men who so labored that we might -enter into their labors and reap the ripe fruits thereof; in justice -also to ourselves, that we as American citizens may not remain ignorant -of this forgotten chapter in the noble story of the beginnings of our -National life. - - - - - II - - SOURCES OF INFORMATION - - -The story of Samuell Gorton is in a large part the narrative of the -beginnings of the Commonwealth of Rhode Island. If I mistake not, it -also constitutes an important and hitherto unrecognized chapter in the -history of the beginnings of our National life. It is a story but little -known to the average American citizen. It has been briefly told by John -M. Mackie, in Sparks’ American Biography, and by Gov. Arnold in his -noble volumes of Rhode Island History. Certain phases of it have been -discussed and amplified in the interesting monographs of Judge Staples -and Judge Brayton.[4] William D. Ely has thrown important light upon -some salient points in Gorton’s history, in reports published in the -Proceedings of the R. I. Historical Society.[5] Palfrey has touched it -lightly and with scant justice in his History of New England, and Fiske, -in his Beginnings of New England, has given it inadequate treatment.[6] -Other historians have alluded to Samuell Gorton but to distort and -misrepresent his actions and opinions. - -A mere rehash of the narratives of Mackie, Arnold, and Brayton would be -unworthy of the attention of this learned Society. To ignore their -conscientious efforts to do justice to the founder of Warwick and -co-worker with Roger Williams in the building of a Commonwealth -dedicated to the principle of Soul Liberty, would, on the other hand, be -unjust and impossible to one who would rightly sketch the history and -estimate the work of Samuell Gorton. In the light of all that these -just-minded sons of Rhode Island have written upon this subject, I have -studied it anew and independently, making use of all available printed -material, and also of valuable unpublished manuscripts and town records. -I have arrived at certain conclusions, quite unexpected when I commenced -my investigations, concerning Gorton’s political and religious -philosophy, which, if correct, will modify previously received opinions -of the man and his work, and which seem to me sufficiently vital and -important to merit the attention of all students of American history. It -is the main object of this paper to set forth the substance of these -conclusions, with some reference to the documentary evidence on which -they are based. For the instruction of those who have not made this -somewhat obscure episode in Rhode Island history a special subject of -investigation, some account of the leading facts of Samuell Gorton’s -career becomes a preliminary necessity. - - - - - III - - THE MAN AND HIS WORK - - -Who was Samuell Gorton? What part did he play in our Colonial history? -These questions let us briefly answer before we attempt a somewhat -careful study of his religious and political opinions, about which there -has been so much misunderstanding. Samuell Gorton was born in the parish -of Gorton, England, a few miles from the present bustling city of -Manchester, about the year 1592.[7] He came of a good family, “not -entirely unknown,” says Judge Brayton, “to the heraldry of England.”[8] -Here, as Gorton himself declares, “the fathers of his body had dwelt for -generations.” - -We know but little about his early life. Though he did not attend any of -the celebrated schools or universities of England, his education seems -to have been carefully conducted by private tutors.[9] As with many -other students of his day, the Bible was his principal text-book. He -could read it in the original: he was a master of both Greek and Hebrew. -And he brought to the reading a vigorous intellect and a more original -and independent judgment than is commonly applied to theological -studies. - -Samuell Gorton probably dwelt in the vicinity of his birthplace until he -was about twenty-five years of age.[10] Here he made the acquaintance of -a Separatist Elder, afterwards connected with the church in Holland, -whence came the Mayflower Pilgrims. His mind readily assimilated the -spirit of the Puritan revolt against the degenerate formalism of the -times; yet his Puritanism was without taint of dogmatic narrowness. He -always retained an affection for the church of his fathers. “I drew my -tenets,” he says, “from the breasts of my mother, the Church of -England.”[11] - -In his early manhood he left Gorton and went to seek his fortune in the -great English metropolis. In London he engaged in business, and built -for himself a home. In a certain conveyance signed during his residence -there, he is described as “Samuell Gorton, clothier,” and also as -“Professor of the misteries of Christ.” Religion and daily occupation -were never divorced in his consciousness. He would not make a trade of -the former, nor could he conduct the latter on a plane inconsistent with -those moral and religious principles which dominated his life. His -business as a “clothier,” in the phraseology of the day, was that of a -branch of manufacturing—the finishing of cloths after weaving. It is -doubtful whether he met with great pecuniary rewards in his chosen -industry. His enemies afterwards said that he left London in debt, to -avoid imprisonment threatened by his creditors. Of this there is no -valid evidence; we may dismiss it on the authority of his explicit -denial.[12] “I left my native country,” he said, “to enjoy libertie of -conscience in respect to faith towards God, and for no other end.” - -Samuell Gorton arrived in Boston in March, 1636-7.[13] A few months -before, Roger Williams had been banished from Massachusetts Bay. The -Colonial authorities were now agitated by the heresies of Anne -Hutchinson and John Wheelwright.[14] They, in turn, were shortly -compelled to seek other dwelling places to secure opportunity for free -expression of opinion. Evidently, the liberty of conscience which Gorton -sought was not to be safely exercised in Boston. He turned his steps -toward Plymouth, the home of the Separatist Pilgrims, hoping there to -find the goal of his desires. In Plymouth he hired for four years a part -of the house of Ralph Smith, formerly the minister of the Plymouth -church, of whom Roger Williams for a brief time had been the colleague. -Here Gorton first met the founder of Rhode Island, while on a visit to -his former home. Gorton dwelt quietly in Plymouth[15] for a time, with -his family; his wife, Mary,[16] whom he married in London, of whom he -says: “She had been as tenderly brought up as any man’s wife then in -town,” his eldest son Samuell, a boy of six years when he left England, -his daughter Mary, and one or two other children; and one Mrs. Aldredge, -a worthy woman, a widow, and a servant of Mrs. Gorton’s. - -It was the latter member of his household who got him into trouble with -the Plymouth authorities. She committed the unpardonable sin of smiling -in meeting, on what provocation we know not.[17] Samuell Gorton defended -her before the magistrates, and advised her not to appear in person to -answer to their charges, which were based upon no express allegations of -the violation of law. He vigorously denounced their action as in -opposition to those English precedents which the customs of many -generations had established for the legal protection of persons unjustly -accused of violations of the public peace. For his alleged contumacy and -mutinous behavior he was fined, held under bonds to keep the peace, and -sentenced to banishment from the Colony within fourteen days.[18] - -From Plymouth, he made his way to Pocasset, the new settlement which the -followers of Anne Hutchinson had begun on the island of Aquidneck, in -Narragansett Bay, where he arrived, probably, some time in December, -1638. The weather was cold and the journey perilous. His wife, in -delicate health, had an infant at the breast, sick with measles, which -“struck in” under the exposure, nearly causing its death. At Pocasset -Gorton’s name appears as one of four out of fifty-nine freeholders to -which the title of “Mr.” is prefixed, then an indication of social -position and gentle birth.[19] The government of Pocasset was at first -theocratic, a judge and five elders constituting its magistrates, who -were bound to execute justice “according to the laws of God.” A majority -of the community desired a more democratic form of government; and -Coddington, the judge (afterwards Governor of the united Colony), with -the elders, and a few other free-holders, emigrated to the southern end -of the island, where they founded the town of Newport.[20] The remaining -free-holders, including Samuell Gorton, thus forsaken by their -magistrates, instituted a new town government, and changed the name of -the settlement to Portsmouth. This occurred in the spring of 1639. A -year later,[21] the two settlements were united under one government for -the transaction of affairs of common interest, and the influence of -Coddington and the Newport magistrates became potent throughout the -island. Gorton and his friends regarded this coalition as irregular and -illegally constituted. It seems never to have been sanctioned by a -majority of the free-holders. He appears to have declined to admit -allegiance to it, and to have permitted his citizenship to lapse, though -still retaining his residence. - -It was not long before he became involved with the Portsmouth -authorities in a controversy concerning an alleged assault of his -servant on a woman who had trespassed on his land in pursuit of a cow -which was also a trespasser. Gorton again defended his servant, and -denied the legal constitution and jurisdiction of the court. “They did -not have the choice of the people,” he says, “but set up for themselves. -I know not any more that was present in their creation but the -clergieman who blessed them in their inauguration.” His language was -doubtless vigorous and not wholly parliamentary.[22] His keen sense of -justice was outraged by the proceeding, and his sympathetic nature led -him to severe retorts upon a witness who, in his opinion, swore falsely, -and the magistrates who were biased in favor of the prosecution. For his -alleged mutinous behavior he was imprisoned and again sentenced to -banishment. His enemies say that he was also whipped,[23] but the -Portsmouth records, which are explicit in reciting the charges and the -other penalties, make no mention of this infliction. There is evidence, -also, that he had many friends and sympathizers in the settlement. One -of these, John Wickes, for refusing to testify and denying the legality -and jurisdiction of the court, was placed in the stocks, and with four -others was banished and disfranchised.[24] - -The little circle of congenial and independent souls was growing under -persecution. From Portsmouth they pressed on to Providence, and though -apparently seeking to avoid rather than to encourage controversy, they -soon became involved in disputes which had already divided that -settlement into two parties.[25] I shall not enter into the merits of -this controversy, which involved civil and not religious questions. As -in Portsmouth, Gorton denied the legality of the self-constituted town -government, and held that justice could not be maintained until the law -was administered under authority delegated by the Mother Country. He was -as anxious as any for liberty, but he would have liberty protected by -law. As an Englishman, dwelling in a community of Englishmen, he claimed -the protection of those principles of law and equity, which, since Magna -Charta, had been thrown around all British citizens. For a time his -vigorous maintenance of this doctrine brought him in conflict even with -Roger Williams, who, Winthrop says, accused Gorton of “bewitching and -bemadding poor Providence” with his new and radical opinions.[26] - -Gorton and his friends purchased land and commenced a settlement at -Popaquinepaug, or Pawtuxet, within the jurisdiction of Providence; but -certain of his enemies who owned adjoining property determined to -prevent his peaceful occupancy. William Arnold and a few others, to -insure his expulsion, gave in their allegiance to Massachusetts, and -called on the government of that Colony to remove the intruders. This, -however, is by no means to be regarded as an official action of the town -of Providence, or as in accordance with the desires of a majority of her -citizens. It is probable, in fact, that a majority were sympathizers -with Gorton.[27] Nevertheless, not from mere pusillanimity, but out of a -desire for peace, and a disinclination to embroil Providence with her -more powerful neighbor, the Gortonists moved on, beyond the jurisdiction -either of Providence Plantations or of Massachusetts. Gorton purchased -of Miantonomi, head sachem of the Narragansetts, and of Pomham and -Soccononocco, under-sachems claiming local jurisdiction, a tract of land -south of Pawtuxet and west of Narragansett Bay, then known by the Indian -name of Shawomet.[28] - - - - - IV - - TROUBLOUS TIMES AT SHAWOMET - - -Not yet, however, were the harassed Gortonists to be secure in their -possessions. Pomham and Soccononocco were induced by the enemies of -Gorton to repudiate their signatures to the deed of Miantonomi. They -made their submission to the government of Massachusetts and begged its -aid to expel the Gortonists from Shawomet.[29] There are some reasons to -believe that this action was not altogether disconnected from a possibly -more remunerative offer made them by the Atherton Company, an -organization which had been formed by the astute Commissioners of the -New England Confederation, for the purchase and sale of Indian -lands.[30] - -Gorton and his companions were summoned to Boston to make answer to -Pomham’s claim.[31] Denying the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, in a -spicy correspondence, Gorton refused to obey the summons. Increase -Nowell, Secretary of the Colony, and the Boston Elders, discovered no -less than twenty-six instances of blasphemy, “or thereabouts,” in the -terms of Gorton’s epistle. The Gortonists were warned that if they -continued contumacious they would be regarded as “fitted for the -slaughter,”[32] and would be peremptorily dealt with by force of arms. A -company of twenty white men and an equal number of Indians, under the -command of Captain Cook, was dispatched to seize them and bring them to -Boston for trial. On their approach, the Gortonists sent their women and -children across the bay, retired to their block-house on Conimicut -Point, and awaited the invading force of the enemy. A company of -peace-makers from Providence[33] demanded a parley, and proposed the -arbitration of the matters in dispute, to prevent the shedding of blood. -The Gortonists appealed to the King and were willing to arbitrate, but -the proposition was sternly rejected by Gov. Winthrop. “You may do well -to take notice,” he said, “that besides the title to land between the -English and the Indians there, there are twelve of the English that have -subscribed their names to horrible and detestable blasphemies, who are -rather to be judged as blasphemous than they should delude us by winning -time under pretence of arbitration.” - -The Gortonists stood siege for a day and a night,[34] and repelled the -attempt of the men of Massachusetts and their savage allies to set fire -to the block-house; then, to save bloodshed, under promise that they -would be treated as neighbors, and that their claims would be submitted -to fair judgment in Massachusetts, they surrendered to superior force, -and were taken to Boston for trial.[35] They speedily found, however, -that they were regarded as prisoners and not as “friends and neighbors” -seeking a just and amicable settlement of civil disagreements. The -soldiers, Gorton says, were ordered to knock down any one who should -utter a word of insolence, and to run any one through who might step -aside from the line of advance. When they arrived in Boston, “the -chaplain (of their captors) went to prayers in the open streets, that -the people might take notice that what they had done was done in a holy -manner, and in the name of the Lord.”[36] - -There was no pretence of a judicial consideration of their rights as -settlers at Shawomet. They were regarded as criminal offenders, and were -examined and convicted on the charge of blasphemy. Gorton was placed on -trial for his life before the General Court and Convocation of Elders. -Four queries, referring to statements in his vigorous rejoinder to the -summons of the Massachusetts authorities, were propounded, and upon his -replies the decision of the Court was to be rendered:[37] - -“1. Whether the Fathers, who died before Christ was born of the Virgin -Mary, were justified and saved only by the blood which hee shed, and the -death which hee suffered after his incarnation? - -“2. Whether the only price of our redemption were not the death of -Christ on the cross, with the rest of his sufferings and obediences, in -the time of his life here, after hee was born of the Virgin Mary? - -“3. Who was the God whom hee thinks wee serve? - -“4. What hee means when hee saith, wee worship the starre of our God -Remphan, Chion, Moloch?” - -The latter question may well have piqued the curiosity of the elders. -The others were evidently framed to secure conviction. His replies were -as wise and conciliatory as perfect sincerity would admit, but it was -foreordained that they should be unsatisfactory to his judges. All but -three of the elders voted for the penalty of death. The representatives -of the people, however, to the honor of Massachusetts, refused to assent -to this verdict[38]. Gorton suffered imprisonment in Charlestown, with a -ball and chain attached to his ankle; the other accused persons were -incarcerated in irons in other towns of the Colony. The next General -Court, some months later, set them at liberty,[39] but banished them -from all places within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts—the intention -being to include the disputed territory at Shawomet, which Massachusetts -claimed under the deed of Pomham. - -As they went forth from their prison houses, the Gortonists recited -their wrongs in the public streets in Boston and elsewhere to crowds of -willing listeners and ready sympathizers. Palfrey admits that a majority -of the people in Massachusetts were to be counted in this category.[40] -The sufferings of these martyrs were the seeds of a new Commonwealth, -from which the persecuting spirit was at last eliminated. The Indians, -also, even in the vicinity of Boston, received them gladly. Cutshamekin, -the chief sachem of the neighborhood, to whose wigwam the liberated men -accidentally strayed, when asked by Gorton whether Capt. Cook, the -commander of their captors, was a good captain, replied, “I can not -tell; but the Indians regard those as good captains when a few stand out -against many.” - -Their chief grievance during imprisonment seems to have been that they -were compelled to attend the Sunday services in the churches, and be -“preached at” by the Puritan ministers. “They brought us forth unto -their congregations to hear their ministers,” says Gorton, with a grim -humor, illuminated by some knowledge of natural history, “which was meat -to be digested, but only by the hearte or stomacke of an ostrich.”[41] -Pastor Ward, of Ipswich, who visited one of them—Richard Carder, an old -neighbor of his in England—while in prison, and urged him to recant his -heresies, said by way of encouragement, “it shall be no disparagement to -you, for here is our revered elder, Mr. Cotton, who ordinarily preacheth -that publickely one yeare, that the next yeare hee publickely repents -of, and shows him selfe to bee very sorrowful to the congregation.”[42] -As his sly dig at Mr. Cotton would indicate, Pastor Ward was entirely -sound in his own theology. This appears also in his “Simple Cobbler of -Agawam,” where, with a spicy use of capitals, and vigorous if not -elegant English, he denounces the brains of those who advocate “Libertie -of Conscience in matters of Religion,” as “parboiled in impious -ignorance.” - - - - - V - - SHAWOMET BECOMES WARWICK - - -After his release, in the spring of 1643-44, Gorton returned through -Shawomet, where he was forbidden to linger, to Portsmouth, where he and -his friends were received with open arms, and where he was shortly -elected to a magistracy on the very scene of his former persecutions. - -Thus far the Atherton Company appeared to have made substantial progress -in its efforts to obtain possession of the Shawomet lands, and -Massachusetts seemed likely to succeed in throwing a girdle of -unfriendly possessions around the Providence Plantations, thereby -separating them from the Aquidneck settlements, and securing a permanent -control over Narragansett Bay. By the submission of Arnold and the -malcontents of Providence, they had obtained a show of authority over -the Pawtuxet or Popaquinepaug territory. Winthrop had secured possession -of Prudence Island in Narragansett Bay by purchasing the half originally -owned by Roger Williams,[43] and now with a marvellous inconsistency, -held the whole by a title derived solely from Miantonomi, the chief -sachem of the Narragansetts. If he could maintain his denial of the -rights of Gorton to the Shawomet lands claimed by even a stronger title, -he would succeed in his efforts to divide the Narragansett settlements -and establish the claims of Massachusetts. With this end in view, the -Massachusetts authorities built a block-house for Pomham on Warwick -Neck, and temporarily succeeded in excluding the Gortonists from their -Shawomet possessions. - -Gorton, however, was not idle. He had no thought of permanently -relinquishing the claim for which he had contended so bravely, and to -which he was justly entitled. Within forty days of his release from -prison, by a masterly piece of strategy and statesmanship, he -inaugurated measures which completely check-mated his opponents, and -gave him a permanent advantage in the contest for supremacy. On the 19th -of April, 1644, by the earnest advice and solicitation of Gorton, the -Narragansett Indians, in solemn conclave, constituted their “trusty and -well-beloved friends,” Samuell Gorton, John Wickes, Randall Holden and -John Warner, commissioners to convey their submission to the British -Government. The deed of submission, signed by the sachems Pessicus, -Conanicus, Mixan, Awoshosse and Tomanick, is preserved in the Historical -Cabinet at Providence. The tragical death of the head sachem, -Miantonomi, in the previous September, at the hands of his bitter -enemies, the Mohegans, with the consent of the Boston elders—a story so -well told by Dr. Fiske in his “Beginnings of New England” that I need -not repeat it here,—as well as the revolt of Pomham and Soccononocco, -were powerful arguments with the Narragansetts in favor of seeking the -protection of the British Government; while the return of Gorton and his -companions, unscathed, from the prisons of Massachusetts, convinced the -Narragansetts that the power of the Mother Country was on their side, -and had stood between them and their oppressors. - -In August, 1645, the Commissioners of the United Colonies, in session in -Boston, declared war against the Narragansetts, and dispatched a -military force to Rhode Island; at the same time warning the General -Assembly of Providence Plantations, then in session at Newport, that if -they adhered to their declared determination of maintaining a position -of neutrality they would be regarded as enemies. They also forbade them -to exercise the powers of government under the charter obtained by Roger -Williams. - -In response to this threatening action of “the Massachusetts,” Gorton, -Greene and Holden set sail, after vexatious delays, under authority of -Providence Plantations, from the Dutch settlement at Manhattan for -Holland, whence, after more delay, they obtained transportation to -England. The exact time of their arrival at London is unknown, but they -had been preceded by the agents of Massachusetts, and were compelled to -meet the charges already formulated by their enemies. Their answer, -prepared by Gorton in “Simplicities Defence,” was published in London on -the 3d of August, 1646. Soon after,[44] a patent was issued to Gorton -and his colleagues which granted the Shawomet lands to them and their -successors forever, and guaranteed them protection against all other -claimants. In the troublous times between the King and Parliament the -formal submission of the Narragansetts which Gorton had conveyed to -England, could not be delivered to King Charles in person, and Gorton -accordingly caused it to be published in London. By this admirable piece -of strategy and statesmanship he forever blocked the movements of -Massachusetts Bay for the control of the Narragansett country. Gorton -received safe-conduct from the Earl of Warwick, on his return, through -the domains of the enemy.[45] - -Roger Williams, who had finally accepted Gorton’s theory of the true -foundations of the new government, had preceded him to England, and on -the 14th of March, 1643-44, had obtained a charter for the Colony which -united the northern and southern towns in one Commonwealth. Owing to the -opposition of the Coddington faction, government was not completely -organized under this charter until May, 1647.[46] In the same year, town -government was organized at Shawomet, the Town, in honor of its patron, -receiving the name of Warwick. Some further futile attempts were made by -Massachusetts to enforce her claims, but the Gortonists thereafter -retained possession, which gave them “nine points of the law,” and -finally complete victory. Pomham, for whom Massachusetts had erected a -block-house on Warwick Neck, lingered in the neighborhood a few years, -but at last saw that the “Gortonoges” had triumphed in their long -contest with the “Wattaconoges,”[47] and in 1665 sold out his dishonored -claim for £30 in peage,[48] paid him by Gorton and his associates. The -new Commonwealth was fairly launched upon the sea of History; the town -of Warwick and its founder were to play an honorable part in the story -of its beginnings. - - - - - VI - - SAMUELL GORTON’S LATER CAREER - - -During the succeeding quarter of a century Samuell Gorton was active and -influential in shaping the destinies of the growing State. He occupied -the highest places of honor and responsibility at the gift of his -fellow-citizens, and was habitually called into service when sound -judgment, prompt and courageous action, and literary ability were -requisite. He represented Portsmouth in the Assembly at Newport in 1645. -He was chosen one of the Commissioners of the town of Warwick to the -General Assembly on his return from England, and served therein a -greater part of the time for the next two or three decades. He was -placed on the most important committees, and his pen was frequently -called into requisition to prepare State papers, and letters to the -magistrates of other Colonies, and to the representatives of the new -Commonwealth in England. Though absent in the Mother Country during the -first year of Colonial Government under the charter of 1643-44, his -political views were embodied in the remarkable Code of 1647, passed by -the first General Assembly of the United Colony, one of the earliest -compilations of law in American history. In the construction of this -Code, care was taken to avoid the errors of which Gorton had complained, -in the judicial procedure of the other Colonies, by making each section -conform to existing English law,[49] reference to the corresponding -English statute being placed at the end thereof.[50] - -The provision respecting witchcraft is especially noteworthy as -indicating a prevailing scepticism in Rhode Island at a time when -Massachusetts was under the spell of the delusion, soon to break forth -in an appalling epidemic of persecution. The object of its introduction -is evidently the set purpose of conforming to English precedents rather -than a conviction of the legislators that the statute was demanded by -any real public necessity. The section reads: - -“Witchcraft is forbidden by this present Assembly to be used in this -Colonie; and the Penaltie _imposed by the authoritie that wee are -subjected to, is felonie of death_.—I Jac. 12.”[51] The Code of 1647 -also forbade imprisonment for debt, and is otherwise in advance of most -contemporary legislation. The temper of the Colony on the subject of -witchcraft is still further evidenced in the testimony of their -opponents,[52] who complained in an anonymous letter addressed to the -agent of Massachusetts in England a few years later, that the new -government was ignoring the English law. This epistle especially -stigmatized “some of them at Shawomet that cryeth out much against them -that putteth people to death for witches, for they say there be no other -witches upon earth, nor devils, but your own pasters and ministers, such -as they are.”[53] There was apparently never a prosecution in Rhode -Island under the statute against witchcraft. - -Samuell Gorton’s literary style is clearly evident in the remarkable -statute against negro slavery, passed by the General Assembly in -1652—the first legislative edict of emancipation ever adopted in -America. This statute was passed during the Coddington secession of -1651-54, and consequently voices officially only the sentiment of -Providence and Warwick. Roger Williams was in England at the time of its -passage, and there can be little doubt that Samuell Gorton was its -author and principal advocate. Though it subsequently became a dead -letter, it was apparently never repealed, and merits perpetuation in the -annals of the anti-slavery conflict. It reads as follows: - -“Whereas there is a common course practised amongst English men to buy -negers, to the end that they may have them for service or slaves -forever; for the preventinge of such practices among us, let it bee -ordered, that no blacke mankinde or white, being forced by covenant bond -or otherwise, to serve any man or his assigns longer than ten yeares, or -untill they come to bee twentie four yeares of age if they bee taken in -under fourteen, from the time of their cominge within the liberties of -this Collonie. And at the end or terme of ten yeares to sett them free -as the manner is with the English servants. And that man that will not -let them goe free, or shall sell them away elsewhere to that end that -they may bee enslaved to others for a long time, hee or they shall -forfeit to the Colonie forty pounds.”[54] - -Samuell Gorton was elected General Assistant, a position corresponding -with that of Lieutenant Governor, in 1649, and in 1651, during the -Coddington secession, he was chosen to the highest position at the gift -of the Commonwealth—he became its President. During the following year, -he was Moderator or Speaker of the General Assembly, and he several -times subsequently served as General Assistant. He was also active in -the affairs of the Town of Warwick, being for many years a member of the -Town Council, and holding other positions of honor and responsibility. -“After the venerable founder of Providence,” says his biographer,[55] -“no man was more instrumental in establishing the foundations of equal -civil rights and ‘soul liberty’ in Rhode Island than Samuell Gorton.” He -was especially active in assuring the protection of the Colony for the -persecuted Quakers.[56] He sent them messages of sympathy when they were -in prison in Massachusetts, and was authorized by the General Assembly -to reply to the epistles of the Massachusetts authorities protesting -against their finding an asylum in Rhode Island. When Massachusetts -appealed to England, Samuell Gorton was designated to prepare a letter -on behalf of the Rhode Island Government to John Clarke, the -representative of the Colony in the Mother Country, to be presented to -the Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell. He requests Clarke “to plead our -case in such sorte as wee may not bee compelled to exercise any civill -power over men’s consciences, so long as humane orders in poynt of -civility are not corrupted and voyalated, which our neighbors aboute us -doe frequently practise, whereof many of us have large experience, and -doe judge it to bee no less than a poynt of absolute crueltie.”[57] - -On the collapse of the Puritan Commonwealth in England, Samuell Gorton -was appointed on a Committee to select agents of the Colony in England, -and prepare an address to his Majesty, King Charles the Second.[58] As a -result of this action, and of the wise intercession of John Clarke, then -representing the Colony in England, the Charter of 1663 was secured, in -which Samuell Gorton was named as one of the incorporators of the new -Commonwealth. In 1663 he was also appointed by the Town Council -“overseer” of the will of John Smith, Deputy from Warwick, under the -curious provision by which the towns in Rhode Island made wills for -persons dying intestate, dividing their property according to the -communal sense of justice. In 1666, after the purchase of Pomham’s -claim, Mr. Gorton was assigned ten shares in Warwick Neck, and was still -further recognized in another division in the following year.[59] In -1675, during the storm and stress of King Philip’s war, tradition says -that Samuell Gorton’s life was saved by friendly Indians, who rowed him -across the Bay to a place of safety. He was always on amicable terms -with the aborigines, treating them justly, teaching and exhorting in -their settlements, and wisely advising them in various emergencies. - -Warwick suffered severely in the contest with King Philip, which would -doubtless have been prevented had the policy of Roger Williams and -Samuell Gorton in dealing with the Indians been generally adopted. The -town was depopulated, the houses and barns were burned, and the cattle -driven into the wilderness. A pitched battle was fought in an open cedar -swamp in Warwick between the Indians under Canonchet and a company of -men from Plymouth.[60] Many of the colonists took refuge on Aquidneck, -the waters around which were patrolled night and day by a flotilla of -four boats, filled with armed men. - -Judge Staples tells us that John Wickes, the friend and colleague of -Samuell Gorton, trusting too implicitly to the friendship of the -savages, remained and was slain; his head being set upon a pole as a -warning to others. In this, he must be mistaken, however, since the will -of John Wickes, dated the second day of March, 1688, and signed by -himself, though written and witnessed by Samuell Gorton, the younger, -may be seen to-day in the library of the Historical Society in -Providence. This interesting document also contains the signatures of -two others of the founders, of Warwick,—Randall Holden, the justice -before whom it was proved, and John Greene, who signs in behalf of -himself and the other members of the Town Council. - -On the fourth day of June, 1677, probably the year of his death, Samuell -Gorton, Senior, was elected “to the Towne Counsell for the ensuing -yeare,” as the ancient records tell us, and his son, Capt. Samuell -Gorton, was at the same time chosen Town Treasurer. On the 20th of July -the father signed a deed of lands owned by him in the Narragansett -Country to his sons, his six daughters and their husbands also being -remembered in the disposition of this property; and on the 27th of -November of the same year, by another deed, he divided his entire -remaining estate among his three sons, Samuell, John and Benjamin.[61] -To the former, who was evidently a man after his own heart, and who had -aided in supporting the family, he gave his homestead at Old Warwick, -his household furniture, library and most precious literary possessions. -He also committed to him the care of his mother during her widow-hood, -providing that she should be maintained with convenient housing and -necessaries, and that means should be furnished for her “recreation in -case she desires to visit her friends.”[62] His lands at Coweset, beyond -the boundaries of the Shawomet grant, he gave in equal possession, -undivided, to his three sons. The document attesting the final division -of these lands by the surviving sons, Samuell and John, bears date on -the town records, Dec. 4, 1699, being executed, as it says, “according -to the expressed wish of our Ancient and Honored ffather, Mr. Samuell -Gorton, one of the first settlers of this Plantation of Warwick in New -England.” His son Benjamin, then deceased, had been one of the founders -of the new town of East Greenwich, the organization of which dates from -the year of the original bequest. - - - - - VII - - SAMUELL GORTON’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY - - -The enemies of Samuell Gorton charged that he was a practical -anarchist—a denier of all governmental authority. As the indictment of -the Massachusetts magistrates reads: “Upon much examination & serious -consideration of yo^r writings, & with yo^r answers about them, wee -doe charge yo^u to bee a blasphemous enemy of the true religion of o^r -Lord Jesus Christ and his holy ordinances, & also of all civil authority -among the people of God, perticulerly in this iurisdiction.”