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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fa9fde --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52651 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52651) diff --git a/old/52651-0.txt b/old/52651-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index bc090c2..0000000 --- a/old/52651-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6646 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Forest Trees of Texas, by W. R. Matoon and C. B. Webster - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Forest Trees of Texas - How to Know Them - -Author: W. R. Matoon - C. B. Webster - -Editor: John A. Haislet - -Release Date: July 26, 2016 [EBook #52651] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF TEXAS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - Forest Trees of Texas - _How To Know Them_ - - - _Eighth Edition - Ninth Printing - October, 1990_ - - - TEXAS FOREST SERVICE - A PART OF - THE TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM - COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS - - - BULLETIN 20 APRIL, 1963 - - CROWN - TRUNK - HEARTWOOD (INACTIVE) GIVES STRENGTH - SAPWOOD CARRIES SAP FROM ROOT TO LEAVES - CAMBIUM (MICROSCOPIC) BUILDS THE CELLS - INNER BARK CARRIES PREPARED FOOD FROM LEAVES TO CAMBIUM LAYER - OUTER BARK PROTECTS TREE FROM INJURIES - ROOTS - SURFACE ROOTS - TAPROOT - -_Tree increases each year in height and spread of branches by adding on -new growth of twigs_ - -_Air supplies carbon the principal food of the tree taken in on under -surface of leaves._ - -_Leaves prepare the food obtained from air and soil and give off -moisture by transpiration. Light and heat are necessary for the chemical -changes_ - -_The breathing pores of the entire tree,—on leaves, twigs, branches, -trunk and roots take in oxygen. Flooding, poisonous gases, or smoke may -kill a tree_ - -_Root tips or root hairs take up water containing small quantity of -minerals in solution_ - -_The buds, root tips, and cambium layer are the growing parts of the -tree. Water containing a small quantity of minerals in solution is -absorbed by the roots, carried up through the sapwood to the leaves and -there combined with carbon from the air to make food. This food is -carried by the inner bark to all growing parts of the tree, even down to -the root tips_ - - - - - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - -The first edition of _Forest Trees of Texas—How to Know Them_ was -assembled by W. R. Matoon and C. B. Webster in 1928. The sections, -“Trees as Mankind’s Friends”, “Studying a Tree”, “Other Texas Trees”, -drawings of twigs, leaves and fruits, and the glossary were incorporated -into the fourth and fifth editions by S. L. Frost and D. A. Anderson. -The sixth and seventh editions were edited by H. E. Weaver and W. A. -Smith, respectively. Some of the drawings used in this publication were -made available by the United States Forest Service. - -The eighth edition was revised and edited by John A. Haislet to conform -with the nomenclature in _Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of -the United States (Including Alaska)_, Agriculture Handbook No. 41, -prepared under the direction of the United States Forest Service Tree -and Range Plant Committee. D. A. Anderson’s “A Guide to the -Identification of the Principal Trees and Shrubs of Texas” was revised -and incorporated in the eighth edition to give it greater utility to the -non-technical student of trees. - - - - - TREES ... MANKIND’S FRIENDS - - -Trees have held an important place in man’s way of life since he has -been on the earth. Trees provided early man with weapons to defend -himself and helped provide him with food, shelter and fuel. - -Trees have played an important role in the history of the United States. -Timber was our nation’s first export. The forest also provided our -forefathers with their homes, farm implements, rifle stocks and wagons. -The forest, by furnishing ties and utility poles, made possible the -expansion of railroad systems, electric power and telephone networks. -Every industry depends upon forest products in one way or another. - -Trees are more important today than ever before. More than 10,000 -products are reportedly made from trees. Through chemistry, the humble -woodpile is yielding chemicals, plastics and fabrics that were beyond -comprehension when an axe first felled a Texas tree. - -The American standard of living depends to no small extent on the care -with which we use our forest resource. Fortunately, trees are a -renewable resource. They can be grown as a crop and harvested in such a -way that the stand is kept productive, and a steady supply of forest -products is assured. - - - - - TEXAS TREES - - -A tree is generally defined as a woody plant having one well-defined -stem and a more or less definitely formed crown, usually attaining a -height of at least eight feet. Using water and minerals from the soil, -gases from the air and energy from the sun, a tree manufactures the food -it needs for growth and reproduction. Trees, like man, grow rapidly when -they are young but gradually their growth decreases; they begin to -deteriorate and eventually die. Nature then reduces them to the elements -from which they were derived. - -The terms “hardwood,” “softwood,” “deciduous” and “non-deciduous” are -often encountered in tree literature. These terms are confusing and -often misleading. Needle-bearing or cone-bearing trees are designated as -softwoods even though the wood may be dense. Hardwoods are the -broad-leaved (unlike needles or scales) trees, the wood of which may be -dense or soft. - -The conifers, or softwoods, generally retain their leaves more than one -growing season and produce seed in cones; however, there are exceptions. -Baldcypress, a conifer, is deciduous since it sheds its leaves in -autumn. Cedar and juniper produce berry-like cones that scarcely -resemble cones. - -The hardwoods, or broad-leaved trees, are generally deciduous; i.e., -they shed their leaves in autumn. Texas has many exceptions, for -example: southern magnolia, live oak and American holly which retain -green leaves through the winter. - -More than half of the 1,100 species of native trees in the United States -are found in the South. Of these, more than 200 species and varieties -are native to Texas. In addition, many exotic species have been -introduced and now grow in many parts of the state. - -The four main forest regions of Texas include: the Southern pine forest -in East Texas; the central hardwoods, the post oak and cross timbers of -North-central Texas; the semi-tropical forest in the Rio Grande Valley -region of Texas; and the mountain forest, the timbered areas of West -Texas which are a continuation of the timber types of the Southern Rocky -Mountains. In Texas, trees are the principal vegetative cover on an -estimated area of 28,805,617 acres. - - [Illustration: TREE REGIONS] - - PINE-HARDWOOD - CEDAR BREAKS - POST OAK - WEST CROSS TIMBERS - EAST CROSS TIMBERS - MOUNTAIN FORESTS - -Texas also has minor tree areas which are almost restricted to Texas; -the cedar breaks and the oak shinneries. Some of the shinnery trees are -among the smallest in America. In places, fully matured trees are not -over knee-high and resemble pigmy forests. In other areas, the same -species grows 20 to 30 feet tall to form almost impenetrable thickets. - -The pine-hardwood forests of East Texas, comprise 12,525,417 acres in -all or part of 42 counties. Lumber, paper, baskets, boxes, ties, poles, -piling, posts, handles and shingles constitute the main forest products -manufactured in the Piney Woods of East Texas. - -Farther west, in East Central Texas, the post oak forests cover -approximately 5,030,200 acres in all or part of 39 counties. - -The east and west “cross timbers”, occur on an area of approximately 3 -million acres. The term “cross timbers” originated with the early -settlers who, in their travels from east to west, crossed alternating -patches of forests and prairies and so affixed the name “cross timbers” -to these forests. - -Farther south in the Edwards Plateau region, are the cedar breaks which -extend over 3¾ million acres. Cedar grows on the steep slopes and -rolling hills common to this region, in association with live oak and -mesquite. - -Other tree areas of the state include an estimated 500,000 acres of -mountain forests in the Trans-Pecos Region and the live oak area along -the Gulf Coast. - -Two of Texas’ trees, guaiacum and ebony, produce the hardest woods in -the United States. Both species are found in the Rio Grande Valley. The -tree with the lightest wood in the United States, corkwood, grows near -the mouth of the Brazos River. Drooping or weeping juniper, so named for -the drooping characteristic of its branches, grows in the Big Bend area -but has not been reported to be native elsewhere in this country. - -Catclaw, huisache, mimosa, baretta, pistache, black persimmon, Mexican -ash, anaqua, flatwoods plum (sloe) and guajillo are other trees common -only in Texas. - - - - - TEXAS FOREST SERVICE - - -In 1915, the 34th Texas Legislature created by law the State Department -of Forestry and made it a part of the Agricultural and Mechanical -College of Texas. In 1925, the department became the Texas Forest -Service. As it grew, its service to Texas increased. It now helps -protect Texas’ forest resources against fire, insects and disease; -assists woodland owners in the proper management of their lands; makes -available seedlings for reforestation and windbreak purposes; conducts -research in forest tree improvement, management and utilization; and -conducts an educational program to acquaint Texans as to the -desirability of practicing forestry. - -The Texas Forest Service, with more than 300 employees, has four -departments: Forest Fire Control, Forest Management, Forest Products, -and Information and Education. The offices of the Director, and of the -Forest Management and the Information and Education Departments are in -College Station. Forest Fire Control and Forest Products Department -headquarters are in Lufkin. - -Seven administrative districts, each headed by a district forester, are -responsible for the activities of the Texas Forest Service in the areas -of intensive and extensive forest fire protection. District headquarters -are located at Linden, Henderson, Lufkin, Woodville, Kirbyville, Conroe -and College Station. - -More than 10 million acres of state and privately owned timberland in -the Piney Woods are now under intensive protection against fire, insects -and diseases. An additional area of 5 million acres, commonly referred -to as the post oak region, west of and adjacent to the pine-hardwood -area, has been under extensive protection beginning with 1962. - - - - - TEXAS FORESTRY ASSOCIATION - - -The Texas Forestry Association is a statewide, nonprofit agency -concerned primarily with the educational phase of forest conservation. -Organized in 1914, the Association was largely responsible for the -passage of the law which created the Department of Forestry at the -Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, and from which the Texas -Forest Service emerged. - -For more than 48 years, this organization has cooperated with the Texas -Forest Service and other interested agencies in promoting the forest -economy of Texas. Membership in the Texas Forestry Association is open -to all conservation-minded citizens. - - - - - ARBOR DAY - - -The growing dependency of man upon forest resources for raw materials, -products, watershed protection, conservation of certain wildlife and -recreation gives added significance to Arbor Day which is set aside -annually to pay tribute to trees. - -Arbor Day originated in Nebraska in 1872. It was first celebrated in -Texas in 1889 on George Washington’s birthday, February 22. In 1949, the -Texas State Legislature adopted the following resolution: - - _Resolved, by the House of Representatives of the State of Texas, the - Senate concurring, That the third Friday in January of each year be - designated as “Arbor Day”, to be devoted to the planting and - cultivation of forest, shade and ornamental trees throughout the State - and to be observed for that purpose in such manner as may seem best to - the people of each community; and be it further_ - - _Resolved, That the Governor of Texas be requested to issue an - appropriate proclamation annually to encourage the proper observance - of such “Arbor Day”._ - -Arbor Day can best be celebrated by planting one or more suitable trees -around a school or club area or by establishing a school plantation. In -addition to paying tribute to the beauty of trees, one can call -attention to the importance of trees to man’s welfare. The Texas Forest -Service continues to assist clubs and schools in organizing Arbor Day -programs. - - - - - STATE TREE - - -The pecan, _Carya illinoensis_, (Wangenh.) K. Koch, was officially -designated as the state tree of Texas by an act of the legislature in -June 1919. - -By an amendment in 1927, certain state agencies were requested to give -due consideration to the pecan tree when beautifying state parks and -other public property belonging to the state. - - - - - STUDYING TREES - - -Trees, like people, become friends only when we have become well -acquainted with them and have a knowledge of the characteristics that -make them something special to us. This bulletin about the trees of -Texas may be used as a handy reference for identifying trees you do not -know, or it may be used as the basis for developing tree friends. The -following is a guide or lesson plan that will help make a friend of each -tree studied. - - I. Object of Study - Each kind of tree has certain identifying characteristics which - mark it as being different from other kinds of species of trees. - By careful observation and examination these identifying points - may be learned and you can feel that you know the tree. - II. Source of Study Material - 1. The locality in which you live probably has some trees you know. - Why do you know them? Start by studying these trees and make - them fast friends. - 2. You also will find some trees you are not sure about or do not - know; next, study these one by one until you are sure you will - always know them. - 3. Wherever you may be or whenever you see a tree you do not know, - observe it carefully, collect enough facts and sample material - to study until you learn to know it. - 4. Books, articles, pictures and references will help to learn some - trees you cannot actually see but which are of interest to - you. - III. Approach to Tree Study - 1. One tree should be studied at a time as a general rule although - it may be an advantage to select somewhat similar trees and - study them by comparisons. - 2. Field study of the growing tree is the most satisfactory. Observe - a number of the same kind of trees as there are individual - variations in some characteristics. - 3. If possible collect for reference and further study samples of - leaves, twigs, bark, wood, flowers and fruit. BE CAREFUL in - collecting samples. It is better not to have samples than to - deface or injure the tree. No one will object to your studying - their trees if you do no damage. - IV. Procedure - 1. General - (a) First observe the tree as a whole taking into consideration - all the points that attract your attention. Very often there - will be some one thing that either alone or in relation to - other points attracts your attention. That feature when - studied may be the key to your really learning to know the - tree. - (b) The suggestions that follow as to observations of various - parts of the tree do not limit the study of those points for - perhaps you will learn to know the tree from some feature not - listed. - 2. Form of tree - Note the size, shape and branching habit; observe its location - in relation to other trees that might affect its form. - 3. Bark - Observe thickness, roughness, type of fissures and color of - bark. Studying the bark as a means of winter identification is - particularly worthwhile. - 4. Leaves - Study type, size, shape and variations on the same tree; note - arrangement on twigs; describe by the blade, stalk, margin, - venation, base and tip; know their texture and color. - 5. Twigs - Note lateral arrangement on branches; observe whether flexible - or stocky and whether rough or smooth; study differences - between new growth and old; learn any distinctive color, - smell, or taste; cut a cross-section and note size, shape, - color and size of pith; note presence or absence of lenticels. - 6. Buds - Like bark, the buds are helpful in winter identification. Note - size, scale coverings, and shape. Observe arrangement and - position on twigs; compare terminal and lateral buds. - 7. Leaf-scars - Study scars left by falling leaves as to size, form, position - and occurrence; note bundle-scars (appear as marks in scar) as - to number, shape, size, and arrangement. - 8. Flowers - Study promptly at proper season; trees vary widely in - flowering habits; observe as to size, form, shape of parts, - color and arrangement; and learn whether the tree has one or - two kinds of flowers—if two, whether male and female flowers - are on same tree. - 9. Fruit - Study of fruit also is seasonal. When it is available, observe - type, form, structure and method of distribution. - 10. Wood - Identification of trees by wood forms a separate study but - often field identification of trees can be aided by - observation of distinctive points about the wood such as - color, taste and general structure. - 11. Habitat - An interesting and often useful help in tree identification is - to note the growing habits of trees, whether in dry or moist - places, what other species same type sites, whether it grows - better in open places or in more sheltered locations and the - like. - V. Summary - If you have followed through on your study of a tree, covering the - eleven points listed, you will really know the tree for all time. - However, even if you cannot or do not make your study as - thoroughly as is suggested, you should at least select enough - distinctive characteristics about the tree to study that you will - be able to identify it both in the summer and the winter seasons. - VI. References - Your school and public library should have one or more books on - trees. You will find books on southern trees most helpful. While - it is impractical to provide a complete list of books on trees, - the partial list below is furnished for your information, with the - understanding that no discrimination is intended: - Fernald, M. L. _Gray’s Manual of Botany._ Eighth edition. American - Book Company, 1950. - Green, C. H. _Trees of the South._ The University of North - Carolina Press, 1939. - Harrar, E. S., Harrar, J. G. _Guide to Southern Trees._ Whittlesey - House, 1946. - Kearney, T. H., Peebles, R. H. _Arizona Flora._ University of - California Press, 1951. - Sargent, C. S. _Manual of the Trees of North America._ Second - Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922 (_at Project Gutenberg_). - Vines, R. A. _Native East Texas Trees._ Houston Museum of Natural - History, 1953. - Vines, R. A. Trees, _Shrubs and Woody Vines of the Southwest._ The - University of Texas Press, 1960. - - [Illustration: Cross Section of the Trunk of an Oak Tree.] - - A. Cambium - B. Inner bark - C. Outer bark - D. Sapwood - E. Heartwood - F. Pith - G. Ray - - [Illustration: TWIG FEATURES] - - Terminal Bud - False Terminal Bud - Twig Scar - Bud Scales - Superposed Bud - Lateral Leaf Buds - Bundle Scar - Flower Bud - Leaf Scars - Lenticel - Stipule Scar - Terminal Bud Scale Scars - Pith - Chambered - Solid - - - - - TWIGS AND LEAVES - - - [Illustration: TYPES OF TWIG BRANCHING] - - Alternate - Whorled - Opposite - - [Illustration: LEAF TYPES] - - Simple - Compound - Doubly Compound - Opposite Leaves - Alternate Leaves - Awl-Shaped Needles - Pine Needles - Scale-like Needles - - [Illustration: PARTS OF LEAF] - - Lamina or blade - Base - Stem - Apex - Leaf margin - Primary vein - Secondary or lateral veins - Petiole (Sessile leaves have no petiole but are attached directly to - the stem) - - - - - LEAF SHAPES - - - [Illustration: LEAF FORMS] - - Lanceolate - Ovate - Obovate - Star-shaped - Linear or Rectangular - Heart-Shaped or Orbicular - Oval - Elliptical - Deltoid - - [Illustration: LEAF APEXES] - - Acuminate - Acute - Obtuse - Truncate - Bristle Pointed - Rounded - - [Illustration: LEAF MARGINS] - - Entire - Dentate - Toothed or Serrate - Sinuate or Wavy - Doubly Serrate - Lobed - Incised - - [Illustration: LEAF BASES] - - Wedge-Shaped or Cuneate - Oblique or One-Sided - Rounded - Heart-Shaped or Cordate - Truncate or Square - - [Illustration: THE COMPLETE FLOWER] - - Stamen - Anther - Filament - Sepal - Receptacle - Petal - Pistil - Stigma - Style - Ovary - Peduncle - -Sepals collectively designated as _calyx_. - -Petals collectively designated as _corolla_. - -The ripened ovary comprises the fruit. - -Ripened ovules of the ovary comprise the seed of the fruit. - -A flower lacking either calyx, corolla, stamens, or pistil is an -incomplete flower. If the male and female flower parts occur in separate -flowers on the same tree the species is said to be _monoecious_. If the -male and female flowers occur on separate trees, the species is said to -be _dioecious_. - - [Illustration: FLOWER CLUSTERS] - - Spike - Catkin or ament - Cylindrical cyme - Flat-topped cyme - Raceme - Panicle - Corymb - Umbel - Compound umbel - Head - - [Illustration: COMMON TYPES OF FRUITS AND SEEDS] - - Acorn (Oak) - Multiple Fruit (Mulberry) - Nuts in Prickly Bur (Beech) - Drupe (Cherry) - Pod (Locust) - Samara (Elm) - Samara (Ash) - Samara (Maple) - Cone (Pine) - Hairy Seed (Willow) - Nuts in Bladder-Like Bracts (Hophornbeam) - Berry (Persimmon) - Nut in Husk (Hickory) - A Nut-Like Drupe (Basswood) - Drupe (Hackberry) - Winged Seed (Pine) - Multiple Fruit—Achene Enlarged (Sycamore) - Nuts in Spiny Bur (Chinkapin) - - - - - Texas Trees - - - - - LIMBER PINE (Rocky Mountain White Pine) - Pinus flexilis var. flexilis James - - -Limber pine is abundant in the Rocky Mountains and in scattered areas -over much of the West. In Texas, limber pine may be found in the -Guadalupe and Davis Mountains of West Texas. - -As the name indicates, the branches and twigs are especially flexible -and tough, often light purple in color. The branches form a rounded tree -top or head. The trunk is stout and noticeably tapered. - -The needle-like LEAVES are in clusters of five. They are stiff and -stout, about 2 to 3 inches long, and arranged in clusters or tufts near -the ends of the branches. They stay on the twig for five or six years. - - [Illustration: LIMBER PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-third natural size)] - -The “FRUIT”, a cone, is relatively short or stocky, mostly from 3 to 6 -inches long, made up of rounded rather thick scales, some turned forward -and some backward. The cone is short-stalked. As with all the pines, the -seeds mature at the end of the second season of growth. - -The WOOD is relatively soft, close-grained, slightly yellowish or -reddish. It is not cut in quantity and the trees are usually rather -limby and short-bodied, which largely accounts for the small commercial -use. - - - - - PINYON (Nut Pine) - Pinus edulis Engelm. - - -Pinyon is found as scattered trees or in small groves over the mountains -and canyons in the western part of the state to elevations of 8,000 -feet. It is a small tree, grows on warm slopes or in sheltered -locations, and forms a bushy top with orange-colored branchlets. - -The needle-like LEAVES grow in bundles of two (rarely 3); whereas in -Pinus cembroides Zucc., the Mexican Pinyon, there are usually three -needles per cluster. The dark green needles are approximately one inch -long, stiff, stout, and curved. They remain on the tree from 5 to 8 -years. - - [Illustration: PINYON (Natural size)] - -Like all the pines, it has male and female “FLOWERS” separate on the -same tree. The “FRUIT”, a cone, is rounded, about 1 to 2 inches across, -and produces large seeds or “nuts”, from ½ to ¾ inch long. The seeds are -rich in food value and form an important article of diet for the -Indians. The seeds are gathered and sold widely as fancy “nuts” in many -larger towns and cities. - -The WOOD is light, soft, close-grained, and pale brown, used for fuel -and sometimes as fencing. A close relative P. cembroides is found -scattered in the Texas cedar breaks. - - - - - PONDEROSA PINE (Western Yellow Pine) - Pinus ponderosa Laws. - - -Ponderosa pine is the most important commercial pine of the Southwest -and many parts of the Rocky Mountain region. It reaches the southeastern -limit of its range in the Guadalupe and Davis Mountains of West Texas -where it is scattered and of little commercial value. It is favored as -an ornamental in the Texas Panhandle. - -[Illustration: PONDEROSA PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)] - -The needle-like LEAVES are in bundles of three and are mostly 5 to 8 -inches long. The needles, massed toward the ends of naked branches, -remain on the tree about 3 years. - -The “FRUIT”, a short-stalked cone, is oval-shaped, reddish-brown, and -armed with stout recurved prickles. - -The WOOD of this species, from trees in the commercial part of its -range, is of excellent quality for lumber. The wood is hard, strong, and -rather fine grained. The heartwood is light reddish-white and the -sapwood nearly white. Lumber from this tree is widely used for house -construction and furniture. - - - - - LOBLOLLY PINE - Pinus taeda L. - - -This fast-growing yellow pine is the most abundant and valuable species -in Southeast Texas from Orange County west to Walker and Waller -Counties. The species is also abundant northward to the Oklahoma line. -Loblolly pine also constitutes the pine of the “Lost Pine Region” in the -vicinity of Bastrop. - -[Illustration: LOBLOLLY PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)] - -Loblolly invades abandoned fields rapidly. For this reason it is often -called old field pine. In the virgin forest of Texas, loblolly pine was -most common along banks of streams. It is still the dominant pine on -moist sites, but may also be found in relatively dry sites. - -The dark-colored BARK is deeply furrowed and often attains a thickness -of as much as 2 inches on large-sized trees. The needle-like LEAVES, 6 -to 9 inches long, are borne three (occasionally two) in a cluster. In -the spring bright green clumps of needles grow at the end of branches -and give the tree a luxuriant appearance. The “FRUIT”, a cone, ripens in -the autumn of the second year and is 3 to 5 inches long. Many seeds with -wings an inch long are shed during the fall and early winter. - -The resinous WOOD is coarse-grained. There is marked contrast, as in -other yellow pines, between the bands of springwood and summerwood. The -wood of second-growth trees has a wide range of uses such as building -material, box shooks, barrel staves, basket veneers, pulpwood, lath, -mine props, piling, and fuel. - - - - - SHORTLEAF PINE (Yellow Pine) - Pinus echinata Mill. - - -Shortleaf pine is an important pine over a wide area in Northeast Texas, -and is common in other parts of the “Piney Woods.” Essentially a tree of -the hilly section, growing in pure stands and in mixture with hardwoods, -the mature tree has a tall straight stem and an oval crown, reaching a -height of about 100 feet and a diameter of about 2½ feet. Unlike other -southern pines, young shortleaf pine trees may reproduce by sprouts when -cut or burned back. - - [Illustration: SHORTLEAF PINE (Fruit, natural size; leaves, two-thirds - natural size)] - -The BARK is brownish-red, broken into rectangular plates; it is thinner -and lighter-colored than that of loblolly pine. - -The needle-like LEAVES are in clusters of two or three (3 to 5 inches -long), slender, flexible, and dark blue-green. The “FRUIT”, a cone, or -bur, the smallest of the Texas pines, are 1½ to 2½ inches long, oblong, -with small sharp prickles; are generally clustered, and often hold to -the twigs for 3 or 4 years. The small mottled seeds have a wing which is -broadest near the center. - -The WOOD of old trees is rather heavy and hard, yellow-brown or orange, -fine-grained, and less resinous than that of the other important -Southern pines. It is used for finishing, general construction, veneers, -paper pulp, excelsior, cooperage, mine props, and other purposes. - - - - - LONGLEAF PINE - Pinus palustris Mill. - - -Young longleaf pine with its single upright stem, candle-like silvery -buds, and long, shiny leaves form a handsome tree. In later youth the -stalwart, sparingly-branched sapling, with heavy twigs and gray bark, -attracts immediate attention. Mature trees have tall, straight trunks, -1-3 feet in diameter and open irregular crowns. - -Longleaf pine grows in sandy soils from Orange County, north to Sabine -County and west to Trinity County. A hybrid cross between longleaf and -loblolly pine is often found in this range and is known as Sonderegger -pine. - -[Illustration: LONGLEAF PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-third natural size)] - -The needle-like LEAVES are grey-green, from 10 to 15 inches long, in -clusters of three, and gathered toward the ends of the thick, scaly, -twigs. The “FLOWERS”, appearing in early spring before the new leaves, -are a deep rose-purple, the male in prominent, short, dense clusters and -the female in inconspicuous groups of two to four. Unlike other Southern -pines, common to Texas, this species grows in a “grass” stage for 2 to 5 -years during which time it resembles a clump of grass. Once longleaf -pine starts its height growth, it grows rapidly. - -The “FRUIT”, a cone bur, is 6 to 10 inches long, and slightly curved, -the thick scales armed with small curved prickles. The cones usually -fall soon after the seed ripens, leaving their bases attached to the -twigs. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. It is used for -construction. Naval stores such as turpentine and rosin are obtained -from the tree. - - - - - SLASH PINE - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - - -Slash pine is not a native of Texas, its natural range in the United -States being along the coast from South Carolina to eastern Louisiana. -The initial planting of slash pine in East Texas was made on the E. O. -Siecke State Forest near Kirbyville in 1926. It has been widely planted -in East Texas, and has been so successful in its growth and adaptability -to the region that it is now accepted as a forest tree of the State. It -is much favored for reforestation by planting because of its exceedingly -rapid height growth, good survival, and comparative freedom from -tip-moth damage. - - [Illustration: SLASH PINE (One-half natural size)] - -In its native habitat a mature tree ranges to 100 feet high, with a -roundtopped head and a trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter. - -The BARK ranges in thickness from ¾ to 1 inch, separating freely on the -surface into large thin scales. - -The needle-like LEAVES occur in clusters of 2 and 3, are from 8 to 12 -inches long, and lustrous. The “FLOWERS” appear in late winter, the male -dark purple, the female pink, the “FRUIT”, a cone usually 4 to 6 inches -long, is brown and glossy, the thin scales armed with fine prickles. - -Slash pine WOOD is exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse -grained, rich, dark orange color, with thick, nearly white sapwood. In -this respect it is similar to longleaf, being sold as such, and used for -the same purpose. Naval stores, lumber, pulpwood and other products can -be produced from this tree. - - - - - DOUGLAS-FIR - Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Belssn.) Franco - - -This valuable timber tree of the western United States reaches its -extreme southeastern limit in the mountains of West Texas. It is a small -tree locally but in the Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir reaches a height -of 250 feet and a diameter of 10 to 12 feet. - -The needle-like LEAVES are linear, more or less flattened, about an inch -in length, bluish green, and arranged closely in spirals around the -stem. They remain on the twigs for many years. The buds are a rich -reddish-brown and pointed. - - [Illustration: DOUGLAS-FIR (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)] - -The “FRUIT”, a cone, unlike that of true firs, hangs downward and is -easily identified by the protruding bracts, or “straws.” The mature -cones are 2 to 4 inches long, and brownish-red. - -The WOOD is moderately light, reddish tinted and surrounded by nearly -white sapwood. It varies widely in respect to density, quality and width -of sapwood. Much high grade plywood is made from this species. Young -Douglas-firs are sold as Christmas trees. - - - - - BALDCYPRESS - Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. - - -Baldcypress grows in swamps which are flooded for prolonged periods, and -on wet stream banks and bottomlands. It occurs in East Texas west to the -Nueces River. The straight trunk has numerous ascending branches, and -narrow conical outline. In old age the tree generally has a broad -fluted, or buttressed base, a smooth slowly tapering trunk and a broad, -open, flat top of a few heavy branches and numerous small branchlets. -Virgin-growth timber attains heights up to 130 feet and diameters up to -10 feet. - -[Illustration: BALDCYPRESS (Cone and leaves, seven-eighths natural size)] - -The BARK is silvery to cinnamon-red, finely divided by numerous -longitudinal fissures. The light green LEAVES about ½ to ¾ inch long, -are arranged in feather-like fashion along two sides of small branchlets -which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached. - -The “FRUIT”, a rounded cone, is about one inch in diameter, with thick -irregular scales. - -The WOOD is light, soft, easily worked, with a light sap wood and -dark-brown heartwood. It is particularly durable in contact with the -soil. Cypress is in demand for exterior trim of buildings, greenhouse -planking, boat and ship building, shingles, posts, poles, and crossties. - - - - - ASHE JUNIPER (Mexican Juniper--Mountain Cedar) - Juniperus ashei Buchholz - - -In Central and West Texas are found no less than nine species of cedars -or junipers, including one eastern, one southern, and seven western -species. Of these, the most abundant and important is the Mexican -juniper. This tree often forms extensive low forests or dense breaks on -the limestone hills and slopes of the Edwards Plateau and Grand Prairie. - - [Illustration: ASHE JUNIPER (Berry-like fruit and leaves, two-thirds - natural size)] - -The trunk is covered with shreddy, brown or reddish-brown BARK. The -LEAVES are dark blue-green, small, opposite or arranged in 3’s, scale -like, blunt pointed, and fringed with minute teeth. On vigorous young -plants the leaves are sharp pointed and longer, up to ½ inch long. - -The “FRUIT”, a nearly round, dark blue, berry-like cone is covered with -glaucous bloom; has a thin, pleasant-scented, sweet flesh, enclosing 1 -or 2 seeds; and ripens in one season. - -The WOOD is light, hard, light brown, close-grained but weak. It is -extensively used for fence posts and fuel. The tree is sometimes planted -as an ornamental. - - - - - EASTERN REDCEDAR - Juniperus virginiana L. - - -Redcedar is scattered through East Texas, usually on gravelly ridges and -rocky hillsides of the uplands. - -There are two kinds of LEAVES, usually both on the same tree. The most -common is dark green, minute, and scale-like, clasping the twig in four -ranks, so that the twig appears square. The other kind, usually -appearing on young growth, or vigorous shoots, is awl-shaped, quite -sharp-pointed, spreading, and whitened. - -The BARK is thin, reddish-brown, turning ashy-gray on exposed surfaces, -and peels off in long shred-like strips. The trunk is usually more or -less grooved. - -The male and female FLOWERS blooming in February or March, are at the -end of minute twigs on separate trees. - -The “FRUIT” which matures in one season is pale blue, ¼ inch in -diameter, and berry-like, the sweet flesh enclosing one or two seeds. - -[Illustration: EASTERN REDCEDAR (Fruit and leaves, three-fourths natural - size)] - -The HEARTWOOD is distinctly red, and the sapwood white, this color -combination making very striking effects when finished as cedar chests, -closets, and interior woodwork. The wood is aromatic, soft, strong, and -of even texture, very durable in contact with the soil, and in great -demand for posts, poles, and rustic work. - -Since redcedar spreads the cedar-rust of apples, it is inadvisable to -plant this tree in or near orchards, or anywhere in regions devoted to -commercial apple production. - - - - - BLACK WALNUT - Juglans nigra L. - - -This valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottomlands and moist fertile -hillsides as far west as the San Antonio River. It may attain a height -of nearly 100 feet with a straight stem, clear of branches for half of -its height. - -The BARK is thick, dark brown in color, and divided by rather deep -fissures into rounded ridges. - -The LEAVES are alternate, compound, 1 to 2 feet long, consisting of from -15 to 23 leaflets of a yellowish-green color. The leaflets are about 3 -inches long, extremely tapering at the end, and toothed along the -margin. - - [Illustration: BLACK WALNUT (Leaf, one-fifth natural size; fruit, - one-fourth natural size; twig, about natural size)] - -The FRUIT is a nut, borne singly or in pairs, and enclosed in a solid -green husk which does not split open, even after the nut is ripe. The -nut itself is black with a very hard, thick, finely ridged shell, -enclosing a rich, oily, edible kernel. - -The HEARTWOOD is heavy, hard and strong. Its rich chocolate-brown color, -freedom from warping, and checking, susceptibility to a high polish, and -durability make it highly prized for furniture and cabinet work and -gunstocks. Walnut is easily propagated from the nuts, and should be more -widely planted and grown for timber and nuts. - -LITTLE WALNUT or TEXAS WALNUT (Juglans microcarpa Berlandier) is found -on limestone banks of streams in western Texas. The stumps supply a -beautiful veneer. - - - - - PECAN - Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch - - -Pecan, the “State tree” of Texas, is found native in the state from the -Piney Woods west throughout Central Texas, centering in the watershed of -the Colorado River. It makes an excellent shade tree and is very -valuable for the nut crop it bears. Many varieties are planted in -orchards. The pecan is a tall-growing tree, attaining heights of over -100 feet. When grown in the open it forms a large, rounded, symmetrical -top. - -The outer BARK is rough, hard, tight, but broken into scales; on the -limbs it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as the -bark grows old. - -The LEAVES resemble those of the other hickories and the black walnut. -They are made up of 9 to 17 leaflets, each oblong, toothed and -long-pointed, and 4 to 8 inches long by about 2 inches wide. - - [Illustration: PECAN (Leaf, one-sixth natural size; fruit, one-third - natural size)] - -The FLOWERS appear in early spring and hang in tassels from 2 to 3 -inches long. The FRUIT is a nut 1 to 2 inches long, and ½ to 1 inch in -diameter, in a thin husk which opens along its grooved seams when the -fruit ripens in the fall. The nuts vary in size and thickness of shell. -Cultivated varieties are sold on the market in large quantities. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, brittle, not strong, and of little value except -for fuel and wagon stock. Some wood is satisfactory for making softball -bats. - - - - - BITTERNUT HICKORY (Pignut) - Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch - - -Bitternut, the only hickory with bright yellow buds, is a tall slender -tree with a broad pyramidal crown, attaining a height of 100 feet and a -diameter of 2 to 3 feet. It is found in the eastern part of the state on -moist rich soils, and is not abundant. - -The BARK on the trunk is granite-gray, faintly tinged with yellow, less -rough than in most hickories, yet broken into thin, plate-like scales. - -[Illustration: BITTERNUT HICKORY (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The bright yellow winter BUDS are compressed and scurfy. The LEAVES are -alternate, compound, from 6 to 10 inches long, and composed of 5 to 11 -leaflets. The individual leaflets are smaller and more slender than -those of the other hickories. - -The male and female FLOWERS are on the same tree. The FRUIT is about 1 -inch long and thin-husked, while the nut has a thin, smoothish, gray, -brittle shell. The kernel is bitter. - -The WOOD is hard, strong, and heavy; reddish-brown in color, and often -called red hickory. It has the same uses as the other hickories but is -said to be inferior. - - - - - WATER HICKORY - Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. - - -This tree, as its name indicates, grows in bottomlands and rich, wet -woods. It is found throughout the eastern portion of the state. It is -not a large hickory, seldom attaining a height of 100 feet or a diameter -of 2 feet. It is slender, with upright branches forming a narrow head. -It is easily distinguished from other hickories by its reddish-brown -winter buds which are covered with yellow glands that fall off easily. - - [Illustration: WATER HICKORY (Fruit and twig, two-thirds natural size; - leaf, one-fourth natural size)] - -The light brown BARK separates freely into long, loose, thick, -plate-like scales. - -LEAVES are alternate, compound, 9 to 15 inches long, with 7 to 13 -slender leaflets. The FLOWERS are like those of other hickories. The -FRUIT, often borne in clusters of 3 or 4, is a rather oblong nut, -conspicuously four-angled, with a thin, red-brown hull that splits -tardily. The nut itself is nearly as broad as long, four-angled and -ridged, with a thin shell and bitter kernel. - -The WOOD is heavy, strong, close grained, brown, and rather brittle. -Probably used only for fuel. - - - - - SHAGBARK HICKORY - Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch - - -Shagbark hickory is found from eastern Texas to Florida and north to the -St. Lawrence River and Minnesota. It is a large tree of commercial -importance reaching 100 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. It -thrives best on rich, damp soil. - -The BARK of the trunk is rougher than on other hickories, light gray and -separating into thick plates which are only slightly attached to the -tree. The large terminal winter buds are egg-shaped, the persistent -outer bud-scales having narrow tips. - - [Illustration: SHAGBARK HICKORY (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig, - one-half natural size; fruit, one-fourth natural size)] - -The LEAVES are alternate, compound, from 8 to 15 inches long and -composed of 5, rarely 7, obovate to ovate leaflets. The twigs are smooth -or clothed with short hairs. - -The male and female FLOWERS open after the leaves have attained nearly -full size. - -The FRUIT is borne singly or in pairs and is globular. The husk is thick -and deeply grooved at the seams. The nut is pale, the shell thin, and -the kernel sweet. It is sold in commercial quantities. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, and strong. It is used in the -manufacture of agricultural implements, tool handles, wagons, and sports -equipment. - - - - - MOCKERNUT HICKORY - Carya tomentosa Nutt. - - -Mockernut, white, or bigbud hickory, is common on well-drained soils in -the eastern part of the state. It is a short-limbed tree up to 60 feet -high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. - -The BARK is dark gray, hard, closely and deeply furrowed, often -apparently cross-furrowed or netted. The winter BUDS are large, round or -broadly egg-shaped, and covered with downy, hard scales. The outer, dark -scales fall off readily in the autumn. The recent shoots are short, -stout and more or less covered with a downy growth. - -The LEAVES are large, strong-scented, and hairy; composed of 7 to 9 -obovate to oblong, pointed leaflets pale to orange-brown on the lower -surface. The leaves turn a beautiful yellow in the fall. - - [Illustration: MOCKERNUT HICKORY (Leaf, one-fifth natural size; twig, - two-thirds natural size; fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The FLOWERS are of two kinds on the same tree; the male in -three-branched catkins, the female in clusters of 2 to 5. The FRUIT is -oval, nearly round or slightly pear-shaped with a very thick, -strong-scented husk which splits nearly to the base when ripe. The nut -sometimes has 4 to 6 ridges; is reddish-brown, thick shelled, and has a -small, sweet kernel. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, and strong. It is white except for the -comparatively small, dark-brown heart, hence the name white hickory. It -is used for the same purpose as shagbark hickory and makes an excellent -fuel. - - - - - BLACK HICKORY - Carya texana Buckl. - - -This is a common hickory in northern and eastern Texas, growing on -hillsides and sandy uplands with post and black jack oaks. It is -distinguished by its rusty brown hairs found on the young leaves and -branches. It forms a tree 60 to 75 feet high, with a trunk 2 feet in -diameter. - - [Illustration: BLACK HICKORY (Leaf, one-fourth natural size; fruit, - one-third natural size; twig, three-fourths natural size)] - -The BARK is dark gray or nearly black, deeply divided into rough ridges, -or it may be irregularly fissured and separated into thin scales. The -winter buds are ovoid and covered with rusty hairs mixed with silvery -scales. - -The LEAVES, 8 to 12 inches long with 5 to 7, usually 7, leaflets and -rusty-hairy slender petioles, are dark green, lustrous above; much paler -beneath. The FLOWERS are similar to other hickories. - -The FRUIT is obovoid, narrow, or abruptly contracted into a short stalk -at the base, with a husk ¹/₁₂ to ⅙ inch thick, splitting to the middle -or nearly to the base. The sweet-seeded nut is nearly obovoid to oblong, -rounded at the ends, compressed and slightly four-angled, with a shell ⅙ -to ⅕ inch thick. - -The hard, brittle WOOD is used chiefly for fuel. - - - - - CORKWOOD - Leitneria floridana Chapm. - - -This lightest of all native woods in the United States grows in river -swamps near the Gulf, about the mouth of the Brazos River. It is a small -tree reaching a height of 20 feet, or a shrub, depending upon the -location and natural conditions. The base is usually swollen. The -straight, gradually tapering trunk is crowned with a loose, open-topped -head. The young branchlets are coated with hairs which later drop, -leaving a smooth, dark, red-brown stem. - - [Illustration: CORKWOOD (Leaf, one-half natural size; fruit and winter - twig, natural size)] - -The simple, alternate LEAVES are from 4 to 6 inches long and about 2 -inches wide, borne on petioles 1 or 2 inches long. The leaves are shiny -above. - -The FLOWERS are in catkins of two kinds or sexes, the male about 1½ -inches long, the female about ¾ inch long. Both kinds are borne on the -same tree and appear about the first of March. The FRUIT is solitary or -in clusters of 2 to 4, each about ½ to ¾ inch long, and ripens when the -leaves are about one-half grown. The WOOD is soft, exceedingly light, -generally uniform in texture and of a pale yellow color. It is used as a -substitute for cork for floats on fishing nets. - - - - - EASTERN COTTONWOOD - Populus deltoides (Bartr.) - - -This cottonwood is found along streams throughout the state. The tree is -easily propagated by cutting and grows rapidly, hence it has been widely -planted to get shade quickly. The tree is often unsatisfactory for shade -because it begins to shed its leaves by midsummer. The cotton-bearing -seeds from the pistillate tree are often a nuisance. The soft wood is -easily broken by winds; and the rank growth of the roots often results -in stopping drain pipes and cracking and lifting sidewalks. - - [Illustration: EASTERN COTTONWOOD (Leaf, one-half natural size; twig, - one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, broadly ovate or triangular, pointed, -square at the base, and coarsely toothed on the edges, 3 to 5 inches -across each way, covered with soft white hairs on the under side, -supported by flattened slender petioles, 2 to 3 inches long. The winter -buds are covered with chestnut-brown, resinous scales. The male and -female FLOWERS are in catkins on separate trees and appear before the -leaves. The FRUIT, a capsule, contains a number of seed with white silky -hairs which permit the winds to carry the seed for long distances. - -The WOOD is soft, light-weight, warps easily upon drying, but is used -for many purposes, sometimes as a substitute for yellow poplar and -linden. - -Three other species of Southern cottonwood occur in western Texas. One -species, P. sargentii Dode, which has long pointed leaves, is found in -the Panhandle. - - - - - BLACK WILLOW - Salix nigra Marsh. - - -Black willow is found along streams throughout the state. It rarely -grows taller than 50 feet and is frequently found growing singly or in -clumps along the water courses. In winter the easily separable bright -reddish-brown or golden, naked twigs are quite conspicuous. - -The BARK is deeply divided into broad, flat ridges which separate into -thick plate-like scales. On old trees it becomes shaggy. In color it -varies from light brown tinged with orange, to nearly black. - -The LEAVES are from 3 to 6 inches long, and less than ½ inch wide; the -tips are greatly tapered and the entire margin finely toothed. The -leaves are bright green on both sides, turning pale yellow in the early -autumn. - -The FLOWERS are in catkins, the male and female on separate trees. - -The FRUIT is a capsule containing numerous minute seeds with long silky -hairs which enable them to be blown long distances. - - [Illustration: BLACK WILLOW (Leaf, two-thirds natural size; fruit and - twig, natural size)] - -The WOOD is soft, light, and not strong. A high grade of charcoal, used -in the manufacture of gunpowder, is obtained from willow wood, and it is -the chief wood used in manufacture of artificial limbs. - - - - - AMERICAN HORNBEAM (Blue Beech) - Carpinus caroliniana Walt. - - -American hornbeam or blue beech, also known as ironwood and water beech, -is a small slow-growing, bushy tree with a spreading top of slender, -crooked or drooping branches. It is found along streams and in low -ground, usually in the shade of other trees. Its height is usually from -20 to 30 feet and its diameter 4 to 8 inches, although it sometimes -grows larger. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN HORNBEAM (Leaf and fruit, one-half natural size; - twig, natural size)] - -The TRUNK is fluted with irregular ridges or “muscles” extending up and -down the tree. The BARK is smooth, light brownish-gray to dark -bluish-gray in color, sometimes marked with dark bands extending -horizontally on the trunk. - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, oval, long-pointed, doubly toothed -along the margin, and 1 to 3 inches long. They resemble those of the -black or sweet birch, but are smaller. - -The FLOWERS are borne in catkins separately on the same tree; the male -catkin about 1½ inches long, the female, about ¾ of an inch, with small, -leaf-like, three-lobed green scales. The FRUIT is a nutlet about ⅓ inch -long. It falls, attached to the leaf-like scale which acts as a wing -aiding its distribution by the wind. - -The WOOD is tough, close-grained, heavy, and strong. It is sometimes -selected for use for levers, tool handles, wooden cogs, mallets, wedges, -etc. The tree is of little commercial importance and often occupies -space in the woods that should be utilized by more valuable species. - - - - - EASTERN HOPHORNBEAM (Ironwood) - Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch - - -The tree gets its common names from the qualities of its wood and the -hop-like fruit. It is a small, slender, generally round-topped tree, -from 20 to 30 feet high and 7 to 10 inches in diameter. The top consists -of long slender branches, commonly drooping toward the ends. It is found -mostly on rather dry soils throughout the uplands of the eastern part of -the state. - -The BARK is mostly light, gray-brown, or reddish-brown, and finely -divided into thin scales. - - [Illustration: EASTERN HOPHORNBEAM (Twig, three-fifths natural size; - leaf and fruit, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, generally oblong with narrow tips, -sharply doubly toothed along the margin, and from 2 to 3 inches long. - -The FLOWERS are of two kinds on the same tree; the male, in drooping -catkins which form the previous summer, the female, in erect catkins on -the newly formed twigs. The FRUIT, which resembles that of the common -hop vines, consists of a branch of leafy bracts 1 to 2 inches long -containing a number of flattened ribbed nutlets. - -The WOOD, strong, hard, durable, light brown to white, with thick, pale -sapwood, is often used for handles of tools, mallets, and other small -articles. - - - - - RIVER BIRCH (Red Birch) - Betula nigra L. - - -This is the only native birch found at low elevations in the South. It -occurs in East Texas and, as the name implies, in the deep, rich soils -along the borders of streams, ponds, lakes, and swamps. - -The BARK provides a ready means of identifying this tree. It varies from -reddish-brown to cinnamon-red in color, and peels back in tough papery -layers. These layers persist on the trunk, presenting a very ragged and -quite distinctive appearance. Unlike the bark of other birches the thin -paper layers are usually covered with a gray powder. On older trees, the -bark on the main trunk becomes thick, deeply furrowed, and a -reddish-brown color. - - [Illustration: RIVER BIRCH (Twig, natural size; leaf and fruit, - one-half natural size; male flower, one third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, 2 to 3 inches long, more or less oval -in shape, with double-toothed edge. The upper surface is dark green and -the lower a pale yellowish green. - -The FLOWERS are in catkins, the two kinds growing on the same tree. The -FRUIT is cone-shaped about one inch long, and densely crowded with -little winged nutlets that ripen from May to June. - -The WOOD is strong and fairly close-grained. It has been used to some -extent in the manufacture of wooden-ware, in turnery, and for wagon -hubs. However, this tree is scattered in its distribution and is not of -commercial importance. - - - - - AMERICAN BEECH - Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. - - -Beech is found in East Texas to the Trinity River on the bottomland of -streams and the margins of swamps. It is one of the most beautiful of -all trees, in summer or winter. - -The simple, alternate, oblong-ovate LEAVES are 3 to 4 inches long, -pointed at the tip, and coarsely toothed and hairy along the margin. -When mature, they are almost leathery in texture. The beech produces a -dense shade. The light brown winter buds are long, slender, and pointed. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN BEECH (Fruit, leaves, and twig, one-half natural - size)] - -The BARK is, perhaps, the most distinctive characteristic, as it -maintains an unbroken, light gray surface throughout its life. - -The little, brown, three-sided FRUITS or beechnuts are almost as well -known as chestnuts. The nuts are in pairs in a prickly involucre. The -kernel is sweet and edible. The fallen fruit, known as mast, is a -favorite food of wildlife. - -The WOOD of the beech is hard, strong, and tough, though it will not -last long on exposure to weather or in the soil. The tree is of economic -importance as a lumber tree, the wood being used for furniture, -flooring, carpenters’ tools, and novelty wares. - - - - - ALLEGHENY CHINKAPIN - Castanea pumila Mill. - - -Chinkapins may grow as trees or form shrubby thickets; consequently -their identification is at times confusing. - -Some taxonomists credit East Texas with one species and a variety. -Others list four species. Further study is needed. - -C. pumila grows in dry woods, sandy ridges, and on borders of swamps -from Florida to East Texas north to Ark., Tenn., Pa., and N. J. It may -grow into a small tree 10 to 30 feet high and may reach 50 feet. If -burned back by fires, it may send out stolons or sprouts and form dense -shrubby growths. BRANCHLETS pubescent, gradually changing to a lustrous -olive-green or orange-brown, then darker. The LEAVES are 4 to 6 inches -long, 1½ to 2 inches wide, oblong to ovate and acute, the margin -coarsely toothed with slender, rigid, spreading or incurved teeth. Base -of leaf unequal, either rounded or wedge-shaped. Leaf at first tomentose -above and below, later yellow-green above and whitish-downy below. -Petiole short, stout, and flattened on the upper side. FRUIT a single -brown, ovoid, pointed, plump, sweet, edible nut, ¾ to 1 inch long, -encased in a bur covered with erect, crowded spines approximately ¾ inch -long. WOOD light, hard, strong, coarse-grained; used for fence posts and -railway ties. Of little economic importance because of its relative -scarcity. C. pumila is a nut-producing tree of potential commercial -importance. - - [Illustration: ALLEGHENY CHINKAPIN (Fruit, leaves and twig, two-thirds - natural size)] - -ASHE CHINKAPIN (C. pumila var. ashei Sudw.) is a small tree of dry sandy -soils. Leaves are felt-like below. This variety is distinguished by its -bur which has scattered, forked, and horizontally divergent bristles. -The surface of the bur has smooth areas free of bristles. - -A variation of chinkapin with leaves 3 to 4 inches long and lustrous -below is frequently described as FLORIDA CHINKAPIN (C. alnifolia var. -floridana Sarg.) - - - - - SHUMARD OAK (Spotted Oak) - Quercus shumardii Buckl. - - -This species, one of the largest Southern red oaks, was named for -Benjamin F. Shumard, an early state geologist of Texas. SHUMARD OAK is -found in the eastern part of the state on well-drained alluvial soils -and on fertile slopes. It forms a tall, wide-spreading, rather open -head. The BARK is dark, rough, divided into ridges, and usually from 1 -to 1½ inches thick. It seldom comprises the principal species of any -forest stands, but more often occurs as individual trees. It attains a -diameter of more than 3 feet and a height of more than 100 feet, but is -usually smaller. - -Winter BUDS covered with gray, smooth scales, while the buds of Texas -oak (page 44) are covered with red, densely pubescent scales. - -[Illustration: SHUMARD OAK (Twig and leaf, one-half natural size; fruit, - natural size)] - -The LEAVES are deciduous, simple, alternate 6 to 8 inches long by 4 to 5 -inches wide; 7-lobed, rarely 5, and each lobe 2 or 3-lobed or deeply -toothed. The lobes are frequently thicker than is shown in the drawing. -The leaves are smaller and more deeply lobed than those of the black -oak. Leaves smooth except for dense tufts of pale hairs at the axils of -the veins below. - -The FRUIT is a small acorn, about ⅔ inch in diameter and ¾ to 1¼ inches -long, set in a shallow saucer-like cup. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and light reddish-brown -in color, and commercially important for lumber and cross ties. - -The variety shumardii has leaves with narrow lobes, a rougher, dark -grayish bark, and deeper cups to the acorns. It is the more common form -in Texas. - - - - - TEXAS OAK - Quercus shumardii var. texana (Buckl.) Ashe - - -Texas oak is found on the dry limestone hills and ridges, and in the -more fertile soils at their base, in Central and western Texas to the -Edwards Plateau. It is rarely over 30 feet tall or 10 inches in -diameter. - - [Illustration: TEXAS OAK (Leaf, two-thirds natural size; fruit, and - twig, natural size)] - -The BARK is light brown, red-tinged, deeply ridged, and broken into -plate-like scales. - -The LEAVES are deciduous 2½ to 3 inches wide, 3 to 3½ inches long; -widest above the middle; divided into 5 to 7 lobes, with the terminal -lobe 3-lobed; dark green and shiny above, pale-shiny below; petiole -slender, about 1 inch long. - -The FRUIT is short-stemmed, usually single, ¼ to ¾ inch long and broad, -varying to nearly 1 inch long and ⅓ inch broad, set in a cup that covers -one-third or less of the fruit, reddish-brown and often streaked with -dark lines. - -The WOOD is most useful for fuel. - -GRAVES OAK (Q. gravesii Sudw.) is found in the Davis and Chisos -Mountains of southwestern Texas. - - - - - BLACK OAK - Quercus velutina Lam. - - -Black oak, also called yellow oak, reaches 80 feet in height and 1 to 3 -feet in diameter. It grows in East Texas, and in the hills and canyons -near the mouth of the Pecos River. The crown is irregularly shaped and -wide, with a clear trunk for 20 feet or more on large trees. The BARK on -the very young trunks is smooth and dark brown, but soon becomes thick -and black with deep furrows and rough broken edges. The bright yellow -color and bitter taste of the inner bark are distinguishing -characteristics. - - [Illustration: BLACK OAK (Twig and fruit, one-half natural size; leaf, - one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are deciduous, alternate, simple, 5 to 10 inches long and 3 -to 8 inches wide, shallow or deeply lobed, the shape varying greatly. -When mature, the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surface, -pale on the lower, more or less covered with a scurfy yellow or orange -down, and with conspicuous rusty brown hairs in the forks of the veins. - -The FRUIT matures the second season. The light brown nut is from ½ to 1 -inch long, more or less hemispherical in shape, and from one-half to -three-fourths enclosed in the thin, dark brown, scaly cup. The yellow -kernel is bitter. - -The WOOD, used and marketed as red oak, is hard, heavy, strong, -coarse-grained, and checks easily. It is a bright red-brown with a thin -outer edge of paler sapwood. - - - - - SOUTHERN RED OAK - Quercus falcata Michx. - - -Southern red oak, commonly known as red oak and formerly as Spanish oak, -usually reaches a height of 80 feet and diameter of 3 feet, although -larger trees are found. It grows on dry hills in the eastern part of the -state to the Brazos River, while three varieties are found in richer, -more moist locations. Its large spreading branches form a broad, round, -open top. The BARK is rough, not deeply furrowed, and varies from light -gray on younger trees to dark gray or almost black on older ones. - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN RED OAK (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural - size; twig, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are deciduous, with pear-shaped or irregular, rounded or -narrow bristle-tipped lobes, the central lobe often longest. Variety -pagodaefolia Ell., (Cherrybark Oak) has more numerous lobes. All leaves -have brown or gray down beneath. - -The staminate FLOWERS appear as catkins 3-5 inches long in April while -the leaves unfold. The FRUIT ripens the second year. The small, rounded, -½ inch long acorn is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup that tapers to a -short stalk. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, and valuable for -lumber. The bark is rich in tannin. The tree is also desirable for shade -and ornamental use. - - - - - BLACKJACK OAK - Quercus marilandica Muenchh. - - -The occurrence of blackjack oak is said to indicate poor soil since it -often occurs on dry or poorly drained, gravelly, clay, or sandy upland -soils where few other forest trees thrive. This perhaps accounts chiefly -for its slow rate of growth. It is found in those parts of the state -that support a natural tree growth, as far west as Callahan County. The -tree sometimes reaches a height of 50 or 60 feet and a diameter of 16 -inches, but it is usually much smaller. Its hard, stiff, drooping -branches form a dense crown which usually contains many persistent dead -twigs. - -The BARK is rough, very dark, often nearly black, and “blocky”; inner -bark bright orange or yellow. - - [Illustration: BLACKJACK OAK (Twig, two-thirds natural size; leaf and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are deciduous, tawny-pubescent, of leathery texture, dark -green on the upper surface, lighter underneath, broadly wedge-shaped, -and variable in shape, 4 to 10 inches long and about the same in width. -The FRUIT is an acorn about ¾ inch long, yellow-brown and often striped, -enclosed for half its length or more in a thick, light-brown cup. The -acorns mature at the end of the second season; flesh of cotyledons -yellow. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard and strong. It is used for firewood and is made -into charcoal. - - - - - WATER OAK - Quercus nigra L. - - -Water oak is native along the borders of swamps and streams and on rich -bottomlands in Texas as far west as the Colorado River. It has been -widely planted along streets and in parks as a shade tree. When fully -grown this tree reaches a height of about 80 feet and a diameter -exceeding 1 to 3 feet. The BARK is smooth, light brown tinged with red, -and has many smooth, thin scales over the surface. Water oak can be best -distinguished from the willow oak—a close associate, but longer-lived—by -the differences in the general shape and size of leaves. - -[Illustration: WATER OAK (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig and fruit, - one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, quite variable in shape, mostly oblong, broader -near the point, and more narrow at the base, giving a wedge-shaped -effect, often slightly three-lobed at the outer end, thin, and of a dull -bluish-green color, paler below than above; mostly smooth, and usually 2 -or 3 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide; remain green for some time, -then turn yellow and gradually fall from the tree during the winter. - -The FLOWERS appear in April when the leaves begin to unfold. The FRUIT, -an acorn, matures at the end of the second season. The acorn is from ½ -to ⅔ inch long and nearly as broad, light brown or yellowish-brown and -often striped, enclosed at the base only in a thin saucer-shaped cup. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, and strong, light brown in color, with -lighter-colored sapwood. The wood is utilized chiefly for crossties and -fuel. - - - - - WILLOW OAK (Pin Oak) - Quercus phellos L. - - -Willow oak, also called water oak, and pin oak, occurs in the eastern -part of the state to the Brazos River. It is frequently found in -lowlands and along the borders of rivers and swamps, but often also on -rich sandy uplands. It is a beautiful and long-lived tree, and desirable -for roadsides, lawns and parks. - -The BARK is generally smooth and of a reddish-brown color; with age, the -bark becomes slightly roughened and divided by narrow ridges. - -[Illustration: WILLOW OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and fruit, - one-third natural size)] - -The slender willow-like LEAVES on a tree whose habit of growth is -manifestly that of an oak, make the tree easy to identify in the forest. -The deciduous leaves are 2 to 5 inches long and ½ to 1 inch wide, -smooth, light green and shiny above, but dull and usually smooth below; -alternate in arrangement on the twig and borne on a short stout petiole. - -The FRUIT, small acorns, closely set along the stem, matures at the end -of the second year. The nut is a light yellow-brown hemisphere, about ½ -inch in diameter, its base scarcely enclosed in the shallow, pale -greenish-red or reddish-brown cup. The nuts are eaten as food by -bluejays, grackles (blackbirds), several other species of birds, and by -rodents. - -The WOOD is not separated commercially from other species in the red oak -group. It is heavy, strong, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged -with red, and not durable when exposed to the weather. It is used -locally for crossties, bridge planks, barn sills, and general -construction. - - - - - BLUEJACK OAK (Sandjack Oak) - Quercus incana Bartr. - - -This species, which grows on dry sand hills, is usually no more than 25 -feet in height and 5 or 6 inches in diameter; ranging mainly through -East Texas extending as far west as the Brazos River and scattering in -Central and Northwest Texas. - -The BARK is similar to that of blackjack, being divided into thick -nearly square blocks 1 to 2 inches in length and covered with small dark -brown or nearly black scales slightly tinged with red. - - [Illustration: BLUEJACK OAK (Leaves, twigs, and fruit about two-thirds - natural size)] - -The LEAVES of this tree are oblong-lanceolate, pale blue-green above, -almost white beneath; 2 to 5 inches in length and 1 to l½ inches in -width with a stout yellow midrib. The tree is most attractive in early -spring when it is covered with the light red flowers and young leaves. - -ACORNS are produced in great profusion, sessile, or on a short stock. -They are rounded at the ends, striate, and about ½ inch in length, and -mature at the end of the second year. - -The WOOD is hard, strong, close-grained, light brown, tinged with red. -It has a dark colored sapwood. The wood is of no value except for fuel. - -There are several hybrids of this species reported in Texas. - - - - - EMORY OAK - Quercus emoryi Torr. - - -In the canyons and on the southern slopes of the Davis and Chisos -Mountains occurs this interesting oak with glossy, spiny, “holly-like” -leaves, and sweet, edible acorns. A small round-topped tree up to 30 or -40 feet in height, the emory oak has drooping branches and slender, -decidedly reddish branchlets. - -The LEAVES are mostly persistent, oblong, pointed, smooth or sharply -toothed along the margin, thick, very glossy green, about 2 inches long -and less than 1 inch wide. - - [Illustration: EMORY OAK (Leaf three-fourths natural size; fruit and - twig, three-fourths natural size)] - -The acorn, or FRUIT, is borne close to the branchlet and matures in one -season. It is oblong in shape, ½ inch or more in length, with a dark -brown or nearly black nut enclosed for about one-third its length in a -narrow cup. The latter is lined with dense gray fuzz or “tomentum.” - -The WOOD is heavy, strong, somewhat brittle, close-grained, dark brown, -with light brown sapwood tinged with red. The acorns are an important -article of food for Mexicans and Indians. - -MEXICAN BLUE OAK (Q. oblongifolia Torr.), closely resembling emory oak, -is a smaller tree and does not occur at the higher elevations (over -6,000 ft.) where emory oak may be found. - -GRAY OAK (Quercus grisea Liebm.) occurs in the Trans-Pecos area in -Texas. This species is a scrub or small tree 20 to 30 feet high, but -sometimes reaching a height of 65 feet. - - - - - LIVE OAK - Quercus virginiana Mill. - - -Live oak range extends from southeastern Virginia through the lower -Coastal Plain of the Atlantic and Gulf States; in Texas, from the mouth -of the Rio Grande north to the Red River and west to the Guadalupe -Mountains, also in southern Mexico and Cuba. It is a tree of striking -character from its wide-spreading habit; sometimes reaching more than -100 feet in spread; with a short stout trunk, 3 to 4 feet in diameter, -dividing in several large limbs with nearly horizontal branches, forming -a low, dense, round-topped head. Its height is commonly from 40 to 50 -feet. The BARK on the trunk and large branches is dark brown tinged with -red, and slightly furrowed. It grows to largest size on the rich -hammocks and low ridges near the coast and only a few feet above the -water level. Slow-growing and long-lived, it is one of the most -desirable trees for roadside and ornamental planting throughout most of -its range. It is one of the very few trees that is apparently immune to -cotton root-rot. - - [Illustration: LIVE OAK (Leaf, natural size; fruit and twig, one-half - natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, persistent, thick, leathery, oblong, smooth -above, pale and silvery white beneath; from 2 to 4 inches in length and -1 to 2 inches in breadth. - -The FRUIT is an acorn about 1 inch long and ⅓ inch wide, borne on a long -stem or peduncle; it is oblong, dark brown and lustrous, and set in a -top-shaped, downy cup of a light reddish-brown color. The acorn matures -at the end of the first season. - -The WOOD is very heavy, hard, strong and tough, light brown or yellow, -with nearly white, thin sapwood. It was formerly largely used in ship -building. - - - - - MOHRS OAK (Shin Oak) - Quercus mohriana Buckl. - - -Over a wide section of Central Texas, on inferior soils, are found four -or more species of “shin” oaks, so called from their low-growing bushy -habit. Mature trees vary from 3 to 18 feet high. These are considerably -alike in foliage and fruit. The “oak shinneries” form a forest cover in -Central Texas that affords watershed protection on the head waters of -some of the state’s main rivers. - -[Illustration: MOHRS OAK (Fruit, natural size; leaf, two-thirds natural - size)] - -The tree has a thin, pale-colored BARK, rough, with deep furrows running -up and down the tree. - -The deciduous LEAVES of the above small-tree species of shin oak are -elliptical, pointed or rounded at the end, smooth or wavy or sometimes -lobed or slightly toothed along the margin. They are thick, gray-green, -dense hairy beneath, about 3 inches long by 1 inch wide. - -The acorns, or FRUIT, occur solitarily or in pairs, on very short -peduncles, and mature in one season. They are small, deeply enclosed in -a relatively heavy cup, thin toward the outer end. - -The WOOD of Mohrs oak is not of economic importance. - - - - - DURAND OAK (Durand White Oak) - Quercus durandii Buckl. - - -This oak is found on the well-drained soil of river bottoms from the -coast region of East Texas to the bottoms of the Guadalupe River -(Victoria County) and inland to San Saba County, and the Dallas area. - -It forms a tree 60 to 90 feet high with a tall trunk 2 to 3 feet in -diameter; comparatively small branches, the lower horizontal, the upper -ascending, forming a dense, round-topped, handsome head. - - [Illustration: DURAND OAK (Leaves and fruit, one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is thin, light gray or nearly white and broken into loose -appressed scales. - -The deciduous LEAVES are 2½ to 7 inches long, yellow-green, thin, smooth -on the edges, three-lobed toward the tip, or irregularly lobed, the -three forms appearing on different branches of the same tree. - -The FRUIT, an acorn, solitary or in pairs on a very short peduncle, is -nearly egg-shaped, pale chestnut-brown, shinning, ½ to ¾ inch long, and -barely enclosed at the base in the thin saucer-shaped cup. The acorn -matures in one season. - -The WOOD is hard and heavy and is used largely as fuel. - - - - - WHITE OAK - Quercus alba L. - - -Within its natural range, which includes practically the entire eastern -half of the United States, the white oak is one of the most important -timber trees. Found in East Texas to the Brazos River, it commonly -reaches a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. It is found on -high quality soils. Grown in a dense stand it has a long, straight -trunk, free of side branches for over half of its height. In the open, -it develops a short trunk and broad crown with far-reaching limbs. - -The BARK is thin, light ashy gray and covered with loose scales or broad -plates. - - [Illustration: WHITE OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and fruit, - one-third natural size)] - -The deciduous LEAVES are alternate, simple, 5 to 9 inches long and about -half as broad. They are deeply divided into 5 to 9 rounded, finger-like -lobes. The young leaves are a soft silvery-gray or yellow or red while -unfolding, later becoming bright green and lustrous or dull above and -much paler and glaucous below. The FRUIT, an acorn maturing in one -season, is ¾ to 1 inch long, light brown, and about one-fourth enclosed -in a warty cup. The acorn is relished by hogs and other livestock. - -The WOOD is heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, and -light brown in color. The uses are many, including construction, -watertight barrels, furniture, wagons, implements, interior finish, -flooring, and fuel. Although white oak is slow growing, it is valuable -for forest, highway and ornamental planting. - - - - - POST OAK - Quercus stellata Wangenh. - - -Post oak of Texas is usually a medium-sized tree, with a rounded crown, -commonly reaching a height of 50 feet and a diameter of 1 foot, but -sometimes considerably larger. It is the common oak in Central Texas and -occurs frequently in East Texas. It occurs most abundantly on the poorer -upland soils that have poor drainage. - -The deciduous LEAVES are usually 4 to 5 inches long and nearly as broad, -deeply five-lobed with broad rounded divisions, the lobes broadest at -the ends. They are thick and somewhat leathery, dark green and shiny on -the upper surface, lighter green and rough hairy beneath. - - [Illustration: POST OAK (Leaf and twig, one-third natural size; fruit, - one-fourth natural size)] - -The FLOWERS, like those of the other oaks, are of two kinds on the same -tree, the male in drooping clustered catkins, the female inconspicuous. -The FRUIT, an oval acorn ½ to 1 inch long, is set in a rather small cup -which has thin scales and may or may not be stalked. The fruit matures -in one season. