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diff --git a/old/52651-0.txt b/old/52651-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index bc090c2..0000000 --- a/old/52651-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6646 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Forest Trees of Texas, by W. R. Matoon and C. B. Webster - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Forest Trees of Texas - How to Know Them - -Author: W. R. Matoon - C. B. Webster - -Editor: John A. Haislet - -Release Date: July 26, 2016 [EBook #52651] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF TEXAS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - Forest Trees of Texas - _How To Know Them_ - - - _Eighth Edition - Ninth Printing - October, 1990_ - - - TEXAS FOREST SERVICE - A PART OF - THE TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM - COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS - - - BULLETIN 20 APRIL, 1963 - - CROWN - TRUNK - HEARTWOOD (INACTIVE) GIVES STRENGTH - SAPWOOD CARRIES SAP FROM ROOT TO LEAVES - CAMBIUM (MICROSCOPIC) BUILDS THE CELLS - INNER BARK CARRIES PREPARED FOOD FROM LEAVES TO CAMBIUM LAYER - OUTER BARK PROTECTS TREE FROM INJURIES - ROOTS - SURFACE ROOTS - TAPROOT - -_Tree increases each year in height and spread of branches by adding on -new growth of twigs_ - -_Air supplies carbon the principal food of the tree taken in on under -surface of leaves._ - -_Leaves prepare the food obtained from air and soil and give off -moisture by transpiration. Light and heat are necessary for the chemical -changes_ - -_The breathing pores of the entire tree,—on leaves, twigs, branches, -trunk and roots take in oxygen. Flooding, poisonous gases, or smoke may -kill a tree_ - -_Root tips or root hairs take up water containing small quantity of -minerals in solution_ - -_The buds, root tips, and cambium layer are the growing parts of the -tree. Water containing a small quantity of minerals in solution is -absorbed by the roots, carried up through the sapwood to the leaves and -there combined with carbon from the air to make food. This food is -carried by the inner bark to all growing parts of the tree, even down to -the root tips_ - - - - - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - -The first edition of _Forest Trees of Texas—How to Know Them_ was -assembled by W. R. Matoon and C. B. Webster in 1928. The sections, -“Trees as Mankind’s Friends”, “Studying a Tree”, “Other Texas Trees”, -drawings of twigs, leaves and fruits, and the glossary were incorporated -into the fourth and fifth editions by S. L. Frost and D. A. Anderson. -The sixth and seventh editions were edited by H. E. Weaver and W. A. -Smith, respectively. Some of the drawings used in this publication were -made available by the United States Forest Service. - -The eighth edition was revised and edited by John A. Haislet to conform -with the nomenclature in _Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of -the United States (Including Alaska)_, Agriculture Handbook No. 41, -prepared under the direction of the United States Forest Service Tree -and Range Plant Committee. D. A. Anderson’s “A Guide to the -Identification of the Principal Trees and Shrubs of Texas” was revised -and incorporated in the eighth edition to give it greater utility to the -non-technical student of trees. - - - - - TREES ... MANKIND’S FRIENDS - - -Trees have held an important place in man’s way of life since he has -been on the earth. Trees provided early man with weapons to defend -himself and helped provide him with food, shelter and fuel. - -Trees have played an important role in the history of the United States. -Timber was our nation’s first export. The forest also provided our -forefathers with their homes, farm implements, rifle stocks and wagons. -The forest, by furnishing ties and utility poles, made possible the -expansion of railroad systems, electric power and telephone networks. -Every industry depends upon forest products in one way or another. - -Trees are more important today than ever before. More than 10,000 -products are reportedly made from trees. Through chemistry, the humble -woodpile is yielding chemicals, plastics and fabrics that were beyond -comprehension when an axe first felled a Texas tree. - -The American standard of living depends to no small extent on the care -with which we use our forest resource. Fortunately, trees are a -renewable resource. They can be grown as a crop and harvested in such a -way that the stand is kept productive, and a steady supply of forest -products is assured. - - - - - TEXAS TREES - - -A tree is generally defined as a woody plant having one well-defined -stem and a more or less definitely formed crown, usually attaining a -height of at least eight feet. Using water and minerals from the soil, -gases from the air and energy from the sun, a tree manufactures the food -it needs for growth and reproduction. Trees, like man, grow rapidly when -they are young but gradually their growth decreases; they begin to -deteriorate and eventually die. Nature then reduces them to the elements -from which they were derived. - -The terms “hardwood,” “softwood,” “deciduous” and “non-deciduous” are -often encountered in tree literature. These terms are confusing and -often misleading. Needle-bearing or cone-bearing trees are designated as -softwoods even though the wood may be dense. Hardwoods are the -broad-leaved (unlike needles or scales) trees, the wood of which may be -dense or soft. - -The conifers, or softwoods, generally retain their leaves more than one -growing season and produce seed in cones; however, there are exceptions. -Baldcypress, a conifer, is deciduous since it sheds its leaves in -autumn. Cedar and juniper produce berry-like cones that scarcely -resemble cones. - -The hardwoods, or broad-leaved trees, are generally deciduous; i.e., -they shed their leaves in autumn. Texas has many exceptions, for -example: southern magnolia, live oak and American holly which retain -green leaves through the winter. - -More than half of the 1,100 species of native trees in the United States -are found in the South. Of these, more than 200 species and varieties -are native to Texas. In addition, many exotic species have been -introduced and now grow in many parts of the state. - -The four main forest regions of Texas include: the Southern pine forest -in East Texas; the central hardwoods, the post oak and cross timbers of -North-central Texas; the semi-tropical forest in the Rio Grande Valley -region of Texas; and the mountain forest, the timbered areas of West -Texas which are a continuation of the timber types of the Southern Rocky -Mountains. In Texas, trees are the principal vegetative cover on an -estimated area of 28,805,617 acres. - - [Illustration: TREE REGIONS] - - PINE-HARDWOOD - CEDAR BREAKS - POST OAK - WEST CROSS TIMBERS - EAST CROSS TIMBERS - MOUNTAIN FORESTS - -Texas also has minor tree areas which are almost restricted to Texas; -the cedar breaks and the oak shinneries. Some of the shinnery trees are -among the smallest in America. In places, fully matured trees are not -over knee-high and resemble pigmy forests. In other areas, the same -species grows 20 to 30 feet tall to form almost impenetrable thickets. - -The pine-hardwood forests of East Texas, comprise 12,525,417 acres in -all or part of 42 counties. Lumber, paper, baskets, boxes, ties, poles, -piling, posts, handles and shingles constitute the main forest products -manufactured in the Piney Woods of East Texas. - -Farther west, in East Central Texas, the post oak forests cover -approximately 5,030,200 acres in all or part of 39 counties. - -The east and west “cross timbers”, occur on an area of approximately 3 -million acres. The term “cross timbers” originated with the early -settlers who, in their travels from east to west, crossed alternating -patches of forests and prairies and so affixed the name “cross timbers” -to these forests. - -Farther south in the Edwards Plateau region, are the cedar breaks which -extend over 3¾ million acres. Cedar grows on the steep slopes and -rolling hills common to this region, in association with live oak and -mesquite. - -Other tree areas of the state include an estimated 500,000 acres of -mountain forests in the Trans-Pecos Region and the live oak area along -the Gulf Coast. - -Two of Texas’ trees, guaiacum and ebony, produce the hardest woods in -the United States. Both species are found in the Rio Grande Valley. The -tree with the lightest wood in the United States, corkwood, grows near -the mouth of the Brazos River. Drooping or weeping juniper, so named for -the drooping characteristic of its branches, grows in the Big Bend area -but has not been reported to be native elsewhere in this country. - -Catclaw, huisache, mimosa, baretta, pistache, black persimmon, Mexican -ash, anaqua, flatwoods plum (sloe) and guajillo are other trees common -only in Texas. - - - - - TEXAS FOREST SERVICE - - -In 1915, the 34th Texas Legislature created by law the State Department -of Forestry and made it a part of the Agricultural and Mechanical -College of Texas. In 1925, the department became the Texas Forest -Service. As it grew, its service to Texas increased. It now helps -protect Texas’ forest resources against fire, insects and disease; -assists woodland owners in the proper management of their lands; makes -available seedlings for reforestation and windbreak purposes; conducts -research in forest tree improvement, management and utilization; and -conducts an educational program to acquaint Texans as to the -desirability of practicing forestry. - -The Texas Forest Service, with more than 300 employees, has four -departments: Forest Fire Control, Forest Management, Forest Products, -and Information and Education. The offices of the Director, and of the -Forest Management and the Information and Education Departments are in -College Station. Forest Fire Control and Forest Products Department -headquarters are in Lufkin. - -Seven administrative districts, each headed by a district forester, are -responsible for the activities of the Texas Forest Service in the areas -of intensive and extensive forest fire protection. District headquarters -are located at Linden, Henderson, Lufkin, Woodville, Kirbyville, Conroe -and College Station. - -More than 10 million acres of state and privately owned timberland in -the Piney Woods are now under intensive protection against fire, insects -and diseases. An additional area of 5 million acres, commonly referred -to as the post oak region, west of and adjacent to the pine-hardwood -area, has been under extensive protection beginning with 1962. - - - - - TEXAS FORESTRY ASSOCIATION - - -The Texas Forestry Association is a statewide, nonprofit agency -concerned primarily with the educational phase of forest conservation. -Organized in 1914, the Association was largely responsible for the -passage of the law which created the Department of Forestry at the -Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, and from which the Texas -Forest Service emerged. - -For more than 48 years, this organization has cooperated with the Texas -Forest Service and other interested agencies in promoting the forest -economy of Texas. Membership in the Texas Forestry Association is open -to all conservation-minded citizens. - - - - - ARBOR DAY - - -The growing dependency of man upon forest resources for raw materials, -products, watershed protection, conservation of certain wildlife and -recreation gives added significance to Arbor Day which is set aside -annually to pay tribute to trees. - -Arbor Day originated in Nebraska in 1872. It was first celebrated in -Texas in 1889 on George Washington’s birthday, February 22. In 1949, the -Texas State Legislature adopted the following resolution: - - _Resolved, by the House of Representatives of the State of Texas, the - Senate concurring, That the third Friday in January of each year be - designated as “Arbor Day”, to be devoted to the planting and - cultivation of forest, shade and ornamental trees throughout the State - and to be observed for that purpose in such manner as may seem best to - the people of each community; and be it further_ - - _Resolved, That the Governor of Texas be requested to issue an - appropriate proclamation annually to encourage the proper observance - of such “Arbor Day”._ - -Arbor Day can best be celebrated by planting one or more suitable trees -around a school or club area or by establishing a school plantation. In -addition to paying tribute to the beauty of trees, one can call -attention to the importance of trees to man’s welfare. The Texas Forest -Service continues to assist clubs and schools in organizing Arbor Day -programs. - - - - - STATE TREE - - -The pecan, _Carya illinoensis_, (Wangenh.) K. Koch, was officially -designated as the state tree of Texas by an act of the legislature in -June 1919. - -By an amendment in 1927, certain state agencies were requested to give -due consideration to the pecan tree when beautifying state parks and -other public property belonging to the state. - - - - - STUDYING TREES - - -Trees, like people, become friends only when we have become well -acquainted with them and have a knowledge of the characteristics that -make them something special to us. This bulletin about the trees of -Texas may be used as a handy reference for identifying trees you do not -know, or it may be used as the basis for developing tree friends. The -following is a guide or lesson plan that will help make a friend of each -tree studied. - - I. Object of Study - Each kind of tree has certain identifying characteristics which - mark it as being different from other kinds of species of trees. - By careful observation and examination these identifying points - may be learned and you can feel that you know the tree. - II. Source of Study Material - 1. The locality in which you live probably has some trees you know. - Why do you know them? Start by studying these trees and make - them fast friends. - 2. You also will find some trees you are not sure about or do not - know; next, study these one by one until you are sure you will - always know them. - 3. Wherever you may be or whenever you see a tree you do not know, - observe it carefully, collect enough facts and sample material - to study until you learn to know it. - 4. Books, articles, pictures and references will help to learn some - trees you cannot actually see but which are of interest to - you. - III. Approach to Tree Study - 1. One tree should be studied at a time as a general rule although - it may be an advantage to select somewhat similar trees and - study them by comparisons. - 2. Field study of the growing tree is the most satisfactory. Observe - a number of the same kind of trees as there are individual - variations in some characteristics. - 3. If possible collect for reference and further study samples of - leaves, twigs, bark, wood, flowers and fruit. BE CAREFUL in - collecting samples. It is better not to have samples than to - deface or injure the tree. No one will object to your studying - their trees if you do no damage. - IV. Procedure - 1. General - (a) First observe the tree as a whole taking into consideration - all the points that attract your attention. Very often there - will be some one thing that either alone or in relation to - other points attracts your attention. That feature when - studied may be the key to your really learning to know the - tree. - (b) The