[63] To the -impartial student of this history, his entire career offers a sufficient -answer to this accusation. Even Gov. Arnold, his lineal descendant and -strenuous defender in many things, who regarded him as “one of the most -remarkable men who ever lived,”[64] falls into the error of stating that -“he denied the right of a people to self-government.”[65] What Samuell -Gorton really denied was the dogma of “squatter sovereignty,” that false -conception of popular government which holds that a majority of the -actual settlers in any given locality have a right to legislate and -govern as they please, without regard for the claims of the minority, -the law of civilized communities, or the principles of equity and -justice. Had he lived a generation ago he would have stood with Lincoln -and Sumner and Garrison in denouncing this mischievous dogma. His -doctrine was identical with that of the defenders of the Union against -the alleged right of secession. In his own day he held, simply, that no -Englishman expatriated himself by becoming a colonist in the possessions -of the Mother Country; that he did not by emigration to America forfeit -the rights of an Englishman, or the protection guaranteed by the long -line of statutes, decisions and precedents, beginning with Magna Charta, -which had become the heritage of Englishmen everywhere. - -Samuell Gorton held that as subjects of Great Britain the Colonial -governments should conform in their legislation and judicial action to -the principles of English common and statute law.[66] If chartered, they -were bound to do this by the terms of their charters. If not chartered, -each individual had the right to claim the protection of English law, -and any denial thereof was a usurpation of authority. This was the head -and front of his alleged anarchism. It was not anarchism, but the -conviction that liberty is a chimera save under the protection of the -sacred majesty of law. This is good English and American doctrine -to-day. It is distinctively Rhode Island doctrine. No one two hundred -and fifty years ago saw it more clearly than Samuell Gorton. His -political vision was more lucid and prescient than that of Roger -Williams, though the latter soon saw the force of Gorton’s position, and -adhered to it the rest of his life. Had Gorton lived until the time of -Andros and James the Second he would have beheld the Colonies fighting -for their charters as the very foundation of their liberties. His -position was already justified.[67] - -In defence of “soul liberty” and the limitation of the functions of -government solely to civil affairs, Gorton and Williams stood side by -side from the beginning. Authority, he says, cannot safely be entrusted -to magistrates “if their place and office bee not bounded within the -compass of civill things.” He argues clearly and logically in the -introduction to his “Incorruptible Key, Composed of the CX Psalme,” that -if magistrates are permitted to extend their authority to things -spiritual they are consistently bound to enforce their own convictions -of religious duty, and to persecute all who dissent therefrom. The only -safety is in forbidding them “to intermeddle between God and the -consciences of men. * * In that way only is the preservation and honour -of all States, in their several ways of rule and government.” - -This theory, for the first time in the world’s history, was clearly -proclaimed, embodied in constitutional law, and practically tested, in -the Commonwealth founded by Roger Williams and Samuell Gorton. The -Puritan theocracy and the doctrine of “soul liberty” for a time -maintained a competitive existence, side by side in the New England -Colonies. The latter began in relative weakness—almost in anarchy—but it -survived, and ultimately obtained recognition in our Federal -Constitution. The former failed, and was practically discarded in less -than two generations. Connecticut, an offshoot from Massachusetts -Puritanism, under the leadership of Hooker reversed the Massachusetts -theory that citizenship should be conditioned on church membership, and -absorbed the theocratic Colony of New Haven. Rhode Island gained, in -numbers and in internal cohesion, and Massachusetts lost, with every -attack which she made on heresy. The idea that intolerance and -persecution were necessary to insure the survival of the community—to -prevent its disintegration—broached by apologetic writers, is therefore -disproven by the palpable facts of history. Disintegration and secession -were ever the products of intolerance. The story of the Saracens, in -Spain, the Huguenots in France and the Puritans in England, was repeated -in Massachusetts. Internal schisms were promoted rather than prevented -by the policy of persecution. - -In the end, local public opinion was a powerful aid to the compulsion of -the Mother Country in compelling the cessation of persecution. The -policy of intolerance failed on its own chosen ground, and Massachusetts -became a powerful and united State only when she followed the example of -her despised Little Sister and became a Commonwealth of Ideas as well as -a Commonwealth of Goods. - - - - - VIII - - SAMUELL GORTON’S RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS - - -Samuell Gorton was a man of a profoundly religious nature. His views, -have been little studied, and have been greatly misunderstood, both by -his contemporaries and the historians of later generations. John Fiske -dismisses him with a sentence, in his admirable School History of the -United States, as “a man of queer ideas.” The more extended reference of -this fair-minded historian, in his “Beginnings of New England,” hardly -does justice either to Gorton’s political sagacity, or to the remarkable -character of his religious opinions. Charles Francis Adams, in his -monograph on “Massachusetts, its Historians and its History,” alludes to -Samuell Gorton as a “crude and half-crazy thinker.” - -His contemporaries in Massachusetts assailed him with a choice -collection of opprobrious epithets in the place of arguments: he was an -“arch-heretic,” a “beast,” a “miscreant,” a “proud and pestilent -seducer,” a “most prodigious minter of exorbitant novelties.”[68] - -Edward Rawson, some time Secretary of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, -and the ancestor of my own children,—a man capable of making vigorous -use of the sturdy Anglo-Saxon of the period, albeit not always -grammatically, denounces him as “a man whose spirit was stark drunk with -blasphemies and insolences, a corrupter of the truth, a disturber of the -peace wherever he comes;” and his contemporary, Nathaniel Morton, with -whom he conducted an animated correspondence, says he “was deeply -leavened with blasphemous and familistical opinions.” - -In so far as his religious views have received attention in recent -years, they have been mainly studied in their incomplete and incidental -expression in some of his published works, “Simplicities Defence Against -Seven-Headed Policie,” and “The Incorruptible Key to the CX Psalme,” the -main object of which was political and polemical rather than expository -of his system of thought. The involved style and quaint and mystical -phraseology have repelled the modern student, and prevented a clear -understanding of his theological doctrines. - -By far the best and most complete exposition of Samuell Gorton’s -religious convictions is to be found in a remarkable manuscript in his -own hand-writing which has never been published, but which is preserved -in the library of the Rhode Island Historical Society in Providence. I -am indebted to the Hon. Amos Perry, the courteous Librarian of the -Society, for the opportunity to make a careful study of this paper as -well as of other documents relating to Samuell Gorton’s life and work. -The manuscript to which I refer is a running commentary on the Lord’s -Prayer. Merely as a literary curiosity it merits the attention of the -studious and curious. It is in the clear, careful, accurate hand-writing -of the scholar rather than of one accustomed to manual industry. The -lines are closely written, the characters are minute, and almost as -accurate as copper-plate impressions. The manuscript averages over two -thousand words to a page about the size of our modern legal cap. The -character of the writing makes it exceedingly trying to the eyes. The -orthography, though in some respects archaic, is more regular and -consistent than in most American documents of our Revolutionary era. I -have examined many papers of contemporary and more recent dates, but -with the exception of those left by his eldest son, Capt. Samuell -Gorton, who was evidently instructed by his father, and whose -hand-writing resembles his so closely as to be distinguishable from it -with difficulty, I have never seen any so clear, systematic, and -scholarly in appearance. The literary form, however, is less admirable -than the clerical execution. The style is involved, the sentences are -long, and the punctuation, though systematic, is peculiar. Free use is -made of the comma, semi-colon and parenthesis, but periods are most -economically distributed, being used literally to indicate a “full -stop.” Sentences usually end with a semi-colon, the ensuing clause -beginning with a capital. The interrogation point was apparently -unknown. - -When the reader has searched diligently beneath the quaint and involved -phraseology, bristling with scriptural references and illustrations, and -come into sympathetic contact with the living thought of the writer, the -surprising thing which is discovered is the remarkable modernness of -many of Samuell Gorton’s ideas. It goes without saying that he was not -“orthodox” according to the conventional standards of his time, nor yet, -perhaps, of our own; but we everywhere touch the personality of a -vigorous and independent thinker, who in many directions foreshadowed -the views of the advanced thinkers of a later day. - -Some of his enemies denounced Samuell Gorton as an atheist. He was as -remote as possible from atheistic leanings. He was not even affiliated -with the deism of his own and the succeeding century. His theology was -profoundly Christian. It was as Christocentric as that of Swedenborg, -with which it has sometimes been compared. Like Swedenborg, he regarded -the Infinite and Absolute as _per se_ unknowable. Here both Gorton and -Swedenborg are in touch with the modern philosophical agnostic. For -both, however, Christianity solved the agnostic problem. In Christ they -found a perfect expression of the divine nature, and the only rational -object of worship.[69] - -With regard to the nature of Christ, however, Gorton and Swedenborg were -widely separated. Swedenborg’s theology is boldly anthropomorphic; -Gorton’s was monistic and impersonal. “The word ‘person’,” he says, “is -only borrowed from men and translated to God. * * That doctrine which -ties the death of Christ to one perticuler man in one time and age of -the world, as being the scope and intent of God’s will concerninge the -death of his son in the salvation of the world, that doctrine falsifies -the death of Jesus Christ, and sets men upon the law of workes in the -ground and matter of their salvation, by which law no man is -justified.”[70] Here, too, is another radical distinction between his -doctrine and that of Swedenborg. The latter turns his most powerful -batteries upon Paul’s doctrine of “justification by faith,” while Gorton -stands with Luther in its defence. - -The “law of works” by which Gorton says no man is justified, he rightly -interprets as the conception of salvation through ceremonial -observances; not merely the ritual of Pharisaic Judaism denounced by the -Master, but the ritual and ordinances as well of his own day and -generation. Here he stands with the Friends, as he also did in his -opposition to a “hireling ministry.” Worship, he taught, is natural to -man. Every man is called to seek communion with the divine in Christ -directly, and not through priestly mediations. “Prophesie, prayer, and -interpretation of the word of God are one,” he says: “where one is there -is the other; they are co-insident and co-aparant.” All men are -naturally moved to prayer; all men, therefore, may rightfully exhort and -interpret. To the conventional interpretations of churches, universities -and schools, he preferred “the universitie of humane reason, and reading -of the great volume of visible creation.” Mr. Gorton defined prayer as -“nothing else but the true breath and spirit of the eternall word, -according to God’s intent taken and rained into the soule, concocted and -digested in the cauldron of man’s necessities, breathing out it selfe -unto the fountaine and originall of all suply.” - -The spirit of prophecy and inspiration, he taught, is as immediately -with man now as in any period of the past. The tenor of his teaching -in this particular is strikingly like that of the modern -transcendentalist. With Emerson, he would have asked, “Why may not we, -too, seek an original relation with the Universe?” In the spirit of -transcendentalism, too, he opposed all sectarianism. He would not be -the founder of a sect. He left no organized body of disciples.[71] The -sectarian contests of the day, even the disputes between Protestants -and Catholics, he deemed of small account because they were so largely -about rites and ceremonies, matters which he deemed non-essential. -“These things men contend aboute and make great stirre in the world, -whilst the life and spirit of the gospel lies buried under humane -ordinances and carnall traditions.” True worship, he declares, is as -well exemplified in the offering of lambs and bullocks “according to -the letter of scripture formerly manifested, * * as in bread, wine, -wafers, &c., or in Bishop, paster, teacher, elder, deacon, &c., for -these things in the outward forme simply considered are carnall and -momentary, but the words of Christ, they are spirit and they are -life.” - -While he agreed with the Friends as to outward ordinances, Samuell -Gorton strongly contested some of their other teachings, especially the -doctrine of the “inner light,” which he saw might be interpreted as a -particular revelation of infallible truth to the individual.[72] Such an -assumption, he claimed, is mischievous and erroneous. All revelations -must appeal for examination, recognition and interpretation to the -natural human reason, which is a common possession of all men. Mr. -Gorton combined with a remarkably equable balance, the methods of the -mystic and the rationalist. His mysticism rejected all claims of -infallibility, which logically tend to the persecution of dissidents. -Yet, while he carried this idea so far that he would dispense with all -paid ministries, he recognized more fully than most Protestants of his -day the necessity of sound learning and thorough acquaintance with the -Scriptures in their original tongues, to assure their correct and valid -interpretation.[73] - -Though in the highest degree Christocentric, Samuell Gorton’s theology -was not in harmony with the prevailing Trinitarianism of his day. The -doctrine “received from the schoole men of the church of Roome, that -hold and teach a trinitie of persons in one simple and divine essence, -without having respect for the humane nature of Christ,” he -characterizes as “a most dangerous and pernicious doctrine.” It is, he -says, “most derogatory to the glory of the son; for in that time he is -deprived of the glory of a saviour; for without man’s nature hee is not -Jesus; hee is no saviour but in man; hee is not the anointed nor the -redeemer but in man’s nature; and if wee deprive him of that glory for a -time it is to late to give it to him afterwards, because hee ever -remains one and the same.” The scriptural references to the Father, Son -and Holy Spirit he interprets as recognitions of “spirituall -distinctions in the nature of Christ.” They are not separate persons of -a god-head, but distinctions of the divine activity, having a unity “not -found elsewhere, but only in Christ.”[74] - -With Channing, Samuell Gorton also taught the essential divinity of -human nature—the equal nearness of the divine spirit to the sinner and -to the saint. He recognizes a divine spark in every human soul, and to -this he made his appeal.[75] He also, however, accepted the eternal -antagonism of good and evil as an unquestionable fact both in scriptural -teaching and in human experience. The tendency of the one is to eternal -life; of the other to eternal death. He therefore taught a conditional -immortality, wholly dependent upon the character of the individual. -“Neither can any salvation hold proportion with the son of God,” he -says, “but freedome from sin.” This saved him from the errors of -Antinomianism.[76] The doctrine of imputed sin and imputed righteousness -he denounces as unworthy of the divine character. “God was in Christ -reconciling men unto him selfe, not imputing their sins.” Nor is this -work of reconciliation limited to any historical period. “God is -eternally a creator, eternally a redeemer, eternally a conservator of -peace.” - -The substance of his teaching is that righteousness _is_ life eternal; -sin _is_ eternal death. This is no arbitrary penalty inflicted at the -close of man’s earthly career, or on some future day of judgment; it is -the intrinsic and natural result of evil action. The popular distinction -between a man and his actions is delusive and unreal. He could not hate -the sin and love the sinner. The actions _are_ the man. If the actions -are predominantly evil there is nothing left to save. The divine work of -regeneration is at one and the same time the salvation of the good and -the destruction of the evil. Both results are effected by one and the -same natural operation of the divine power. “The righteousness of God is -of eternal worth and duration; But the one and the other [course of -life] being wrought into a change at one and the same time, thence comes -the capacity of an eternall life, and of an eternall destruction.” - -Mr. Gorton distinguishes four distinct stages in the historical -development of religious ideas: the family, the national, the apostolic, -and the spiritual or universal.[77] Considering the period in which he -wrote, and the fact that the Bible seems to have been almost his only -text-book, his conclusions are remarkably consistent with those of -modern students of sociology and comparative religion. - -The temptation is great to continue this line of exposition and -quotation, but I must bring it to a close with one or two additional -passages further illustrative of the ethical quality of his thought. All -virtue, he taught, even the goodness of God, consists wholly in the -service of others. “The goodnesse of God’s nature is such,” he says, -“that it cannot subsiste or bee without communicating it selfe with -another, otherwise his goodnesse should bee uselesse, which can not bee -admitted for one moment of time, for there is an impossibility thereof; -The naturall temporary or tipicall goodnesse of any creature is uselesse -unlesse it bee communicated with another; God never made any creature in -heaven or in earth simply for it selfe, but for the use of another; how -infinitely more is this true of God, who hath made him selfe in Christ -to bee the goodnesse of the world.” - -Heaven, Samuell Gorton taught, is not to be sought in a future life or -in some distant part of the universe. The soul is even _now_ in -eternity. Heaven is a condition of the soul. It may exist here and now. -“Such doctrine,” he says, “as sets forth a time to come, of more worth -and glory than either is, or hath been, keeps the manna for tomorrow, to -the breeding of worms in it.” With Theodore Parker, he taught that the -divine nature is both masculine and feminine;[78] and in one of the most -striking and eloquent passages in his Commentary on the Lord’s Prayer he -argues for the equal recognition of woman in the Church, and as a -teacher of religion. - -In philosophy, Samuell Gorton was an original thinker rather than a -student of past systems. In theology, he was far in advance of the -prevailing thought of his time. Only a few of the minor sects of our own -day have yet approximated to his views as to the equal position of woman -in the pulpit and the church; only an occasional strong and independent -mind has reached his conception of religion as a birthright of the -individual soul, to which belongs the unalienable privilege of -investigation and interpretation, free from priestly mediation and -sectarian bias. - - - - - IX - - CONCLUSION - - -In conclusion, what shall we say were the peculiar and distinctive -contributions of Samuell Gorton to the Commonwealth which he helped to -found, and the life of our later day? I answer, first, to him more than -to any other we are indebted for the recognition and establishment of -the principle that English law and the rights of English citizenship are -coextensive with English supremacy; and that to secure these rights in -the Colonies, together with the privileges of local administration, a -charter from the Home Government was necessary. This principle had been -ignored or denied by Roger Williams,[79] and violated by the governments -of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Samuell Gorton affirmed it in season -and out of season; in its defence suffered imprisonment and stripes, and -did not rest until by the aid of Roger Williams at last convinced by his -insistency and by the stern logic of events, it was accepted by the -Commonwealth, affirmed in its Charter, and embodied in its legislation. - -So firmly was this principle subsequently engrafted on our Colonial -system, that it became our strongest defence against the encroachments -of the Mother Country during the Revolutionary struggle and gave us an -effective _pou sto_ for the Declaration of Independence. Nor did the -severing of the relations with the government of England rupture this -thread of law and equity which bound us to our historic past. Ours -became the heritage of English Common Law: ours as well as England’s -those historic rights and privileges of citizenship handed down from -Magna Charta. - -I answer, secondly, to Samuell Gorton more than to any other, all -generations of Americans will owe the insistent affirmation and -consistent illustration of the principle of religious individualism -which is the logical outcome of the Protestant idea—the principle which -strips off the conventional reliance on ritual and organization, and -places the individual soul face to face with the problems of life and -duty. In our own generation, Ralph Waldo Emerson has been the clearest -exponent of this principle. Gorton was the premature John the Baptist of -New England Transcendentalism. - -No portrait, or adequate description of this forgotten Founder of our -Liberties has been handed down to our time. The writer of his brief -biography tells us that “His bearing was courteous, his feelings lively, -his mind vigorous and well-informed.”[80] From such hints as we may -obtain from various sources we may picture him as a man of tall stature, -marked features and gentlemanly address; blue-eyed—a typical Saxon; of -an earnest and sympathetic nature; persuasive of speech in conversation -and exhortation, and freely emphasizing his thoughts with appropriate -gestures, quick to resent injustice, and bold in his denunciation of -wrong-doers,[81]—more eloquent and effective in his spontaneous -utterances and unstudied efforts than in the formal and labored style of -his written treatises. - -Of his domestic life we know but little. From his kindly mention of his -wife and children in the final disposal of his property, we have a right -to infer that his family relations were harmonious. The reverent regard -of his sons for his wishes, long after his decease, shows that the -respect which they bore for him was deep and lasting. Besides the three -sons, his family included twice that number of daughters. These were all -married at the time of his decease, and the fact that they, conjointly -with their husbands, were remembered in the final disposal of his -property indicates his affectionate regard for all the branches of his -household. One of the daughters, with the remarkable Scriptural name of -Mahershallalhashbaz, married Daniel Cole, and removed to Glen Cove, Long -Island, then known as Moscheto Cove, and has numerous descendants still -residing in that vicinity.[82] - -More than most men, Samuell Gorton has been honored in the persons of -his descendants. His oldest son, Captain Samuell Gorton, succeeded in -some respects, to the position and influence of his father and held many -posts of honor in his Town and State. Benjamin, the youngest son, was -one of the founders of the neighboring Town of East Greenwich. Othniel -Gorton, a lineal descendant of Samuell Gorton, was several times chosen -to the General Assembly from the Town of Warwick, and was Speaker of the -House of Representatives at intervals during and subsequent to the -Revolutionary War. Gen. Nathaniel Greene, next to George Washington, the -most eminent military leader in the contest with Great Britain, traced -his lineage directly to John Greene and Samuell Gorton, noble founders -of the liberties which he fought to sustain; as did also Col. -Christopher Greene, of Revolutionary fame. Albert Gorton Greene, a -descendant of John Greene, Samuell Gorton and Randall Holden, three of -the original settlers of Warwick, became a judge of the Municipal Court -in the City of Providence, and is well known to three generations as the -author of “Old Grimes,” and other popular ballads and poems. The late -Governor Henry Lippitt, and the present Chief Magistrate of Rhode -Island, the Hon. Charles Warren Lippitt, as well as the late Lieut.-Gov. -Samuel G. Arnold, the historian of the State, are direct descendants of -Samuell Gorton. The Rev. James Gorton, a Baptist minister of independent -views now living, is a frequent contributor on social and religious -topics to periodical literature. Dr. David Allyn Gorton, of Brooklyn, -N. Y., another living descendant of Samuell Gorton, has won an enviable -reputation in the practice of medicine, was formerly editor of the -National Quarterly Review, is the author of an able work on “The Monism -of Man,” and numerous philosophical essays, as well as a treatise on -“The Principles of Mental Hygiene,” and voluminous contributions to -medical literature. In recent years he has contributed several able -papers to the collections of the Brooklyn Ethical Association. His son, -Dr. Eliot Gorton, is well known as an alienist and an able writer on -this and kindred topics, as is also Dr. W. A. Gorton, of the Butler -Asylum for the Insane, in Providence. Charles Gorton, of the same city, -who owns the only complete original edition of Samuell Gorton’s -published works known to exist in this country, is a tireless -bibliophilist and book collector, the possessor of invaluable literary -and archæological treasures. Dexter Gorton is one of the most respected -citizens of Providence, a man of sterling integrity, for many years -Chief Engineer of the Fire Department of that City, now one of its Fire -Commissioners, and has several times been chosen to the City Council. -The descendants of Samuell Gorton are also widely distributed in other -portions of the country. In the independence of mind and literary -ability which they have often illustrated, the believer in heredity will -recognize the out-cropping of the same sterling qualities which -characterized the first of their honored name who made his home in the -new world. - -The house which Samuell Gorton erected and where he spent his later -years was a land-mark in Old Warwick until within the last half century. -From its door his eyes could rest on the placid waters of Warwick Cove, -and beyond the meadow could see his cattle grazing upon the rounded -uplands of Warwick Neck. The surrounding scenery is restful to the eye, -and invites the thoughtful contemplation of the deep things of life in -which his soul delighted. A short time since, I visited the spot, and -conversed with the oldest representative of four generations of his -descendants, now occupying the ancestral acres. I walked up the -hill-side back of the house which now occupies the site of the old -Gorton homestead, to the little family graveyard where tradition says -that Samuell Gorton was laid to rest with the patent of the Town of -Warwick which he obtained in England,—a nobler decoration than a royal -order—upon his breast. No monumental stone—not even a green mound or an -over-arching tree—now marks the sacred bit of earth where his body long -since turned to dust. - -All around, however, are the gracious evidences that his life and labors -were not vainly spent. The prosperity of the town which he founded and -the Commonwealth which he helped to build, constitute his most enduring -monument. South, lies the quiet hamlet of East Greenwich, of which his -son was one of the founders, built in part upon land once owned by -Samuell Gorton. West, also, lie the rural towns of Coventry and West -Greenwich, the soil of which was largely covered by his original -purchase from Miantonomi. What fortunes have been made where he found a -wilderness and out of it wrought a humble home for his declining years! -What untold happiness has filled the throbbing hearts of the many -generations that have come after him as they have looked out upon the -pleasant acres, honestly bought of their aboriginal possessors, and -bravely held as a heritage to his posterity! - -The Commonwealth which he loved and served so well has proudly held up -the banner of Soul Liberty guarded and consecrated by Righteous Law, -until its beautiful symbol[83] has carried Hope and Safety to the -uttermost parts of our American Union. Could this Founder of our -Liberties look down upon these peaceful and prosperous scenes, and -ponder upon their vast and beneficent significance, hardly would his -unselfish soul miss the monumental stone which yet a grateful community -shall raise to his fragrant memory. In thankfulness of heart he would -bless the Power which has wrought so marvelously in him and in those who -have followed in his footsteps, and murmur in grateful acknowledgment, -“Yea, Lord, I have seen of the travail of my soul, and am satisfied.” - - - - - FOOTNOTES - - -Footnote 1: - - Both Samuell Gorton, Sr., and his eldest son, spelled their first name - with the double “L.” - -Footnote 2: - - “Beniamin Gorton Killed A woolfe And brought ye head & Skine to my - house ye 21st day of December, 1674.”—[_Unpublished Town Records, of - Warwick._] - -Footnote 3: - - The site of the block-house has usually been placed on the North Side - of the Mill Pond, at Old Warwick. Recent investigations, however, - strongly favor the more natural site at Conimicut. I am told that - Judge Brayton was convinced that this was the true location, before he - died. - -Footnote 4: - - Notes to “Simplicities Defence against Seven-Headed Policie,” by Judge - W. R. Staples, [_R. I. Hist. Soc. Coll._] - - Also “A Defence of Samuel Gorton,” By George A. Brayton, late Justice - of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island. [_Providence: Sidney S. Rider._] - -Footnote 5: - - Report on the Settlement of Warwick, 1642, and the Seal of the R. I. - Historical Society, by William D. Ely and John P. Howland, - (Proceedings, 1887-88,) and Report of the Committee on the Library, - (Proceedings, 1890.) - -Footnote 6: - - Fuller’s “History of Warwick” also contains some sympathetic allusions - to Gorton’s story. The Hon. William P. Sheffield, in an address before - the R. I. Historical Society (1893), does him less than justice. - -Footnote 7: - - Mackie, et al. A letter of Gorton’s seems to fix this date with - reasonable certainty as the year of his birth. - -Footnote 8: - - A Defence of Samuel Gorton and the Settlers of Shawomet, p. 5. - -Footnote 9: - - In a letter to Nathaniel Morton, Gorton says: “I was not bred up in - the Schoole of humane learninge, and I bless God that I never was.” - -Footnote 10: - - _Vide_ Mackie, and others. Gorton himself refers to his father as “a - merchant of London,” which would possibly imply an earlier removal. - -Footnote 11: - - Calendar’s Historical Discourse, p. 9. I have not yet found this - letter of Gorton’s in the original. - -Footnote 12: - - The fact that he subsequently returned and spent some time in London, - unmolested, also militates against this charge. - -Footnote 13: - - 1636, O. S. - -Footnote 14: - - The trial of Wheelwright was in progress when Gorton arrived. - -Footnote 15: - - Under date of June 7, 1637, his name appears on the roll of a company - of volunteers from Plymouth to aid Massachusetts in the Pequot war. He - probably saw no service. - -Footnote 16: - - An early tradition, the origin of which I have not been able to trace, - gives the name of Gorton’s wife as Elizabeth. In the New England - Historical and Genealogical Register, (Vol. XLIV) however, there is a - record of the bequest of Mary Mayplett, of London, widow, on Dec. 7, - 1646, to her daughter, “_Mary_ Gorton, wife of Samuell Gorton, being - in New England,” of “all the money which her said husband Samuell doth - owe me, and a breed of cattle which he hath of mine.” In a later - volume (XLVI), there is a record of the will of “John Maplett, Doctor - of Physicke, of the city of Bath, Somerset,” dated April 16, 1670, - which contains the following clause: “I give and bequeath unto my dear - sister, Mistress Mary Gorton, of New England, the sum of 20s., and to - each of her children I give the sum of 10s. apiece.” Dr. John Maplett, - the brother-in-law of Samuell Gorton, was eminent in letters as well - as in medicine, having been for a time the Principal of Worcester - College. (_Vide_ Stevens’s Cyc. of Nat. Biography.) Samuell Gorton’s - oldest child was a daughter named Mary, probably for her mother. His - youngest daughter was named Elizabeth, but the late date of Dr. - Maplett’s bequest to his sister Mary precludes the idea of a second - marriage. There appear to have been at least two instances in the - later history of the Gorton family of marriages between Samuells and - Elizabeths, and it is probably from this that the confusion has - arisen. I am indebted to Mr. Adelos Gorton, of Philadelphia, for - important facts bearing on this question. - -Footnote 17: - - Winslow afterwards vaguely accused her of “having made some unworthy - speeches and carriages.” (“_Hypocrisy Unmasked_”). - -Footnote 18: - - For an account of Gorton’s trial see Plymouth Colony Records, Vol. I, - pp. 100, 105, under date “5 Nov. 1638.” - -Footnote 19: - - _Vide_ Portsmouth Records, under date “Aprill the 30th, 1639.” - -Footnote 20: - - April 28, 1639, William Coddington was Governor, under the Royal - Charter, from May, 1674, to May, 1676, and from Aug. 28, 1678, to Nov. - 1 of the same year, dying in office. - -Footnote 21: - - March 12, 1640. - -Footnote 22: - - He is said to have characterized the magistrates as “just asses,” and - to have called one of the witnesses a “jack-an-apes.” (See charges in - Portsmouth Records). This occurred in August, 1640. - -Footnote 23: - - So Leckford (1641), Winthrop and Morton. Judge Staples questions this. - Gorton himself refers to “fines, whippings and banishments out of - their jurisdiction,” suffered by himself and friends. (_Simplicities - Defence_). See also Edward Winslow’s “_Hypocrisie Unmasked_.” - -Footnote 24: - - For charges against Gorton see Portsmouth Town Records. There, also, - under date “Mch. 16, 1642,” is a record of the banishment and - disfranchisement of Wickes, Carder, Holden, Shotten and Potter; an - action practically reversed on the 19th of the following September. - (Portsmouth Records). They had already left Portsmouth before their - official banishment. - -Footnote 25: - - There is reference to these controversies in Providence Records under - date Nov. 17, 1641, in which Gorton’s name is mentioned. - -Footnote 26: - - There are strong reasons for questioning the authenticity of this - letter. - -Footnote 27: - - This is admitted by Knowles, the biographer of Roger Williams. Arnold, - certainly, had few sympathizers. None of the five “Disposers” of the - town took part in this action. - -Footnote 28: - - The first deed of land beyond the Pawtuxet was made to John Greene, - Oct. 1, 1642, and signed by Miantonomi and Soccononocco. The deed to - Samuell Gorton and others, of the Shawomet lands bears date on the - 12th of the following January (1642, O. S.). - -Footnote 29: - - The submission of Pomham and Soccononocco to Massachusetts bears date - “June 22nd, 1643.” - -Footnote 30: - - _Vide_ “_Narragansett Historical Register_,” Vol. I, pp. 16, 17, _et - seq._ - -Footnote 31: - - Sept. 12, 1643. - -Footnote 32: - - Reply of Nowell and the Boston authorities to Gorton, _vide_ - “_Simplicities Defence_.” - -Footnote 33: - - “All ministers of the Gospel.” (Brayton.) The Providence men were - Chad. Brown, Thomas Olney, William Field and William Wickenden. - Sheffield says “Brown and Wickenden _afterwards_ became clergymen.” - (_Samuell Gorton_, p. 45). - -Footnote 34: - - Sheffield says “for several days.” (Address before R. I. Historical - Society, February, 1893). - -Footnote 35: - - The invaders also took and sold eighty head of cattle belonging to - Gorton and his friends. - -Footnote 36: - - A full account of this contest, with statements of both parties, - appears in Gorton’s “_Simplicities Defence_,” (first ed., London, Aug. - 3, 1646.) See also Winslow’s “_Hypocrisie Unmasked_.” - -Footnote 37: - - Gorton was at first ordered to formulate his answers “_within fifteen - minutes_,” but on appeal was given until the next morning. - -Footnote 38: - - By two majority! - -Footnote 39: - - Gorton was taken to Boston as “prisoner of war,” Oct. 13, 1643. He was - sentenced Nov. 3, 1643; released Mch. 7, 1643-44 (1643, O. S.). - -Footnote 40: - - History of New England, Vol. I. - -Footnote 41: - - _Simplicities Defence against Seven Headed Policie._ - -Footnote 42: - - The reference is to Mr. Cotton’s championship of Anne Hutchinson and - the Antinomian heresy. - -Footnote 43: - - Williams probably sold his half of Prudence to obtain money to pay his - expenses to England, when he went to make application for a charter. - The purchase was in the name of a friend and co-partner of Winthrop, - one Parker, a merchant of Boston. - -Footnote 44: - - The date ordinarily assigned to this patent, “Aug. 19, _1644_,” must - be erroneous. It was probably granted two years later, when Gorton was - in England. - -Footnote 45: - - The manner in which the authorities of Massachusetts Bay recognized - this safe-conduct was characteristic. Under date of “13th May, 1648,” - the following entry appears in the Colonial Records: “Vppon the - request of the Earle of Warwicke, the Court allowes Samuell Gorton, - now a shipboard, one full weeke after the date hereof, for the - transportatiō of himselfe & his goods through or iurisdictiō to the - place of his dwelling, he demeaning himselfe inoffensively, accordinge - to the contents of the Ŝd earle’s l’re, & that the marshals or some of - them shall shew him a coppie of this order, or fix it to the maine - mast of the shippe in which he is.”