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, light to dark brown, and durable -in contact with the soil. It is used for crossties and fence posts, and -occasionally for furniture and lumber. - -Aside from the typical form, two varieties are found in the state. The -variety margaretta (Ashe) Sarg. is the common post oak of eastern Texas. - - - - - BUR OAK (Mossy-Cup Oak) - Quercus macrocarpa Michx. - - -Bur oak occurs throughout the eastern part of the state and as far west -as Callahan and Menard Counties, in rich bottomlands along streams, or -on rich hillsides along spring-fed rivers. The name alludes to the -fringe around the cup of the acorn, which is sometimes large. The tree -usually has a broad top of heavy spreading branches and a relatively -short body. In maturity it attains a diameter of 5 feet or more and a -height of over 80 feet. - -The branches frequently have conspicuous corky ridges after the second -year. - - [Illustration: BUR OAK (Illustrations, one-third natural size)] - -The BARK is light gray and is usually broken up into small narrow -flakes. The deciduous LEAVES resemble somewhat those of the common white -oak, but are much larger and have a pair of deep indentations on their -border near the base, and wavy notches on the broad, middle and upper -portions of the leaf. They range from 6 to 12 inches long and 3 to 6 -inches wide. The FRUIT, or acorn, is set deeply in the fringed cup. The -fruit is usually 1 inch or more in diameter but varies widely in respect -to size and the degree to which the nut is enclosed in the mossy-fringed -cup. The fruit matures in one season. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. It is used for much -the same purposes as the other white oaks—for lumber, crossties, and -fuel. - - - - - OVERCUP OAK - Quercus lyrata Walt. - - -Overcup oak, sometimes known as the swamp post oak or water white oak, -becomes a large tree with small, often pendulous branches. It is found -in moist, rich bottomlands in East Texas to the Navasota River Valley. - -The LEAVES are deciduous, 7 to 9 inches long, 1 to 4 inches broad, -oblong, wider toward the point, narrowed at the base, dark green above, -often whitish beneath, with 7 to 9 distinct pointed lobes. They -frequently turn to a bright scarlet or to scarlet and orange in the -fall. The BARK is rough, flaky, and gray tinged with red. - - [Illustration: OVERCUP OAK (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The FLOWERS open with the unfolding of the leaves. The FRUIT, an acorn, -ripens in one season. The large rounded or somewhat flattened acorn, an -inch or more across and ½ to 1 inch high, is nearly covered by the ovate -or nearly spherical cup, which is thickened at the base but gradually -grows thinner, often irregularly split at the margin of the cup. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, and durable and is used for the same -purposes as that of white oak. - - - - - SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK - Quercus michauxii Nutt. - - -This species, also called basket oak and cow oak, is distinguished by -having a wavy leaf-margin, a large fruit which is sessile or very short -stalked, and by the fact that it occurs in its greatest abundance in -bottomlands. It is confined chiefly to the eastern part of the state as -far west as the Trinity River. - -In the appearance of its bark and branches it closely resembles the -ordinary white oak, but the leaf lacks deep indentations and the acorn -is usually larger. The tree attains heights of about 100 feet and -diameters of about 4 feet. - -The LEAVES are deciduous, obovate or oblong ovate, notched on the edge -somewhat like the chinkapin oak, but the lobes are rounded instead of -pointed. They vary from 4 to 8 inches in length, are downy beneath and -turn a rich crimson in the fall. The BARK is very light gray, and on old -trees is broken into broad flakes or divided into strips. - - [Illustration: SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; fruit - and leaf, one-third natural size)] - -The acorn, or FRUIT, matures in one season and attains a diameter of -more than an inch and a length of 1½ inches. The acorn is a bright, -shiny brown and set in a rather shallow cup. The acorn is frequently -eaten by cows and this fact gives the tree one of its common names. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, strong, and takes an excellent polish. -It is used in manufacturing lumber, veneer, boards (shakes), water-tight -barrels, fuel, fence posts, and baskets. - - - - - CHINKAPIN OAK - Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. - - -This oak, also known as chestnut oak, occurs over the eastern part of -the state and west to the Guadalupe River; also on the Guadalupe -Mountains. It grows on most classes of soils, except in swamps, and is -tenacious on shallow, dry, limestone soil. The BARK is light gray, and -breaks up in the short narrow flakes on the main trunk and old limbs. - -It reaches a height of 20 to 50 feet. The straight, shapely trunk bears -a round-topped head composed of small branches, which makes it an -attractive shade tree. - -The LEAVES are deciduous, oblong, 3 to 6 inches in length, 1½ to 3 -inches wide, equally toothed or notched on the edges, resembling the -leaves of chestnut oak. The FRUIT, which ripens in the fall of the first -season, is light to dark brown when ripe, and edible if roasted. This -acorn is ½ to nearly 1 inch long, usually less than 1 inch in diameter, -and set in a shallow cup. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, durable, and takes an excellent polish. -It is used for barrels, fencing, crossties, fuel, and occasionally for -furniture. - - [Illustration: CHINKAPIN OAK (Leaf, one-half natural size; twig and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - - - - - AMERICAN ELM (White Elm) - Ulmus americana L. - - -The range of this famous American shade tree extends west to the Dakotas -and southward to Coke County, Texas. Within this vast area, it is -generally common except in the high mountains and wet bottomlands. It -reaches an average height of 60 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. The BARK -is dark gray, divided into irregular flat-topped, thick ridges, and is -generally firm. An incision into an outer ridge of bark will show -alternate brown and cream colored layers. A cross section of slippery -elm bark is uniformly cream or tan colored. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN ELM (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long, rather thick, -somewhat lopsided, double toothed on the margin, and either smooth or -scabrous above and soft pubescent or glabrate below. The leaf veins are -very pronounced and run in parallel lines from the midrib to the leaf -margin. - -The FLOWERS are small, perfect, greenish, on slender pedicels, soon -pendulous, and appear before the leaves. The FRUIT ripens in the spring -and is a light green, oval-shaped samara (winged fruit) with the seed -portion in the center and surrounded entirely by a wing. A deep notch in -the end of the wing is distinctive of the species. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and difficult to split. It is -used for hubs of wheels, saddle trees, veneer for baskets and crates, -and slack cooperage. - -American elm is rapidly being destroyed in the East and Midwest by the -Dutch elm disease and by phloem necrosis. - - - - - WINGED ELM - Ulmus alata Michx. - - -Winged elm gets its common name from the thin corky growth or “wings”, -usually found on smaller branches. These “wings” generally end abruptly -at the leaf nodes as contrasted by the cedar elm (p. 63) whose “wings” -are generally continuous. On large rapidly growing trees the wings are -often absent. It occurs in eastern Texas south to the valley of the -Guadalupe River, on dry uplands, and in moist soils along streams and -swamps. It grows rapidly in moist situations, and may also be planted -along roadsides in relatively dry, poor locations. It is comparatively -free from disease, though not long-lived. Winged elm is a medium-sized -tree 40 to 50 feet in height and rarely as large as 2 feet in diameter. -It forms a rather open, round-topped head. - - [Illustration: WINGED ELM (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is light brown tinged with red, and divided by irregular -shallow fissures into flat ridges. - -The LEAVES are simple alternate, 2 to 4 inches long and 1 to 2 inches -broad, coarsely double-toothed, thick, dark green and smooth above, and -pale and pale-pubescent or glabrous below with auxiliary hairs and -prominent veins. The leaves are small and pointed at the tip, which -distinguishes them from the small blunt leaves of the cedar elm. - -The FLOWERS appear in early spring, long before the leaves unfold. The -FRUIT ripens in the spring about the time the leaves appear; it is -winged, tipped with two, small, incurved arms or beaks; oblong, -reddish-brown; about ⅓ inch long, with a long, slender pedicel at the -base, and covered with white hairs. - -The WOOD is very similar to that of the other elms—heavy, hard, and -difficult to split. It is occasionally used for hubs and mauls. -Formerly, rope made of the inner bark was used for binding the covers to -cotton bales. - - - - - CEDAR ELM - Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. - - -Cedar elm is distributed widely over the state, near streams, in deep -rich soil, and on dry, limestone hills. It is the most common elm tree -of Texas, extending to the Pecos River. It forms a tree up to 75 feet -high with a tall straight trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter, and with an -inversely conic round-topped head and drooping branches. It reaches its -largest size on the bottomlands of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers. - - [Illustration: CEDAR ELM (Illustrations, three-fourths natural size)] - -The BARK is light-brown tinged with red, deeply fissured, with -flattened, scaly ridges. The young twigs are finely velvet and reddish, -sometimes developing thin corky wings which continue around the leaf -nodes. - -The LEAVES are small, the largest less than 2 inches long, often double -toothed and usually rather blunt at the tip. Their upper surface is dark -green and rough, while the lower surface and petiole are hairy. - -The FLOWERS, which appear in the autumn, are in small short-pedicelled -clusters at the axils of the leaves. The FRUIT, an oval-shaped samara -slightly more than ¼ inch long, is hairy all over, especially on the -edges and is deeply notched at the tip. - -The WOOD is reddish-brown, brittle, and with a thick layer of lighter -colored sapwood. The wood is sometimes used in the manufacture of hubs, -furniture, and fencing. - - - - - SLIPPERY ELM (Red Elm) - Ulmus rubra Muhl. - - -Slippery elm, or red elm, is found in the eastern and southern parts of -the state as far as the upper Guadalupe and Leon Rivers in Kerr and -Comal Counties. It is found principally on the banks of streams and on -low hillsides in rich soil. It is a tree of small to moderate size, but -noticeably wide-spreading. It is usually less than 40 feet in height and -6 inches in diameter, although trees of larger dimensions are -occasionally found. - -The BARK on the trunk is frequently 1 inch thick, dark grayish-brown on -the surface, uniformly tan or cream colored in cross section, and broken -by shallow fissures into flat ridges. The inner bark is used to some -extent for medicinal purposes and, when chewed, affords a slippery -mucilaginous substance, whence the tree gets its name. - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate on the stem, 4 to 6 inches in length, -sharp-pointed, their bases unsymmetrical, doubly toothed on the edges, -thick, dark green, and very rough above, pubescent below. - - [Illustration: SLIPPERY ELM (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, one-half natural size)] - -The FLOWERS appear in early spring and are nearly sessile. The FRUIT, a -samara, ¾ inch long and ½ inch in diameter, consists of a seed -surrounded by a thin, broad, greenish wing. The fruit ripens when the -leaves are about half grown. The margin of the fruit is not ciliate. - -The WOOD is close-grained, tough, strong, heavy, hard, and moderately -durable in contact with the soil. Slippery elm and American elm are sold -commercially as “soft elm,” and have similar uses. - - - - - PLANER TREE (Water Elm) - Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. - - -Planer tree or water elm is found on low wet lands along the streams of -the eastern part of the state as far west as Brazos and Matagorda -Counties. It forms a small spreading tree with a low broad head 30 to 40 -feet in height and with a maximum trunk diameter of 20 inches. - - [Illustration: PLANER TREE (Illustrations, nearly natural size)] - -The BARK is light brown or gray, about ¼ inch thick, and separates into -large scales. - -The LEAVES resemble those of the small-leaved elms. They are 2 to 2½ -inches long, ¾ to 1 inch wide on a short petiole, dark dull green above -and paler on the lower surface, and have yellowish veins. - -The FLOWERS appear with the leaves in March or early April. The small -flowers are sometimes perfect; occasionally the male and female flowers -are borne separately on the same tree. The FRUIT is a peculiar, rounded, -shaggy-appearing structure, about ⅜ inch long. It consists of a nut-like -center covered with soft and irregular wing-like outgrowths which extend -out on all sides from the center. - -The WOOD is light brown, coarse-grained and soft, very light in weight, -and has a broad zone of nearly white sapwood. The wood has little -economic value. - - - - - HACKBERRY - Celtis occidentalis L. - - -Hackberry is found over eastern Texas on various types of soil. It is -usually a medium-sized to large tree, becoming 60 to 100 feet or more -high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter. Its limbs are often crooked and -angular and bear a head made of slender, pendant branches or short, -bristly, stubby twigs. In the open, the crown is generally symmetrical. -It makes an excellent shade tree. - -The BARK is brownish-gray, one inch or more thick, and generally very -rough with many scale-like or warty projections of dead bark. - - [Illustration: HACKBERRY (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size; - twig, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, ovate, alternate, one-sided, 2 to 4 inches long, -thick, very rough above, green on both surfaces, and the edges toothed -toward the long point. The FLOWERS are inconspicuous, and the two kinds -are borne on the same tree. They appear in April or May, and are of a -creamy greenish color. The FRUIT is a round, somewhat oblong, drupe or -berry, dark purple, ⅓ inch in diameter, ripening in September. The -peduncle (fruit stem) is much longer than the petiole of the leaf. It -has a thin, purplish skin, and sweet yellowish flesh. The berries -frequently hang on the tree most of the winter. - -The WOOD is heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays readily when exposed. -It is used chiefly for fuel, and occasionally for lumber. - -The range of this hackberry extends far into the northern and -northeastern parts of the United States. - - - - - SUGARBERRY (Sugar Hackberry) - Celtis laevigata Willd. - - -Sugarberry is distributed widely over the eastern half of the state. It -occurs most abundantly and attains greatest size in rich alluvial soil, -but thrives on various soil types. The species may grow 30 to 50 feet -high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter, though sometimes much larger. Its -limbs are spreading or pendulous, forming a broad head. Its branchlets -are slender, light green, glabrous or pubescent when young, and bright -reddish-brown during their first winter. - -The BARK is pale gray and covered with prominent excrescences. - -The LEAVES are simple, oblong-lanceolate, one-sided, 2½ to 5 inches -long, thin, smooth, with the edges entire. - -[Illustration: SUGARBERRY (Leaf, fruit, and twig, three-fourths natural - size)] - -The FLOWERS, not conspicuous, are borne on slender, smooth peduncles in -April or May, and are of a creamy-greenish color. The FRUIT is -short-oblong to pear shaped, orange-red or yellow, ¼ inch in diameter, -and ripens in September. The peduncle of the fruit is shorter or -slightly longer than the petiole of the leaf. - -The WOOD is soft, weak, close-grained, and light yellow, and is used -occasionally for flooring and furniture, but chiefly for fuel. - - - - - RED MULBERRY - Morus rubra L. - - -Red mulberry occurs in eastern Texas and west to the canyon of Devils -River, Valverde County. It prefers rich moist soils. It is a small tree, -rarely 50 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, often growing in the shade -of larger trees. - -The BARK is rather thin, dark grayish-brown, and peels off in long -narrow flakes. - - [Illustration: RED MULBERRY (Twig, two-thirds natural size; leaves and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are alternate, thin, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped, -toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, rough hairy above and soft hairy -beneath. Some of the leaves are mitten-shaped or lobed. - -The FLOWERS are of two kinds, on the same or different trees, in long -drooping catkins, the female catkins shorter, appearing with the leaves. - -The multiple FRUIT is edible, dark purple or black when ripe, and ¾ to 1 -inch long. - -The WOOD is rather light, soft, not strong, light orange-yellow, and the -heartwood is durable in contact with the soil. It is chiefly used for -fence posts. - -The TEXAS MULBERRY (Morus microphylla Buckl.) is found in West Texas and -south from the Colorado River. Its leaves are rarely longer than 1½ -inches. - -The WHITE MULBERRY (Morus alba L.) a native of China, has become -naturalized in the United States. - - - - - OSAGE-ORANGE (Bois-d’arc) - Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. - - -Osage-orange, “bodark”, hedge apple, or mock orange is native to eastern -and Central Texas; attaining its largest size in the valley of the Red -River in the northeast part of the state. It commonly reaches a height -of 20 to 40 feet and a diameter of 4 to 12 inches. The BARK is thin, -gray, sometimes tinged with yellow; on old trees it is divided into -strips or flakes. It contains tannin and has been used for tanning -leather. The twigs are armed with stout, straight thorns ⅜ to 1 inch -long. - - [Illustration: OSAGE-ORANGE (Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size; - leaf and twig, nearly one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, oval-pointed and lustrous green on the -upper surface, 3 to 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, and entire. -The leaves turn bright yellow in the autumn. - -The yellowish FLOWERS appear in May; two kinds on the same tree—the male -flowers in a linear cluster and the female flowers a rounded ball. The -FRUIT is globular, from 2 to 5 inches in diameter, resembling a rough, -green orange. - -The WOOD is heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, and very durable in -contact with the soil. The heartwood is bright orange in color, turning -brown upon exposure. It is largely used for posts. The Indians prized -the wood for bows and war clubs. The tree is planted for windbreaks and -hedges. The bark of the roots supply a yellow dye. - - - - - SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA (Evergreen Magnolia) - Magnolia grandiflora L. - - -Magnolia is one of the best-known trees in the eastern part of the -state. No other tree excels it in the combined beauty of leaves and -flowers. Occurring naturally in rich moist soil on the borders of river -swamps and nearby uplands in the Coastal Plain to the valley of the -Brazos River, it has been widely cultivated for its ornamental value. In -its natural habitat, it attains heights generally of 60 to 80 feet and -trunk diameters up to 4 feet. The dense pyramidal head, or crown, is -made up of numerous small spreading branches and branchlets. - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA (Leaf and flower, one-fourth natural - size; twig, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are evergreen, thick, leathery, elliptical or oval, dark -green and shiny above, rusty or silvery beneath, and mostly from 5 to 8 -inches long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, with prominent midribs. They remain -on the tree for approximately 2 years. - -The large FLOWERS are 6 to 8 inches broad, with pure white petals -surrounding a splash of bright purple in the center, and have a pleasing -fragrance. - -The FRUIT is a rounded or oval aggregate 3 to 4 inches long containing -many seeds, each enclosed in a follicle. These open in the fall and -display the bright red seeds dangling on slender threads. - -The WOOD is moderately heavy, hard, and of a creamy color. It is used -chiefly for furniture, Venetian blinds, and fuel. - - - - - SWEETBAY (Sweetbay Magnolia) - Magnolia virginiana L. - - -Sweetbay, better known locally as white or swampbay, is found in the -southern part of the Texas pine belt to western Montgomery County, in -swamps and rich, moist soils. Often appearing as a clump of sprouts in -open woods, in dense forests it grows as a tree 60 to 90 feet high, and -up to 3 feet in diameter. - -The bark is light gray; the branchlets silky-white. - -The LEAVES are simple, oblong, pale green above and hairy-white beneath, -4 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, remaining on sprout growth to -spring, usually dropping from older trees in the fall. - -[Illustration: SWEETBAY (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds - natural size; fruit, one-fourth natural size)] - -The fragrant FLOWERS, with 9 to 12 creamy-white petals on slender smooth -stems, measure 2 to 3 inches across. They continue to open during -several weeks of spring and early summer. The FRUIT aggregate or “bur” -is oval-shaped, dark red or brown, about 2 inches long, and contains -scarlet seeds which are usually oval, flattened, and less than ½ inch -long. - -The WOOD is soft, creamy white to reddish, and is used for furniture, -boxes, woodenware, and venetian blinds. - - - - - PAWPAW - Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal - - -This odd and attractive tree does not grow abundantly in Texas and seems -to be little known. It is found near streams in the extreme east portion -of the state and in greater abundance in Harrison and Grayson Counties. -It is seldom over 30 feet high with a trunk 8 or 10 inches in diameter. - -The BARK on young trees and branches is a smooth, clean brown; on older -trees becoming blotched with gray, and bearing a few small wart-like -excrescences. - -The LEAVES are obovate—lanceolate, 8 to 12 inches long, light, bright -green above and paler below. - -The FLOWERS are strikingly characteristic. The three light green, hairy -sepals are early deciduous. The outer three petals are a rich -brownish-purple and deeply veined. The inner three petals are pointed, -glandular, and erect. - -The FRUIT is an oblong berry 3 to 6 inches long, and contains a number -of large, brown seeds. When ripe it falls to the ground, turning dark -brown. The deep yellow flesh is palatable, though some people do not -care for its unique flavor. The tree blooms and bears as a shrub or -tree. - -The WOOD is light, weak, and spongy, yellow in color, and is of no known -value. - - [Illustration: PAWPAW (Leaf, one-fourth natural size; twig, two-thirds - natural size)] - - - - - REDBAY - Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. - - -Redbay is native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coast states from Virginia to -southeastern and southern Texas and is a member of the Laurel family. In -all, about 100 species of Persea are found in North and South America. - -Redbay grows to 70 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter, with a -well-shaped head of erect, stout, dark green branches. It grows in -moist, rich soils along the streams and in swamps and sometimes in drier -soils along with longleaf pine, over the coastal region. - - [Illustration: REDBAY (Illustrations, two-thirds natural size)] - -The aromatic LEAVES are oblong, thick or leathery, up to 4 inches in -length and 1½ inches in width, bright green with the margin entire and -with a narrow, orange-colored midrib. They remain green over the first -winter. The yellowish-white FLOWERS are in small clusters. - -The FRUIT is a nearly round, rather fleshy, shiny, dark blue or nearly -black drupe, about ½ inch long. It ripens in the autumn and contains a -large rounded stone. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, bright red, with thin, lighter colored -sapwood. It is used for cabinet-making, and interior house finish, and -has been used for boat construction. - -SILKBAY (Persea humilis Nash) is a dwarf or low growing shrub or tree 6 -to 10 feet in height occurring in southern Texas. - - - - - SASSAFRAS - Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees - - -This small tree with aromatic leaves and twigs is usually not over 40 -feet in height or a foot in diameter. It is common in Texas west to the -Brazos River on the drier soils, and is one of the first broad-leaved -trees to grow on abandoned fields, where the seeds are dropped by birds. -The species is closely related to the camphor tree of Japan. The BARK is -red-brown and deeply furrowed while the bark of the twigs is bright -green. - -The LEAVES are unusual in that they vary widely in shape on the same -tree, or even on the same twig. Some are oval and entire, 4 to 6 inches -long; others have one lobe, resembling a mitten; while still others are -divided at the outer end into 3 distinct lobes. - - [Illustration: SASSAFRAS (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and fruit, - one-third natural size)] - -The FLOWERS are clustered, greenish-yellow, and open with the first -unfolding of the leaves. The male and female flowers are usually on -different trees. The FRUIT is an oblong, dark blue or black lustrous -drupe surrounded at the base by what appears to be a small orange-red or -scarlet cup at the end of the scarlet peduncle. - -The WOOD is light, soft, weak, brittle, and durable in the soil; the -heartwood is dull orange-brown. It is used for posts and crossties. The -bark of the roots yields the very aromatic oil of sassafras much used -for flavoring candies and various commercial products. The bark of the -root is sold in small bundles for making sassafras tea. - - - - - WITCH-HAZEL - Hamamelis virginiana L. - - -This tall-growing shrub which has the peculiar habit of blooming in the -late fall and ripening its fruit in early spring is native to the -extreme eastern portion of Texas, being found on rich soils of streams -or along the borders of the forest. - -The BARK is smooth, white, gray, and mottled with light brown. - -The LEAVES are usually obovate, 3 to 5 inches long, prominently veined, -with a wavy margin, very irregular at the base, bright green above and -slightly paler below. They are generally smooth. - -The odd, yellow FLOWERS are borne in clusters along the branch, with -long, very narrow twisted petals. They develop during November, -December, and January, the time depending somewhat on the weather, and -possess a refreshing fragrance. The FRUIT is a hard, tough, two-celled -capsule, with two beaks. It divides in half, each half containing a -shiny black seed. In the late summer or early autumn the capsules pop -open, discharging the seeds. - - [Illustration: WITCH-HAZEL (Leaf, one-half natural size; flower and - fruit, natural size)] - -The WOOD is hard and close-grained. The trees do not grow large enough -to be of commercial value. - -An analgesic extract used in lotions and balms is obtained from the -inner bark by distillation. - - - - - SWEETGUM (Redgum) - Liquidambar styraciflua L. - - -Sweetgum is a valuable and sometimes troublesome forest tree in East -Texas. It occurs on rich river bottoms and in swamps subject to frequent -overflow, as well as on the dried uplands, as far west as the San -Jacinto River Basin. The BARK is a light gray, roughened by corky -scales, later becoming deeply furrowed. After the second year the twigs -often develop corky projections of bark, which give them a winged -appearance. - -The simple, alternate star-shaped LEAF with its 5 to 7 points or lobes, -is 5 to 7 inches across and aromatic. In the fall its coloring ranges -from pale yellow through orange and red to a deep bronze. - - [Illustration: SWEETGUM (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; twig, - two-thirds natural size)] - -The FLOWERS of both sexes appear on the same tree and open with the -leaves. The FRUIT, a head an inch or more in diameter, is made up of -many capsules with projecting spines. It hangs on the tree late into the -winter. - -The WOOD is moderately hard, close-grained, and not durable on exposure. -The reddish-brown heartwood, which suggests the name red gum, is not -present to any appreciable extent in logs under 16 inches in diameter. -The wood is extensively used for flooring, interior finish, paper pulp, -and veneers for baskets of all kinds. - -In the uplands, this species competes aggressively with the more -valuable Southern pines. The control of sweetgum is, therefore, a -problem. This attractive species should be more widely planted for -ornamental use. - - - - - AMERICAN SYCAMORE - Plantanus occidentalis L. - - -American sycamore, also called planetree and buttonwood, is considered -the largest hardwood tree in North America. It occurs throughout eastern -Texas to Zavalla County. It is most abundant and reaches its largest -size along streams and on rich bottomlands. It grows rapidly and -occasionally attains a height of 140 to 170 feet and a diameter of 10 to -11 feet. - -The BARK of the sycamore is a characteristic feature; on the younger -trunk and large limbs it is smooth, greenish-gray in color. The outer -bark of limbs and upper trunk flakes off in large patches and exposes -the nearly white younger bark. Near the base of old trees, the bark -becomes thick, dark brown and divided by deep furrows. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN SYCAMORE (Fruit and leaf, one-third natural - size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, 4 to 7 inches long and about as broad; -light green and smooth above, and paler below. The base of the petiole -is hollow and in falling off exposes the winter bud. The multiple FRUIT -forms a ball about 1 inch in diameter, which hangs on its flexible -peduncle—3 to 5 inches long. During early spring the fruit ball breaks -up, and the small nutlets are scattered widely by the wind. - -The WOOD is hard and moderately strong, but decays rapidly in the -ground. It is used for butchers’ blocks, tobacco boxes, furniture, and -interior finish. - - - - - HAWTHORN (Haw) - Crataegus L. - - -Hawthorn, as treated here, represents about 30 different species and -varieties distributed throughout the state. Members of the group occur -on the poorest and richest soils, on the shallowest and deepest, and on -the limestone hills as well as on the rich bottom and swamp lands. Most -of the forms have a common likeness in possessing thorns and bearing -white blossoms and red or yellow fruit. Some species are planted as -ornamental trees, but otherwise the group is of little commercial value. - -[Illustration: HAWTHORN (Leaf and twig, two-thirds natural size; fruit, - one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is generally thin, gray in color, and on the old stems broken -up into thin, narrow scales. - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, mostly oval or wedge-shaped, notched -on the edges, and usually from 2 to 3 inches long. - -The FLOWERS are white, some fragrant and others with a slightly -unpleasant odor; they appear in early spring. The FRUIT varies from -globular to oblong, from ¼ to ¾ inch in diameter; some when ripe have a -pulpy, sweet, edible flesh, surrounding from 1 to 5 bony seeds. - -The WOOD is strong, tough, heavy, hard, but rarely used for any purpose. - -Many species of birds are attracted to these trees and bushes by the -fruit and for the protection offered for nesting. Blueberry hawthorn, C. -brachyacanthu, fruit ripens in the late summer and is valuable for deer -food. The fruit of most species ripens in the fall, and one or two -varieties yield a fruit highly prized for making jelly. - - - - - RIVERFLAT HAWTHORN (Mayhew) - Crataegus opaca Hook. and Arn. - - -This species is a native of East Texas, being found as far west as the -Trinity River. It grows along rivers at the edges of swamps and ponds, -where water stands a part of the year. These trees often form extensive -thickets. The FRUIT of this haw, unlike other Texas haws, matures in -late April or May. After the fruit is gone, it is more difficult to -distinguish it from other haws. It is of low, spreading habit, sometimes -becoming a tree 20 to 30 feet high and about a foot in diameter. It -usually bears a few thorns about 1 inch long on branches two years old. - -[Illustration: RIVERFLAT HAWTHORN (Leaves, flowers, and fruit, one-half - natural size)] - -On old trees the BARK is deeply fissured and divided into dark brown, -persistent scales. The wood has no commercial value. - -The LEAVES are about 2 inches long, pointed, narrowing toward the stem, -finely toothed from the middle of the tip, sometimes slightly lobed, -dull green, and rather downy beneath. - -The FLOWERS appearing in March are the largest of Crataegus, 1 inch in -diameter, white, and borne in clusters of only 2 or 3. The FRUIT, an -unusually large haw, is sometimes nearly an inch in diameter. When fully -ripe, these haws are scarlet, lustrous, mellow, and pleasantly acid. The -fruit is gathered in large quantities for making mayhaw jelly. - - - - - MEXICAN PLUM - Prunus mexicana S. Wats. - - -This common wild plum is a small tree reaching 20 to 25 feet in height -and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. Uncommonly it attains only large shrub -size. - -The BARK is dark, varying from gray to nearly black. There are curling -scales on young branches but on old trunks the bark becomes rough and -deeply furrowed. - - [Illustration: MEXICAN PLUM (Leaf, three-fourths natural size; flowers - and fruit, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES, when mature, are alternate, oval, abruptly pointed, finely -and doubly toothed along the margin, dark yellow-green, smooth and -shiny, thick and firm, 2 to 3 inches long by 1 to 2 inches wide, -narrowed or rounded at the base and prominently veined on both surfaces. - -The white FLOWERS appear in numerous small clusters in March before the -leaves. With a profusion of flowers, this tree is one of the delights of -early spring in the woods. The FRUIT, or plum, which ripens in late -summer, is dark purple-red color with a bluish “bloom”, about 1¼ inches -in diameter, and varies widely in its palatability. The stone is about ¾ -inch long, and smooth. The dorsal edge is ridged; the ventral edge -grooved. - -This species of plum does not sucker to form thickets, is drought -resistant, and has been used for grafting stock for the production of -commercial plums. - - - - - FLATWOODS PLUM (Black Sloe) - Prunus umbellata Ell. - - -This shrub or small tree with a short, often crooked, or inclining trunk -and a flat-topped head and slender branches is rarely over 20 feet high. -Branchlets at first covered with a dense, pale pubescence, soon become -smooth and bright red during the first year and dull dark brown the -second year. It occurs throughout the eastern portion of the state. - - [Illustration: FLATWOODS PLUM (Two-thirds natural size)] - -BARK ¼ inch thick, dark brown, almost black, and broken diagonally into -small, hard, appressed, persistent scales. LEAVES bright bronze-green -with red margins and petiole when they unfold; at maturity, usually less -than 2½ inches long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong with a rounded or -slightly cordate base; leaf thin, dark green above, paler below; usually -furnished with two large dark glands at the base; margins finely and -sharply serrate with incurved teeth. - -Small white FLOWERS appearing in umbels of 3 or 4 flowers before the -leaves. Flowers ⅔ inch in diameter. FRUIT a drupe on a stem ½ to 1 inch -long, round, ½ inch in diameter, and with a tough, black, yellow, or -bright red skin covered with a glaucous bloom, and with thick, acid -flesh. Stone flattened, brittle-walled, and wrinkled. Dorsal edge -grooved; ventral edge with conspicuous ridge. The fruit is relished by -deer. - - - - - BLACK CHERRY - Prunus serotina Ehrh. - - -A medium-sized tree, up to about 70 feet high and 1 to 3 feet in -diameter, black cherry is found in eastern Texas and in the mountains of -West Texas. The forest-grown trees have long clear trunks with little -taper. Open-grown trees have short trunks with many branches and -irregular spreading crowns. The BARK on branches and young trunks is -smooth and bright reddish-brown, marked by conspicuous, narrow, white, -horizontal lines, and has a bitter almond taste. On the older trunks the -bark becomes rough and broken into thick, irregular plates. - - [Illustration: BLACK CHERRY (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The LEAVES are alternate, simple, oval to lance-like in shape, 2 to 6 -inches long and 1-1½ inches wide, with fine, incurved serrations, shiny -above, and paler beneath. Cattle eating wilted leaves may be fatally -poisoned. - -The FRUIT is a dull purplish-black drupe, about as large as a pea, and -is borne in long hanging panicles. The fruit ripens in late summer, is -edible though slightly bitter, and is relished by wildlife. - -The WOOD is reddish-brown with yellowish sapwood, moderately heavy, -hard, strong, fine-grained, and does not warp or split in seasoning. -With the exception of black walnut, cherry lumber has a greater unit -value than any other hardwood of the eastern United States. Cherry is -prized for furniture. - -The SOUTHWESTERN BLACK CHERRY, Prunus serotina var. rufula (Woot. and -Standl.) McVaugh is found in the Guadalupe Mountains of West Texas. At -least five other cherry species are native to Texas. All have shrubby -growth. - - - - - CAROLINA LAURELCHERRY - Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Ait. - - -Called by many local names such as cherry laurel, wild peach, and mock -orange, this species is native to the eastern portion of the state to -the valley of the Guadalupe River, where it is found on deep rich moist -bottomlands. It is apparently free from disease and quite adaptable for -landscape planting. It is usually a small tree but sometimes reaches a -height of 50 to 60 feet and 18 inches in diameter when cultivated. The -partially withered leaves and young branches can be fatal to animals -browsing upon them, owing to presence of poisonous hydrocyanic acid. - - [Illustration: CAROLINA LAURELCHERRY (Two-thirds natural size)] - -The BARK is rather smooth, gray, and marked by almost black blotches. - -The LEAVES are persistent, oblong-lanceolate, with a few tiny sharp -teeth along the margins, dark lustrous green above, paler below. They -cling until the second year. - -The small white FLOWERS come in clusters, in early spring. The FRUIT, a -lustrous black drupe, ripens in autumn, and clings until the following -spring. The fruit is eaten by some birds. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, rich brown in color, -with a thick, lighter colored sapwood. - - - - - EBONY BLACKBEAD (Texas Ebony) - Pithecellobium flexicaule (Benth.) Coult. - - -This beautiful evergreen occurs as a small tree or shrub in South Texas -from Matagorda Bay and south into Mexico. Its short spreading branches, -forming a wide, round head, carry stout zigzag brachlets, dark -reddish-brown or light gray, armed with persistent stipular spines ¼ to -½ inch long. - -The LEAVES, about 2 inches long, are feather-like (twice pinnate) with -sessile, leathery leaflets that are dark green and shiny on the upper -surface, paler on the lower surface, and ¼ to ⅓ inch long. - -[Illustration: EBONY BLACKBEAD (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size)] - -The FLOWERS are light yellow or cream colored, fragrant, and bloom from -June to August in dense cylindric or interrupted spikes 1½ inches long. - -The FRUIT ripens in the fall and remains on the branches until after the -flowering season the following year. It is a flattened, curved, hairy -pod, 4 to 6 inches long, and about 1 inch wide. - -The WOOD is very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark red-brown tinged with -purple, almost indestructible when used for fence posts, and valued for -cabinet work. - -The tree is considered the most valuable species in the lower Rio Grande -Valley. Mexicans use the seed as a substitute for coffee. - - - - - CATCLAW ACACIA (Una de Gato) - Acacia greggii A. Gray - - -Found on dry gravelly mesas, the sides of low canyons and the banks of -mountain streams in the Rio Grande Valley and westward, this small tree -rarely reaches a height of 30 feet, and has a trunk up to 12 inches in -diameter. The top or head consists of numerous spreading branches and -smooth pale brown or red branchlets, armed with stout curved spines. - -[Illustration: CATCLAW ACACIA (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)] - -The small, bipinnately compound LEAVES with 1 to 3 pinnae, the leaflets -of which are about ¼ inch long. - -The fragrant yellow FLOWERS appear during the summer in dense, oblong, -pubescent spikes, usually 2 to 3 in a cluster at the end of a branch. - -The FRUIT matures by midsummer into a twisted or distorted pod, 2 to 4 -inches long by about ¾ inch wide. The pod is smaller between each of the -6 to 8 seeds, which are nearly round, flattened, dark brown and shiny. -The pods hang unopened on the branches until the winter or the following -spring. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, and clear brown -or red in color. - - - - - GREGG LEADTREE - Leucaena greggii S. Wats. - - -This small, beautiful tree grows wild in western Texas from the upper -San Saba River to Devil’s River. It grows along the banks of streams and -in moist ravines, and reaches a size of 15 to 20 feet in height and 4 to -5 inches in diameter. - -[Illustration: GREGG LEADTREE (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size)] - -The LEAVES are finely and doubly compound; with 10 to 14 feather-like -pinnae, each containing from 30 to 60 small leaflets, arranged along -opposite sides of the rachis. Each leaflet is elliptical, grayish-green -or bluish-green, smooth, and about ⅓ inch long. - -The white FLOWERS are clustered in dense round heads, about 1 inch in -diameter, borne on a long peduncle. Each tiny flower has protruding -hairs which give the head a fuzzy appearance. - -The pods, or FRUIT, are 6 to 8 inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, -and with narrow wing-like edges. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, clear brown streaked with red, -with thin, clear sapwood. - -Two other species of mimosa are found in Texas: L. pulverulenta -(Schlect.) Benth., found above the mouth of the Rio Grande; and L. -retusa Benth., in Jeff Davis, Kimble, Real, Uvalde, and Valverde -Counties. - - - - - HONEY MESQUITE - Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell - - -This well-known small tree is found in the central and western part of -the state. The short trunk, usually only 6 to 8 inches in diameter, -divides into many branches forming a loose, open top or crown. - -The root system is very large, consisting of a thick taproot sometimes -extending downward to a depth of 30 to 40 feet, with many radiating -roots. - - [Illustration: HONEY MESQUITE (One-fourth natural size)] - -The LEAVES are pinnately compound, consisting of 12 to 20 leaflets -attached along a central rachis, or “stem”, 8 to 10 inches long. The -leaflets are often 2 inches long, smooth, dark green, and pointed. Near -their bases are small spines. - -The fragrant FLOWERS are tiny and in clusters (spikes) from 2 to 4 -inches long. The FRUIT is a pod about 4 to 9 inches, narrowed between -each of the 10 to 20 seeds enclosed in a thick sweet pulp, used by the -natives as food and eagerly sought by wildlife and livestock. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, and dark reddish-brown in color. It is much -used for fuel and, because it is durable in the ground, for fence posts. - -Mesquite has long been designated as P. juliflora (Sw.) D.C., with the -varieties glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell and velutina (Woot.) Sarg. found -in Texas. - -WESTERN HONEY MESQUITE (P. juliflora var. torreyana L. Benson) occurs in -southern and Trans-Pecos regions of Texas. This species is usually a -shrub or sometimes a small tree. - - - - - EASTERN REDBUD - Cercis canadensis L. - - -Eastern Redbud, sometimes called Judas-tree from its oriental relative -of that name, is a small tree scattered through the woods of East Texas -to the Brazos River. It attains a height of 25 to 50 feet and a diameter -of 6 to 12 inches. Its stout branches usually form a wide flat head. - -[Illustration: EASTERN REDBUD (Twig, two-thirds natural size; fruit and - leaf, one-third natural size)] - -The BARK of the trunk is divided into long narrow plates, the bright -red-brown surface separating into thin scales. - -The LEAVES are alternate, heart-shaped, entire, 3 to 5 inches long and -wide, glossy green, turning a bright clear yellow in autumn. - -The conspicuous, bright purplish-red FLOWERS are in clusters along the -twigs and small branches, and appear before or with the leaves in early -spring. - -The FRUIT is an oblong, flattened, many-seeded pod, 2 to 4 inches long, -reddish during the summer and often hanging on the tree through the -following summer. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark brown in color, and of -little commercial importance. The redbud is cultivated as an ornamental -tree and for that purpose might be more generally planted in this state. - -Several varieties of Cercis canadensis have been described in Texas. - - - - - HONEYLOCUST - Gleditsia triacanthos L. - - -Honeylocust occurs naturally in the eastern part of the state to the -Brazos River. It grows under a wide variety of soil and moisture -conditions and is a popular tree for planting in the drier portions of -Texas. It reaches a diameter of 30 inches and a height of 75 feet. The -BARK on old trees is dark gray and is divided into thin, tight scales. -The strong, straight or branched, brown, sharp and shiny thorns, which -grow on the 1-year-old wood and remain for many years, are sufficient to -identify the honeylocust. - -The LEAF is pinnate or feather-like, with 18 to 28 leaflets; or it is -bi-pinnate, consisting of 4 to 7 pairs of pinnae, each 6 to 8 inches -long. - - [Illustration: HONEYLOCUST (Twig, three-quarters natural size; leaves - and fruit, one-quarter natural size)] - -The FRUIT, a 10 to 18 inch pod, is often twisted, 1 to 1½ inches wide, -flat, dark brown or black when ripe, and contains a yellow sweetish pulp -and dark brown seeds. The seeds are hard and separated by pulp. The pods -are eaten by many animals, and as the seeds are hard to digest, many are -widely scattered from the parent tree. - -The WOOD is coarse-grained, hard, strong, and moderately durable in -contact with the ground. - -Honeylocust is a good tree to substitute for the black locust which has -been almost exterminated in West Texas by the locust borer. - -TEXAS HONEYLOCUST (G. texana Sarg.), found in the Brazos River -bottomlands, is reported to be a hybrid between G. triacanthos and G. -aquatica. - - - - - WATERLOCUST - Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. - - -In river bottoms and swamps along the Gulf Coast to the Brazos River and -north to Arkansas is found the waterlocust, a close relative of the -well-known black locust. It can be distinguished by the small pod having -one seed, rarely two or three. - - [Illustration: WATERLOCUST (One-half natural size)] - -The waterlocust reaches a height of 60 feet and diameter up to 3 feet. -The trunk is usually short, dividing into several spreading, and often -distorted, branches. The branchlets have sharp spines from 3 to 5 inches -in length, dark red and shiny. - -The pinnately compound LEAVES are 5 to 8 inches long with 12 to 20 -leaflets arranged on opposite sides of the leaf rachis. Each leaflet is -an inch or so in length, oblong, sometimes slightly toothed on the edge, -dull green or yellow-green above and dark green on the lower surface. - -The FLOWERS appear in small clusters of green flowers on purple pedicels -in a raceme 3 to 4 inches long, and grow from the axil of the leaf -rachis and twig. The flowers bloom well after the leaves are out. The -FRUIT pods hang in graceful racemes. The pods are 1 inch wide and 1 to 2 -inches long, thin walled, tough, papery, chestnut brown, and shiny. The -SEEDS are flattened, nearly round, about ½ inch wide, and orange-brown. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, light reddish-brown, and surrounded by -a wide band of clear yellow sapwood. - - - - - BLACK LOCUST (Yellow Locust) - Robinia pseudoacacia L. - - -Black locust is not native to Texas, so far as known, but has been -widely planted here and has escaped from cultivation. Black locust -requires deep, well-drained, moist soil for good growth. It grows -indifferently to poorly on well-drained, dry sites. Of late years it has -been severely damaged by the locust borer and is no longer recommended -for planting in pure stands. - - [Illustration: BLACK LOCUST (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The twigs and branchlets are armed with paired, straight or slightly -curved, sharp, strong spines, sometimes as much as 1 inch in length, -which remain attached to the outer bark for many years. - -The LEAVES are pinnate, or feather-like, from 6 to 10 inches long, with -7 to 19 oblong, thin leaflets. - -The FLOWERS are fragrant, white or cream-colored, and appear in graceful -pendant racemes. - -The FRUIT is a pod from 3 to 5 inches long containing 4 to 8 small hard -seeds which ripen late in the fall. The pod splits open during the -winter, discharging most of the seeds. Some seeds usually remain -attached to each half of the pod. - -The WOOD is yellow, coarse-grained, heavy, very hard, strong, and -durable in contact with the soil. It is used extensively for fence -posts, poles, tree nails, insulator pins, and occasionally for lumber -and fuel. - - - - - HERCULES-CLUB (Prickly-Ash) - Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. - - -This tree is a native of East Texas and ranges westerly to the valley of -the Colorado River and northward to Dallas and Tarrant Counties, and to -some extent to the Rio Grande Valley. It is a small tree, seldom over 30 -feet in height, with a short trunk usually under 1 foot in diameter. It -seems to prefer a well-drained, light, sandy soil, and is often found -growing on bluffs near rivers. - - [Illustration: HERCULES-CLUB (Leaf and fruit, one-half natural size; - spines natural size)] - -The BARK is the most characteristic feature of this tree. It is gray, -and with numerous corky tubercles. The aromatic inner bark, with its -strong pungent juice, has given this tree a number of local names, such -as “tingle-tongue”, and “toothache tree.” The inner bark was a favorite -in old-time home remedies for the relief of toothache. - -The LEAVES are compound, 5 to 8 inches long, with 7 to 17 ovate, -toothed, bright green leaflets. - -The small, pale green FLOWERS, borne in loose, wide-branched cymes, 4 to -5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, bloom in early spring when the -leaves are almost half grown. The small FRUIT, a one-seeded carpel, -ripens in early summer. The seeds hang outside the carpels and are eaten -by birds. - -The soft, light brown WOOD has no special known value. - -A variety, fruiticosum (A. Gray) S. Wats., is a shrubby form found in -West Texas. It has short, often 3-foliate, pubescent leaves and blunt, -leathery leaflets. - - - - - COMMON HOPTREE (Wafer-Ash) - Ptelea trifoliata L. - - -This small tree or large shrub is found scattered over the eastern -portion of the state. The bark and leaves are bitter and strong-scented -and possess tonic qualities. - -The hoptree has a straight, slender trunk 6 to 8 inches in diameter and -seldom reaches a height of more than 20 feet. - -[Illustration: COMMON HOPTREE (Fruit, three-fourths natural size; leaf, - one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are composed of 3 leaflets, sometimes 5, each of which is -oval or pear-shaped and pointed, about 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 3 -inches wide, and dark green on the upper surface. The central leaflet is -the largest. - -The FRUIT consists of a small, round, 2-seeded, winged “key” or -“samara”, resembling somewhat the familiar paper caps for toy pistols. -The seeds occur in dense drooping clusters and hang on the tree over -winter. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, yellowish-brown, and close-grained. The shrub -is often planted as an ornamental. - - - - - SHINING SUMAC (Dwarf or Flameleaf Sumac) - Rhus copallina L. - - -Shining sumac is found growing naturally west to the San Antonio River. -It is more commonly a shrub than a tree and grows in clumps and thickets -around the edges of the fields and in other open places. The leaves turn -crimson in the fall and add a vivid note to the autumn coloring. The -tree spreads by means of shallow root-runners. - -The BARK is almost smooth, with horizontal splashes of light and dark -gray, and many small excrescences. This papery outer bark cracks at -irregular intervals, exposing spots of reddish-brown beneath. - - [Illustration: SHINING SUMAC (Leaf and fruit one-half natural size)] - -The compound LEAVES are alternate, 6 to 8 inches long, with 9 to 21 -small ovate-lanceolate leaflets, glossy green above, downy beneath. This -sumac is easily distinguished from others by the fact that the leaf -rachis is winged. The leaves are rich in tannin, and are used in large -quantities for curing leather, and for the manufacture of dyes. - -The tiny, pale green FLOWERS are borne in compact conical, panicles in -July. Male and female flowers are borne on separate trees. The small -FRUIT is red, covered with short hairs, and has an acid taste. The -fruits cling, and are eaten by birds in late winter. - -The reddish-brown WOOD is soft, light, and coarse-grained. - -PRAIRIE SUMAC (R. lanceolata [A. Gray] Britton) is found on the prairies -of eastern Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande, often forming thickets -on the banks of small streams. This species is distinguished by its -narrow, acute leaflets and its larger flowers and fruit. - - - - - POISON-SUMAC - Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kountze - - -All parts of this beautiful plant give off toxic oils that may irritate -and blister the skin like the oils of poison ivy. Poison-sumac may grow -as a shrub with several clustered stems, or as a tree occasionally 25 -feet high with a trunk 5 to 6 inches in diameter. The slender, smooth -branchlets are at first reddish-brown with orange-colored lenticels, -later becoming light gray and marked with elevated and conspicuous -leaf-scars. - - [Illustration: POISON-SUMAC (Leaf, one-half natural size; fruit often - larger)] - -The compound, alternate LEAVES are quite different from those of other -sumacs, shaped more like those of ash, for which reason it is often -called “poison ash.” The leaf-stems are always reddish, and usually -quite conspicuous. The leaves are 7 to 14 inches long, with 7 to 13 -ovate-oblong leaflets, 3 to 4 inches long. The leaflets are bright green -above, paler beneath, usually with a red midrib. - -The small FLOWERS are borne in panicles much less compact than those of -other sumacs. The FRUIT is a lustrous white drupe, born in slender, -drooping panicles. The fruit matures in September and is eaten by birds -and rabbits. The sap can be used to make a black, durable varnish. - - - - - AMERICAN HOLLY - Ilex opaca Ait. - - -American holly is found on rich, moist soils of bottomlands in East -Texas and westward to Wilson County. A tree often 50 feet high, -frequently attains heights of 80 to 100 feet and diameters up to 4 feet. -A large specimen may be seen at the Texas Forest Service’s Indian Mound -Nursery near Alto. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN HOLLY (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size)] - -The BARK is light gray and roughened by wart-like growths. The numerous, -short, slender branches form a dense pyramidal head of striking dark -green color which is more pronounced when the conspicuous red drupes are -present. - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, rather oval, thick and leathery, 2 to -4 inches long and usually armed with spiny teeth. They remain on the -branches three years, dropping off in the spring. - -The FLOWERS are small and whitish; male and female flowers are usually -borne on separate trees. The FRUIT, ripening late in the fall on the -trees bearing female flowers, is dull red or sometimes yellow, round or -somewhat oval-shaped berry-like drupe about ¼ inch in diameter and with -4 to 6 grooved, ribbed nutlets. - -The WOOD is light, tough, not strong, white when cut, turning brown when -aged. Valued and much used for cabinet making, interior finish, and -turnery. Many of the largest and best holly trees have been cut and -marketed. - -Holly is a highly desirable Christmas decoration and a desirable -ornamental tree for yards. Wild holly is becoming scarce. Excessive -cuttings should be avoided. - - - - - YAUPON - Ilex vomitoria Ait. - - -This close relative of the American holly is found in East Texas to -Matagorda Bay, Rio Blanco and the Guadalupe River, and north to southern -Arkansas. On the rich bottomlands of eastern Texas, yaupon is a small -tree, 20 to 25 feet high with a trunk rarely over 6 inches in diameter; -elsewhere it is a shrub. - -The LEAVES are 1 to 2 inches long, ¼ to 1 inch wide, thick, glossy green -above, paler below, and persistent for 2 or 3 years. - - [Illustration: YAUPON (Two-thirds natural size)] - -The FLOWERS, male and female, are borne on separate plants. The FRUIT, a -scarlet berry-like drupe, is produced in great abundance by the female -plant. - -The WOOD is of little value except for fuel. - -Yaupon is used in the South as a hedge plant, and is much prized for -Christmas decorations. A tea made from leaves was once popular with the -Indians. The plant is now grown on the Atlantic Coast for the commercial -production of yaupon tea for medicinal purposes. - -I. decidua Walt. known as POSSUM HAW (WINTER BERRY) is similar to -yaupon, but the leaves shed in the fall; the fruits, which remain over -winter, are orange to orange-scarlet in color. - - - - - SILVER MAPLE - Acer saccharinum L. - - -Silver, or soft, maple is found on moist land and along streams in the -extreme eastern part of the state. In its best region of growth, the -valley of the lower Ohio River, it attains heights of 100 feet or more -and diameters of 3 feet or over. - - [Illustration: SILVER MAPLE (Twig and fruit, one-half natural size; - leaf, one-third natural size)] - -The BARK on old trunks is dark gray and broken into long flakes or -scales. The twigs are slender, brittle, reddish-brown, and shiny. - -The buds are rounded, red or reddish-brown, blunt-pointed, generally -like those of red maple. - -The simple, opposite LEAVES have from 3 to 5 lobes ending in long points -with toothed margins and separated by deep angular sinuses or openings; -the leaves are pale green on the upper surface, silvery-white -underneath, and have a red petiole. - -The FLOWERS arising from the large prominent flower buds are a -greenish-yellow color and appear in clusters in the spring before the -leaves. The FRUIT ripens in the spring and consists of a pair of wing -samaras or “keys” with wings 1 to 2 inches long on a slender, flexible, -thread-like peduncle about an inch long. - -The WOOD is soft, weak, even-textured, rather brittle, easily worked, -and decays readily when exposed. It is occasionally used for flooring, -furniture and fuel. - -The silver maple grows rapidly and has been planted in Texas as a shade -tree. It is somewhat undesirable because of its brittleness and -susceptibility to insects and fungus diseases. - - - - - RED MAPLE - Acer rubrum L. - - -Red maple is abundant in low moist areas in the eastern part of the -state. It is usually a medium-sized tree, quick-growing, and relatively -short-lived. It is used as a shade tree, though of inferior quality for -this purpose. The BARK is smooth and light gray on young limbs and -trunks, and dark gray and rough on old limbs and trunks. - -The LEAVES are 2 to 5 inches long and have from 3 to 5 pointed, -saw-toothed lobes separated by sharp angular sinuses or openings. The -upper leaf surface when mature is light green, the lower surface whitish -and partly covered with pale down. In autumn the leaves turn to -brilliant shades of red, orange, and yellow. - -[Illustration: RED MAPLE (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; twig, - one-half natural size)] - -The red FLOWERS appear in dense clusters in early spring before the -leaves, the buds turning a deep red sometimes before they open. The -winter buds are small, red, and round or blunt-pointed. The FRUIT ripens -in the late spring or early summer. It consists of pairs of winged -samaras, or keys, ½ to 1 inch in length, on a long drooping peduncle -(fruit stem), red, reddish-brown, or yellow in color. - -The WOOD, known commercially as soft maple, is heavy, close-grained, -rather weak, and of a light brown color. It is used in the manufacture -of furniture, and for turnery, woodenware, and fuel. - - - - - BOXELDER - Acer negundo L. - - -Boxelder, the only Texas maple with compound leaves, is a native of -eastern and southern Texas to the lower Rio Blanco River. It is -generally found on the banks of streams and lakes and the borders of -swamps. It grows rapidly, making a quick shade, and is quite shapely. -The branches are brittle and break easily. The tree is short-lived and -rather subject to disease. It sometimes attains a height of 50 to 60 -feet, with a trunk 2 feet in diameter, but is usually smaller. - - [Illustration: BOXELDER (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; twig, - two-thirds natural size)] - -The BARK of the twigs is green; of the trunk grayish-brown, divided into -broad, rounded ridges, and separating on the surface into short, thick -scales. - -The LEAVES are opposite, compound, usually with 5 leaflets, occasionally -3 or 7. The leaflets are 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely and irregularly -toothed, light green above, paler beneath. - -The tiny FLOWERS are borne in drooping clusters. The FRUIT is like that -of the other maples, green, turning light tan when mature. Unlike the -seeds of other maples, they cling until after the leaves are shed. - -The WOOD is creamy-white, light, and soft and weak but close-grained. It -is sometimes used in other states for the manufacture of low grade -furniture and interior finish; it is also used for woodenware, -cooperage, and paper pulp. - - - - - OHIO BUCKEYE - Aesculus glabra Willd. - - -Ohio buckeye occurs as far west as eastern Texas along streams in rich -soils. Though often only a shrub, it becomes a medium-sized tree in rich -alluvial bottoms. Its leaves and fruit are poisonous to stock. - -The BARK is white and, on old trees, divided or broken into light brown -flat scales, which make the stems of the tree rough; the bark is -ill-smelling when bruised. - - [Illustration: OHIO BUCKEYE (Twig, two-thirds natural size; nut, - one-third natural size; leaf, one-fourth natural size)] - -The LEAVES are opposite, palmately compounded, with 5 to 7 smooth, pale -green leaflets, ill-smelling when bruised. The leaves usually turn -yellow during the summer. - -The FLOWERS are cream-colored and appear in clusters, 5 to 8 inches -long, in April or May. - -The FRUIT is generally rounded, pale brown, generally thin-walled, -roughened with blunt prickles or warts, and breaking into 2 to 3 valves, -disclosing the bright shiny seeds 1 to 1½ inches wide. - -The WOOD is light, soft and weak, and decays rapidly when exposed. It is -used for woodenware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, lumber, and fuel. - -Aesculus pavia L., the RED BUCKEYE, is found as a shrub in Comal and -Wilson Counties and is common through eastern Texas to Bexar and Kendall -Counties, as a shrub 9 to 12 inches high. This species was formerly -classified as A. discolor Parsh and A.d. var. Mollis (Raf.) Sarg. - - - - - WESTERN SOAPBERRY (Wild China-Tree) - Sapindus drummondii Hook. Arn. - - -This species, sometimes called Indian soap plant, grows on moist clay -soils or dry limestone uplands. It ranges through eastern Texas to New -Mexico and the Rio Grande, becoming a tree 40 to 50 feet high and 1 to 2 -feet in diameter, with usually erect branches, and branchlets at first -slightly many-angled. - -[Illustration: WESTERN SOAPBERRY (Leaf, two-fifths natural size; fruit, - one-third natural size)] - -The BARK is broken by deep fissures into long narrow plates which in -turn are broken on the surface into small red-brown scales. - -The LEAVES appearing in March or April, bear 4 to 9 pairs of alternate, -opposite or both, lance-shaped leaflets which are pale, yellow-green, -about 2½ inches long and ½ to ⅔ inch wide. The leaves fall in autumn or -early winter. - -The FLOWERS are whitish, in large, dense panicles. - -The FRUIT, round yellow berries, ½ inch in diameter, and containing dark -brown seeds, ripen in September and October and fall in the spring. - -The WOOD is heavy, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with -yellow. It splits easily into thin strips and is used for cotton basket -and the frames of pack saddles. - - - - - AMERICAN BASSWOOD (American Linden) - Tilia americana L. - - -Three species of basswood are reported to grow in Texas from the -Arkansas line to the Brazos River and westward to Uvalde, Kerr and -Bandera Counties, usually on rich, moist soils. They are rarely over 50 -feet tall and 12 inches in diameter. - -The BARK is light brown and deeply furrowed. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN BASSWOOD (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural - size; twig, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are more or less heart-shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, thin, -saw-toothed, smooth on both sides in some species, but woolly on the -under surface of others. - -The fragrant FLOWERS, a favorite of bees, are yellowish-white, in -drooping clusters opening in early summer, and the flower-stem is united -to the middle of a long, narrow, leaf-like bract. - -The FRUIT, a dry, 1 to 2-seeded nut-like drupe, ¼ to ½ inch in diameter, -is covered with short, thick, gray-brown wool. It remains attached in -clusters to the leafy bract, which later acts as a wing to bear the -fruit away in the wind. - -The WOOD is light, soft, tough, not durable, and light brown in color. -It is used in states where the growth is better for the manufacture of -pulp, woodenware, furniture, trunks, excelsior, and many other articles. -The principal use of basswoods in Texas is for shade and ornament. - - - - - DEVILS-WALKINGSTICK (Hercules-Club) - Aralia spinosa L. - - -This tree, a native of Northeast Texas, is armed from the ground up with -many sharp spines, a characteristic that has given the tree many names -such as Hercules-club, prickly-elder, and prickly-ash. The last name -properly belongs to another tree. Devils-walkingstick possesses -sufficient beauty to compensate for its spitefulness. The tree is -usually small, but occasionally attains a height of 30 feet, the leaves -forming a flat-topped, spreading crown. - -[Illustration: DEVILS-WALKINGSTICK (Branch, one-half natural size; leaf - and fruit greatly reduced)] - -The brown BARK is divided by broad shallow fissures into circular, -horizontal ridges. The sharp spines along its trunk best identify this -tree. - -The LEAVES are doubly compounded, or bi-pinnate, the main rachis -(leaf-stem) 3 or 4 feet long, clasping the stem with an enlarged base, -and leaving conspicuous scars when they fall. The oval leaflets are -toothed, pointed, dark green above and paler beneath. They turn yellow -in autumn. - -In mid-summer each plant bears one immense panicle of small, white -FLOWERS, which rises well above the leaves. The tree presents its most -striking appearance in autumn when the small black FRUIT ripens, for the -fruit-stems turn a rich wine-red. Birds eat the juicy drupes. The WOOD -is of no commercial importance. - - - - - BLACK TUPELO (Blackgum) - Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. - - -Black gum, often called sour gum, is found in eastern Texas to the -valley of the Brazos River; usually in swampy wet soil, but sometimes on -dry slopes with the oaks. - -The BARK on younger trees is furrowed between flat ridges, and gradually -develops into quadrangular blocks that are dense, hard, and nearly -black. - - [Illustration: BLACK TUPELO (Twig, leaf, and fruit one-half natural - size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, 2 to 3 inches long, entire, obovate to elliptic, -shiny, and dark green in color. In the fall the leaves turn brilliant -red. - -The greenish FLOWERS on long, slender peduncles appear in early spring -when the leaves are about one-third grown. They are usually of two -kinds, the male in many-flowered heads, and the female in two or -several-flowered clusters on different trees. The FRUIT is drupe-like, -dark blue ⅔ inch long, containing a single hard-shelled stone, and is -borne 2 to 3 in a cluster on 1 to 2½-inch peduncles. - -The WOOD is very tough, cross-grained, not durable in contact with the -soil, hard to work, and warps easily. Once considered a weed tree, the -species is now valuable for basket veneer, box boards, and paper pulp. -In the old days, the hollow trunks were used for “bee-gums.” - -Swamp tupelo (N. s. var. biflora [Walt.] Sarg.), found mainly on the -Coastal Plain, has narrowly obovate to narrowly oblanceolate leaves and -fruiting peduncles ⅜ to 1⅜ inches long. The base of the trunk is swollen -when submerged. - - - - - WATER TUPELO (Cotton-Gum or Tupelo-Gum) - Nyssa aquatica L. - - -Water tupelo is found only in deep river swamps or coastal swamps which -are often flooded. The commonly enlarged base, large-sized fruit, -hanging on a long peduncle (stem), and the brittleness of the twigs, -serve to distinguish this species from the black gum. It forms a tall, -often slowly tapering somewhat crooked trunk 50 to 75 feet in height and -2 to 3 feet in diameter. The spreading small branches form a narrow, -oblong or pyramidal head. The branches are generally smooth and light -brown in color. The BARK of the trunk is thin, dark brown and furrowed -up and down the trunk. - - [Illustration: WATER TUPELO (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, ovate or oblong in shape, acute and often -long-pointed. When mature they are thick, dark green and lustrous on the -upper side, pale and somewhat downy on the lower side, 5 to 7 inches -long and 2 to 4 inches wide, wedge-shaped at the base, and entire or -irregularly toothed on the margin. The petiole is stout, 1 to 2 inches -long, grooved, and enlarged at the base. - -The FLOWERS, which appear in March or April are of two kinds, usually -borne on separate trees, the male flowers in dense round clusters, and -the female flowers solitary. - -The FRUIT, ripening in early fall, is a dark purple drupe, oblong or -obovate in shape, about 1 inch long, with a thick, tough skin enclosing -a flattened stone, and borne on a slender peduncle 3 to 4 inches long. - -The WOOD is light, soft, and not strong. It is used for woodenware, -broom handles, fruit and vegetable baskets, marketed as tupelo or bay -poplar lumber, and paper pulp. - - - - - FLOWERING DOGWOOD - Cornus florida L. - - -Dogwood grows in the forests of eastern Texas, usually under the larger -forest trees. It is a small tree, up to 30 feet high and 12 inches in -diameter, occasionally larger, with a rather flat and spreading crown -and short, often crooked trunk. - - [Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Leaf and fruit, one-half natural - size; twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The BARK is reddish-brown to black and broken up into small 4-sided, -scaly blocks. - -The LEAVES are opposite, ovate, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, -pointed, entire or wavy on the margin, prominently veined, bright green -above, pale green or grayish beneath. - -The FLOWERS, which unfold from the conspicuous, round, grayish, winter -flower buds before the leaves come out, are small, greenish-yellow, -arranged in dense heads surrounded by large white or pinkish petal-like -bracts, which appear like large spreading flowers 2 to 4 inches across. - -The FRUIT is a bright scarlet drupe one-half an inch long and containing -a hard, two-celled nutlet containing 1 or 2 seeds. Usually several -fruits are contained in one head, and are relished by birds, squirrels, -and other animals. - -The WOOD is hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, and brown to red in -color. It is in demand for cotton-mill machinery, turnery, handles, and -forms. - -With its masses of early spring flowers, its dark red autumn foliage, -and bright red berries, dogwood is probably our most ornamental native -tree. It should be used more extensively in eastern Texas for ornamental -planting. - - - - - TREE SPARKLEBERRY (Farkleberry) - Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. - - -In the coastal belt of eastern Texas as far as Matagorda Bay, -farkleberry, or tree huckleberry, grows in moist sandy soil along the -banks of ponds and streams. Although it is found from Virginia to -Missouri and southward, it reaches its largest size, 20 to 30 feet, near -the Gulf Coast of Texas. The crooked trunk may attain a diameter of 8 to -10 inches. Further inland it is a large shrub. - - [Illustration: TREE SPARKLEBERRY (Nearly natural size)] - -The LEAVES are oval and glossy green, varying up to 2 inches in length -and 1 inch in width. They are mostly evergreen, or at least persist on -the twigs during the winter. - -The FLOWERS are small, white, and bell-shaped, and appear in long open -clusters on racemes. - -The FRUIT consist of small, round, shiny, nearly black berries which -ripen in the fall and, unless eaten by birds or animals, remain until -spring. They have a slightly puckering but pleasing flavor. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, and light reddish-brown. It is -sometimes used for tool handles. - - - - - GUM BUMELIA (Woolly Buckthorn—Gum-Elastic) - Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. - - -Gum bumelia, often called false buckthorn or chittamwood, occurs along -streams in sandy woods in eastern Texas to the San Antonio River and -over the Edwards Plateau to Palo Pinto County. It reaches its largest -development probably in Central Texas where it occasionally grows as a -tree 80 feet high and 3 feet in diameter. - - [Illustration: GUM BUMELIA (Three-fourths natural size)] - -The branches are short, stout, and stiff, and often armed with straight -or curved spines. - -The LEAVES are oblong, more or less grouped near the ends of short -spurs; rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base; thick, firm, dark -green and shiny above, and rusty-woolly beneath. They are from 1 to more -than 2 inches long and up to ¾ inch wide. - -The FLOWERS are small and open in summer, each borne on a hairy -flower-stem (pedicel) about ⅛ inch long. They are borne in fascicles of -15 to 18, near the axils of the new leaves or near the leaf-scars of old -leaves. The petals are white and lobed. The fruit is fleshy, black, -oblong, about ½ inch in length, borne singly or in a cluster of 2 or 3, -and usually dry and firm on the outside and contain a light brown, firm -rounded seed. The ripe fruit falls from the tree in autumn. - -The WOOD is light brown streaked with white and surrounded by a band of -lighter colored sapwood. It is heavy, hard, and close-grained. - -B. lanuginosa var. Rigida A. Gray, is found in western and southern -Texas, while B. lycioides L. Pers., is found in eastern Texas to Milam -County. - - - - - COMMON PERSIMMON - Diospyros virginiana L. - - -Persimmon is a well known tree throughout its range. It is small, rarely -exceeding 50 feet in height and 18 inches in diameter, occurring in the -state as far west as the Colorado River. It prefers dry, open -situations, and is most abundant in old fields, though it occurs on rich -bottomlands. - -[Illustration: COMMON PERSIMMON (Leaf and fruit, one-half natural size; - twig, three-fourths natural size)] - -The BARK of old trees is almost black and separated into thick, nearly -square blocks. - -The LEAVES are alternate, oval, entire, 4 to 6 inches long, dark green -and shining above, paler beneath. - -The small FLOWERS, which appear in May, are yellowish or cream-white, -somewhat bell-shaped, the male and female flowers occurring on separate -trees; the male in clusters of 2 or 3, the female solitary. They are -visited by many insects. - -The FRUIT is a pulpy, round, orange-colored or brown berry, an inch or -more in diameter and containing several flattened, hard, smooth seeds. -The fruit is strongly astringent while green, but often quite sweet and -delicious when thoroughly ripe. It is relished by both man and animals, -especially after a few frosty nights. - -The WOOD is hard, dense, strong, the heartwood brown or black, the wide -sapwood white or yellowish. It is particularly valued for shuttles, golf -club heads, and similar special uses, but is not of sufficient -commercial use to warrant its growth as a timber tree. - -The TEXAS or BLACK PERSIMMON (D. texana Scheele) is described on page -127. - - - - - COMMON SWEETLEAF (Horse-Sugar) - Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Hér. - - -Sweetleaf is usually found along the borders of streams and swamps, -chiefly in East Texas. It seldom grows to a height of more than 30 feet -or a diameter of more than 8 inches. The slender upright branches, -forming an open head, are bluish or grayish, and decidedly roughened by -elevated leaf-scars, or places of attachment of the last crop of leaves. - - [Illustration: COMMON SWEETLEAF (Fruit and flowers about natural size; - leaf, one-half natural size)] - -The thick, shiny, dark green LEAVES, arranged alternately along the -stem, vary from 5 to 6 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches in width. They -remain on the twigs until spring. The leaves are sweet and eagerly -sought for food by livestock. - -The tiny, pale yellow fragrant FLOWERS are produced in close clusters at -intervals along the branchlets. The FRUIT, a small, one-seeded drupe, -has a thin dark orange or brown skin. The fruit is eaten to some extent -by deer. - -The WOOD is light, soft and pale red or brown, and has no commercial -value. Both leaves and bark yield a yellow dye. The bitter aromatic -roots have been used as a tonic. - - - - - TWO-WING SILVERBELL (Snowdrop Tree) - Halesia diptera Ellis - - -This attractive tree or shrub, may grow as a small tree, sometimes as -much as 30 feet high, with a trunk 6 to 10 inches in diameter. It occurs -in rich, wet woods and on the borders of swamps and streams, but is -adaptable to many sites. It is found in the southeastern portion of -Texas, being a native of the Gulf Region. - - [Illustration: TWO-WING SILVERBELL (Twig, leaf, and flower one-half - natural size; fruit about one-sixth natural size)] - -The BARK of the trunk is brown, divided by irregular longitudinal -fissures, and separating on the surface into thin scales. The bark on -the twigs forms long, loose, brown fibers, which makes it easy to -identify during the winter. - -The alternate, ovate to obovate LEAVES are bright green above, paler and -downy underneath, 3 to 4 inches long, and 2 to 2½ inches wide. They are -much larger on young shoots. The leaves have minute callous teeth. - -The white FLOWERS, usually about 1 inch long, come before the leaves and -are borne in clusters of 3 to 5. The tree is charming when thickly hung -with its “silver bells.” The FRUIT is about 2 inches long with two wide, -thin wings, and two (rarely three) narrow wings in between. - -The WOOD is light, soft, strong, close-grained, and light brown, with -thick, lighter-colored sapwood. It is not of commercial importance. - - - - - CAROLINA ASH (Water Ash) - Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. - - -Water ash is common in shaded swamps, westward to the valley of the -Neches River. It forms a tree, rarely more than 40 feet high, with a -trunk sometimes 12 inches in diameter, and has small branches, making a -narrow, often round-topped head. - - [Illustration: CAROLINA ASH (Leaflet and fruit, three-fourths natural - size; leaf, one-fourth natural size)] - -The BARK is thin, light gray, and marked by large irregularly shaped -round patches which separate into small, thin, close scales. - -The LEAVES are compounded, 7 to 12 inches long, thick and firm when -mature, with 5 to 7, ovate to oblong, finely to coarsely toothed -leaflets, 3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, dark green above, and -paler below. - -The small male and female FLOWERS appear on separate trees, in February -or March. The FRUIT is elliptic to oblong-ovate, frequently -three-winged, 2 inches long, ⅓ to ¾ inch wide. The wing extends below -the body of the fruit and narrows into a stipitate (stalk-like) base. - -The WOOD is light, soft, weak, close-grained, nearly white, sometimes -yellowish, with thick, lighter-colored sapwood. It is used chiefly for -fuel. - - - - - WHITE ASH - Fraxinus americana L. - - -White ash is found in East Texas to the valley of the Trinity River. It -grows best in the rich moist soils of upper bottomlands. The bark is -gray and furrowed, the branchlets smooth and gray with rust-colored -winter buds. - - [Illustration: WHITE ASH (Twig and fruit, one-half natural size; leaf, - one-third natural size)] - -The compound opposite LEAVES are generally straight, 8 to 12 inches -long, with 5 to 9 (usually 7) sharp pointed leaflets, dark green above -and paler and whitish beneath. - -The male and female FLOWERS appear on separate trees, the male in dense -reddish-purple clusters and the female in more open branches. The FRUIT -is a samara, 1 to 1½ inches long, resembling the blade of a canoe paddle -in outline, with the smooth, terete body at the handle end. The fruit -matures in late summer and is distributed effectively by the winds. - -The WOOD of white ash is extremely valuable because of its toughness and -elasticity. It is preferred for small tool handles, athletic equipment, -and agricultural implements, and is used extensively for furniture and -interior finish. - -The ashes comprise the only group of trees in eastern America that have -opposite, pinnately compound leaves with 5 or more leaflets. This fact -provides a ready means of identifying the group. There are at least -seven other species of ash in Texas. - - - - - GREEN ASH - Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. - - -Green ash is a common tree along streams as far west as the Guadalupe -River. It attains a height of 50 feet or more, has spreading branches -and a trunk ranging up to 2 feet in diameter. The TWIGS are smooth, -round, and ashy gray, marked by pale lenticels and rusty bud-scales. - - [Illustration: GREEN ASH (Fruit, two-thirds natural size; leaf, - one-third natural size; twig, three-fourths natural size)] - -The BARK is ½ inch or more thick; brown, tinged with red, and slightly -furrowed or ridged. The LEAVES are opposite compound, 10 to 12 inches -long, with 5 to 9 pointed leaflets slightly toothed on the margin. They -differ from those of white ash in being lustrous green on both sides or -slightly paler beneath. The terminal leaflet is frequently askew from -the main axis of the rachis. - -The small, male and female FLOWERS occur on separate trees. - -The FRUIT is flat, winged, 1 to 1½ inches long, ¼ to ⅓ inch wide, the -wing portion extending well down past the middle of the terete, -many-rayed body. The wing is sometimes square or slightly notched at the -outer end. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, rather strong, brittle, and coarse-grained. It -is used for the same purposes as white ash but is not as desirable. - - - - - SWAMP PRIVET (Common Adelia) - Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. - - -Swamp privet or forestiera is found along river banks, lakes, and -standing water over eastern Texas to the Colorado River. It is usually a -large shrub but often becomes a small tree, less than 30 feet high, with -a short trunk usually less than 8 inches in diameter. Its youngest -branches are slender, somewhat hairy, slightly angular, and vary in -color from yellowish-green to brown. They become darker and more rounded -the second season. - - [Illustration: SWAMP PRIVET (Leaves, one-fifth natural size; fruit, - one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is thin, dark brown to brownish-gray, close, and slightly -ridged. - -The LEAVES are thin, simple, opposite, 2½ to 4 inches long, 1 to 1½ -inches wide, pointed at both ends, yellowish-green on the upper surface, -paler on the lower surface, and slightly toothed above the middle. - -The FLOWERS appear in April before the leaves. They are of two kinds, -borne separately on the same tree, rather small and in clusters. - -The FRUIT, a drupe, falls when ripe in May or June. It is about 1 inch -long and ¼ inch wide, oblong, and tipped with a point. The ripe fruit is -deep purple, and contains a tough, dry pulp and a one-seeded stone. - -The WOOD is close-grained, yellowish-brown, weak, and rather soft. It -has no economic use. - - - - - FRINGETREE (White Fringetree) - Chionanthus virginicus L. - - -Children give this tree, with its drooping, fringy, white flowers, such -names as “grancy-gray beard” and “old-man’s beard.” Beautiful both in -flower and fruit, it is a desirable tree for ornamental planting. It -occurs naturally in loamy soil over the eastern part of the state to the -valley of the Brazos River and generally grows in the shade of other -trees. - -[Illustration: FRINGETREE (Flower, three-fourths natural size; leaf and - fruit, one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is similar to that of a young ash, but is rougher and whiter. -It has tonic properties, and is used in domestic remedies. - -The rather large, ovate LEAVES are 4 to 8 inches long, and ½ to 4 inches -wide, dark green on the upper surface, paler underneath, and turning a -clear bright yellow in autumn. The leaves are opposite, and leave -conspicuous scars when they fall. - -The odd white FLOWERS, which appear with the very young leaves, are -borne in long, loose drooping panicles. The petals are very narrow and -long, giving the effect of fringe. - -The FRUIT is a dark blue-purple drupe, sometimes as much as an inch -long, with a glaucous bloom, and borne in loose, drooping panicles. It -is an excellent deer and bird food. - - - - - NORTHERN CATALPA (Western Catalpa) - Catalpa speciosa Warder - - -Catalpa, often miscalled “catawba”, is found naturalized in eastern -Texas and occurs on various qualities of soil, most frequently on rich, -moist bottoms. It is a medium-sized tree, rarely exceeding 50 feet in -height and 15 inches in diameter. The trunk is usually short and the -head broad with spreading branches. - -[Illustration: NORTHERN CATALPA (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig and - seed, two-thirds natural size; pod, one-fourth natural size)] - -The BARK varies from dark gray to brown, and is slightly rough, being -divided into narrow, shallow strips or flakes. - -The LEAVES are simple, opposite, cordate-based, long-pointed, 6 to 10 -inches long, and softly pubescent beneath. - -The FLOWERS appear in clusters or panicles in April or May, and are 1 to -2 inches long, trumpet-shaped, the wavy and spreading corolla irregular, -two-lobed, and with a narrow notch on the margin; corolla white with -purple and yellow markings. - -The FRUIT consists of a bean-like capsule 8 to 16 inches long and from ⅜ -to ½ inch in diameter. It hangs on the tree over winter and gradually -splits into two parts, or valves. The seeds are about 1 inch long and -terminate in wings that are rounded and short-fringed at the ends. - -The WOOD is rather soft, light, coarse-grained, and durable, in contact -with the soil. It is used for fence posts, poles and fuel, and -occasionally for railroad ties. It is a mistake to attempt to grow -catalpa for fence posts or other uses except on good agricultural soil. - -SOUTHERN CATALPA (C. bignonioides Walt.) has a thin, scaly bark, -abruptly short-acuminate leaf, fetid when crushed. Margin of lower lobe -of flower entire. The valves of the capsule flatten after dehiscence. -The terminal tuft on the seed forms a point. - - - - - DESERTWILLOW - Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet - - -This interesting tree, so named because of its willow-like leaves, is -closely related to the catalpa. Often reaching a height of 25 feet and a -diameter of 10 to 12 inches, it is found usually in dry, gravelly, -porous soils in the valley of the lower Rio Grande and through West -Texas. - -The LEAVES are less than ½ inch wide and from 6 to 12 inches long, light -green, and pointed. Their arrangement on the twig is either opposite or -alternate. - - [Illustration: DESERTWILLOW (Leaf, one-third natural size; fruit and - flowers, one-half natural size)] - -The white FLOWERS shade into pale purple and are blotched in their -“throats” with pale purple. They occur in an elongated cluster, or -raceme, opening successively toward the end of the flower stalk. - -The FRUIT “pods” are capsules 7 to 12 inches long, hard or woody, very -slender, and contain numerous small seeds. - -The soft, weak, close-grained WOOD is brown streaked with yellow. The -sapwood turns to heartwood in 2 or 3 years. - - - - - COMMON BUTTONBUSH - Cephalanthus occidentalis L. - - -Buttonbush of Texas is a small tree or large shrub up to 18 feet high, -with a straight, tapering trunk up to 12 inches in diameter. Attaining -its largest size in moist rich soil of eastern Texas, it is also found -to the valley of the Rio Grande. The branches are generally upright, the -spreading branchlets with pithy in the centers, often occurring in -whorls of three from one place on the stem. - - [Illustration: COMMON BUTTONBUSH (Leaf, one-third natural size; fruit - and flowers, two-thirds natural size)] - -The LEAVES occur in pairs or whorls of 3 (occasionally more) each oval -or elliptical, pointed, rounded at the base, from 2 to 7 inches long by -1 to 3 inches wide. They are thin, dark green above, with a large -central midrib, and somewhat hairy beneath. They fall in autumn or -remain on branchlets over winter. - -The FLOWERS form a creamy white or yellow round head about 1 inch in -diameter and are borne in clusters. The many small flowers in the head -are fragrant and nectar-bearing. The long thread-like projecting styles -are conspicuous on the flowering heads. - -The FRUIT consists of a mass of nuts in a globular head forming an -aggregate fruit ¾ inch in diameter. The red-brown nutlets have 2 to 4 -closed, 1-seeded portions. The WOOD is of little value. - - - - - RUSTY BLACKHAW (Viburnum) - Viburnum rufidulum Raf. - - -Rusty blackhaw is found in woods and thickets over East Texas. It forms -a tree, sometimes 35 feet high, with a trunk over a foot in diameter, -but is usually much smaller, often flowering as a shrub. The twigs are -ashy-gray, becoming dark dull reddish-brown after one to several years. -The winter buds are densely covered with rusty brown hairs which persist -for some weeks at the base of the leaf-stalks. - -The BARK is ¼ to ½ inch thick, becoming roughened into small plate-like, -dark brown scales tinged with red. - - [Illustration: RUSTY BLACKHAW (Fruit and twig, three-quarters natural - size; leaf, two-thirds natural size)] - -The simple LEAVES are opposite or whorled, elliptic to obovate or oval, -pointed or blunt at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, and -with fine teeth on the margin. They are leathery in texture, lustrous -dark green above, pale and dull below, about 3 inches long, and 1 to 1½ -inches wide. - -The FLOWERS are small and white; each has five petals and five stamens, -and appear in the spring in dense clusters at the tips of branches. - -The FRUIT ripens in the fall. It is a bright blue, oval drupe, over ½ -inch long, covered with a glaucous bloom, and containing a stony seed ¼ -inch long and ⅓ inch wide. - -The bad smelling WOOD has no economic use. - - - - - Other Texas Trees - - - ARIZONA CYPRESS - (Cupressus arizonica Greene) - -is an evergreen native to the mountains of the south Trans-Pecos Region. -It grows from a height of 30 to 70 feet and 18 to 24 inches in diameter. -The needles are blue-green. Fruit a cone as large as 1¼ inches in -diameter. The wood is heavy and used to some extent for fence posts. - - - ALLIGATOR JUNIPER - (Juniperus deppeana Steud.) - -grows in the mountains of southwestern Texas, normally as a small tree, -or even as a sprawling shrub under adverse conditions. Its name derives -from the fact that the bark on older trees somewhat resembles alligator -hide, being broken up into square plates 1 to 2 inches across. The -leaves are about ⅛ inch long, and blue-green in color. The fruit is -berry-like, nearly round, reddish-brown, and matures in two seasons. -Seeds 3-4. - - - DROOPING JUNIPER (Weeping Juniper) - (Juniperus flaccida Schlect.) - -occurs in this country only on the slopes of the Chisos Mountains in -Brewster County, Texas. It has graceful spreading branches with long -slender, drooping branchlets. After the leaves fall, the thin bright -cinnamon-brown bark separating into thin loose papery scales is -characteristic. - - - ONE-SEED JUNIPER - (Juniperus monosperma [Engelm.] Sarg.) - -occurs throughout western Texas, usually as a spreading shrub or small, -much branched tree. The bark is ashy gray, ridged and shreddy. The -leaves resemble those of the alligator juniper, but are gray-green in -color, and fringed with minute teeth. The fruit is smaller, usually -copper colored or occasionally blue, usually one-seeded, and matures in -one season. - - - ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER - (Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.) - -occurs in western Texas where it is often the largest of the junipers -found there. The bark is reddish-brown or grayish-brown, thin, fibrous, -and divided into flat, interlacing ridges. The leaves are similar to -those of the alligator juniper, but pale to dark green in color. The -fruit is nearly round, blue, and matures in two seasons. Seeds 1 to 3, -usually 2. - - - TEXAS PALMETTO - (Sabal texana [O. F. Cook] Becc.) - -sometimes called palm, but not to be confused with the dwarf palmetto -(Sabal minor [Jacq.] Pers.) found in East Texas, reaches to heights of -30 to 50 feet and often 2 feet in diameter. It is a native of the rich -bottomlands on the Bernando River in Cameron County, Texas, but has been -widely cultivated and is found along the Gulf Coast, where the trunks -are sometimes used for wharf piles. On the lower Rio Grande the leaves -are used for the thatch of houses. - - - SOUTHERN BAYBERRY (Sweet Myrtle or Wax Myrtle) - (Myrica cerifera L.) - -sweet myrtle is found in East Texas, usually in swamp lands. Its small -yellow-green leaves are fragrant with a balsam-like resinous odor. Light -green berries, about ⅛ inch in diameter remain on the trees during the -winter months and are coated with a thick, pale blue wax. Bay berry -candles are made from the wax. - - - RIO GRANDE COTTONWOOD - (Populus fremontii var. wislizenii S. Watts) - -is one of several cottonwoods growing in West Texas. Five other -cottonwoods are native to the western part of the state. Wood is used -for fuel and rafters of Mexican houses. It is not durable in the ground, -but is fast growing on most areas. Populus tremuloides Michx., called -quaking aspen or aspen popple, is a small-leafed, white-barked tree of -the Trans-Pecos Region. - - - SPECKLED ALDER (Hazel Alder) - (Alnus rugosa [Du Roi] Spreng.) - -occurs in East Texas west to approximately the 97th meridian. It is a -thicket-forming shrub with thick foliage and is one of the first plants -to leaf out in the spring. Birds feed upon the numerous nutlets produced -by the woody, cone-like structure. - - - SWEET ACACIA (Huisache) - (Acacia farnesiana [L.] Willd.) - -found mainly in South Texas, is a small, spiny shrub, with bright yellow -flowers. Fruit a turgid, woody pod. The wood is heavy, hard, and a rich, -reddish-brown. - - - GUAJILLO - (Acacia berlandieri Benth.) - -pronounced “wa-he-o”, is the famous honey plant of the Lone Star State. -From its white flowers bees produce a water-white honey, highly valued -for its flavor and purity. Guajillo occurs in South Texas, and resembles -the other trees in the acacia group. The wood is used locally for fuel. - - - GREAT LEADTREE (Mexican Leadtree) - (Leucaena pulverulenta [Schlecht] Benth.) - -sometimes called “tepehuaje” or mimosa, is found on the rich moist soil -of river banks and small streams only a few miles from the mouth of the -Rio Grande River. It grows 50 to 60 feet high and 18 inches in diameter. -The finely divided leaves give the tree the appearance of a huge fern. -Seed pods are 10 to 12 inches long. The wood is heavy, hard, very -close-grained, rich dark brown with a clear yellow sapwood. It is -considered valuable and is sometimes manufactured into lumber. Two other -species, (L. greggii S. Wats.) and (L. retusa Benth.), are found in West -Texas but are smaller. - - - TEXAS SOPHORA (Coral Bean) - (Sophora affinis Torr. and Gray) - -also called “bear berry”, and pink or beaded locust, is a native to most -all of Texas. It occurs as a small sized tree, 18 to 20 feet tall and 8 -to 10 inches in diameter. The branches are slightly zigzag, bright green -when young turning to orange-brown. The leaves are 6 to 9 inches long, -made up of from 13 to 19 leaflets. In the fall, it is loaded with -clusters of black bean pods. The pods are peculiar in shape in that they -are pinched in at each seed giving it the appearance of a string of -beads. In fact, it is often called the “necklace tree” for that reason. -The wood is very hard, light red in color, with a thick bright clear -yellow sapwood. - - - TEXAS PORLIERIA (Guayacan) - (Porlieria angustifolia [Engelm.] A. Gray) - -or soap bush, an evergreen of southern and western Texas, is usually a -shrub, but occasionally reaches 8 inches in diameter and 30 feet in -height. It is a source of early spring honey in the Rio Grande Valley. -Its wood is heavy, hard, and exceptionally durable. Guayacan, sometimes -called guaiacum, is the hardest wood in Texas and the United States. The -lignum-vitae of commerce is produced from another species. - - - BARETTA - (Helietta parvifolia [A. Gray] Benth.) - -a native of the Rio Grande Valley and abundant in Starr County where it -may form considerable thickets, this small, slender evergreen is seldom -more than 5 or 6 feet tall. On limestone ridges of the Sierra Madre of -Nuevo Leon it reaches 20 to 25 feet high. Its leaves are trifoliate, 1½ -to 2 inches long, and conspicuously marked with black glandular dots. -The branches are brownish-red, but with bright yellow, new growth. The -species is not native to any other section of the United States. - - - TREE OF HEAVEN - (Ailanthus altissima [Mill.] Swingle) - -is native to the Orient but has been introduced to this country where it -has grown wild and occurs generally throughout Texas. The long, -pinnately compound leaves, 24 to 48 inches long, with 11 to 41 leaflets, -are glandular toothed at the base. The flowers and bruised leaves have a -disagreeable odor. The tree is fast growing and spreads by suckers as -well as by seed. - - - CHINABERRY - (Melia azedarach L.) - -although a native of Asia, is so widely grown in Texas as an ornamental -that it can be seen almost anywhere. It is a member of the mahogany -family. The bark is furrowed, with the ridges flat-topped. The alternate -leaves are twice-compound and 10 to 32 inches long. The leaflets are -alternate, ovate to elliptic, sharply toothed or lobed, ¾ to 2 inches -long, light green and usually smooth. The flowers are showy, -lilac-colored, fragrant, nearly an inch across, and arranged in loose -clusters which appear in April. The fruit is nearly round, ½ to ¾ inch -in diameter, fleshy, and yellow when mature. The wood is moderately -heavy and moderately hard, light reddish-brown in color, with a rather -narrow, yellowish sapwood. Formerly it was much used for cabinet-work. - - - AMERICAN SMOKETREE (Chittamwood) - (Cotinus obovatus Raf.) - -a member of the sumac family, it grows along the Medina and Guadalupe -Rivers and in Kendall County, Texas. Occasionally it reaches a height of -30 feet and 12 inches in diameter, but usually grows as a shrub or small -tree, its trunk dividing into several stems 10 feet or so above the -ground. The wood is bright, clear, rich orange color, and yields the -same color dye. Sometimes it is used for fence posts. C. coggygria, the -smoketree of gardens, is cultivated in the United States. - - - TEXAS PISTACHE - (Pistacia texana Swingle) - -a less common member of the sumac family, is found native on limestone -cliffs and the rocky bottoms of canyons along the lower Pecos River in -Valverde County, Texas. It reaches a height of 15 to 20 feet and -produces a fruit resembling the pistachio nut of commerce, except that -it is smaller in size. - - - EASTERN WAHOO - (Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.) - -also called arrow-wood and burning bush in some localities is a small -tree rarely over 20 feet high and 4 to 6 inches in diameter. The bark is -thin and covered with thin, tiny scales. The wood is heavy, hard, white, -tinged with orange. The leaves are opposite, thin, and finely serrate. -In the fall and winter the tree is characterized by bright red berries -in lighter red, 4-lobed capsules. It is a native of East Texas. - - - FLORIDA MAPLE (Southern Sugar Maple) - (Acer barbatum Michx.) - -grows in East Texas and resembles the sugar maple (A. saccharum Marsh.) -with which it blends in Northeast Texas, except that the tips of the -leaves of A. barbatum Michx. are more rounded and the young leaves are -hairy on the underside when they first unfold. - - - BIGTOOTH MAPLE - (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) - -a maple native to the mountains and canyons of the Trans-Pecos Region of -Texas, grows to 30 and 40 feet high and occasionally 8 to 10 inches in -diameter. Its bright red branchlets are nearly encircled by the narrow -leaf-scars. Leaf lobes few toothed or nearly entire. When accessible, -the wood is valuable for fuel and building material. - - - UVALDE BIGTOOTH MAPLE (Sugar or Mountain Maple) - (Acer grandidentatum var. sinuosum [Rend.] Little) - -resembles the above two maples but is confined to the Balcones -Escarpment in western Texas along creek bottoms in parts of Kendall, -Bandera, and Uvalde Counties. It is a rare tree, seldom more than 20 -feet high. Branchlets pale red-brown and marked by pale lenticels during -their first season, ultimately turning dull gray-brown. - - - FLORIDA BASSWOOD - (Tilia floridana Small) - -grows from East Texas to the Edwards Plateau. The leaves are coarsely -serrate with sharp-pointed tips, dark green and glaucous above, and pale -or covered with a silvery-white bloom and often axillary hairs below. -The tree may reach 40 to 50 feet high and 12 to 15 inches in diameter. - - - CAROLINA BASSWOOD - (Tilia caroliniana Mill.) - -located in East Texas to the Edwards Plateau, Kendall County. Underside -of the ovate leaves covered with soft, short, brownish-white hairs; -smooth on upper surface and coarse-veined. Leaves usually obliquely -truncate at the base. - - - TAMARISK - (Tamarix species) - -all of the many species of Tamarix are native to the Mediterranean -Region or to East Asia and India. However, three of them (T. araiculata -Vahl, T. gallica L., and T. pentandra Pall.), are widely planted in the -South. All are shrubby in nature, or they may attain the stature of -small trees. When of tree size, the trunk normally is short, with main -branches quite close to the ground. This gives rise to a wide-spreading -bushy crown. The leaves are sparse, delicate, evergreen, alternate, -simple, small, scale-like, pale green to dull or bluish-green, ovate or -rhombic, sharp pointed, sometimes with thin, dry margins, and without -petioles. The foliage presents a leathery appearance. The wood is hard, -heavy, white to light straw colored, shows a prominent mottled wavy -pattern when quarter-sawn, and takes a high polish. - - - BUCKTHORN BUMELIA (Buckthorn) - (Bumelia lycioides [L.] Pers.) - -also called ironwood, is found along the Southeast Coastal Region of -Texas. In contrast to B. lanuginosa, the leaves are smooth instead of -hairy on the underside. They are also thin. Sometimes grows 25 to 30 -feet in height with a short trunk rarely more than 6 inches in diameter. -It has stout, flexible branches, usually unarmed. - - - TEXAS BUMELIA - (Bumelia lanuginosa var. rigida A. Gray) - -occurs in Texas from the upper Brazos River to the Rio Grande and upper -Guadalupe River. It has thick, leathery-like leaves smooth on the -underside. The lateral branches are spiny and occasionally end in stout -pines; branchlets slender, often zigzag, and lustrous. The fresh-cut -wood of the bumelias in Texas usually produces considerable quantities -of clear viscid gum. Mexicans have given some species of this small tree -the name “chickle” for that reason. - - - TEXAS PERSIMMON (Black Persimmon) - (Diospyros texana Scheele) - -also called Mexican persimmon, is native to southern and southwestern -Texas, from the Colorado River. It is characterized by 1 to 2 inch -leaves and small edible black fruits, about ¾ inch in diameter. They -will stain the skin black. Mexicans make a hair dye from the ripe fruit, -which has given the plant the local name of “capote”. The wood is heavy -with a black heartwood often streaked with yellow, and with a bright -yellow sapwood. The wood is used in turnery and for the handles of -tools. - - - TEXAS ASH - (Fraxinus texensis [A. Gray] Sarg.) - -a small tree, rarely more than 50 feet high, of the dry limestone bluffs -and ridges of the Dallas area to the valley of the Colorado River and -the Edwards Plateau. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long with usually five, -long-stalked leaflets. Fruit in short, compact clusters. - - - BERLANDIER ASH (Mexican Ash) - (Fraxinus berlandieriana A. DC.) - -grows along the banks of streams and canyons in the San Antonio and -Neuces River watersheds and over the Edwards Plateau. It is rarely more -than 30 feet tall. The three to five leaflets are smooth. The wood is -light brown and soft. - - - ANACAHUITA (Texas Wild-Olive) - (Cordia boisseri A. DC.) - -occurs along the lower Rio Grande Valley, is said to be almost extinct. -It is a small tree, sometimes 20 feet tall and 6 to 8 inches in -diameter, noted for its large velvety leaves (4 to 5 inches long and 3 -to 4 inches wide), clusters of yellow and white flowers and delicate -ivory-white coated fruit. The bark is thin, gray, tinged with red. - - - ANAQUA - (Ehretia anacua [Mier and Berland.] Johnst.) - -also called knackaway, anama, and yara, occurs in West Texas from the -upper San Marcos River to the Rio Grande River. It is a tree of the -tropics and of about 40 species in its family, is the only one found in -the United States, and here only in Texas. It is valued as a shade tree -in some communities of South Texas and is noted for its growth and -beauty. Occasionally it grows to a height of 40 to 50 feet with a trunk -3 feet in diameter, attaining its largest size on the Guadalupe and -Nueces Rivers. Anaqua has slender branchlets, without terminal buds, and -leathery, very rough leaves which are almost evergreen. It blooms with -white flowers in March and April and has large groups of edible red -berries in June and July. The wood is heavy, close-grained, light brown -and of little value. - - - TEXAS MADRONE - (Arbutus texana Buckl.) - -also called Texas Madroño is a small poorly shaped tree found on dry -limestone hills, and in the valley of the Rio Blanco, and among the -Eagle Mountains. The trunk is seldom over one foot in diameter and is -usually divided into several branches near the ground. The leaves are -oval to oblong and persistent until the new leaves are formed. The bark -of young stems and branches is smooth, thin, and yellowish-green in -color tinged with red. At the base of old trunks the bark, sometimes ¼ -inch thick, is dark reddish-brown in color. - - - AUSTRIAN PINE - (Pinus nigra Arnold) - -is similar in appearance to red pine (P. resinosa Ait.) but needles are -more rigid. Bark is black to dark brown and the cones are 1½ to 2 inches -long. The tree is a native of central and southern Europe and Asia -Minor. It has been planted extensively in the U. S. as an ornamental but -is apparently not yet naturalized. It is planted in Texas in windbreak -plantings. - - - RUSSIAN-OLIVE - (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) - -is a small tree, not more than 25 feet tall, usually with thorny -branches. Leaves are simple, alternate, narrow and 2 to 3 inches long, -bright green on the upper surface and silvery underneath. It is a native -of Europe and Asia and is used as an ornamental and in windbreak -plantings in the United States. - - - BUFFALOBERRY (Silver Buffaloberry) - (Shepherdia argentea [Pursh] Nutt.) - -is a small silver gray-green tree with edible scarlet colored fruit -which is useful for making jelly, which may reach 18 to 23 feet in -height. It generally has narrow oblong leaves ¾ to 2 inches long and -twigs are often thorny. Its native range is from the northern Great -Plains to Kansas. Useful for windbreak plantings and erosion control. - - - SIBERIAN ELM (Chinese Elm) - (Ulmus pumila L.) - -is more commonly known in the Plains area as Chinese elm. It is -drought-resistant and tolerant of a variety of sites but cannot stand -too much water. A small tree with slender drooping branches. Clusters of -short pedicelled winged fruit appear in April or May. The leaves are -simple, alternate, oval to elliptical, 1 to 2 inches long and leaf edges -are doubly serrate. Widely used for shade and windbreak plantings. - - - WINTERBERRY EUONYMUS - (Euonymus bungeanus Maxim.) - -was introduced from China and has adapted well to the southern Great -Plains area centered around the Texas Panhandle. The small tree is very -hardy and drought-resistant. Its very light green leaves are 2 to 4 -inches long, pointed and borne on slender petioles. The heavy leaves -cause the petioles to bend giving the foliage a limp or drooping -appearance. Young stems and branches are green, older ones are gray. The -fruit is a four-lobed capsule which, before ripening in the fall, has a -pinkish cast. The ripened seeds are bright red. - - - - - Tree Identification Guide - - -The following guide has been included in the Eighth edition to assist -school children and interested adults in the identification of Texas -trees. - -The guide is non-technical and should be treated as such. More detailed -keys are available in most public libraries. - -In the guide, trees are grouped according to their outstanding -characteristics which include leaves, leaf arrangement, flowers, fruit -and site. - - - - - THE SOFTWOODS - - - Needles Cones - Shortleaf[1] (page 21) 2 to 3 in a bundle (usually 1½″-2½″ long - 2); 3″-5″ long - Loblolly (page 20) 3 in a bundle; 6″-9″ long 3″-5″ long - Longleaf (page 22) 3 in a bundle; 10″-15″ long 6″-10″ long - Slash (page 23) 2 to 3 in a bundle (usually 4″-6″ long - 2); 8″-12″ long - -Note: Not included above but commonly found in the longleaf pine range -is a cross between loblolly and longleaf pine. This hybrid tree has -characteristics of both parents. - - -[1]Only native pine in Texas that sprouts. Pitch pockets are usually - present in bark of older trees. - - - - - THE HARDWOODS - - - - - TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES - - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves opposite on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Drupe (or berry) - Dogwood 107 - Fringetree 117 - Pod - Catalpa 118 - Desertwillow 119 - Multiple Fruit - Buttonbush 120 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Pod - Corkwood 35 - Pawpaw 72 - Redbud 88 - Acorn - White oaks 48-50, 52-59 - Drupe (or berry) - Hackberry 66 - Redbay 73 - Sassafras 74 - Blackgum 105 - Farkleberry 108 - Gum Elastic 109 - Southern Buckthorn 109, 127 - Persimmon 110, 127 - Privet Swamp 116 - Multiple Fruit - Bios-d’arc 69 - Magnolia 70 - Sweetbay 71 - Witch-hazel 77 - Sycamore 77 - Winged - Silverbell 112 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves opposite on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Winged - Silver Maple 98 - Red Maple 99 - Southern Sugar Maple 126 - Sugar Maple 126 - Big Tooth Maple 126 - Mountain Maple 126 - Pod - Desertwillow 119 - Wahoo 125 - Drupe (or berry) - Blackhaw 121 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Drupe (or berry) - Hawthorn 78 - Mayhaw 79 - Mexican Plum 80 - Black Sloe 81 - Black Cherry 82 - Laurelcherry 83 - Holly 96 - Yaupon 97 - Basswood 103, 126 - Tupelo Gum 106 - Sweetleaf 111 - Sweet Myrtle 123 - Anaqua 128 - Winged - The Elms 61-64 - Multiple Fruit - Cottonwood 36, 123 - Black Willow 37 - Red Mulberry 68 - Sweetgum 76 - Alder (cone-like) 123 - Nut - Blue Beech (nut-like) 38 - Ironwood (cone-like) 39 - River Birch (cone-like) 40 - American Beech 41 - Chinkapin 42 - Planer Tree 65 - Acorns - Red Oaks 43-47 - White Oaks 51, 60 - - - - - TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES - - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves opposite on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Winged - Baretta 124 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Pod - Mesquite 87 - Black Locust 91 - Coral Bean 124 - Guajillo 123 - Multiple Fruit - Flameleaf Sumac (large headed) 94 - Guayacan (capsule) 124 - Drupe (or berry) - Poison-Sumac 95 - Wild China-tree 102 - Tree of Heaven 125 - Chinaberry 125 - Smoke Tree 125 - Pistache 125 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves opposite on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Winged - Boxelder 100 - Water Ash 113 - White Ash 114 - Green Ash 115 - Mexican Ash 128 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Nut - The Walnuts 28 - The Hickories 29-34 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - Drupe (or berry) - Devils-Walkingstick (capsule-like) 92 - Pod - Waterlocust 90 - Winged - Hoptree 93 - - - - - TREES WITH DOUBLY-COMPOUND LEAVES - - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Pod - Texas Ebony 84 - Catclaw Acacia 85 - Leadtree (Mimosa) 86, 124 - Honeylocust 89 - Huisache (Sweet Acacia) 123 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Drupe (or berry) - Devils-Walkingstick 92 - Hercules-Club 104 - - - - - TREES THAT PREFER WET SITES - - - Page - Baldcypress 25 - Water Hickory 31 - Corkwood 35 - Cottonwood 36 - Black Willow 37 - Blue Beech (Hornbeam) 38 - Ironwood (Hophornbeam) 39 - Red Birch (River Birch) 40 - Water Oak 48 - Willow Oak 49 - Bur Oak 57 - Overcup Oak 58 - Swamp Chestnut Oak 59 - Sweetbay 71 - Sweetgum 76 - The Hawthorns 78, 79 - Waterlocust 90 - Poison-Sumac 95 - Yaupon 97 - Blackgum (Black Tupelo) 105 - Tupelo-Gum (Water Tupelo) 106 - Water Ash 113 - Swamp Privet 116 - Alder 123 - - - - - HARDWOOD TREES WITH EVERGREEN LEAVES - - - Page - Live Oak 52 - Southern Magnolia 70 - Redbay 73 - American Holly 96 - Yaupon 97 - Tree Sparkleberry (Tree Huckleberry) 108 - Baretta 124 - - - - - TREES WHOSE LEAVES TURN RED IN AUTUMN - - - Page - Red Oak 46 - Sweetgum 76 - The Hawthorns 78 - The Sumacs 94 - Red Maple 99 - Blackgum 105 - Flowering Dogwood 107 - Sugar Maple (yellow as well) 126 - - - - - TREES WHOSE LEAVES TURN YELLOW IN AUTUMN - - - Page - The Hickories 29-34 - The Cottonwoods 36, 123 - Black Willow 37 - Hophornbeam (Blue Beech) 38 - River Birch 40 - Most of the Oaks (except Red Oak) 43-60 - Bios-d’arc (Osage Orange) 69 - Southern Magnolia 70 - Pawpaw 72 - Mesquite 87 - Redbud 88 - Hercules-Club 92 - Red Maple 99 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - Devils-Walkingstick 104 - The Ashes 113-115, 128 - Fringetree 117 - Catalpa 118 - Sugar Maple (red as well) 126 - - - - - TREES WITH SEEDS WINGED OR WITH PARACHUTE-LIKE ATTACHMENTS - - - Page - The Cottonwoods 36, 123 - Black Willow 37 - American Hornbeam (Blue Beech) 38 - Ironwood 39 - River Birch 40 - The Elms 61-64 - Planer Tree 65 - Sweetgum 76 - American Sycamore 77 - Hoptree 93 - The Maples 98-99, 126 - The Basswoods 103, 126 - Silverbell 112 - The Ashes 113-115, 128 - Catalpa 118 - Desertwillow 119 - Buttonbush 120 - Alder 123 - Tree of Heaven 125 - - - - - TREES WITH SOFT BERRY-LIKE FRUIT - - - Page - The Hackberries 66, 67 - The Mulberries 68 - Osage Orange (Bois-d’arc) 69 - Redbay 73 - Sassafras 74 - The Hawthorns 78-79 - The Cherries and Plums 80-83 - American Holly 96 - Yaupon 97 - Black and Tupelo Gum 105, 106 - Dogwood 107 - Tree Sparkleberry (Tree Huckleberry) 108 - Gum Bumelia (Gum Elastic) 109 - Persimmon 110, 127 - Fringetree 117 - Rusty Blackhaw 121 - - - - - TREES WHICH PRODUCE NUTS - - - Page - The Walnuts 28 - The Hickories 29-34 - American Beech 41 - Chinkapin 42 - The Oaks 43-60 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - - - - - TREES WITH PODS AS FRUIT - - - Page - Corkwood 35 - Texas Ebony 84 - Catclaw Acacia 85 - Leadtree (Mimosa) 86, 124 - Mesquite 87 - Redbud 88 - Honeylocust 89 - Waterlocust 90 - Black Locust 91 - Catalpa 118 - Desertwillow 119 - Huisache (Sweet Acacia) 123 - Guajillo 123 - Coral Bean 124 - Mexican Leadtree 124 - - - - - TREES WITH BRIGHT RED FRUIT - - - Page - Red Mulberry 68 - The Magnolias 70, 71 - The Hawthorns 78, 79 - Shining Sumac 94 - American Holly 96 - - - - - TREES WITH SPINES OR THORNS - - - Page - Osage-Orange (Bois-d’arc) 69 - The Hawthorns 78, 79 - Texas Ebony 84 - Catclaw Acacia 85 - Leadtree (Mimosa) 86, 124 - Mesquite 87 - Honeylocust 89 - Waterlocust 90 - Black Locust 91 - Prickly Ash 92 - Devils-Walkingstick 104 - Huisache (Sweet Acacia) 123 - - - - - TREES WITH CORKY PROJECTIONS ON TWIGS - - - Page - Bur Oak (Mossy-Cup Oak) 57 - Winged Elm 62 - Cedar Elm 63 - Sweetgum 76 - - - - - TREES WHOSE TWIGS HAVE A CHAMBERED PITH - - - Page - Walnut 28 - Hackberry 66 - Sugarberry 67 - - - - - TREES KNOWN BY THE COLOR AND SHAPE OF THE TWIG PITH - - - Page - Star-shaped in Cross-section - The Cottonwoods 36, 123 - The Oaks 43-60 - Triangular in Cross-section - Alder 123 - Brown in Color - The Walnuts 28 - The Sumacs 94 - - - - - TREES WITH SINGLE LARGE FLOWERS - - - Page - Magnolia 70 - Pawpaw 72 - - - - - TREES WITH FLOWERS IN CLUSTERS - - - Page - Redbay 73 - The Hawthorns 78-79 - The Plums and Cherries 80-83 - Redbud 88 - Black Locust 91 - Devils-Walkingstick 92 - Hercules-Club 92 - Hoptree 93 - The Sumacs 94 - Poison-Sumac 95 - Yaupon 97 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - Western Soapberry 102 - The Basswoods 103, 126 - Flowering Dogwood 107 - Silverbell 112 - Fringetree 117 - Catalpa 118 - Rusty Blackhaw 121 - - - - - TREES WHOSE BLOSSOMS APPEAR BEFORE OR WITH THE LEAVES - - - Page - The Walnuts 28 - The Hickories 29-34 - The Cottonwoods 36, 123 - Black Willow 37 - Ironwood 38 - Eastern Hophornbeam 39 - River Birch 40 - The Oaks 43-60 - The Elms 61-64 - Sassafras 74 - Redbud 88 - The Maples 98, 99, 126 - The Ashes 113-115, 128 - Alder 123 - - - - - TREES WHOSE BLOSSOMS APPEAR AFTER THE LEAVES - - - Page - Chinkapin 42 - Magnolia 70 - Honeylocust 89 - Black Locust 91 - The Sumacs 94 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - Basswood 103, 126 - Flowering Dogwood 107 - Persimmon 110, 127 - Silverbell 112 - Fringetree 117 - Catalpa 118 - Mountain Maple 126 - - - - - Glossary - - - A - Achene—A small, hard, dry, 1-celled, indehiscent fruit. - Acrid—Sharp or biting to the taste. - Acuminate—Tapering at end to a gradual point. - Acute—Terminating in a sharp angle. - Aggregate fruit—Cluster of ripened ovaries produced from a single - flower containing numerous pistils inserted on a common - receptacle. Example: fruit of magnolia or blackberry. - Alternate—Not opposite on the axis, but borne at regular intervals - at different levels. - Anther—Pollen-bearing structure of a stamen. - Apex—The tip or end of a bud or leaf, i.e., the part opposite the - base. - Apical—Pertaining to the tip, end, or apex. - Appressed—Lying tight or close against. - Aromatic—Fragrant; with a pleasing odor. - Astringent—Contracting; drawing together. - Axil—The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with a stem. - Axis—The central line of an organ; a stem. - - - B - Bark—The outer covering of a trunk or branch. - Basal—Pertaining to or situated at the base. - Berry—A fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout, and with - several seeds imbedded in the pulpy mass. - Bisexual—Having both stamens and pistils, i.e., male and female. - Bloom—A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off. - Also, to produce or yield blossoms. - Bole—The main axis or trunk of a tree. - Bract—Modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an - inflorescence. - Bud-scales—Modified leaves covering a bud. - Bundle-scars—Scars on the surface of a leaf-scar. Severed ends of - the fibro-vascular bundles which connected the twigs with - the leaves. - - - C - Calyx—The outer perianth or floral envelope, usually green in - color; sepals, collectively. - Cambium—A thin-walled formative tissue between the bark and wood. - The active growing portion of the tree. - Carpel—A simple pistil or one member of a compound pistil. - Capsule—A dry fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting - open at maturity. - Catkin—An ament or spike of unisexual flowers. - Chambered—Said of the pith when interrupted by hollow spaces at - rather regular intervals. - Ciliate—Fringed with hairs on the margin. - Collateral—Accessory buds at the sides of auxiliary buds. - Compound—Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole. - Conical—Cone-shaped. - Conifers—A group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the - form of a cone or modified cone. - Coniferous—Cone-bearing. - Corolla—The petals of a flower collectively. - Cordate—Heart-shaped. - Crenate—Rounded teeth. - Crown—The upper mass of branches; also known as head. - Cuneate—Wedge-shaped. - - - D - Deciduous—Falling off, usually at the close of the season. - Defoliation—Removal of foliage. - Dehiscent—Splitting open at maturity. - Deliquescent—Said of the form of a tree with a broad spreading - habit. The branches sub-divide until they apparently - disappear. - Deltoid—Triangular like Greek symbol for delta. - Dentate—Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outwards. - Diffuse-porous—Equal-pored. Said of wood when pores in a growth - ring are equal in size. - Dioecious—Unisexual, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on - separate plants. - Disseminated—Scattered, thrown, broadcast. - Divergent—Pointing away; extending out. Said of buds which point - away from the twigs. - Downy—Covered with fine hairs. - Drupe—A fleshy fruit with a pit or stone like a cherry. - - - E - Elliptical—Shaped like an ellipse with sloping ends. - Elongated—Long, drawn out. - Entire-margined—Margin smooth, not cut or toothed. - Excurrent—Said of a tree with a continuous trunk and erect habit - of growth. - Exfoliation—Splitting or cleaving off of outer layers of bark. - Exotic—Of foreign origin. - Exudation—Oozing out of sap, resin, or other juice. - - - F - Fascicle—A close bundle or cluster. - Fetid—Ill smelling. - Fissures—Grooves, furrows, or channels as in the bark. - Fluted—Grooved, corrugated, channeled. - Follicle—A dry fruit produced from a simple pistil and dehiscing - along one line of suture. - Fruit—The ripened ovary of a flower. - - - G - Glabrate—Somewhat glabrous or becoming glabrate. - Glabrous—Smooth, without hairs. - Glandular—Bearing glands or gland-like. - Glaucous—Covered with a bluish or whitish waxy coating; a bloom. - Globose—Ball-like or nearly so. - Globular—Ball-like. - - - H - Habitat—Site or place of growth. - Hardwood—A collective term for broad-leaved trees, the wood of - which may or may not be dense. - Heartwood—The physiologically dead, central, usually darker - colored portion of the tree trunk. - Hybrid—A crossbreed of two species. - - - I - Increment—Growth; increase. - Incised—Divided into lobes separated by narrow or acute sinuses - which extend halfway or more to midrib. - Indehiscent—Applied to fruits that do not split open to discharge - the seeds, remaining closed at maturity. - Indigenous—Applied to plants that are native to a certain - locality. Not introduced. - Intolerant—Not shade enduring. Requiring sunlight. - Involucre—A cluster of bracts subtending a flower. - - - L - Lamina—The blade or flattened portion of a leaf. - Lanceolate—Shaped like a lance; several times longer than wide, - and growing to a point. - Lateral—Situated on the side, as the buds along the side of the - twig. - Leaflets—One of the small blades or divisions of a compound leaf. - Leaf-scar—The scar left after a leaf falls. - Lenticel—A corky growth on young or sometimes older bark, which - admits air to the interior of the twig or branch. - Linear—Line-like, long and narrow, with parallel edges. - Lobed—Said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or - divided. - - - M - Medullary—Pertaining to the pith or medulla. - Medullary Ray—Radial lines of tissues crossing the growth of rings - at right angles and extending into the bark. - Midrib—The central or main rib or vein of a leaf. - Monoecious—Bearing male and female flower parts in separate - flowers on the same plant. - Mucilaginous—Slimy or gummy when touched or chewed. - Multiple fruit—A cluster of fruits of separate flowers crowded - together and forming what appears to be a single fruit. - Examples: mulberry, strawberry, osage-orange fruits. - - - N - Naked—Said of buds without scales, and seeds without a covering. - Naval Stores—Refers to tar, turpentine, resin, etc. - Node—A place on a twig where one or more leaves originate. - Nut—A dry, 1-seeded, fruit with a hard indehiscent covering and - encased partly or wholly in an involucre or husk. - Nutlet—A small nut. - - - O - Oblique—Slanting, uneven. Uneven sided. - Oblong—About twice as long as wide, the sides nearly parallel. - Obovate—Reversed egg-shaped. - Obtuse—Blunt - Opposite—Said of leaves and buds, directly across from each other. - Orbicular—Circular. - Oval—Rounded. - Ovate—Egg-shaped. - Ovoid—Egg-shaped or nearly so. - - - P - Palmate—Radiately lobed or divided from the petiole; hand-like as - leaflets of buckeye. - Panicle—A loose, irregularly compound flower cluster with flowers - on pedicels. - Pedicel—The support or stem of a single flower or fruit in a - cluster. - Peduncle—A primary flower stalk supporting a cluster of flowers or - a solitary flower, later the fruit. A fruit-stem. - Perennial—Lasting for more than one year. - Persistent—Remaining after blooming, fruiting, or maturing. - Petiole—The stalk of a leaf. - Pinnate—Feather-like with leaflets on both sides of rachis or leaf - stalk. - Pistil—Seed bearing organ of flower. May consist of stigma, style, - and ovary. - Pith—The soft central part of a twig or stem. - Pod—Any dry, one chambered, dehiscent fruit. - Pollen—The dust-like substance from the anthers of a flower. - Pollination—The process of bringing the pollen of the male flower - in contact with the stigma of the female flower. - Pome—A fleshy fruit with a core, such as the apple or pear. - Porous—With open tubes (through wood). - Prickle—A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth. - Pubescent—With short, soft, down-like hairs. - Pungent—Acrid or sharp to smell. - Pyramidal—Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the - base. - - - R - Rachis—The stalk supporting the leaflets of a compound leaf. - Resin-ducts—A passage for the conduction of resin found in the - leaves and wood. - Ring-porous—Said of wood which has pores of unequal size, the - larger ones being found in the spring wood and the smaller - ones in the summer wood. - - - S - Samara—An indehiscent winged fruit such as that of maple. - Sapwood—The recently formed, usually light colored wood, lying - outside of the heartwood. - Scabrous—Rough, with stiff, bristly hairs. - Scales—The small, modified leaves which protect the growing-point - of a bud or the part of a cone which bears the seeds. The - small flakes into which the other bark of a tree divides. - Scurfy—Covered with small bran-like scales. - Serrate—Having sharp teeth on margin. - Sessile—Seated; without a stalk. - Sheath—A tubular envelope or covering such as surround the base of - pine-needles. - Silky—Covered with long, soft, straight, fine hairs. - Simple—Consisting of one part, not compound. - Sinus—The cleft or opening between two lobes. - Sinuate—Wavy. - Softwood—A general term given conifers, the wood of which may or - may not be of low density. - Stamen—Male organ of flower. Consists of a pollen-bearing anther - on a filament. - Stipule—A leaf-appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk. - Stipule-scar—The scar left by the fall of the stipule. - Stolon—A runner or basal branch that may root. - Striate—Marked with fine elongated ridges or lines. - Striations—Long narrow lines or ridges. - Strobile—A fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the pine, - birches, etc. - Sucker—A shoot arising from an underground bud. - Superposed—Said of buds when they are arranged one above the - other. - Symmetrical—Regular as to the number of parts. Having the same - number of parts in each circle. - - - T - Terminal—Located at the outer end. - Thorn—A stiff, woody, sharp-pointed projection as found on locust; - a spine. - Tolerant—Applied to trees which endure certain factors, - particularly shade. - Tomentose—Densely pubescent; hairy. Covered with matted-hairs. - Tomentum—A dense layer of woolly hairs. - Truncate—Ending abruptly, as if cut off at the end. - Tufted—Growing in clusters. - - - U - Unisexual—Consisting of one sex only, either staminate or - pistillate. - - - V - Valvate—Said of buds in which the scales merely meet without - overlapping. Fruit opening by valves. - Veins—Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs. - - - W - Whorl—A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves or buds, - arranged about the same place of attachment. - Whorled—Borne in a whorl. - - - - - Index - - - A - Acacia berlandieri 123 - Acacia, catclaw 85 - Acacia farnesiana, sweet 123 - Acacia greggii 85 - Acer barbatum 126 - Acer grandidentatum 126 - Acer grandidentatum var. sinuosum 126 - Acer negundo 100 - Acer rubrum 99 - Acer saccharinum 98 - Adelia, common 116 - Aesculus glabra 101 - Aesculus pavia 101 - Ailanthus altissima 125 - Alder, hazel, speckled 123 - Alnus rugosa 123 - Anacahuita 128 - Anama 128 - Anaqua 128 - Apple, hedge 69 - Aralia spinosa 104 - Arbutus texana 129 - Arizona cypress 122 - Arrow-wood 125 - Ash, Berlandier 128 - Ash, Carolina 113 - Ash, green 115 - Ash, Mexican 128 - Ash, poison 95 - Ash, prickly 92, 104 - Ash, Texas 128 - Ash, wafer 93 - Ash, water 113 - Ash, white 114 - Ash juniper 26 - Asimina triloba 72 - - B - Baldcypress 25 - Baretta 124 - Basswood, American 103 - Basswood, Carolina 126 - Basswood, Florida 126 - Bayberry, Southern 123 - Beaded locust (Sophora) 124 - Bear berry 124 - Beech, American 41 - Beech, blue 38 - Beech, water 38 - Betula, nigra 40 - Birch, river (red) 40 - Bitternut hickory 30 - Blackhead, ebony 84 - Blackgum 105 - Blackhaw, rusty 121 - Bois-d’arc 69 - Boxelder 100 - Buckeye, Ohio 101 - Buckeye, red 101 - Buckthorn 127 - Buckthorn, wooly 109 - Buffaloberry 129 - Bumelia, buckthorn, gum, elastic 109 - Bumelia lanuginosa 109 - Bumelia lanuginosa var. rigida 109 - Bumelia, lycioides 109 - Bumelia, Texas 127 - Burning bush (Euonymous) 125 - Buttonbush, common 120 - Buttonwood (sycamore) 77 - - C - Capote 127 - Carpinus caroliniana 38 - Carya aquatica 31 - Carya cordiformis 30 - Carya illinoensis 29 - Carya ovata 32 - Carya texana 34 - Carya tomentosa 33 - Castanea pumila 42 - Catalpa, northern 118 - Catalpa, speciosa 118 - Catalpa, western 118 - Cedar, eastern red 27 - Cedar, mountain 26 - Celtis laevigata 67 - Celtis, occidentalis 66 - Cephalanthus occidentalis 120 - Cercis canadensis 88 - Cherry, black 82 - Cherry, southwestern black 82 - Chicle 127 - Chilopsis linearis 119 - Chinaberry 125 - China-tree, wild 102 - Chinkapin, Allegheny 42 - Chionanthus virginicus 117 - Chittamwood 125 - Coral bean 124 - Cordia boisseri 128 - Corkwood 35 - Cornus florida 107 - Cotinus obovatus 126 - Cottonwood, eastern 36 - Crataegus 78 - Crataegus opaca 79 - Cupressus arizonica 122 - Cypress (baldcypress) 25 - - D - Desertwillow 119 - Devils-walkingstick 104 - Diospyros texana 128 - Diospyros virginiana 110 - Dogwood, flowering 107 - - E - Ebony, Texas (blackbead) 84 - Ehretia anacua 128 - Elastic, gum 109 - Elaeagnus angustifolia 129 - Elm, American 61 - Elm, cedar 63 - Elm, Chinese 129 - Elm, red 64 - Elm, Siberian 129 - Elm, slippery 64 - Elm, water 65 - Elm, white 61 - Elm, winged 62 - Euonymus atropurpureus 125 - Euonymus bungeanus 129 - - F - Fagus grandifolia 41 - Farkleberry 108 - Fir, Douglas 24 - Forestiera acuminata 116 - Fraxinus americana 114 - Fraxinus berlandieriana 128 - Fraxinus caroliniana 113 - Fraxinus pennsylvanica 115 - Fraxinus texensis 128 - Fringetree, white 117 - - G - Gleditsia aquatica 89, 90 - Gleditsia texana 89 - Gleditsia triacanthos 89 - Grancy-gray beard 117 - Great leadtree 124 - Gregg leadtree 86, 124 - Guaiacum 124 - Guajillo 123 - Guayacan 124 - Gum, black 105 - Gum, cotton 106 - Gum, elastic 109 - Gum, red 76 - Gum, sour 105 - Gum, sweet 76 - Gum, tupelo 106 - - H - Hackberry 66 - Hackberry, sugar 67 - Halesia diptera 112 - Hamamelis virginiana 75 - Haw 78 - Haw, rusty black 121 - Hawthorn 78 - Hawthorn, riverflat 79 - Hazel, alder 123 - Helietta parvifolia 124 - Hercules-club 92, 104 - Hickory, bigbud 33 - Hickory, bitternut 30 - Hickory, black 34 - Hickory, mockernut 33 - Hickory, pignut 30 - Hickory, shagbark 32 - Hickory, water 31 - Hickory, white 33 - Holly, American 96 - Honeylocust 89 - Hophornbeam, eastern 39 - Hoptree, common 93 - Hornbeam, American 38 - Horse-sugar 111 - Huckleberry, tree 108 - - I - Ilex decidua 97 - Ilex opaca 96 - Ilex vomitoria 97 - Indian soap plant 102 - Ironwood 38, 39 - - J - Judas tree 88 - Juglans, microcarpa 28 - Juglans, nigra 28 - Juniper, alligator 122 - Juniper, ashe 26 - Juniper, drooping 122 - Juniper, Mexican mountain cedar 26 - Juniper, one seed 122 - Juniper, Rocky Mountain 122 - Juniper, weeping 122 - Juniperus ashei 26 - Juniperus deppeana 122 - Juniperus flaccida 122 - Juniperus monosperma 122 - Juniperus scopulorum 122 - Juniperus virginiana 27 - - K - Knackaway 128 - - L - Laurel, cherry 83 - Laurelcherry, Carolina 83 - Leadtree, Gregg 86 - Leadtree, Mexicana, great 124 - Leitneria floridana 35 - Leucaena greggii 86, 124 - Leucaena pulverulenta 86, 124 - Leucaena retusa 86, 124 - Linden, American 103 - Liquidambar styraciflua 76 - Locust, beaded 124 - Locust, black 91 - Locust, honey 89 - Locust, pink 124 - Locust, water 90 - Locust, yellow 91 - - M - Maclura pomifera 69 - Madrone, Texas 129 - Magnolia, evergreen 70 - Magnolia, grandiflora 70 - Magnolia, Southern 70 - Magnolia, sweetbay 71 - Magnolia, virginiana 71 - Maple, Florida 126 - Maple, mountain, or sugar 126 - Maple, red 99 - Maple, silver 98 - Maple, soft 98, 99 - Maple, Southern sugar 126 - Maple, Uvalde bigtooth 126 - Mayhaw 79 - Melia azedarach 125 - Mesquite, honey 87 - Mimosa 86, 124 - Morus alba 68 - Morus microphylla 68 - Morus rubra 68 - Mulberry, red 68 - Mulberry, Texas 68 - Mulberry, white 68 - Myrica cerifera 123 - Myrtle, sweet 123 - Myrtle, wax 123 - - N - Necklace tree 124 - Northern catalpa 118 - Nyssa aquatica 106 - Nyssa sylvatica 105 - - O - Oak, basket 59 - Oak, black 45 - Oak, blackjack 47 - Oak, bluejack 50 - Oak, bur 57 - Oak, chestnut 59 - Oak, chinkapin, chestnut 60 - Oak, cow 59 - Oak, Durand (white) 54 - Oak, Emory 51 - Oak, Graves 44 - Oak, gray 51 - Oak, live 52 - Oak, Mexican blue 51 - Oak, Mohrs 53 - Oak, mossy-cup 57 - Oak, overcup 58 - Oak, pin 48, 49 - Oak, post 56 - Oak, red 46 - Oak, sandjack 50 - Oak, shin 53 - Oak, Shumard 43 - Oak, Spanish 46 - Oak, Southern red 46 - Oak, spotted 43 - Oak, swamp chestnut 59 - Oak, swamp post oak 58 - Oak, Texas 44 - Oak, water 48, 49 - Oak, water white 58 - Oak, white 55 - Oak, willow 49 - Old man’s beard, 117 - Olive, Russian 129 - Olive, Texas wild 128 - Orange, mock 83 - Osage-orange 69 - Ostrya virginiana 39 - - P - Palmetto, Texas (palm) 123 - Pawpaw 72 - Peach, wild 83 - Pecan 29 - Persea borbonia 73 - Persimmon, black 127 - Persimmon, common 110 - Persimmon, Texas 127 - Pine, Austrian 129 - Pine, limber, Rocky Mtn. white 17 - Pine, loblolly 20 - Pine, longleaf 22 - Pine, nut 18 - Pine, ponderosa, western yellow 19 - Pine, shortleaf, yellow 21 - Pine, slash 23 - Pine, Sonderegger 22 - Pinus echinata 21 - Pinus edulis 18 - Pinus elliottii 23 - Pinus flexilis 17 - Pinus nigra 129 - Pinus palustris 22 - Pinus ponderosa 19 - Pinus taeda 20 - Pinyon 18 - Pistache, Texas 125 - Pistacia texana 125 - Pithecellobium flexicaule 84 - Planer tree 65 - Planera aquatica 65 - Platanus occidentalis 77 - Plum, flatwoods 81 - Plum, Mexican 80 - Popple, aspen 123 - Populus deltoidea 36 - Populus fremontii var. wislizenii 123 - Populus sargentii 36 - Populus tremuloides 123 - Porlieria, Texas 124 - Possumhaw 97 - Prickly ash 92 - Privet, swamp 116 - Prosopsis juliflora 87 - Prunus caroliniana 83 - Prunus mexicana 80 - Prunus serotina 82 - Prunus serotina var. rufula 82 - Prunus umbellata 81 - Pseudotsuga menziesii 24 - Ptelea trifoliata 93 - - Q - Quercus alba 55 - Quercus durandii 54 - Quercus emoryi 51 - Quercus falcata 46 - Quercus gravesii 44 - Quercus grisea 51 - Quercus incana 50 - Quercus lyrata 58 - Quercus macrocarpa 57 - Quercus marilandica 47 - Quercus michauxii 59 - Quercus mohriana 53 - Quercus muhlenbergii 60 - Quercus nigra 48 - Quercus oblongifolia 51 - Quercus phellos 49 - Quercus shumardii 4 - Quercus shumardii var. shumardii 43 - Quercus shumardii var. texana 44 - Quercus stellata 56 - Quercus velutina 45 - Quercus virginiana 52 - - R - Redbay 73 - Redbud, eastern 88 - Redcedar, eastern 27 - Redgum 76 - Rhus copallina 94 - Robinia pseudoacacia 91 - Rusty blackhaw 121 - - S - Sabal minor 123 - Sabal texana 123 - Salix nigra 37 - Sapindus drummondii 102 - Sassafras 74 - Sassafras albidum 74 - Shepherdia argentea 129 - Siberian elm 129 - Silverbell, two-wing 112 - Sloe, black 81 - Smoketree, American 125 - Snowdrop tree 112 - Soapberry, western 102 - Soapbush 124 - Soap plant, Indian 102 - Sophora affinis 124 - Sparkleberry tree 108 - Sugarberry 67 - Sumac, shining, dwarf, flameleaf 94 - Sumac, poison 95 - Swampbay 71 - Sweetbay magnolia 71 - Sweetgum 76 - Sweetleaf, common 111 - Sycamore, American 77 - Symplocos tinctoria 111 - - T - Tamarisk 127 - Tamarix araiculata 127 - Tamarix gallica 127 - Tamarix pentandra 127 - Taxodium distichum 25 - Tepehuaje 124 - Texas sophora 124 - Texas wild olive 128 - Tilia americana 103 - Tilia caroliniana 126 - Tilia floridana 126 - Tingle-tongue 92 - Toothache tree 92 - Toxicodendron vernix 95 - Tree-huckleberry 108 - Tree of heaven 125 - Tree Sparkleberry (Farkleberry) 108 - Tupelo, black 105 - Tupelo, swamp 105 - Tupelo, water 106 - - U - Ulmus alata 62 - Ulmus americana 61 - Ulmus crassifolia 63 - Ulmus pumila 129 - Ulmus rubra 64 - Una de Gato 85 - - V - Vaccinium arboreum 108 - Viburnum rufidulum 121 - - W - Wafer-ash 93 - Wahoo, eastern 125 - Walnut, black 28 - Walnut, little 28 - Walnut, Texas 28 - Waterlocust 90 - Wild china-tree 102 - Wild olive, Texas 128 - Wild peach 83 - Willow, black 37 - Willow, desert 119 - Winterberry 97 - Winterberry euonymus 129 - Witch-hazel 75 - - Y - Yara 128 - Yaupon 97 - - Z - Zanthoxylum clava-herculis 92 - - [Illustration: TREE PLANTING REGIONS OF TEXAS] - - - - - PARTIAL LIST OF TREES RECOMMENDED FOR SHADE AND WINDBREAKS - - - - - East Texas - - - American elm - arborvitae - Arizona cypress - basswood - black locust - black walnut - bur oak - catalpa - Chinese tallow - green ash - hackberry - holly - live oak - loblolly pine - longleaf pine - magnolia - pecan - red oak - shortleaf pine - silver maple - slash pine - sweetgum - sycamore - water oak - white ash - willow oak - - - - - Coastal Prairie - - - American elm - arborvitae - Arizona ash - Arizona cypress - athel - Carolina poplar - Chinese tallow - Gulf Coast cedar - hackberry - holly - Italian cypress - live oak - loblolly pine - pecan - swamp ash - sweetgum - sycamore - - - - - Central Texas - - - Arizona cypress - American elm - Texas walnut - cedar elm - Chinese arborvitae - Chinese elm - eastern redcedar - green ash - hackberry - live oak - pecan - sycamore - thornless honeylocust - - - - - South Texas - - - anaqua - Arizona cypress - athel - Australian pine - Carolina poplar - Chinese arborvitae - Chinese tallow - eucalyptus - fan palm - Gulf Coast cedar - gum elastic - hackberry - Italian cypress - Japanese varnish tree - live oak - ornamental date palm - pecan - pistacia - Rio Grande ash - sycamore - - - - - West Texas - - - Arizona ash - Arizona cypress - aspen popple - Austrian pine - Chinese arborvitae - Chinese elm - green ash - hackberry - live oak - mountain cottonwood - pistacia - redcedar - Rocky mountain - juniper - Russian mulberry - Russian olive - silver poplar - Spanish oak - thornless honeylocust - western yellow pine - - - - - Panhandle - - - American elm - apricot - Arizona cypress - Austrian pine - black locust - Carolina poplar - Chinese arborvitae - Chinese maple - Chinese elm - Colorado blue spruce - green ash - hackberry - loblolly pine - pistacia - redcedar - red mulberry - Russian mulberry - Russian olive - sand plum - shortleaf pine - Siberian elm - silver poplar - sycamore - thornless honeylocust - western yellow pine - - - - - CODE OF BEHAVIOR - WITH - OUTDOOR FIREBRANDS - - - 1. Burn household trash only in a metal or cinder block container on - an area cleared to bare soil. - - 2. Burn fields and brush piles only in the late afternoon when the - wind is low and after a 5-foot fire-break has been plowed around the - field. - - 3. Break matches and crush smokes before discarding. - - 4. Use car ash tray for smokes and used matches when traveling in a - vehicle. Don’t pitch them out the window. - - 5. Clear the area around a warming or camp fire before lighting it. - - 6. Extinguish all warming and camp fires when you leave. Be sure all - fires are Dead Out. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---Corrected a few palpable typos. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - ---Included a transcription of the text within some images. - ---Added a caption “Flower Clusters” to an uncaptioned illustration on p. - 15. - ---The HTML version contains relative hyperlinks to the _Manual of the - Trees of North America_ (Gutenberg eBook #46450), so that offline - copies can be interlinked. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Forest Trees of Texas, by -W. R. Matoon and C. B. 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} -.