suggestions that follow as to observations of various - parts of the tree do not limit the study of those points for - perhaps you will learn to know the tree from some feature not - listed. - 2. Form of tree - Note the size, shape and branching habit; observe its location - in relation to other trees that might affect its form. - 3. Bark - Observe thickness, roughness, type of fissures and color of - bark. Studying the bark as a means of winter identification is - particularly worthwhile. - 4. Leaves - Study type, size, shape and variations on the same tree; note - arrangement on twigs; describe by the blade, stalk, margin, - venation, base and tip; know their texture and color. - 5. Twigs - Note lateral arrangement on branches; observe whether flexible - or stocky and whether rough or smooth; study differences - between new growth and old; learn any distinctive color, - smell, or taste; cut a cross-section and note size, shape, - color and size of pith; note presence or absence of lenticels. - 6. Buds - Like bark, the buds are helpful in winter identification. Note - size, scale coverings, and shape. Observe arrangement and - position on twigs; compare terminal and lateral buds. - 7. Leaf-scars - Study scars left by falling leaves as to size, form, position - and occurrence; note bundle-scars (appear as marks in scar) as - to number, shape, size, and arrangement. - 8. Flowers - Study promptly at proper season; trees vary widely in - flowering habits; observe as to size, form, shape of parts, - color and arrangement; and learn whether the tree has one or - two kinds of flowers—if two, whether male and female flowers - are on same tree. - 9. Fruit - Study of fruit also is seasonal. When it is available, observe - type, form, structure and method of distribution. - 10. Wood - Identification of trees by wood forms a separate study but - often field identification of trees can be aided by - observation of distinctive points about the wood such as - color, taste and general structure. - 11. Habitat - An interesting and often useful help in tree identification is - to note the growing habits of trees, whether in dry or moist - places, what other species same type sites, whether it grows - better in open places or in more sheltered locations and the - like. - V. Summary - If you have followed through on your study of a tree, covering the - eleven points listed, you will really know the tree for all time. - However, even if you cannot or do not make your study as - thoroughly as is suggested, you should at least select enough - distinctive characteristics about the tree to study that you will - be able to identify it both in the summer and the winter seasons. - VI. References - Your school and public library should have one or more books on - trees. You will find books on southern trees most helpful. While - it is impractical to provide a complete list of books on trees, - the partial list below is furnished for your information, with the - understanding that no discrimination is intended: - Fernald, M. L. _Gray’s Manual of Botany._ Eighth edition. American - Book Company, 1950. - Green, C. H. _Trees of the South._ The University of North - Carolina Press, 1939. - Harrar, E. S., Harrar, J. G. _Guide to Southern Trees._ Whittlesey - House, 1946. - Kearney, T. H., Peebles, R. H. _Arizona Flora._ University of - California Press, 1951. - Sargent, C. S. _Manual of the Trees of North America._ Second - Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922 (_at Project Gutenberg_). - Vines, R. A. _Native East Texas Trees._ Houston Museum of Natural - History, 1953. - Vines, R. A. Trees, _Shrubs and Woody Vines of the Southwest._ The - University of Texas Press, 1960. - - [Illustration: Cross Section of the Trunk of an Oak Tree.] - - A. Cambium - B. Inner bark - C. Outer bark - D. Sapwood - E. Heartwood - F. Pith - G. Ray - - [Illustration: TWIG FEATURES] - - Terminal Bud - False Terminal Bud - Twig Scar - Bud Scales - Superposed Bud - Lateral Leaf Buds - Bundle Scar - Flower Bud - Leaf Scars - Lenticel - Stipule Scar - Terminal Bud Scale Scars - Pith - Chambered - Solid - - - - - TWIGS AND LEAVES - - - [Illustration: TYPES OF TWIG BRANCHING] - - Alternate - Whorled - Opposite - - [Illustration: LEAF TYPES] - - Simple - Compound - Doubly Compound - Opposite Leaves - Alternate Leaves - Awl-Shaped Needles - Pine Needles - Scale-like Needles - - [Illustration: PARTS OF LEAF] - - Lamina or blade - Base - Stem - Apex - Leaf margin - Primary vein - Secondary or lateral veins - Petiole (Sessile leaves have no petiole but are attached directly to - the stem) - - - - - LEAF SHAPES - - - [Illustration: LEAF FORMS] - - Lanceolate - Ovate - Obovate - Star-shaped - Linear or Rectangular - Heart-Shaped or Orbicular - Oval - Elliptical - Deltoid - - [Illustration: LEAF APEXES] - - Acuminate - Acute - Obtuse - Truncate - Bristle Pointed - Rounded - - [Illustration: LEAF MARGINS] - - Entire - Dentate - Toothed or Serrate - Sinuate or Wavy - Doubly Serrate - Lobed - Incised - - [Illustration: LEAF BASES] - - Wedge-Shaped or Cuneate - Oblique or One-Sided - Rounded - Heart-Shaped or Cordate - Truncate or Square - - [Illustration: THE COMPLETE FLOWER] - - Stamen - Anther - Filament - Sepal - Receptacle - Petal - Pistil - Stigma - Style - Ovary - Peduncle - -Sepals collectively designated as _calyx_. - -Petals collectively designated as _corolla_. - -The ripened ovary comprises the fruit. - -Ripened ovules of the ovary comprise the seed of the fruit. - -A flower lacking either calyx, corolla, stamens, or pistil is an -incomplete flower. If the male and female flower parts occur in separate -flowers on the same tree the species is said to be _monoecious_. If the -male and female flowers occur on separate trees, the species is said to -be _dioecious_. - - [Illustration: FLOWER CLUSTERS] - - Spike - Catkin or ament - Cylindrical cyme - Flat-topped cyme - Raceme - Panicle - Corymb - Umbel - Compound umbel - Head - - [Illustration: COMMON TYPES OF FRUITS AND SEEDS] - - Acorn (Oak) - Multiple Fruit (Mulberry) - Nuts in Prickly Bur (Beech) - Drupe (Cherry) - Pod (Locust) - Samara (Elm) - Samara (Ash) - Samara (Maple) - Cone (Pine) - Hairy Seed (Willow) - Nuts in Bladder-Like Bracts (Hophornbeam) - Berry (Persimmon) - Nut in Husk (Hickory) - A Nut-Like Drupe (Basswood) - Drupe (Hackberry) - Winged Seed (Pine) - Multiple Fruit—Achene Enlarged (Sycamore) - Nuts in Spiny Bur (Chinkapin) - - - - - Texas Trees - - - - - LIMBER PINE (Rocky Mountain White Pine) - Pinus flexilis var. flexilis James - - -Limber pine is abundant in the Rocky Mountains and in scattered areas -over much of the West. In Texas, limber pine may be found in the -Guadalupe and Davis Mountains of West Texas. - -As the name indicates, the branches and twigs are especially flexible -and tough, often light purple in color. The branches form a rounded tree -top or head. The trunk is stout and noticeably tapered. - -The needle-like LEAVES are in clusters of five. They are stiff and -stout, about 2 to 3 inches long, and arranged in clusters or tufts near -the ends of the branches. They stay on the twig for five or six years. - - [Illustration: LIMBER PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-third natural size)] - -The “FRUIT”, a cone, is relatively short or stocky, mostly from 3 to 6 -inches long, made up of rounded rather thick scales, some turned forward -and some backward. The cone is short-stalked. As with all the pines, the -seeds mature at the end of the second season of growth. - -The WOOD is relatively soft, close-grained, slightly yellowish or -reddish. It is not cut in quantity and the trees are usually rather -limby and short-bodied, which largely accounts for the small commercial -use. - - - - - PINYON (Nut Pine) - Pinus edulis Engelm. - - -Pinyon is found as scattered trees or in small groves over the mountains -and canyons in the western part of the state to elevations of 8,000 -feet. It is a small tree, grows on warm slopes or in sheltered -locations, and forms a bushy top with orange-colored branchlets. - -The needle-like LEAVES grow in bundles of two (rarely 3); whereas in -Pinus cembroides Zucc., the Mexican Pinyon, there are usually three -needles per cluster. The dark green needles are approximately one inch -long, stiff, stout, and curved. They remain on the tree from 5 to 8 -years. - - [Illustration: PINYON (Natural size)] - -Like all the pines, it has male and female “FLOWERS” separate on the -same tree. The “FRUIT”, a cone, is rounded, about 1 to 2 inches across, -and produces large seeds or “nuts”, from ½ to ¾ inch long. The seeds are -rich in food value and form an important article of diet for the -Indians. The seeds are gathered and sold widely as fancy “nuts” in many -larger towns and cities. - -The WOOD is light, soft, close-grained, and pale brown, used for fuel -and sometimes as fencing. A close relative P. cembroides is found -scattered in the Texas cedar breaks. - - - - - PONDEROSA PINE (Western Yellow Pine) - Pinus ponderosa Laws. - - -Ponderosa pine is the most important commercial pine of the Southwest -and many parts of the Rocky Mountain region. It reaches the southeastern -limit of its range in the Guadalupe and Davis Mountains of West Texas -where it is scattered and of little commercial value. It is favored as -an ornamental in the Texas Panhandle. - -[Illustration: PONDEROSA PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)] - -The needle-like LEAVES are in bundles of three and are mostly 5 to 8 -inches long. The needles, massed toward the ends of naked branches, -remain on the tree about 3 years. - -The “FRUIT”, a short-stalked cone, is oval-shaped, reddish-brown, and -armed with stout recurved prickles. - -The WOOD of this species, from trees in the commercial part of its -range, is of excellent quality for lumber. The wood is hard, strong, and -rather fine grained. The heartwood is light reddish-white and the -sapwood nearly white. Lumber from this tree is widely used for house -construction and furniture. - - - - - LOBLOLLY PINE - Pinus taeda L. - - -This fast-growing yellow pine is the most abundant and valuable species -in Southeast Texas from Orange County west to Walker and Waller -Counties. The species is also abundant northward to the Oklahoma line. -Loblolly pine also constitutes the pine of the “Lost Pine Region” in the -vicinity of Bastrop. - -[Illustration: LOBLOLLY PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)] - -Loblolly invades abandoned fields rapidly. For this reason it is often -called old field pine. In the virgin forest of Texas, loblolly pine was -most common along banks of streams. It is still the dominant pine on -moist sites, but may also be found in relatively dry sites. - -The dark-colored BARK is deeply furrowed and often attains a thickness -of as much as 2 inches on large-sized trees. The needle-like LEAVES, 6 -to 9 inches long, are borne three (occasionally two) in a cluster. In -the spring bright green clumps of needles grow at the end of branches -and give the tree a luxuriant appearance. The “FRUIT”, a cone, ripens in -the autumn of the second year and is 3 to 5 inches long. Many seeds with -wings an inch long are shed during the fall and early winter. - -The resinous WOOD is coarse-grained. There is marked contrast, as in -other yellow pines, between the bands of springwood and summerwood. The -wood of second-growth trees has a wide range of uses such as building -material, box shooks, barrel staves, basket veneers, pulpwood, lath, -mine props, piling, and fuel. - - - - - SHORTLEAF PINE (Yellow Pine) - Pinus echinata Mill. - - -Shortleaf pine is an important pine over a wide area in Northeast Texas, -and is common in other parts of the “Piney Woods.” Essentially a tree of -the hilly section, growing in pure stands and in mixture with hardwoods, -the mature tree has a tall straight stem and an oval crown, reaching a -height of about 100 feet and a diameter of about 2½ feet. Unlike other -southern pines, young shortleaf pine trees may reproduce by sprouts when -cut or burned back. - - [Illustration: SHORTLEAF PINE (Fruit, natural size; leaves, two-thirds - natural size)] - -The BARK is brownish-red, broken into rectangular plates; it is thinner -and lighter-colored than that of loblolly pine. - -The needle-like LEAVES are in clusters of two or three (3 to 5 inches -long), slender, flexible, and dark blue-green. The “FRUIT”, a cone, or -bur, the smallest of the Texas pines, are 1½ to 2½ inches long, oblong, -with small sharp prickles; are generally clustered, and often hold to -the twigs for 3 or 4 years. The small mottled seeds have a wing which is -broadest near the center. - -The WOOD of old trees is rather heavy and hard, yellow-brown or orange, -fine-grained, and less resinous than that of the other important -Southern pines. It is used for finishing, general construction, veneers, -paper pulp, excelsior, cooperage, mine props, and other purposes. - - - - - LONGLEAF PINE - Pinus palustris Mill. - - -Young longleaf pine with its single upright stem, candle-like silvery -buds, and long, shiny leaves form a handsome tree. In later youth the -stalwart, sparingly-branched sapling, with heavy twigs and gray bark, -attracts immediate attention. Mature trees have tall, straight trunks, -1-3 feet in diameter and open irregular crowns. - -Longleaf pine grows in sandy soils from Orange County, north to Sabine -County and west to Trinity County. A hybrid cross between longleaf and -loblolly pine is often found in this range and is known as Sonderegger -pine. - -[Illustration: LONGLEAF PINE (Fruit and leaves, one-third natural size)] - -The needle-like LEAVES are grey-green, from 10 to 15 inches long, in -clusters of three, and gathered toward the ends of the thick, scaly, -twigs. The “FLOWERS”, appearing in early spring before the new leaves, -are a deep rose-purple, the male in prominent, short, dense clusters and -the female in inconspicuous groups of two to four. Unlike other Southern -pines, common to Texas, this species grows in a “grass” stage for 2 to 5 -years during which time it resembles a clump of grass. Once longleaf -pine starts its height growth, it grows rapidly. - -The “FRUIT”, a cone bur, is 6 to 10 inches long, and slightly curved, -the thick scales armed with small curved prickles. The cones usually -fall soon after the seed ripens, leaving their bases attached to the -twigs. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. It is used for -construction. Naval stores such as turpentine and rosin are obtained -from the tree. - - - - - SLASH PINE - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii - - -Slash pine is not a native of Texas, its natural range in the United -States being along the coast from South Carolina to eastern Louisiana. -The initial planting of slash pine in East Texas was made on the E. O. -Siecke State Forest near Kirbyville in 1926. It has been widely planted -in East Texas, and has been so successful in its growth and adaptability -to the region that it is now accepted as a forest tree of the State. It -is much favored for reforestation by planting because of its exceedingly -rapid height growth, good survival, and comparative freedom from -tip-moth damage. - - [Illustration: SLASH PINE (One-half natural size)] - -In its native habitat a mature tree ranges to 100 feet high, with a -roundtopped head and a trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter. - -The BARK ranges in thickness from ¾ to 1 inch, separating freely on the -surface into large thin scales. - -The needle-like LEAVES occur in clusters of 2 and 3, are from 8 to 12 -inches long, and lustrous. The “FLOWERS” appear in late winter, the male -dark purple, the female pink, the “FRUIT”, a cone usually 4 to 6 inches -long, is brown and glossy, the thin scales armed with fine prickles. - -Slash pine WOOD is exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse -grained, rich, dark orange color, with thick, nearly white sapwood. In -this respect it is similar to longleaf, being sold as such, and used for -the same purpose. Naval stores, lumber, pulpwood and other products can -be produced from this tree. - - - - - DOUGLAS-FIR - Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Belssn.) Franco - - -This valuable timber tree of the western United States reaches its -extreme southeastern limit in the mountains of West Texas. It is a small -tree locally but in the Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir reaches a height -of 250 feet and a diameter of 10 to 12 feet. - -The needle-like LEAVES are linear, more or less flattened, about an inch -in length, bluish green, and arranged closely in spirals around the -stem. They remain on the twigs for many years. The buds are a rich -reddish-brown and pointed. - - [Illustration: DOUGLAS-FIR (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)] - -The “FRUIT”, a cone, unlike that of true firs, hangs downward and is -easily identified by the protruding bracts, or “straws.” The mature -cones are 2 to 4 inches long, and brownish-red. - -The WOOD is moderately light, reddish tinted and surrounded by nearly -white sapwood. It varies widely in respect to density, quality and width -of sapwood. Much high grade plywood is made from this species. Young -Douglas-firs are sold as Christmas trees. - - - - - BALDCYPRESS - Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. - - -Baldcypress grows in swamps which are flooded for prolonged periods, and -on wet stream banks and bottomlands. It occurs in East Texas west to the -Nueces River. The straight trunk has numerous ascending branches, and -narrow conical outline. In old age the tree generally has a broad -fluted, or buttressed base, a smooth slowly tapering trunk and a broad, -open, flat top of a few heavy branches and numerous small branchlets. -Virgin-growth timber attains heights up to 130 feet and diameters up to -10 feet. - -[Illustration: BALDCYPRESS (Cone and leaves, seven-eighths natural size)] - -The BARK is silvery to cinnamon-red, finely divided by numerous -longitudinal fissures. The light green LEAVES about ½ to ¾ inch long, -are arranged in feather-like fashion along two sides of small branchlets -which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached. - -The “FRUIT”, a rounded cone, is about one inch in diameter, with thick -irregular scales. - -The WOOD is light, soft, easily worked, with a light sap wood and -dark-brown heartwood. It is particularly durable in contact with the -soil. Cypress is in demand for exterior trim of buildings, greenhouse -planking, boat and ship building, shingles, posts, poles, and crossties. - - - - - ASHE JUNIPER (Mexican Juniper--Mountain Cedar) - Juniperus ashei Buchholz - - -In Central and West Texas are found no less than nine species of cedars -or junipers, including one eastern, one southern, and seven western -species. Of these, the most abundant and important is the Mexican -juniper. This tree often forms extensive low forests or dense breaks on -the limestone hills and slopes of the Edwards Plateau and Grand Prairie. - - [Illustration: ASHE JUNIPER (Berry-like fruit and leaves, two-thirds - natural size)] - -The trunk is covered with shreddy, brown or reddish-brown BARK. The -LEAVES are dark blue-green, small, opposite or arranged in 3’s, scale -like, blunt pointed, and fringed with minute teeth. On vigorous young -plants the leaves are sharp pointed and longer, up to ½ inch long. - -The “FRUIT”, a nearly round, dark blue, berry-like cone is covered with -glaucous bloom; has a thin, pleasant-scented, sweet flesh, enclosing 1 -or 2 seeds; and ripens in one season. - -The WOOD is light, hard, light brown, close-grained but weak. It is -extensively used for fence posts and fuel. The tree is sometimes planted -as an ornamental. - - - - - EASTERN REDCEDAR - Juniperus virginiana L. - - -Redcedar is scattered through East Texas, usually on gravelly ridges and -rocky hillsides of the uplands. - -There are two kinds of LEAVES, usually both on the same tree. The most -common is dark green, minute, and scale-like, clasping the twig in four -ranks, so that the twig appears square. The other kind, usually -appearing on young growth, or vigorous shoots, is awl-shaped, quite -sharp-pointed, spreading, and whitened. - -The BARK is thin, reddish-brown, turning ashy-gray on exposed surfaces, -and peels off in long shred-like strips. The trunk is usually more or -less grooved. - -The male and female FLOWERS blooming in February or March, are at the -end of minute twigs on separate trees. - -The “FRUIT” which matures in one season is pale blue, ¼ inch in -diameter, and berry-like, the sweet flesh enclosing one or two seeds. - -[Illustration: EASTERN REDCEDAR (Fruit and leaves, three-fourths natural - size)] - -The HEARTWOOD is distinctly red, and the sapwood white, this color -combination making very striking effects when finished as cedar chests, -closets, and interior woodwork. The wood is aromatic, soft, strong, and -of even texture, very durable in contact with the soil, and in great -demand for posts, poles, and rustic work. - -Since redcedar spreads the cedar-rust of apples, it is inadvisable to -plant this tree in or near orchards, or anywhere in regions devoted to -commercial apple production. - - - - - BLACK WALNUT - Juglans nigra L. - - -This valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottomlands and moist fertile -hillsides as far west as the San Antonio River. It may attain a height -of nearly 100 feet with a straight stem, clear of branches for half of -its height. - -The BARK is thick, dark brown in color, and divided by rather deep -fissures into rounded ridges. - -The LEAVES are alternate, compound, 1 to 2 feet long, consisting of from -15 to 23 leaflets of a yellowish-green color. The leaflets are about 3 -inches long, extremely tapering at the end, and toothed along the -margin. - - [Illustration: BLACK WALNUT (Leaf, one-fifth natural size; fruit, - one-fourth natural size; twig, about natural size)] - -The FRUIT is a nut, borne singly or in pairs, and enclosed in a solid -green husk which does not split open, even after the nut is ripe. The -nut itself is black with a very hard, thick, finely ridged shell, -enclosing a rich, oily, edible kernel. - -The HEARTWOOD is heavy, hard and strong. Its rich chocolate-brown color, -freedom from warping, and checking, susceptibility to a high polish, and -durability make it highly prized for furniture and cabinet work and -gunstocks. Walnut is easily propagated from the nuts, and should be more -widely planted and grown for timber and nuts. - -LITTLE WALNUT or TEXAS WALNUT (Juglans microcarpa Berlandier) is found -on limestone banks of streams in western Texas. The stumps supply a -beautiful veneer. - - - - - PECAN - Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch - - -Pecan, the “State tree” of Texas, is found native in the state from the -Piney Woods west throughout Central Texas, centering in the watershed of -the Colorado River. It makes an excellent shade tree and is very -valuable for the nut crop it bears. Many varieties are planted in -orchards. The pecan is a tall-growing tree, attaining heights of over -100 feet. When grown in the open it forms a large, rounded, symmetrical -top. - -The outer BARK is rough, hard, tight, but broken into scales; on the -limbs it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as the -bark grows old. - -The LEAVES resemble those of the other hickories and the black walnut. -They are made up of 9 to 17 leaflets, each oblong, toothed and -long-pointed, and 4 to 8 inches long by about 2 inches wide. - - [Illustration: PECAN (Leaf, one-sixth natural size; fruit, one-third - natural size)] - -The FLOWERS appear in early spring and hang in tassels from 2 to 3 -inches long. The FRUIT is a nut 1 to 2 inches long, and ½ to 1 inch in -diameter, in a thin husk which opens along its grooved seams when the -fruit ripens in the fall. The nuts vary in size and thickness of shell. -Cultivated varieties are sold on the market in large quantities. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, brittle, not strong, and of little value except -for fuel and wagon stock. Some wood is satisfactory for making softball -bats. - - - - - BITTERNUT HICKORY (Pignut) - Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch - - -Bitternut, the only hickory with bright yellow buds, is a tall slender -tree with a broad pyramidal crown, attaining a height of 100 feet and a -diameter of 2 to 3 feet. It is found in the eastern part of the state on -moist rich soils, and is not abundant. - -The BARK on the trunk is granite-gray, faintly tinged with yellow, less -rough than in most hickories, yet broken into thin, plate-like scales. - -[Illustration: BITTERNUT HICKORY (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The bright yellow winter BUDS are compressed and scurfy. The LEAVES are -alternate, compound, from 6 to 10 inches long, and composed of 5 to 11 -leaflets. The individual leaflets are smaller and more slender than -those of the other hickories. - -The male and female FLOWERS are on the same tree. The FRUIT is about 1 -inch long and thin-husked, while the nut has a thin, smoothish, gray, -brittle shell. The kernel is bitter. - -The WOOD is hard, strong, and heavy; reddish-brown in color, and often -called red hickory. It has the same uses as the other hickories but is -said to be inferior. - - - - - WATER HICKORY - Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. - - -This tree, as its name indicates, grows in bottomlands and rich, wet -woods. It is found throughout the eastern portion of the state. It is -not a large hickory, seldom attaining a height of 100 feet or a diameter -of 2 feet. It is slender, with upright branches forming a narrow head. -It is easily distinguished from other hickories by its reddish-brown -winter buds which are covered with yellow glands that fall off easily. - - [Illustration: WATER HICKORY (Fruit and twig, two-thirds natural size; - leaf, one-fourth natural size)] - -The light brown BARK separates freely into long, loose, thick, -plate-like scales. - -LEAVES are alternate, compound, 9 to 15 inches long, with 7 to 13 -slender leaflets. The FLOWERS are like those of other hickories. The -FRUIT, often borne in clusters of 3 or 4, is a rather oblong nut, -conspicuously four-angled, with a thin, red-brown hull that splits -tardily. The nut itself is nearly as broad as long, four-angled and -ridged, with a thin shell and bitter kernel. - -The WOOD is heavy, strong, close grained, brown, and rather brittle. -Probably used only for fuel. - - - - - SHAGBARK HICKORY - Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch - - -Shagbark hickory is found from eastern Texas to Florida and north to the -St. Lawrence River and Minnesota. It is a large tree of commercial -importance reaching 100 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. It -thrives best on rich, damp soil. - -The BARK of the trunk is rougher than on other hickories, light gray and -separating into thick plates which are only slightly attached to the -tree. The large terminal winter buds are egg-shaped, the persistent -outer bud-scales having narrow tips. - - [Illustration: SHAGBARK HICKORY (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig, - one-half natural size; fruit, one-fourth natural size)] - -The LEAVES are alternate, compound, from 8 to 15 inches long and -composed of 5, rarely 7, obovate to ovate leaflets. The twigs are smooth -or clothed with short hairs. - -The male and female FLOWERS open after the leaves have attained nearly -full size. - -The FRUIT is borne singly or in pairs and is globular. The husk is thick -and deeply grooved at the seams. The nut is pale, the shell thin, and -the kernel sweet. It is sold in commercial quantities. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, and strong. It is used in the -manufacture of agricultural implements, tool handles, wagons, and sports -equipment. - - - - - MOCKERNUT HICKORY - Carya tomentosa Nutt. - - -Mockernut, white, or bigbud hickory, is common on well-drained soils in -the eastern part of the state. It is a short-limbed tree up to 60 feet -high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. - -The BARK is dark gray, hard, closely and deeply furrowed, often -apparently cross-furrowed or netted. The winter BUDS are large, round or -broadly egg-shaped, and covered with downy, hard scales. The outer, dark -scales fall off readily in the autumn. The recent shoots are short, -stout and more or less covered with a downy growth. - -The LEAVES are large, strong-scented, and hairy; composed of 7 to 9 -obovate to oblong, pointed leaflets pale to orange-brown on the lower -surface. The leaves turn a beautiful yellow in the fall. - - [Illustration: MOCKERNUT HICKORY (Leaf, one-fifth natural size; twig, - two-thirds natural size; fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The FLOWERS are of two kinds on the same tree; the male in -three-branched catkins, the female in clusters of 2 to 5. The FRUIT is -oval, nearly round or slightly pear-shaped with a very thick, -strong-scented husk which splits nearly to the base when ripe. The nut -sometimes has 4 to 6 ridges; is reddish-brown, thick shelled, and has a -small, sweet kernel. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, and strong. It is white except for the -comparatively small, dark-brown heart, hence the name white hickory. It -is used for the same purpose as shagbark hickory and makes an excellent -fuel. - - - - - BLACK HICKORY - Carya texana Buckl. - - -This is a common hickory in northern and eastern Texas, growing on -hillsides and sandy uplands with post and black jack oaks. It is -distinguished by its rusty brown hairs found on the young leaves and -branches. It forms a tree 60 to 75 feet high, with a trunk 2 feet in -diameter. - - [Illustration: BLACK HICKORY (Leaf, one-fourth natural size; fruit, - one-third natural size; twig, three-fourths natural size)] - -The BARK is dark gray or nearly black, deeply divided into rough ridges, -or it may be irregularly fissured and separated into thin scales. The -winter buds are ovoid and covered with rusty hairs mixed with silvery -scales. - -The LEAVES, 8 to 12 inches long with 5 to 7, usually 7, leaflets and -rusty-hairy slender petioles, are dark green, lustrous above; much paler -beneath. The FLOWERS are similar to other hickories. - -The FRUIT is obovoid, narrow, or abruptly contracted into a short stalk -at the base, with a husk ¹/₁₂ to ⅙ inch thick, splitting to the middle -or nearly to the base. The sweet-seeded nut is nearly obovoid to oblong, -rounded at the ends, compressed and slightly four-angled, with a shell ⅙ -to ⅕ inch thick. - -The hard, brittle WOOD is used chiefly for fuel. - - - - - CORKWOOD - Leitneria floridana Chapm. - - -This lightest of all native woods in the United States grows in river -swamps near the Gulf, about the mouth of the Brazos River. It