—_Mass. Records, Vol. III, p. 127._ - -Footnote 46: - - Warwick was not named in the Charter, as the town was not organized - when it was granted; but it united with the other towns in 1647, in - the first General Assembly of the entire Colony. - -Footnote 47: - - These were the names given the contesting parties of white men by the - Indians. The latter, Roger Williams says, means “coat wearers,” which - leads Dr. Fiske to query whether the Gortonists habitually went in - their shirt sleeves! - -Footnote 48: - - Peage, or wampum, was legal tender in Rhode Island until 1662, and - doubtless still passed current among the Indians. The bill of sale - bears the name of Pomham’s son, but in its terms binds Pomham as well - as his heirs. - -Footnote 49: - - The Charter of 1643-44 provided “that the laws, constitutions, - punishments for the civil government of the said Plantation be - conformable to the laws of England so far as the nature and - constitution of that place would admit.” - -Footnote 50: - - Gorton’s legal acquirements were evidently superior to those of any - other man in the Colony. He was one of the first Judges of the Colony. - -Footnote 51: - - Historical Records, Vol. I, p. 166. - -Footnote 52: - - William Arnold and the Pawtuxet malcontents. - -Footnote 53: - - Hazard’s State Papers, p. 555. Quoted in R. I. Colonial Records, Vol. - I, p. 235. - -Footnote 54: - - Colonial Records (May 19, 1652). - -Footnote 55: - - John M. Mackie. - -Footnote 56: - - _Vide_ “Certain Letters which Passed between the Penman of this - Treatise and certain men newly come out of Old England into New.” By - Samuell Gorton. - -Footnote 57: - - Colonial Records, 1658. - -Footnote 58: - - Ibid, 1665. - -Footnote 59: - - Records of the Town of Warwick (unpublished). - -Footnote 60: - - Greene’s Short History of Rhode Island, p. 76. - -Footnote 61: - - Unpublished Town Records. - -Footnote 62: - - _Vide_ Austin’s Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island. See, also, - unpublished Town Records of Warwick. - -Footnote 63: - - Massachusetts Records, Vol. II, p. 51. - -Footnote 64: - - History of Rhode Island. By Samuel G. Arnold. - -Footnote 65: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 66: - - This is substantially the conclusion of Judge Brayton. (Defence of - Samuel Gorton). - -Footnote 67: - - That Gorton believed in civil government also clearly appears in his - correspondence relating to the Quakers, where he expressly dissents - from their views about government. - -Footnote 68: - - _Vide_ Nowell, Rawson, Winthrop, Winslow, Morton, _et al._ - -Footnote 69: - - “The Father was never knowne nor is he knowable but in Christ.” - (Commentary on the Lord’s Prayer). - -Footnote 70: - - The quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are from Gorton’s - unpublished Commentary on the Lord’s Prayer. (Commentary, p. 101). - -Footnote 71: - - “Though no church was formed in connection with his ministrations, he - exercised a powerful influence upon the religious views of the - Colony.” History of Warwick, p. 301. By Orris Payson Fuller, B. A. - -Footnote 72: - - He also differed with the Friends of his day in his views about - government. - -Footnote 73: - - This is strongly emphasized in his Commentary on the Lord’s Prayer. - -Footnote 74: - - Commentary Mss., p. 11. See, also, p. 14, _et seq._, as well as - “_Simplicities Defence_,” (R. I. Hist. Soc. Ed.) page 183. - -Footnote 75: - - Commentary Mss., page 57. - -Footnote 76: - - Dr. Fiske is in error in classing him as a follower of Anne - Hutchinson. His theology was original and peculiarly his own. - (Commentary Mss., p. 58). - -Footnote 77: - - Commentary Mss., p. 90. - -Footnote 78: - - It is hardly necessary to say that neither Gorton or Parker held this - doctrine in any materialistic sense. It was a lofty philosophical - conception that the entire creative energy was expressed in the divine - nature, to conceive which as purely masculine was inadequate, - anthropomorphic and irrational. - -Footnote 79: - - The first charge against Roger Williams, on which he was banished from - Massachusetts Bay, accused him of teaching “That wee have not our land - by Pattent from the King, but that the natives are the true owners of - it and that wee ought to repent of such receiving it by Pattent.” - Gorton agreed with Williams as to the necessity of purchase from the - Indians, but thought the charter also necessary. - -Footnote 80: - - John M. Mackie, in “_Sparks’s American Biography_.” - - Samuel Eddy, Secretary of State of Rhode Island, _circum_ 1820, says - of Gorton: “From the first establishment of the government he was - almost constantly in office, and during a long life there is no - instance of record to my knowledge of any reproach or censure cast - upon him, no complaint of him, although history furnishes abundance of - evidence that there were no lack of enemies to his person, principles, - or property. This can hardly be said of any other settler of the - Colony of any standing.” Quoted in Judge Brayton’s “_Defence of Samuel - Gorton_.” - -Footnote 81: - - _Vide_ Winthrop’s Letters, the Portsmouth charges, etc. - -Footnote 82: - - The eldest daughter, Mary, married, i. Peter Greene; ii. John Sanford; - the youngest, Elizabeth, married John Crandall; Sarah married William - Mace; Ann’s husband was John Warner; Susanna’s was Benjamin Barton. - From these marriages have sprung many well known Rhode Island - families. - -Footnote 83: - - The Colonial Assembly of 1647 provided “that the seale of the Province - shall be an anchor.” - - - - - BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX - - - - - BIBLIOGRAPHY - - -The following books, articles and manuscripts have been consulted in the -preparation of this paper: - - -1. SIMPLICITIES DEFENCE AGAINST SEVEN-HEADED POLICIE. By Samuell Gorton. - Original Edition, London, Aug. 3, 1646. Second edition, 1647. - Reprinted in Vol. III of R. I. Historical Collections, with - introduction and notes by Judge W. R. Staples. - -2. AN INCORRUPTIBLE KEY COMPOSED OF THE CX PSALME, WHEREWITH YOU MAY - OPEN THE REST OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. By Samuell Gorton. London. - -3. SALTMARSH RETURNED FROM THE DEAD, in _Amicus Philalethes_; or the - Resurrection of James the Apostle out of the Grave of Carnall Glosses, - for the Correction of the Universall Apostasy which cruelly buryed him - who yet liveth. By Samuell Gorton. London Edition. - -4. AN ANTEDOTE AGAINST THE COMMON PLAGUE OF THE WORLD. * * SMARTLASH - ASCENDED TO THE THRONE OF EQUITY, FOR THE ARRAGNMENTS OF FALSE - INTERPRETATIONS OF THE WORD OF GOD. By Samuell Gorton. London Edition. - (Dedicated to “His Highness, Oliver, Lord Protector of England, - Scotland and Ireland, with the dominions thereto belonging.”) - -5. A RUNNING COMMENTARY ON THE LORD’S PRAYER (Matt. vi, 9-13). By - Samuell Gorton. (_Mss._ in Library of the R. I. Historical Society, at - Providence). - -6. CERTAIN LETTERS WHICH PASSED BETWEEN THE PENMAN OF THIS TREATISE AND - CERTAIN MEN NEWLY COME OUT OF OLD ENGLAND INTO NEW. By Samuell Gorton. - (London Edition). - -7. LETTERS TO NATHANIEL MORTON AND OTHERS. By Samuell Gorton. (Some of - these letters are in the possession of Mr. Edward Crowninshield, of - Boston). - -8. LIFE OF SAMUEL GORTON. By John M. Mackie. (Sparks’s American - Biography). - -9. A DEFENCE OF SAMUEL GORTON AND THE SETTLERS OF SHAWOMET. By George A. - Brayton. Late Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island (R. I. - Historical Tracts, No. 17.—Sidney S. Rider). - -10. HISTORICAL DISCOURSE—Calendar. - -11. RHODE ISLAND COLONIAL RECORDS. - -12. MASSACHUSETTS COLONIAL RECORDS. - -13. RECORDS OF PLYMOUTH COLONY. - -14. TOWN RECORDS OF PORTSMOUTH. - -15. TOWN RECORDS OF PROVIDENCE. - -16. TOWN RECORDS OF WARWICK. (Unpublished). - -17. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF WARWICK. By Orris Payson Fuller, B. A. - -18. NARRAGANSETT HISTORICAL REGISTER. - -19. HISTORY OF THE NARRAGANSETT CHURCH. Updike. - -20. HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND. By J. G. Palfrey. - -21. HISTORY OF RHODE ISLAND. By Samuel G. Arnold. - -22. A SHORT HISTORY OF RHODE ISLAND. By George Washington Greene. - -23. THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND. By John Fiske, LL. D. - -24. PROCEEDINGS OF THE R. I. HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 1887-88, 1890-91. - -25. HYPOCRISIE UNMASKED. By Edward Winslow. - -26. HAZARD’S STATE PAPERS. - -27. AUSTIN’S GENEALOGICAL DICTIONARY OF RHODE ISLAND. - -28. THE COLONIAL ERA. (American History Series). By G. P. Fisher. - -29. LETTERS OF JOHN WINTHROP. - - - - - INDEX - - - =Adams=, Charles Francis, on Samuell Gorton, 83 - - =Agnosticism=, Gorton’s views on, 88-89 - - =Aldredge=, Mrs. - Her trouble with the Plymouth authorities, 28 - Samuell Gorton’s defence of, 28-29 - - =Anarchism=, Gorton’s alleged, 74-78 - - =Anchor=, the Seal of Rhode Island, 115 - - =Andros=, Governor, 78 - - =Antinomianism=, 97 and _note_. - - =Apponaug.= - Town Hall of Warwick in, 9, 14 - Ancient records in, 14, 15 - - =Aquidneck.= - Settlement of, 29-31 - Effort of Massachusetts to separate from Providence Plantations, - 49-55 - A refuge for Warwick residents in King Philip’s war, 70 - - =Arnold=, Hon. Samuel G., - His History of Rhode Island, 17, 19 - On Samuell Gorton’s political creed, 75 - His kinship to Samuell Gorton, 75, 110 - - =Arnold=, William, - His contentions in Providence and Pawtuxet, 34, 36 - His alliance with Massachusetts Bay, 36 - His small following, 36, _note_. - His friends accuse the men of Shawomet, 62, and _note_. - - =Arrow-heads=, 14 - - =Atherton= Company, 39, 49 - - =Awoshosse=, 52 - - - =Barton=, Benjamin, - Marries Susanna, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, _note_. - - =Bible=, Samuell Gorton’s principal text-book, 22, 99 - - =Bibliography=, 119-122 - - =Blasphemy=, Charges against Gorton for, 39, 43, 45 - - =Boston=, Sympathy with Gorton in, 45-46 - - =Bradford=, William, 10 - - =Brayton=, Hon. George A. - His Defence of Samuell Gorton, 18, and _note_, 19 - On Gorton’s noble connection, 21-22 - On the peace-makers from Providence, 40, _note_. - - - =Canonchet=, 69 - - =Carder=, Richard. - His banishment from Portsmouth, 33-34, _note_. - His imprisonment in Massachusetts, 47 - - =Channing=, William Ellery. - Samuell Gorton’s theology compared with, 96 - - =Charles= the First. - His contest with Parliament, 35 - - =Charles= the Second. - Gorton prepares an address to, 67 - Grants the Charter of 1663, 68 - - =Charlestown=, Samuell Gorton’s imprisonment in, 45 - - =Charter.= - Of Providence Plantations, 1643-44, 53, 56, 60, 61, _note_. - Of Warwick, 54 - Royal Charter of 1663, 68 - - =Christ=, Samuell Gorton’s teachings about, 88, 89, 91, 95-97 - - =Christocentric= character of Samuell Gorton’s theology, 88 - - =Church= of England, Samuell Gorton’s indebtedness to, 23 - - =Clam-bakes=, 14 - - =Clarke=, John. - Represents Rhode Island in England, 66 - Gorton’s letter to, concerning the Quakers, 67 - Secures the Charter of 1663, 68 - - =Coddington=, William. - Settles at Aquidneck, 30 - Removes to Newport, 30 - Establishes a Theocracy, 30 - Supported by a minority, 31 - Opposes union under the Charter of, 1643-44, 56 - Secedes from the Charter Government, 63 - Governor under the Royal Charter, 30, _note_. - - =Code= of 1647, 60-62 - - =Cole=, Daniel, marries Mahershallalhashbaz, daughter of Samuell - Gorton, 108 - - =Colonial= dwellings in Warwick, 8 - - =Common= Law of England, 76-77, 105 - - =Conanicus=, 52 - - =Conimicut= Point. - Samuell Gorton’s Block House on, 12, and _note_. - The siege of, 12, 40-42 - - =Connecticut= rejects the limitations of citizenship by - church-membership, 80 - - =Cotton=, John, his alleged heresies, 47-48, and _note_. - - =Coventry=, 114 - - =Coweset=, Gorton’s lands in, deeded to his sons, 72 - - =Coweset= Bay, 9 - - =Crandall=, John, marries Elizabeth, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, - _note_. - - =Cromwell=, Oliver, letter to, concerning the Quakers, 66-67 - - =Cutshamekin=, 46 - - - =Declaration= of Independence, 105 - - - =East= Greenwich. - Land in owned by Samuell Gorton, 72-73, 114 - Benjamin Gorton, one of its first settlers, 73 - - =Eddy=, Samuel, on Samuell Gorton’s character, 106, _note_. - - =Ely=, William D., his studies of the Gorton history, 48, and _note_. - - =Emerson=, Ralph Waldo, his philosophy foreshadowed by that of Samuell - Gorton, 92, 106 - - =Ethical= teachings of Samuell Gorton, 97, 101 - - - =Fiske=, John, LL. D. - His account of Samuell Gorton in “The Beginnings of New England.”, 18 - His story of the murder of Miantonomi, 52 - On the Gortonoges and Wattaconoges, 57, _note_. - His inadequate estimate of Gorton’s career, 82 - - =Friends.= - Gorton’s defence of, 66, and _note_ 67 - His letters to, 66, _note_. - His theology compared with that of, 93-94 - He opposes their doctrine of the “inner light.”, 93 - He opposes their doctrine about Government, 94, _note_. - - - =Gaspee=, burning of, 11 - - =Gorton=, Adelos, vi, 27, _note_. - - =Gorton=, Ann, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, _note_. - - =Gorton=, Benjamin, - Kills a wolf in Warwick, 1774, 12, _note_. - Inherits estate from his father, Samuell Gorton, 71 - Early settler of East Greenwich, 72, 109, 114 - - =Gorton=, Charles, 111-112 - - =Gorton=, Dr. David Allyn, 110-111 - - =Gorton=, Dexter, 112 - - =Gorton=, Dr. Eliot, 111 - - =Gorton=, Elizabeth, 108, _note_. - - =Gorton=, Rev. James, 110 - - =Gorton=, John. - Inherits estate from his father, Samuell Gorton, 71 - Shares in final division of the Coweset lands, 72 - - =Gorton=, Mary, eldest daughter of Samuell Gorton, 27, _note_, 108, - _note_. - - =Gorton=, Mary Maplett, - Wife of Samuell Gorton, 26, 27 and _note_. - His testimony to her gentle birth, 27 - His provision for her in the disposal of his estate, 72 - - =Gortonoges=, 10, 57, and _note_. - - =Gorton=, Othniel, 109 - - =Gorton=, Parish of, in England, 21 - - =Gorton=, Samuell. - Born in 1592, 21, and _note_. - The man and his work, 21 - His education, 22, and _note_. - His residence in London, 23-24 - His marriage, 24 - His emigration to America, 25 - His residence in Boston and Plymouth, 25-29 - His first meeting with Roger Williams, 26 - His troubles with the Plymouth authorities, 28 - His banishment from Plymouth, 29 - His difficulties in Portsmouth, 31-33 - His banishment by the Coddington Government, 33 - His contentions in Providence, 34-35 - His settlement in Shawomet, 37 - He is summoned to Boston, 39 - Besieged at Conimicut, 40-42 - Taken to Boston for trial, 43 - Imprisoned in Massachusetts, 43-45 - His release and return to Portsmouth, 45-49 - Secures the submission of the Narragansetts to the British - Government, 51, 52, 55 - Excluded from Shawomet by Massachusetts, 49, 51 - His voyage to England, 1645-48, 54-55 - Secures Charter for Warwick, 54 - His later career, 59 - His service in the General Assembly, 59-65 - Probable author of the statute against slavery, 63-65 - General Assistant, Moderator and President, 65 - His defence of the Quakers, 66-67 - Incorporator of the Colony under the Royal Charter, 68 - Assigned shares in Warwick Neck, 68 - His life saved by friendly Indians during King Philip’s War, 68-69 - Divides his estate among his children, 71-73 - His political philosophy, 74-81 - His religious convictions, 82-102 - His character and personal appearance, 106-108 - - =Gorton=, Samuell, Jr. - Born in England, 1630, 27-28 - Writes will of John Wickes, 70 - Elected Town Treasurer, 71 - Trust reposed in him by his father, 71-72 - Participates in the final division of Coweset lands, 72-73 - - =Gorton=, Sarah, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, _note_. - - =Gorton=, Susanna, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, _note_. - - =Gorton=, Dr. W. A., 111 - - =Greene=, Hon. Albert Gorton, 110 - - =Greene=, Col. Christopher, 110 - - =Greene=, John, - Co-settler of Warwick with Samuell Gorton, 13 - First deed of Shawomet lands to, 37, _note_. - Accompanies Gorton to England, 54 - Signs will of John Wickes, 71 - - =Greene=, Gen. Nathanael, 109-110 - - =Greene=, Peter, marries Mary, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, _note_. - - - =Hireling= ministry, 91 - - =Historical= Society, documents in the Library of, 15, 18, and _note_. - - =Holden=, Randall. - Co-settler of Warwick with Samuell Gorton, 13 - His banishment from Portsmouth, 33, 34, _note_. - Commissioner to convey submission of the Narragansetts, 52 - Accompanies Gorton to England, 54 - Will of John Wickes proved before him, 70 - - =Huguenots=, 81 - - =Hutchinson=, Anne. - Her banishment from Massachusetts Bay, 25 - Settles at Aquidneck, 29 - Gorton not her follower, 97, _note_. - - =Hypocrisie= Unmasked, 28, _note_, 33, _note_, 42, _note_. - - - =Immortality=, Gorton’s views about, 97 - - =Imprisonment= for debt forbidden by Code of 1647, 62 - - =Imputed= sin, 97 - - =Incorruptible= Key to the CX Psalme, 78, 79, 84 - - =Indians.= - In Warwick, 12 - At Pottowomut Neck, 14 - Employed by Massachusetts against Gorton, 40, 41 - Their sympathy with Gorton, 46 - They save his life, 68-69 - He is their trusted counsellor, 69 - - =Individualism=, Samuell Gorton’s, 77, 105 - - =Inner= Light, Gorton opposes the Quaker doctrine of, 93-94 - - =Intolerance.= - Of the Puritans, 25 - Samuell Gorton opposes, 78, 94 - Its contest with Soul Liberty, 78-80 - Final overthrow of, 81 - - - =James= the Second, 78 - - - =Liberty= of Conscience. - Gorton leaves England for, 25 - Not found in Massachusetts, 26 - Nathaniel Ward on, 48 - Upheld by Gorton and Roger Williams, 78-81 - - =Lincoln=, Abraham, 76 - - =Lippitt=, Hon. Charles Warren, 110 - - =Lippitt=, Hon. Henry, 110 - - =London=, Gorton’s residence in, 24 - His return to, 54-55 - - =Lord’s= Prayer, Gorton’s Commentary on, 85, _et seq._ - - - =Mace=, William, married Sarah, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, - _note_. - - =Mackie=, John M. his Life of Samuell Gorton, 17, 21, 23, 106, _note_, - 119 - - =Magna= Charta, 76 - - =Mahershallalhashbaz=, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108 - - =Manhattan=, 54 - - =Maplett=, - Dr. John, Brother-in-law of Samuell Gorton: his bequest to his sister - and her children, 27, _note_. - Mary, wife of Samuell Gorton, 26, 27, _note_, 29, 72, 107 - Mary, mother of Mrs. Gorton: her bequest to her daughter, 27, _note_. - - =Massachusetts Bay.= - Intolerance of its government, 25 - Gorton banished from, 45 - Its contest for the control of Narragansett Bay, 49-58 - Its efforts blocked by Samuell Gorton, 51-58 - Failure of its theocratic policy, 79-81 - - =Miantonomi.= - Gorton purchases Shawomet of, 37, 38 - Winthrop and Roger Williams purchase Prudence Island of, 50, and - _note_. - His murder by the Mohegans with the consent of the Boston elders, 52 - - =Mixan=, 52 - - =Monism=, Samuell Gorton’s, 89 - - =Morton=, Nathaniel, - On Samuell Gorton, 33 - Gorton’s correspondence with, 22, _note_, 84 - - =Mysticism=, Gorton’s, 84, 94 - - - =Narragansett Bay.= - Gorton’s residence on, 13, 37, 112 - Settlement of Aquidneck on, 29 - Efforts of Massachusetts authorities to control, 50, 55 - - =Narragansett= Indians. - Allies of Gorton, 10 - Gorton purchases Shawomet of, 37 - Gorton obtains their submission to Great Britain, 51-53 - Massachusetts declares war against, 53 - Gorton publishes their submission in London, 55 - - =New England= Confederation, 39, 53 - - =Nowell=, Increase, on Gorton’s alleged blasphemies, 39, and _note_, - 83, _note_. - - - =Ordinances= of religion, Gorton’s opposition to, 90, 93 - - - =Palfrey=, John G. - His account of Samuell Gorton in his History of New England, 18 - Admits sympathy with Gorton in Massachusetts, 46 - - =Pawtuxet.= - Gorton’s settlement in, 35 - His contest with William Arnold, 36 - His departure from, 37 - Contest of Massachusetts for, 50 - - =Pawtuxet= River, 8, 14 - - =Peage=, 57, and _note_. - - =Perry=, Hon. Amos, 85 - - =Pessicus=, 52 - - =Philip=, King. - His war with the white settlers, 68 - Samuell Gorton’s life saved, 69 - Warwick’s sufferings during the war, 69 - A battle fought in Warwick, 69 - - =Philosophy=, Samuell Gorton’s, 74, _et seq._ - - =Pilgrims=, 26 - - =Plymouth.= - Gorton’s residence in, 26 - His banishment from, 29 - Sends men to Warwick during King Philip’s war, 69 - - =Pomham.= - His assent to Gorton’s Shawomet purchase, 37 - He repudiates his signature, 38 - His submission to Massachusetts Bay, 38 - His Block-House on Warwick Neck, 51 - He sells his claim to Samuell Gorton, 57, and _note_. - - =Popaquinepaug=, (See Pawtuxet.) - - =Portsmouth.= - Town-government instituted, 29-31 - Union with Newport, 31 - Gorton’s troubles in, 32-33 - Gorton returns to, 49 - - =Portsmouth.= - Is elected to a magistracy, 49 - Union with Northern towns under Charter of 1643-44, 56 - - =Pottowomut= Neck, Indian relics found on, 14 - - =Pottowomut= River, 14 - - =Prayer=, Samuell Gorton’s definition of, 91-92 - - =Providence.= - Samuell Gorton emigrates to, 34 - Controversies in, 34, and _note_, 35 - Peacemakers from, interfere at Shawomet, 40, and _note_. - United with Aquidneck under Charter of 1643-44, 56 - - =Providence= Plantations. - Antagonism of Massachusetts to, 49-55 - Charter obtained for, 56, and _note_. - Action of General Assembly of in 1645, 53 - - =Prudence= Island. - Its strategic importance in the struggle with Massachusetts Bay, 50 - Its purchase by Gov. Winslow, 50, and _note_. - - =Puritans.= - Their revolt against religious formalism, 23 - Send an armed force against Gorton, 40 - Their preaching to the Gortonists, 46, 47 - Their opposition to soul liberty, 78-81 - - - =Quakers.= - Gorton’s defence of, 66, and _note_, 67 - His letters to, 66, _note_, 78, _note_. - His theology compared with that of, 90-91, 93-94 - - - =Rawson=, Edward, on Samuell Gorton, 83-84 - - =Religion=, Samuell Gorton’s views concerning, 82-102 - - =Religious= development, Samuell Gorton on, 99 - - =Remphan=, Chion, Moloch, 44 - - =Revolutionary= War, the first blow struck in Warwick, 11 - - =Rites= and ceremonies, Gorton’s distrust of, 90-91, 92-93 - - =Rhode Island.= - Interesting character of its early history, v, 17 - Settlement of, 29-30, 34, 36 - Soul Liberty established in, 15, 19, 78-81 - Contest with Massachusetts Bay, 38-58 - First Charter of, 56, and _note_, 61, _note_. - Earliest Code of, 60-63 - Triumph of Rhode Island principles, 79-81 - - - =Salvation= by character, taught by Samuell Gorton, 97 - - =Sanford=, John, marries Mary, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, _note_. - - =Saracens=, 81 - - =Separatists=, 23, 26 - - =Shawomet.= - First settlement of, 37, and _note_. - Gorton’s troubles in, 38-48 - Becomes Warwick, 49-58 - - =Sheffield=, Hon. William Pitt. - His address on Samuell Gorton, 18, _note_, 40, _note_, 41, _note_. - - =Simplicities= Defence Against Seven-Headed Policie, 18, _note_, 33, - _note_, 39, _note_, 42, _note_, 47, _note_, 54, 117 - - =Slavery=, Statute against, in 1652, 63-65 - - =Smith=, Ralph. - Gorton hires a house of in Plymouth, 26 - Colleague of Roger Williams, 26 - - =Soccononocco.= - Signs deed to Shawomet lands, 37, and _note_. - Repudiates his signature, 38 - Makes submission to Massachusetts, 38, and _note_. - His revolt one cause of the submission of the Narragansetts to Great - Britain, 52 - - =Soul= Liberty. - Defence of by Roger Williams and Samuell Gorton, 19 - Rhode Island the first Government founded on, 79 - Its final triumph in the Nation, 81 - - =Sources= of information, 17-20 - - =Squatter= Sovereignty, denied by Samuell Gorton, 75 - - =Staples=, Hon. William R. - On Samuell Gorton, 18, and _note_, 33, _note_. - On the death of John Wickes, 70 - - =Sumner=, Charles, 76 - - =Swedenborg=, Emanuel, his theology compared with that of Samuell - Gorton, 88-90 - - - =Theocracy.= - Of Massachusetts Bay, 25 - Of Coddington’s Government, 30 - Its contest with Soul Liberty, 78 - Its final failure, 81 - - =Tomanick=, 52 - - =Transcendentalism.= Samuell Gorton a forerunner of, 92, 106 - - =Trinitarianism.= Samuell Gorton’s views about, 95-96 - - - =Unknowable.= Samuell Gorton’s doctrine of, 88 - - - =Wampum=, legal tender in Rhode Island, 57, _note_. - - =Ward=, Nathaniel. - His exhortation to Richard Carder, 47 - His “Simple Cobbler of Agawam.”, 48 - - =Warner=, John. - Commissioner to convey the submission of the Narragansetts, 52 - Marries Ann, daughter of Samuell Gorton, 108, _note_. - - =Warwick= Cove, 13, 113 - - =Warwick=, Earl of. - Grants Patent to Samuell Gorton, 54 - Gives Gorton safe conduct through Massachusetts, 55 - Massachusetts recognizes his authority, 55, _note_. - - =Warwick=, Old and New, 7-16 - Beautiful in Summer, 9 - Town government organized in, 56-57 - Unites with Providence and Aquidneck, 56 - Samuell Gorton’s service of, 59-73 - - =Wattaconoges=, 57, and _note_. - - =West= Greenwich, 114 - - =Wheelwright=, John, his banishment from Massachusetts Bay, 25 - - =Wickes=, John. - His punishment at Portsmouth, 33, and _note_. - He goes to Providence, 34 - Commissioner of the Narragansetts, 52 - His supposed death in King Philip’s war, 70-71 - His will, 70 - - =Williams=, Roger, 10, 19, 26, 36, 53, 57, _note_, 63, 77, 78 - His residence in Plymouth, 26 - His first meeting with Samuell Gorton, 26 - His banishment from Massachusetts Bay, 25 - His early disagreements with Gorton, 35 - His alleged letter to Winthrop of doubtful authenticity, 35, _note_. - He sells his half of Prudence Island, 50, and _note_. - He visits England and secures a Charter, 56 - His doctrine of Soul Liberty, 19, 78-81 - The first charge against him in Massachusetts, 104, _note_. - His conversion to Gorton’s views of civil government, 77-78, 104 - - =Winslow=, Edward, his “Hypocrisie Unmasked.”, 28, _note_, 33, _note_, - 42, _note_. - - =Winthrop=, John. - On Gorton’s controversy with Roger Williams, 35, and _note_. - Purchases Prudence Island, 50, and _note_. - His inconsistency, 50-51 - Defeat of his plans by Gorton, 51-55 - - =Witchcraft.= - Provision against in Code of 1647, 61-62 - Scepticism about in Rhode Island, 62 - Charges against the men of Shawomet, 62-63 - No prosecutions for in Rhode Island, 63 - - =Woman.= Samuell Gorton’s favors her equality with man in the Church, - 101, 102 - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - PUBLICATIONS - - OF - - PRESTON AND ROUNDS, - - PROVIDENCE, R. 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All of these, with the exception -of the laws, are here printed for the first time. - -Among the rate bills is the list of polls for 1688, which contains the -_names of all males sixteen years of age and upwards living in -Providence in August of that year_; practically a census of the town. -For the genealogist and historian this volume contains material of the -greatest value on account of the great number of names which these lists -contain, besides showing the amount of the tax assessment in each case. - -The returns of ratable property form a study by themselves, for they -tell in the quaint language of the colonists what they possess, and -therefore shed much light on the condition of the times. For a study of -this episode in New England Colonial History this work is invaluable. - -The index of all names contained in the lists and text is a feature of -this work. - -The edition is limited to =two hundred and fifty= numbered copies. - -Sent postpaid to any address on receipt of one dollar. - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - Early Rhode Island Houses. - - An Historical and Architectural Study by NORMAN M. ISHAM, Instructor - in Architecture, Brown University, and ALBERT F. BROWN, Architect. - Illustrated with a map and over fifty full-page plates. $3.50, net. - - -No feature in the study of the early life of New England is more -valuable or more interesting than the architecture. Nothing throws more -light on the home life of the colonists than the knowledge of how they -planned and built their dwellings. - -=Early Rhode Island Houses= gives a clear and accurate account of the -early buildings and methods of construction, showing the historical -development of architecture among the Rhode Island colonists, the -striking individuality in the work of the colony and the wide difference -between the buildings here and the contemporary dwelling in -Massachusetts and Connecticut. - -Those interested in colonial life may here look into the early homes of -Rhode Island with their cavernous fireplaces and enormous beams. The -student will find in these old examples a valuable commentary on New -England history, while the architect will discover in the measurements -and analyses of construction much of professional interest. - -Among the houses described are the Smith Garrison House and the -homesteads of the families of Fenner, Olney, Field, Crawford, Waterman, -Mowry, Arnold, Whipple, and Manton. - -A chapter is devoted to the early houses of Newport, which were unlike -those of the northern part of the State and resemble the old work in the -Hartford colony. - -Photographs and measurements of the dwellings have been made, and from -them careful plans, sections, and restorations have been drawn; in some -cases six full-page plates admirably drawn and interesting in themselves -have been devoted to a single house. Several large plates give -illustrations of framing and other details. It is to be noted that these -plates are made from measured drawings, that the measurements are given -on the plates, and that these constitute in most if not all cases the -only exact records for a class of buildings which is destined to -disappear at no distant day. It is believed that these drawings, and -especially the restorations, will give a clearer idea than has ever -before been obtained of the early New England house. A map enables the -reader to locate without difficulty the houses mentioned in the text. - -The authors have discussed the historical relation of Rhode Island work -to contemporary building in the other New England colonies and in the -mother country. The book is a mine of authentic information on this -subject. - -A list of the houses in the State built before 1725, so far as they are -known, with dates and a brief description will be found in the appendix. - -“This book is probably the most valuable historic architectural treatise -that has as yet appeared in America.”—_The Nation._ - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - THE EAST INDIA TRADE - - OF PROVIDENCE, - - From 1787 to 1807. - - - BY GERTRUDE SELWYN KIMBALL. - - -By a careful study of log books and commercial papers of the old -shipping firms, the author is enabled to present an interesting picture -of the East India Trade of Providence in its palmy days. - -8vo. 34 pages, paper, 50 cents net. - -Sent postpaid on receipt of price. - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - THE MAGAZINE - - ....OF.... - - NEW ENGLAND HISTORY. - - FOR 1891, 1892, 1893. - - ------- - -Having purchased the few remaining complete sets of the Magazine of New -England History, originally published at $6.00, we offer the three -volumes in parts as issued for $2.50 net per set or bound in one volume, -cloth, for $3.50 net. - -These volumes contain nearly eight hundred pages of information relating -to New England local, church and family history, including records, -genealogies, journals, letters and many interesting notes and queries. - - -------------- - - - - - WHAT CHEER - - —OR— - - ROGER WILLIAMS IN BANISHMENT. - - A POEM BY JOB DURFEE. - - Revised and edited by THOMAS DURFEE. - - Cloth, Leather Label, 12 mo., 225 pages. PRICE $1.25 NET. - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - TOPOGRAPHICAL ATLAS - - OF THE - - STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS. - - ------- - - By the United States Geological Survey, in co-operation - with the State. - - ---------- - -Having secured the remaining copies of this Atlas we offer them at the -following reduced prices. - - In sheets, $1.00 - In portfolio, 2.00 - Bound in cloth, 2.50 - -A few bound in half morocco remain and can be furnished for $3.50. - -The plates of this Atlas were engraved upon copper in the highest style -of cartographic engraving by the United States Government and furnished -to the State. From these plates transfers were made to stone and the -maps printed in four colors, viz: The names, roads, railroads and other -culture features are in _black_. Rivers, ponds, swamps and other water -features are in _blue_. Contour lines and figures denoting elevation are -in _brown_. State, county and town boundaries are in _pink_ over the -more exact boundaries in black or blue. - -Besides showing all bodies of water and watercourses, common roads or -highways and railroads, it has one feature distinct from and superior to -any map of the State hitherto published, viz: Contour lines, drawn for -each 20 feet of elevation above mean sea level. Figures are placed upon -the heavier contour lines which denote elevations of 100 feet, 200 feet, -etc., above mean sea level, also upon hills and bodies of water to -denote their elevation. A contour line indicating 20 feet depth of water -_below_ mean sea level is drawn along the coast. In a few cases figures -are given to indicate depths of water of less than 20 feet. - -This Atlas includes 12 maps and 10 pages index and statistics in all 22 -sheets 21×16½. The scale of the survey is 1/62500 or one mile to an -inch. - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - MARY DYER - - OF RHODE ISLAND, - - THE QUAKER MARTYR THAT WAS HANGED ON BOSTON - COMMON, JUNE 1, 1660. - - ------- - - BY HORATIO ROGERS, - - Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island. - - ------- - -The author has gathered from many sources the scattered facts relating -to the career of Mary Dyer and woven them into a detailed narrative, so -that the tragic story of her life is now for the first time adequately -told. By adding a brief but comprehensive sketch of the manner and -sentiments of her times he has furnished a background or framework for -his subject which adds much to the interest of the volume by enabling -the reader the better to understand the surroundings of the characters -he portrays. The important documents relating to her trial are printed -in the appendix. - -Cloth, 12mo., 115 pages. Price $1.00 net. - -Sent postpaid upon receipt of price by the publishers. - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - A Summer Visit of Three Rhode Islanders - to the Massachusetts Bay in 1651. - - ------- - - BY HENRY MELVILLE KING, - - Pastor of the First Baptist Church, Providence, R. I. - - ------- - - Cloth, 12mo., 115 pages. Price $1.00 net. - - Uniform with “MARY DYER.” - - ------- - - AN ACCOUNT OF THE VISIT OF DR. JOHN CLARKE, OBADIAH HOLMES AND JOHN - CRANDALL, MEMBERS OF THE BAPTIST CHURCH IN NEWPORT, R. I., TO - WILLIAM WITTER OF SWAMPSCOTT, MASS., IN JULY, 1651: ITS INNOCENT - PURPOSE AND ITS PAINFUL CONSEQUENCES. - - ------- - -“Dr. King’s pungent and conclusive essay is a timely contribution. He -adduces competent evidence refuting the gratuitous insinuations of -Palfrey and Dexter, who charged the Rhode Islanders in question with -sinister political motives and excused their alleged maltreatment on -that ground. Citations from original documents, with a bibliography, put -the reader in position to verify the allegations of the author.”