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.cit { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } - -.key dt { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; } -.key dt.center { text-align:center; } -.key dt.t { margin-left:3em; } -.key dt.t2 { margin-left:4em; } -.key dt.t3 { margin-left:5em; } -.key dt.t4 { margin-left:6em; } -.key dt.t5 { margin-left:7em; } -.key dt.t6 { margin-left:8em; } -.key dt.t7 { margin-left:9em; } -.key dt.t8 { margin-left:10em; } -.key dt.t9 { margin-left:11em; } -.key dt.t10 { margin-left:12em; } -.key dt.t11 { margin-left:13em; } -.key dd { text-align:right; } -table.center { clear:both; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; } -table.center tr td.l {text-align:left; margin-left:0em; } -table.center tr td.t {text-align:left; text-indent:1em; } -table.center tr td.t2 {text-align:left; text-indent:2em; } -table.center tr td.r {text-align:right; } -table.center tr th {vertical-align:bottom; } -table.center tr td {vertical-align:top; } -table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Forest Trees of Texas, by W. R. Matoon and C. B. Webster - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Forest Trees of Texas - How to Know Them - -Author: W. R. Matoon - C. B. Webster - -Editor: John A. Haislet - -Release Date: July 26, 2016 [EBook #52651] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF TEXAS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover1" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Forest Trees of Texas, How To Know Them" width="500" height="788" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1>Forest Trees of Texas -<br /><i><span class="smaller">How To Know Them</span></i></h1> -<p class="tbcenter"><i>Eighth Edition -<br /><span class="small">Ninth Printing -<br />October, 1990</span></i></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss">TEXAS FOREST SERVICE -<br /><span class="smallest">A PART OF -<br />THE TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS</span></span></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="small"><span class="ss">BULLETIN 20</span></span> <span class="hst"><span class="small"><span class="ss">APRIL, 1963</span></span></span></p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/img000.jpg" alt="HOW A TREE GROWS" width="507" height="924" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">CROWN</a></dt> -<dt>TRUNK</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">HEARTWOOD</a> (INACTIVE) GIVES STRENGTH</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">SAPWOOD</a> CARRIES SAP FROM ROOT TO LEAVES</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Cambium">CAMBIUM</a> (MICROSCOPIC) BUILDS THE CELLS</dt> -<dt>INNER <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> CARRIES PREPARED FOOD FROM LEAVES TO CAMBIUM LAYER</dt> -<dt>OUTER BARK PROTECTS TREE FROM INJURIES</dt> -<dt>ROOTS</dt> -<dd>SURFACE ROOTS</dd> -<dd>TAPROOT</dd></dl></div> -<p><i><span class="ss"><span class="sc">Tree increases each year in height and spread of -branches by adding on new growth of twigs</span></span></i></p> -<p><i><span class="ss"><span class="sc">Air supplies carbon the principal food of the tree -taken in on under surface of leaves.</span></span></i></p> -<p><i><span class="ss"><span class="sc">Leaves prepare the food obtained from air and soil -and give off moisture by transpiration. Light and heat -are necessary for the chemical changes</span></span></i></p> -<p><i><span class="ss"><span class="sc">The breathing pores of the entire tree,—on leaves, -twigs, branches, trunk and roots take in oxygen. -Flooding, poisonous gases, or smoke may kill a tree</span></span></i></p> -<p><i><span class="ss"><span class="sc">Root tips or root hairs -take up water containing small quantity of minerals in solution</span></span></i></p> -<p><i><span class="ss"><span class="sc">The buds, root tips, and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Cambium">cambium</a> layer are the growing parts of the tree. -Water containing a small quantity of minerals in solution is absorbed by the -roots, carried up through the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a> to the leaves and there combined -with carbon from the air to make food. This food is carried by the inner -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> to all growing parts of the tree, even down to the root tips</span></span></i></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<h3>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</h3> -<p>The first edition of <i>Forest Trees of Texas—How to Know -Them</i> was assembled by W. R. Matoon and C. B. Webster in -1928. The sections, “Trees as Mankind’s Friends”, “Studying -a Tree”, “Other Texas Trees”, drawings of twigs, leaves and -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruits</a>, and the glossary were incorporated into the fourth and -fifth editions by S. L. Frost and D. A. Anderson. The sixth -and seventh editions were edited by H. E. Weaver and W. A. -Smith, respectively. Some of the drawings used in this publication -were made available by the United States Forest Service.</p> -<p>The eighth edition was revised and edited by John A. -Haislet to conform with the nomenclature in <i>Check List of -Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States (Including -Alaska)</i>, Agriculture Handbook No. 41, prepared under the -direction of the United States Forest Service Tree and Range -Plant Committee. D. A. Anderson’s “A Guide to the Identification -of the Principal Trees and Shrubs of Texas” was revised -and incorporated in the eighth edition to give it greater utility -to the non-technical student of trees.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="large">TREES</span> ... <span class="sc">MANKIND’S FRIENDS</span></h2> -<p>Trees have held an important place in man’s way of life -since he has been on the earth. Trees provided early -man with weapons to defend himself and helped provide him -with food, shelter and fuel.</p> -<p>Trees have played an important role in the history of the -United States. Timber was our nation’s first export. The -forest also provided our forefathers with their homes, farm -implements, rifle stocks and wagons. The forest, by furnishing -ties and utility poles, made possible the expansion of railroad -systems, electric power and telephone networks. Every -industry depends upon forest products in one way or another.</p> -<p>Trees are more important today than ever before. More -than 10,000 products are reportedly made from trees. Through -chemistry, the humble woodpile is yielding chemicals, plastics -and fabrics that were beyond comprehension when an axe first -felled a Texas tree.</p> -<p>The American standard of living depends to no small -extent on the care with which we use our forest resource. -Fortunately, trees are a renewable resource. They can be -grown as a crop and harvested in such a way that the stand -is kept productive, and a steady supply of forest products is -assured.</p> -<h3>TEXAS TREES</h3> -<p>A tree is generally defined as a woody plant having one -well-defined stem and a more or less definitely formed <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a>, -usually attaining a height of at least eight feet. Using water -and minerals from the soil, gases from the air and energy -from the sun, a tree manufactures the food it needs for growth -and reproduction. Trees, like man, grow rapidly when they -are young but gradually their growth decreases; they begin -to deteriorate and eventually die. Nature then reduces them -to the elements from which they were derived.</p> -<p>The terms “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Hardwood">hardwood</a>,” “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Softwood">softwood</a>,” “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>” and -“non-deciduous” are often encountered in tree literature. These -terms are confusing and often misleading. Needle-bearing or -cone-bearing trees are designated as softwoods even though -the wood may be dense. Hardwoods are the broad-leaved -(unlike needles or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>) trees, the wood of which may be -dense or soft.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Conifers">conifers</a>, or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Softwood">softwoods</a>, generally retain their leaves -more than one growing season and produce seed in cones; -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -however, there are exceptions. Baldcypress, a conifer, is -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a> since it sheds its leaves in autumn. Cedar and juniper -produce berry-like cones that scarcely resemble cones.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hardwood">hardwoods</a>, or broad-leaved trees, are generally <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>; -i.e., they shed their leaves in autumn. Texas has -many exceptions, for example: southern magnolia, live oak -and American holly which retain green leaves through the -winter.</p> -<p>More than half of the 1,100 species of native trees in the -United States are found in the South. Of these, more than -200 species and varieties are native to Texas. In addition, -many <a class="gloss" href="#g_Exotic">exotic</a> species have been introduced and now grow in -many parts of the state.</p> -<p>The four main forest regions of Texas include: the -Southern pine forest in East Texas; the central <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hardwood">hardwoods</a>, the -post oak and cross timbers of North-central Texas; the semi-tropical -forest in the Rio Grande Valley region of Texas; and -the mountain forest, the timbered areas of West Texas which -are a continuation of the timber types of the Southern Rocky -Mountains. In Texas, trees are the principal vegetative cover -on an estimated area of 28,805,617 acres.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<p class="caption">TREE REGIONS</p> -<img src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="478" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dt>PINE-HARDWOOD</dt> -<dt>CEDAR BREAKS</dt> -<dt>POST OAK</dt> -<dt>WEST CROSS TIMBERS</dt> -<dt>EAST CROSS TIMBERS</dt> -<dt>MOUNTAIN FORESTS</dt></dl></div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<p>Texas also has minor tree areas which are almost restricted -to Texas; the cedar breaks and the oak shinneries. Some of -the shinnery trees are among the smallest in America. In -places, fully matured trees are not over knee-high and resemble -pigmy forests. In other areas, the same species grows 20 to 30 -feet tall to form almost impenetrable thickets.</p> -<p>The pine-hardwood forests of East Texas, comprise 12,525,417 -acres in all or part of 42 counties. Lumber, paper, -baskets, boxes, ties, poles, piling, posts, handles and shingles -constitute the main forest products manufactured in the Piney -Woods of East Texas.</p> -<p>Farther west, in East Central Texas, the post oak forests -cover approximately 5,030,200 acres in all or part of 39 counties.</p> -<p>The east and west “cross timbers”, occur on an area of -approximately 3 million acres. The term “cross timbers” originated -with the early settlers who, in their travels from east to -west, crossed alternating patches of forests and prairies and -so affixed the name “cross timbers” to these forests.</p> -<p>Farther south in the Edwards Plateau region, are the cedar -breaks which extend over 3¾ million acres. Cedar grows on -the steep slopes and rolling hills common to this region, in -association with live oak and mesquite.</p> -<p>Other tree areas of the state include an estimated 500,000 -acres of mountain forests in the Trans-Pecos Region and the -live oak area along the Gulf Coast.</p> -<p>Two of Texas’ trees, guaiacum and ebony, produce the -hardest woods in the United States. Both species are found in -the Rio Grande Valley. The tree with the lightest wood in the -United States, corkwood, grows near the mouth of the Brazos -River. Drooping or weeping juniper, so named for the drooping -characteristic of its branches, grows in the Big Bend area -but has not been reported to be native elsewhere in this country.</p> -<p>Catclaw, huisache, mimosa, baretta, pistache, black persimmon, -Mexican ash, anaqua, flatwoods plum (sloe) and -guajillo are other trees common only in Texas.</p> -<h3>TEXAS FOREST SERVICE</h3> -<p>In 1915, the 34th Texas Legislature created by law the -State Department of Forestry and made it a part of the Agricultural -and Mechanical College of Texas. In 1925, the department -became the Texas Forest Service. As it grew, its service -to Texas increased. It now helps protect Texas’ forest resources -against fire, insects and disease; assists woodland -owners in the proper management of their lands; makes available -seedlings for reforestation and windbreak purposes; conducts -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -research in forest tree improvement, management and -utilization; and conducts an educational program to acquaint -Texans as to the desirability of practicing forestry.</p> -<p>The Texas Forest Service, with more than 300 employees, -has four departments: Forest Fire Control, Forest Management, -Forest Products, and Information and Education. The -offices of the Director, and of the Forest Management and the -Information and Education Departments are in College Station. -Forest Fire Control and Forest Products Department -headquarters are in Lufkin.</p> -<p>Seven administrative districts, each headed by a district -forester, are responsible for the activities of the Texas Forest -Service in the areas of intensive and extensive forest fire protection. -District headquarters are located at Linden, Henderson, -Lufkin, Woodville, Kirbyville, Conroe and College Station.</p> -<p>More than 10 million acres of state and privately owned -timberland in the Piney Woods are now under intensive protection -against fire, insects and diseases. An additional area -of 5 million acres, commonly referred to as the post oak region, -west of and adjacent to the pine-hardwood area, has been -under extensive protection beginning with 1962.</p> -<h3>TEXAS FORESTRY ASSOCIATION</h3> -<p>The Texas Forestry Association is a statewide, nonprofit -agency concerned primarily with the educational phase of -forest conservation. Organized in 1914, the Association was -largely responsible for the passage of the law which created -the Department of Forestry at the Agricultural and Mechanical -College of Texas, and from which the Texas Forest Service -emerged.</p> -<p>For more than 48 years, this organization has cooperated -with the Texas Forest Service and other interested agencies in -promoting the forest economy of Texas. Membership in the -Texas Forestry Association is open to all conservation-minded -citizens.</p> -<h3>ARBOR DAY</h3> -<p>The growing dependency of man upon forest resources -for raw materials, products, watershed protection, conservation -of certain wildlife and recreation gives added significance to -Arbor Day which is set aside annually to pay tribute to trees.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<p>Arbor Day originated in Nebraska in 1872. It was first -celebrated in Texas in 1889 on George Washington’s birthday, -February 22. In 1949, the Texas State Legislature adopted -the following resolution:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><i>Resolved, by the House of Representatives of the -State of Texas, the Senate concurring, That the third -Friday in January of each year be designated as “Arbor -Day”, to be devoted to the planting and cultivation of -forest, shade and ornamental trees throughout the State -and to be observed for that purpose in such manner as -may seem best to the people of each community; and be -it further</i></p> -<p><i>Resolved, That the Governor of Texas be requested -to issue an appropriate proclamation annually to encourage -the proper observance of such “Arbor Day”.</i></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Arbor Day can best be celebrated by planting one or -more suitable trees around a school or club area or by establishing -a school plantation. In addition to paying tribute to -the beauty of trees, one can call attention to the importance -of trees to man’s welfare. The Texas Forest Service continues -to assist clubs and schools in organizing Arbor Day programs.</p> -<h3>STATE TREE</h3> -<p>The pecan, <i>Carya illinoensis</i>, (Wangenh.) K. Koch, was -officially designated as the state tree of Texas by an act of the -legislature in June 1919.</p> -<p>By an amendment in 1927, certain state agencies were -requested to give due consideration to the pecan tree when -beautifying state parks and other public property belonging -to the state.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<h2 id="c3">STUDYING TREES</h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/img002.jpg" alt="Teacher" width="500" height="490" /> -</div> -<p class="tree">Trees, like people, become friends only when we have -become well acquainted with them and have a knowledge of -the characteristics that make them something special to us. -This bulletin about the trees of Texas may be used as a handy -reference for identifying trees you do not know, or it may be -used as the basis for developing tree friends. The following -is a guide or lesson plan that will help make a friend of each -tree studied.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/img002a.jpg" alt="Students" width="500" height="269" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<dl class="undent"><dt><b>I. Object of Study</b></dt> -<dt class="tu">Each kind of tree has certain identifying characteristics which mark it as being different from other kinds of species of trees. By careful observation and examination these identifying points may be learned and you can feel that you know the tree.</dt> -<dt><b>II. Source of Study Material</b></dt> -<dd>1. The locality in which you live probably has some trees you know. Why do you know them? Start by studying these trees and make them fast friends.</dd> -<dd>2. You also will find some trees you are not sure about or do not know; next, study these one by one until you are sure you will always know them.</dd> -<dd>3. Wherever you may be or whenever you see a tree you do not know, observe it carefully, collect enough facts and sample material to study until you learn to know it.</dd> -<dd>4. Books, articles, pictures and references will help to learn some trees you cannot actually see but which are of interest to you.</dd> -<dt><b>III. Approach to Tree Study</b></dt> -<dd>1. One tree should be studied at a time as a general rule although it may be an advantage to select somewhat similar trees and study them by comparisons.</dd> -<dd>2. Field study of the growing tree is the most satisfactory. Observe a number of the same kind of trees as there are individual variations in some characteristics.</dd> -<dd>3. If possible collect for reference and further study samples of leaves, twigs, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a>, wood, flowers and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>. BE CAREFUL in collecting samples. It is better not to have samples than to deface or injure the tree. No one will object to your studying their trees if you do no damage.</dd> -<dt><b>IV. Procedure</b></dt> -<dd>1. General</dd> -<dd class="t">(a) First observe the tree as a whole taking into consideration all the points that attract your attention. Very often there will be some one thing that either alone or in relation to other points attracts your attention. That feature when studied may be the key to your really learning to know the tree.</dd> -<dd class="t">(b) The suggestions that follow as to observations of various parts of the tree do not limit the study of those points for perhaps you will learn to know the tree from some feature not listed.</dd> -<dd>2. Form of tree</dd> -<dd class="tu">Note the size, shape and branching habit; observe its location in relation to other trees that might affect its form.</dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_10">10</dt> -<dd>3. Bark</dd> -<dd class="tu">Observe thickness, roughness, type of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fissures">fissures</a> and color of bark. Studying the bark as a means of winter identification is particularly worthwhile.</dd> -<dd>4. Leaves</dd> -<dd class="tu">Study type, size, shape and variations on the same tree; note arrangement on twigs; describe by the blade, stalk, margin, venation, base and tip; know their texture and color.</dd> -<dd>5. Twigs</dd> -<dd class="tu">Note <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lateral">lateral</a> arrangement on branches; observe whether flexible or stocky and whether rough or smooth; study differences between new growth and old; learn any distinctive color, smell, or taste; cut a cross-section and note size, shape, color and size of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pith">pith</a>; note presence or absence of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lenticel">lenticels</a>.</dd> -<dd>6. Buds</dd> -<dd class="tu">Like bark, the buds are helpful in winter identification. Note size, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scale</a> coverings, and shape. Observe arrangement and position on twigs; compare <a class="gloss" href="#g_Terminal">terminal</a> and lateral buds.</dd> -<dd>7. <a class="gloss" href="#g_LeafScar">Leaf-scars</a></dd> -<dd class="tu">Study scars left by falling leaves as to size, form, position and occurrence; note bundle-scars (appear as marks in scar) as to number, shape, size, and arrangement.</dd> -<dd>8. Flowers</dd> -<dd class="tu">Study promptly at proper season; trees vary widely in flowering habits; observe as to size, form, shape of parts, color and arrangement; and learn whether the tree has one or two kinds of flowers—if two, whether male and female flowers are on same tree.</dd> -<dd>9. Fruit</dd> -<dd class="tu">Study of fruit also is seasonal. When it is available, observe type, form, structure and method of distribution.</dd> -<dd>10. Wood</dd> -<dd class="tu">Identification of trees by wood forms a separate study but often field identification of trees can be aided by observation of distinctive points about the wood such as color, taste and general structure.</dd> -<dd>11. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Habitat">Habitat</a></dd> -<dd class="tu">An interesting and often useful help in tree identification is to note the growing habits of trees, whether in dry or moist places, what other species same type sites, whether it grows better in open places or in more sheltered locations and the like.</dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_11">11</dt> -<dt><b>V. Summary</b></dt> -<dt class="tu">If you have followed through on your study of a tree, covering the eleven points listed, you will really know the tree for all time. However, even if you cannot or do not make your study as thoroughly as is suggested, you should at least select enough distinctive characteristics about the tree to study that you will be able to identify it both in the summer and the winter seasons.</dt> -<dt><b>VI. References</b></dt> -<dt class="tu">Your school and public library should have one or more books on trees. You will find books on southern trees most helpful. While it is impractical to provide a complete list of books on trees, the partial list below is furnished for your information, with the understanding that no discrimination is intended:</dt> -<dd class="t">Fernald, M. L. <i>Gray’s Manual of Botany.</i> Eighth edition. American Book Company, 1950.</dd> -<dd class="t">Green, C. H. <i>Trees of the South.</i> The University of North Carolina Press, 1939.</dd> -<dd class="t">Harrar, E. S., Harrar, J. G. <i>Guide to Southern Trees.</i> Whittlesey House, 1946.</dd> -<dd class="t">Kearney, T. H., Peebles, R. H. <i>Arizona Flora.</i> University of California Press, 1951.</dd> -<dd class="t">Sargent, C. S. <i><a class="pgref" href="../../46450/46450-h/46450-h.htm">Manual of the Trees of North America.</a></i> Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922 (<i>at <a class="pgref" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46450">Project Gutenberg</a></i>).</dd> -<dd class="t">Vines, R. A. <i>Native East Texas Trees.</i> Houston Museum of Natural History, 1953.</dd> -<dd class="t">Vines, R. A. Trees, <i>Shrubs and Woody Vines of the Southwest.</i> The University of Texas Press, 1960.</dd></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/img003.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="461" /> -<p class="caption">Cross Section of the Trunk of an Oak Tree.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent"><dt>A. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Cambium">Cambium</a></dt> -<dt>B. Inner <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a></dt> -<dt>C. Outer bark</dt> -<dt>D. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">Sapwood</a></dt> -<dt>E. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">Heartwood</a></dt> -<dt>F. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pith">Pith</a></dt> -<dt>G. Ray</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<p class="caption">TWIG FEATURES</p> -<img src="images/img004.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="957" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Terminal">Terminal</a> Bud</dt> -<dt>False Terminal Bud</dt> -<dt>Twig Scar</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_BudScales">Bud Scales</a></dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Superposed">Superposed</a> Bud</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Lateral">Lateral</a> Leaf Buds</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_BundleScars">Bundle Scar</a></dt> -<dt>Flower Bud</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_LeafScar">Leaf Scars</a></dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Lenticel">Lenticel</a></dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_StipuleScar">Stipule Scar</a></dt> -<dt>Terminal <a class="gloss" href="#g_BudScales">Bud Scale</a> Scars</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pith">Pith</a></dt> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Chambered">Chambered</a></dd> -<dd>Solid</dd></dl></div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<h3>TWIGS AND LEAVES</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<p class="caption">TYPES OF TWIG BRANCHING</p> -<img src="images/img004a.jpg" alt="" width="525" height="272" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">Alternate</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Whorled">Whorled</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">Opposite</a></dd></dl></div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<p class="caption">LEAF TYPES</p> -<img src="images/img004b.jpg" alt="" width="591" height="431" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">Simple</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">Compound</a></dd> -<dd>Doubly Compound</dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">Opposite</a> Leaves</dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">Alternate</a> Leaves</dd> -<dd>Awl-Shaped Needles</dd> -<dd>Pine Needles</dd> -<dd>Scale-like Needles</dd></dl></div> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<p class="caption">PARTS OF LEAF</p> -<img src="images/img004c.jpg" alt="" width="553" height="172" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Lamina">Lamina</a> or blade</dd> -<dd>Base</dd> -<dd>Stem</dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Apex">Apex</a></dd> -<dd>Leaf margin</dd> -<dd>Primary vein</dd> -<dd>Secondary or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lateral">lateral</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Veins">veins</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">Petiole</a> (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Sessile">Sessile</a> leaves have no petiole but are attached directly to the stem)</dd></dl></div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h3>LEAF SHAPES</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<p class="caption">LEAF FORMS</p> -<img src="images/img005a1.jpg" alt="" width="581" height="342" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Lanceolate">Lanceolate</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">Ovate</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">Obovate</a></dd> -<dd>Star-shaped</dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Linear">Linear</a> or Rectangular</dd> -<dd>Heart-Shaped or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Orbicular">Orbicular</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">Oval</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Elliptical">Elliptical</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Deltoid">Deltoid</a></dd></dl></div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<p class="caption">LEAF APEXES</p> -<img src="images/img005a2.jpg" alt="" width="587" height="142" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Acuminate">Acuminate</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Acute">Acute</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Obtuse">Obtuse</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Truncate">Truncate</a></dd> -<dd>Bristle Pointed</dd> -<dd>Rounded</dd></dl></div> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<p class="caption">LEAF MARGINS</p> -<img src="images/img005a3.jpg" alt="" width="563" height="141" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dd>Entire</dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Dentate">Dentate</a></dd> -<dd>Toothed or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Serrate">Serrate</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Sinuate">Sinuate</a> or Wavy</dd> -<dd>Doubly Serrate</dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">Lobed</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Incised">Incised</a></dd></dl></div> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<p class="caption">LEAF BASES</p> -<img src="images/img005a4.jpg" alt="" width="557" height="165" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dd>Wedge-Shaped or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Cuneate">Cuneate</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblique">Oblique</a> or One-Sided</dd> -<dd>Rounded</dd> -<dd>Heart-Shaped or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Cordate">Cordate</a></dd> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Truncate">Truncate</a> or Square</dd></dl></div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<p class="caption">THE COMPLETE FLOWER</p> -<img src="images/img005b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="200" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Stamen">Stamen</a></dt> -<dd><a class="gloss" href="#g_Anther">Anther</a></dd> -<dd>Filament</dd> -<dt>Sepal</dt> -<dt>Receptacle</dt> -<dt>Petal</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pistil">Pistil</a></dt> -<dd>Stigma</dd> -<dd>Style</dd> -<dd>Ovary</dd> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">Peduncle</a></dt></dl></div> -<p>Sepals collectively designated as <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_Calyx">calyx</a></i>.</p> -<p>Petals collectively designated as <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_Corolla">corolla</a></i>.</p> -<p>The ripened ovary comprises the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>.</p> -<p>Ripened ovules of the ovary comprise the seed of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>.</p> -<p>A flower lacking either <a class="gloss" href="#g_Calyx">calyx</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Corolla">corolla</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Stamen">stamens</a>, or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pistil">pistil</a> is an -incomplete flower. If the male and female flower parts occur -in separate flowers on the same tree the species is said to -be <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_Monoecious">monoecious</a></i>. If the male and female flowers occur on separate -trees, the species is said to be <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_Dioecious">dioecious</a></i>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<p class="caption">FLOWER CLUSTERS</p> -<img src="images/img005c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="387" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dt>Spike</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">Catkin</a> or ament</dt> -<dt>Cylindrical cyme</dt> -<dt>Flat-topped cyme</dt> -<dt>Raceme</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">Panicle</a></dt> -<dt>Corymb</dt> -<dt>Umbel</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">Compound</a> umbel</dt> -<dt>Head</dt></dl></div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<p class="caption">COMMON TYPES OF <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUITS</a> AND SEEDS</p> -<img src="images/img006.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="880" /> -</div> -<div class="txt"><dl class="undent"><dt>Acorn (Oak)</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_MultipleFruit">Multiple Fruit</a> (Mulberry)</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">Nuts</a> in Prickly Bur (Beech)</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">Drupe</a> (Cherry)</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">Pod</a> (Locust)</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Samara">Samara</a> (Elm)</dt> -<dt>Samara (Ash)</dt> -<dt>Samara (Maple)</dt> -<dt>Cone (Pine)</dt> -<dt>Hairy Seed (Willow)</dt> -<dt>Nuts in Bladder-Like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bract">Bracts</a> (Hophornbeam)</dt> -<dt><a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">Berry</a> (Persimmon)</dt> -<dt>Nut in Husk (Hickory)</dt> -<dt>A Nut-Like Drupe (Basswood)</dt> -<dt>Drupe (Hackberry)</dt> -<dt>Winged Seed (Pine)</dt> -<dt>Multiple Fruit—<a class="gloss" href="#g_Achene">Achene</a> Enlarged (Sycamore)</dt> -<dt>Nuts in Spiny Bur (Chinkapin)</dt></dl></div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<h2 id="c4">Texas Trees</h2> -<h3 class="tree"><b>LIMBER PINE</b> (Rocky Mountain White Pine) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pinus flexilis</b> var. <b>flexilis</b> James</span></h3> -<p>Limber pine is abundant in the Rocky Mountains -and in scattered areas over much of the West. In -Texas, limber pine may be found in the Guadalupe and -Davis Mountains of West Texas.</p> -<p>As the name indicates, the branches and twigs are -especially flexible and tough, often light purple in color. -The branches form a rounded tree top or head. -The trunk is stout and noticeably tapered.</p> -<p>The needle-like LEAVES are in clusters of five. -They are stiff and stout, about 2 to 3 inches long, and -arranged in clusters or tufts near the ends of the -branches. They stay on the twig for five or six years.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/img006a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="420" /> -<p class="caption">LIMBER PINE (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and leaves, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a cone, is relatively short or stocky, -mostly from 3 to 6 inches long, made up of rounded -rather thick <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>, some turned forward and some -backward. The cone is short-stalked. As with all the -pines, the seeds mature at the end of the second season -of growth.</p> -<p>The WOOD is relatively soft, close-grained, slightly -yellowish or reddish. It is not cut in quantity and -the trees are usually rather limby and short-bodied, -which largely accounts for the small commercial use.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>PINYON</b> (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">Nut</a> Pine) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pinus edulis</b> Engelm.</span></h3> -<p>Pinyon is found as scattered trees or in small -groves over the mountains and canyons in the -western part of the state to elevations of 8,000 feet. -It is a small tree, grows on warm slopes or in sheltered -locations, and forms a bushy top with orange-colored -branchlets.</p> -<p>The needle-like LEAVES grow in bundles of two -(rarely 3); whereas in <b>Pinus cembroides</b> Zucc., the -Mexican Pinyon, there are usually three needles per -cluster. The dark green needles are approximately -one inch long, stiff, stout, and curved. They remain on -the tree from 5 to 8 years.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/img007.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="425" /> -<p class="caption">PINYON (Natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>Like all the pines, it has male and female “FLOWERS” -separate on the same tree. The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a -cone, is rounded, about 1 to 2 inches across, and produces -large seeds or “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nuts</a>”, from ½ to ¾ inch long. -The seeds are rich in food value and form an important -article of diet for the Indians. The seeds are gathered -and sold widely as fancy “nuts” in many larger towns -and cities.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft, close-grained, and pale -brown, used for fuel and sometimes as fencing. A -close relative <b>P. cembroides</b> is found scattered in the -Texas cedar breaks.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>PONDEROSA PINE</b> (Western Yellow Pine) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pinus ponderosa</b> Laws.</span></h3> -<p>Ponderosa pine is the most important commercial -pine of the Southwest and many parts of the -Rocky Mountain region. It reaches the southeastern -limit of its range in the Guadalupe and Davis Mountains -of West Texas where it is scattered and of little -commercial value. It is favored as an ornamental in -the Texas Panhandle.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/img008.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="284" /> -<p class="caption">PONDEROSA PINE (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and leaves, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The needle-like LEAVES are in bundles of three -and are mostly 5 to 8 inches long. The needles, massed -toward the ends of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Naked">naked</a> branches, remain on the tree -about 3 years.</p> -<p>The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a short-stalked cone, is oval-shaped, -reddish-brown, and armed with stout recurved -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Prickle">prickles</a>.</p> -<p>The WOOD of this species, from trees in the commercial -part of its range, is of excellent quality for -lumber. The wood is hard, strong, and rather fine -grained. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a> is light reddish-white and the -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a> nearly white. Lumber from this tree is widely -used for house construction and furniture.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>LOBLOLLY PINE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pinus taeda</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>This fast-growing yellow pine is the most abundant -and valuable species in Southeast Texas from -Orange County west to Walker and Waller Counties. -The species is also abundant northward to the Oklahoma -line. Loblolly pine also constitutes the pine of -the “Lost Pine Region” in the vicinity of Bastrop.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/img009.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="237" /> -<p class="caption">LOBLOLLY PINE (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and leaves, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>Loblolly invades abandoned fields rapidly. For this -reason it is often called old field pine. In the virgin -forest of Texas, loblolly pine was most common along -banks of streams. It is still the dominant pine on moist -sites, but may also be found in relatively dry sites.</p> -<p>The dark-colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is deeply furrowed and often -attains a thickness of as much as 2 inches on large-sized -trees. The needle-like LEAVES, 6 to 9 inches -long, are borne three (occasionally two) in a cluster. -In the spring bright green clumps of needles grow at -the end of branches and give the tree a luxuriant appearance. -The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a cone, ripens in the autumn -of the second year and is 3 to 5 inches long. Many -seeds with wings an inch long are shed during the fall -and early winter.</p> -<p>The resinous WOOD is coarse-grained. There is -marked contrast, as in other yellow pines, between the -bands of springwood and summerwood. The wood of -second-growth trees has a wide range of uses such as -building material, box shooks, barrel staves, basket veneers, -pulpwood, lath, mine props, piling, and fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SHORTLEAF PINE</b> (Yellow Pine) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pinus echinata</b> Mill.</span></h3> -<p>Shortleaf pine is an important pine over a wide -area in Northeast Texas, and is common in other -parts of the “Piney Woods.” Essentially a tree of the -hilly section, growing in pure stands and in mixture -with <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hardwood">hardwoods</a>, the mature tree has a tall straight -stem and an <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a>, reaching a height of about -100 feet and a diameter of about 2½ feet. Unlike -other southern pines, young shortleaf pine trees may -reproduce by sprouts when cut or burned back.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/img009a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="293" /> -<p class="caption">SHORTLEAF PINE (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a>, natural size; leaves, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is brownish-red, broken into rectangular -plates; it is thinner and lighter-colored than that -of loblolly pine.</p> -<p>The needle-like LEAVES are in clusters of two or -three (3 to 5 inches long), slender, flexible, and dark -blue-green. The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a cone, or bur, the smallest -of the Texas pines, are 1½ to 2½ inches long, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, -with small sharp <a class="gloss" href="#g_Prickle">prickles</a>; are generally clustered, and -often hold to the twigs for 3 or 4 years. The small -mottled seeds have a wing which is broadest near the -center.</p> -<p>The WOOD of old trees is rather heavy and hard, -yellow-brown or orange, fine-grained, and less resinous -than that of the other important Southern pines. It -is used for finishing, general construction, veneers, -paper pulp, excelsior, cooperage, mine props, and other -purposes.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>LONGLEAF PINE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pinus palustris</b> Mill.</span></h3> -<p>Young longleaf pine with its single upright -stem, candle-like silvery buds, and long, shiny -leaves form a handsome tree. In later youth the stalwart, -sparingly-branched sapling, with heavy twigs -and gray <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a>, attracts immediate attention. Mature -trees have tall, straight trunks, 1-3 feet in diameter and -open irregular <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crowns</a>.</p> -<p>Longleaf pine grows in sandy soils from Orange -County, north to Sabine County and west to Trinity -County. A <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hybrid">hybrid</a> cross between longleaf and loblolly -pine is often found in this range and is known as Sonderegger -pine.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/img010.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="276" /> -<p class="caption">LONGLEAF PINE (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and leaves, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The needle-like LEAVES are grey-green, from 10 -to 15 inches long, in clusters of three, and gathered toward -the ends of the thick, scaly, twigs. The “FLOWERS”, -appearing in early spring before the new leaves, -are a deep rose-purple, the male in prominent, short, -dense clusters and the female in inconspicuous groups -of two to four. Unlike other Southern pines, common -to Texas, this species grows in a “grass” stage for 2 -to 5 years during which time it resembles a clump of -grass. Once longleaf pine starts its height growth, it -grows rapidly.</p> -<p>The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a cone bur, is 6 to 10 inches long, -and slightly curved, the thick <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> armed with small -curved <a class="gloss" href="#g_Prickle">prickles</a>. The cones usually fall soon after the -seed ripens, leaving their bases attached to the twigs.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. -It is used for construction. <a class="gloss" href="#g_NavalStores">Naval stores</a> such -as turpentine and rosin are obtained from the tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SLASH PINE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pinus elliottii</b> var. <b>elliottii</b></span></h3> -<p>Slash pine is not a native of Texas, its natural -range in the United States being along the coast -from South Carolina to eastern Louisiana. The initial -planting of slash pine in East Texas was made on the -E. O. Siecke State Forest near Kirbyville in 1926. It -has been widely planted in East Texas, and has been -so successful in its growth and adaptability to the -region that it is now accepted as a forest tree of the -State. It is much favored for reforestation by planting -because of its exceedingly rapid height growth, -good survival, and comparative freedom from tip-moth -damage.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/img010a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="359" /> -<p class="caption">SLASH PINE (One-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>In its native <a class="gloss" href="#g_Habitat">habitat</a> a mature tree ranges to 100 -feet high, with a roundtopped head and a trunk 1 to -3 feet in diameter.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> ranges in thickness from ¾ to 1 inch, -separating freely on the surface into large thin <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The needle-like LEAVES occur in clusters of 2 -and 3, are from 8 to 12 inches long, and lustrous. -The “FLOWERS” appear in late winter, the male -dark purple, the female pink, the “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a cone -usually 4 to 6 inches long, is brown and glossy, the -thin <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> armed with fine <a class="gloss" href="#g_Prickle">prickles</a>.</p> -<p>Slash pine WOOD is exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, -coarse grained, rich, dark orange color, with thick, nearly -white <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. In this respect it is similar to longleaf, being -sold as such, and used for the same purpose. <a class="gloss" href="#g_NavalStores">Naval stores</a>, lumber, -pulpwood and other products can be produced from this -tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>DOUGLAS-FIR</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pseudotsuga menziesii</b> var. <b>glauca</b> (Belssn.) Franco</span></h3> -<p>This valuable timber tree of the western United -States reaches its extreme southeastern limit in -the mountains of West Texas. It is a small tree locally -but in the Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir reaches a -height of 250 feet and a diameter of 10 to 12 feet.</p> -<p>The needle-like LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Linear">linear</a>, more or less -flattened, about an inch in length, bluish green, and -arranged closely in spirals around the stem. They remain -on the twigs for many years. The buds are a -rich reddish-brown and pointed.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/img011.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="416" /> -<p class="caption">DOUGLAS-FIR (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and leaves, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a cone, unlike that of true firs, -hangs downward and is easily identified by the protruding -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bract">bracts</a>, or “straws.” The mature cones are -2 to 4 inches long, and brownish-red.</p> -<p>The WOOD is moderately light, reddish tinted and -surrounded by nearly white <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. It varies widely -in respect to density, quality and width of sapwood. -Much high grade plywood is made from this species. -Young Douglas-firs are sold as Christmas trees.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BALDCYPRESS</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Taxodium distichum</b> (L.) Rich.</span></h3> -<p>Baldcypress grows in swamps which are flooded -for prolonged periods, and on wet stream -banks and bottomlands. It occurs in East Texas west -to the Nueces River. The straight trunk has numerous -ascending branches, and narrow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Conical">conical</a> outline. -In old age the tree generally has a broad <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fluted">fluted</a>, or -buttressed base, a smooth slowly tapering trunk and a -broad, open, flat top of a few heavy branches and numerous -small branchlets. Virgin-growth timber attains -heights up to 130 feet and diameters up to 10 feet.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/img011a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="386" /> -<p class="caption">BALDCYPRESS (Cone and leaves, seven-eighths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is silvery to cinnamon-red, finely divided -by numerous longitudinal <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fissures">fissures</a>. The light -green LEAVES about ½ to ¾ inch long, are arranged -in feather-like fashion along two sides of small branchlets -which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached.</p> -<p>The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a rounded cone, is about one inch -in diameter, with thick irregular <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft, easily worked, with a -light sap wood and dark-brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a>. It is particularly -durable in contact with the soil. Cypress is -in demand for exterior trim of buildings, greenhouse -planking, boat and ship building, shingles, posts, poles, -and crossties.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>ASHE JUNIPER</b> (Mexican Juniper--Mountain Cedar) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Juniperus ashei</b> Buchholz</span></h3> -<p>In Central and West Texas are found no less than -nine species of cedars or junipers, including one -eastern, one southern, and seven western species. Of -these, the most abundant and important is the Mexican -juniper. This tree often forms extensive low forests -or dense breaks on the limestone hills and slopes -of the Edwards Plateau and Grand Prairie.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/img012.jpg" alt="" width="361" height="599" /> -<p class="caption">ASHE JUNIPER (Berry-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and leaves, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The trunk is covered with shreddy, brown or reddish-brown -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a>. The LEAVES are dark blue-green, -small, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> or arranged in 3’s, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scale</a> like, blunt -pointed, and fringed with minute teeth. On vigorous -young plants the leaves are sharp pointed and longer, -up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p>The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>”, a nearly round, dark blue, berry-like -cone is covered with <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glaucous">glaucous</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a>; has a thin, -pleasant-scented, sweet flesh, enclosing 1 or 2 seeds; -and ripens in one season.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, hard, light brown, close-grained -but weak. It is extensively used for fence posts -and fuel. The tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>EASTERN REDCEDAR</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Juniperus virginiana</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Redcedar is scattered through East Texas, usually -on gravelly ridges and rocky hillsides of the -uplands.</p> -<p>There are two kinds of LEAVES, usually both on -the same tree. The most common is dark green, minute, -and scale-like, clasping the twig in four ranks, so -that the twig appears square. The other kind, usually -appearing on young growth, or vigorous shoots, is awl-shaped, -quite sharp-pointed, spreading, and whitened.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is -thin, reddish-brown, -turning ashy-gray -on exposed surfaces, -and peels off in long -shred-like strips. -The trunk is usually -more or less -grooved.</p> -<p>The male and female -FLOWERS -blooming in February -or March, are at -the end of minute -twigs on separate -trees.</p> -<p>The “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>” -which matures in -one season is pale -blue, ¼ inch in diameter, -and berry-like, -the sweet flesh -enclosing one or two -seeds.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/img012a.jpg" alt="" width="452" height="601" /> -<p class="caption">EASTERN REDCEDAR (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and leaves, three-fourths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">HEARTWOOD</a> is distinctly red, and the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a> -white, this color combination making very striking -effects when finished as cedar chests, closets, and -interior woodwork. The wood is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Aromatic">aromatic</a>, soft, strong, -and of even texture, very durable in contact with the -soil, and in great demand for posts, poles, and rustic -work.</p> -<p>Since redcedar spreads the cedar-rust of apples, -it is inadvisable to plant this tree in or near orchards, -or anywhere in regions devoted to commercial apple -production.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLACK WALNUT</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Juglans nigra</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>This valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottomlands -and moist fertile hillsides as far west as the San -Antonio River. It may attain a height of nearly 100 -feet with a straight stem, clear of branches for half -of its height.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is thick, dark brown in color, and divided -by rather deep <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fissures">fissures</a> into rounded ridges.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, 1 to 2 feet -long, consisting of from 15 to 23 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> of a yellowish-green -color. The leaflets are about 3 inches long, -extremely tapering at the end, and toothed along the -margin.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/img013.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="372" /> -<p class="caption">BLACK WALNUT (Leaf, one-fifth natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-fourth natural size; twig, about natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a>, borne singly or in pairs, and -enclosed in a solid green husk which does not split -open, even after the nut is ripe. The nut itself is black -with a very hard, thick, finely ridged shell, enclosing -a rich, oily, edible kernel.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">HEARTWOOD</a> is heavy, hard and strong. Its -rich chocolate-brown color, freedom from warping, and -checking, susceptibility to a high polish, and durability -make it highly prized for furniture and cabinet -work and gunstocks. Walnut is easily propagated -from the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nuts</a>, and should be more widely planted and -grown for timber and nuts.</p> -<p>LITTLE WALNUT or TEXAS WALNUT (<b>Juglans -microcarpa</b> Berlandier) is found on limestone -banks of streams in western Texas. The stumps supply -a beautiful veneer.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>PECAN</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Carya illinoensis</b> (Wangenh.) K. Koch</span></h3> -<p>Pecan, the “State tree” of Texas, is found native -in the state from the Piney Woods west throughout -Central Texas, centering in the watershed of the -Colorado River. It makes an excellent shade tree and -is very valuable for the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> crop it bears. Many varieties -are planted in orchards. The pecan is a tall-growing -tree, attaining heights of over 100 feet. When -grown in the open it forms a large, rounded, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Symmetrical">symmetrical</a> -top.</p> -<p>The outer <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is -rough, hard, tight, but -broken into <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>; on -the limbs it is smooth at -first but later tends to -scale or divide as the -bark grows old.</p> -<p>The LEAVES resemble -those of the other -hickories and the black -walnut. They are made -up of 9 to 17 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, -each <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, toothed and -long-pointed, and 4 to 8 -inches long by about 2 -inches wide.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/img013a.jpg" alt="" width="443" height="600" /> -<p class="caption">PECAN (Leaf, one-sixth natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS appear -in early spring and -hang in tassels from 2 -to 3 inches long. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> 1 to 2 -inches long, and ½ to 1 inch in diameter, in a thin husk -which opens along its grooved seams when the fruit -ripens in the fall. The nuts vary in size and thickness -of shell. Cultivated varieties are sold on the market -in large quantities.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, brittle, not strong, and -of little value except for fuel and wagon stock. Some -wood is satisfactory for making softball bats.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BITTERNUT HICKORY</b> (Pignut) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Carya cordiformis</b> (Wangenh.) K. Koch</span></h3> -<p>Bitternut, the only hickory with bright yellow -buds, is a tall slender tree with a broad <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pyramidal">pyramidal</a> -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a>, attaining a height of 100 feet and a diameter -of 2 to 3 feet. It is found in the eastern part of the -state on moist rich soils, and is not abundant.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on the trunk is granite-gray, faintly -tinged with yellow, less rough than in most hickories, -yet broken into thin, plate-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/img014.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="464" /> -<p class="caption">BITTERNUT HICKORY (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The bright yellow winter BUDS are compressed -and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scurfy">scurfy</a>. The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, -from 6 to 10 inches long, and composed of 5 to 11 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>. -The individual leaflets are smaller and more -slender than those of the other hickories.</p> -<p>The male and female FLOWERS are on the same -tree. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is about 1 inch long and thin-husked, -while the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> has a thin, smoothish, gray, -brittle shell. The kernel is bitter.</p> -<p>The WOOD is hard, strong, and heavy; reddish-brown -in color, and often called red hickory. It has -the same uses as the other hickories but is said to be -inferior.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WATER HICKORY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Carya aquatica</b> (Michx. f.) Nutt.</span></h3> -<p>This tree, as its name indicates, grows in bottomlands -and rich, wet woods. It is found throughout -the eastern portion of the state. It is not a large -hickory, seldom attaining a height of 100 feet or a -diameter of 2 feet. It is slender, with upright branches -forming a narrow head. It is easily distinguished -from other hickories by its reddish-brown winter buds -which are covered with yellow glands that fall off -easily.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/img014a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="404" /> -<p class="caption">WATER HICKORY (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and twig, two-thirds natural size; leaf, one-fourth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The light brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> separates freely into long, -loose, thick, plate-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, 9 to 15 inches -long, with 7 to 13 slender <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>. The FLOWERS -are like those of other hickories. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, often -borne in clusters of 3 or 4, is a rather <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a>, conspicuously -four-angled, with a thin, red-brown hull -that splits tardily. The nut itself is nearly as broad -as long, four-angled and ridged, with a thin shell and -bitter kernel.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, strong, close grained, brown, -and rather brittle. Probably used only for fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SHAGBARK HICKORY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Carya ovata</b> (Mill.) K. Koch</span></h3> -<p>Shagbark hickory is found from eastern Texas -to Florida and north to the St. Lawrence River -and Minnesota. It is a large tree of commercial importance -reaching 100 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet -in diameter. It thrives best on rich, damp soil.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> of the trunk is rougher than on other -hickories, light gray and separating into thick plates -which are only slightly attached to the tree. The -large <a class="gloss" href="#g_Terminal">terminal</a> winter buds are egg-shaped, the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a> -outer bud-scales having narrow tips.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/img015.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="529" /> -<p class="caption">SHAGBARK HICKORY (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig, one-half natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-fourth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, from 8 to -15 inches long and composed of 5, rarely 7, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a> to -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>. The twigs are smooth or clothed with -short hairs.</p> -<p>The male and female FLOWERS open after the -leaves have attained nearly full size.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is borne singly or in pairs and is -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Globular">globular</a>. The husk is thick and deeply grooved at the -seams. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> is pale, the shell thin, and the kernel -sweet. It is sold in commercial quantities.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, and strong. It -is used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, -tool handles, wagons, and sports equipment.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>MOCKERNUT HICKORY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Carya tomentosa</b> Nutt.</span></h3> -<p>Mockernut, white, or bigbud hickory, is common -on well-drained soils in the eastern part of the -state. It is a short-limbed tree up to 60 feet high and -1 to 2 feet in diameter.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is dark gray, hard, closely and deeply -furrowed, often apparently cross-furrowed or netted. -The winter BUDS are large, round or broadly egg-shaped, -and covered with <a class="gloss" href="#g_Downy">downy</a>, hard <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. The -outer, dark scales fall off readily in the autumn. The -recent shoots are short, stout and more or less covered -with a downy growth.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are large, strong-scented, and -hairy; composed of 7 to 9 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a> to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, pointed -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> pale to orange-brown on the lower surface. -The leaves turn a beautiful yellow in the fall.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/img015a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="461" /> -<p class="caption">MOCKERNUT HICKORY (Leaf, one-fifth natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS are of two kinds on the same tree; -the male in three-branched <a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a>, the female in clusters -of 2 to 5. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a>, nearly round or -slightly pear-shaped with a very thick, strong-scented -husk which splits nearly to the base when ripe. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> sometimes has 4 to 6 ridges; is reddish-brown, -thick shelled, and has a small, sweet kernel.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, and strong. It is white -except for the comparatively small, dark-brown heart, hence -the name white hickory. It is used for the same purpose as -shagbark hickory and makes an excellent fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLACK HICKORY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Carya texana</b> Buckl.</span></h3> -<p>This is a common hickory in northern and eastern -Texas, growing on hillsides and sandy uplands -with post and black jack oaks. It is distinguished by -its rusty brown hairs found on the young leaves and -branches. It forms a tree 60 to 75 feet high, with a -trunk 2 feet in diameter.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig31"> -<img src="images/img016.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="578" /> -<p class="caption">BLACK HICKORY (Leaf, one-fourth natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, three-fourths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is dark gray or nearly black, deeply -divided into rough ridges, or it may be irregularly fissured -and separated into thin <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. The winter buds -are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovoid">ovoid</a> and covered with rusty hairs mixed with -silvery scales.</p> -<p>The LEAVES, 8 to 12 inches long with 5 to 7, -usually 7, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> and rusty-hairy slender petioles, -are dark green, lustrous above; much paler beneath. -The FLOWERS are similar to other hickories.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is obovoid, narrow, or abruptly contracted -into a short stalk at the base, with a husk ¹/₁₂ -to ⅙ inch thick, splitting to the middle or nearly to -the base. The sweet-seeded <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> is nearly obovoid to -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, rounded at the ends, compressed and slightly -four-angled, with a shell ⅙ to ⅕ inch thick.</p> -<p>The hard, brittle WOOD is used chiefly for fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>CORKWOOD</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Leitneria floridana</b> Chapm.</span></h3> -<p>This lightest of all native woods in the United States -grows in river swamps near the Gulf, about the -mouth of the Brazos River. It is a small tree reaching -a height of 20 feet, or a shrub, depending upon the -location and natural conditions. The base is usually -swollen. The straight, gradually tapering trunk is -crowned with a loose, open-topped head. The young -branchlets are coated with hairs which later drop, -leaving a smooth, dark, red-brown stem.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig32"> -<img src="images/img016a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="436" /> -<p class="caption">CORKWOOD (Leaf, one-half natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and winter twig, natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> LEAVES are from 4 to 6 -inches long and about 2 inches wide, borne on petioles -1 or 2 inches long. The leaves are shiny above.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are in <a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a> of two kinds or -sexes, the male about 1½ inches long, the female about -¾ inch long. Both kinds are borne on the same tree -and appear about the first of March. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is -solitary or in clusters of 2 to 4, each about ½ to ¾ -inch long, and ripens when the leaves are about one-half -grown. The WOOD is soft, exceedingly light, -generally uniform in texture and of a pale yellow -color. It is used as a substitute for cork for floats -on fishing nets.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>EASTERN COTTONWOOD</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Populus deltoides</b> (Bartr.)</span></h3> -<p>This cottonwood is found along streams throughout -the state. The tree is easily propagated by cutting -and grows rapidly, hence it has been widely -planted to get shade quickly. The tree is often unsatisfactory -for shade because it begins to shed its -leaves by midsummer. The cotton-bearing seeds from -the pistillate tree are often a nuisance. The soft wood -is easily broken by winds; and the rank growth of the -roots often results in stopping drain pipes and cracking -and lifting sidewalks.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig33"> -<img src="images/img017.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="360" /> -<p class="caption">EASTERN COTTONWOOD (Leaf, one-half natural size; twig, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, broadly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> -or triangular, pointed, square at the base, and coarsely -toothed on the edges, 3 to 5 inches across each way, -covered with soft white hairs on the under side, supported -by flattened slender petioles, 2 to 3 inches long. -The winter buds are covered with chestnut-brown, resinous -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. The male and female FLOWERS are in -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a> on separate trees and appear before the leaves. -The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsule</a>, contains a number of seed with -white <a class="gloss" href="#g_Silky">silky</a> hairs which permit the winds to carry the -seed for long distances.</p> -<p>The WOOD is soft, light-weight, warps easily -upon drying, but is used for many purposes, sometimes -as a substitute for yellow poplar and linden.</p> -<p>Three other species of Southern cottonwood occur -in western Texas. One species, <b>P. sargentii</b> Dode, -which has long pointed leaves, is found in the Panhandle.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLACK WILLOW</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Salix nigra</b> Marsh.</span></h3> -<p>Black willow is found along streams throughout -the state. It rarely grows taller than 50 feet -and is frequently found growing singly or in clumps -along the water courses. In winter the easily separable -bright reddish-brown or golden, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Naked">naked</a> twigs are -quite conspicuous.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is deeply divided -into broad, flat ridges -which separate into thick -plate-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. On old -trees it becomes shaggy. -In color it varies from light -brown tinged with orange, -to nearly black.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are from -3 to 6 inches long, and less -than ½ inch wide; the tips -are greatly tapered and -the entire margin finely -toothed. The leaves are -bright green on both sides, -turning pale yellow in the -early autumn.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are in -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a>, the male and female -on separate trees.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsule</a> -containing numerous minute -seeds with long <a class="gloss" href="#g_Silky">silky</a> -hairs which enable them -to be blown long distances.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig34"> -<img src="images/img017a.jpg" alt="" width="273" height="599" /> -<p class="caption">BLACK WILLOW (Leaf, two-thirds natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and twig, natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The WOOD is soft, light, -and not strong. A high -grade of charcoal, used in the manufacture of gunpowder, -is obtained from willow wood, and it is the -chief wood used in manufacture of artificial limbs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>AMERICAN HORNBEAM</b> (Blue Beech) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Carpinus caroliniana</b> Walt.</span></h3> -<p>American hornbeam or blue beech, also known -as ironwood and water beech, is a small slow-growing, -bushy tree with a spreading top of slender, -crooked or drooping branches. It is found along -streams and in low ground, usually in the shade of -other trees. Its height is usually from 20 to 30 feet -and its diameter 4 to 8 -inches, although it sometimes -grows larger.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig35"> -<img src="images/img018.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="624" /> -<p class="caption">AMERICAN HORNBEAM (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size; twig, natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The TRUNK is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fluted">fluted</a> -with irregular ridges or -“muscles” extending up -and down the tree. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is smooth, light -brownish-gray to dark -bluish-gray in color, -sometimes marked with -dark bands extending -horizontally on the -trunk.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a>, -long-pointed, doubly -toothed along the margin, -and 1 to 3 inches -long. They resemble those of the black or sweet birch, -but are smaller.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are borne in <a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a> separately on -the same tree; the male catkin about 1½ inches long, -the female, about ¾ of an inch, with small, leaf-like, -three-lobed green <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nutlet">nutlet</a> about -⅓ inch long. It falls, attached to the leaf-like scale -which acts as a wing aiding its distribution by the -wind.</p> -<p>The WOOD is tough, close-grained, heavy, and -strong. It is sometimes selected for use for levers, -tool handles, wooden cogs, mallets, wedges, etc. The -tree is of little commercial importance and often occupies -space in the woods that should be utilized by more -valuable species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>EASTERN HOPHORNBEAM</b> (Ironwood) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Ostrya virginiana</b> (Mill.) K. Koch</span></h3> -<p>The tree gets its common names from the qualities -of its wood and the hop-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>. It is a small, -slender, generally round-topped tree, from 20 to 30 -feet high and 7 to 10 inches in diameter. The top -consists of long slender branches, commonly drooping -toward the ends. It is found mostly on rather dry -soils throughout the uplands of the eastern part of -the state.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is mostly light, gray-brown, or reddish-brown, -and finely divided into thin <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig36"> -<img src="images/img018a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="427" /> -<p class="caption">EASTERN HOPHORNBEAM (Twig, three-fifths natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, generally <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> -with narrow tips, sharply doubly toothed along -the margin, and from 2 to 3 inches long.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are of two kinds on the same tree; -the male, in drooping <a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a> which form the previous -summer, the female, in erect catkins on the newly -formed twigs. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, which resembles that of -the common hop vines, consists of a branch of leafy -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bract">bracts</a> 1 to 2 inches long containing a number of flattened -ribbed <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nutlet">nutlets</a>.</p> -<p>The WOOD, strong, hard, durable, light brown to -white, with thick, pale <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>, is often used for -handles of tools, mallets, and other small articles.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>RIVER BIRCH</b> (Red Birch) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Betula nigra</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>This is the only native birch found at low elevations -in the South. It occurs in East Texas and, as -the name implies, in the deep, rich soils along the -borders of streams, ponds, lakes, and swamps.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> provides a ready means of identifying -this tree. It varies from reddish-brown to cinnamon-red -in color, and peels -back in tough papery -layers. These layers -persist on the trunk, -presenting a very ragged -and quite distinctive -appearance. Unlike -the bark of other -birches the thin paper -layers are usually covered -with a gray powder. -On older trees, -the bark on the main -trunk becomes thick, -deeply furrowed, and -a reddish-brown color.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig37"> -<img src="images/img019.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="554" /> -<p class="caption">RIVER BIRCH (Twig, natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size; male flower, one third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, 2 to -3 inches long, more or -less <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> in shape, with double-toothed edge. The upper -surface is dark green and the lower a pale yellowish -green.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are in <a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a>, the two kinds -growing on the same tree. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is cone-shaped -about one inch long, and densely crowded with little -winged <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nutlet">nutlets</a> that ripen from May to June.</p> -<p>The WOOD is strong and fairly close-grained. It -has been used to some extent in the manufacture of -wooden-ware, in turnery, and for wagon hubs. However, -this tree is scattered in its distribution and is -not of commercial importance.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>AMERICAN BEECH</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Fagus grandifolia</b> Ehrh.</span></h3> -<p>Beech is found in East Texas to the Trinity River -on the bottomland of streams and the margins -of swamps. It is one of the most beautiful of all trees, -in summer or winter.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, oblong-ovate LEAVES are -3 to 4 inches long, pointed at the tip, and coarsely -toothed and hairy along the margin. When mature, -they are almost leathery in texture. The beech produces -a dense shade. The light brown winter buds -are long, slender, and pointed.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig38"> -<img src="images/img019a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="329" /> -<p class="caption">AMERICAN BEECH (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a>, leaves, and twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is, perhaps, the most distinctive characteristic, -as it maintains an unbroken, light gray -surface throughout its life.</p> -<p>The little, brown, three-sided <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUITS</a> or beechnuts -are almost as well known as chestnuts. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nuts</a> -are in pairs in a prickly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Involucre">involucre</a>. The kernel is sweet -and edible. The fallen fruit, known as mast, is a -favorite food of wildlife.</p> -<p>The WOOD of the beech is hard, strong, and -tough, though it will not last long on exposure to -weather or in the soil. The tree is of economic importance -as a lumber tree, the wood being used for furniture, -flooring, carpenters’ tools, and novelty wares.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>ALLEGHENY CHINKAPIN</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Castanea pumila</b> Mill.</span></h3> -<p>Chinkapins may grow as trees or form shrubby thickets; -consequently their identification is at times confusing.</p> -<p>Some taxonomists credit East Texas with one species and -a variety. Others list four species. Further study is needed.</p> -<p><b>C. pumila</b> grows in dry woods, sandy ridges, and on borders -of swamps from Florida to East Texas north to Ark., Tenn., Pa., -and N. J. It may grow into a small tree 10 to 30 feet high and -may reach 50 feet. If burned back by fires, it may send out -stolons or sprouts and form dense shrubby growths. BRANCHLETS -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a>, gradually changing to a lustrous olive-green -or orange-brown, then darker. The LEAVES are 4 to 6 inches -long, 1½ to 2 inches wide, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Acute">acute</a>, the margin -coarsely toothed with slender, rigid, spreading or incurved -teeth. Base of leaf unequal, either rounded or wedge-shaped. -Leaf at first <a class="gloss" href="#g_Tomentose">tomentose</a> above and below, later yellow-green -above and whitish-downy below. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">Petiole</a> short, stout, and flattened -on the upper side. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> a single brown, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovoid">ovoid</a>, pointed, -plump, sweet, edible <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a>, ¾ to 1 inch long, encased in a bur covered -with erect, crowded spines approximately ¾ inch long. -WOOD light, hard, strong, coarse-grained; used for fence posts -and railway ties. Of little economic importance because of its -relative scarcity. <b>C. pumila</b> is a nut-producing tree of potential -commercial importance.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig39"> -<img src="images/img020.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="534" /> -<p class="caption">ALLEGHENY CHINKAPIN (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a>, leaves and twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>ASHE CHINKAPIN (<b>C. pumila</b> var. <b>ashei</b> Sudw.) is a small -tree of dry sandy soils. Leaves are felt-like below. This variety -is distinguished by its bur which has scattered, forked, and -horizontally <a class="gloss" href="#g_Divergent">divergent</a> bristles. The surface of the bur has -smooth areas free of bristles.</p> -<p>A variation of chinkapin with leaves 3 to 4 inches long and -lustrous below is frequently described as FLORIDA CHINKAPIN -(<b>C. alnifolia</b> var. <b>floridana</b> Sarg.)</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SHUMARD OAK</b> (Spotted Oak) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus shumardii</b> Buckl.</span></h3> -<p>This species, one of the largest Southern red oaks, was -named for Benjamin F. Shumard, an early state geologist -of Texas. SHUMARD OAK is found in the eastern part -of the state on well-drained alluvial soils and on fertile slopes. -It forms a tall, wide-spreading, rather open head. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> -is dark, rough, divided into ridges, and usually from 1 to 1½ -inches thick. It seldom comprises the principal species of any -forest stands, but more often occurs as individual trees. It attains -a diameter of more than 3 feet and a height of more than -100 feet, but is usually smaller.</p> -<p>Winter BUDS covered with gray, smooth <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>, while the -buds of Texas oak (<a href="#Page_44">page 44</a>) are covered with red, densely <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a> -scales.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig40"> -<img src="images/img020a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="424" /> -<p class="caption">SHUMARD OAK (Twig and leaf, one-half natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> 6 to 8 inches -long by 4 to 5 inches wide; 7-lobed, rarely 5, and each lobe 2 or -3-lobed or deeply toothed. The lobes are frequently thicker than -is shown in the drawing. The leaves are smaller and more deeply -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a> than those of the black oak. Leaves smooth except for -dense tufts of pale hairs at the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Axil">axils</a> of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Veins">veins</a> below.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a small acorn, about ⅔ inch in diameter -and ¾ to 1¼ inches long, set in a shallow saucer-like cup.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and light -reddish-brown in color, and commercially important for lumber -and cross ties.</p> -<p>The variety <b>shumardii</b> has leaves with narrow lobes, a -rougher, dark grayish <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a>, and deeper cups to the acorns. It -is the more common form in Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>TEXAS OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus shumardii</b> var. <b>texana</b> (Buckl.) Ashe</span></h3> -<p>Texas oak is found on the dry limestone hills and -ridges, and in the more fertile soils at their base, -in Central and western Texas to the Edwards Plateau. -It is rarely over 30 feet tall or 10 inches in diameter.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig41"> -<img src="images/img021.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="566" /> -<p class="caption">TEXAS OAK (Leaf, two-thirds natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, and twig, natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is light brown, red-tinged, deeply -ridged, and broken into plate-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a> 2½ to 3 inches wide, -3 to 3½ inches long; widest above the middle; divided -into 5 to 7 lobes, with the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Terminal">terminal</a> lobe 3-lobed; dark -green and shiny above, pale-shiny below; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a> slender, -about 1 inch long.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is short-stemmed, usually single, ¼ -to ¾ inch long and broad, varying to nearly 1 inch -long and ⅓ inch broad, set in a cup that covers one-third -or less of the fruit, reddish-brown and often -streaked with dark lines.</p> -<p>The WOOD is most useful for fuel.</p> -<p>GRAVES OAK (<b>Q. gravesii</b> Sudw.) is found in -the Davis and Chisos Mountains of southwestern -Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLACK OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus velutina</b> Lam.</span></h3> -<p>Black oak, also called yellow oak, reaches 80 feet -in height and 1 to 3 feet in diameter. It grows -in East Texas, and in the hills and canyons near the -mouth of the Pecos River. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a> is irregularly -shaped and wide, with a clear trunk for 20 feet or -more on large trees. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on the very young -trunks is smooth and dark brown, but soon becomes -thick and black with deep furrows and rough broken -edges. The bright yellow color and bitter taste of the -inner bark are distinguishing characteristics.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig42"> -<img src="images/img021a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="450" /> -<p class="caption">BLACK OAK (Twig and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size; leaf, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, 5 -to 10 inches long and 3 to 8 inches wide, shallow or -deeply <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a>, the shape varying greatly. When mature, -the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper -surface, pale on the lower, more or less covered with -a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scurfy">scurfy</a> yellow or orange down, and with conspicuous -rusty brown hairs in the forks of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Veins">veins</a>.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> matures the second season. The light -brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> is from ½ to 1 inch long, more or less -hemispherical in shape, and from one-half to three-fourths -enclosed in the thin, dark brown, scaly cup. -The yellow kernel is bitter.</p> -<p>The WOOD, used and marketed as red oak, is -hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained, and checks easily. -It is a bright red-brown with a thin outer edge of -paler <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SOUTHERN RED OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus falcata</b> Michx.</span></h3> -<p>Southern red oak, commonly known as red -oak and formerly as Spanish oak, usually reaches -a height of 80 feet and diameter of 3 feet, although -larger trees are found. It grows on dry hills in the -eastern part of the state to the Brazos River, while -three varieties are found in richer, more moist locations. -Its large spreading branches form a broad, -round, open top. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is rough, not deeply -furrowed, and varies from light gray on younger trees -to dark gray or almost black on older ones.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig43"> -<img src="images/img022.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="496" /> -<p class="caption">SOUTHERN RED OAK (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>, with pear-shaped or -irregular, rounded or narrow bristle-tipped lobes, the -central lobe often longest. Variety <b>pagodaefolia</b> Ell., -(Cherrybark Oak) has more numerous lobes. All -leaves have brown or gray down beneath.</p> -<p>The staminate FLOWERS appear as <a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a> 3-5 -inches long in April while the leaves unfold. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> ripens the second year. The small, rounded, -½ inch long acorn is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup -that tapers to a short stalk.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, -and valuable for lumber. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> is rich in tannin. -The tree is also desirable for shade and ornamental -use.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLACKJACK OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus marilandica</b> Muenchh.</span></h3> -<p>The occurrence of blackjack oak is said to indicate -poor soil since it often occurs on dry or poorly -drained, gravelly, clay, or sandy upland soils where -few other forest trees thrive. This perhaps accounts -chiefly for its slow rate of growth. It is found in those -parts of the state that support a natural tree growth, -as far west as Callahan County. The tree sometimes -reaches a height of 50 or 60 feet and a diameter of 16 -inches, but it is usually much smaller. Its hard, stiff, -drooping branches form a dense <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a> which usually -contains many <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a> dead twigs.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is rough, very dark, often nearly -black, and “blocky”; inner bark bright orange or -yellow.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig44"> -<img src="images/img022a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="540" /> -<p class="caption">BLACKJACK OAK (Twig, two-thirds natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>, tawny-pubescent, of -leathery texture, dark green on the upper surface, -lighter underneath, broadly wedge-shaped, and variable -in shape, 4 to 10 inches long and about the same -in width. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is an acorn about ¾ inch long, -yellow-brown and often striped, enclosed for half its -length or more in a thick, light-brown cup. The acorns -mature at the end of the second season; flesh of cotyledons -yellow.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard and strong. It is used -for firewood and is made into charcoal.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WATER OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus nigra</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Water oak is native along the borders of swamps -and streams and on rich bottomlands in Texas -as far west as the Colorado River. It has been widely -planted along streets and in parks as a shade tree. -When fully grown this tree reaches a height of about -80 feet and a diameter exceeding 1 to 3 feet. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is smooth, light brown tinged with red, and -has many smooth, thin -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> over the surface. -Water oak can be best -distinguished from the -willow oak—a close associate, -but longer-lived—by -the differences in -the general shape and -size of leaves.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig45"> -<img src="images/img023.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="465" /> -<p class="caption">WATER OAK (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, quite variable in -shape, mostly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, -broader near the point, -and more narrow at the -base, giving a wedge-shaped -effect, often -slightly three-lobed at the outer end, thin, and of a -dull bluish-green color, paler below than above; mostly -smooth, and usually 2 or 3 inches long and 1 to 2 inches -wide; remain green for some time, then turn yellow -and gradually fall from the tree during the winter.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS appear in April when the leaves -begin to unfold. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, an acorn, matures at -the end of the second season. The acorn is from ½ -to ⅔ inch long and nearly as broad, light brown or -yellowish-brown and often striped, enclosed at the -base only in a thin saucer-shaped cup.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, and strong, light -brown in color, with lighter-colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. The -wood is utilized chiefly for crossties and fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WILLOW OAK</b> (Pin Oak) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus phellos</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Willow oak, also called water oak, and pin oak, -occurs in the eastern part of the state to the -Brazos River. It is frequently found in lowlands and -along the borders of rivers and swamps, but often also -on rich sandy uplands. It is a beautiful and long-lived -tree, and desirable for roadsides, lawns and parks.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is generally -smooth and of -a reddish-brown color; -with age, the bark becomes -slightly roughened -and divided by -narrow ridges.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig46"> -<img src="images/img023a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="437" /> -<p class="caption">WILLOW OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The slender willow-like -LEAVES on a -tree whose habit of -growth is manifestly -that of an oak, make -the tree easy to identify -in the forest. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a> leaves are 2 -to 5 inches long and -½ to 1 inch wide, smooth, light green and shiny above, -but dull and usually smooth below; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> in arrangement -on the twig and borne on a short stout -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a>.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, small acorns, closely set along the -stem, matures at the end of the second year. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> -is a light yellow-brown hemisphere, about ½ inch -in diameter, its base scarcely enclosed in the shallow, -pale greenish-red or reddish-brown cup. The nuts are -eaten as food by bluejays, grackles (blackbirds), several -other species of birds, and by rodents.</p> -<p>The WOOD is not separated commercially from -other species in the red oak group. It is heavy, strong, -rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, -and not durable when exposed to the weather. It is -used locally for crossties, bridge planks, barn sills, and -general construction.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLUEJACK OAK</b> (Sandjack Oak) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus incana</b> Bartr.</span></h3> -<p>This species, which grows on dry sand hills, is usually -no more than 25 feet in height and 5 or 6 -inches in diameter; ranging mainly through East Texas -extending as far west as the Brazos River and scattering -in Central and Northwest Texas.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is similar to that of blackjack, being -divided into thick nearly square blocks 1 to 2 inches -in length and covered with small dark brown or nearly -black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> slightly tinged with red.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig47"> -<img src="images/img024.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="501" /> -<p class="caption">BLUEJACK OAK (Leaves, twigs, and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> about two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES of this tree are oblong-lanceolate, -pale blue-green above, almost white beneath; 2 to 5 -inches in length and 1 to l½ inches in width with a -stout yellow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Midrib">midrib</a>. The tree is most attractive in -early spring when it is covered with the light red -flowers and young leaves.</p> -<p>ACORNS are produced in great profusion, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sessile">sessile</a>, -or on a short stock. They are rounded at the ends, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Striate">striate</a>, and about ½ inch in length, and mature at the -end of the second year.</p> -<p>The WOOD is hard, strong, close-grained, light -brown, tinged with red. It has a dark colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. -The wood is of no value except for fuel.</p> -<p>There are several <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hybrid">hybrids</a> of this species reported -in Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>EMORY OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus emoryi</b> Torr.</span></h3> -<p>In the canyons and on the southern slopes of the -Davis and Chisos Mountains occurs this interesting -oak with glossy, spiny, “holly-like” leaves, and sweet, -edible acorns. A small round-topped tree up to 30 or -40 feet in height, the emory oak has drooping branches -and slender, decidedly reddish branchlets.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are mostly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, -pointed, smooth or sharply toothed along the margin, -thick, very glossy green, about 2 inches long and less -than 1 inch wide.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig48"> -<img src="images/img024a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="397" /> -<p class="caption">EMORY OAK (Leaf three-fourths natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and twig, three-fourths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The acorn, or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, is borne close to the branchlet and -matures in one season. It is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> in shape, ½ inch or more -in length, with a dark brown or nearly black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> enclosed for -about one-third its length in a narrow cup. The latter is lined -with dense gray fuzz or “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Tomentum">tomentum</a>.”</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, strong, somewhat brittle, close-grained, -dark brown, with light brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a> tinged with red. The -acorns are an important article of food for Mexicans and Indians.</p> -<p>MEXICAN BLUE OAK (<b>Q. oblongifolia</b> Torr.), closely resembling -emory oak, is a smaller tree and does not occur at the -higher elevations (over 6,000 ft.) where emory oak may be -found.</p> -<p>GRAY OAK (<b>Quercus grisea</b> Liebm.) occurs in the Trans-Pecos -area in Texas. This species is a scrub or small tree 20 -to 30 feet high, but sometimes reaching a height of 65 feet.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>LIVE OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus virginiana</b> Mill.</span></h3> -<p>Live oak range extends from southeastern Virginia -through the lower Coastal Plain of the Atlantic -and Gulf States; in Texas, from the mouth of the -Rio Grande north to the Red River and west to the -Guadalupe Mountains, also in southern Mexico and -Cuba. It is a tree of striking character from its wide-spreading -habit; sometimes -reaching more than 100 feet -in spread; with a short stout -trunk, 3 to 4 feet in diameter, -dividing in several large limbs -with nearly horizontal -branches, forming a low, -dense, round-topped head. Its -height is commonly from 40 -to 50 feet. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on the -trunk and large branches is -dark brown tinged with red, -and slightly furrowed. It -grows to largest size on the -rich hammocks and low ridges -near the coast and only a few -feet above the water level. -Slow-growing and long-lived, it is one of the most -desirable trees for roadside and ornamental planting -throughout most of its range. It is one of the very -few trees that is apparently immune to cotton root-rot.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig49"> -<img src="images/img025.jpg" alt="" width="407" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">LIVE OAK (Leaf, natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a>, thick, leathery, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, smooth above, pale and silvery white beneath; -from 2 to 4 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches -in breadth.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is an acorn about 1 inch long and ⅓ -inch wide, borne on a long stem or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a>; it is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, -dark brown and lustrous, and set in a top-shaped, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Downy">downy</a> cup of a light reddish-brown color. The acorn -matures at the end of the first season.</p> -<p>The WOOD is very heavy, hard, strong and tough, -light brown or yellow, with nearly white, thin <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. -It was formerly largely used in ship building.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>MOHRS OAK</b> (Shin Oak) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus mohriana</b> Buckl.</span></h3> -<p>Over a wide section of Central Texas, on inferior -soils, are found four or more species of “shin” -oaks, so called from their low-growing bushy habit. -Mature trees vary from 3 to 18 feet high. These are -considerably alike in foliage and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>. The “oak -shinneries” form a forest cover in Central Texas that -affords watershed protection on the head waters of -some of the state’s main rivers.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig50"> -<img src="images/img025a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="499" /> -<p class="caption">MOHRS OAK (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a>, natural size; leaf, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The tree has a thin, pale-colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a>, rough, -with deep furrows running up and down the tree.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a> LEAVES of the above small-tree -species of shin oak are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Elliptical">elliptical</a>, pointed or rounded -at the end, smooth or wavy or sometimes <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a> or -slightly toothed along the margin. They are thick, -gray-green, dense hairy beneath, about 3 inches long -by 1 inch wide.</p> -<p>The acorns, or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, occur solitarily or in pairs, -on very short peduncles, and mature in one season. -They are small, deeply enclosed in a relatively heavy -cup, thin toward the outer end.</p> -<p>The WOOD of Mohrs oak is not of economic importance.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>DURAND OAK</b> (Durand White Oak) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus durandii</b> Buckl.</span></h3> -<p>This oak is found on the well-drained soil of river -bottoms from the coast region of East Texas to -the bottoms of the Guadalupe River (Victoria County) -and inland to San Saba County, and the Dallas area.</p> -<p>It forms a tree 60 to 90 feet high with a tall trunk -2 to 3 feet in diameter; comparatively small branches, -the lower horizontal, the upper ascending, forming a -dense, round-topped, handsome head.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig51"> -<img src="images/img026.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="412" /> -<p class="caption">DURAND OAK (Leaves and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is thin, light gray or nearly white and -broken into loose <a class="gloss" href="#g_Appressed">appressed</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a> LEAVES are 2½ to 7 inches long, -yellow-green, thin, smooth on the edges, three-lobed -toward the tip, or irregularly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a>, the three forms -appearing on different branches of the same tree.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, an acorn, solitary or in pairs on a -very short <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a>, is nearly egg-shaped, pale chestnut-brown, -shinning, ½ to ¾ inch long, and barely -enclosed at the base in the thin saucer-shaped cup. -The acorn matures in one season.</p> -<p>The WOOD is hard and heavy and is used largely -as fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WHITE OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus alba</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Within its natural range, which includes practically -the entire eastern half of the United States, the -white oak is one of the most important timber trees. -Found in East Texas to the Brazos River, it commonly -reaches a height of 80 feet and a diameter of -3 feet. It is found on high quality soils. Grown in -a dense stand it has -a long, straight trunk, -free of side branches -for over half of its -height. In the open, it -develops a short trunk -and broad <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a> with -far-reaching limbs.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is thin, -light ashy gray and -covered with loose -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> or broad plates.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig52"> -<img src="images/img026a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="536" /> -<p class="caption">WHITE OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a> -LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, 5 to 9 -inches long and about -half as broad. They -are deeply divided into -5 to 9 rounded, finger-like -lobes. The young -leaves are a soft silvery-gray -or yellow or red while unfolding, later becoming -bright green and lustrous or dull above and -much paler and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glaucous">glaucous</a> below. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, an acorn -maturing in one season, is ¾ to 1 inch long, light -brown, and about one-fourth enclosed in a warty cup. -The acorn is relished by hogs and other livestock.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, -durable, and light brown in color. The uses -are many, including construction, watertight barrels, -furniture, wagons, implements, interior finish, flooring, -and fuel. Although white oak is slow growing, -it is valuable for forest, highway and ornamental -planting.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>POST OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus stellata</b> Wangenh.</span></h3> -<p>Post oak of Texas is usually a medium-sized tree, -with a rounded <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a>, commonly reaching a -height of 50 feet and a diameter of 1 foot, but sometimes -considerably larger. It is the common oak in -Central Texas and occurs frequently in East Texas. It -occurs most abundantly on the poorer upland soils that -have poor drainage.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a> LEAVES are usually 4 to 5 inches -long and nearly as broad, deeply five-lobed with broad -rounded divisions, the lobes broadest at the ends. -They are thick and somewhat leathery, dark green -and shiny on the upper surface, lighter green and -rough hairy beneath.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig53"> -<img src="images/img027.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="435" /> -<p class="caption">POST OAK (Leaf and twig, one-third natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-fourth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS, like those of the other oaks, are -of two kinds on the same tree, the male in drooping -clustered <a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a>, the female inconspicuous. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, an <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> acorn ½ to 1 inch long, is set in a -rather small cup which has thin <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> and may or -may not be stalked. The fruit matures in one season.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, light -to dark brown, and durable in contact with the soil. -It is used for crossties and fence posts, and occasionally -for furniture and lumber.</p> -<p>Aside from the typical form, two varieties are -found in the state. The variety <b>margaretta</b> (Ashe) -Sarg. is the common post oak of eastern Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BUR OAK</b> (Mossy-Cup Oak) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus macrocarpa</b> Michx.</span></h3> -<p>Bur oak occurs throughout the eastern part of the -state and as far west as Callahan and Menard -Counties, in rich bottomlands along streams, or on -rich hillsides along spring-fed rivers. The name alludes -to the fringe around the cup of the acorn, which is -sometimes large. The tree usually has a broad top of -heavy spreading branches and a relatively short body. -In maturity it attains a diameter -of 5 feet or more -and a height of over 80 -feet.</p> -<p>The branches frequently -have conspicuous corky -ridges after the second -year.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig54"> -<img src="images/img027a.jpg" alt="" width="390" height="600" /> -<p class="caption">BUR OAK (Illustrations, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is light gray -and is usually broken up -into small narrow flakes. -The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a> LEAVES -resemble somewhat those -of the common white oak, -but are much larger and -have a pair of deep indentations -on their border near -the base, and wavy notches -on the broad, middle and -upper portions of the leaf. -They range from 6 to 12 -inches long and 3 to 6 inches wide. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, or -acorn, is set deeply in the fringed cup. The fruit -is usually 1 inch or more in diameter but varies widely -in respect to size and the degree to which the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> is -enclosed in the mossy-fringed cup. The fruit matures -in one season.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough and -durable. It is used for much the same purposes as -the other white oaks—for lumber, crossties, and fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>OVERCUP OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus lyrata</b> Walt.</span></h3> -<p>Overcup oak, sometimes known as the swamp -post oak or water white oak, becomes a large -tree with small, often pendulous branches. It is found -in moist, rich bottomlands in East Texas to the Navasota -River Valley.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>, 7 to 9 inches long, -1 to 4 inches broad, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, wider toward the point, -narrowed at the base, dark green above, often whitish -beneath, with 7 to 9 distinct pointed lobes. They -frequently turn to a bright scarlet or to scarlet and -orange in the fall. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is rough, flaky, and -gray tinged with red.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig55"> -<img src="images/img028.jpg" alt="" width="427" height="499" /> -<p class="caption">OVERCUP OAK (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS open with the unfolding of the -leaves. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, an acorn, ripens in one season. -The large rounded or somewhat flattened acorn, an -inch or more across and ½ to 1 inch high, is nearly -covered by the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> or nearly spherical cup, which -is thickened at the base but gradually grows thinner, -often irregularly split at the margin of the cup.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, and durable -and is used for the same purposes as that of white oak.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus michauxii</b> Nutt.</span></h3> -<p>This species, also called basket oak and cow oak, is -distinguished by having a wavy leaf-margin, a -large <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> which is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sessile">sessile</a> or very short stalked, and -by the fact that it occurs in its greatest abundance in -bottomlands. It is confined chiefly to the eastern part -of the state as far west as the Trinity River.</p> -<p>In the appearance of its <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> and branches it -closely resembles the ordinary white oak, but the leaf lacks deep indentations and -the acorn is usually larger. -The tree attains heights of -about 100 feet and diameters -of about 4 feet.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a>, notched on the edge -somewhat like the chinkapin -oak, but the lobes are -rounded instead of pointed. -They vary from 4 to 8 inches -in length, are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Downy">downy</a> -beneath and turn a rich -crimson in the fall. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is very light gray, -and on old trees is broken -into broad flakes or divided -into strips.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig56"> -<img src="images/img028a.jpg" alt="" width="354" height="501" /> -<p class="caption">SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and leaf, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The acorn, or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, matures in one season and -attains a diameter of more than an inch and a length -of 1½ inches. The acorn is a bright, shiny brown and -set in a rather shallow cup. The acorn is frequently -eaten by cows and this fact gives the tree one of its -common names.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, strong, and -takes an excellent polish. It is used in manufacturing -lumber, veneer, boards (shakes), water-tight barrels, -fuel, fence posts, and baskets.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>CHINKAPIN OAK</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Quercus muhlenbergii</b> Engelm.</span></h3> -<p>This oak, also known as chestnut oak, occurs over -the eastern part of the state and west to the -Guadalupe River; also on the Guadalupe Mountains. It -grows on most classes of soils, except in swamps, and -is tenacious on shallow, dry, limestone soil. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> -is light gray, and breaks up in the short narrow flakes -on the main -trunk and old -limbs.</p> -<p>It reaches a -height of 20 to -50 feet. The -straight, shapely -trunk bears a -round-topped -head composed of -small branches, -which makes it -an attractive -shade tree.</p> -<p>The LEAVES -are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, -3 to 6 inches -in length, -1½ to 3 inches -wide, equally -toothed or notched -on the edges, -resembling the -leaves of chestnut -oak. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, which ripens in the fall of the first season, is -light to dark brown when ripe, and edible if roasted. -This acorn is ½ to nearly 1 inch long, usually less than -1 inch in diameter, and set in a shallow cup.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, durable, and -takes an excellent polish. It is used for barrels, fencing, -crossties, fuel, and occasionally for furniture.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig57"> -<img src="images/img029.jpg" alt="" width="425" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">CHINKAPIN OAK (Leaf, one-half natural size; twig and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>AMERICAN ELM</b> (White Elm) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Ulmus americana</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>The range of this famous American shade tree extends -west to the Dakotas and southward to Coke -County, Texas. Within this vast area, it is generally -common except in the high mountains and wet bottomlands. -It reaches an average height of 60 feet and a -diameter of 3 feet. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is dark gray, divided -into irregular flat-topped, thick ridges, and is generally -firm. An incision into an outer ridge of bark will -show <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> brown and cream colored layers. A -cross section of slippery elm bark is uniformly cream -or tan colored.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig58"> -<img src="images/img029a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="507" /> -<p class="caption">AMERICAN ELM (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, 4 to 6 inches -long, rather thick, somewhat lopsided, double toothed -on the margin, and either smooth or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scabrous">scabrous</a> above -and soft <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glabrate">glabrate</a> below. The leaf <a class="gloss" href="#g_Veins">veins</a> -are very pronounced and run in parallel lines from the -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Midrib">midrib</a> to the leaf margin.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are small, perfect, greenish, on -slender <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pedicel">pedicels</a>, soon pendulous, and appear before the -leaves. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> ripens in the spring and is a light -green, oval-shaped <a class="gloss" href="#g_Samara">samara</a> (winged fruit) with the -seed portion in the center and surrounded entirely by -a wing. A deep notch in the end of the wing is distinctive -of the species.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and difficult -to split. It is used for hubs of wheels, saddle -trees, veneer for baskets and crates, and slack cooperage.</p> -<p>American elm is rapidly being destroyed in the -East and Midwest by the Dutch elm disease and by -phloem necrosis.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WINGED ELM</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Ulmus alata</b> Michx.</span></h3> -<p>Winged elm gets its common name from the thin -corky growth or “wings”, usually found on -smaller branches. These “wings” generally end -abruptly at the leaf <a class="gloss" href="#g_Node">nodes</a> as contrasted by the cedar -elm (<a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>) whose “wings” are generally continuous. -On large rapidly growing trees the wings are often -absent. It occurs in eastern -Texas south to the valley -of the Guadalupe River, -on dry uplands, and in -moist soils along streams -and swamps. It grows rapidly -in moist situations, -and may also be planted -along roadsides in relatively -dry, poor locations. It is -comparatively free from -disease, though not long-lived. -Winged elm is a -medium-sized tree 40 to 50 -feet in height and rarely -as large as 2 feet in diameter. -It forms a rather -open, round-topped head.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig59"> -<img src="images/img030.jpg" alt="" width="421" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">WINGED ELM (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is light brown tinged with red, and -divided by irregular shallow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fissures">fissures</a> into flat ridges.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, 2 to 4 inches -long and 1 to 2 inches broad, coarsely double-toothed, -thick, dark green and smooth above, and pale and pale-pubescent -or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glabrous">glabrous</a> below with auxiliary hairs and -prominent <a class="gloss" href="#g_Veins">veins</a>. The leaves are small and pointed at -the tip, which distinguishes them from the small blunt -leaves of the cedar elm.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS appear in early spring, long before -the leaves unfold. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> ripens in the -spring about the time the leaves appear; it is winged, -tipped with two, small, incurved arms or beaks; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, -reddish-brown; about ⅓ inch long, with a long, slender -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Pedicel">pedicel</a> at the base, and covered with white hairs.</p> -<p>The WOOD is very similar to that of the other -elms—heavy, hard, and difficult to split. It is occasionally -used for hubs and mauls. Formerly, rope -made of the inner <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> was used for binding the covers -to cotton bales.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>CEDAR ELM</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Ulmus crassifolia</b> Nutt.</span></h3> -<p>Cedar elm is distributed widely over the state, -near streams, in deep rich soil, and on dry, limestone -hills. It is the most common elm tree of Texas, -extending to the Pecos River. It forms a tree up to 75 -feet high with a tall straight trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter, -and with an inversely conic round-topped head -and drooping branches. It reaches its largest size on -the bottomlands of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig60"> -<img src="images/img030a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="361" /> -<p class="caption">CEDAR ELM (Illustrations, three-fourths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is light-brown tinged with red, deeply -fissured, with flattened, scaly ridges. The young twigs -are finely velvet and reddish, sometimes developing -thin corky wings which continue around the leaf <a class="gloss" href="#g_Node">nodes</a>.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are small, the largest less than 2 -inches long, often double toothed and usually rather -blunt at the tip. Their upper surface is dark green and -rough, while the lower surface and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a> are hairy.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS, which appear in the autumn, are -in small short-pedicelled clusters at the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Axil">axils</a> of the -leaves. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, an oval-shaped <a class="gloss" href="#g_Samara">samara</a> slightly -more than ¼ inch long, is hairy all over, especially on -the edges and is deeply notched at the tip.</p> -<p>The WOOD is reddish-brown, brittle, and with a -thick layer of lighter colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. The wood is -sometimes used in the manufacture of hubs, furniture, -and fencing.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SLIPPERY ELM</b> (Red Elm) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Ulmus rubra</b> Muhl.</span></h3> -<p>Slippery elm, or red elm, is found in the eastern -and southern parts of the state as far as the upper -Guadalupe and Leon Rivers in Kerr and Comal -Counties. It is found principally on the banks of -streams and on low hillsides in rich soil. It is a tree -of small to moderate size, but noticeably wide-spreading. -It is usually less than 40 feet in height and 6 -inches in diameter, although trees of larger dimensions -are occasionally found.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on the trunk is frequently 1 inch thick, -dark grayish-brown on the surface, uniformly tan or -cream colored in cross section, -and broken by shallow -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fissures">fissures</a> into flat ridges. -The inner bark is used to -some extent for medicinal -purposes and, when chewed, -affords a slippery <a class="gloss" href="#g_Mucilaginous">mucilaginous</a> -substance, whence -the tree gets its name.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> on the stem, 4 -to 6 inches in length, -sharp-pointed, their bases -unsymmetrical, doubly -toothed on the edges, -thick, dark green, and very -rough above, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a> -below.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig61"> -<img src="images/img031.jpg" alt="" width="426" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">SLIPPERY ELM (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS appear in early spring and are -nearly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sessile">sessile</a>. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Samara">samara</a>, ¾ inch long -and ½ inch in diameter, consists of a seed surrounded -by a thin, broad, greenish wing. The fruit ripens -when the leaves are about half grown. The margin -of the fruit is not <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ciliate">ciliate</a>.</p> -<p>The WOOD is close-grained, tough, strong, heavy, -hard, and moderately durable in contact with the soil. -Slippery elm and American elm are sold commercially -as “soft elm,” and have similar uses.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>PLANER TREE</b> (Water Elm) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Planera aquatica</b> (Walt.) Gmel.</span></h3> -<p>Planer tree or water elm is found on low wet -lands along the streams of the eastern part of -the state as far west as Brazos and Matagorda Counties. -It forms a small spreading tree with a low broad -head 30 to 40 feet in height and with a maximum trunk -diameter of 20 inches.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig62"> -<img src="images/img031a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="409" /> -<p class="caption">PLANER TREE (Illustrations, nearly natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is light brown or gray, about ¼ inch -thick, and separates into large <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The LEAVES resemble those of the small-leaved -elms. They are 2 to 2½ inches long, ¾ to 1 inch wide -on a short <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a>, dark dull green above and paler on -the lower surface, and have yellowish <a class="gloss" href="#g_Veins">veins</a>.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS appear with the leaves in March -or early April. The small flowers are sometimes perfect; -occasionally the male and female flowers are -borne separately on the same tree. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a -peculiar, rounded, shaggy-appearing structure, about -⅜ inch long. It consists of a nut-like center covered -with soft and irregular wing-like outgrowths which -extend out on all sides from the center.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light brown, coarse-grained and -soft, very light in weight, and has a broad zone of -nearly white <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. The wood has little economic -value.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>HACKBERRY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Celtis occidentalis</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Hackberry is found over eastern Texas on various -types of soil. It is usually a medium-sized -to large tree, becoming 60 to 100 feet or more high -and 10 to 20 inches in diameter. Its limbs are often -crooked and angular and bear a head made of slender, -pendant branches or -short, bristly, stubby -twigs. In the open, the -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a> is generally <a class="gloss" href="#g_Symmetrical">symmetrical</a>. -It makes an -excellent shade tree.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is brownish-gray, -one inch or -more thick, and generally -very rough with -many scale-like or warty -projections of dead bark.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig63"> -<img src="images/img032.jpg" alt="" width="314" height="499" /> -<p class="caption">HACKBERRY (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, two-thirds natural size; twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, -one-sided, 2 to 4 inches -long, thick, very rough -above, green on both surfaces, -and the edges -toothed toward the long -point. The FLOWERS -are inconspicuous, and -the two kinds are borne -on the same tree. They -appear in April or May, and are of a creamy greenish -color. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a round, somewhat <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a> -or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>, dark purple, ⅓ inch in diameter, ripening in -September. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a> (fruit stem) is much longer -than the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a> of the leaf. It has a thin, purplish -skin, and sweet yellowish flesh. The berries frequently -hang on the tree most of the winter.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays -readily when exposed. It is used chiefly for fuel, -and occasionally for lumber.</p> -<p>The range of this hackberry extends far into the -northern and northeastern parts of the United States.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SUGARBERRY</b> (Sugar Hackberry) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Celtis laevigata</b> Willd.</span></h3> -<p>Sugarberry is distributed widely over the eastern -half of the state. It occurs most abundantly -and attains greatest size in rich alluvial soil, but -thrives on various soil types. The species may grow -30 to 50 feet high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter, -though sometimes much larger. Its limbs are spreading -or pendulous, -forming a broad -head. Its branchlets -are slender, -light green, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glabrous">glabrous</a> -or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a> -when young, -and bright reddish-brown -during -their first -winter.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is -pale gray and -covered with -prominent -excrescences.</p> -<p>The LEAVES -are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, oblong-lanceolate, -one-sided, 2½ to -5 inches long, -thin, smooth, -with the edges -entire.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig64"> -<img src="images/img032a.jpg" alt="" width="440" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">SUGARBERRY (Leaf, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, and twig, three-fourths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS, not conspicuous, are borne on -slender, smooth peduncles in April or May, and are of -a creamy-greenish color. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is short-oblong -to pear shaped, orange-red or yellow, ¼ inch in diameter, -and ripens in September. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a> of the -fruit is shorter or slightly longer than the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a> of -the leaf.</p> -<p>The WOOD is soft, weak, close-grained, and light -yellow, and is used occasionally for flooring and furniture, -but chiefly for fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_68">68</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>RED MULBERRY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Morus rubra</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Red mulberry occurs in eastern Texas and west -to the canyon of Devils River, Valverde County. -It prefers rich moist soils. It is a small tree, rarely -50 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, often growing in -the shade of larger trees.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is rather thin, dark grayish-brown, -and peels off in long narrow flakes.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig65"> -<img src="images/img033.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="368" /> -<p class="caption">RED MULBERRY (Twig, two-thirds natural size; leaves and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, thin, rounded or -somewhat heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches -long, rough hairy above and soft hairy beneath. Some -of the leaves are mitten-shaped or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a>.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are of two kinds, on the same or -different trees, in long drooping <a class="gloss" href="#g_Catkin">catkins</a>, the female -catkins shorter, appearing with the leaves.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_MultipleFruit">multiple FRUIT</a> is edible, dark purple or black -when ripe, and ¾ to 1 inch long.</p> -<p>The WOOD is rather light, soft, not strong, light -orange-yellow, and the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a> is durable in contact -with the soil. It is chiefly used for fence posts.</p> -<p>The TEXAS MULBERRY (<b>Morus microphylla</b> -Buckl.) is found in West Texas and south from the -Colorado River. Its leaves are rarely longer than 1½ -inches.</p> -<p>The WHITE MULBERRY (<b>Morus alba</b> L.) a native -of China, has become naturalized in the United -States.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>OSAGE-ORANGE</b> (Bois-d’arc) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Maclura pomifera</b> (Raf.) Schneid.</span></h3> -<p>Osage-orange, “bodark”, hedge apple, or mock -orange is native to eastern and Central Texas; -attaining its largest size in the valley of the Red River -in the northeast part of the state. It commonly -reaches a height of 20 to 40 feet and a diameter of 4 -to 12 inches. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is thin, gray, sometimes -tinged with yellow; on old trees it is divided into strips -or flakes. It contains tannin and has been used for -tanning leather. The twigs are armed with stout, -straight thorns ⅜ to 1 inch long.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig66"> -<img src="images/img033a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="444" /> -<p class="caption">OSAGE-ORANGE (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-fourth natural size; leaf and twig, nearly one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, oval-pointed -and lustrous green on the upper surface, 3 to 5 inches -long and 2 to 3 inches wide, and entire. The leaves -turn bright yellow in the autumn.</p> -<p>The yellowish FLOWERS appear in May; two -kinds on the same tree—the male flowers in a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Linear">linear</a> -cluster and the female flowers a rounded ball. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Globular">globular</a>, from 2 to 5 inches in diameter, -resembling a rough, green orange.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, exceedingly hard, very -strong, and very durable in contact with the soil. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a> is bright orange in color, turning brown -upon exposure. It is largely used for posts. The -Indians prized the wood for bows and war clubs. The -tree is planted for windbreaks and hedges. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> -of the roots supply a yellow dye.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_70">70</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA</b> (Evergreen Magnolia) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Magnolia grandiflora</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Magnolia is one of the best-known trees in the -eastern part of the state. No other tree excels -it in the combined beauty of leaves and flowers. Occurring -naturally in rich moist soil on the borders of -river swamps and nearby uplands in the Coastal Plain -to the valley of the Brazos River, it has been widely -cultivated for its ornamental value. In its natural -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Habitat">habitat</a>, it attains heights generally of 60 to 80 feet -and trunk diameters up to 4 feet. The dense <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pyramidal">pyramidal</a> -head, or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a>, is made up of numerous small -spreading branches and branchlets.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig67"> -<img src="images/img034.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="304" /> -<p class="caption">SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA (Leaf and flower, one-fourth natural size; twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are evergreen, thick, leathery, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Elliptical">elliptical</a> -or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a>, dark green and shiny above, rusty or -silvery beneath, and mostly from 5 to 8 inches long, -and 2 to 3 inches wide, with prominent midribs. They -remain on the tree for approximately 2 years.</p> -<p>The large FLOWERS are 6 to 8 inches broad, with -pure white petals surrounding a splash of bright purple -in the center, and have a pleasing fragrance.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a rounded or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> aggregate 3 to 4 -inches long containing many seeds, each enclosed in a -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Follicle">follicle</a>. These open in the fall and display the bright -red seeds dangling on slender threads.</p> -<p>The WOOD is moderately heavy, hard, and of a -creamy color. It is used chiefly for furniture, Venetian -blinds, and fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SWEETBAY</b> (Sweetbay Magnolia) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Magnolia virginiana</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Sweetbay, better known locally as white or swampbay, -is found in the southern part of the Texas -pine belt to western Montgomery County, in swamps -and rich, moist soils. Often appearing as a clump of -sprouts in open woods, in dense forests it grows as -a tree 60 to 90 feet high, and up to 3 feet in diameter.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> is light gray; the branchlets silky-white.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, pale green above -and hairy-white beneath, 4 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 -inches wide, remaining on sprout growth to spring, -usually dropping from older trees in the fall.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig68"> -<img src="images/img034a.jpg" alt="" width="498" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">SWEETBAY (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-fourth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The fragrant FLOWERS, with 9 to 12 creamy-white -petals on slender smooth stems, measure 2 to 3 -inches across. They continue to open during several -weeks of spring and early summer. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> aggregate or -“bur” is oval-shaped, dark red or brown, -about 2 inches long, and contains scarlet seeds which -are usually <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a>, flattened, and less than ½ inch long.</p> -<p>The WOOD is soft, creamy white to reddish, and -is used for furniture, boxes, woodenware, and venetian -blinds.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_72">72</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>PAWPAW</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Asimina triloba</b> (L.) Dunal</span></h3> -<p>This odd and attractive tree does not grow abundantly -in Texas and seems to be little known. It -is found near streams in the extreme east portion of -the state and in greater abundance in Harrison and -Grayson Counties. It is seldom over 30 feet high with -a trunk 8 or 10 inches in diameter.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on -young trees and -branches is a -smooth, clean -brown; on older -trees becoming -blotched with gray, -and bearing a few -small wart-like excrescences.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a>—<a class="gloss" href="#g_Lanceolate">lanceolate</a>, -8 to 12 inches long, -light, bright green -above and paler below.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS -are strikingly characteristic. -The three -light green, hairy -sepals are early <a class="gloss" href="#g_Deciduous">deciduous</a>. -The outer three petals are a rich brownish-purple -and deeply veined. The inner three petals are -pointed, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glandular">glandular</a>, and erect.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is an <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a> 3 to 6 inches long, -and contains a number of large, brown seeds. When -ripe it falls to the ground, turning dark brown. The -deep yellow flesh is palatable, though some people do -not care for its unique flavor. The tree <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">blooms</a> and -bears as a shrub or tree.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, weak, and spongy, yellow in -color, and is of no known value.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig69"> -<img src="images/img035.jpg" alt="" width="449" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">PAWPAW (Leaf, one-fourth natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_73">73</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>REDBAY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Persea borbonia</b> (L.) Spreng.</span></h3> -<p>Redbay is native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coast -states from Virginia to southeastern and southern -Texas and is a member of the Laurel family. In -all, about 100 species of Persea are found in North and -South America.</p> -<p>Redbay grows to 70 feet in height and 3 feet in -diameter, with a well-shaped head of erect, stout, dark -green branches. It grows in moist, rich soils along -the streams and in swamps and sometimes in drier -soils along with longleaf pine, over the coastal region.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig70"> -<img src="images/img035a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="539" /> -<p class="caption">REDBAY (Illustrations, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Aromatic">aromatic</a> LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, thick or leathery, -up to 4 inches in length and 1½ inches in width, -bright green with the margin entire and with a narrow, -orange-colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Midrib">midrib</a>. They remain green over -the first winter. The yellowish-white FLOWERS are -in small clusters.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a nearly round, rather fleshy, shiny, dark -blue or nearly black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, about ½ inch long. It ripens in the -autumn and contains a large rounded stone.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, bright red, with thin, -lighter colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. It is used for cabinet-making, and interior -house finish, and has been used for boat construction.</p> -<p>SILKBAY (<b>Persea humilis</b> Nash) is a dwarf or low growing -shrub or tree 6 to 10 feet in height occurring in southern -Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_74">74</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SASSAFRAS</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Sassafras albidum</b> (Nutt.) Nees</span></h3> -<p>This small tree with <a class="gloss" href="#g_Aromatic">aromatic</a> leaves and twigs is -usually not over 40 feet in height or a foot in -diameter. It is common in Texas west to the Brazos -River on the drier soils, and is one of the first broad-leaved -trees to grow on abandoned fields, where the -seeds are dropped by birds. The species is closely related -to the camphor tree of Japan. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is red-brown -and deeply -furrowed while -the bark of the -twigs is bright -green.</p> -<p>The LEAVES -are unusual in -that they vary -widely in shape -on the same tree, -or even on the -same twig. Some -are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> and entire, -4 to 6 inches -long; others have -one lobe, resembling -a mitten; -while still others -are divided at the -outer end into 3 -distinct lobes.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig71"> -<img src="images/img036.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="462" /> -<p class="caption">SASSAFRAS (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS are clustered, greenish-yellow, and -open with the first unfolding of the leaves. The male -and female flowers are usually on different trees. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is an <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, dark blue or black lustrous <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a> -surrounded at the base by what appears to be a small -orange-red or scarlet cup at the end of the scarlet -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a>.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft, weak, brittle, and durable -in the soil; the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a> is dull orange-brown. -It is used for posts and crossties. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> of the -roots yields the very <a class="gloss" href="#g_Aromatic">aromatic</a> oil of sassafras much -used for flavoring candies and various commercial -products. The bark of the root is sold in small bundles -for making sassafras tea.