—_The -Watchman._ - - ------- - -Sent postpaid upon receipt of the price by the publishers. - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - Revolutionary Defences in Rhode Island. - - AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE - FORTIFICATIONS AND BEACONS ERECTED - DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, WITH - MUSTER ROLLS OF THE COMPANIES - STATIONED ALONG THE SHORES OF - NARRAGANSETT BAY, WITH MAPS, PLANS AND - ILLUSTRATIONS. - - ------- - - BY EDWARD FIELD. - - Past President of the Rhode Island Society - of the Sons of the American Revolution. - - ------- - - CLOTH OCTAVO, WITH 29 ILLUSTRATIONS AND TWO MAPS. - - PRICE $2.25 NET. - - ------- - -This volume contains an account of the various works of defence erected -in the State of Rhode Island during the Revolutionary War, showing where -and under what circumstances they were built, and the names of the -officers and enlisted men located at many of them at various periods of -the war. - -For nearly three years the British Army was located within the State and -one of the notable battles was fought within its territory. The war map -of this battle of Rhode Island, now preserved in the State archives, has -been especially reproduced for this work, and is shown in its entirety -for the first time. - -The work is profusely illustrated with plans and views of these old -earthworks, together with illustrations of the styles of equipments and -fac-similes of enlistment papers for the Continental Army. A Map of the -State of Rhode Island is inserted showing the location of each fort, -beacon, and coast guard station described in the text. - -Muster rolls and company lists containing the names of more than seven -hundred officers and enlisted men, many of which have been hitherto -inaccessible, are here presented. The records of Rhode Island Soldiers -in the War of the Revolution are scattered and incomplete, and the names -contained in this book will be of great assistance to those who desire -to ascertain the service of Rhode Island Soldiers, or to establish their -right to membership in the hereditary patriotic societies, for the names -have been carefully transcribed and reference is given in each case -where the original muster or pay roll may be found. - -Sent postpaid upon receipt of price by the publishers. - - ------------------------------------ - - - - - NEW ENGLAND WILD FLOWERS - - AND THEIR SEASONS. - - ------- - - BY W. WHITMAN BAILEY, - - PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN BROWN UNIVERSITY. - - ------- - - Cloth, 16mo. Uniform with “RHODE ISLAND WILD - FLOWERS.” 75 cents net. - - ------- - -From long wanderings afield the author has caught the charm of the -varying moods of our New England year, and pictures them for the reader -with sympathetic touch. - -The characteristics of the conspicuous and dominant flowers of the -months are sketched in broad lines rendering identification easy. - -The flowers of the White and Green Mountains—our alpine flora—receive -separate treatment, as do also the flowers of the sea-shore—our coast -flora. - -Sent postpaid upon receipt of price by the publishers. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - - -Punctuation has been normalized. Variations in hyphenation have been -retained as they were in the original publication. The following changes -have been made: - - Peague —> Peage {135} - comon (bar-capped m) course —> common course {64} - -A reference under the Index entry “Quakers” referring to page 118 was -not found to be accurate, and was removed. - -Footnotes have been moved to the back of the main text. - -Italicized phrases are presented by surrounding the text with -_underscores_. - -Bold phrases are presented by surrounding the text with =equal signs=. - -Raised letters are indicated by preceding them with a caret ^ sign. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Samuell Gorton, by Lewis G. 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Janes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Samuell Gorton - A Forgotten Founder of our Liberties. First Settler of Warwick, R. I. - -Author: Lewis G. Janes - -Release Date: July 14, 2016 [EBook #52573] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMUELL GORTON *** - - - - -Produced by WebRover, Carolyn Jablonski, Chris Curnow and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div> - <h1 class='c000'><span class='xlarge'><b>SAMUELL GORTON</b></span></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='xlarge'><b>The Rhode Island Series.</b></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c003'>1. <span class='sc'>Mary Dyer of Rhode Island, the Quaker -Martyr that was hanged on Boston Common -June 1, 1660. By Judge Horatio Rogers.</span></p> - -<p class='c003'>2. <span class='sc'>A Summer Visit of Three Rhode Islanders -to the Massachusetts Bay in 1651: its innocent -purpose and its painful consequences. -By Henry Melville King.</span></p> - -<p class='c003'>3. <span class='sc'>Samuell Gorton: a forgotten founder of -our liberties; first settler of Warwick. -By Lewis G. Janes.</span></p> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='fss'>IN PREPARATION:</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c003'>4. <span class='sc'>Thomas Olney, Junior, Town Clerk. By Edward -Field.</span></p> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><i>Uniform, 12mo., cloth, $1.00 net each.</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c004' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='xxlarge'><b>SAMUELL GORTON:</b></span></div> - <div class='c005'><span class='xlarge'><b>A FORGOTTEN FOUNDER OF OUR LIBERTIES</b></span></div> - <div><span class='xlarge'><b>FIRST SETTLER OF WARWICK, R. I.</b></span></div> - <div class='c001'><b><span class='small'>BY</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>LEWIS G. JANES</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='sc'>Author of “A Study of Primitive Christianity,”</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='sc'>etc.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>“More ideas which have become National, have emanated -from the little Colony of Rhode Island, than from all the other -American States.”—<span class='sc'>George Bancroft</span>, in Address before the -New York Historical Society.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='small'><b>PROVIDENCE</b></span></div> - <div><span class='large'><b>PRESTON AND ROUNDS</b></span></div> - <div><span class='small'><b>1896</b></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='sc'>Copyright</span>, 1896</b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>BY</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b>PRESTON AND ROUNDS</b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.</span></b></div> - <div class='c001'><b><span class='small'>PRESS OF</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='small'>E. L. FREEMAN & SONS, PROVIDENCE, R. I.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>PREFACE</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>It has been the misfortune of Rhode Island -to have had its earlier history written -and read under the bias of prejudices engendered -by the controversies which led to its -settlement. Justice has not yet been done -to the prescience and statesmanship of the -remarkable men who were the builders of -the first Commonwealth in the world’s history -dedicated to Soul Liberty.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Among these men, none were possessed of -a personality more striking and picturesque -than the subject of this paper, Samuell Gorton. -The cordial reception of this brief historical -sketch by the distinguished audience -which gave it a hearing before the Rhode -Island Historical Society has induced me to -consent to its publication. It has since been -carefully revised, and a few doubtful points -have been cleared up as well as the character -of all available data will permit.</p> - -<p class='c010'>I am indebted to Mr. William D. Ely and -Mr. Charles Gorton, of Providence, and Mr. -Adelos Gorton, of Philadelphia, for valuable -aid and suggestion in perfecting this revision. -It is hoped that the publication may stimulate -further research in the interesting field -of our Colonial history. A native of Rhode -Island, the writer traces his ancestry by two -distinct lines to the Mayflower, while the -first of his family name in America was one -of the earliest settlers of the New Haven -Colony. He is therefore able to approach -the subject without undue bias of ancestral -prejudice, and with the sole desire of vindicating -the truth of impartial history.</p> - -<div class='c011'>L. G. J.</div> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Brooklyn, N. Y.</span>, May 25, 1896.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span><b><span class='xlarge'>SAMUELL GORTON:</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>A FORGOTTEN FOUNDER OF OUR LIBERTIES</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='large'>FIRST SETTLER OF WARWICK, R. I.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>I</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>WARWICK, NEW AND OLD</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>The town of Warwick, R. I., is not -to-day of remarkable interest to the antiquary -or seeker after the venerable -relics of bygone days. It has “come -out into the newness” of our nineteenth -century life. Its streams respond to -the music of the flying shuttle and the -turning wheel with a dash and hurry -almost human in their restlessness. Half -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>a score of flourishing manufacturing villages -lend their potent aid to make it -the sixth town, in population, in the -State having a larger number of inhabitants -to the square mile than any other -in the American Union.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The old Colonial and Revolutionary -dwellings were largely, doubtless, of a -humble sort, and have given place to -the more prosperous farm-houses and -pretentious mansions of a generation that -knows not the ways of the fathers. The -busy Pawtuxet and its tributary streams, -partly excused from the drudgery of mill-turning -by the more potent substitutes -of the later day, are pumped away to -quench the thirst of the distant city -whose contentions a quarter of a millenium -ago drove Samuell Gorton<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c012'><sup>[1]</sup></a> and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>his colleagues to seek their homes in -the Shawomet wilderness, there to become -the founders of a State.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Yet the Warwick of to-day, in its -summer dress, well repays the visitor -who may chance upon its hospitable -soil. All along its beautiful shores arise -pleasant homes and hostelries for the -accommodation of the summer visitor; -while inland, the rolling hills, prosperous -with growing grass and coming harvests, -are not without a quiet and restful -beauty which pleases the eye, and solaces -the mind and heart. In the little -hamlet of Apponaug, close by Coweset -Bay, the brave new Town Hall, one of -the finest in New England, testifies to -the enterprise as well as to the prosperity -of the people. Its newness is in harmonious -touch with the prevalent appearance -of the country around it. There is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>nothing old, apparently, in old Warwick -but the sub-soil and rocks, and here and -there a venerable tree antedating European -occupation, beneath the branches -of which Pomham and Soccononocco, -with their dusky braves, may have sat -and smoked the pipe of peace with the -men of Massachusetts, or taken counsel -as to the best means of circumventing -the united wiles of the head-sachem of -the Narragansetts, Miantonomi, and his -persistent allies, the pale-faced “Gortonoges.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Yet old Warwick has a history surpassed -in interest by none other of the -New England settlements. Its founder -was a man of intellectual and moral -force, worthy to rank with Roger Williams, -William Bradford, and the other -noble founders of our liberties. He was -a man much misrepresented in his day -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>and generation, and but little remembered -and understood even in our own -time, when history is being studied anew -in the light of evolution and a true historical -method, and reconstructed on the -principles of enlightened scholarship and -impartial justice. The later history of -Warwick also has much of interest for -the patriotic American. On its shores -the first blow of our Revolutionary -struggle was struck, in the capture and -destruction of the British schooner Gaspee; -while the heights of Warwick Neck -were then crowned with a fort, long -since dismantled, for the protection of -the settlements around Coweset Bay -from the attacks of the English.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is the Warwick of the seventeenth -century, not that of the eighteenth or -nineteenth, that I would fain call to the -minds of my readers,—the Warwick -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>whose inland acres were covered with -the primitive wilderness, where wolves -and Indians were at home,<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c012'><sup>[2]</sup></a> and the -white man was a stranger; the Warwick -which Samuell Gorton sought after being -frozen out of Boston, banished from -Plymouth and Pocasset, and driven by -contentions from Providence and Pawtuxet.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Yonder, on Conimicut Point, he built -his block-house,<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c012'><sup>[3]</sup></a> and therein defied for -a day and a night the force of Puritans -and savages in equal numbers, aggregating -more than four times his own, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>which Massachusetts sent against him; -finally surrendering to superior battalions -to prevent blood-shed. Farther -south, at the head of Warwick Cove, -a quiet arm of the Narragansett, stood -his humble homestead, where he passed -his declining years in the honorable service -of the Town and Commonwealth -which he helped to found; the land -surrounding which has remained in unbroken -succession in the hands of his -descendants to the present day. Near -by, John Greene, John Wickes, Randall -Holden and the other men, good and -true, who were his colleagues and supporters, -cleared and tilled their allotted -acres, making the wilderness to blossom -as the rose.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Yes, there are after all some reminders -of these primitive times besides the -sub-soil and the ancient cedar by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>Potowomut River; for yonder, at Rocky -Point, the perennial clambake celebrates -in aboriginal fashion and in their native -haunts, the shore-feasts of the Indians. -And down on Potowomut Neck which -Warwick won for her own after long -and litigious struggles, once the favorite -camping ground of the aborigines, you -may still pick up the flint arrow-heads -which they fashioned and left behind -them three centuries ago. You may -paddle up the Pawtuxet, under the -over-arching branches of noble trees, -into quiet reaches of the river, where -the hum of cities and the bustle of civilization -seem remote indeed. And in -the new Town Hall at Apponaug you -may shut out the noises of the day, and -curiously con the ancient records of the -Town;—you may see the very pages on -which these pioneers of a new civilization -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>bore testimony to their humble beginnings, -and told, in part, the story of -the building of a State. I have searched -these records faithfully—here, and in -the library of the Historical Society at -Providence, where other precious manuscripts -are preserved. Some of these -men I have come to know. I have -thought their thoughts after them in -deciphering their writings. I have felt -their throbbing human hearts, laboring -to lay the foundations of a Commonwealth -wherein liberty should be secure -under the protection of law; wherein -the civil power should have no control -over the consciences of men. Something -of this would I lay before the impartial -reader; in justice to these men who so -labored that we might enter into their -labors and reap the ripe fruits thereof; -in justice also to ourselves, that we as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>American citizens may not remain ignorant -of this forgotten chapter in the -noble story of the beginnings of our -National life.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>II</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>SOURCES OF INFORMATION</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>The story of Samuell Gorton is in a -large part the narrative of the beginnings -of the Commonwealth of Rhode -Island. If I mistake not, it also constitutes -an important and hitherto unrecognized -chapter in the history of the -beginnings of our National life. It is a -story but little known to the average -American citizen. It has been briefly -told by John M. Mackie, in Sparks’ -American Biography, and by Gov. Arnold -in his noble volumes of Rhode -Island History. Certain phases of it -have been discussed and amplified in -the interesting monographs of Judge -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>Staples and Judge Brayton.<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c012'><sup>[4]</sup></a> William -D. Ely has thrown important light upon -some salient points in Gorton’s history, -in reports published in the Proceedings -of the R. I. Historical Society.<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c012'><sup>[5]</sup></a> Palfrey -has touched it lightly and with -scant justice in his History of New -England, and Fiske, in his Beginnings -of New England, has given it inadequate -treatment.<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c012'><sup>[6]</sup></a> Other historians have -alluded to Samuell Gorton but to distort -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>and misrepresent his actions and -opinions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A mere rehash of the narratives of -Mackie, Arnold, and Brayton would be -unworthy of the attention of this learned -Society. To ignore their conscientious -efforts to do justice to the founder of -Warwick and co-worker with Roger -Williams in the building of a Commonwealth -dedicated to the principle of -Soul Liberty, would, on the other hand, -be unjust and impossible to one who -would rightly sketch the history and -estimate the work of Samuell Gorton. -In the light of all that these just-minded -sons of Rhode Island have written upon -this subject, I have studied it anew and -independently, making use of all available -printed material, and also of valuable -unpublished manuscripts and town -records. I have arrived at certain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>conclusions, quite unexpected when I commenced -my investigations, concerning -Gorton’s political and religious philosophy, -which, if correct, will modify previously -received opinions of the man -and his work, and which seem to me -sufficiently vital and important to merit -the attention of all students of American -history. It is the main object of this -paper to set forth the substance of these -conclusions, with some reference to the -documentary evidence on which they are -based. For the instruction of those who -have not made this somewhat obscure -episode in Rhode Island history a special -subject of investigation, some account -of the leading facts of Samuell -Gorton’s career becomes a preliminary -necessity.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>III</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>THE MAN AND HIS WORK</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>Who was Samuell Gorton? What -part did he play in our Colonial history? -These questions let us briefly -answer before we attempt a somewhat -careful study of his religious and political -opinions, about which there has been -so much misunderstanding. Samuell -Gorton was born in the parish of Gorton, -England, a few miles from the -present bustling city of Manchester, -about the year 1592.<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c012'><sup>[7]</sup></a> He came of a -good family, “not entirely unknown,” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>says Judge Brayton, “to the heraldry of -England.”<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c012'><sup>[8]</sup></a> Here, as Gorton himself -declares, “the fathers of his body had -dwelt for generations.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>We know but little about his early -life. Though he did not attend any of -the celebrated schools or universities of -England, his education seems to have -been carefully conducted by private tutors.<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c012'><sup>[9]</sup></a> -As with many other students of -his day, the Bible was his principal text-book. -He could read it in the original: -he was a master of both Greek and -Hebrew. And he brought to the reading -a vigorous intellect and a more original -and independent judgment than is -commonly applied to theological studies.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>Samuell Gorton probably dwelt in -the vicinity of his birthplace until he -was about twenty-five years of age.<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c012'><sup>[10]</sup></a> -Here he made the acquaintance of a -Separatist Elder, afterwards connected -with the church in Holland, whence -came the Mayflower Pilgrims. His mind -readily assimilated the spirit of the Puritan -revolt against the degenerate formalism -of the times; yet his Puritanism -was without taint of dogmatic narrowness. -He always retained an affection -for the church of his fathers. “I drew -my tenets,” he says, “from the breasts -of my mother, the Church of England.”<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c012'><sup>[11]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>In his early manhood he left Gorton -and went to seek his fortune in the great -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>English metropolis. In London he engaged -in business, and built for himself -a home. In a certain conveyance signed -during his residence there, he is described -as “Samuell Gorton, clothier,” -and also as “Professor of the misteries -of Christ.” Religion and daily occupation -were never divorced in his consciousness. -He would not make a trade -of the former, nor could he conduct the -latter on a plane inconsistent with those -moral and religious principles which -dominated his life. His business as a -“clothier,” in the phraseology of the -day, was that of a branch of manufacturing—the -finishing of cloths after -weaving. It is doubtful whether he -met with great pecuniary rewards in -his chosen industry. His enemies afterwards -said that he left London in debt, -to avoid imprisonment threatened by his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>creditors. Of this there is no valid evidence; -we may dismiss it on the authority -of his explicit denial.<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c012'><sup>[12]</sup></a> “I left my -native country,” he said, “to enjoy libertie -of conscience in respect to faith -towards God, and for no other end.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Samuell Gorton arrived in Boston in -March, 1636-7.<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c012'><sup>[13]</sup></a> A few months before, -Roger Williams had been banished from -Massachusetts Bay. The Colonial authorities -were now agitated by the -heresies of Anne Hutchinson and John -Wheelwright.<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c012'><sup>[14]</sup></a> They, in turn, were -shortly compelled to seek other dwelling -places to secure opportunity for -free expression of opinion. Evidently, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>the liberty of conscience which Gorton -sought was not to be safely exercised -in Boston. He turned his steps toward -Plymouth, the home of the Separatist -Pilgrims, hoping there to find the goal -of his desires. In Plymouth he hired -for four years a part of the house of -Ralph Smith, formerly the minister of -the Plymouth church, of whom Roger -Williams for a brief time had been the -colleague. Here Gorton first met the -founder of Rhode Island, while on a -visit to his former home. Gorton dwelt -quietly in Plymouth<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c012'><sup>[15]</sup></a> for a time, with -his family; his wife, Mary,<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c012'><sup>[16]</sup></a> whom he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>married in London, of whom he says: -“She had been as tenderly brought up -as any man’s wife then in town,” his eldest -son Samuell, a boy of six years when -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>he left England, his daughter Mary, and -one or two other children; and one Mrs. -Aldredge, a worthy woman, a widow, -and a servant of Mrs. Gorton’s.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It was the latter member of his household -who got him into trouble with the -Plymouth authorities. She committed -the unpardonable sin of smiling in meeting, -on what provocation we know not.<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c012'><sup>[17]</sup></a> -Samuell Gorton defended her before -the magistrates, and advised her not -to appear in person to answer to their -charges, which were based upon no express -allegations of the violation of law. -He vigorously denounced their action as -in opposition to those English precedents -which the customs of many generations -had established for the legal -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>protection of persons unjustly accused -of violations of the public peace. For -his alleged contumacy and mutinous behavior -he was fined, held under bonds -to keep the peace, and sentenced to banishment -from the Colony within fourteen -days.<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c012'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>From Plymouth, he made his way to -Pocasset, the new settlement which the -followers of Anne Hutchinson had begun -on the island of Aquidneck, in -Narragansett Bay, where he arrived, -probably, some time in December, 1638. -The weather was cold and the journey -perilous. His wife, in delicate health, -had an infant at the breast, sick with -measles, which “struck in” under the -exposure, nearly causing its death. At -Pocasset Gorton’s name appears as one -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>of four out of fifty-nine freeholders to -which the title of “Mr.” is prefixed, -then an indication of social position and -gentle birth.<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c012'><sup>[19]</sup></a> The government of Pocasset -was at first theocratic, a judge -and five elders constituting its magistrates, -who were bound to execute justice -“according to the laws of God.” -A majority of the community desired a -more democratic form of government; -and Coddington, the judge (afterwards -Governor of the united Colony), with -the elders, and a few other free-holders, -emigrated to the southern end of the -island, where they founded the town of -Newport.<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c012'><sup>[20]</sup></a> The remaining free-holders, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>including Samuell Gorton, thus forsaken -by their magistrates, instituted a new -town government, and changed the name -of the settlement to Portsmouth. This -occurred in the spring of 1639. A year -later,<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c012'><sup>[21]</sup></a> the two settlements were united -under one government for the transaction -of affairs of common interest, and the -influence of Coddington and the Newport -magistrates became potent throughout -the island. Gorton and his friends -regarded this coalition as irregular and -illegally constituted. It seems never to -have been sanctioned by a majority of -the free-holders. He appears to have -declined to admit allegiance to it, and to -have permitted his citizenship to lapse, -though still retaining his residence.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It was not long before he became -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>involved with the Portsmouth authorities -in a controversy concerning an alleged -assault of his servant on a woman -who had trespassed on his land in pursuit -of a cow which was also a trespasser. -Gorton again defended his servant, and -denied the legal constitution and jurisdiction -of the court. “They did not -have the choice of the people,” he says, -“but set up for themselves. I know not -any more that was present in their creation -but the clergieman who blessed -them in their inauguration.” His language -was doubtless vigorous and not -wholly parliamentary.<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c012'><sup>[22]</sup></a> His keen sense -of justice was outraged by the proceeding, -and his sympathetic nature led him -to severe retorts upon a witness who, in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>his opinion, swore falsely, and the magistrates -who were biased in favor of the -prosecution. For his alleged mutinous -behavior he was imprisoned and again -sentenced to banishment. His enemies -say that he was also whipped,<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c012'><sup>[23]</sup></a> but the -Portsmouth records, which are explicit -in reciting the charges and the other penalties, -make no mention of this infliction. -There is evidence, also, that he had many -friends and sympathizers in the settlement. -One of these, John Wickes, for -refusing to testify and denying the legality -and jurisdiction of the court, was -placed in the stocks, and with four others -was banished and disfranchised.<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c012'><sup>[24]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>The little circle of congenial and independent -souls was growing under persecution. -From Portsmouth they pressed -on to Providence, and though apparently -seeking to avoid rather than to encourage -controversy, they soon became involved -in disputes which had already divided -that settlement into two parties.<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c012'><sup>[25]</sup></a> I -shall not enter into the merits of this -controversy, which involved civil and -not religious questions. As in Portsmouth, -Gorton denied the legality of -the self-constituted town government, -and held that justice could not be maintained -until the law was administered -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>under authority delegated by the Mother -Country. He was as anxious as any -for liberty, but he would have liberty -protected by law. As an Englishman, -dwelling in a community of Englishmen, -he claimed the protection of those -principles of law and equity, which, -since Magna Charta, had been thrown -around all British citizens. For a time -his vigorous maintenance of this doctrine -brought him in conflict even with Roger -Williams, who, Winthrop says, accused -Gorton of “bewitching and bemadding -poor Providence” with his new and radical -opinions.<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c012'><sup>[26]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>Gorton and his friends purchased land -and commenced a settlement at Popaquinepaug, -or Pawtuxet, within the -jurisdiction of Providence; but certain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>of his enemies who owned adjoining -property determined to prevent his -peaceful occupancy. William Arnold -and a few others, to insure his expulsion, -gave in their allegiance to Massachusetts, -and called on the government -of that Colony to remove the intruders. -This, however, is by no means to be -regarded as an official action of the -town of Providence, or as in accordance -with the desires of a majority of her -citizens. It is probable, in fact, that a -majority were sympathizers with Gorton.<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c012'><sup>[27]</sup></a> -Nevertheless, not from mere pusillanimity, -but out of a desire for peace, -and a disinclination to embroil Providence -with her more powerful neighbor, -the Gortonists moved on, beyond the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>jurisdiction either of Providence Plantations -or of Massachusetts. Gorton -purchased of Miantonomi, head sachem -of the Narragansetts, and of Pomham -and Soccononocco, under-sachems claiming -local jurisdiction, a tract of land -south of Pawtuxet and west of Narragansett -Bay, then known by the Indian -name of Shawomet.<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c012'><sup>[28]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>IV</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>TROUBLOUS TIMES AT SHAWOMET</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>Not yet, however, were the harassed -Gortonists to be secure in their possessions. -Pomham and Soccononocco were -induced by the enemies of Gorton to -repudiate their signatures to the deed -of Miantonomi. They made their submission -to the government of Massachusetts -and begged its aid to expel the -Gortonists from Shawomet.<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c012'><sup>[29]</sup></a> There are -some reasons to believe that this action -was not altogether disconnected from a -possibly more remunerative offer made -them by the Atherton Company, an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>organization which had been formed by -the astute Commissioners of the New -England Confederation, for the purchase -and sale of Indian lands.<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c012'><sup>[30]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>Gorton and his companions were summoned -to Boston to make answer to -Pomham’s claim.<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c012'><sup>[31]</sup></a> Denying the jurisdiction -of Massachusetts, in a spicy -correspondence, Gorton refused to obey -the summons. Increase Nowell, Secretary -of the Colony, and the Boston -Elders, discovered no less than twenty-six -instances of blasphemy, “or thereabouts,” -in the terms of Gorton’s epistle. -The Gortonists were warned that if they -continued contumacious they would be -regarded as “fitted for the slaughter,”<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c012'><sup>[32]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>and would be peremptorily dealt with -by force of arms. A company of twenty -white men and an equal number of Indians, -under the command of Captain -Cook, was dispatched to seize them and -bring them to Boston for trial. On -their approach, the Gortonists sent their -women and children across the bay, -retired to their block-house on Conimicut -Point, and awaited the invading force of -the enemy. A company of peace-makers -from Providence<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c012'><sup>[33]</sup></a> demanded a parley, -and proposed the arbitration of the matters -in dispute, to prevent the shedding -of blood. The Gortonists appealed to -the King and were willing to arbitrate, -but the proposition was sternly rejected -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>by Gov. Winthrop. “You may do well -to take notice,” he said, “that besides -the title to land between the English -and the Indians there, there are twelve -of the English that have subscribed -their names to horrible and detestable -blasphemies, who are rather to be judged -as blasphemous than they should delude -us by winning time under pretence of -arbitration.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The Gortonists stood siege for a day -and a night,<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c012'><sup>[34]</sup></a> and repelled the attempt -of the men of Massachusetts and their -savage allies to set fire to the block-house; -then, to save bloodshed, under -promise that they would be treated as -neighbors, and that their claims would -be submitted to fair judgment in Massachusetts, -they surrendered to superior -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>force, and were taken to Boston for -trial.<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c012'><sup>[35]</sup></a> They speedily found, however, -that they were regarded as prisoners -and not as “friends and neighbors” -seeking a just and amicable settlement -of civil disagreements. The soldiers, -Gorton says, were ordered to knock -down any one who should utter a word -of insolence, and to run any one through -who might step aside from the line of -advance. When they arrived in Boston, -“the chaplain (of their captors) went -to prayers in the open streets, that the -people might take notice that what they -had done was done in a holy manner, -and in the name of the Lord.”<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c012'><sup>[36]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>There was no pretence of a judicial -consideration of their rights as settlers -at Shawomet. They were regarded as -criminal offenders, and were examined -and convicted on the charge of blasphemy. -Gorton was placed on trial for -his life before the General Court and -Convocation of Elders. Four queries, -referring to statements in his vigorous -rejoinder to the summons of the Massachusetts -authorities, were propounded, -and upon his replies the decision of the -Court was to be rendered:<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c012'><sup>[37]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>“1. Whether the Fathers, who died -before Christ was born of the Virgin -Mary, were justified and saved only -by the blood which hee shed, and the -death which hee suffered after his incarnation?</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>“2. Whether the only price of our -redemption were not the death of Christ -on the cross, with the rest of his sufferings -and obediences, in the time of his -life here, after hee was born of the -Virgin Mary?</p> - -<p class='c010'>“3. Who was the God whom hee -thinks wee serve?</p> - -<p class='c010'>“4. What hee means when hee saith, -wee worship the starre of our God -Remphan, Chion, Moloch?”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The latter question may well have -piqued the curiosity of the elders. The -others were evidently framed to secure -conviction. His replies were as wise -and conciliatory as perfect sincerity -would admit, but it was foreordained -that they should be unsatisfactory to -his judges. All but three of the elders -voted for the penalty of death. The -representatives of the people, however, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>to the honor of Massachusetts, refused -to assent to this verdict<a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c012'><sup>[38]</sup></a>. Gorton suffered -imprisonment in Charlestown, with -a ball and chain attached to his ankle; -the other accused persons were incarcerated -in irons in other towns of the -Colony. The next General Court, some -months later, set them at liberty,<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c012'><sup>[39]</sup></a> but -banished them from all places within -the jurisdiction of Massachusetts—the -intention being to include the disputed -territory at Shawomet, which Massachusetts -claimed under the deed of -Pomham.</p> - -<p class='c010'>As they went forth from their prison -houses, the Gortonists recited their -wrongs in the public streets in Boston -and elsewhere to crowds of willing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>listeners and ready sympathizers. Palfrey -admits that a majority of the people in -Massachusetts were to be counted in -this category.<a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c012'><sup>[40]</sup></a> The sufferings of these -martyrs were the seeds of a new Commonwealth, -from which the persecuting -spirit was at last eliminated. The Indians, -also, even in the vicinity of Boston, -received them gladly. Cutshamekin, the -chief sachem of the neighborhood, to -whose wigwam the liberated men accidentally -strayed, when asked by Gorton -whether Capt. Cook, the commander of -their captors, was a good captain, replied, -“I can not tell; but the Indians -regard those as good captains when a -few stand out against many.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Their chief grievance during imprisonment -seems to have been that they were -compelled to attend the Sunday services -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>in the churches, and be “preached at” by -the Puritan ministers. “They brought -us forth unto their congregations to hear -their ministers,” says Gorton, with a -grim humor, illuminated by some knowledge -of natural history, “which was -meat to be digested, but only by the -hearte or stomacke of an ostrich.”<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c012'><sup>[41]</sup></a> -Pastor Ward, of Ipswich, who visited -one of them—Richard Carder, an old -neighbor of his in England—while in -prison, and urged him to recant his heresies, -said by way of encouragement, “it -shall be no disparagement to you, for -here is our revered elder, Mr. Cotton, -who ordinarily preacheth that publickely -one yeare, that the next yeare hee publickely -repents of, and shows him selfe -to bee very sorrowful to the congregation.”<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c012'><sup>[42]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>As his sly dig at Mr. Cotton -would indicate, Pastor Ward was entirely -sound in his own theology. This -appears also in his “Simple Cobbler of -Agawam,” where, with a spicy use of -capitals, and vigorous if not elegant -English, he denounces the brains of -those who advocate “Libertie of Conscience -in matters of Religion,” as “parboiled -in impious ignorance.”</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>V</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>SHAWOMET BECOMES WARWICK</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>After his release, in the spring of -1643-44, Gorton returned through Shawomet, -where he was forbidden to linger, -to Portsmouth, where he and his -friends were received with open arms, -and where he was shortly elected to a -magistracy on the very scene of his -former persecutions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus far the Atherton Company appeared -to have made substantial progress -in its efforts to obtain possession of -the Shawomet lands, and Massachusetts -seemed likely to succeed in throwing a -girdle of unfriendly possessions around -the Providence Plantations, thereby -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>separating them from the Aquidneck settlements, -and securing a permanent control -over Narragansett Bay. By the submission -of Arnold and the malcontents of -Providence, they had obtained a show -of authority over the Pawtuxet or Popaquinepaug -territory. Winthrop had -secured possession of Prudence Island -in Narragansett Bay by purchasing the -half originally owned by Roger Williams,<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c012'><sup>[43]</sup></a> -and now with a marvellous inconsistency, -held the whole by a title -derived solely from Miantonomi, the -chief sachem of the Narragansetts. If -he could maintain his denial of the -rights of Gorton to the Shawomet lands -claimed by even a stronger title, he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>would succeed in his efforts to divide -the Narragansett settlements and establish -the claims of Massachusetts. With -this end in view, the Massachusetts -authorities built a block-house for Pomham -on Warwick Neck, and temporarily -succeeded in excluding the Gortonists -from their Shawomet possessions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Gorton, however, was not idle. He -had no thought of permanently relinquishing -the claim for which he had -contended so bravely, and to which he -was justly entitled. Within forty days -of his release from prison, by a masterly -piece of strategy and statesmanship, he -inaugurated measures which completely -check-mated his opponents, and gave -him a permanent advantage in the contest -for supremacy. On the 19th of -April, 1644, by the earnest advice and -solicitation of Gorton, the Narragansett -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>Indians, in solemn conclave, constituted -their “trusty and well-beloved friends,” -Samuell Gorton, John Wickes, Randall -Holden and John Warner, commissioners -to convey their submission to the -British Government. The deed of submission, -signed by the sachems Pessicus, -Conanicus, Mixan, Awoshosse and Tomanick, -is preserved in the Historical -Cabinet at Providence. The tragical -death of the head sachem, Miantonomi, -in the previous September, at the hands -of his bitter enemies, the Mohegans, -with the consent of the Boston elders—a -story so well told by Dr. Fiske in his -“Beginnings of New England” that I -need not repeat it here,—as well as the -revolt of Pomham and Soccononocco, -were powerful arguments with the Narragansetts -in favor of seeking the protection -of the British Government; while -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>the return of Gorton and his companions, -unscathed, from the prisons of -Massachusetts, convinced the Narragansetts -that the power of the Mother -Country was on their side, and had -stood between them and their oppressors.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In August, 1645, the Commissioners -of the United Colonies, in session in -Boston, declared war against the Narragansetts, -and dispatched a military force -to Rhode Island; at the same time warning -the General Assembly of Providence -Plantations, then in session at Newport, -that if they adhered to their declared -determination of maintaining a position -of neutrality they would be regarded -as enemies. They also forbade them -to exercise the powers of government -under the charter obtained by Roger -Williams.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>In response to this threatening action -of “the Massachusetts,” Gorton, Greene -and Holden set sail, after vexatious -delays, under authority of Providence -Plantations, from the Dutch settlement -at Manhattan for Holland, whence, after -more delay, they obtained transportation -to England. The exact time of their -arrival at London is unknown, but they -had been preceded by the agents of -Massachusetts, and were compelled to -meet the charges already formulated by -their enemies. Their answer, prepared -by Gorton in “Simplicities Defence,” -was published in London on the 3d of -August, 1646. Soon after,<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c012'><sup>[44]</sup></a> a patent -was issued to Gorton and his colleagues -which granted the Shawomet lands to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>them and their successors forever, and -guaranteed them protection against all -other claimants. In the troublous times -between the King and Parliament the -formal submission of the Narragansetts -which Gorton had conveyed to England, -could not be delivered to King Charles -in person, and Gorton accordingly caused -it to be published in London. By this -admirable piece of strategy and statesmanship -he forever blocked the movements -of Massachusetts Bay for the -control of the Narragansett country. -Gorton received safe-conduct from the -Earl of Warwick, on his return, through -the domains of the enemy.<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c012'><sup>[45]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>Roger Williams, who had finally accepted -Gorton’s theory of the true -foundations of the new government, -had preceded him to England, and on -the 14th of March, 1643-44, had obtained -a charter for the Colony which -united the northern and southern towns -in one Commonwealth. Owing to the -opposition of the Coddington faction, -government was not completely organized -under this charter until May, 1647.<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c012'><sup>[46]</sup></a> -In the same year, town government was -organized at Shawomet, the Town, in -honor of its patron, receiving the name -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>of Warwick. Some further futile attempts -were made by Massachusetts to -enforce her claims, but the Gortonists -thereafter retained possession, which -gave them “nine points of the law,” -and finally complete victory. Pomham, -for whom Massachusetts had erected a -block-house on Warwick Neck, lingered -in the neighborhood a few years, but at -last saw that the “Gortonoges” had -triumphed in their long contest with -the “Wattaconoges,”<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c012'><sup>[47]</sup></a> and in 1665 sold -out his dishonored claim for £30 in -peage,<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c012'><sup>[48]</sup></a> paid him by Gorton and his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>associates. The new Commonwealth -was fairly launched upon the sea of -History; the town of Warwick and its -founder were to play an honorable part -in the story of its beginnings.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>VI</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>SAMUELL GORTON’S LATER CAREER</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>During the succeeding quarter of a -century Samuell Gorton was active and -influential in shaping the destinies of -the growing State. He occupied the -highest places of honor and responsibility -at the gift of his fellow-citizens, -and was habitually called into service -when sound judgment, prompt and -courageous action, and literary ability -were requisite. He represented Portsmouth -in the Assembly at Newport in -1645. He was chosen one of the Commissioners -of the town of Warwick to -the General Assembly on his return -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>from England, and served therein a -greater part of the time for the next -two or three decades. He was placed -on the most important committees, and -his pen was frequently called into requisition -to prepare State papers, and letters -to the magistrates of other Colonies, and -to the representatives of the new Commonwealth -in England. Though absent -in the Mother Country during the first -year of Colonial Government under the -charter of 1643-44, his political views -were embodied in the remarkable Code -of 1647, passed by the first General -Assembly of the United Colony, one of -the earliest compilations of law in American -history. In the construction of this -Code, care was taken to avoid the errors -of which Gorton had complained, in the -judicial procedure of the other Colonies, -by making each section conform to existing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>English law,<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c012'><sup>[49]</sup></a> reference to the corresponding -English statute being placed -at the end thereof.<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c012'><sup>[50]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The provision respecting witchcraft is -especially noteworthy as indicating a -prevailing scepticism in Rhode Island at -a time when Massachusetts was under -the spell of the delusion, soon to break -forth in an appalling epidemic of persecution. -The object of its introduction -is evidently the set purpose of conforming -to English precedents rather than a -conviction of the legislators that the -statute was demanded by any real public -necessity. The section reads:</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>“Witchcraft is forbidden by this present -Assembly to be used in this Colonie; -and the Penaltie <i>imposed by the authoritie -that wee are subjected to, is felonie of -death</i>.—I Jac. 12.”<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c012'><sup>[51]</sup></a> The Code of 1647 -also forbade imprisonment for debt, and -is otherwise in advance of most contemporary -legislation. The temper of the -Colony on the subject of witchcraft is -still further evidenced in the testimony -of their opponents,<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c012'><sup>[52]</sup></a> who complained in -an anonymous letter addressed to the -agent of Massachusetts in England a few -years later, that the new government was -ignoring the English law. This epistle -especially stigmatized “some of them at -Shawomet that cryeth out much against -them that putteth people to death for -witches, for they say there be no other -<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>witches upon earth, nor devils, but your -own pasters and ministers, such as they -are.”<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c012'><sup>[53]</sup></a> There was apparently never a -prosecution in Rhode Island under the -statute against witchcraft.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Samuell Gorton’s literary style is clearly -evident in the remarkable statute -against negro slavery, passed by the -General Assembly in 1652—the first -legislative edict of emancipation ever -adopted in America. This statute was -passed during the Coddington secession -of 1651-54, and consequently voices officially -only the sentiment of Providence -and Warwick. Roger Williams was in -England at the time of its passage, and -there can be little doubt that Samuell -Gorton was its author and principal -advocate. Though it subsequently became -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>a dead letter, it was apparently -never repealed, and merits perpetuation -in the annals of the anti-slavery conflict. -It reads as follows:</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Whereas there is a common course -practised amongst English men to buy -negers, to the end that they may have -them for service or slaves forever; for -the preventinge of such practices among -us, let it bee ordered, that no blacke -mankinde or white, being forced by -covenant bond or otherwise, to serve -any man or his assigns longer than ten -yeares, or untill they come to bee twentie -four yeares of age if they bee taken -in under fourteen, from the time of their -cominge within the liberties of this Collonie. -And at the end or terme of ten -yeares to sett them free as the manner is -with the English servants. And that -man that will not let them goe free, or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>shall sell them away elsewhere to that -end that they may bee enslaved to others -for a long time, hee or they shall forfeit -to the Colonie forty pounds.”<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c012'><sup>[54]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>Samuell Gorton was elected General -Assistant, a position corresponding with -that of Lieutenant Governor, in 1649, -and in 1651, during the Coddington -secession, he was chosen to the highest -position at the gift of the Commonwealth—he -became its President. During -the following year, he was Moderator -or Speaker of the General Assembly, -and he several times subsequently served -as General Assistant. He was also active -in the affairs of the Town of Warwick, -being for many years a member of -the Town Council, and holding other -positions of honor and responsibility. -“After the venerable founder of Providence,” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>says his biographer,<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c012'><sup>[55]</sup></a> “no man -was more instrumental in establishing -the foundations of equal civil rights and -‘soul liberty’ in Rhode Island than Samuell -Gorton.” He was especially active in -assuring the protection of the Colony for -the persecuted Quakers.<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c012'><sup>[56]</sup></a> He sent them -messages of sympathy when they were in -prison in Massachusetts, and was authorized -by the General Assembly to reply -to the epistles of the Massachusetts authorities -protesting against their finding -an asylum in Rhode Island. When Massachusetts -appealed to England, Samuell -Gorton was designated to prepare a letter -on behalf of the Rhode Island Government -to John Clarke, the representative -<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>of the Colony in the Mother Country, -to be presented to the Lord Protector, -Oliver Cromwell. He requests Clarke -“to plead our case in such sorte as wee -may not bee compelled to exercise any -civill power over men’s consciences, so -long as humane orders in poynt of civility -are not corrupted and voyalated, -which our neighbors aboute us doe frequently -practise, whereof many of us -have large experience, and doe judge it -to bee no less than a poynt of absolute -crueltie.”<a id='r57' /><a href='#f57' class='c012'><sup>[57]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>On the collapse of the Puritan Commonwealth -in England, Samuell Gorton -was appointed on a Committee to select -agents of the Colony in England, and -prepare an address to his Majesty, King -Charles the Second.<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c012'><sup>[58]</sup></a> As a result of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>this action, and of the wise intercession -of John Clarke, then representing the -Colony in England, the Charter of 1663 -was secured, in which Samuell Gorton -was named as one of the incorporators -of the new Commonwealth. In 1663 -he was also appointed by the Town -Council “overseer” of the will of John -Smith, Deputy from Warwick, under the -curious provision by which the towns in -Rhode Island made wills for persons -dying intestate, dividing their property -according to the communal sense of justice. -In 1666, after the purchase of -Pomham’s claim, Mr. Gorton was assigned -ten shares in Warwick Neck, -and was still further recognized in -another division in the following year.<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c012'><sup>[59]</sup></a> -In 1675, during the storm and stress of -King Philip’s war, tradition says that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>Samuell Gorton’s life was saved by -friendly Indians, who rowed him across -the Bay to a place of safety. He was -always on amicable terms with the -aborigines, treating them justly, teaching -and exhorting in their settlements, -and wisely advising them in various -emergencies.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Warwick suffered severely in the contest -with King Philip, which would -doubtless have been prevented had the -policy of Roger Williams and Samuell -Gorton in dealing with the Indians been -generally adopted. The town was depopulated, -the houses and barns were -burned, and the cattle driven into the -wilderness. A pitched battle was fought -in an open cedar swamp in Warwick -between the Indians under Canonchet -and a company of men from Plymouth.<a id='r60' /><a href='#f60' class='c012'><sup>[60]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>Many of the colonists took refuge on -Aquidneck, the waters around which -were patrolled night and day by a flotilla -of four boats, filled with armed men.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Judge Staples tells us that John -Wickes, the friend and colleague of -Samuell Gorton, trusting too implicitly -to the friendship of the savages, remained -and was slain; his head being set upon -a pole as a warning to others. In this, -he must be mistaken, however, since the -will of John Wickes, dated the second -day of March, 1688, and signed by himself, -though written and witnessed by -Samuell Gorton, the younger, may be -seen to-day in the library of the -Historical Society in Providence. This -interesting document also contains the -signatures of two others of the founders, -of Warwick,—Randall Holden, the justice -before whom it was proved, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>John Greene, who signs in behalf of -himself and the other members of the -Town Council.</p> - -<p class='c010'>On the fourth day of June, 1677, -probably the year of his death, Samuell -Gorton, Senior, was elected “to the -Towne Counsell for the ensuing yeare,” -as the ancient records tell us, and his -son, Capt. Samuell Gorton, was at the -same time chosen Town Treasurer. On -the 20th of July the father signed a -deed of lands owned by him in the Narragansett -Country to his sons, his six -daughters and their husbands also being -remembered in the disposition of this -property; and on the 27th of November -of the same year, by another deed, he divided -his entire remaining estate among -his three sons, Samuell, John and Benjamin.<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c012'><sup>[61]</sup></a> -To the former, who was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>evidently a man after his own heart, and -who had aided in supporting the family, -he gave his homestead at Old Warwick, -his household furniture, library and most -precious literary possessions. He also -committed to him the care of his mother -during her widow-hood, providing that -she should be maintained with convenient -housing and necessaries, and that -means should be furnished for her “recreation -in case she desires to visit her -friends.”<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c012'><sup>[62]</sup></a> His lands at Coweset, beyond -the boundaries of the Shawomet -grant, he gave in equal possession, undivided, -to his three sons. The document -attesting the final division of these lands -by the surviving sons, Samuell and John, -bears date on the town records, Dec. 4, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>1699, being executed, as it says, “according -to the expressed wish of our Ancient -and Honored ffather, Mr. Samuell Gorton, -one of the first settlers of this Plantation -of Warwick in New England.” -His son Benjamin, then deceased, had -been one of the founders of the new -town of East Greenwich, the organization -of which dates from the year of -the original bequest.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>VII</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>SAMUELL GORTON’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>The enemies of Samuell Gorton -charged that he was a practical anarchist—a -denier of all governmental -authority. As the indictment of the -Massachusetts magistrates reads: “Upon -much examination & serious consideration -of yo<sup>r</sup> writings, & with yo<sup>r</sup> answers -about them, wee doe charge yo<sup>u</sup> to bee a -blasphemous enemy of the true religion -of o<sup>r</sup> Lord Jesus Christ and his holy -ordinances, & also of all civil authority -among the people of God, perticulerly -in this iurisdiction.”<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c012'><sup>[63]</sup></a> To the impartial -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>student of this history, his entire career -offers a sufficient answer to this accusation. -Even Gov. Arnold, his lineal descendant -and strenuous defender in -many things, who regarded him as “one -of the most remarkable men who ever -lived,”<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c012'><sup>[64]</sup></a> falls into the error of stating -that “he denied the right of a people to -self-government.”<a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c012'><sup>[65]</sup></a> What Samuell Gorton -really denied was the dogma of -“squatter sovereignty,” that false conception -of popular government which -holds that a majority of the actual settlers -in any given locality have a right -to legislate and govern as they please, -without regard for the claims of the -minority, the law of civilized communities, -or the principles of equity and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>justice. Had he lived a generation ago -he would have stood with Lincoln and -Sumner and Garrison in denouncing this -mischievous dogma. His doctrine was -identical with that of the defenders of -the Union against the alleged right of -secession. In his own day he held, simply, -that no Englishman expatriated -himself by becoming a colonist in the -possessions of the Mother Country; that -he did not by emigration to America -forfeit the rights of an Englishman, or -the protection guaranteed by the long -line of statutes, decisions and precedents, -beginning with Magna Charta, -which had become the heritage of Englishmen -everywhere.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Samuell Gorton held that as subjects -of Great Britain the Colonial governments -should conform in their legislation -and judicial action to the principles of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>English common and statute law.<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c012'><sup>[66]</sup></a> If -chartered, they were bound to do this -by the terms of their charters. If not -chartered, each individual had the right -to claim the protection of English law, -and any denial thereof was a usurpation -of authority. This was the head and -front of his alleged anarchism. It was -not anarchism, but the conviction that -liberty is a chimera save under the protection -of the sacred majesty of law. -This is good English and American doctrine -to-day. It is distinctively Rhode -Island doctrine. No one two hundred -and fifty years ago saw it more clearly -than Samuell Gorton. His political -vision was more lucid and prescient -than that of Roger Williams, though -the latter soon saw the force of Gorton’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>position, and adhered to it the rest of -his life. Had Gorton lived until the -time of Andros and James the Second -he would have beheld the Colonies -fighting for their charters as the very -foundation of their liberties. His position -was already justified.<a id='r67' /><a href='#f67' class='c012'><sup>[67]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>In defence of “soul liberty” and the -limitation of the functions of government -solely to civil affairs, Gorton and -Williams stood side by side from the -beginning. Authority, he says, cannot -safely be entrusted to magistrates “if -their place and office bee not bounded -within the compass of civill things.” -He argues clearly and logically in the -introduction to his “Incorruptible Key, -Composed of the CX Psalme,” that if -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>magistrates are permitted to extend their -authority to things spiritual they are -consistently bound to enforce their own -convictions of religious duty, and to -persecute all who dissent therefrom. -The only safety is in forbidding them -“to intermeddle between God and the -consciences of men. * * In that way -only is the preservation and honour of -all States, in their several ways of rule -and government.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>This theory, for the first time in the -world’s history, was clearly proclaimed, -embodied in constitutional law, and practically -tested, in the Commonwealth -founded by Roger Williams and Samuell -Gorton. The Puritan theocracy and -the doctrine of “soul liberty” for a time -maintained a competitive existence, side -by side in the New England Colonies. -The latter began in relative weakness—almost -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>in anarchy—but it survived, -and ultimately obtained recognition in -our Federal Constitution. The former -failed, and was practically discarded -in less than two generations. Connecticut, -an offshoot from Massachusetts -Puritanism, under the leadership of -Hooker reversed the Massachusetts theory -that citizenship should be conditioned -on church membership, and absorbed -the theocratic Colony of New -Haven. Rhode Island gained, in numbers -and in internal cohesion, and -Massachusetts lost, with every attack -which she made on heresy. The idea -that intolerance and persecution were -necessary to insure the survival of the -community—to prevent its disintegration—broached -by apologetic writers, -is therefore disproven by the palpable -facts of history. Disintegration and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>secession were ever the products of intolerance. -The story of the Saracens, -in Spain, the Huguenots in France and -the Puritans in England, was repeated in -Massachusetts. Internal schisms were -promoted rather than prevented by the -policy of persecution.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the end, local public opinion was a -powerful aid to the compulsion of the -Mother Country in compelling the cessation -of persecution. The policy of -intolerance failed on its own chosen -ground, and Massachusetts became a -powerful and united State only when -she followed the example of her despised -Little Sister and became a Commonwealth -of Ideas as well as a Commonwealth -of Goods.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>VIII</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>SAMUELL GORTON’S RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>Samuell Gorton was a man of a profoundly -religious nature. His views, -have been little studied, and have been -greatly misunderstood, both by his contemporaries -and the historians of later -generations. John Fiske dismisses him -with a sentence, in his admirable School -History of the United States, as “a man -of queer ideas.” The more extended -reference of this fair-minded historian, -in his “Beginnings of New England,” -hardly does justice either to Gorton’s -political sagacity, or to the remarkable -character of his religious opinions. -Charles Francis Adams, in his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>monograph on “Massachusetts, its Historians -and its History,” alludes to Samuell Gorton -as a “crude and half-crazy thinker.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>His contemporaries in Massachusetts -assailed him with a choice collection of -opprobrious epithets in the place of -arguments: he was an “arch-heretic,” a -“beast,” a “miscreant,” a “proud and -pestilent seducer,” a “most prodigious -minter of exorbitant novelties.”<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c012'><sup>[68]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>Edward Rawson, some time Secretary -of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, -and the ancestor of my own children,—a -man capable of making vigorous use of -the sturdy Anglo-Saxon of the period, -albeit not always grammatically, denounces -him as “a man whose spirit -was stark drunk with blasphemies and -insolences, a corrupter of the truth, a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>disturber of the peace wherever he -comes;” and his contemporary, Nathaniel -Morton, with whom he conducted an -animated correspondence, says he “was -deeply leavened with blasphemous and -familistical opinions.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>In so far as his religious views have -received attention in recent years, they -have been mainly studied in their incomplete -and incidental expression in -some of his published works, “Simplicities -Defence Against Seven-Headed Policie,” -and “The Incorruptible Key to -the CX Psalme,” the main object of -which was political and polemical rather -than expository of his system of thought. -The involved style and quaint and -mystical phraseology have repelled the -modern student, and prevented a clear -understanding of his theological doctrines.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>By far the best and most complete -exposition of Samuell Gorton’s religious -convictions is to be found in a -remarkable manuscript in his own -hand-writing which has never been -published, but which is preserved in -the library of the Rhode Island Historical -Society in Providence. I am -indebted to the Hon. Amos Perry, the -courteous Librarian of the Society, for -the opportunity to make a careful study -of this paper as well as of other documents -relating to Samuell Gorton’s life -and work. The manuscript to which I -refer is a running commentary on the -Lord’s Prayer. Merely as a literary -curiosity it merits the attention of the -studious and curious. It is in the clear, -careful, accurate hand-writing of the -scholar rather than of one accustomed to -manual industry. The lines are closely -<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>written, the characters are minute, and -almost as accurate as copper-plate impressions. -The manuscript averages over -two thousand words to a page about the -size of our modern legal cap. The character -of the writing makes it exceedingly -trying to the eyes. The orthography, -though in some respects archaic, is more -regular and consistent than in most -American documents of our Revolutionary -era. I have examined many papers -of contemporary and more recent dates, -but with the exception of those left by -his eldest son, Capt. Samuell Gorton, -who was evidently instructed by his -father, and whose hand-writing resembles -his so closely as to be distinguishable -from it with difficulty, -I have never seen any so clear, systematic, -and scholarly in appearance. The -literary form, however, is less admirable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>than the clerical execution. The style -is involved, the sentences are long, and -the punctuation, though systematic, is -peculiar. Free use is made of the comma, -semi-colon and parenthesis, but periods -are most economically distributed, being -used literally to indicate a “full stop.” -Sentences usually end with a semi-colon, -the ensuing clause beginning with a -capital. The interrogation point was -apparently unknown.