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_75">75</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WITCH-HAZEL</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Hamamelis virginiana</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>This tall-growing shrub which has the peculiar habit -of blooming in the late fall and ripening its <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> -in early spring is native to the extreme eastern portion -of Texas, being found on rich soils of streams -or along the borders of the forest.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is smooth, white, gray, and mottled -with light brown.</p> -<p>The LEAVES -are usually <a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a>, -3 to 5 inches -long, prominently -veined, -with a wavy margin, -very irregular -at the base, -bright green -above and slightly -paler below. -They are generally -smooth.</p> -<p>The odd, yellow FLOWERS -are borne in clusters -along the -branch, with -long, very narrow -twisted petals. -They develop -during November, December, and January, the time -depending somewhat on the weather, and possess a -refreshing fragrance. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a hard, tough, -two-celled <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsule</a>, with two beaks. It divides in half, -each half containing a shiny black seed. In the late -summer or early autumn the capsules pop open, discharging -the seeds.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig72"> -<img src="images/img036a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="494" /> -<p class="caption">WITCH-HAZEL (Leaf, one-half natural size; flower and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The WOOD is hard and close-grained. The trees -do not grow large enough to be of commercial value.</p> -<p>An analgesic extract used in lotions and balms -is obtained from the inner <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> by distillation.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SWEETGUM</b> (Redgum) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Liquidambar styraciflua</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Sweetgum is a valuable and sometimes troublesome -forest tree in East Texas. It occurs on rich -river bottoms and in swamps subject to frequent overflow, -as well as on the dried uplands, as far west as -the San Jacinto River Basin. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is a light -gray, roughened -by corky <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>, -later becoming -deeply furrowed. -After the second -year the twigs -often develop -corky projections -of bark, which -give them a -winged appearance.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> -star-shaped -LEAF with its 5 to 7 -points or lobes, is -5 to 7 inches -across and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Aromatic">aromatic</a>. -In the fall -its coloring -ranges from pale -yellow through -orange and red to a deep bronze.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig73"> -<img src="images/img037.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="533" /> -<p class="caption">SWEETGUM (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS of both sexes appear on the same -tree and open with the leaves. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a head an -inch or more in diameter, is made up of many <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsules</a> -with projecting spines. It hangs on the tree late into -the winter.</p> -<p>The WOOD is moderately hard, close-grained, and -not durable on exposure. The reddish-brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a>, -which suggests the name red gum, is not present -to any appreciable extent in logs under 16 inches -in diameter. The wood is extensively used for flooring, -interior finish, paper pulp, and veneers for baskets -of all kinds.</p> -<p>In the uplands, this species competes aggressively -with the more valuable Southern pines. The control -of sweetgum is, therefore, a problem. This attractive -species should be more widely planted for ornamental -use.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>AMERICAN SYCAMORE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Plantanus occidentalis</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>American sycamore, also called planetree and -buttonwood, is considered the largest <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hardwood">hardwood</a> -tree in North America. It occurs throughout eastern -Texas to Zavalla County. It is most abundant and -reaches its largest size along streams and on rich bottomlands. -It grows rapidly and occasionally attains -a height of 140 to -170 feet and a diameter -of 10 to 11 -feet.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> of the -sycamore is a characteristic -feature; -on the younger -trunk and large -limbs it is smooth, -greenish-gray in -color. The outer -bark of limbs and -upper trunk flakes -off in large patches -and exposes the -nearly white younger -bark. Near the -base of old trees, -the bark becomes -thick, dark brown -and divided by deep -furrows.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig74"> -<img src="images/img037a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="517" /> -<p class="caption">AMERICAN SYCAMORE (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and leaf, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, 4 to 7 inches -long and about as broad; light green and smooth above, -and paler below. The base of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a> is hollow and -in falling off exposes the winter bud. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_MultipleFruit">multiple FRUIT</a> forms a ball about 1 inch in diameter, which -hangs on its flexible <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a>—3 to 5 inches long. -During early spring the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> ball breaks up, and the -small <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nutlet">nutlets</a> are scattered widely by the wind.</p> -<p>The WOOD is hard and moderately strong, but -decays rapidly in the ground. It is used for butchers’ -blocks, tobacco boxes, furniture, and interior finish.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>HAWTHORN</b> (Haw) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Crataegus</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Hawthorn, as treated here, represents about 30 -different species and varieties distributed -throughout the state. Members of the group occur on -the poorest and richest soils, on the shallowest and -deepest, and on the limestone hills as well as on the -rich bottom and swamp lands. Most of the forms have -a common likeness in possessing thorns and bearing -white blossoms and red or yellow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>. Some species -are planted as ornamental trees, but otherwise the -group is of little commercial value.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig75"> -<img src="images/img038.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="403" /> -<p class="caption">HAWTHORN (Leaf and twig, two-thirds natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is generally thin, gray in color, and -on the old stems broken up into thin, narrow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, mostly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> -or wedge-shaped, notched on the edges, and usually -from 2 to 3 inches long.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are white, some fragrant and -others with a slightly unpleasant odor; they appear in -early spring. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> varies from <a class="gloss" href="#g_Globular">globular</a> to -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, from ¼ to ¾ inch in diameter; some when -ripe have a pulpy, sweet, edible flesh, surrounding -from 1 to 5 bony seeds.</p> -<p>The WOOD is strong, tough, heavy, hard, but -rarely used for any purpose.</p> -<p>Many species of birds are attracted to these trees -and bushes by the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and for the protection offered -for nesting. Blueberry hawthorn, <b>C. brachyacanthu</b>, -fruit ripens in the late summer and is valuable for -deer food. The fruit of most species ripens in the -fall, and one or two varieties yield a fruit highly -prized for making jelly.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_79">79</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>RIVERFLAT HAWTHORN</b> (Mayhew) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Crataegus opaca</b> Hook. and Arn.</span></h3> -<p>This species is a native of East Texas, being found -as far west as the Trinity River. It grows along -rivers at the edges of swamps and ponds, where water -stands a part of the year. These trees often form extensive -thickets. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> of this haw, unlike other -Texas haws, matures in late April or May. After the -fruit is gone, it is more difficult to distinguish it from -other haws. It is of low, spreading habit, sometimes -becoming a tree 20 to 30 feet high and about a foot in -diameter. It usually bears a few thorns about 1 inch -long on branches two years old.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig76"> -<img src="images/img038a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="427" /> -<p class="caption">RIVERFLAT HAWTHORN (Leaves, flowers, and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>On old trees the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is deeply fissured and divided -into dark brown, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. The wood -has no commercial value.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are about 2 inches long, pointed, -narrowing toward the stem, finely toothed from the -middle of the tip, sometimes slightly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a>, dull green, -and rather <a class="gloss" href="#g_Downy">downy</a> beneath.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS appearing in March are the largest -of <b>Crataegus</b>, 1 inch in diameter, white, and borne -in clusters of only 2 or 3. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, an unusually -large haw, is sometimes nearly an inch in diameter. -When fully ripe, these haws are scarlet, lustrous, mellow, -and pleasantly acid. The fruit is gathered in -large quantities for making mayhaw jelly.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_80">80</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>MEXICAN PLUM</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Prunus mexicana</b> S. Wats.</span></h3> -<p>This common wild plum is a small tree reaching 20 -to 25 feet in height and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. -Uncommonly it attains only large shrub size.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is dark, varying from gray to nearly -black. There are curling <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> on young branches -but on old trunks the bark becomes rough and deeply -furrowed.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig77"> -<img src="images/img039.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="401" /> -<p class="caption">MEXICAN PLUM (Leaf, three-fourths natural size; flowers and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES, when mature, are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a>, -abruptly pointed, -finely and doubly -toothed along -the margin, dark -yellow-green, -smooth and -shiny, thick and -firm, 2 to 3 inches -long by 1 to 2 -inches wide, narrowed -or rounded -at the base and -prominently veined -on both surfaces.</p> -<p>The white -FLOWERS appear -in numerous small clusters in March before the -leaves. With a profusion of flowers, this tree is one -of the delights of early spring in the woods. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, or plum, which ripens in late summer, is dark -purple-red color with a bluish “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a>”, about 1¼ -inches in diameter, and varies widely in its palatability. -The stone is about ¾ inch long, and smooth. The -dorsal edge is ridged; the ventral edge grooved.</p> -<p>This species of plum does not <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sucker">sucker</a> to form -thickets, is drought resistant, and has been used for -grafting stock for the production of commercial plums.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_81">81</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>FLATWOODS PLUM</b> (Black Sloe) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Prunus umbellata</b> Ell.</span></h3> -<p>This shrub or small tree with a short, often -crooked, or inclining trunk and a flat-topped head -and slender branches is rarely over 20 feet high. -Branchlets at first covered with a dense, pale pubescence, -soon become smooth and bright red during -the first year and dull dark brown the second year. It -occurs throughout the eastern portion of the state.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig78"> -<img src="images/img039a.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">FLATWOODS PLUM (Two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p><a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> ¼ inch thick, dark brown, almost black, and broken -diagonally into small, hard, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Appressed">appressed</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. -LEAVES bright bronze-green with red margins and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a> -when they unfold; at maturity, usually less than 2½ inches -long, ovate-lanceolate to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> with a rounded or slightly -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Cordate">cordate</a> base; leaf thin, dark green above, paler below; usually -furnished with two large dark glands at the base; margins -finely and sharply <a class="gloss" href="#g_Serrate">serrate</a> with incurved teeth.</p> -<p>Small white FLOWERS appearing in umbels of 3 or 4 -flowers before the leaves. Flowers ⅔ inch in diameter. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> -a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a> on a stem ½ to 1 inch long, round, ½ inch in diameter, -and with a tough, black, yellow, or bright red skin covered with -a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glaucous">glaucous</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a>, and with thick, acid flesh. Stone flattened, -brittle-walled, and wrinkled. Dorsal edge grooved; ventral edge -with conspicuous ridge. The fruit is relished by deer.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_82">82</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLACK CHERRY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Prunus serotina</b> Ehrh.</span></h3> -<p>A medium-sized tree, up to about 70 feet high -and 1 to 3 feet in diameter, black cherry is found -in eastern Texas and in the mountains of West Texas. -The forest-grown trees have long clear trunks with -little taper. Open-grown trees have short trunks with -many branches and irregular spreading <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crowns</a>. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on branches and young trunks is smooth and -bright reddish-brown, marked by conspicuous, narrow, -white, horizontal -lines, and has a -bitter almond -taste. On the -older trunks the -bark becomes -rough and broken -into thick, irregular -plates.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig79"> -<img src="images/img040.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="477" /> -<p class="caption">BLACK CHERRY (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES -are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> -to lance-like in -shape, 2 to 6 inches -long and 1-1½ -inches wide, -with fine, incurved -serrations, -shiny above, and paler beneath. Cattle eating -wilted leaves may be fatally poisoned.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a dull purplish-black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, about -as large as a pea, and is borne in long hanging <a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">panicles</a>. -The fruit ripens in late summer, is edible though -slightly bitter, and is relished by wildlife.</p> -<p>The WOOD is reddish-brown with yellowish <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>, -moderately heavy, hard, strong, fine-grained, -and does not warp or split in seasoning. With the exception -of black walnut, cherry lumber has a greater -unit value than any other <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hardwood">hardwood</a> of the eastern -United States. Cherry is prized for furniture.</p> -<p>The SOUTHWESTERN BLACK CHERRY, <b>Prunus -serotina</b> var. <b>rufula</b> (Woot. and Standl.) McVaugh -is found in the Guadalupe Mountains of West Texas. -At least five other cherry species are native to Texas. -All have shrubby growth.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>CAROLINA LAURELCHERRY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Prunus caroliniana</b> (Mill.) Ait.</span></h3> -<p>Called by many local names such as cherry laurel, -wild peach, and mock orange, this species is native -to the eastern portion of the state to the valley -of the Guadalupe River, where it is found on deep rich -moist bottomlands. It is apparently free from disease -and quite adaptable for landscape planting. It is usually -a small tree but sometimes reaches a height of 50 -to 60 feet and 18 inches in diameter when cultivated. -The partially withered leaves and young branches can -be fatal to animals browsing upon them, owing to -presence of poisonous hydrocyanic acid.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig80"> -<img src="images/img040a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="451" /> -<p class="caption">CAROLINA LAURELCHERRY (Two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is rather smooth, gray, and marked -by almost black blotches.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a>, oblong-lanceolate, -with a few tiny sharp teeth along the margins, dark -lustrous green above, paler below. They cling until -the second year.</p> -<p>The small white FLOWERS come in clusters, in -early spring. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a lustrous black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, -ripens in autumn, and clings until the following -spring. The fruit is eaten by some birds.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, -rich brown in color, with a thick, lighter colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_84">84</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>EBONY BLACKBEAD</b> (Texas Ebony) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Pithecellobium flexicaule</b> (Benth.) Coult.</span></h3> -<p>This beautiful evergreen occurs as a small tree or -shrub in South Texas from Matagorda Bay and -south into Mexico. Its short spreading branches, -forming a wide, round head, carry stout zigzag -brachlets, dark reddish-brown or light gray, armed -with <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a> stipular spines ¼ to ½ inch long.</p> -<p>The LEAVES, about 2 inches long, are feather-like -(twice <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pinnate">pinnate</a>) with <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sessile">sessile</a>, leathery <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> that -are dark green and shiny on the upper surface, paler -on the lower surface, and ¼ to ⅓ inch long.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig81"> -<img src="images/img041.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="381" /> -<p class="caption">EBONY BLACKBEAD (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS are light yellow or cream colored, -fragrant, and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a> from June to August in dense -cylindric or interrupted spikes 1½ inches long.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> ripens in the fall and remains on the -branches until after the flowering season the following -year. It is a flattened, curved, hairy <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a>, 4 to 6 -inches long, and about 1 inch wide.</p> -<p>The WOOD is very heavy, hard, close-grained, -dark red-brown tinged with purple, almost indestructible -when used for fence posts, and valued for cabinet -work.</p> -<p>The tree is considered the most valuable species -in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Mexicans use the -seed as a substitute for coffee.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_85">85</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>CATCLAW ACACIA</b> (Una de Gato) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Acacia greggii</b> A. Gray</span></h3> -<p>Found on dry gravelly mesas, the sides of low canyons -and the banks of mountain streams in the -Rio Grande Valley and westward, this small tree -rarely reaches a height of 30 feet, and has a trunk up -to 12 inches in diameter. The top or head consists of -numerous spreading branches and smooth pale brown -or red branchlets, armed with stout curved spines.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig82"> -<img src="images/img041a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="354" /> -<p class="caption">CATCLAW ACACIA (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and leaves, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The small, bipinnately <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> LEAVES with -1 to 3 pinnae, the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> of which are about ¼ inch -long.</p> -<p>The fragrant yellow FLOWERS appear during -the summer in dense, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a> spikes, usually -2 to 3 in a cluster at the end of a branch.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> matures by midsummer into a twisted -or distorted <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a>, 2 to 4 inches long by about ¾ inch -wide. The pod is smaller between each of the 6 to 8 -seeds, which are nearly round, flattened, dark brown -and shiny. The pods hang unopened on the branches -until the winter or the following spring.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, -durable, and clear brown or red in color.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_86">86</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>GREGG LEADTREE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Leucaena greggii</b> S. Wats.</span></h3> -<p>This small, beautiful tree grows wild in western -Texas from the upper San Saba River to Devil’s -River. It grows along the banks of streams and in -moist ravines, and reaches a size of 15 to 20 feet in -height and 4 to 5 inches in diameter.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig83"> -<img src="images/img042.jpg" alt="" width="392" height="600" /> -<p class="caption">GREGG LEADTREE (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are -finely and doubly -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>; with 10 -to 14 feather-like -pinnae, each containing -from 30 to -60 small <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, -arranged along <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> -sides of the -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Rachis">rachis</a>. Each leaflet -is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Elliptical">elliptical</a>, -grayish-green or -bluish-green, -smooth, and about -⅓ inch long.</p> -<p>The white -FLOWERS are -clustered in dense -round heads, about -1 inch in diameter, -borne on a long <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a>. -Each tiny -flower has protruding -hairs which -give the head a -fuzzy appearance.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pods</a>, or -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, are 6 to 8 -inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, and with -narrow wing-like edges.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, clear -brown streaked with red, with thin, clear <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>.</p> -<p>Two other species of mimosa are found in Texas: -<b>L. pulverulenta</b> (Schlect.) Benth., found above the -mouth of the Rio Grande; and <b>L. retusa</b> Benth., in Jeff -Davis, Kimble, Real, Uvalde, and Valverde Counties.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_87">87</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>HONEY MESQUITE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Prosopis juliflora</b> var. <b>glandulosa</b> (Torr.) Cockerell</span></h3> -<p>This well-known small tree is found in the central -and western part of the state. The short trunk, -usually only 6 to 8 inches in diameter, divides into -many branches forming a loose, open top or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a>.</p> -<p>The root system is very large, consisting of a -thick taproot sometimes extending downward to a -depth of 30 to 40 feet, with many radiating roots.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig84"> -<img src="images/img042a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="522" /> -<p class="caption">HONEY MESQUITE (One-fourth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are pinnately <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, consisting -of 12 to 20 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> attached along a central <a class="gloss" href="#g_Rachis">rachis</a>, or -“stem”, 8 to 10 inches long. The leaflets are often 2 -inches long, smooth, dark green, and pointed. Near -their bases are small spines.</p> -<p>The fragrant FLOWERS are tiny and in clusters -(spikes) from 2 to 4 inches long. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a> -about 4 to 9 inches, narrowed between each of the 10 -to 20 seeds enclosed in a thick sweet pulp, used by the -natives as food and eagerly sought by wildlife and -livestock.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, and dark reddish-brown in color. -It is much used for fuel and, because it is durable in the ground, -for fence posts.</p> -<p>Mesquite has long been designated as <b>P. juliflora</b> (Sw.) -D.C., with the varieties <b>glandulosa</b> (Torr.) Cockerell and <b>velutina</b> -(Woot.) Sarg. found in Texas.</p> -<p>WESTERN HONEY MESQUITE (<b>P. juliflora</b> var. <b>torreyana</b> -L. Benson) occurs in southern and Trans-Pecos regions of -Texas. This species is usually a shrub or sometimes a small -tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_88">88</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>EASTERN REDBUD</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Cercis canadensis</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Eastern Redbud, sometimes called Judas-tree -from its oriental relative of that name, is a small -tree scattered through the woods of East Texas to the -Brazos River. It attains a height of 25 to 50 feet and -a diameter of 6 to 12 inches. Its stout branches usually -form a wide flat head.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig85"> -<img src="images/img043.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="433" /> -<p class="caption">EASTERN REDBUD (Twig, two-thirds natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and leaf, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> of the trunk is divided into long narrow -plates, the bright red-brown surface separating -into thin <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, heart-shaped, entire, -3 to 5 inches long and wide, glossy green, turning a -bright clear yellow in autumn.</p> -<p>The conspicuous, bright purplish-red FLOWERS -are in clusters along the twigs and small branches, and -appear before or with the leaves in early spring.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is an <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, flattened, many-seeded -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a>, 2 to 4 inches long, reddish during the summer and -often hanging on the tree through the following summer.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark -brown in color, and of little commercial importance. -The redbud is cultivated as an ornamental tree and for -that purpose might be more generally planted in this -state.</p> -<p>Several varieties of <b>Cercis canadensis</b> have been -described in Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_89">89</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>HONEYLOCUST</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Gleditsia triacanthos</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Honeylocust occurs naturally in the eastern part -of the state to the Brazos River. It grows under -a wide variety of soil and moisture conditions and is -a popular tree for planting in the drier portions of -Texas. It reaches a diameter of 30 inches and a -height of 75 feet. -The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on old -trees is dark gray -and is divided into -thin, tight <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. -The strong, straight -or branched, brown, -sharp and shiny -thorns, which grow -on the 1-year-old -wood and remain -for many years, are -sufficient to identify -the honeylocust.</p> -<p>The LEAF is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pinnate">pinnate</a> -or feather-like, -with 18 to 28 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>; -or it is bi-pinnate, -consisting of -4 to 7 pairs of pinnae, -each 6 to 8 -inches long.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig86"> -<img src="images/img043a.jpg" alt="" width="425" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">HONEYLOCUST (Twig, three-quarters natural size; leaves and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-quarter natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a 10 -to 18 inch <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a>, is often twisted, 1 to 1½ inches wide, -flat, dark brown or black when ripe, and contains a -yellow sweetish pulp and dark brown seeds. The -seeds are hard and separated by pulp. The pods are -eaten by many animals, and as the seeds are hard to -digest, many are widely scattered from the parent -tree.</p> -<p>The WOOD is coarse-grained, hard, strong, and -moderately durable in contact with the ground.</p> -<p>Honeylocust is a good tree to substitute for the -black locust which has been almost exterminated in -West Texas by the locust borer.</p> -<p>TEXAS HONEYLOCUST (<b>G. texana</b> Sarg.), -found in the Brazos River bottomlands, is reported to -be a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hybrid">hybrid</a> between <b>G. triacanthos</b> and <b>G. aquatica</b>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_90">90</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WATERLOCUST</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Gleditsia aquatica</b> Marsh.</span></h3> -<p>In river bottoms and swamps along the Gulf Coast -to the Brazos River and north to Arkansas is found -the waterlocust, a close relative of the well-known -black locust. It can be distinguished by the small -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a> having one seed, rarely two or three.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig87"> -<img src="images/img044.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="638" /> -<p class="caption">WATERLOCUST (One-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The waterlocust reaches a height of 60 feet and -diameter up to 3 feet. -The trunk is usually -short, dividing into -several spreading, and -often distorted, -branches. The branchlets -have sharp spines -from 3 to 5 inches in -length, dark red and -shiny.</p> -<p>The pinnately <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> -LEAVES are 5 -to 8 inches long with -12 to 20 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> arranged -on <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> -sides of the leaf <a class="gloss" href="#g_Rachis">rachis</a>. -Each leaflet is -an inch or so in -length, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, sometimes -slightly toothed -on the edge, dull green -or yellow-green above -and dark green on the -lower surface.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS appear in small clusters of green -flowers on purple <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pedicel">pedicels</a> in a raceme 3 to 4 inches -long, and grow from the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Axil">axil</a> of the leaf <a class="gloss" href="#g_Rachis">rachis</a> and -twig. The flowers <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a> well after the leaves are out. -The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pods</a> hang in graceful racemes. The pods -are 1 inch wide and 1 to 2 inches long, thin walled, -tough, papery, chestnut brown, and shiny. The SEEDS -are flattened, nearly round, about ½ inch wide, and -orange-brown.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, light reddish-brown, -and surrounded by a wide band of clear yellow -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLACK LOCUST</b> (Yellow Locust) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Robinia pseudoacacia</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Black locust is not native to Texas, so far as -known, but has been widely planted here and has -escaped from cultivation. Black locust requires deep, -well-drained, moist soil for good growth. It grows indifferently -to poorly on well-drained, dry sites. Of -late years it has been -severely damaged by the -locust borer and is no -longer recommended for -planting in pure stands.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig88"> -<img src="images/img044a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="731" /> -<p class="caption">BLACK LOCUST (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The twigs and branchlets -are armed with paired, -straight or slightly -curved, sharp, strong -spines, sometimes as -much as 1 inch in length, -which remain attached -to the outer <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> for -many years.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pinnate">pinnate</a>, -or feather-like, -from 6 to 10 inches long, -with 7 to 19 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, thin -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are -fragrant, white or -cream-colored, and appear -in graceful pendant -racemes.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a> -from 3 to 5 inches long -containing 4 to 8 small hard seeds which ripen late in -the fall. The pod splits open during the winter, discharging -most of the seeds. Some seeds usually remain -attached to each half of the pod.</p> -<p>The WOOD is yellow, coarse-grained, heavy, very -hard, strong, and durable in contact with the soil. It -is used extensively for fence posts, poles, tree nails, -insulator pins, and occasionally for lumber and fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_92">92</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>HERCULES-CLUB</b> (Prickly-Ash) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Zanthoxylum clava-herculis</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>This tree is a native of East Texas and ranges westerly -to the valley of the Colorado River and northward -to Dallas and Tarrant Counties, and to some extent -to the Rio Grande Valley. It is a small tree, -seldom over 30 feet in height, with a short trunk usually -under 1 foot in diameter. It seems to prefer a -well-drained, light, sandy soil, and is often found growing -on bluffs near rivers.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig89"> -<img src="images/img045.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="492" /> -<p class="caption">HERCULES-CLUB (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size; spines natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is the most characteristic feature of this tree. -It is gray, and with numerous corky tubercles. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Aromatic">aromatic</a> -inner bark, with its strong <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pungent">pungent</a> juice, has given this tree a -number of local names, such as “tingle-tongue”, and “toothache -tree.” The inner bark was a favorite in old-time home remedies -for the relief of toothache.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, 5 to 8 inches long, with 7 to -17 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a>, toothed, bright green <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>.</p> -<p>The small, pale green FLOWERS, borne in loose, wide-branched -cymes, 4 to 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a> -in early spring when the leaves are almost half grown. The -small <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a one-seeded <a class="gloss" href="#g_Carpel">carpel</a>, ripens in early summer. The -seeds hang outside the carpels and are eaten by birds.</p> -<p>The soft, light brown WOOD has no special known value.</p> -<p>A variety, <b>fruiticosum</b> (A. Gray) S. Wats., is a shrubby -form found in West Texas. It has short, often 3-foliate, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a> -leaves and blunt, leathery <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_93">93</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>COMMON HOPTREE</b> (Wafer-Ash) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Ptelea trifoliata</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>This small tree or large shrub is found scattered -over the eastern portion of the state. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> -and leaves are bitter and strong-scented and possess -tonic qualities.</p> -<p>The hoptree has a straight, slender trunk 6 to 8 -inches in diameter and seldom reaches a height of -more than 20 feet.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig90"> -<img src="images/img045a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="382" /> -<p class="caption">COMMON HOPTREE (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a>, three-fourths natural size; leaf, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are composed of 3 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, sometimes -5, each of which is <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> or pear-shaped and -pointed, about 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 3 inches -wide, and dark green on the upper surface. The central -leaflet is the largest.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> consists of a small, round, 2-seeded, -winged “key” or “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Samara">samara</a>”, resembling somewhat the -familiar paper caps for toy pistols. The seeds occur -in dense drooping clusters and hang on the tree over -winter.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, yellowish-brown, and -close-grained. The shrub is often planted as an ornamental.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_94">94</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SHINING SUMAC</b> (Dwarf or Flameleaf Sumac) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Rhus copallina</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Shining sumac is found growing naturally west -to the San Antonio River. It is more commonly -a shrub than a tree and grows in clumps and thickets -around the edges of the fields and in other open places. -The leaves turn crimson in the fall and add a vivid -note to the autumn coloring. The tree spreads by -means of shallow root-runners.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is almost smooth, with horizontal splashes of -light and dark gray, and many small excrescences. This papery -outer bark cracks at irregular intervals, exposing spots of reddish-brown -beneath.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig91"> -<img src="images/img046.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="438" /> -<p class="caption">SHINING SUMAC (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, 6 to 8 inches long, -with 9 to 21 small ovate-lanceolate <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, glossy green above, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Downy">downy</a> beneath. This sumac is easily distinguished from others -by the fact that the leaf <a class="gloss" href="#g_Rachis">rachis</a> is winged. The leaves are rich -in tannin, and are used in large quantities for curing leather, -and for the manufacture of dyes.</p> -<p>The tiny, pale green FLOWERS are borne in compact <a class="gloss" href="#g_Conical">conical</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">panicles</a> in July. Male and female flowers are borne on -separate trees. The small <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is red, covered with short -hairs, and has an acid taste. The fruits cling, and are eaten by -birds in late winter.</p> -<p>The reddish-brown WOOD is soft, light, and coarse-grained.</p> -<p>PRAIRIE SUMAC (<b>R. lanceolata</b> [A. Gray] Britton) is -found on the prairies of eastern Texas to the valley of the Rio -Grande, often forming thickets on the banks of small streams. -This species is distinguished by its narrow, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Acute">acute</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> and its -larger flowers and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_95">95</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>POISON-SUMAC</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Toxicodendron vernix</b> (L.) Kountze</span></h3> -<p>All parts of this beautiful plant give off toxic oils -that may irritate and blister the skin like the -oils of poison ivy. Poison-sumac may grow as a shrub -with several clustered stems, or as a tree occasionally -25 feet high with a trunk 5 to 6 inches in diameter. -The slender, smooth branchlets are at first reddish-brown -with orange-colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lenticel">lenticels</a>, later becoming -light gray and marked with elevated and conspicuous -<a class="gloss" href="#g_LeafScar">leaf-scars</a>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig92"> -<img src="images/img046a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="419" /> -<p class="caption">POISON-SUMAC (Leaf, one-half natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> often larger)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> LEAVES are quite different -from those of other sumacs, shaped more like -those of ash, for which reason it is often called “poison -ash.” The leaf-stems are always reddish, and usually -quite conspicuous. The leaves are 7 to 14 inches long, -with 7 to 13 ovate-oblong <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, 3 to 4 inches long. -The leaflets are bright green above, paler beneath, -usually with a red <a class="gloss" href="#g_Midrib">midrib</a>.</p> -<p>The small FLOWERS are borne in <a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">panicles</a> much -less compact than those of other sumacs. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> -is a lustrous white <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, born in slender, drooping -panicles. The fruit matures in September and is eaten -by birds and rabbits. The sap can be used to make a -black, durable varnish.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>AMERICAN HOLLY</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Ilex opaca</b> Ait.</span></h3> -<p>American holly is found on rich, moist soils -of bottomlands in East Texas and westward to -Wilson County. A tree often 50 feet high, frequently -attains heights of 80 to 100 feet and diameters up to -4 feet. A large specimen may be seen at the Texas -Forest Service’s Indian Mound Nursery near Alto.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig93"> -<img src="images/img047.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="591" /> -<p class="caption">AMERICAN HOLLY (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is light gray and roughened by wart-like -growths. The numerous, short, slender branches -form a dense <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pyramidal">pyramidal</a> head -of striking dark green color -which is more pronounced -when the conspicuous red -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupes</a> are present.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, rather <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a>, thick -and leathery, 2 to 4 inches -long and usually armed with -spiny teeth. They remain on -the branches three years, -dropping off in the spring.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are small -and whitish; male and female -flowers are usually borne on -separate trees. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, -ripening late in the fall on -the trees bearing female flowers, -is dull red or sometimes -yellow, round or somewhat oval-shaped berry-like -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a> about ¼ inch in diameter and with 4 to 6 -grooved, ribbed <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nutlet">nutlets</a>.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, tough, not strong, white when -cut, turning brown when aged. Valued and much used -for cabinet making, interior finish, and turnery. Many -of the largest and best holly trees have been cut and -marketed.</p> -<p>Holly is a highly desirable Christmas decoration -and a desirable ornamental tree for yards. Wild holly -is becoming scarce. Excessive cuttings should be -avoided.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_97">97</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>YAUPON</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Ilex vomitoria</b> Ait.</span></h3> -<p>This close relative of the American holly is found -in East Texas to Matagorda Bay, Rio Blanco and -the Guadalupe River, and north to southern Arkansas. -On the rich bottomlands of eastern Texas, yaupon is -a small tree, 20 to 25 feet high with a trunk rarely -over 6 inches in diameter; elsewhere it is a shrub.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are 1 to 2 inches long, ¼ to 1 inch wide, -thick, glossy green above, paler below, and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a> for 2 or -3 years.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig94"> -<img src="images/img047a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="512" /> -<p class="caption">YAUPON (Two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The FLOWERS, male and female, are borne on separate -plants. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a scarlet berry-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, is produced in -great abundance by the female plant.</p> -<p>The WOOD is of little value except for fuel.</p> -<p>Yaupon is used in the South as a hedge plant, and is much -prized for Christmas decorations. A tea made from leaves was -once popular with the Indians. The plant is now grown on the -Atlantic Coast for the commercial production of yaupon tea for -medicinal purposes.</p> -<p><b>I. decidua</b> Walt. known as POSSUM HAW (WINTER -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">BERRY</a>) is similar to yaupon, but the leaves shed in the fall; -the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruits</a>, which remain over winter, are orange to orange-scarlet -in color.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_98">98</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SILVER MAPLE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Acer saccharinum</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Silver, or soft, maple is found on moist land and -along streams in the extreme eastern part of the -state. In its best region of growth, the valley of the -lower Ohio River, it attains heights of 100 feet or more -and diameters of 3 feet or over.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig95"> -<img src="images/img048.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="487" /> -<p class="caption">SILVER MAPLE (Twig and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size; leaf, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on old -trunks is dark gray and -broken into long flakes -or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. The twigs are -slender, brittle, reddish-brown, -and shiny.</p> -<p>The buds are rounded, -red or reddish-brown, -blunt-pointed, generally -like those of red maple.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> -LEAVES have from 3 to -5 lobes ending in long -points with toothed margins -and separated by -deep angular <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sinus">sinuses</a> or -openings; the leaves are -pale green on the upper surface, silvery-white underneath, -and have a red <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a>.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS arising from the large prominent -flower buds are a greenish-yellow color and appear in -clusters in the spring before the leaves. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> -ripens in the spring and consists of a pair of wing -samaras or “keys” with wings 1 to 2 inches long on a -slender, flexible, thread-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a> about an inch -long.</p> -<p>The WOOD is soft, weak, even-textured, rather -brittle, easily worked, and decays readily when exposed. -It is occasionally used for flooring, furniture -and fuel.</p> -<p>The silver maple grows rapidly and has been -planted in Texas as a shade tree. It is somewhat undesirable -because of its brittleness and susceptibility -to insects and fungus diseases.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_99">99</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>RED MAPLE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Acer rubrum</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Red maple is abundant in low moist areas in the -eastern part of the state. It is usually a medium-sized -tree, quick-growing, and relatively short-lived. -It is used as a shade tree, though of inferior quality -for this purpose. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is smooth and light gray -on young limbs and trunks, and dark gray and rough -on old limbs and trunks.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are 2 -to 5 inches long and -have from 3 to 5 pointed, -saw-toothed lobes -separated by sharp angular -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Sinus">sinuses</a> or openings. -The upper leaf surface when mature is -light green, the lower -surface whitish and -partly covered with -pale down. In autumn -the leaves turn to brilliant -shades of red, orange, -and yellow.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig96"> -<img src="images/img048a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="522" /> -<p class="caption">RED MAPLE (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The red FLOWERS -appear in dense clusters -in early spring before -the leaves, the buds turning a deep red sometimes -before they open. The winter buds are small, red, and -round or blunt-pointed. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> ripens in the late -spring or early summer. It consists of pairs of winged -samaras, or keys, ½ to 1 inch in length, on a long -drooping <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a> (fruit stem), red, reddish-brown, -or yellow in color.</p> -<p>The WOOD, known commercially as soft maple, -is heavy, close-grained, rather weak, and of a light -brown color. It is used in the manufacture of furniture, -and for turnery, woodenware, and fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_100">100</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BOXELDER</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Acer negundo</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Boxelder, the only Texas maple with <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> -leaves, is a native of eastern and southern Texas -to the lower Rio Blanco River. It is generally found -on the banks of streams and lakes and the borders of -swamps. It grows rapidly, making a quick shade, and -is quite shapely. The branches are brittle and break -easily. The tree is short-lived and rather subject to -disease. It sometimes attains a height of 50 to 60 feet, -with a trunk 2 feet in diameter, but is usually smaller.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig97"> -<img src="images/img049.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="474" /> -<p class="caption">BOXELDER (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> of the twigs is green; of the trunk -grayish-brown, divided into broad, rounded ridges, and -separating on the surface into short, thick <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, usually -with 5 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, occasionally 3 or 7. The leaflets are -2 to 4 inches long, coarsely and irregularly toothed, -light green above, paler beneath.</p> -<p>The tiny FLOWERS are borne in drooping clusters. -The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is like that of the other maples, -green, turning light tan when mature. Unlike the -seeds of other maples, they cling until after the leaves -are shed.</p> -<p>The WOOD is creamy-white, light, and soft and -weak but close-grained. It is sometimes used in other -states for the manufacture of low grade furniture and -interior finish; it is also used for woodenware, cooperage, -and paper pulp.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_101">101</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>OHIO BUCKEYE</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Aesculus glabra</b> Willd.</span></h3> -<p>Ohio buckeye occurs as far west as eastern Texas -along streams in rich soils. Though often only -a shrub, it becomes a medium-sized tree in rich alluvial -bottoms. Its leaves and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> are poisonous to stock.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is white and, on old trees, divided or -broken into light brown flat <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>, which make the -stems of the tree rough; the bark is ill-smelling when -bruised.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig98"> -<img src="images/img049a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="379" /> -<p class="caption">OHIO BUCKEYE (Twig, two-thirds natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a>, one-third natural size; leaf, one-fourth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a>, palmately compounded, -with 5 to 7 smooth, pale green <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, ill-smelling -when bruised. The leaves usually turn yellow during -the summer.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are cream-colored and appear in -clusters, 5 to 8 inches long, in April or May.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is generally rounded, pale brown, generally -thin-walled, roughened with blunt <a class="gloss" href="#g_Prickle">prickles</a> or -warts, and breaking into 2 to 3 valves, disclosing the -bright shiny seeds 1 to 1½ inches wide.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft and weak, and decays -rapidly when exposed. It is used for woodenware, -artificial limbs, paper pulp, lumber, and fuel.</p> -<p><b>Aesculus pavia</b> L., the RED BUCKEYE, is found as a -shrub in Comal and Wilson Counties and is common through -eastern Texas to Bexar and Kendall Counties, as a shrub 9 to -12 inches high. This species was formerly classified as <b>A. discolor</b> -Parsh and <b>A.d.</b> var. <b>Mollis</b> (Raf.) Sarg.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_102">102</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WESTERN SOAPBERRY</b> (Wild China-Tree) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Sapindus drummondii</b> Hook. Arn.</span></h3> -<p>This species, sometimes called Indian soap plant, -grows on moist clay soils or dry limestone uplands. -It ranges through eastern Texas to New Mexico -and the Rio Grande, becoming a tree 40 to 50 feet -high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, with usually erect -branches, and branchlets at first slightly many-angled.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig99"> -<img src="images/img050.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="465" /> -<p class="caption">WESTERN SOAPBERRY (Leaf, two-fifths natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is broken by deep <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fissures">fissures</a> into long -narrow plates which in turn are broken on the surface -into small red-brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The LEAVES appearing in March or April, bear -4 to 9 pairs of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> or both, lance-shaped -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> which are pale, yellow-green, about 2½ inches -long and ½ to ⅔ inch wide. The leaves fall in autumn -or early winter.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are whitish, in large, dense <a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">panicles</a>.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, round yellow berries, ½ inch in diameter, -and containing dark brown seeds, ripen in -September and October and fall in the spring.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, strong, close-grained, light -brown tinged with yellow. It splits easily into thin -strips and is used for cotton basket and the frames -of pack saddles.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_103">103</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>AMERICAN BASSWOOD</b> (American Linden) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Tilia americana</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Three species of basswood are reported to grow -in Texas from the Arkansas line to the Brazos -River and westward to Uvalde, Kerr and Bandera -Counties, usually on rich, moist soils. They are rarely -over 50 feet tall and 12 inches in diameter.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is light brown and deeply furrowed.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig100"> -<img src="images/img050a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="386" /> -<p class="caption">AMERICAN BASSWOOD (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are more or less heart-shaped, 3 -to 6 inches long, thin, saw-toothed, smooth on both -sides in some species, but woolly on the under surface -of others.</p> -<p>The fragrant FLOWERS, a favorite of bees, are -yellowish-white, in drooping clusters opening in early -summer, and the flower-stem is united to the middle -of a long, narrow, leaf-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bract">bract</a>.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a dry, 1 to 2-seeded nut-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, -¼ to ½ inch in diameter, is covered with short, thick, -gray-brown wool. It remains attached in clusters to -the leafy <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bract">bract</a>, which later acts as a wing to bear the -fruit away in the wind.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft, tough, not durable, and -light brown in color. It is used in states where the -growth is better for the manufacture of pulp, woodenware, -furniture, trunks, excelsior, and many other -articles. The principal use of basswoods in Texas is -for shade and ornament.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_104">104</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>DEVILS-WALKINGSTICK</b> (Hercules-Club) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Aralia spinosa</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>This tree, a native of Northeast Texas, is armed -from the ground up with many sharp spines, a -characteristic that has given the tree many names -such as Hercules-club, prickly-elder, and prickly-ash. -The last name properly belongs to another tree. Devils-walkingstick -possesses sufficient beauty to compensate -for its spitefulness. The tree is usually small, -but occasionally attains a height of 30 feet, the leaves -forming a flat-topped, spreading <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig101"> -<img src="images/img051.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="377" /> -<p class="caption">DEVILS-WALKINGSTICK (Branch, one-half natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> greatly reduced)</p> -</div> -<p>The brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is divided by broad shallow -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fissures">fissures</a> into circular, horizontal ridges. The sharp -spines along its trunk best identify this tree.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are doubly compounded, or bi-pinnate, -the main <a class="gloss" href="#g_Rachis">rachis</a> (leaf-stem) 3 or 4 feet long, -clasping the stem with an enlarged base, and leaving -conspicuous scars when they fall. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> -are toothed, pointed, dark green above and paler beneath. -They turn yellow in autumn.</p> -<p>In mid-summer each plant bears one immense -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">panicle</a> of small, white FLOWERS, which rises well -above the leaves. The tree presents its most striking -appearance in autumn when the small black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> -ripens, for the fruit-stems turn a rich wine-red. Birds -eat the juicy <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupes</a>. The WOOD is of no commercial -importance.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_105">105</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>BLACK TUPELO</b> (Blackgum) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Nyssa sylvatica</b> Marsh.</span></h3> -<p>Black gum, often called sour gum, is found in -eastern Texas to the valley of the Brazos River; -usually in swampy wet soil, but sometimes on dry -slopes with the oaks.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> on younger trees is furrowed between -flat ridges, and gradually develops into quadrangular -blocks that are dense, hard, and nearly black.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig102"> -<img src="images/img051a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="465" /> -<p class="caption">BLACK TUPELO (Twig, leaf, and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, 2 to 3 inches long, entire, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a> -to elliptic, shiny, and dark green in color. In the fall the -leaves turn brilliant red.</p> -<p>The greenish FLOWERS on long, slender peduncles appear -in early spring when the leaves are about one-third grown. -They are usually of two kinds, the male in many-flowered heads, -and the female in two or several-flowered clusters on different -trees. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is drupe-like, dark blue ⅔ inch long, containing -a single hard-shelled stone, and is borne 2 to 3 in a -cluster on 1 to 2½-inch peduncles.</p> -<p>The WOOD is very tough, cross-grained, not durable in -contact with the soil, hard to work, and warps easily. Once considered -a weed tree, the species is now valuable for basket -veneer, box boards, and paper pulp. In the old days, the hollow -trunks were used for “bee-gums.”</p> -<p><b>Swamp tupelo</b> (<b>N. s.</b> var. <b>biflora</b> [Walt.] Sarg.), found -mainly on the Coastal Plain, has narrowly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a> to narrowly -oblanceolate leaves and fruiting peduncles ⅜ to 1⅜ inches long. -The base of the trunk is swollen when submerged.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_106">106</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WATER TUPELO</b> (Cotton-Gum or Tupelo-Gum) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Nyssa aquatica</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Water tupelo is found only in deep river swamps -or coastal swamps which are often flooded. The -commonly enlarged base, large-sized <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, hanging -on a long <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a> (stem), and the brittleness of the -twigs, serve to distinguish this species from the black -gum. It forms a tall, often slowly tapering somewhat -crooked trunk 50 to 75 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet -in diameter. The spreading small branches form a -narrow, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pyramidal">pyramidal</a> head. The branches are -generally smooth and light brown in color. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> -of the trunk is thin, dark brown and furrowed up and -down the trunk.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig103"> -<img src="images/img052.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="575" /> -<p class="caption">WATER TUPELO (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> in -shape, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Acute">acute</a> and often -long-pointed. When mature -they are thick, dark -green and lustrous on -the upper side, pale and -somewhat <a class="gloss" href="#g_Downy">downy</a> on the -lower side, 5 to 7 inches -long and 2 to 4 inches -wide, wedge-shaped at -the base, and entire or -irregularly toothed on -the margin. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a> -is stout, 1 to 2 inches -long, grooved, and enlarged -at the base.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS, -which appear in March -or April are of two kinds, -usually borne on separate -trees, the male flowers in dense round clusters, -and the female flowers solitary.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, ripening in early fall, is a dark purple -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a> in shape, about 1 inch -long, with a thick, tough skin enclosing a flattened -stone, and borne on a slender <a class="gloss" href="#g_Peduncle">peduncle</a> 3 to 4 inches -long.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft, and not strong. It is -used for woodenware, broom handles, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and vegetable -baskets, marketed as tupelo or bay poplar lumber, -and paper pulp.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_107">107</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>FLOWERING DOGWOOD</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Cornus florida</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Dogwood grows in the forests of eastern Texas, -usually under the larger forest trees. It is a -small tree, up to 30 feet high and 12 inches in diameter, -occasionally larger, with a rather flat and -spreading <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a> and short, often crooked trunk.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig104"> -<img src="images/img052a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="601" /> -<p class="caption">FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size; twig, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is reddish-brown to black and broken -up into small 4-sided, scaly blocks.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a>, 3 to 5 inches -long, 2 to 3 inches wide, -pointed, entire or wavy -on the margin, prominently -veined, bright -green above, pale green -or grayish beneath.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS, -which unfold from the -conspicuous, round, -grayish, winter flower -buds before the leaves -come out, are small, -greenish-yellow, arranged -in dense heads -surrounded by large -white or pinkish petal-like -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bract">bracts</a>, which appear -like large spreading -flowers 2 to 4 inches -across.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a bright -scarlet <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a> one-half an -inch long and containing -a hard, two-celled <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nutlet">nutlet</a> containing 1 or 2 seeds. Usually -several fruits are contained in one head, and are -relished by birds, squirrels, and other animals.</p> -<p>The WOOD is hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, -and brown to red in color. It is in demand for cotton-mill -machinery, turnery, handles, and forms.</p> -<p>With its masses of early spring flowers, its dark -red autumn foliage, and bright red berries, dogwood -is probably our most ornamental native tree. It should -be used more extensively in eastern Texas for ornamental -planting.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_108">108</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>TREE SPARKLEBERRY</b> (Farkleberry) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Vaccinium arboreum</b> Marsh.</span></h3> -<p>In the coastal belt of eastern Texas as far as Matagorda -Bay, farkleberry, or tree huckleberry, grows -in moist sandy soil along the banks of ponds and -streams. Although it is found from Virginia to Missouri -and southward, it reaches its largest size, 20 to -30 feet, near the Gulf -Coast of Texas. The -crooked trunk may attain -a diameter of 8 to -10 inches. Further inland -it is a large shrub.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig105"> -<img src="images/img053.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="707" /> -<p class="caption">TREE SPARKLEBERRY (Nearly natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> -and glossy green, varying -up to 2 inches in -length and 1 inch in -width. They are mostly -evergreen, or at least -persist on the twigs during -the winter.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are -small, white, and bell-shaped, -and appear in -long open clusters on -racemes.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> consist of -small, round, shiny, -nearly black berries -which ripen in the fall -and, unless eaten by -birds or animals, remain -until spring. They have -a slightly puckering but -pleasing flavor.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, and -light reddish-brown. It is sometimes used for tool -handles.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_109">109</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>GUM BUMELIA</b> (Woolly Buckthorn—Gum-Elastic) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Bumelia lanuginosa</b> (Michx.) Pers.</span></h3> -<p>Gum bumelia, often called false buckthorn or -chittamwood, occurs along streams in sandy -woods in eastern Texas to the San Antonio River and -over the Edwards Plateau to Palo Pinto County. It -reaches its largest development probably in Central -Texas where it occasionally grows as a tree 80 feet -high and 3 feet in diameter.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig106"> -<img src="images/img053a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="354" /> -<p class="caption">GUM BUMELIA (Three-fourths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The branches are short, stout, and stiff, and often -armed with straight or curved spines.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, more or less grouped -near the ends of short spurs; rounded at the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Apex">apex</a>, narrowed -at the base; thick, firm, dark green and shiny -above, and rusty-woolly beneath. They are from 1 to -more than 2 inches long and up to ¾ inch wide.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are small and open in summer, -each borne on a hairy flower-stem (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Pedicel">pedicel</a>) about ⅛ -inch long. They are borne in <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fascicle">fascicles</a> of 15 to 18, -near the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Axil">axils</a> of the new leaves or near the <a class="gloss" href="#g_LeafScar">leaf-scars</a> -of old leaves. The petals are white and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a>. The -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> is fleshy, black, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, about ½ inch in length, -borne singly or in a cluster of 2 or 3, and usually dry -and firm on the outside and contain a light brown, -firm rounded seed. The ripe fruit falls from the tree -in autumn.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light brown streaked with white and surrounded -by a band of lighter colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. It is heavy, hard, -and close-grained.</p> -<p><b>B. lanuginosa</b> var. <b>Rigida</b> A. Gray, is found in western -and southern Texas, while <b>B. lycioides</b> L. Pers., is found in -eastern Texas to Milam County.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_110">110</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>COMMON PERSIMMON</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Diospyros virginiana</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Persimmon is a well known tree throughout its -range. It is small, rarely exceeding 50 feet in -height and 18 inches in diameter, occurring in the -state as far west as the Colorado River. It prefers -dry, open situations, and is most abundant in old -fields, though it occurs on rich bottomlands.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig107"> -<img src="images/img054.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="471" /> -<p class="caption">COMMON PERSIMMON (Leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size; twig, three-fourths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> of old trees -is almost black and separated -into thick, nearly -square blocks.