</p> - -<p class='c010'>When the reader has searched diligently -beneath the quaint and involved -phraseology, bristling with scriptural -references and illustrations, and come -into sympathetic contact with the living -thought of the writer, the surprising -thing which is discovered is the remarkable -modernness of many of Samuell -Gorton’s ideas. It goes without saying -that he was not “orthodox” according -<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>to the conventional standards of his -time, nor yet, perhaps, of our own; but -we everywhere touch the personality -of a vigorous and independent thinker, -who in many directions foreshadowed -the views of the advanced thinkers of -a later day.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Some of his enemies denounced Samuell -Gorton as an atheist. He was as -remote as possible from atheistic leanings. -He was not even affiliated with -the deism of his own and the succeeding -century. His theology was profoundly -Christian. It was as Christocentric as -that of Swedenborg, with which it has -sometimes been compared. Like Swedenborg, -he regarded the Infinite and -Absolute as <i>per se</i> unknowable. Here -both Gorton and Swedenborg are in -touch with the modern philosophical -agnostic. For both, however, Christianity -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>solved the agnostic problem. In -Christ they found a perfect expression -of the divine nature, and the only rational -object of worship.<a id='r69' /><a href='#f69' class='c012'><sup>[69]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>With regard to the nature of Christ, -however, Gorton and Swedenborg were -widely separated. Swedenborg’s theology -is boldly anthropomorphic; Gorton’s -was monistic and impersonal. “The -word ‘person’,” he says, “is only borrowed -from men and translated to God. -* * That doctrine which ties the -death of Christ to one perticuler man -in one time and age of the world, as -being the scope and intent of God’s will -concerninge the death of his son in the -salvation of the world, that doctrine -falsifies the death of Jesus Christ, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>sets men upon the law of workes in the -ground and matter of their salvation, -by which law no man is justified.”<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c012'><sup>[70]</sup></a> -Here, too, is another radical distinction -between his doctrine and that of Swedenborg. -The latter turns his most -powerful batteries upon Paul’s doctrine -of “justification by faith,” while Gorton -stands with Luther in its defence.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The “law of works” by which Gorton -says no man is justified, he rightly interprets -as the conception of salvation -through ceremonial observances; not -merely the ritual of Pharisaic Judaism -denounced by the Master, but the ritual -and ordinances as well of his own day -and generation. Here he stands with -the Friends, as he also did in his opposition -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>to a “hireling ministry.” Worship, -he taught, is natural to man. Every -man is called to seek communion with -the divine in Christ directly, and not -through priestly mediations. “Prophesie, -prayer, and interpretation of the -word of God are one,” he says: “where -one is there is the other; they are co-insident -and co-aparant.” All men are -naturally moved to prayer; all men, -therefore, may rightfully exhort and -interpret. To the conventional interpretations -of churches, universities and -schools, he preferred “the universitie of -humane reason, and reading of the great -volume of visible creation.” Mr. Gorton -defined prayer as “nothing else but -the true breath and spirit of the eternall -word, according to God’s intent taken -and rained into the soule, concocted and -digested in the cauldron of man’s necessities, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>breathing out it selfe unto the -fountaine and originall of all suply.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The spirit of prophecy and inspiration, -he taught, is as immediately with -man now as in any period of the past. -The tenor of his teaching in this particular -is strikingly like that of the modern -transcendentalist. With Emerson, he -would have asked, “Why may not we, -too, seek an original relation with the -Universe?” In the spirit of transcendentalism, -too, he opposed all sectarianism. -He would not be the founder of -a sect. He left no organized body of -disciples.<a id='r71' /><a href='#f71' class='c012'><sup>[71]</sup></a> The sectarian contests of the -day, even the disputes between Protestants -and Catholics, he deemed of small -account because they were so largely -<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>about rites and ceremonies, matters -which he deemed non-essential. “These -things men contend aboute and make -great stirre in the world, whilst the -life and spirit of the gospel lies buried -under humane ordinances and carnall -traditions.” True worship, he declares, -is as well exemplified in the offering of -lambs and bullocks “according to the -letter of scripture formerly manifested, -* * as in bread, wine, wafers, &c., or -in Bishop, paster, teacher, elder, deacon, -&c., for these things in the outward -forme simply considered are carnall and -momentary, but the words of Christ, -they are spirit and they are life.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>While he agreed with the Friends as -to outward ordinances, Samuell Gorton -strongly contested some of their other -teachings, especially the doctrine of the -“inner light,” which he saw might be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>interpreted as a particular revelation of -infallible truth to the individual.<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c012'><sup>[72]</sup></a> Such -an assumption, he claimed, is mischievous -and erroneous. All revelations must -appeal for examination, recognition and -interpretation to the natural human reason, -which is a common possession of -all men. Mr. Gorton combined with a -remarkably equable balance, the methods -of the mystic and the rationalist. -His mysticism rejected all claims of infallibility, -which logically tend to the -persecution of dissidents. Yet, while -he carried this idea so far that he would -dispense with all paid ministries, he -recognized more fully than most Protestants -of his day the necessity of sound -learning and thorough acquaintance with -the Scriptures in their original tongues, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>to assure their correct and valid interpretation.<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c012'><sup>[73]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>Though in the highest degree Christocentric, -Samuell Gorton’s theology was -not in harmony with the prevailing -Trinitarianism of his day. The doctrine -“received from the schoole men of the -church of Roome, that hold and teach a -trinitie of persons in one simple and -divine essence, without having respect -for the humane nature of Christ,” he -characterizes as “a most dangerous and -pernicious doctrine.” It is, he says, -“most derogatory to the glory of the -son; for in that time he is deprived of -the glory of a saviour; for without -man’s nature hee is not Jesus; hee is no -saviour but in man; hee is not the -anointed nor the redeemer but in man’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>nature; and if wee deprive him of that -glory for a time it is to late to give it -to him afterwards, because hee ever remains -one and the same.” The scriptural -references to the Father, Son and -Holy Spirit he interprets as recognitions -of “spirituall distinctions in the nature -of Christ.” They are not separate persons -of a god-head, but distinctions of -the divine activity, having a unity “not -found elsewhere, but only in Christ.”<a id='r74' /><a href='#f74' class='c012'><sup>[74]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>With Channing, Samuell Gorton also -taught the essential divinity of human -nature—the equal nearness of the divine -spirit to the sinner and to the saint. -He recognizes a divine spark in every -human soul, and to this he made his -appeal.<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c012'><sup>[75]</sup></a> He also, however, accepted -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>the eternal antagonism of good and evil -as an unquestionable fact both in scriptural -teaching and in human experience. -The tendency of the one is to eternal -life; of the other to eternal death. He -therefore taught a conditional immortality, -wholly dependent upon the character -of the individual. “Neither can -any salvation hold proportion with the -son of God,” he says, “but freedome -from sin.” This saved him from the -errors of Antinomianism.<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c012'><sup>[76]</sup></a> The doctrine -of imputed sin and imputed righteousness -he denounces as unworthy of the -divine character. “God was in Christ -reconciling men unto him selfe, not imputing -their sins.” Nor is this work of -reconciliation limited to any historical -<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>period. “God is eternally a creator, -eternally a redeemer, eternally a conservator -of peace.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The substance of his teaching is that -righteousness <i>is</i> life eternal; sin <i>is</i> eternal -death. This is no arbitrary penalty -inflicted at the close of man’s earthly -career, or on some future day of judgment; -it is the intrinsic and natural -result of evil action. The popular distinction -between a man and his actions -is delusive and unreal. He could not -hate the sin and love the sinner. The -actions <i>are</i> the man. If the actions are -predominantly evil there is nothing left -to save. The divine work of regeneration -is at one and the same time the salvation -of the good and the destruction -of the evil. Both results are effected -by one and the same natural operation -of the divine power. “The righteousness -<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>of God is of eternal worth and -duration; But the one and the other -[course of life] being wrought into a -change at one and the same time, thence -comes the capacity of an eternall life, -and of an eternall destruction.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Mr. Gorton distinguishes four distinct -stages in the historical development of -religious ideas: the family, the national, -the apostolic, and the spiritual or universal.<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c012'><sup>[77]</sup></a> -Considering the period in which -he wrote, and the fact that the Bible -seems to have been almost his only text-book, -his conclusions are remarkably -consistent with those of modern students -of sociology and comparative religion.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The temptation is great to continue -this line of exposition and quotation, -but I must bring it to a close with one -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>or two additional passages further illustrative -of the ethical quality of his -thought. All virtue, he taught, even -the goodness of God, consists wholly in -the service of others. “The goodnesse -of God’s nature is such,” he says, “that -it cannot subsiste or bee without communicating -it selfe with another, otherwise -his goodnesse should bee uselesse, -which can not bee admitted for one -moment of time, for there is an impossibility -thereof; The naturall temporary -or tipicall goodnesse of any creature is -uselesse unlesse it bee communicated -with another; God never made any -creature in heaven or in earth simply -for it selfe, but for the use of another; -how infinitely more is this true of God, -who hath made him selfe in Christ to -bee the goodnesse of the world.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Heaven, Samuell Gorton taught, is not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>to be sought in a future life or in some -distant part of the universe. The soul -is even <i>now</i> in eternity. Heaven is a -condition of the soul. It may exist -here and now. “Such doctrine,” he -says, “as sets forth a time to come, of -more worth and glory than either is, -or hath been, keeps the manna for tomorrow, -to the breeding of worms in it.” -With Theodore Parker, he taught that -the divine nature is both masculine and -feminine;<a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c012'><sup>[78]</sup></a> and in one of the most striking -and eloquent passages in his Commentary -on the Lord’s Prayer he argues -for the equal recognition of woman in -the Church, and as a teacher of religion.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In philosophy, Samuell Gorton was an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>original thinker rather than a student of -past systems. In theology, he was far -in advance of the prevailing thought of -his time. Only a few of the minor sects -of our own day have yet approximated -to his views as to the equal position of -woman in the pulpit and the church; -only an occasional strong and independent -mind has reached his conception of -religion as a birthright of the individual -soul, to which belongs the unalienable -privilege of investigation and interpretation, -free from priestly mediation and -sectarian bias.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>IX</span></b> <br /> <br /> <b><span class='large'>CONCLUSION</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>In conclusion, what shall we say were -the peculiar and distinctive contributions -of Samuell Gorton to the Commonwealth -which he helped to found, -and the life of our later day? I answer, -first, to him more than to any -other we are indebted for the recognition -and establishment of the principle that -English law and the rights of English -citizenship are coextensive with English -supremacy; and that to secure these -rights in the Colonies, together with -the privileges of local administration, a -charter from the Home Government was -necessary. This principle had been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>ignored or denied by Roger Williams,<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c012'><sup>[79]</sup></a> -and violated by the governments of Plymouth -and Massachusetts Bay. Samuell -Gorton affirmed it in season and out of -season; in its defence suffered imprisonment -and stripes, and did not rest until -by the aid of Roger Williams at last -convinced by his insistency and by the -stern logic of events, it was accepted -by the Commonwealth, affirmed in its -Charter, and embodied in its legislation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>So firmly was this principle subsequently -engrafted on our Colonial system, -that it became our strongest defence -against the encroachments of the Mother -Country during the Revolutionary struggle -<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>and gave us an effective <i>pou sto</i> for -the Declaration of Independence. Nor -did the severing of the relations with -the government of England rupture this -thread of law and equity which bound -us to our historic past. Ours became -the heritage of English Common Law: -ours as well as England’s those historic -rights and privileges of citizenship handed -down from Magna Charta.</p> - -<p class='c010'>I answer, secondly, to Samuell Gorton -more than to any other, all generations -of Americans will owe the insistent -affirmation and consistent illustration of -the principle of religious individualism -which is the logical outcome of the -Protestant idea—the principle which -strips off the conventional reliance on -ritual and organization, and places the -individual soul face to face with the -problems of life and duty. In our own -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>generation, Ralph Waldo Emerson has -been the clearest exponent of this principle. -Gorton was the premature John -the Baptist of New England Transcendentalism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>No portrait, or adequate description -of this forgotten Founder of our Liberties -has been handed down to our time. -The writer of his brief biography tells -us that “His bearing was courteous, his -feelings lively, his mind vigorous and -well-informed.”<a id='r80' /><a href='#f80' class='c012'><sup>[80]</sup></a> From such hints as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>we may obtain from various sources we -may picture him as a man of tall stature, -marked features and gentlemanly address; -blue-eyed—a typical Saxon; of -an earnest and sympathetic nature; persuasive -of speech in conversation and -exhortation, and freely emphasizing his -thoughts with appropriate gestures, quick -to resent injustice, and bold in his denunciation -of wrong-doers,<a id='r81' /><a href='#f81' class='c012'><sup>[81]</sup></a>—more eloquent -and effective in his spontaneous utterances -and unstudied efforts than in the -formal and labored style of his written -treatises.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Of his domestic life we know but -little. From his kindly mention of his -wife and children in the final disposal -of his property, we have a right to infer -that his family relations were harmonious. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>The reverent regard of his sons -for his wishes, long after his decease, -shows that the respect which they bore -for him was deep and lasting. Besides -the three sons, his family included twice -that number of daughters. These were -all married at the time of his decease, -and the fact that they, conjointly with -their husbands, were remembered in the -final disposal of his property indicates his -affectionate regard for all the branches of -his household. One of the daughters, -with the remarkable Scriptural name -of Mahershallalhashbaz, married Daniel -Cole, and removed to Glen Cove, Long -Island, then known as Moscheto Cove, -and has numerous descendants still residing -in that vicinity.<a id='r82' /><a href='#f82' class='c012'><sup>[82]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>More than most men, Samuell Gorton -has been honored in the persons of his -descendants. His oldest son, Captain -Samuell Gorton, succeeded in some respects, -to the position and influence of -his father and held many posts of honor -in his Town and State. Benjamin, the -youngest son, was one of the founders -of the neighboring Town of East Greenwich. -Othniel Gorton, a lineal descendant -of Samuell Gorton, was several times -chosen to the General Assembly from -the Town of Warwick, and was Speaker -of the House of Representatives at intervals -during and subsequent to the Revolutionary -War. Gen. Nathaniel Greene, -next to George Washington, the most -eminent military leader in the contest -with Great Britain, traced his lineage -directly to John Greene and Samuell -Gorton, noble founders of the liberties -<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>which he fought to sustain; as did also -Col. Christopher Greene, of Revolutionary -fame. Albert Gorton Greene, -a descendant of John Greene, Samuell -Gorton and Randall Holden, three of -the original settlers of Warwick, became -a judge of the Municipal Court in the -City of Providence, and is well known -to three generations as the author of -“Old Grimes,” and other popular ballads -and poems. The late Governor -Henry Lippitt, and the present Chief -Magistrate of Rhode Island, the Hon. -Charles Warren Lippitt, as well as the -late Lieut.-Gov. Samuel G. Arnold, the -historian of the State, are direct descendants -of Samuell Gorton. The Rev. -James Gorton, a Baptist minister of independent -views now living, is a frequent -contributor on social and religious topics -to periodical literature. Dr. David -<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>Allyn Gorton, of Brooklyn, N. Y., another -living descendant of Samuell Gorton, -has won an enviable reputation in the -practice of medicine, was formerly editor -of the National Quarterly Review, is the -author of an able work on “The Monism -of Man,” and numerous philosophical -essays, as well as a treatise on “The -Principles of Mental Hygiene,” and -voluminous contributions to medical literature. -In recent years he has contributed -several able papers to the collections -of the Brooklyn Ethical Association. -His son, Dr. Eliot Gorton, is well -known as an alienist and an able writer -on this and kindred topics, as is also Dr. -W. A. Gorton, of the Butler Asylum -for the Insane, in Providence. Charles -Gorton, of the same city, who owns the -only complete original edition of Samuell -Gorton’s published works known to exist -<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>in this country, is a tireless bibliophilist -and book collector, the possessor of invaluable -literary and archæological treasures. -Dexter Gorton is one of the most -respected citizens of Providence, a man -of sterling integrity, for many years -Chief Engineer of the Fire Department -of that City, now one of its Fire Commissioners, -and has several times been -chosen to the City Council. The descendants -of Samuell Gorton are also -widely distributed in other portions of -the country. In the independence of -mind and literary ability which they -have often illustrated, the believer in -heredity will recognize the out-cropping -of the same sterling qualities which -characterized the first of their honored -name who made his home in the new -world.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The house which Samuell Gorton -<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>erected and where he spent his later -years was a land-mark in Old Warwick -until within the last half century. From -its door his eyes could rest on the placid -waters of Warwick Cove, and beyond -the meadow could see his cattle grazing -upon the rounded uplands of Warwick -Neck. The surrounding scenery is restful -to the eye, and invites the thoughtful -contemplation of the deep things of life -in which his soul delighted. A short -time since, I visited the spot, and conversed -with the oldest representative of -four generations of his descendants, now -occupying the ancestral acres. I walked -up the hill-side back of the house which -now occupies the site of the old Gorton -homestead, to the little family graveyard -where tradition says that Samuell -Gorton was laid to rest with the patent -of the Town of Warwick which he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>obtained in England,—a nobler decoration -than a royal order—upon his breast. -No monumental stone—not even a green -mound or an over-arching tree—now -marks the sacred bit of earth where his -body long since turned to dust.</p> - -<p class='c010'>All around, however, are the gracious -evidences that his life and labors were -not vainly spent. The prosperity of the -town which he founded and the Commonwealth -which he helped to build, -constitute his most enduring monument. -South, lies the quiet hamlet of East -Greenwich, of which his son was one of -the founders, built in part upon land -once owned by Samuell Gorton. West, -also, lie the rural towns of Coventry -and West Greenwich, the soil of which -was largely covered by his original purchase -from Miantonomi. What fortunes -have been made where he found a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>wilderness and out of it wrought a humble -home for his declining years! What -untold happiness has filled the throbbing -hearts of the many generations -that have come after him as they have -looked out upon the pleasant acres, -honestly bought of their aboriginal possessors, -and bravely held as a heritage -to his posterity!</p> - -<p class='c010'>The Commonwealth which he loved -and served so well has proudly held up -the banner of Soul Liberty guarded and -consecrated by Righteous Law, until its -beautiful symbol<a id='r83' /><a href='#f83' class='c012'><sup>[83]</sup></a> has carried Hope and -Safety to the uttermost parts of our -American Union. Could this Founder -of our Liberties look down upon these -peaceful and prosperous scenes, and ponder -upon their vast and beneficent significance, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>hardly would his unselfish soul -miss the monumental stone which yet a -grateful community shall raise to his -fragrant memory. In thankfulness of -heart he would bless the Power which -has wrought so marvelously in him and -in those who have followed in his footsteps, -and murmur in grateful acknowledgment, -“Yea, Lord, I have seen of the -travail of my soul, and am satisfied.”</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>FOOTNOTES</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. Both Samuell Gorton, Sr., and his eldest son, spelled -their first name with the double “L.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. “Beniamin Gorton Killed A woolfe And brought ye -head & Skine to my house ye 21st day of December, -1674.”—[<i>Unpublished Town Records, of Warwick.</i>]</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. The site of the block-house has usually been placed -on the North Side of the Mill Pond, at Old Warwick. -Recent investigations, however, strongly favor the -more natural site at Conimicut. I am told that Judge -Brayton was convinced that this was the true location, -before he died.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. Notes to “Simplicities Defence against Seven-Headed -Policie,” by Judge W. R. Staples, [<i>R. I. -Hist. Soc. Coll.</i>]</p> - -<p class='c010'>Also “A Defence of Samuel Gorton,” By George -A. Brayton, late Justice of the Supreme Court of -Rhode Island. [<i>Providence: Sidney S. Rider.</i>]</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. Report on the Settlement of Warwick, 1642, and -the Seal of the R. I. Historical Society, by William D. -Ely and John P. Howland, (Proceedings, 1887-88,) and -Report of the Committee on the Library, (Proceedings, -1890.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Fuller’s “History of Warwick” also contains some -sympathetic allusions to Gorton’s story. The Hon. -William P. Sheffield, in an address before the R. I. -Historical Society (1893), does him less than justice.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. Mackie, et al. A letter of Gorton’s seems to fix -this date with reasonable certainty as the year of his -birth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. A Defence of Samuel Gorton and the Settlers of -Shawomet, p. 5.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. In a letter to Nathaniel Morton, Gorton says: “I -was not bred up in the Schoole of humane learninge, -and I bless God that I never was.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. <i>Vide</i> Mackie, and others. Gorton himself refers to -his father as “a merchant of London,” which would -possibly imply an earlier removal.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. Calendar’s Historical Discourse, p. 9. I have not -yet found this letter of Gorton’s in the original.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. The fact that he subsequently returned and spent -some time in London, unmolested, also militates against -this charge.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. 1636, O. S.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. The trial of Wheelwright was in progress when -Gorton arrived.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. Under date of June 7, 1637, his name appears on -the roll of a company of volunteers from Plymouth to -aid Massachusetts in the Pequot war. He probably -saw no service.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. An early tradition, the origin of which I have not -been able to trace, gives the name of Gorton’s wife as -Elizabeth. In the New England Historical and Genealogical -Register, (Vol. XLIV) however, there is a record -of the bequest of Mary Mayplett, of London, widow, -on Dec. 7, 1646, to her daughter, “<i>Mary</i> Gorton, wife -of Samuell Gorton, being in New England,” of “all -the money which her said husband Samuell doth owe -me, and a breed of cattle which he hath of mine.” In -a later volume (XLVI), there is a record of the will of -“John Maplett, Doctor of Physicke, of the city of -Bath, Somerset,” dated April 16, 1670, which contains -the following clause: “I give and bequeath unto my -dear sister, Mistress Mary Gorton, of New England, -the sum of 20s., and to each of her children I give the -sum of 10s. apiece.” Dr. John Maplett, the brother-in-law -of Samuell Gorton, was eminent in letters as -well as in medicine, having been for a time the Principal -of Worcester College. (<i>Vide</i> Stevens’s Cyc. of Nat. -Biography.) Samuell Gorton’s oldest child was a -daughter named Mary, probably for her mother. His -youngest daughter was named Elizabeth, but the late -date of Dr. Maplett’s bequest to his sister Mary precludes -the idea of a second marriage. There appear -to have been at least two instances in the later history -of the Gorton family of marriages between Samuells -and Elizabeths, and it is probably from this that the -confusion has arisen. I am indebted to Mr. Adelos -Gorton, of Philadelphia, for important facts bearing -on this question.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. Winslow afterwards vaguely accused her of “having -made some unworthy speeches and carriages.” -(“<i>Hypocrisy Unmasked</i>”).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. For an account of Gorton’s trial see Plymouth Colony -Records, Vol. I, pp. 100, 105, under date “5 Nov. -1638.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. <i>Vide</i> Portsmouth Records, under date “Aprill the -30th, 1639.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. April 28, 1639, William Coddington was Governor, -under the Royal Charter, from May, 1674, to May, -1676, and from Aug. 28, 1678, to Nov. 1 of the same -year, dying in office.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. March 12, 1640.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. He is said to have characterized the magistrates as -“just asses,” and to have called one of the witnesses -a “jack-an-apes.” (See charges in Portsmouth Records). -This occurred in August, 1640.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. So Leckford (1641), Winthrop and Morton. Judge -Staples questions this. Gorton himself refers to “fines, -whippings and banishments out of their jurisdiction,” -suffered by himself and friends. (<i>Simplicities Defence</i>). -See also Edward Winslow’s “<i>Hypocrisie Unmasked</i>.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. For charges against Gorton see Portsmouth Town -Records. There, also, under date “Mch. 16, 1642,” is -a record of the banishment and disfranchisement of -Wickes, Carder, Holden, Shotten and Potter; an action -practically reversed on the 19th of the following September. -(Portsmouth Records). They had already left -Portsmouth before their official banishment.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. There is reference to these controversies in Providence -Records under date Nov. 17, 1641, in which -Gorton’s name is mentioned.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. There are strong reasons for questioning the authenticity -of this letter.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. This is admitted by Knowles, the biographer of -Roger Williams. Arnold, certainly, had few sympathizers. -None of the five “Disposers” of the town -took part in this action.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. The first deed of land beyond the Pawtuxet was -made to John Greene, Oct. 1, 1642, and signed by -Miantonomi and Soccononocco. The deed to Samuell -Gorton and others, of the Shawomet lands bears date -on the 12th of the following January (1642, O. S.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. The submission of Pomham and Soccononocco to -Massachusetts bears date “June 22nd, 1643.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. <i>Vide</i> “<i>Narragansett Historical Register</i>,” Vol. I, -pp. 16, 17, <i>et seq.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. Sept. 12, 1643.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. Reply of Nowell and the Boston authorities to -Gorton, <i>vide</i> “<i>Simplicities Defence</i>.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. “All ministers of the Gospel.” (Brayton.) The -Providence men were Chad. Brown, Thomas Olney, -William Field and William Wickenden. Sheffield says -“Brown and Wickenden <i>afterwards</i> became clergymen.” -(<i>Samuell Gorton</i>, p. 45).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. Sheffield says “for several days.” (Address before -R. I. Historical Society, February, 1893).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. The invaders also took and sold eighty head of -cattle belonging to Gorton and his friends.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. A full account of this contest, with statements of -both parties, appears in Gorton’s “<i>Simplicities Defence</i>,” -(first ed., London, Aug. 3, 1646.) See also -Winslow’s “<i>Hypocrisie Unmasked</i>.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. Gorton was at first ordered to formulate his answers -“<i>within fifteen minutes</i>,” but on appeal was given until -the next morning.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. By two majority!</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. Gorton was taken to Boston as “prisoner of war,” -Oct. 13, 1643. He was sentenced Nov. 3, 1643; released -Mch. 7, 1643-44 (1643, O. S.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. History of New England, Vol. I.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. <i>Simplicities Defence against Seven Headed Policie.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. The reference is to Mr. Cotton’s championship of -Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomian heresy.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. Williams probably sold his half of Prudence to -obtain money to pay his expenses to England, when -he went to make application for a charter. The purchase -was in the name of a friend and co-partner of -Winthrop, one Parker, a merchant of Boston.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f44'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. The date ordinarily assigned to this patent, “Aug. -19, <i>1644</i>,” must be erroneous. It was probably granted -two years later, when Gorton was in England.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f45'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. The manner in which the authorities of Massachusetts -Bay recognized this safe-conduct was characteristic. -Under date of “13th May, 1648,” the following -entry appears in the Colonial Records: “Vppon the -request of the Earle of Warwicke, the Court allowes -Samuell Gorton, now a shipboard, one full weeke after -the date hereof, for the transportatiō of himselfe & -his goods through or iurisdictiō to the place of his -dwelling, he demeaning himselfe inoffensively, accordinge -to the contents of the Ŝd earle’s l’re, & that the -marshals or some of them shall shew him a coppie of -this order, or fix it to the maine mast of the shippe in -which he is.”—<i>Mass. Records, Vol. III, p. 127.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f46'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. Warwick was not named in the Charter, as the -town was not organized when it was granted; but it -united with the other towns in 1647, in the first General -Assembly of the entire Colony.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f47'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. These were the names given the contesting parties -of white men by the Indians. The latter, Roger Williams -says, means “coat wearers,” which leads Dr. -Fiske to query whether the Gortonists habitually went -in their shirt sleeves!</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f48'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. Peage, or wampum, was legal tender in Rhode -Island until 1662, and doubtless still passed current -among the Indians. The bill of sale bears the name of -Pomham’s son, but in its terms binds Pomham as well -as his heirs.