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a>, entire, 4 to -6 inches long, dark green -and shining above, paler -beneath.</p> -<p>The small FLOWERS, -which appear in May, -are yellowish or cream-white, -somewhat bell-shaped, -the male and female -flowers occurring -on separate trees; the -male in clusters of 2 or -3, the female solitary. -They are visited by many insects.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a pulpy, round, orange-colored or -brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>, an inch or more in diameter and containing -several flattened, hard, smooth seeds. The fruit is -strongly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Astringent">astringent</a> while green, but often quite sweet -and delicious when thoroughly ripe. It is relished by -both man and animals, especially after a few frosty -nights.</p> -<p>The WOOD is hard, dense, strong, the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a> -brown or black, the wide <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a> white or yellowish. -It is particularly valued for shuttles, golf club heads, -and similar special uses, but is not of sufficient commercial -use to warrant its growth as a timber tree.</p> -<p>The TEXAS or BLACK PERSIMMON (<b>D. texana</b> -Scheele) is described on <a href="#Page_127">page 127</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_111">111</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>COMMON SWEETLEAF</b> (Horse-Sugar) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Symplocos tinctoria</b> (L.) L’Hér.</span></h3> -<p>Sweetleaf is usually found along the borders of -streams and swamps, chiefly in East Texas. It -seldom grows to a height of more than 30 feet or a -diameter of more than 8 inches. The slender upright -branches, forming an open head, are bluish or grayish, -and decidedly roughened by elevated <a class="gloss" href="#g_LeafScar">leaf-scars</a>, or -places of attachment of the last crop of leaves.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig108"> -<img src="images/img054a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="328" /> -<p class="caption">COMMON SWEETLEAF (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and flowers about natural size; leaf, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The thick, shiny, dark green LEAVES, arranged -alternately along the stem, vary from 5 to 6 inches in -length and 1 to 2 inches in width. They remain on the -twigs until spring. The leaves are sweet and eagerly -sought for food by livestock.</p> -<p>The tiny, pale yellow fragrant FLOWERS are -produced in close clusters at intervals along the -branchlets. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a small, one-seeded <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, -has a thin dark orange or brown skin. The fruit is -eaten to some extent by deer.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft and pale red or brown, -and has no commercial value. Both leaves and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> -yield a yellow dye. The bitter <a class="gloss" href="#g_Aromatic">aromatic</a> roots have -been used as a tonic.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_112">112</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>TWO-WING SILVERBELL</b> (Snowdrop Tree) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Halesia diptera</b> Ellis</span></h3> -<p>This attractive tree or shrub, may grow as a small -tree, sometimes as much as 30 feet high, with -a trunk 6 to 10 inches in diameter. It occurs in rich, -wet woods and on the borders of swamps and streams, -but is adaptable to many sites. It is found in the -southeastern portion of Texas, being a native of the -Gulf Region.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig109"> -<img src="images/img055.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="464" /> -<p class="caption">TWO-WING SILVERBELL (Twig, leaf, and flower one-half natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> about one-sixth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> of the trunk is -brown, divided by irregular -longitudinal <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fissures">fissures</a>, and -separating on the surface -into thin <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. The bark -on the twigs forms long, -loose, brown fibers, which -makes it easy to identify -during the winter.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> to -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a> LEAVES are bright -green above, paler and -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Downy">downy</a> underneath, 3 to 4 -inches long, and 2 to 2½ -inches wide. They are much -larger on young shoots. The leaves have minute callous -teeth.</p> -<p>The white FLOWERS, usually about 1 inch long, -come before the leaves and are borne in clusters of 3 -to 5. The tree is charming when thickly hung with -its “silver bells.” The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is about 2 inches long -with two wide, thin wings, and two (rarely three) narrow -wings in between.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft, strong, close-grained, -and light brown, with thick, lighter-colored <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. -It is not of commercial importance.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_113">113</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>CAROLINA ASH</b> (Water Ash) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Fraxinus caroliniana</b> Mill.</span></h3> -<p>Water ash is common in shaded swamps, westward -to the valley of the Neches River. It forms -a tree, rarely more than 40 feet high, with a trunk -sometimes 12 inches in diameter, and has small -branches, making a narrow, often round-topped head.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig110"> -<img src="images/img055a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="498" /> -<p class="caption">CAROLINA ASH (Leaflet and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, three-fourths natural size; leaf, one-fourth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is thin, light gray, and marked by -large irregularly shaped round patches which separate -into small, thin, close <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are compounded, 7 to 12 inches -long, thick and firm when mature, with 5 to 7, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> -to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, finely to coarsely toothed <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, 3 to 6 -inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, dark green above, and -paler below.</p> -<p>The small male and female FLOWERS appear on -separate trees, in February or March. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> -is elliptic to oblong-ovate, frequently three-winged, 2 -inches long, ⅓ to ¾ inch wide. The wing extends -below the body of the fruit and narrows into a stipitate -(stalk-like) base.</p> -<p>The WOOD is light, soft, weak, close-grained, -nearly white, sometimes yellowish, with thick, lighter-colored -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. It is used chiefly for fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_114">114</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>WHITE ASH</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Fraxinus americana</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>White ash is found in East Texas to the valley -of the Trinity River. It grows best in the rich -moist soils of upper bottomlands. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> is gray -and furrowed, the branchlets smooth and gray with -rust-colored winter buds.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig111"> -<img src="images/img056.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="450" /> -<p class="caption">WHITE ASH (Twig and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size; leaf, one-third natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> LEAVES are generally -straight, 8 to 12 inches long, with 5 to 9 (usually 7) -sharp pointed <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, dark green above and paler and -whitish beneath.</p> -<p>The male and female FLOWERS appear on separate -trees, the male in dense reddish-purple clusters -and the female in more open branches. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> -is a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Samara">samara</a>, 1 to 1½ inches long, resembling the blade -of a canoe paddle in outline, with the smooth, terete -body at the handle end. The fruit matures in late -summer and is distributed effectively by the winds.</p> -<p>The WOOD of white ash is extremely valuable because -of its toughness and elasticity. It is preferred -for small tool handles, athletic equipment, and agricultural -implements, and is used extensively for furniture -and interior finish.</p> -<p>The ashes comprise the only group of trees in -eastern America that have <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a>, pinnately <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> -leaves with 5 or more <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>. This fact provides -a ready means of identifying the group. There -are at least seven other species of ash in Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_115">115</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>GREEN ASH</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</b> Marsh.</span></h3> -<p>Green ash is a common tree along streams as far -west as the Guadalupe River. It attains a height -of 50 feet or more, has spreading branches and a trunk -ranging up to 2 feet in diameter. The TWIGS are -smooth, round, and ashy gray, marked by pale <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lenticel">lenticels</a> -and rusty <a class="gloss" href="#g_BudScales">bud-scales</a>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig112"> -<img src="images/img056a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="710" /> -<p class="caption">GREEN ASH (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a>, two-thirds natural size; leaf, one-third natural size; twig, three-fourths natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is -½ inch or more -thick; brown, -tinged with red, -and slightly furrowed -or ridged. -The LEAVES -are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>, -10 to 12 -inches long, with -5 to 9 pointed -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> slightly -toothed on the -margin. They -differ from those -of white ash in -being lustrous -green on both -sides or slightly -paler beneath. -The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Terminal">terminal</a> -leaflet is frequently -askew -from the main -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Axis">axis</a> of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Rachis">rachis</a>.</p> -<p>The small, -male and female -FLOWERS occur -on separate trees.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is flat, winged, 1 to 1½ inches long, -¼ to ⅓ inch wide, the wing portion extending well -down past the middle of the terete, many-rayed body. -The wing is sometimes square or slightly notched at -the outer end.</p> -<p>The WOOD is heavy, hard, rather strong, brittle, -and coarse-grained. It is used for the same purposes -as white ash but is not as desirable.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_116">116</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>SWAMP PRIVET</b> (Common Adelia) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Forestiera acuminata</b> (Michx.) Poir.</span></h3> -<p>Swamp privet or forestiera is found along river -banks, lakes, and standing water over eastern -Texas to the Colorado River. It is usually a large -shrub but often becomes a small tree, less than 30 feet -high, with a short trunk usually less than 8 inches in -diameter. Its youngest branches are slender, somewhat -hairy, slightly angular, and vary in color from -yellowish-green to brown. They become darker and -more rounded the second season.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig113"> -<img src="images/img057.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="464" /> -<p class="caption">SWAMP PRIVET (Leaves, one-fifth natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is thin, dark brown to brownish-gray, -close, and slightly ridged.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are thin, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a>, 2½ to -4 inches long, 1 to 1½ inches wide, pointed at both -ends, yellowish-green on the upper surface, paler on -the lower surface, and slightly toothed above the -middle.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS appear in April before the leaves. -They are of two kinds, borne separately on the same -tree, rather small and in clusters.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a>, a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, falls when ripe in May or -June. It is about 1 inch long and ¼ inch wide, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a>, -and tipped with a point. The ripe fruit is deep purple, -and contains a tough, dry pulp and a one-seeded stone.</p> -<p>The WOOD is close-grained, yellowish-brown, -weak, and rather soft. It has no economic use.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_117">117</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>FRINGETREE</b> (White Fringetree) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Chionanthus virginicus</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Children give this tree, with its drooping, fringy, -white flowers, such names as “grancy-gray -beard” and “old-man’s beard.” Beautiful both in flower -and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, it is a desirable tree for ornamental planting. -It occurs naturally in loamy soil over the eastern -part of the state to the valley of the Brazos River and -generally grows in the shade of other trees.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig114"> -<img src="images/img057a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="594" /> -<p class="caption">FRINGETREE (Flower, three-fourths natural size; leaf and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is similar to that of a young ash, but is rougher -and whiter. It has tonic properties, and is used in domestic -remedies.</p> -<p>The rather large, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> LEAVES are 4 to 8 inches long, -and ½ to 4 inches wide, dark green on the upper surface, paler -underneath, and turning a clear bright yellow in autumn. The -leaves are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a>, and leave conspicuous scars when they fall.</p> -<p>The odd white FLOWERS, which appear with the very -young leaves, are borne in long, loose drooping <a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">panicles</a>. The -petals are very narrow and long, giving the effect of fringe.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> is a dark blue-purple <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, sometimes as much -as an inch long, with a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glaucous">glaucous</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a>, and borne in loose, -drooping <a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">panicles</a>. It is an excellent deer and bird food.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_118">118</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>NORTHERN CATALPA</b> (Western Catalpa) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Catalpa speciosa</b> Warder</span></h3> -<p>Catalpa, often miscalled “catawba”, is found naturalized -in eastern Texas and occurs on various -qualities of soil, most frequently on rich, moist bottoms. -It is a medium-sized tree, rarely exceeding 50 -feet in height and 15 inches in diameter. The trunk -is usually short and -the head broad with -spreading branches.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig115"> -<img src="images/img058.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="627" /> -<p class="caption">NORTHERN CATALPA (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig and seed, two-thirds natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a>, one-fourth natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> varies -from dark gray to -brown, and is -slightly rough, being -divided into -narrow, shallow -strips or flakes.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a>, -cordate-based, long-pointed, -6 to 10 -inches long, and -softly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a> beneath.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS -appear in clusters -or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Panicle">panicles</a> in April -or May, and are 1 -to 2 inches long, -trumpet-shaped, the -wavy and spreading -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Corolla">corolla</a> irregular, -two-lobed, and with a narrow notch on the margin; -corolla white with purple and yellow markings.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> consists of a bean-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsule</a> 8 to 16 inches -long and from ⅜ to ½ inch in diameter. It hangs on the tree -over winter and gradually splits into two parts, or valves. The -seeds are about 1 inch long and terminate in wings that are -rounded and short-fringed at the ends.</p> -<p>The WOOD is rather soft, light, coarse-grained, and durable, -in contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts, poles -and fuel, and occasionally for railroad ties. It is a mistake to -attempt to grow catalpa for fence posts or other uses except -on good agricultural soil.</p> -<p>SOUTHERN CATALPA (<b>C. bignonioides</b> Walt.) has a thin, -scaly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a>, abruptly short-acuminate leaf, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fetid">fetid</a> when crushed. -Margin of lower lobe of flower entire. The valves of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsule</a> -flatten after dehiscence. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Terminal">terminal</a> tuft on the seed forms -a point.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_119">119</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>DESERTWILLOW</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Chilopsis linearis</b> (Cav.) Sweet</span></h3> -<p>This interesting tree, so named because of its willow-like -leaves, is closely related to the catalpa. Often -reaching a height of 25 feet and a diameter of 10 to -12 inches, it is found usually in dry, gravelly, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Porous">porous</a> -soils in the valley of the lower Rio Grande and through -West Texas.</p> -<p>The LEAVES are less than ½ inch wide and from -6 to 12 inches long, light green, and pointed. Their arrangement -on the twig is either <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig116"> -<img src="images/img058a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="630" /> -<p class="caption">DESERTWILLOW (Leaf, one-third natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and flowers, one-half natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The white FLOWERS shade into pale purple and -are blotched in their “throats” with pale purple. They -occur in an <a class="gloss" href="#g_Elongated">elongated</a> cluster, or raceme, opening successively -toward the end of the flower stalk.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> “<a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pods</a>” are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsules</a> 7 to 12 inches -long, hard or woody, very slender, and contain numerous -small seeds.</p> -<p>The soft, weak, close-grained WOOD is brown -streaked with yellow. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a> turns to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a> -in 2 or 3 years.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_120">120</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>COMMON BUTTONBUSH</b> -<br /><span class="small"><b>Cephalanthus occidentalis</b> L.</span></h3> -<p>Buttonbush of Texas is a small tree or large -shrub up to 18 feet high, with a straight, tapering -trunk up to 12 inches in diameter. Attaining its -largest size in moist rich soil of eastern Texas, it is -also found to the valley of the Rio Grande. The -branches are generally upright, the spreading branchlets -with pithy in the centers, often occurring in -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Whorl">whorls</a> of three from one place on the stem.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig117"> -<img src="images/img059.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="300" /> -<p class="caption">COMMON BUTTONBUSH (Leaf, one-third natural size; <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and flowers, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The LEAVES occur in pairs or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Whorl">whorls</a> of 3 (occasionally -more) each <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Elliptical">elliptical</a>, pointed, rounded -at the base, from 2 to 7 inches long by 1 to 3 inches -wide. They are thin, dark green above, with a large -central <a class="gloss" href="#g_Midrib">midrib</a>, and somewhat hairy beneath. They -fall in autumn or remain on branchlets over winter.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS form a creamy white or yellow -round head about 1 inch in diameter and are borne in -clusters. The many small flowers in the head are fragrant -and nectar-bearing. The long thread-like projecting -styles are conspicuous on the flowering heads.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> consists of a mass of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nuts</a> in a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Globular">globular</a> -head forming an <a class="gloss" href="#g_AggregateFruit">aggregate fruit</a> ¾ inch in diameter. -The red-brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nutlet">nutlets</a> have 2 to 4 closed, 1-seeded -portions. The WOOD is of little value.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_121">121</div> -<h3 class="tree"><b>RUSTY BLACKHAW</b> (Viburnum) -<br /><span class="small"><b>Viburnum rufidulum</b> Raf.</span></h3> -<p>Rusty blackhaw is found in woods and thickets -over East Texas. It forms a tree, sometimes -35 feet high, with a trunk over a foot in diameter, but -is usually much smaller, often flowering as a shrub. -The twigs are ashy-gray, becoming dark dull reddish-brown -after one to several years. The winter buds are -densely covered with rusty brown hairs which persist -for some weeks at the base of the leaf-stalks.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">BARK</a> is ¼ to ½ inch thick, becoming roughened -into small plate-like, dark brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> tinged -with red.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig118"> -<img src="images/img059a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="474" /> -<p class="caption">RUSTY BLACKHAW (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> and twig, three-quarters natural size; leaf, two-thirds natural size)</p> -</div> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a> LEAVES are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Whorled">whorled</a>, -elliptic to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Obovate">obovate</a> or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a>, pointed or blunt at the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Apex">apex</a>, -wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, and with fine -teeth on the margin. They are leathery in texture, lustrous -dark green above, pale and dull below, about 3 -inches long, and 1 to 1½ inches wide.</p> -<p>The FLOWERS are small and white; each has five -petals and five <a class="gloss" href="#g_Stamen">stamens</a>, and appear in the spring in -dense clusters at the tips of branches.</p> -<p>The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a> ripens in the fall. It is a bright blue, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">drupe</a>, over ½ inch long, covered with a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glaucous">glaucous</a> -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a>, and containing a stony seed ¼ inch long and -⅓ inch wide.</p> -<p>The bad smelling WOOD has no economic use.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_122">122</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="sc">Other Texas Trees</span></h2> -<h4 class="tree"><b>ARIZONA CYPRESS</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Cupressus arizonica</b> Greene)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">is an evergreen native to the mountains of the south Trans-Pecos -Region. It grows from a height of 30 to 70 feet and -18 to 24 inches in diameter. The needles are blue-green. -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> a cone as large as 1¼ inches in diameter. The wood -is heavy and used to some extent for fence posts.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>ALLIGATOR JUNIPER</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Juniperus deppeana</b> Steud.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">grows in the mountains of southwestern Texas, normally as -a small tree, or even as a sprawling shrub under adverse conditions. -Its name derives from the fact that the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> on older -trees somewhat resembles alligator hide, being broken up into -square plates 1 to 2 inches across. The leaves are about ⅛ -inch long, and blue-green in color. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> is berry-like, -nearly round, reddish-brown, and matures in two seasons. -Seeds 3-4.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>DROOPING JUNIPER</b> (Weeping Juniper) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Juniperus flaccida</b> Schlect.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">occurs in this country only on the slopes of the Chisos Mountains -in Brewster County, Texas. It has graceful spreading -branches with long slender, drooping branchlets. After the -leaves fall, the thin bright cinnamon-brown <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> separating -into thin loose papery <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> is characteristic.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>ONE-SEED JUNIPER</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Juniperus monosperma</b> [Engelm.] Sarg.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">occurs throughout western Texas, usually as a spreading -shrub or small, much branched tree. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> is ashy gray, -ridged and shreddy. The leaves resemble those of the alligator -juniper, but are gray-green in color, and fringed with -minute teeth. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> is smaller, usually copper colored -or occasionally blue, usually one-seeded, and matures in one -season.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Juniperus scopulorum</b> Sarg.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">occurs in western Texas where it is often the largest of the -junipers found there. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> is reddish-brown or grayish-brown, -thin, fibrous, and divided into flat, interlacing -ridges. The leaves are similar to those of the alligator juniper, -but pale to dark green in color. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> is nearly -round, blue, and matures in two seasons. Seeds 1 to 3, usually -2.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_123">123</div> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TEXAS PALMETTO</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Sabal texana</b> [O. F. Cook] Becc.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">sometimes called palm, but not to be confused with the dwarf -palmetto (<b>Sabal minor</b> [Jacq.] Pers.) found in East Texas, -reaches to heights of 30 to 50 feet and often 2 feet in diameter. -It is a native of the rich bottomlands on the Bernando -River in Cameron County, Texas, but has been widely cultivated -and is found along the Gulf Coast, where the trunks are -sometimes used for wharf piles. On the lower Rio Grande -the leaves are used for the thatch of houses.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>SOUTHERN BAYBERRY</b> (Sweet Myrtle or Wax Myrtle) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Myrica cerifera</b> L.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">sweet myrtle is found in East Texas, usually in swamp lands. -Its small yellow-green leaves are fragrant with a balsam-like -resinous odor. Light green berries, about ⅛ inch in diameter -remain on the trees during the winter months and are coated -with a thick, pale blue wax. Bay <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a> candles are made -from the wax.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>RIO GRANDE COTTONWOOD</b> -<br /><span class="small">(P<b>opulus fremontii</b> var. <b>wislizenii</b> S. Watts)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">is one of several cottonwoods growing in West Texas. Five -other cottonwoods are native to the western part of the state. -Wood is used for fuel and rafters of Mexican houses. It is -not durable in the ground, but is fast growing on most areas. -<b>Populus tremuloides</b> Michx., called quaking aspen or aspen -popple, is a small-leafed, white-barked tree of the Trans-Pecos -Region.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>SPECKLED ALDER</b> (Hazel Alder) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Alnus rugosa</b> [Du Roi] Spreng.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">occurs in East Texas west to approximately the 97th meridian. -It is a thicket-forming shrub with thick foliage and is -one of the first plants to leaf out in the spring. Birds feed -upon the numerous <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nutlet">nutlets</a> produced by the woody, cone-like -structure.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>SWEET ACACIA</b> (Huisache) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Acacia farnesiana</b> [L.] Willd.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">found mainly in South Texas, is a small, spiny shrub, with -bright yellow flowers. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> a turgid, woody <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pod</a>. The wood -is heavy, hard, and a rich, reddish-brown.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>GUAJILLO</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Acacia berlandieri</b> Benth.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">pronounced “wa-he-o”, is the famous honey plant of the Lone -Star State. From its white flowers bees produce a water-white -honey, highly valued for its flavor and purity. Guajillo -occurs in South Texas, and resembles the other trees in the -acacia group. The wood is used locally for fuel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_124">124</div> -<h4 class="tree"><b>GREAT LEADTREE</b> (Mexican Leadtree) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Leucaena pulverulenta</b> [Schlecht] Benth.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">sometimes called “tepehuaje” or mimosa, is found on the rich -moist soil of river banks and small streams only a few miles -from the mouth of the Rio Grande River. It grows 50 to 60 -feet high and 18 inches in diameter. The finely divided -leaves give the tree the appearance of a huge fern. Seed -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pods</a> are 10 to 12 inches long. The wood is heavy, hard, very -close-grained, rich dark brown with a clear yellow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. -It is considered valuable and is sometimes manufactured into -lumber. Two other species, (<b>L. greggii</b> S. Wats.) and (<b>L. -retusa</b> Benth.), are found in West Texas but are smaller.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TEXAS SOPHORA</b> (Coral Bean) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Sophora affinis</b> Torr. and Gray)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">also called “bear <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>”, and pink or beaded locust, is a native -to most all of Texas. It occurs as a small sized tree, 18 to -20 feet tall and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. The branches are -slightly zigzag, bright green when young turning to orange-brown. -The leaves are 6 to 9 inches long, made up of from -13 to 19 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>. In the fall, it is loaded with clusters of -black bean <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">pods</a>. The pods are peculiar in shape in that they -are pinched in at each seed giving it the appearance of a -string of beads. In fact, it is often called the “necklace tree” -for that reason. The wood is very hard, light red in color, -with a thick bright clear yellow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TEXAS PORLIERIA</b> (Guayacan) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Porlieria angustifolia</b> [Engelm.] A. Gray)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">or soap bush, an evergreen of southern and western Texas, -is usually a shrub, but occasionally reaches 8 inches in diameter -and 30 feet in height. It is a source of early spring -honey in the Rio Grande Valley. Its wood is heavy, hard, and -exceptionally durable. Guayacan, sometimes called guaiacum, -is the hardest wood in Texas and the United States. The -lignum-vitae of commerce is produced from another species.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>BARETTA</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Helietta parvifolia</b> [A. Gray] Benth.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">a native of the Rio Grande Valley and abundant in Starr -County where it may form considerable thickets, this small, -slender evergreen is seldom more than 5 or 6 feet tall. On -limestone ridges of the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon it reaches -20 to 25 feet high. Its leaves are trifoliate, 1½ to 2 inches -long, and conspicuously marked with black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glandular">glandular</a> dots. -The branches are brownish-red, but with bright yellow, new -growth. The species is not native to any other section of -the United States.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_125">125</div> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TREE OF HEAVEN</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Ailanthus altissima</b> [Mill.] Swingle)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">is native to the Orient but has been introduced to this country -where it has grown wild and occurs generally throughout -Texas. The long, pinnately <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> leaves, 24 to 48 inches -long, with 11 to 41 <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>, are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glandular">glandular</a> toothed at the base. -The flowers and bruised leaves have a disagreeable odor. -The tree is fast growing and spreads by <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sucker">suckers</a> as well as -by seed.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>CHINABERRY</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Melia azedarach</b> L.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">although a native of Asia, is so widely grown in Texas as an -ornamental that it can be seen almost anywhere. It is a -member of the mahogany family. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> is furrowed, with -the ridges flat-topped. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> leaves are twice-compound -and 10 to 32 inches long. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> are alternate, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> to elliptic, sharply toothed or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a>, ¾ to 2 inches long, -light green and usually smooth. The flowers are showy, lilac-colored, -fragrant, nearly an inch across, and arranged in loose -clusters which appear in April. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> is nearly round, -½ to ¾ inch in diameter, fleshy, and yellow when mature. -The wood is moderately heavy and moderately hard, light reddish-brown -in color, with a rather narrow, yellowish <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. -Formerly it was much used for cabinet-work.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>AMERICAN SMOKETREE</b> (Chittamwood) -<br /><span class="small">(Cotinus obovatus Raf.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">a member of the sumac family, it grows along the Medina and -Guadalupe Rivers and in Kendall County, Texas. Occasionally -it reaches a height of 30 feet and 12 inches in diameter, -but usually grows as a shrub or small tree, its trunk dividing -into several stems 10 feet or so above the ground. The wood -is bright, clear, rich orange color, and yields the same color -dye. Sometimes it is used for fence posts. <b>C. coggygria</b>, -the smoketree of gardens, is cultivated in the United States.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TEXAS PISTACHE</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Pistacia texana</b> Swingle)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">a less common member of the sumac family, is found native -on limestone cliffs and the rocky bottoms of canyons along -the lower Pecos River in Valverde County, Texas. It reaches -a height of 15 to 20 feet and produces a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> resembling the -pistachio <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a> of commerce, except that it is smaller in size.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>EASTERN WAHOO</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Euonymus atropurpureus</b> Jacq.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">also called arrow-wood and burning bush in some localities -is a small tree rarely over 20 feet high and 4 to 6 inches in -diameter. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> is thin and covered with thin, tiny <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>. -The wood is heavy, hard, white, tinged with orange. The -leaves are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a>, thin, and finely <a class="gloss" href="#g_Serrate">serrate</a>. In the fall and -winter the tree is characterized by bright red berries in lighter -red, 4-lobed <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsules</a>. It is a native of East Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_126">126</div> -<h4 class="tree"><b>FLORIDA MAPLE</b> (Southern Sugar Maple) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Acer barbatum</b> Michx.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">grows in East Texas and resembles the sugar maple (<b>A. saccharum</b> -Marsh.) with which it blends in Northeast Texas, except -that the tips of the leaves of <b>A. barbatum</b> Michx. are -more rounded and the young leaves are hairy on the underside -when they first unfold.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>BIGTOOTH MAPLE</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Acer grandidentatum</b> Nutt.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">a maple native to the mountains and canyons of the Trans-Pecos -Region of Texas, grows to 30 and 40 feet high and -occasionally 8 to 10 inches in diameter. Its bright red branchlets -are nearly encircled by the narrow <a class="gloss" href="#g_LeafScar">leaf-scars</a>. Leaf lobes few toothed or nearly entire. When accessible, the -wood is valuable for fuel and building material.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>UVALDE BIGTOOTH MAPLE</b> (Sugar or Mountain Maple) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Acer grandidentatum</b> var. <b>sinuosum</b> [Rend.] Little)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">resembles the above two maples but is confined to the Balcones -Escarpment in western Texas along creek bottoms in -parts of Kendall, Bandera, and Uvalde Counties. It is a rare -tree, seldom more than 20 feet high. Branchlets pale red-brown -and marked by pale <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lenticel">lenticels</a> during their first season, -ultimately turning dull gray-brown.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>FLORIDA BASSWOOD</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Tilia floridana</b> Small)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">grows from East Texas to the Edwards Plateau. The leaves -are coarsely <a class="gloss" href="#g_Serrate">serrate</a> with sharp-pointed tips, dark green and -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Glaucous">glaucous</a> above, and pale or covered with a silvery-white -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a> and often axillary hairs below. The tree may reach -40 to 50 feet high and 12 to 15 inches in diameter.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>CAROLINA BASSWOOD</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Tilia caroliniana</b> Mill.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">located in East Texas to the Edwards Plateau, Kendall -County. Underside of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> leaves covered with soft, -short, brownish-white hairs; smooth on upper surface and -coarse-veined. Leaves usually obliquely <a class="gloss" href="#g_Truncate">truncate</a> at the base.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_127">127</div> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TAMARISK</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Tamarix</b> species)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">all of the many species of Tamarix are native to the Mediterranean -Region or to East Asia and India. However, three of -them (<b>T. araiculata</b> Vahl, <b>T. gallica</b> L., and <b>T. pentandra</b> -Pall.), are widely planted in the South. All are shrubby in -nature, or they may attain the stature of small trees. When -of tree size, the trunk normally is short, with main branches -quite close to the ground. This gives rise to a wide-spreading -bushy <a class="gloss" href="#g_Crown">crown</a>. The leaves are sparse, delicate, evergreen, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, small, scale-like, pale green to dull or bluish-green, -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Ovate">ovate</a> or rhombic, sharp pointed, sometimes with thin, -dry margins, and without petioles. The foliage presents a -leathery appearance. The wood is hard, heavy, white to light -straw colored, shows a prominent mottled wavy pattern when -quarter-sawn, and takes a high polish.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>BUCKTHORN BUMELIA</b> (Buckthorn) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Bumelia lycioides</b> [L.] Pers.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">also called ironwood, is found along the Southeast Coastal -Region of Texas. In contrast to <b>B. lanuginosa</b>, the leaves -are smooth instead of hairy on the underside. They are also -thin. Sometimes grows 25 to 30 feet in height with a short -trunk rarely more than 6 inches in diameter. It has stout, -flexible branches, usually unarmed.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TEXAS BUMELIA</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Bumelia lanuginosa</b> var. <b>rigida</b> A. Gray)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">occurs in Texas from the upper Brazos River to the Rio -Grande and upper Guadalupe River. It has thick, leathery-like -leaves smooth on the underside. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lateral">lateral</a> branches -are spiny and occasionally end in stout pines; branchlets -slender, often zigzag, and lustrous. The fresh-cut wood of -the bumelias in Texas usually produces considerable quantities -of clear viscid gum. Mexicans have given some species -of this small tree the name “chickle” for that reason.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TEXAS PERSIMMON</b> (Black Persimmon) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Diospyros texana</b> Scheele)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">also called Mexican persimmon, is native to southern and -southwestern Texas, from the Colorado River. It is characterized -by 1 to 2 inch leaves and small edible black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruits</a>, -about ¾ inch in diameter. They will stain the skin black. -Mexicans make a hair dye from the ripe fruit, which has -given the plant the local name of “capote”. The wood is -heavy with a black <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a> often streaked with yellow, -and with a bright yellow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sapwood">sapwood</a>. The wood is used in -turnery and for the handles of tools.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_128">128</div> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TEXAS ASH</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Fraxinus texensis</b> [A. Gray] Sarg.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">a small tree, rarely more than 50 feet high, of the dry limestone -bluffs and ridges of the Dallas area to the valley of the -Colorado River and the Edwards Plateau. Leaves 5 to 8 -inches long with usually five, long-stalked <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a>. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> in -short, compact clusters.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>BERLANDIER ASH</b> (Mexican Ash) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Fraxinus berlandieriana</b> A. DC.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">grows along the banks of streams and canyons in the San -Antonio and Neuces River watersheds and over the Edwards -Plateau. It is rarely more than 30 feet tall. The three to -five <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> are smooth. The wood is light brown and soft.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>ANACAHUITA</b> (Texas Wild-Olive) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Cordia boisseri</b> A. DC.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">occurs along the lower Rio Grande Valley, is said to be almost -extinct. It is a small tree, sometimes 20 feet tall and 6 to 8 -inches in diameter, noted for its large velvety leaves (4 to 5 -inches long and 3 to 4 inches wide), clusters of yellow and -white flowers and delicate ivory-white coated <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> -is thin, gray, tinged with red.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>ANAQUA</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Ehretia anacua</b> [Mier and Berland.] Johnst.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">also called knackaway, anama, and yara, occurs in West Texas -from the upper San Marcos River to the Rio Grande River. -It is a tree of the tropics and of about 40 species in its family, -is the only one found in the United States, and here only in -Texas. It is valued as a shade tree in some communities of -South Texas and is noted for its growth and beauty. Occasionally -it grows to a height of 40 to 50 feet with a trunk -3 feet in diameter, attaining its largest size on the Guadalupe -and Nueces Rivers. Anaqua has slender branchlets, -without <a class="gloss" href="#g_Terminal">terminal</a> buds, and leathery, very rough leaves which -are almost evergreen. It <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">blooms</a> with white flowers in March -and April and has large groups of edible red berries in June -and July. The wood is heavy, close-grained, light brown and -of little value.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>TEXAS MADRONE</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Arbutus texana</b> Buckl.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">also called Texas Madroño is a small poorly shaped tree found -on dry limestone hills, and in the valley of the Rio Blanco, -and among the Eagle Mountains. The trunk is seldom over -one foot in diameter and is usually divided into several -branches near the ground. The leaves are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> and -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Persistent">persistent</a> until the new leaves are formed. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> of -young stems and branches is smooth, thin, and yellowish-green -in color tinged with red. At the base of old trunks the -bark, sometimes ¼ inch thick, is dark reddish-brown in color.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_129">129</div> -<h4 class="tree"><b>AUSTRIAN PINE</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Pinus nigra</b> Arnold)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">is similar in appearance to red pine (<b>P. resinosa</b> Ait.) but needles -are more rigid. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">Bark</a> is black to dark brown and the -cones are 1½ to 2 inches long. The tree is a native of central -and southern Europe and Asia Minor. It has been planted -extensively in the U. S. as an ornamental but is apparently -not yet naturalized. It is planted in Texas in windbreak -plantings.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>RUSSIAN-OLIVE</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Elaeagnus angustifolia</b> L.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">is a small tree, not more than 25 feet tall, usually with thorny -branches. Leaves are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, narrow and 2 to 3 -inches long, bright green on the upper surface and silvery -underneath. It is a native of Europe and Asia and is used -as an ornamental and in windbreak plantings in the United -States.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>BUFFALOBERRY</b> (Silver Buffaloberry) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Shepherdia argentea</b> [Pursh] Nutt.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">is a small silver gray-green tree with edible scarlet colored -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> which is useful for making jelly, which may reach 18 -to 23 feet in height. It generally has narrow <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oblong">oblong</a> leaves -¾ to 2 inches long and twigs are often thorny. Its native -range is from the northern Great Plains to Kansas. Useful -for windbreak plantings and erosion control.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>SIBERIAN ELM</b> (Chinese Elm) -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Ulmus pumila</b> L.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">is more commonly known in the Plains area as Chinese elm. -It is drought-resistant and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Tolerant">tolerant</a> of a variety of sites but -cannot stand too much water. A small tree with slender drooping -branches. Clusters of short pedicelled winged <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> appear -in April or May. The leaves are <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Oval">oval</a> to -<a class="gloss" href="#g_Elliptical">elliptical</a>, 1 to 2 inches long and leaf edges are doubly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Serrate">serrate</a>. -Widely used for shade and windbreak plantings.</p> -<h4 class="tree"><b>WINTERBERRY EUONYMUS</b> -<br /><span class="small">(<b>Euonymus bungeanus</b> Maxim.)</span></h4> -<p class="bq">was introduced from China and has adapted well to the southern -Great Plains area centered around the Texas Panhandle. -The small tree is very hardy and drought-resistant. Its very -light green leaves are 2 to 4 inches long, pointed and borne -on slender petioles. The heavy leaves cause the petioles to -bend giving the foliage a limp or drooping appearance. Young -stems and branches are green, older ones are gray. The <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> -is a four-lobed <a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsule</a> which, before ripening in the fall, -has a pinkish cast. The ripened seeds are bright red.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_130">130</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="sc">Tree Identification Guide</span></h2> -<p>The following guide has been included in the -Eighth edition to assist school children and interested -adults in the identification of Texas trees.</p> -<p>The guide is non-technical and should be treated -as such. More detailed keys are available in most -public libraries.</p> -<p>In the guide, trees are grouped according to their -outstanding characteristics which include leaves, leaf arrangement, flowers, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> and site.</p> -<h3><span class="large">THE <a class="gloss" href="#g_Softwood">SOFTWOODS</a></span></h3> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><th class="l"> </th><th>Needles </th><th class="l">Cones</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Shortleaf<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a> (<a href="#Page_21">page 21</a>) </td><td class="l">2 to 3 in a bundle (usually 2); 3″-5″ long </td><td class="l">1½″-2½″ long</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Loblolly (<a href="#Page_20">page 20</a>) </td><td class="l">3 in a bundle; 6″-9″ long </td><td class="l">3″-5″ long</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Longleaf (<a href="#Page_22">page 22</a>) </td><td class="l">3 in a bundle; 10″-15″ long </td><td class="l">6″-10″ long</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Slash (<a href="#Page_23">page 23</a>) </td><td class="l">2 to 3 in a bundle (usually 2); 8″-12″ long </td><td class="l">4″-6″ long</td></tr> -</table> -<p class="revind"><b>Note</b>: Not included above but commonly found in the longleaf pine range is a cross between loblolly and longleaf pine. -This <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hybrid">hybrid</a> tree has characteristics of both parents.</p> -<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>Only native pine in Texas that sprouts. Pitch pockets are usually present in <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> of older trees. -</div> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_131">131</div> -<h3><span class="large">THE <a class="gloss" href="#g_Hardwood">HARDWOODS</a></span></h3> -<h3>TREES WITH <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">SIMPLE</a> LEAVES</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig119"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Smooth<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img060.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="594" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">Drupe</a> (or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>)</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Dogwood</span> <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Fringetree</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">Pod</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Desertwillow</span> <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_MultipleFruit">Multiple Fruit</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Buttonbush</span> <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_132">132</div> -<div class="img" id="fig120"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Smooth<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img061.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="561" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">Pod</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Corkwood</span> <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Pawpaw</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Redbud</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd> -<dd><b>Acorn</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">White oaks</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-50, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>-59</dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">Drupe</a> (or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>)</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Hackberry</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Redbay</span> <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Sassafras</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Blackgum</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Farkleberry</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Gum Elastic</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Southern Buckthorn</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Persimmon</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Privet Swamp</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_MultipleFruit">Multiple Fruit</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Bios-d’arc</span> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Magnolia</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Sweetbay</span> <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Witch-hazel</span> <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Sycamore</span> <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd> -<dd><b>Winged</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Silverbell</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_133">133</div> -<div class="img" id="fig121"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Toothed<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img061a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="445" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b>Winged</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Silver Maple</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Red Maple</span> <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Southern Sugar Maple</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Sugar Maple</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Big Tooth Maple</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Mountain Maple</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">Pod</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Desertwillow</span> <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Wahoo</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">Drupe</a> (or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>)</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Blackhaw</span> <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_134">134</div> -<div class="img" id="fig122"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Toothed<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img062.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="428" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">Drupe</a> (or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>)</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Hawthorn</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Mayhaw</span> <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Mexican Plum</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Black Sloe</span> <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Black Cherry</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Laurelcherry</span> <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Holly</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Yaupon</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Basswood</span> <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Tupelo Gum</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Sweetleaf</span> <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Sweet Myrtle</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Anaqua</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd> -<dd><b>Winged</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">The Elms</span> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-64</dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_MultipleFruit">Multiple Fruit</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Cottonwood</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Black Willow</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Red Mulberry</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Sweetgum</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Alder (cone-like)</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">Nut</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Blue Beech (nut-like)</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Ironwood (cone-like)</span> <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">River Birch (cone-like)</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">American Beech</span> <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Chinkapin</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Planer Tree</span> <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd> -<dd><b>Acorns</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Red Oaks</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-47</dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">White Oaks</span> <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_135">135</div> -<h3>TREES WITH <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">COMPOUND</a> LEAVES</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig123"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Smooth<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img062a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="577" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b>Winged</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Baretta</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_136">136</div> -<div class="img" id="fig124"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Smooth<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img063.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="608" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">Pod</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Mesquite</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Black Locust</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Coral Bean</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Guajillo</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_MultipleFruit">Multiple Fruit</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Flameleaf Sumac (large headed)</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Guayacan (<a class="gloss" href="#g_Capsule">capsule</a>)</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">Drupe</a> (or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>)</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Poison-Sumac</span> <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Wild China-tree</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Tree of Heaven</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Chinaberry</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Smoke Tree</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Pistache</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_137">137</div> -<div class="img" id="fig125"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Toothed<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img063a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="524" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b>Winged</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Boxelder</span> <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Water Ash</span> <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">White Ash</span> <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Green Ash</span> <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Mexican Ash</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_138">138</div> -<div class="img" id="fig126"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Toothed<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img064.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="500" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">Nut</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">The Walnuts</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">The Hickories</span> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-34</dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Ohio Buckeye</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">Drupe</a> (or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>)</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Devils-Walkingstick (capsule-like)</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">Pod</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Waterlocust</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dd> -<dd><b>Winged</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Hoptree</span> <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_139">139</div> -<h3>TREES WITH DOUBLY-COMPOUND LEAVES</h3> -<div class="img" id="fig127"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Smooth<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img064a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="368" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">Pod</a></b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Texas Ebony</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Catclaw Acacia</span> <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Leadtree (Mimosa)</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Honeylocust</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Huisache (Sweet Acacia)</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_140">140</div> -<div class="img" id="fig128"> -<p class="caption">Leaf Margins—Toothed<br />(Leaves <a class="gloss" href="#g_Alternate">alternate</a> on twig)</p> -<img src="images/img065.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="636" /> -</div> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt><span class="left"><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruits</a>:</b></span> Page</dt> -<dd><b><a class="gloss" href="#g_Drupe">Drupe</a> (or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a>)</b></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Devils-Walkingstick</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd> -<dd class="ddt"><span class="left">Hercules-Club</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_141">141</div> -<h3>TREES THAT PREFER WET SITES</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Baldcypress</span> <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Water Hickory</span> <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Corkwood</span> <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Cottonwood</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black Willow</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Blue Beech (Hornbeam)</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Ironwood (Hophornbeam)</span> <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Red Birch (River Birch)</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Water Oak</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Willow Oak</span> <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Bur Oak</span> <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Overcup Oak</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Swamp Chestnut Oak</span> <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sweetbay</span> <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sweetgum</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hawthorns</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Waterlocust</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Poison-Sumac</span> <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Yaupon</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Blackgum (Black Tupelo)</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Tupelo-Gum (Water Tupelo)</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Water Ash</span> <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Swamp Privet</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Alder</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3><a class="gloss" href="#g_Hardwood">HARDWOOD</a> TREES WITH EVERGREEN LEAVES</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Live Oak</span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Southern Magnolia</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Redbay</span> <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">American Holly</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Yaupon</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Tree Sparkleberry (Tree Huckleberry)</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Baretta</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WHOSE LEAVES TURN RED IN AUTUMN</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Red Oak</span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sweetgum</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hawthorns</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Sumacs</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Red Maple</span> <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Blackgum</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Flowering Dogwood</span> <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sugar Maple (yellow as well)</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_142">142</div> -<h3>TREES WHOSE LEAVES TURN YELLOW IN AUTUMN</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hickories</span> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-34</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Cottonwoods</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black Willow</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Hophornbeam (Blue Beech)</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">River Birch</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Most of the Oaks (except Red Oak)</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-60</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Bios-d’arc (Osage Orange)</span> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Southern Magnolia</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Pawpaw</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Mesquite</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Redbud</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Hercules-Club</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Red Maple</span> <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Ohio Buckeye</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Devils-Walkingstick</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Ashes</span> <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-115, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Fringetree</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sugar Maple (red as well)</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WITH SEEDS WINGED OR WITH PARACHUTE-LIKE ATTACHMENTS</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Cottonwoods</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black Willow</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">American Hornbeam (Blue Beech)</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Ironwood</span> <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">River Birch</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Elms</span> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-64</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Planer Tree</span> <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sweetgum</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">American Sycamore</span> <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Hoptree</span> <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Maples</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a>-99, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Basswoods</span> <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Silverbell</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Ashes</span> <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-115, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Desertwillow</span> <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Buttonbush</span> <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Alder</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Tree of Heaven</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_143">143</div> -<h3>TREES WITH SOFT BERRY-LIKE <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a></h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hackberries</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Mulberries</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Osage Orange (Bois-d’arc)</span> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Redbay</span> <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sassafras</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hawthorns</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-79</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Cherries and Plums</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-83</dt> -<dt><span class="left">American Holly</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Yaupon</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black and Tupelo Gum</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Dogwood</span> <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Tree Sparkleberry (Tree Huckleberry)</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Gum Bumelia (Gum Elastic)</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Persimmon</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Fringetree</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Rusty Blackhaw</span> <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WHICH PRODUCE <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">NUTS</a></h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Walnuts</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hickories</span> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-34</dt> -<dt><span class="left">American Beech</span> <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Chinkapin</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Oaks</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-60</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Ohio Buckeye</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WITH <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pod">PODS</a> AS <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a></h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Corkwood</span> <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Texas Ebony</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Catclaw Acacia</span> <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Leadtree (Mimosa)</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Mesquite</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Redbud</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Honeylocust</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Waterlocust</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black Locust</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Desertwillow</span> <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Huisache (Sweet Acacia)</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Guajillo</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Coral Bean</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Mexican Leadtree</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_144">144</div> -<h3>TREES WITH BRIGHT RED <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">FRUIT</a></h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Red Mulberry</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Magnolias</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hawthorns</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Shining Sumac</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">American Holly</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WITH SPINES OR THORNS</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Osage-Orange (Bois-d’arc)</span> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hawthorns</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Texas Ebony</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Catclaw Acacia</span> <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Leadtree (Mimosa)</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Mesquite</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Honeylocust</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Waterlocust</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black Locust</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Prickly Ash</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Devils-Walkingstick</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Huisache (Sweet Acacia)</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WITH CORKY PROJECTIONS ON TWIGS</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Bur Oak (Mossy-Cup Oak)</span> <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Winged Elm</span> <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Cedar Elm</span> <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sweetgum</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WHOSE TWIGS HAVE A <a class="gloss" href="#g_Chambered">CHAMBERED</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pith">PITH</a></h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Walnut</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Hackberry</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sugarberry</span> <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES KNOWN BY THE COLOR AND SHAPE OF THE TWIG <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pith">PITH</a></h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt class="center"><b>Star-shaped in Cross-section</b></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Cottonwoods</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Oaks</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-60</dt> -<dt class="center"><b>Triangular in Cross-section</b></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Alder</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt class="center"><b>Brown in Color</b></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Walnuts</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Sumacs</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_145">145</div> -<h3>TREES WITH SINGLE LARGE FLOWERS</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Magnolia</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Pawpaw</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WITH FLOWERS IN CLUSTERS</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Redbay</span> <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hawthorns</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>-79</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Plums and Cherries</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a>-83</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Redbud</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black Locust</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Devils-Walkingstick</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Hercules-Club</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Hoptree</span> <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Sumacs</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Poison-Sumac</span> <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Yaupon</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Ohio Buckeye</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Western Soapberry</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Basswoods</span> <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Flowering Dogwood</span> <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Silverbell</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Fringetree</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Rusty Blackhaw</span> <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt> -</dl> -<h3>TREES WHOSE BLOSSOMS APPEAR BEFORE OR WITH THE LEAVES</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Walnuts</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Hickories</span> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>-34</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Cottonwoods</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black Willow</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Ironwood</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Eastern Hophornbeam</span> <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">River Birch</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Oaks</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-60</dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Elms</span> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>-64</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Sassafras</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Redbud</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Maples</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Ashes</span> <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-115, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Alder</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_146">146</div> -<h3>TREES WHOSE BLOSSOMS APPEAR AFTER THE LEAVES</h3> -<dl class="keytab"> -<dt class="jr">Page</dt> -<dt><span class="left">Chinkapin</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Magnolia</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Honeylocust</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Black Locust</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">The Sumacs</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Ohio Buckeye</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Basswood</span> <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Flowering Dogwood</span> <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Persimmon</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Silverbell</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Fringetree</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="left">Mountain Maple</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_147">147</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="sc">Glossary</span></h2> -<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#gloss_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_C">C</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_D">D</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_H">H</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_I">I</a> <span class="ab">J</span> <span class="ab">K</span> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_P">P</a> <span class="ab">Q</span> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_T">T</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_U">U</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_V">V</a> <a class="ab" href="#gloss_W">W</a> <span class="ab">X</span> <span class="ab">Y</span> <span class="ab">Z</span></p> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_A"><b>A</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Achene">Achene</b>—A small, hard, dry, 1-celled, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Indehiscent">indehiscent</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Acrid">Acrid</b>—Sharp or biting to the taste.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Acuminate">Acuminate</b>—Tapering at end to a gradual point.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Acute">Acute</b>—Terminating in a sharp angle.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_AggregateFruit">Aggregate fruit</b>—Cluster of ripened ovaries produced from a single flower containing numerous <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pistil">pistils</a> inserted on a common receptacle. Example: fruit of magnolia or blackberry.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Alternate">Alternate</b>—Not <a class="gloss" href="#g_Opposite">opposite</a> on the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Axis">axis</a>, but borne at regular intervals at different levels.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Anther">Anther</b>—Pollen-bearing structure of a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Stamen">stamen</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Apex">Apex</b>—The tip or end of a bud or leaf, i.e., the part opposite the base.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Apical">Apical</b>—Pertaining to the tip, end, or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Apex">apex</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Appressed">Appressed</b>—Lying tight or close against.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Aromatic">Aromatic</b>—Fragrant; with a pleasing odor.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Astringent">Astringent</b>—Contracting; drawing together.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Axil">Axil</b>—The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with a stem.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Axis">Axis</b>—The central line of an organ; a stem.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_B"><b>B</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Bark">Bark</b>—The outer covering of a trunk or branch.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Basal">Basal</b>—Pertaining to or situated at the base.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Berry">Berry</b>—A <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> which is fleshy or pulpy throughout, and with several seeds imbedded in the pulpy mass.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Bisexual">Bisexual</b>—Having both <a class="gloss" href="#g_Stamen">stamens</a> and <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pistil">pistils</a>, i.e., male and female.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Bloom">Bloom</b>—A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off. Also, to produce or yield blossoms.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Bole">Bole</b>—The main <a class="gloss" href="#g_Axis">axis</a> or trunk of a tree.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Bract">Bract</b>—Modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_BudScales">Bud-scales</b>—Modified leaves covering a bud.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_BundleScars">Bundle-scars</b>—Scars on the surface of a <a class="gloss" href="#g_LeafScar">leaf-scar</a>. Severed ends of the fibro-vascular bundles which connected the twigs with the leaves.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_C"><b>C</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Calyx">Calyx</b>—The outer perianth or floral envelope, usually green in color; sepals, collectively.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Cambium">Cambium</b>—A thin-walled formative tissue between the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> and wood. The active growing portion of the tree.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Carpel">Carpel</b>—A <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pistil">pistil</a> or one member of a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> pistil.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Capsule">Capsule</b>—A dry <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> composed of more than one <a class="gloss" href="#g_Carpel">carpel</a> and splitting open at maturity.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Catkin">Catkin</b>—An ament or spike of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Unisexual">unisexual</a> flowers.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Chambered">Chambered</b>—Said of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pith">pith</a> when interrupted by hollow spaces at rather regular intervals.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Ciliate">Ciliate</b>—Fringed with hairs on the margin.</dt> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_148">148</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Collateral">Collateral</b>—Accessory buds at the sides of auxiliary buds.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Compound">Compound</b>—Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Conical">Conical</b>—Cone-shaped.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Conifers">Conifers</b>—A group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the form of a cone or modified cone.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Coniferous">Coniferous</b>—Cone-bearing.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Corolla">Corolla</b>—The petals of a flower collectively.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Cordate">Cordate</b>—Heart-shaped.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Crenate">Crenate</b>—Rounded teeth.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Crown">Crown</b>—The upper mass of branches; also known as head.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Cuneate">Cuneate</b>—Wedge-shaped.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_D"><b>D</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Deciduous">Deciduous</b>—Falling off, usually at the close of the season.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Defoliation">Defoliation</b>—Removal of foliage.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Dehiscent">Dehiscent</b>—Splitting open at maturity.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Deliquescent">Deliquescent</b>—Said of the form of a tree with a broad spreading habit. The branches sub-divide until they apparently disappear.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Deltoid">Deltoid</b>—Triangular like Greek symbol for delta.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Dentate">Dentate</b>—Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outwards.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_DiffusePorous">Diffuse-porous</b>—Equal-pored. Said of wood when pores in a growth ring are equal in size.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Dioecious">Dioecious</b>—<a class="gloss" href="#g_Unisexual">Unisexual</a>, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Disseminated">Disseminated</b>—Scattered, thrown, broadcast.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Divergent">Divergent</b>—Pointing away; extending out. Said of buds which point away from the twigs.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Downy">Downy</b>—Covered with fine hairs.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Drupe">Drupe</b>—A fleshy <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> with a pit or stone like a cherry.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_E"><b>E</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Elliptical">Elliptical</b>—Shaped like an ellipse with sloping ends.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Elongated">Elongated</b>—Long, drawn out.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_EntireMargined">Entire-margined</b>—Margin smooth, not cut or toothed.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Excurrent">Excurrent</b>—Said of a tree with a continuous trunk and erect habit of growth.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Exfoliation">Exfoliation</b>—Splitting or cleaving off of outer layers of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Exotic">Exotic</b>—Of foreign origin.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Exudation">Exudation</b>—Oozing out of sap, resin, or other juice.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_F"><b>F</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Fascicle">Fascicle</b>—A close bundle or cluster.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Fetid">Fetid</b>—Ill smelling.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Fissures">Fissures</b>—Grooves, furrows, or channels as in the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Fluted">Fluted</b>—Grooved, corrugated, channeled.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Follicle">Follicle</b>—A dry <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> produced from a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Simple">simple</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pistil">pistil</a> and dehiscing along one line of suture.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Fruit">Fruit</b>—The ripened ovary of a flower.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_G"><b>G</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Glabrate">Glabrate</b>—Somewhat <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glabrous">glabrous</a> or becoming <a class="gloss" href="#g_Glabrate">glabrate</a>.</dt> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_149">149</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Glabrous">Glabrous</b>—Smooth, without hairs.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Glandular">Glandular</b>—Bearing glands or gland-like.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Glaucous">Glaucous</b>—Covered with a bluish or whitish waxy coating; a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bloom">bloom</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Globose">Globose</b>—Ball-like or nearly so.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Globular">Globular</b>—Ball-like.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_H"><b>H</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Habitat">Habitat</b>—Site or place of growth.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Hardwood">Hardwood</b>—A collective term for broad-leaved trees, the wood of which may or may not be dense.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Heartwood">Heartwood</b>—The physiologically dead, central, usually darker colored portion of the tree trunk.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Hybrid">Hybrid</b>—A crossbreed of two species.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_I"><b>I</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Increment">Increment</b>—Growth; increase.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Incised">Incised</b>—Divided into lobes separated by narrow or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Acute">acute</a> <a class="gloss" href="#g_Sinus">sinuses</a> which extend halfway or more to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Midrib">midrib</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Indehiscent">Indehiscent</b>—Applied to <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruits</a> that do not split open to discharge the seeds, remaining closed at maturity.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Indigenous">Indigenous</b>—Applied to plants that are native to a certain locality. Not introduced.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Intolerant">Intolerant</b>—Not shade enduring. Requiring sunlight.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Involucre">Involucre</b>—A cluster of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bract">bracts</a> subtending a flower.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_L"><b>L</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Lamina">Lamina</b>—The blade or flattened portion of a leaf.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Lanceolate">Lanceolate</b>—Shaped like a lance; several times longer than wide, and growing to a point.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Lateral">Lateral</b>—Situated on the side, as the buds along the side of the twig.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Leaflets">Leaflets</b>—One of the small blades or divisions of a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> leaf.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_LeafScar">Leaf-scar</b>—The scar left after a leaf falls.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Lenticel">Lenticel</b>—A corky growth on young or sometimes older <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a>, which admits air to the interior of the twig or branch.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Linear">Linear</b>—Line-like, long and narrow, with parallel edges.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Lobed">Lobed</b>—Said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or divided.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_M"><b>M</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Medullary">Medullary</b>—Pertaining to the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pith">pith</a> or medulla.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_MedullaryRay">Medullary Ray</b>—Radial lines of tissues crossing the growth of rings at right angles and extending into the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Midrib">Midrib</b>—The central or main rib or vein of a leaf.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Monoecious">Monoecious</b>—Bearing male and female flower parts in separate flowers on the same plant.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Mucilaginous">Mucilaginous</b>—Slimy or gummy when touched or chewed.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_MultipleFruit">Multiple fruit</b>—A cluster of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruits</a> of separate flowers crowded together and forming what appears to be a single fruit. Examples: mulberry, strawberry, osage-orange fruits.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_N"><b>N</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Naked">Naked</b>—Said of buds without <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>, and seeds without a covering.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_NavalStores">Naval Stores</b>—Refers to tar, turpentine, resin, etc.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Node">Node</b>—A place on a twig where one or more leaves originate.</dt> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_150">150</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Nut">Nut</b>—A dry, 1-seeded, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> with a hard <a class="gloss" href="#g_Indehiscent">indehiscent</a> covering and encased partly or wholly in an <a class="gloss" href="#g_Involucre">involucre</a> or husk.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Nutlet">Nutlet</b>—A small <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a>.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_O"><b>O</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Oblique">Oblique</b>—Slanting, uneven. Uneven sided.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Oblong">Oblong</b>—About twice as long as wide, the sides nearly parallel.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Obovate">Obovate</b>—Reversed egg-shaped.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Obtuse">Obtuse</b>—Blunt</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Opposite">Opposite</b>—Said of leaves and buds, directly across from each other.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Orbicular">Orbicular</b>—Circular.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Oval">Oval</b>—Rounded.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Ovate">Ovate</b>—Egg-shaped.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Ovoid">Ovoid</b>—Egg-shaped or nearly so.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_P"><b>P</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Palmate">Palmate</b>—Radiately <a class="gloss" href="#g_Lobed">lobed</a> or divided from the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Petiole">petiole</a>; hand-like as <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> of buckeye.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Panicle">Panicle</b>—A loose, irregularly <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> flower cluster with flowers on <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pedicel">pedicels</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pedicel">Pedicel</b>—The support or stem of a single flower or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> in a cluster.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Peduncle">Peduncle</b>—A primary flower stalk supporting a cluster of flowers or a solitary flower, later the fruit. A fruit-stem.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Perennial">Perennial</b>—Lasting for more than one year.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Persistent">Persistent</b>—Remaining after blooming, fruiting, or maturing.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Petiole">Petiole</b>—The stalk of a leaf.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pinnate">Pinnate</b>—Feather-like with leaflets on both sides of <a class="gloss" href="#g_Rachis">rachis</a> or leaf stalk.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pistil">Pistil</b>—Seed bearing organ of flower. May consist of stigma, style, and ovary.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pith">Pith</b>—The soft central part of a twig or stem.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pod">Pod</b>—Any dry, one <a class="gloss" href="#g_Chambered">chambered</a>, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Dehiscent">dehiscent</a> fruit.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pollen">Pollen</b>—The dust-like substance from the anthers of a flower.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pollination">Pollination</b>—The process of bringing the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pollen">pollen</a> of the male flower in contact with the stigma of the female flower.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pome">Pome</b>—A fleshy fruit with a core, such as the apple or pear.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Porous">Porous</b>—With open tubes (through wood).</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Prickle">Prickle</b>—A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pubescent">Pubescent</b>—With short, soft, down-like hairs.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pungent">Pungent</b>—<a class="gloss" href="#g_Acrid">Acrid</a> or sharp to smell.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Pyramidal">Pyramidal</b>—Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the base.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_R"><b>R</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Rachis">Rachis</b>—The stalk supporting the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Leaflets">leaflets</a> of a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a> leaf.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_ResinDucts">Resin-ducts</b>—A passage for the conduction of resin found in the leaves and wood.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_RingPorous">Ring-porous</b>—Said of wood which has pores of unequal size, the larger ones being found in the spring wood and the smaller ones in the summer wood.</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_151">151</div> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_S"><b>S</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Samara">Samara</b>—An <a class="gloss" href="#g_Indehiscent">indehiscent</a> winged <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">fruit</a> such as that of maple.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Sapwood">Sapwood</b>—The recently formed, usually light colored wood, lying outside of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Heartwood">heartwood</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Scabrous">Scabrous</b>—Rough, with stiff, bristly hairs.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Scales">Scales</b>—The small, modified leaves which protect the growing-point of a bud or the part of a cone which bears the seeds. The small flakes into which the other <a class="gloss" href="#g_Bark">bark</a> of a tree divides.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Scurfy">Scurfy</b>—Covered with small bran-like <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Serrate">Serrate</b>—Having sharp teeth on margin.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Sessile">Sessile</b>—Seated; without a stalk.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Sheath">Sheath</b>—A tubular envelope or covering such as surround the base of pine-needles.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Silky">Silky</b>—Covered with long, soft, straight, fine hairs.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Simple">Simple</b>—Consisting of one part, not <a class="gloss" href="#g_Compound">compound</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Sinus">Sinus</b>—The cleft or opening between two lobes.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Sinuate">Sinuate</b>—Wavy.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Softwood">Softwood</b>—A general term given <a class="gloss" href="#g_Conifers">conifers</a>, the wood of which may or may not be of low density.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Stamen">Stamen</b>—Male organ of flower. Consists of a pollen-bearing <a class="gloss" href="#g_Anther">anther</a> on a filament.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Stipule">Stipule</b>—A leaf-appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_StipuleScar">Stipule-scar</b>—The scar left by the fall of the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Stipule">stipule</a>.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Stolon">Stolon</b>—A runner or <a class="gloss" href="#g_Basal">basal</a> branch that may root.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Striate">Striate</b>—Marked with fine <a class="gloss" href="#g_Elongated">elongated</a> ridges or lines.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Striations">Striations</b>—Long narrow lines or ridges.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Strobile">Strobile</b>—A fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the pine, birches, etc.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Sucker">Sucker</b>—A shoot arising from an underground bud.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Superposed">Superposed</b>—Said of buds when they are arranged one above the other.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Symmetrical">Symmetrical</b>—Regular as to the number of parts. Having the same number of parts in each circle.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_T"><b>T</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Terminal">Terminal</b>—Located at the outer end.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Thorn">Thorn</b>—A stiff, woody, sharp-pointed projection as found on locust; a spine.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Tolerant">Tolerant</b>—Applied to trees which endure certain factors, particularly shade.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Tomentose">Tomentose</b>—Densely <a class="gloss" href="#g_Pubescent">pubescent</a>; hairy. Covered with matted-hairs.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Tomentum">Tomentum</b>—A dense layer of woolly hairs.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Truncate">Truncate</b>—Ending abruptly, as if cut off at the end.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Tufted">Tufted</b>—Growing in clusters.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_U"><b>U</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Unisexual">Unisexual</b>—Consisting of one sex only, either staminate or pistillate.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_V"><b>V</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Valvate">Valvate</b>—Said of buds in which the <a class="gloss" href="#g_Scales">scales</a> merely meet without overlapping. <a class="gloss" href="#g_Fruit">Fruit</a> opening by valves.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Veins">Veins</b>—Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs.</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="gloss_W"><b>W</b></dt> -<dt><b id="g_Whorl">Whorl</b>—A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves or buds, arranged about the same place of attachment.</dt> -<dt><b id="g_Whorled">Whorled</b>—Borne in a <a class="gloss" href="#g_Whorl">whorl</a>.</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_152">152</div> -<h2 id="c8">Index</h2> -<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#index_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_C">C</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_D">D</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_H">H</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_I">I</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_J">J</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_K">K</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_P">P</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Q">Q</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_T">T</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_U">U</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_V">V</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_W">W</a> <span class="ab">X</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_Y">Y</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Z">Z</a></p> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_A"><b>A</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acacia berlandieri</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acacia, catclaw</span> <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acacia farnesiana, sweet</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acacia greggii</span> <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acer barbatum</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acer grandidentatum</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acer grandidentatum var. sinuosum</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acer negundo</span> <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acer rubrum</span> <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Acer saccharinum</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Adelia, common</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Aesculus glabra</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Aesculus pavia</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ailanthus altissima</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Alder, hazel, speckled</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Alnus rugosa</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Anacahuita</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Anama</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Anaqua</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Apple, hedge</span> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Aralia spinosa</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Arbutus texana</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Arizona cypress</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Arrow-wood</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, Berlandier</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, Carolina</span> <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, green</span> <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, Mexican</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, poison</span> <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, prickly</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, wafer</span> <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, water</span> <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash, white</span> <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ash juniper</span> <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Asimina triloba</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_B"><b>B</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Baldcypress</span> <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Baretta</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Basswood, American</span> <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Basswood, Carolina</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Basswood, Florida</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bayberry, Southern</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Beaded locust (Sophora)</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bear <a class="gloss" href="#g_Berry">berry</a></span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Beech, American</span> <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Beech, blue</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Beech, water</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Betula, nigra</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Birch, river (red)</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bitternut hickory</span> <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Blackhead, ebony</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Blackgum</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Blackhaw, rusty</span> <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bois-d’arc</span> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Boxelder</span> <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Buckeye, Ohio</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Buckeye, red</span> <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Buckthorn</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Buckthorn, wooly</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Buffaloberry</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bumelia, buckthorn, gum, elastic</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bumelia lanuginosa</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bumelia lanuginosa var. rigida</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bumelia, lycioides</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bumelia, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Burning bush (Euonymous)</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Buttonbush, common</span> <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Buttonwood (sycamore)</span> <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_C"><b>C</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Capote</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Carpinus caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Carya aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Carya cordiformis</span> <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Carya illinoensis</span> <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Carya ovata</span> <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Carya texana</span> <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Carya tomentosa</span> <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Castanea pumila</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Catalpa, northern</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Catalpa, speciosa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Catalpa, western</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cedar, eastern red</span> <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cedar, mountain</span> <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Celtis laevigata</span> <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Celtis, occidentalis</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cephalanthus occidentalis</span> <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cercis canadensis</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cherry, black</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cherry, southwestern black</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Chicle</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Chilopsis linearis</span> <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Chinaberry</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">China-tree, wild</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Chinkapin, Allegheny</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Chionanthus virginicus</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Chittamwood</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Coral bean</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cordia boisseri</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Corkwood</span> <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cornus florida</span> <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cotinus obovatus</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cottonwood, eastern</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Crataegus</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Crataegus opaca</span> <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cupressus arizonica</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cypress (baldcypress)</span> <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_D"><b>D</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Desertwillow</span> <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Devils-walkingstick</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Diospyros texana</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Diospyros virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Dogwood, flowering</span> <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_E"><b>E</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ebony, Texas (blackbead)</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ehretia anacua</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elastic, gum</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elaeagnus angustifolia</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, American</span> <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, cedar</span> <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, Chinese</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, red</span> <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, Siberian</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, slippery</span> <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, water</span> <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, white</span> <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Elm, winged</span> <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Euonymus atropurpureus</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Euonymus bungeanus</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_F"><b>F</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fagus grandifolia</span> <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Farkleberry</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fir, Douglas</span> <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Forestiera acuminata</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fraxinus americana</span> <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fraxinus berlandieriana</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fraxinus caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</span> <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fraxinus texensis</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fringetree, white</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_153">153</div> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_G"><b>G</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gleditsia aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gleditsia texana</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gleditsia triacanthos</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Grancy-gray beard</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Great leadtree</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gregg leadtree</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Guaiacum</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Guajillo</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Guayacan</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gum, black</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gum, cotton</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gum, elastic</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gum, red</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gum, sour</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gum, sweet</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Gum, tupelo</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_H"><b>H</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hackberry</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hackberry, sugar</span> <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Halesia diptera</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hamamelis virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Haw</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Haw, rusty black</span> <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hawthorn</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hawthorn, riverflat</span> <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hazel, alder</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Helietta parvifolia</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hercules-club</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hickory, bigbud</span> <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hickory, bitternut</span> <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hickory, black</span> <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hickory, mockernut</span> <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hickory, pignut</span> <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hickory, shagbark</span> <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hickory, water</span> <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hickory, white</span> <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Holly, American</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Honeylocust</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hophornbeam, eastern</span> <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hoptree, common</span> <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hornbeam, American</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Horse-sugar</span> <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Huckleberry, tree</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_I"><b>I</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ilex decidua</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ilex opaca</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ilex vomitoria</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Indian soap plant</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ironwood</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_J"><b>J</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Judas tree</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juglans, microcarpa</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juglans, nigra</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniper, alligator</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniper, ashe</span> <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniper, drooping</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniper, Mexican mountain cedar</span> <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniper, one seed</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniper, Rocky Mountain</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniper, weeping</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniperus ashei</span> <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniperus deppeana</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniperus flaccida</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniperus monosperma</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniperus scopulorum</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Juniperus virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_K"><b>K</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Knackaway</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_L"><b>L</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Laurel, cherry</span> <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Laurelcherry, Carolina</span> <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Leadtree, Gregg</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Leadtree, Mexicana, great</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Leitneria floridana</span> <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Leucaena greggii</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Leucaena pulverulenta</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Leucaena retusa</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Linden, American</span> <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Liquidambar styraciflua</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Locust, beaded</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Locust, black</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Locust, honey</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Locust, pink</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Locust, water</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Locust, yellow</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_M"><b>M</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Maclura pomifera</span> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Madrone, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Magnolia, evergreen</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Magnolia, grandiflora</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Magnolia, Southern</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Magnolia, sweetbay</span> <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Magnolia, virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Maple, Florida</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Maple, mountain, or sugar</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Maple, red</span> <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Maple, silver</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Maple, soft</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Maple, Southern sugar</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Maple, Uvalde bigtooth</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Mayhaw</span> <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Melia azedarach</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Mesquite, honey</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Mimosa</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Morus alba</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Morus microphylla</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Morus rubra</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Mulberry, red</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Mulberry, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Mulberry, white</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Myrica cerifera</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Myrtle, sweet</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Myrtle, wax</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_N"><b>N</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Necklace tree</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Northern catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Nyssa aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Nyssa sylvatica</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_O"><b>O</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, basket</span> <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, black</span> <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, blackjack</span> <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, bluejack</span> <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, bur</span> <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, chinkapin, chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, cow</span> <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Durand (white)</span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Emory</span> <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Graves</span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, gray</span> <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, live</span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Mexican blue</span> <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Mohrs</span> <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, mossy-cup</span> <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, overcup</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, pin</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, post</span> <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, red</span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, sandjack</span> <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, shin</span> <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Shumard</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Spanish</span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Southern red</span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, spotted</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, swamp chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, swamp post oak</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, water</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, water white</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, white</span> <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Oak, willow</span> <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Old man’s beard,</span> <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Olive, Russian</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Olive, Texas wild</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Orange, mock</span> <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Osage-orange</span> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ostrya virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_154">154</div> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_P"><b>P</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Palmetto, Texas (palm)</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pawpaw</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Peach, wild</span> <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pecan</span> <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Persea borbonia</span> <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Persimmon, black</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Persimmon, common</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Persimmon, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, Austrian</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, limber, Rocky Mtn. white</span> <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, loblolly</span> <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, longleaf</span> <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, <a class="gloss" href="#g_Nut">nut</a></span> <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, ponderosa, western yellow</span> <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, shortleaf, yellow</span> <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, slash</span> <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pine, Sonderegger</span> <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinus echinata</span> <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinus edulis</span> <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinus elliottii</span> <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinus flexilis</span> <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinus nigra</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinus palustris</span> <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinus ponderosa</span> <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinus taeda</span> <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pinyon</span> <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pistache, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pistacia texana</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pithecellobium flexicaule</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Planer tree</span> <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Planera aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Platanus occidentalis</span> <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Plum, flatwoods</span> <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Plum, Mexican</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Popple, aspen</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Populus deltoidea</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Populus fremontii var. wislizenii</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Populus sargentii</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Populus tremuloides</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Porlieria, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Possumhaw</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prickly ash</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Privet, swamp</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prosopsis juliflora</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prunus caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prunus mexicana</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prunus serotina</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prunus serotina var. rufula</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prunus umbellata</span> <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pseudotsuga menziesii</span> <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ptelea trifoliata</span> <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_Q"><b>Q</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus alba</span> <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus durandii</span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus emoryi</span> <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus falcata</span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus gravesii</span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus grisea</span> <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus incana</span> <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus lyrata</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus macrocarpa</span> <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus marilandica</span> <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus michauxii</span> <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus mohriana</span> <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus muhlenbergii</span> <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus nigra</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus oblongifolia</span> <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus phellos</span> <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus shumardii</span> <a href="#Page_4">4</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus shumardii var. shumardii</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus shumardii var. texana</span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus stellata</span> <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus velutina</span> <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Quercus virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_R"><b>R</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Redbay</span> <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Redbud, eastern</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Redcedar, eastern</span> <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Redgum</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Rhus copallina</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Robinia pseudoacacia</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Rusty blackhaw</span> <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_S"><b>S</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sabal minor</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sabal texana</span> <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Salix nigra</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sapindus drummondii</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sassafras</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sassafras albidum</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Shepherdia argentea</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Siberian elm</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Silverbell, two-wing</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sloe, black</span> <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Smoketree, American</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Snowdrop tree</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Soapberry, western</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Soapbush</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Soap plant, Indian</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sophora affinis</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sparkleberry tree</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sugarberry</span> <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sumac, shining, dwarf, flameleaf</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sumac, poison</span> <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Swampbay</span> <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sweetbay magnolia</span> <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sweetgum</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sweetleaf, common</span> <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sycamore, American</span> <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Symplocos tinctoria</span> <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_T"><b>T</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tamarisk</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tamarix araiculata</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tamarix gallica</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tamarix pentandra</span> <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Taxodium distichum</span> <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tepehuaje</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Texas sophora</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Texas wild olive</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tilia americana</span> <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tilia caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tilia floridana</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tingle-tongue</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Toothache tree</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Toxicodendron vernix</span> <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tree-huckleberry</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tree of heaven</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tree Sparkleberry (Farkleberry)</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tupelo, black</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tupelo, swamp</span> <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tupelo, water</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_U"><b>U</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ulmus alata</span> <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ulmus americana</span> <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ulmus crassifolia</span> <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ulmus pumila</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Ulmus rubra</span> <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Una de Gato</span> <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_V"><b>V</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Vaccinium arboreum</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Viburnum rufidulum</span> <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_W"><b>W</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Wafer-ash</span> <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Wahoo, eastern</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Walnut, black</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Walnut, little</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Walnut, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Waterlocust</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Wild china-tree</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Wild olive, Texas</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Wild peach</span> <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Willow, black</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Willow, desert</span> <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Winterberry</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Winterberry euonymus</span> <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Witch-hazel</span> <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_Y"><b>Y</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Yara</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Yaupon</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center" id="index_Z"><b>Z</b></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Zanthoxylum clava-herculis</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_155">155</div> -<div class="img" id="fig129"> -<img src="images/img066.jpg" alt="" width="530" height="500" /> -<p class="caption">TREE PLANTING REGIONS OF TEXAS</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c9">PARTIAL LIST OF TREES RECOMMENDED FOR SHADE AND WINDBREAKS</h2> -<h3>East Texas</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt>American elm</dt> -<dt>arborvitae</dt> -<dt>Arizona cypress</dt> -<dt>basswood</dt> -<dt>black locust</dt> -<dt>black walnut</dt> -<dt>bur oak</dt> -<dt>catalpa</dt> -<dt>Chinese tallow</dt> -<dt>green ash</dt> -<dt>hackberry</dt> -<dt>holly</dt> -<dt>live oak</dt> -<dt>loblolly pine</dt> -<dt>longleaf pine</dt> -<dt>magnolia</dt> -<dt>pecan</dt> -<dt>red oak</dt> -<dt>shortleaf pine</dt> -<dt>silver maple</dt> -<dt>slash pine</dt> -<dt>sweetgum</dt> -<dt>sycamore</dt> -<dt>water oak</dt> -<dt>white ash</dt> -<dt>willow oak</dt></dl> -<h3>Coastal Prairie</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt>American elm</dt> -<dt>arborvitae</dt> -<dt>Arizona ash</dt> -<dt>Arizona cypress</dt> -<dt>athel</dt> -<dt>Carolina poplar</dt> -<dt>Chinese tallow</dt> -<dt>Gulf Coast cedar</dt> -<dt>hackberry</dt> -<dt>holly</dt> -<dt>Italian cypress</dt> -<dt>live oak</dt> -<dt>loblolly pine</dt> -<dt>pecan</dt> -<dt>swamp ash</dt> -<dt>sweetgum</dt> -<dt>sycamore</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_156">156</div> -<h3>Central Texas</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Arizona cypress</dt> -<dt>American elm</dt> -<dt>Texas walnut</dt> -<dt>cedar elm</dt> -<dt>Chinese arborvitae</dt> -<dt>Chinese elm</dt> -<dt>eastern redcedar</dt> -<dt>green ash</dt> -<dt>hackberry</dt> -<dt>live oak</dt> -<dt>pecan</dt> -<dt>sycamore</dt> -<dt>thornless honeylocust</dt></dl> -<h3>South Texas</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt>anaqua</dt> -<dt>Arizona cypress</dt> -<dt>athel</dt> -<dt>Australian pine</dt> -<dt>Carolina poplar</dt> -<dt>Chinese arborvitae</dt> -<dt>Chinese tallow</dt> -<dt>eucalyptus</dt> -<dt>fan palm</dt> -<dt>Gulf Coast cedar</dt> -<dt>gum elastic</dt> -<dt>hackberry</dt> -<dt>Italian cypress</dt> -<dt>Japanese varnish tree</dt> -<dt>live oak</dt> -<dt>ornamental date palm</dt> -<dt>pecan</dt> -<dt>pistacia</dt> -<dt>Rio Grande ash</dt> -<dt>sycamore</dt></dl> -<h3>West Texas</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Arizona ash</dt> -<dt>Arizona cypress</dt> -<dt>aspen popple</dt> -<dt>Austrian pine</dt> -<dt>Chinese arborvitae</dt> -<dt>Chinese elm</dt> -<dt>green ash</dt> -<dt>hackberry</dt> -<dt>live oak</dt> -<dt>mountain cottonwood</dt> -<dt>pistacia</dt> -<dt>redcedar</dt> -<dt>Rocky mountain</dt> -<dt>juniper</dt> -<dt>Russian mulberry</dt> -<dt>Russian olive</dt> -<dt>silver poplar</dt> -<dt>Spanish oak</dt> -<dt>thornless honeylocust</dt> -<dt>western yellow pine</dt></dl> -<h3>Panhandle</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt>American elm</dt> -<dt>apricot</dt> -<dt>Arizona cypress</dt> -<dt>Austrian pine</dt> -<dt>black locust</dt> -<dt>Carolina poplar</dt> -<dt>Chinese arborvitae</dt> -<dt>Chinese maple</dt> -<dt>Chinese elm</dt> -<dt>Colorado blue spruce</dt> -<dt>green ash</dt> -<dt>hackberry</dt> -<dt>loblolly pine</dt> -<dt>pistacia</dt> -<dt>redcedar</dt> -<dt>red mulberry</dt> -<dt>Russian mulberry</dt> -<dt>Russian olive</dt> -<dt>sand plum</dt> -<dt>shortleaf pine</dt> -<dt>Siberian elm</dt> -<dt>silver poplar</dt> -<dt>sycamore</dt> -<dt>thornless honeylocust</dt> -<dt>western yellow pine</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_158">158</div> -<h2 id="c10">CODE OF BEHAVIOR -<br />WITH -<br />OUTDOOR FIREBRANDS</h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/img067.jpg" alt="SMOKEY SAYS PREVENT FOREST FIRES!" width="300" height="400" /> -</div> -<blockquote> -<p>1. Burn household trash only in a metal or cinder -block container on an area cleared to bare soil.</p> -<p>2. Burn fields and brush piles only in the late afternoon -when the wind is low and after a 5-foot fire-break -has been plowed around the field.</p> -<p>3. Break matches and crush smokes before discarding.</p> -<p>4. Use car ash tray for smokes and used matches -when traveling in a vehicle. Don’t pitch them out -the window.</p> -<p>5. Clear the area around a warming or camp fire -before lighting it.</p> -<p>6. Extinguish all warming and camp fires when you -leave. Be sure all fires are Dead Out.</p> -</blockquote> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul><li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>Corrected a few palpable typos.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -<li>Included a transcription of the text within some images.</li> -<li>Added a caption “Flower Clusters” to an uncaptioned illustration on <a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a>.</li> -<li>The HTML version contains relative hyperlinks to the <i><a class="pgref" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46450/46450-h/46450-h.htm">Manual of the Trees of North America</a></i> (<a class="pgref" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46450">Gutenberg eBook #46450</a>), so that offline copies can be interlinked.</li></ul> -<h2>Transcriber’s Note on Linking between eBooks</h2> -<p>This eBook contains “relative” links to other Project Gutenberg eBooks. 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