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f49'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. The Charter of 1643-44 provided “that the laws, -constitutions, punishments for the civil government -of the said Plantation be conformable to the laws of -England so far as the nature and constitution of that -place would admit.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f50'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. Gorton’s legal acquirements were evidently superior -to those of any other man in the Colony. He was -one of the first Judges of the Colony.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f51'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. Historical Records, Vol. I, p. 166.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f52'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. William Arnold and the Pawtuxet malcontents.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f53'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. Hazard’s State Papers, p. 555. Quoted in R. I. -Colonial Records, Vol. I, p. 235.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f54'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. Colonial Records (May 19, 1652).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f55'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. John M. Mackie.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f56'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. <i>Vide</i> “Certain Letters which Passed between the -Penman of this Treatise and certain men newly come -out of Old England into New.” By Samuell Gorton.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f57'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. Colonial Records, 1658.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f58'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. Ibid, 1665.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f59'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. Records of the Town of Warwick (unpublished).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f60'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. Greene’s Short History of Rhode Island, p. 76.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f61'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. Unpublished Town Records.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f62'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. <i>Vide</i> Austin’s Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode -Island. See, also, unpublished Town Records of Warwick.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f63'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. Massachusetts Records, Vol. II, p. 51.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f64'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. History of Rhode Island. By Samuel G. Arnold.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f65'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f66'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. This is substantially the conclusion of Judge Brayton. -(Defence of Samuel Gorton).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f67'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. That Gorton believed in civil government also -clearly appears in his correspondence relating to the -Quakers, where he expressly dissents from their views -about government.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f68'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. <i>Vide</i> Nowell, Rawson, Winthrop, Winslow, Morton, -<i>et al.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f69'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. “The Father was never knowne nor is he knowable -but in Christ.” (Commentary on the Lord’s -Prayer).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f70'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. The quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are -from Gorton’s unpublished Commentary on the Lord’s -Prayer. (Commentary, p. 101).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f71'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. “Though no church was formed in connection with -his ministrations, he exercised a powerful influence -upon the religious views of the Colony.” History of -Warwick, p. 301. By Orris Payson Fuller, B. A.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f72'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. He also differed with the Friends of his day in his -views about government.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f73'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. This is strongly emphasized in his Commentary on -the Lord’s Prayer.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f74'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. Commentary Mss., p. 11. See, also, p. 14, <i>et seq.</i>, -as well as “<i>Simplicities Defence</i>,” (R. I. Hist. Soc. Ed.) -page 183.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f75'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. Commentary Mss., page 57.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f76'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. Dr. Fiske is in error in classing him as a follower -of Anne Hutchinson. His theology was original and -peculiarly his own. (Commentary Mss., p. 58).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f77'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. Commentary Mss., p. 90.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f78'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. It is hardly necessary to say that neither Gorton -or Parker held this doctrine in any materialistic sense. -It was a lofty philosophical conception that the entire -creative energy was expressed in the divine nature, to -conceive which as purely masculine was inadequate, -anthropomorphic and irrational.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f79'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. The first charge against Roger Williams, on which -he was banished from Massachusetts Bay, accused him -of teaching “That wee have not our land by Pattent -from the King, but that the natives are the true owners -of it and that wee ought to repent of such receiving it -by Pattent.” Gorton agreed with Williams as to the -necessity of purchase from the Indians, but thought -the charter also necessary.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f80'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. John M. Mackie, in “<i>Sparks’s American Biography</i>.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Samuel Eddy, Secretary of State of Rhode Island, -<i>circum</i> 1820, says of Gorton: “From the first establishment -of the government he was almost constantly -in office, and during a long life there is no instance of -record to my knowledge of any reproach or censure -cast upon him, no complaint of him, although history -furnishes abundance of evidence that there were no lack -of enemies to his person, principles, or property. This -can hardly be said of any other settler of the Colony of -any standing.” Quoted in Judge Brayton’s “<i>Defence -of Samuel Gorton</i>.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f81'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. <i>Vide</i> Winthrop’s Letters, the Portsmouth charges, -etc.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f82'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. The eldest daughter, Mary, married, i. Peter Greene; -ii. John Sanford; the youngest, Elizabeth, married -John Crandall; Sarah married William Mace; Ann’s -husband was John Warner; Susanna’s was Benjamin -Barton. From these marriages have sprung many -well known Rhode Island families.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f83'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. The Colonial Assembly of 1647 provided “that the -seale of the Province shall be an anchor.”</p> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'>BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX</span></b></h2> -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span> - <h3 class='c000'><b><span class='large'>BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></b></h3> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>The following books, articles and manuscripts -have been consulted in the preparation -of this paper:</p> - -<p class='c013'>1. <span class='sc'>Simplicities Defence against Seven-Headed -Policie.</span> By Samuell Gorton. -Original Edition, London, Aug. 3, 1646. -Second edition, 1647. Reprinted in -Vol. III of R. I. Historical Collections, -with introduction and notes by Judge -W. R. Staples.</p> - -<p class='c014'>2. <span class='sc'>An Incorruptible Key Composed of the -CX Psalme, wherewith you may open -the Rest of the Holy Scriptures.</span> -By Samuell Gorton. London.</p> - -<p class='c014'>3. <span class='sc'>Saltmarsh Returned from the Dead</span>, in -<i>Amicus Philalethes</i>; or the Resurrection -of James the Apostle out of the -Grave of Carnall Glosses, for the Correction -<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>of the Universall Apostasy -which cruelly buryed him who yet -liveth. By Samuell Gorton. London -Edition.</p> - -<p class='c014'>4. <span class='sc'>An Antedote against the Common -Plague of the World.</span> * * <span class='sc'>Smartlash -Ascended to the Throne of -Equity, for the Arragnments of False -Interpretations of the Word of God.</span> -By Samuell Gorton. London Edition. -(Dedicated to “His Highness, Oliver, -Lord Protector of England, Scotland -and Ireland, with the dominions thereto -belonging.”)</p> - -<p class='c014'>5. <span class='sc'>A Running Commentary on the Lord’s -Prayer</span> (Matt. vi, 9-13). By Samuell -Gorton. (<i>Mss.</i> in Library of the R. I. -Historical Society, at Providence).</p> - -<p class='c014'>6. <span class='sc'>Certain Letters which Passed between -the Penman of this Treatise and Certain -Men Newly Come out of Old -England into New.</span> By Samuell Gorton. -(London Edition).</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>7. <span class='sc'>Letters to Nathaniel Morton and -others.</span> By Samuell Gorton. (Some -of these letters are in the possession -of Mr. Edward Crowninshield, of Boston).</p> - -<p class='c014'>8. <span class='sc'>Life of Samuel Gorton.</span> By John M. -Mackie. (Sparks’s American Biography).</p> - -<p class='c014'>9. <span class='sc'>A Defence of Samuel Gorton and the -Settlers of Shawomet.</span> By George A. -Brayton. Late Justice of the Supreme -Court of Rhode Island (R. I. Historical -Tracts, No. 17.—Sidney S. Rider).</p> - -<p class='c014'>10. <span class='sc'>Historical Discourse</span>—Calendar.</p> - -<p class='c014'>11. <span class='sc'>Rhode Island Colonial Records.</span></p> - -<p class='c014'>12. <span class='sc'>Massachusetts Colonial Records.</span></p> - -<p class='c014'>13. <span class='sc'>Records of Plymouth Colony.</span></p> - -<p class='c014'>14. <span class='sc'>Town Records of Portsmouth.</span></p> - -<p class='c014'>15. <span class='sc'>Town Records of Providence.</span></p> - -<p class='c014'>16. <span class='sc'>Town Records of Warwick.</span> (Unpublished).</p> - -<p class='c014'>17. <span class='sc'>History of the Town of Warwick.</span> By -Orris Payson Fuller, B. A.</p> - -<p class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>18. <span class='sc'>Narragansett Historical Register.</span></p> - -<p class='c014'>19. <span class='sc'>History of the Narragansett Church.</span> -Updike.</p> - -<p class='c014'>20. <span class='sc'>History of New England.</span> By J. G. -Palfrey.</p> - -<p class='c014'>21. <span class='sc'>History of Rhode Island.</span> By Samuel -G. Arnold.</p> - -<p class='c014'>22. <span class='sc'>A Short History of Rhode Island.</span> -By George Washington Greene.</p> - -<p class='c014'>23. <span class='sc'>The Beginnings of New England.</span> By -John Fiske, LL. D.</p> - -<p class='c014'>24. <span class='sc'>Proceedings of the R. I. Historical -Society</span>, 1887-88, 1890-91.</p> - -<p class='c014'>25. <span class='sc'>Hypocrisie Unmasked.</span> By Edward -Winslow.</p> - -<p class='c014'>26. <span class='sc'>Hazard’s State Papers.</span></p> - -<p class='c014'>27. <span class='sc'>Austin’s Genealogical Dictionary of -Rhode Island.</span></p> - -<p class='c014'>28. <span class='sc'>The Colonial Era.</span> (American History -Series). By G. P. Fisher.</p> - -<p class='c014'>29. <span class='sc'>Letters of John Winthrop.</span></p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span> - <h3 class='c000'><b><span class='large'>INDEX</span></b></h3> -</div> - -<ul class='index c005'> - <li class='c015'><b>Adams</b>, Charles Francis, on Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Agnosticism</b>, Gorton’s views on, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>-<a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Aldredge</b>, Mrs. - <ul> - <li>Her trouble with the Plymouth authorities, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li>Samuell Gorton’s defence of, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>-<a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Anarchism</b>, Gorton’s alleged, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>-<a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Anchor</b>, the Seal of Rhode Island, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Andros</b>, Governor, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Antinomianism</b>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a> and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Apponaug.</b> - <ul> - <li>Town Hall of Warwick in, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li>Ancient records in, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Aquidneck.</b> - <ul> - <li>Settlement of, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>-<a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li>Effort of Massachusetts to separate from Providence Plantations, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>-<a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li>A refuge for Warwick residents in King Philip’s war, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Arnold</b>, Hon. Samuel G., - <ul> - <li>His History of Rhode Island, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li>On Samuell Gorton’s political creed, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li>His kinship to Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span><b>Arnold</b>, William, - <ul> - <li>His contentions in Providence and Pawtuxet, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li>His alliance with Massachusetts Bay, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li>His small following, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His friends accuse the men of Shawomet, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Arrow-heads</b>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Atherton</b> Company, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Awoshosse</b>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Barton</b>, Benjamin, - <ul> - <li>Marries Susanna, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Bible</b>, Samuell Gorton’s principal text-book, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Bibliography</b>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>-<a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Blasphemy</b>, Charges against Gorton for, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Boston</b>, Sympathy with Gorton in, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>-<a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Bradford</b>, William, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Brayton</b>, Hon. George A. - <ul> - <li>His Defence of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, and <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li>On Gorton’s noble connection, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>-<a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li>On the peace-makers from Providence, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c005'><b>Canonchet</b>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Carder</b>, Richard. - <ul> - <li>His banishment from Portsmouth, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>-<a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His imprisonment in Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Channing</b>, William Ellery. - <ul> - <li>Samuell Gorton’s theology compared with, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span><b>Charles</b> the First. - <ul> - <li>His contest with Parliament, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Charles</b> the Second. - <ul> - <li>Gorton prepares an address to, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li>Grants the Charter of 1663, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Charlestown</b>, Samuell Gorton’s imprisonment in, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Charter.</b> - <ul> - <li>Of Providence Plantations, 1643-44, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Of Warwick, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li>Royal Charter of 1663, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Christ</b>, Samuell Gorton’s teachings about, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>-<a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Christocentric</b> character of Samuell Gorton’s theology, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Church</b> of England, Samuell Gorton’s indebtedness to, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Clam-bakes</b>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Clarke</b>, John. - <ul> - <li>Represents Rhode Island in England, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li>Gorton’s letter to, concerning the Quakers, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li>Secures the Charter of 1663, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Coddington</b>, William. - <ul> - <li>Settles at Aquidneck, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li>Removes to Newport, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li>Establishes a Theocracy, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li>Supported by a minority, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>Opposes union under the Charter of, 1643-44, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li>Secedes from the Charter Government, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li>Governor under the Royal Charter, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Code</b> of 1647, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>-<a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Cole</b>, Daniel, marries Mahershallalhashbaz, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Colonial</b> dwellings in Warwick, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Common</b> Law of England, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>-<a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Conanicus</b>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Conimicut</b> Point. - <ul> - <li>Samuell Gorton’s Block House on, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>The siege of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>-<a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Connecticut</b> rejects the limitations of citizenship by church-membership, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Cotton</b>, John, his alleged heresies, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>-<a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Coventry</b>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Coweset</b>, Gorton’s lands in, deeded to his sons, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Coweset</b> Bay, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Crandall</b>, John, marries Elizabeth, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Cromwell</b>, Oliver, letter to, concerning the Quakers, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>-<a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Cutshamekin</b>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Declaration</b> of Independence, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>East</b> Greenwich. - <ul> - <li>Land in owned by Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-<a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li>Benjamin Gorton, one of its first settlers, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span><b>Eddy</b>, Samuel, on Samuell Gorton’s character, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Ely</b>, William D., his studies of the Gorton history, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Emerson</b>, Ralph Waldo, his philosophy foreshadowed by that of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Ethical</b> teachings of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Fiske</b>, John, LL. D. - <ul> - <li>His account of Samuell Gorton in “The Beginnings of New England.”, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li>His story of the murder of Miantonomi, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li>On the Gortonoges and Wattaconoges, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His inadequate estimate of Gorton’s career, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Friends.</b> - <ul> - <li>Gorton’s defence of, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, and <i>note</i> <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li>His letters to, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His theology compared with that of, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>-<a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li>He opposes their doctrine of the “inner light.”, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - <li>He opposes their doctrine about Government, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c005'><b>Gaspee</b>, burning of, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Adelos, vi, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Ann, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Benjamin, - <ul> - <li>Kills a wolf in Warwick, 1774, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Inherits estate from his father, Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>Early settler of East Greenwich, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Charles, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>-<a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Dr. David Allyn, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>-<a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Dexter, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Dr. Eliot, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Elizabeth, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Rev. James, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, John. - <ul> - <li>Inherits estate from his father, Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li>Shares in final division of the Coweset lands, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Mary, eldest daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Mary Maplett, - <ul> - <li>Wife of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a> and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His testimony to her gentle birth, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li>His provision for her in the disposal of his estate, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gortonoges</b>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Othniel, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Parish of, in England, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Samuell. - <ul> - <li>Born in 1592, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>The man and his work, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li>His education, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His residence in London, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>-<a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li>His marriage, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>His emigration to America, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li>His residence in Boston and Plymouth, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>-<a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li>His first meeting with Roger Williams, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li>His troubles with the Plymouth authorities, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li>His banishment from Plymouth, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li>His difficulties in Portsmouth, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>-<a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li>His banishment by the Coddington Government, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li>His contentions in Providence, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>-<a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li>His settlement in Shawomet, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li>He is summoned to Boston, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li>Besieged at Conimicut, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>-<a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li>Taken to Boston for trial, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - <li>Imprisoned in Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>-<a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li>His release and return to Portsmouth, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>-<a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li>Secures the submission of the Narragansetts to the British Government, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li>Excluded from Shawomet by Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li>His voyage to England, 1645-48, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>-<a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li>Secures Charter for Warwick, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li>His later career, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li>His service in the General Assembly, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>-<a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li>Probable author of the statute against slavery, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>-<a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li>General Assistant, Moderator and President, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li>His defence of the Quakers, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>-<a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li>Incorporator of the Colony under the Royal Charter, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>Assigned shares in Warwick Neck, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li>His life saved by friendly Indians during King Philip’s War, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>-<a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li>Divides his estate among his children, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>-<a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li>His political philosophy, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>-<a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li>His religious convictions, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>-<a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li>His character and personal appearance, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>-<a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Samuell, Jr. - <ul> - <li>Born in England, 1630, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>-<a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li>Writes will of John Wickes, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li>Elected Town Treasurer, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li>Trust reposed in him by his father, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>-<a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li>Participates in the final division of Coweset lands, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-<a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Sarah, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Susanna, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Gorton</b>, Dr. W. A., <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Greene</b>, Hon. Albert Gorton, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Greene</b>, Col. Christopher, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Greene</b>, John, - <ul> - <li>Co-settler of Warwick with Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li>First deed of Shawomet lands to, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Accompanies Gorton to England, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li>Signs will of John Wickes, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Greene</b>, Gen. Nathanael, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>-<a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Greene</b>, Peter, marries Mary, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span><b>Hireling</b> ministry, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Historical</b> Society, documents in the Library of, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Holden</b>, Randall. - <ul> - <li>Co-settler of Warwick with Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li>His banishment from Portsmouth, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Commissioner to convey submission of the Narragansetts, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li>Accompanies Gorton to England, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li>Will of John Wickes proved before him, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Huguenots</b>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Hutchinson</b>, Anne. - <ul> - <li>Her banishment from Massachusetts Bay, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li>Settles at Aquidneck, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li>Gorton not her follower, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Hypocrisie</b> Unmasked, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c005'><b>Immortality</b>, Gorton’s views about, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Imprisonment</b> for debt forbidden by Code of 1647, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Imputed</b> sin, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Incorruptible</b> Key to the CX Psalme, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Indians.</b> - <ul> - <li>In Warwick, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li>At Pottowomut Neck, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li>Employed by Massachusetts against Gorton, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li>Their sympathy with Gorton, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li>They save his life, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>-<a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li>He is their trusted counsellor, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span><b>Individualism</b>, Samuell Gorton’s, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Inner</b> Light, Gorton opposes the Quaker doctrine of, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>-<a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Intolerance.</b> - <ul> - <li>Of the Puritans, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li>Samuell Gorton opposes, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li>Its contest with Soul Liberty, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>-<a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li>Final overthrow of, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c005'><b>James</b> the Second, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Liberty</b> of Conscience. - <ul> - <li>Gorton leaves England for, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li>Not found in Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li>Nathaniel Ward on, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li>Upheld by Gorton and Roger Williams, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>-<a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Lincoln</b>, Abraham, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Lippitt</b>, Hon. Charles Warren, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Lippitt</b>, Hon. Henry, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>London</b>, Gorton’s residence in, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a> - <ul> - <li>His return to, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>-<a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Lord’s</b> Prayer, Gorton’s Commentary on, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Mace</b>, William, married Sarah, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Mackie</b>, John M. his Life of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Magna</b> Charta, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Mahershallalhashbaz</b>, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a></li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span><b>Manhattan</b>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Maplett</b>, - <ul> - <li>Dr. John, Brother-in-law of Samuell Gorton: his bequest to his sister and her children, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Mary, wife of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li>Mary, mother of Mrs. Gorton: her bequest to her daughter, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Massachusetts Bay.</b> - <ul> - <li>Intolerance of its government, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li>Gorton banished from, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li>Its contest for the control of Narragansett Bay, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>-<a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li>Its efforts blocked by Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>-<a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li>Failure of its theocratic policy, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>-<a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Miantonomi.</b> - <ul> - <li>Gorton purchases Shawomet of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li>Winthrop and Roger Williams purchase Prudence Island of, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His murder by the Mohegans with the consent of the Boston elders, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Mixan</b>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Monism</b>, Samuell Gorton’s, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Morton</b>, Nathaniel, - <ul> - <li>On Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li>Gorton’s correspondence with, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Mysticism</b>, Gorton’s, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - <li class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span><b>Narragansett Bay.</b> - <ul> - <li>Gorton’s residence on, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li>Settlement of Aquidneck on, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li>Efforts of Massachusetts authorities to control, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Narragansett</b> Indians. - <ul> - <li>Allies of Gorton, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li>Gorton purchases Shawomet of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li>Gorton obtains their submission to Great Britain, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>-<a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li>Massachusetts declares war against, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li>Gorton publishes their submission in London, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>New England</b> Confederation, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Nowell</b>, Increase, on Gorton’s alleged blasphemies, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, and <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c005'><b>Ordinances</b> of religion, Gorton’s opposition to, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Palfrey</b>, John G. - <ul> - <li>His account of Samuell Gorton in his History of New England, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li>Admits sympathy with Gorton in Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Pawtuxet.</b> - <ul> - <li>Gorton’s settlement in, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li>His contest with William Arnold, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li>His departure from, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li>Contest of Massachusetts for, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span><b>Pawtuxet</b> River, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Peage</b>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Perry</b>, Hon. Amos, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Pessicus</b>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Philip</b>, King. - <ul> - <li>His war with the white settlers, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li>Samuell Gorton’s life saved, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li>Warwick’s sufferings during the war, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li>A battle fought in Warwick, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Philosophy</b>, Samuell Gorton’s, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Pilgrims</b>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Plymouth.</b> - <ul> - <li>Gorton’s residence in, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li>His banishment from, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li>Sends men to Warwick during King Philip’s war, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Pomham.</b> - <ul> - <li>His assent to Gorton’s Shawomet purchase, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li>He repudiates his signature, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li>His submission to Massachusetts Bay, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li>His Block-House on Warwick Neck, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li>He sells his claim to Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Popaquinepaug</b>, (See Pawtuxet.)</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Portsmouth.</b> - <ul> - <li>Town-government instituted, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>-<a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li>Union with Newport, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li>Gorton’s troubles in, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>-<a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li>Gorton returns to, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span><b>Portsmouth.</b> - <ul> - <li>Is elected to a magistracy, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li>Union with Northern towns under Charter of 1643-44, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Pottowomut</b> Neck, Indian relics found on, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Pottowomut</b> River, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Prayer</b>, Samuell Gorton’s definition of, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>-<a href='#Page_92'>92</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Providence.</b> - <ul> - <li>Samuell Gorton emigrates to, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li>Controversies in, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, and <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li>Peacemakers from, interfere at Shawomet, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>United with Aquidneck under Charter of 1643-44, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Providence</b> Plantations. - <ul> - <li>Antagonism of Massachusetts to, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>-<a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li>Charter obtained for, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Action of General Assembly of in 1645, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Prudence</b> Island. - <ul> - <li>Its strategic importance in the struggle with Massachusetts Bay, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - <li>Its purchase by Gov. Winslow, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Puritans.</b> - <ul> - <li>Their revolt against religious formalism, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li>Send an armed force against Gorton, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li>Their preaching to the Gortonists, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li>Their opposition to soul liberty, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>-<a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span><b>Quakers.</b> - <ul> - <li>Gorton’s defence of, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, and <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li>His letters to, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His theology compared with that of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>-<a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>-<a href='#Page_94'>94</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c005'><b>Rawson</b>, Edward, on Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>-<a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Religion</b>, Samuell Gorton’s views concerning, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>-<a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Religious</b> development, Samuell Gorton on, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Remphan</b>, Chion, Moloch, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Revolutionary</b> War, the first blow struck in Warwick, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Rites</b> and ceremonies, Gorton’s distrust of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>-<a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>-<a href='#Page_93'>93</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Rhode Island.</b> - <ul> - <li>Interesting character of its early history, v, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li>Settlement of, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>-<a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - <li>Soul Liberty established in, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>-<a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li>Contest with Massachusetts Bay, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>-<a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li>First Charter of, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, and <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Earliest Code of, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>-<a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li>Triumph of Rhode Island principles, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>-<a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c005'><b>Salvation</b> by character, taught by Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Sanford</b>, John, marries Mary, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Saracens</b>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Separatists</b>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span><b>Shawomet.</b> - <ul> - <li>First settlement of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Gorton’s troubles in, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>-<a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li>Becomes Warwick, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>-<a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Sheffield</b>, Hon. William Pitt. - <ul> - <li>His address on Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Simplicities</b> Defence Against Seven-Headed Policie, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Slavery</b>, Statute against, in 1652, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>-<a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Smith</b>, Ralph. - <ul> - <li>Gorton hires a house of in Plymouth, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li>Colleague of Roger Williams, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Soccononocco.</b> - <ul> - <li>Signs deed to Shawomet lands, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Repudiates his signature, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li>Makes submission to Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His revolt one cause of the submission of the Narragansetts to Great Britain, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Soul</b> Liberty. - <ul> - <li>Defence of by Roger Williams and Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li>Rhode Island the first Government founded on, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li>Its final triumph in the Nation, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Sources</b> of information, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>-<a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Squatter</b> Sovereignty, denied by Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span><b>Staples</b>, Hon. William R. - <ul> - <li>On Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, and <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>On the death of John Wickes, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Sumner</b>, Charles, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Swedenborg</b>, Emanuel, his theology compared with that of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>-<a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Theocracy.</b> - <ul> - <li>Of Massachusetts Bay, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li>Of Coddington’s Government, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li>Its contest with Soul Liberty, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li>Its final failure, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Tomanick</b>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Transcendentalism.</b> Samuell Gorton a forerunner of, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Trinitarianism.</b> Samuell Gorton’s views about, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>-<a href='#Page_96'>96</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Unknowable.</b> Samuell Gorton’s doctrine of, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c005'><b>Wampum</b>, legal tender in Rhode Island, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Ward</b>, Nathaniel. - <ul> - <li>His exhortation to Richard Carder, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li>His “Simple Cobbler of Agawam.”, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Warner</b>, John. - <ul> - <li>Commissioner to convey the submission of the Narragansetts, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li>Marries Ann, daughter of Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Warwick</b> Cove, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span><b>Warwick</b>, Earl of. - <ul> - <li>Grants Patent to Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li>Gives Gorton safe conduct through Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li>Massachusetts recognizes his authority, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Warwick</b>, Old and New, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>-<a href='#Page_16'>16</a> - <ul> - <li>Beautiful in Summer, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li>Town government organized in, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>-<a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - <li>Unites with Providence and Aquidneck, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li>Samuell Gorton’s service of, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>-<a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Wattaconoges</b>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>West</b> Greenwich, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Wheelwright</b>, John, his banishment from Massachusetts Bay, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c015'><b>Wickes</b>, John. - <ul> - <li>His punishment at Portsmouth, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>He goes to Providence, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li>Commissioner of the Narragansetts, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li>His supposed death in King Philip’s war, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li>His will, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Williams</b>, Roger, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a> - <ul> - <li>His residence in Plymouth, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li>His first meeting with Samuell Gorton, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li>His banishment from Massachusetts Bay, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li>His early disagreements with Gorton, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li>His alleged letter to Winthrop of doubtful authenticity, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>He sells his half of Prudence Island, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>He visits England and secures a Charter, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li>His doctrine of Soul Liberty, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>-<a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li>The first charge against him in Massachusetts, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His conversion to Gorton’s views of civil government, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>-<a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Winslow</b>, Edward, his “Hypocrisie Unmasked.”, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <i>note</i>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <i>note</i>.</li> - <li class='c015'><b>Winthrop</b>, John. - <ul> - <li>On Gorton’s controversy with Roger Williams, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>Purchases Prudence Island, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, and <i>note</i>.</li> - <li>His inconsistency, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>-<a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li>Defeat of his plans by Gorton, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>-<a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Witchcraft.</b> - <ul> - <li>Provision against in Code of 1647, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>-<a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li>Scepticism about in Rhode Island, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li>Charges against the men of Shawomet, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>-<a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li>No prosecutions for in Rhode Island, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c015'><b>Woman.</b> Samuell Gorton’s favors her equality with man in the Church, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a></li> -</ul> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='large'>PUBLICATIONS</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>OF</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='xlarge'>PRESTON AND ROUNDS,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b>PROVIDENCE, R. I.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>History of the State of Rhode Island</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='xlarge'>and Providence Plantations,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='xlarge'>1636-1790.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c005'> - <div><b><span class='large'>By SAMUEL GREENE ARNOLD.</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b>New Edition. 2 vols. Octavo. 574 and 600 pp. $7.50, net.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> -<p class='c010'>Governor Arnold’s History of Rhode Island, based upon a -careful study of documents in the British State Paper Office -and in the Rhode Island State Archives, supplemented by investigations -at Paris and The Hague, has from its publication -been the authoritative history of the State.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Genealogical students will find in these volumes the names of -over fifteen hundred persons prominent in Rhode Island affairs. -This work is of much more than local interest, as the experiment -of religious liberty here tried gives to this history an importance -far beyond the narrow limits of the State.</p> -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c010'><span class='small'>“One of the best State histories ever written is S. G. Arnold’s History -of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.”—<span class='sc'>John -Fiske.</span></span></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='small'>“The best history of Rhode Island is that of Arnold.”—<span class='sc'>Prof. -George P. Fisher</span>, Yale University.</span></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='small'>“Mr. Samuel Greene Arnold in his history of Rhode Island has -brought together all the extant materials. He brings out more clearly -than any previous writer the distinct threads of the previous settlements.”—<span class='sc'>Prof. -John A. Doyle</span>, Oxford.</span></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='small'>“A work prepared after long and careful research. Probably no -student has ever made himself more familiar with the history of Rhode -Island than did Arnold. This work abounds, therefore, in valuable information.”—<span class='sc'>Pres. -Charles Kendall Adams</span>, Cornell University.</span></p> -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>SENT POSTPAID BY THE PUBLISHERS.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>Among Rhode Island Wild</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>Flowers.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c005'> - <div><b><span class='large'>By W. WHITMAN BAILEY,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><span class='small'><b><i>Professor of Botany, Brown University</i>.</b></span></div> - <div class='c004'><b>Cloth. 16mo. Three full-page Illustrations. 75 cents, net.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> -<p class='c010'>This admirable little volume, the outgrowth of -the author’s ripe experience in teaching and in -botanizing, contains a popular and interesting -account of Rhode Island wild flowers as distributed -throughout the State. The favorite collecting -grounds are fully described, thus forming a botanical -guide to Rhode Island.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In writing this volume Professor Bailey has had -in mind the needs of the nature lover, and has discarded -technical terms as far as possible, adapting -the work to the amateur as well as the botanist.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It should be in the hands of every lover of woodland -and meadow.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Forwarded postpaid to any address upon receipt -of price by the publishers.</p> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>Tax Lists of the Town of Providence</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><b><span class='small'>During the Administration of Sir Edmund Andros</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='small'>and his Council,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='xlarge'>1686-1689.</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>Compiled by EDWARD FIELD, A.B.,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><i>Member of the Rhode Island Historical Society, and one of the</i></b></div> - <div><b><i>Record Commissioners of the City of Providence</i>.</b></div> - <div class='c004'><b>Cloth. Octavo. 60 pp. $1.00, net.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c010'>The “Tax Lists of the Town of Providence” is a compilation -of original documents relating to taxation during the Administration -of <b>Sir Edmund Andros and his Council, 1686-1689</b>. It -comprises copies of warrants issued by order of the Council for -the assessment and collection of taxes, the tax lists or rate bills -prepared pursuant to these warrants, the returns made by the -townsmen of their ratable property, and the Tax Laws enacted -by Andros and his Council. All of these, with the exception -of the laws, are here printed for the first time.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Among the rate bills is the list of polls for 1688, which contains -the <i>names of all males sixteen years of age and upwards -living in Providence in August of that year</i>; practically a census -of the town. For the genealogist and historian this volume contains -material of the greatest value on account of the great number -of names which these lists contain, besides showing the -amount of the tax assessment in each case.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The returns of ratable property form a study by themselves, -for they tell in the quaint language of the colonists what they -possess, and therefore shed much light on the condition of the -times. For a study of this episode in New England Colonial -History this work is invaluable.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The index of all names contained in the lists and text is a -feature of this work.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The edition is limited to <b>two hundred and fifty</b> numbered -copies.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sent postpaid to any address on receipt of one dollar.</p> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>Early Rhode Island Houses.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c016'>An Historical and Architectural Study by <span class='sc'>Norman M. Isham</span>, Instructor -in Architecture, Brown University, and <span class='sc'>Albert F. Brown</span>, -Architect. Illustrated with a map and over fifty full-page plates. -$3.50, net.</p> - -<p class='c009'>No feature in the study of the early life of New England is -more valuable or more interesting than the architecture. Nothing -throws more light on the home life of the colonists than -the knowledge of how they planned and built their dwellings.</p> - -<p class='c010'><b>Early Rhode Island Houses</b> gives a clear and accurate -account of the early buildings and methods of construction, -showing the historical development of architecture among the -Rhode Island colonists, the striking individuality in the work -of the colony and the wide difference between the buildings -here and the contemporary dwelling in Massachusetts and -Connecticut.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Those interested in colonial life may here look into the early -homes of Rhode Island with their cavernous fireplaces and -enormous beams. The student will find in these old examples -a valuable commentary on New England history, while the -architect will discover in the measurements and analyses of -construction much of professional interest.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Among the houses described are the Smith Garrison House -and the homesteads of the families of Fenner, Olney, Field, -Crawford, Waterman, Mowry, Arnold, Whipple, and Manton.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A chapter is devoted to the early houses of Newport, which -were unlike those of the northern part of the State and resemble -the old work in the Hartford colony.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Photographs and measurements of the dwellings have been -made, and from them careful plans, sections, and restorations -have been drawn; in some cases six full-page plates admirably -drawn and interesting in themselves have been devoted to a -single house. Several large plates give illustrations of framing -and other details. It is to be noted that these plates are made -from measured drawings, that the measurements are given on -the plates, and that these constitute in most if not all cases the -only exact records for a class of buildings which is destined to -disappear at no distant day. It is believed that these drawings, -and especially the restorations, will give a clearer idea than has -ever before been obtained of the early New England house. A -map enables the reader to locate without difficulty the houses -mentioned in the text.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The authors have discussed the historical relation of Rhode -Island work to contemporary building in the other New England -colonies and in the mother country. The book is a mine of -authentic information on this subject.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A list of the houses in the State built before 1725, so far as they -are known, with dates and a brief description will be found in -the appendix.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“This book is probably the most valuable historic architectural -treatise that has as yet appeared in America.”—<i>The Nation.</i></p> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>THE EAST INDIA TRADE</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>OF PROVIDENCE,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>From 1787 to 1807.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c005'> - <div><b><span class='large'>BY GERTRUDE SELWYN KIMBALL.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'>By a careful study of log books and commercial -papers of the old shipping firms, the -author is enabled to present an interesting -picture of the East India Trade of Providence -in its palmy days.</p> - -<p class='c010'>8vo. 34 pages, paper, 50 cents net.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sent postpaid on receipt of price.</p> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='large'>THE MAGAZINE</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>....OF....</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='xlarge'>NEW ENGLAND HISTORY.</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>FOR 1891, 1892, 1893.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c010'>Having purchased the few remaining complete -sets of the Magazine of New England History, -originally published at $6.00, we offer the three -volumes in parts as issued for $2.50 net per set -or bound in one volume, cloth, for $3.50 net.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These volumes contain nearly eight hundred -pages of information relating to New England -local, church and family history, including -records, genealogies, journals, letters and many -interesting notes and queries.</p> -<hr class='c017' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>WHAT CHEER</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b>—OR—</b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>ROGER WILLIAMS IN BANISHMENT.</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'><span class='sc'>A Poem by JOB DURFEE.</span></span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>Revised and edited by <span class='sc'>Thomas Durfee</span>.</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>Cloth, Leather Label, 12 mo., 225 pages. <span class='sc'>Price $1.25 net.</span></span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'><span class='sc'>Topographical Atlas</span></span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>OF THE</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b>STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>By the United States Geological Survey, in co-operation</b></div> - <div><b>with the State.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c018' /> - -<p class='c010'>Having secured the remaining copies of this Atlas we offer -them at the following reduced prices.</p> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> -<colgroup> -<col width='75%' /> -<col width='25%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>In sheets,</td> - <td class='c020'>$1.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>In portfolio,</td> - <td class='c020'>2.00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Bound in cloth,</td> - <td class='c020'>2.50</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c010'>A few bound in half morocco remain and can be furnished -for $3.50.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The plates of this Atlas were engraved upon copper in the highest -style of cartographic engraving by the United States Government -and furnished to the State. From these plates transfers were -made to stone and the maps printed in four colors, viz: The names, -roads, railroads and other culture features are in <i>black</i>. Rivers, -ponds, swamps and other water features are in <i>blue</i>. Contour lines -and figures denoting elevation are in <i>brown</i>. State, county and -town boundaries are in <i>pink</i> over the more exact boundaries in black -or blue.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Besides showing all bodies of water and watercourses, common -roads or highways and railroads, it has one feature distinct from -and superior to any map of the State hitherto published, viz: -Contour lines, drawn for each 20 feet of elevation above mean sea -level. Figures are placed upon the heavier contour lines which -denote elevations of 100 feet, 200 feet, etc., above mean sea level, -also upon hills and bodies of water to denote their elevation. A -contour line indicating 20 feet depth of water <i>below</i> mean sea level -is drawn along the coast. In a few cases figures are given to indicate -depths of water of less than 20 feet.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This Atlas includes 12 maps and 10 pages index and statistics -in all 22 sheets 21×16½. The scale of the survey is 1/62500 or one -mile to an inch.</p> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>MARY DYER</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>OF RHODE ISLAND,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='sc'>The Quaker Martyr that was Hanged on Boston</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='sc'>Common, June 1, 1660</span>.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b><span class='small'><span class='sc'>By</span> HORATIO ROGERS,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c010'>The author has gathered from many sources the -scattered facts relating to the career of Mary Dyer -and woven them into a detailed narrative, so that -the tragic story of her life is now for the first time -adequately told. By adding a brief but comprehensive -sketch of the manner and sentiments of -her times he has furnished a background or framework -for his subject which adds much to the interest -of the volume by enabling the reader the -better to understand the surroundings of the characters -he portrays. The important documents relating -to her trial are printed in the appendix.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cloth, 12mo., 115 pages. Price $1.00 net.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sent postpaid upon receipt of price by the publishers.</p> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>A Summer Visit of Three Rhode Islanders</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>to the Massachusetts Bay in 1651.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b><span class='small'><span class='sc'>By</span> HENRY MELVILLE KING,</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>Pastor of the First Baptist Church, Providence, R. I.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>Cloth, 12mo., 115 pages. Price $1.00 net.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='c011'><b>Uniform with “<span class='sc'>Mary Dyer</span>.”</b></div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c003'><span class='sc'>An account of the visit of Dr. John Clarke, -Obadiah Holmes and John Crandall, members -of the Baptist Church in Newport, R. I., to -William Witter of Swampscott, Mass., in July, -1651: its innocent purpose and its painful consequences.</span></p> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c010'>“Dr. King’s pungent and conclusive essay is a -timely contribution. He adduces competent evidence -refuting the gratuitous insinuations of Palfrey -and Dexter, who charged the Rhode Islanders in -question with sinister political motives and excused -their alleged maltreatment on that ground. Citations -from original documents, with a bibliography, -put the reader in position to verify the allegations of -the author.”—<i>The Watchman.</i></p> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c010'>Sent postpaid upon receipt of the price by the -publishers.</p> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>Revolutionary Defences in Rhode Island.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c021'><b><span class='sc'>An Historical Account of the Fortifications and -Beacons erected during the American Revolution, -with Muster Rolls of the Companies stationed -along the Shores of Narragansett Bay, -with Maps, Plans and Illustrations.</span></b></p> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b><span class='large'><span class='sc'>By</span> EDWARD FIELD.</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b>Past President of the Rhode Island Society</b></div> - <div><b>of the Sons of the American Revolution.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Cloth octavo, with 29 Illustrations and Two Maps.</span></span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Price $2.25 net.</span></span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c010'>This volume contains an account of the various works of -defence erected in the State of Rhode Island during the Revolutionary -War, showing where and under what circumstances -they were built, and the names of the officers and enlisted men -located at many of them at various periods of the war.</p> - -<p class='c010'>For nearly three years the British Army was located within -the State and one of the notable battles was fought within its -territory. The war map of this battle of Rhode Island, now -preserved in the State archives, has been especially reproduced -for this work, and is shown in its entirety for the first time.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The work is profusely illustrated with plans and views of -these old earthworks, together with illustrations of the styles -of equipments and fac-similes of enlistment papers for the Continental -Army. A Map of the State of Rhode Island is inserted -showing the location of each fort, beacon, and coast guard station -described in the text.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Muster rolls and company lists containing the names of more -than seven hundred officers and enlisted men, many of which -have been hitherto inaccessible, are here presented. The records -of Rhode Island Soldiers in the War of the Revolution are scattered -and incomplete, and the names contained in this book will -be of great assistance to those who desire to ascertain the service -of Rhode Island Soldiers, or to establish their right to membership -in the hereditary patriotic societies, for the names have -been carefully transcribed and reference is given in each case -where the original muster or pay roll may be found.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sent postpaid upon receipt of price by the publishers.</p> -<hr class='c007' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><b><span class='xlarge'>NEW ENGLAND WILD FLOWERS</span></b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='large'>AND THEIR SEASONS.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b><span class='sc'>By</span> W. WHITMAN BAILEY,</b></div> - <div class='c004'><b><span class='small'>PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN BROWN UNIVERSITY.</span></b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><b>Cloth, 16mo. Uniform with “<span class='sc'>Rhode Island Wild</span></b></div> - <div><b><span class='sc'>Flowers</span>.” 75 cents net.</b></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c002' /> - -<p class='c010'>From long wanderings afield the author has caught -the charm of the varying moods of our New England -year, and pictures them for the reader with sympathetic -touch.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The characteristics of the conspicuous and dominant -flowers of the months are sketched in broad lines -rendering identification easy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The flowers of the White and Green Mountains—our -alpine flora—receive separate treatment, as -do also the flowers of the sea-shore—our coast -flora.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sent postpaid upon receipt of price by the publishers.</p> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c004' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c008'><b><span class='xlarge'><span class='fss'>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</span></span></b></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c022'>Punctuation has been normalized. Variations -in hyphenation have been retained as they were in the -original publication. The following changes have been made:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Peague —> Peage {135}</div> - <div class='line'>comon (bar-capped m) course —> common course {64}</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c023'>A reference under the Index entry “Quakers” referring -to page 118 was not found to be accurate, and was removed.</p> - -<p class='c023'>Footnotes have been moved to the back of the main text.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Samuell Gorton, by Lewis G. 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