is a small -tree reaching a height of 20 feet, or a shrub, depending upon the -location and natural conditions. The base is usually swollen. The -straight, gradually tapering trunk is crowned with a loose, open-topped -head. The young branchlets are coated with hairs which later drop, -leaving a smooth, dark, red-brown stem. - - [Illustration: CORKWOOD (Leaf, one-half natural size; fruit and winter - twig, natural size)] - -The simple, alternate LEAVES are from 4 to 6 inches long and about 2 -inches wide, borne on petioles 1 or 2 inches long. The leaves are shiny -above. - -The FLOWERS are in catkins of two kinds or sexes, the male about 1½ -inches long, the female about ¾ inch long. Both kinds are borne on the -same tree and appear about the first of March. The FRUIT is solitary or -in clusters of 2 to 4, each about ½ to ¾ inch long, and ripens when the -leaves are about one-half grown. The WOOD is soft, exceedingly light, -generally uniform in texture and of a pale yellow color. It is used as a -substitute for cork for floats on fishing nets. - - - - - EASTERN COTTONWOOD - Populus deltoides (Bartr.) - - -This cottonwood is found along streams throughout the state. The tree is -easily propagated by cutting and grows rapidly, hence it has been widely -planted to get shade quickly. The tree is often unsatisfactory for shade -because it begins to shed its leaves by midsummer. The cotton-bearing -seeds from the pistillate tree are often a nuisance. The soft wood is -easily broken by winds; and the rank growth of the roots often results -in stopping drain pipes and cracking and lifting sidewalks. - - [Illustration: EASTERN COTTONWOOD (Leaf, one-half natural size; twig, - one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, broadly ovate or triangular, pointed, -square at the base, and coarsely toothed on the edges, 3 to 5 inches -across each way, covered with soft white hairs on the under side, -supported by flattened slender petioles, 2 to 3 inches long. The winter -buds are covered with chestnut-brown, resinous scales. The male and -female FLOWERS are in catkins on separate trees and appear before the -leaves. The FRUIT, a capsule, contains a number of seed with white silky -hairs which permit the winds to carry the seed for long distances. - -The WOOD is soft, light-weight, warps easily upon drying, but is used -for many purposes, sometimes as a substitute for yellow poplar and -linden. - -Three other species of Southern cottonwood occur in western Texas. One -species, P. sargentii Dode, which has long pointed leaves, is found in -the Panhandle. - - - - - BLACK WILLOW - Salix nigra Marsh. - - -Black willow is found along streams throughout the state. It rarely -grows taller than 50 feet and is frequently found growing singly or in -clumps along the water courses. In winter the easily separable bright -reddish-brown or golden, naked twigs are quite conspicuous. - -The BARK is deeply divided into broad, flat ridges which separate into -thick plate-like scales. On old trees it becomes shaggy. In color it -varies from light brown tinged with orange, to nearly black. - -The LEAVES are from 3 to 6 inches long, and less than ½ inch wide; the -tips are greatly tapered and the entire margin finely toothed. The -leaves are bright green on both sides, turning pale yellow in the early -autumn. - -The FLOWERS are in catkins, the male and female on separate trees. - -The FRUIT is a capsule containing numerous minute seeds with long silky -hairs which enable them to be blown long distances. - - [Illustration: BLACK WILLOW (Leaf, two-thirds natural size; fruit and - twig, natural size)] - -The WOOD is soft, light, and not strong. A high grade of charcoal, used -in the manufacture of gunpowder, is obtained from willow wood, and it is -the chief wood used in manufacture of artificial limbs. - - - - - AMERICAN HORNBEAM (Blue Beech) - Carpinus caroliniana Walt. - - -American hornbeam or blue beech, also known as ironwood and water beech, -is a small slow-growing, bushy tree with a spreading top of slender, -crooked or drooping branches. It is found along streams and in low -ground, usually in the shade of other trees. Its height is usually from -20 to 30 feet and its diameter 4 to 8 inches, although it sometimes -grows larger. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN HORNBEAM (Leaf and fruit, one-half natural size; - twig, natural size)] - -The TRUNK is fluted with irregular ridges or “muscles” extending up and -down the tree. The BARK is smooth, light brownish-gray to dark -bluish-gray in color, sometimes marked with dark bands extending -horizontally on the trunk. - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, oval, long-pointed, doubly toothed -along the margin, and 1 to 3 inches long. They resemble those of the -black or sweet birch, but are smaller. - -The FLOWERS are borne in catkins separately on the same tree; the male -catkin about 1½ inches long, the female, about ¾ of an inch, with small, -leaf-like, three-lobed green scales. The FRUIT is a nutlet about ⅓ inch -long. It falls, attached to the leaf-like scale which acts as a wing -aiding its distribution by the wind. - -The WOOD is tough, close-grained, heavy, and strong. It is sometimes -selected for use for levers, tool handles, wooden cogs, mallets, wedges, -etc. The tree is of little commercial importance and often occupies -space in the woods that should be utilized by more valuable species. - - - - - EASTERN HOPHORNBEAM (Ironwood) - Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch - - -The tree gets its common names from the qualities of its wood and the -hop-like fruit. It is a small, slender, generally round-topped tree, -from 20 to 30 feet high and 7 to 10 inches in diameter. The top consists -of long slender branches, commonly drooping toward the ends. It is found -mostly on rather dry soils throughout the uplands of the eastern part of -the state. - -The BARK is mostly light, gray-brown, or reddish-brown, and finely -divided into thin scales. - - [Illustration: EASTERN HOPHORNBEAM (Twig, three-fifths natural size; - leaf and fruit, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, generally oblong with narrow tips, -sharply doubly toothed along the margin, and from 2 to 3 inches long. - -The FLOWERS are of two kinds on the same tree; the male, in drooping -catkins which form the previous summer, the female, in erect catkins on -the newly formed twigs. The FRUIT, which resembles that of the common -hop vines, consists of a branch of leafy bracts 1 to 2 inches long -containing a number of flattened ribbed nutlets. - -The WOOD, strong, hard, durable, light brown to white, with thick, pale -sapwood, is often used for handles of tools, mallets, and other small -articles. - - - - - RIVER BIRCH (Red Birch) - Betula nigra L. - - -This is the only native birch found at low elevations in the South. It -occurs in East Texas and, as the name implies, in the deep, rich soils -along the borders of streams, ponds, lakes, and swamps. - -The BARK provides a ready means of identifying this tree. It varies from -reddish-brown to cinnamon-red in color, and peels back in tough papery -layers. These layers persist on the trunk, presenting a very ragged and -quite distinctive appearance. Unlike the bark of other birches the thin -paper layers are usually covered with a gray powder. On older trees, the -bark on the main trunk becomes thick, deeply furrowed, and a -reddish-brown color. - - [Illustration: RIVER BIRCH (Twig, natural size; leaf and fruit, - one-half natural size; male flower, one third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, 2 to 3 inches long, more or less oval -in shape, with double-toothed edge. The upper surface is dark green and -the lower a pale yellowish green. - -The FLOWERS are in catkins, the two kinds growing on the same tree. The -FRUIT is cone-shaped about one inch long, and densely crowded with -little winged nutlets that ripen from May to June. - -The WOOD is strong and fairly close-grained. It has been used to some -extent in the manufacture of wooden-ware, in turnery, and for wagon -hubs. However, this tree is scattered in its distribution and is not of -commercial importance. - - - - - AMERICAN BEECH - Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. - - -Beech is found in East Texas to the Trinity River on the bottomland of -streams and the margins of swamps. It is one of the most beautiful of -all trees, in summer or winter. - -The simple, alternate, oblong-ovate LEAVES are 3 to 4 inches long, -pointed at the tip, and coarsely toothed and hairy along the margin. -When mature, they are almost leathery in texture. The beech produces a -dense shade. The light brown winter buds are long, slender, and pointed. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN BEECH (Fruit, leaves, and twig, one-half natural - size)] - -The BARK is, perhaps, the most distinctive characteristic, as it -maintains an unbroken, light gray surface throughout its life. - -The little, brown, three-sided FRUITS or beechnuts are almost as well -known as chestnuts. The nuts are in pairs in a prickly involucre. The -kernel is sweet and edible. The fallen fruit, known as mast, is a -favorite food of wildlife. - -The WOOD of the beech is hard, strong, and tough, though it will not -last long on exposure to weather or in the soil. The tree is of economic -importance as a lumber tree, the wood being used for furniture, -flooring, carpenters’ tools, and novelty wares. - - - - - ALLEGHENY CHINKAPIN - Castanea pumila Mill. - - -Chinkapins may grow as trees or form shrubby thickets; consequently -their identification is at times confusing. - -Some taxonomists credit East Texas with one species and a variety. -Others list four species. Further study is needed. - -C. pumila grows in dry woods, sandy ridges, and on borders of swamps -from Florida to East Texas north to Ark., Tenn., Pa., and N. J. It may -grow into a small tree 10 to 30 feet high and may reach 50 feet. If -burned back by fires, it may send out stolons or sprouts and form dense -shrubby growths. BRANCHLETS pubescent, gradually changing to a lustrous -olive-green or orange-brown, then darker. The LEAVES are 4 to 6 inches -long, 1½ to 2 inches wide, oblong to ovate and acute, the margin -coarsely toothed with slender, rigid, spreading or incurved teeth. Base -of leaf unequal, either rounded or wedge-shaped. Leaf at first tomentose -above and below, later yellow-green above and whitish-downy below. -Petiole short, stout, and flattened on the upper side. FRUIT a single -brown, ovoid, pointed, plump, sweet, edible nut, ¾ to 1 inch long, -encased in a bur covered with erect, crowded spines approximately ¾ inch -long. WOOD light, hard, strong, coarse-grained; used for fence posts and -railway ties. Of little economic importance because of its relative -scarcity. C. pumila is a nut-producing tree of potential commercial -importance. - - [Illustration: ALLEGHENY CHINKAPIN (Fruit, leaves and twig, two-thirds - natural size)] - -ASHE CHINKAPIN (C. pumila var. ashei Sudw.) is a small tree of dry sandy -soils. Leaves are felt-like below. This variety is distinguished by its -bur which has scattered, forked, and horizontally divergent bristles. -The surface of the bur has smooth areas free of bristles. - -A variation of chinkapin with leaves 3 to 4 inches long and lustrous -below is frequently described as FLORIDA CHINKAPIN (C. alnifolia var. -floridana Sarg.) - - - - - SHUMARD OAK (Spotted Oak) - Quercus shumardii Buckl. - - -This species, one of the largest Southern red oaks, was named for -Benjamin F. Shumard, an early state geologist of Texas. SHUMARD OAK is -found in the eastern part of the state on well-drained alluvial soils -and on fertile slopes. It forms a tall, wide-spreading, rather open -head. The BARK is dark, rough, divided into ridges, and usually from 1 -to 1½ inches thick. It seldom comprises the principal species of any -forest stands, but more often occurs as individual trees. It attains a -diameter of more than 3 feet and a height of more than 100 feet, but is -usually smaller. - -Winter BUDS covered with gray, smooth scales, while the buds of Texas -oak (page 44) are covered with red, densely pubescent scales. - -[Illustration: SHUMARD OAK (Twig and leaf, one-half natural size; fruit, - natural size)] - -The LEAVES are deciduous, simple, alternate 6 to 8 inches long by 4 to 5 -inches wide; 7-lobed, rarely 5, and each lobe 2 or 3-lobed or deeply -toothed. The lobes are frequently thicker than is shown in the drawing. -The leaves are smaller and more deeply lobed than those of the black -oak. Leaves smooth except for dense tufts of pale hairs at the axils of -the veins below. - -The FRUIT is a small acorn, about ⅔ inch in diameter and ¾ to 1¼ inches -long, set in a shallow saucer-like cup. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and light reddish-brown -in color, and commercially important for lumber and cross ties. - -The variety shumardii has leaves with narrow lobes, a rougher, dark -grayish bark, and deeper cups to the acorns. It is the more common form -in Texas. - - - - - TEXAS OAK - Quercus shumardii var. texana (Buckl.) Ashe - - -Texas oak is found on the dry limestone hills and ridges, and in the -more fertile soils at their base, in Central and western Texas to the -Edwards Plateau. It is rarely over 30 feet tall or 10 inches in -diameter. - - [Illustration: TEXAS OAK (Leaf, two-thirds natural size; fruit, and - twig, natural size)] - -The BARK is light brown, red-tinged, deeply ridged, and broken into -plate-like scales. - -The LEAVES are deciduous 2½ to 3 inches wide, 3 to 3½ inches long; -widest above the middle; divided into 5 to 7 lobes, with the terminal -lobe 3-lobed; dark green and shiny above, pale-shiny below; petiole -slender, about 1 inch long. - -The FRUIT is short-stemmed, usually single, ¼ to ¾ inch long and broad, -varying to nearly 1 inch long and ⅓ inch broad, set in a cup that covers -one-third or less of the fruit, reddish-brown and often streaked with -dark lines. - -The WOOD is most useful for fuel. - -GRAVES OAK (Q. gravesii Sudw.) is found in the Davis and Chisos -Mountains of southwestern Texas. - - - - - BLACK OAK - Quercus velutina Lam. - - -Black oak, also called yellow oak, reaches 80 feet in height and 1 to 3 -feet in diameter. It grows in East Texas, and in the hills and canyons -near the mouth of the Pecos River. The crown is irregularly shaped and -wide, with a clear trunk for 20 feet or more on large trees. The BARK on -the very young trunks is smooth and dark brown, but soon becomes thick -and black with deep furrows and rough broken edges. The bright yellow -color and bitter taste of the inner bark are distinguishing -characteristics. - - [Illustration: BLACK OAK (Twig and fruit, one-half natural size; leaf, - one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are deciduous, alternate, simple, 5 to 10 inches long and 3 -to 8 inches wide, shallow or deeply lobed, the shape varying greatly. -When mature, the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surface, -pale on the lower, more or less covered with a scurfy yellow or orange -down, and with conspicuous rusty brown hairs in the forks of the veins. - -The FRUIT matures the second season. The light brown nut is from ½ to 1 -inch long, more or less hemispherical in shape, and from one-half to -three-fourths enclosed in the thin, dark brown, scaly cup. The yellow -kernel is bitter. - -The WOOD, used and marketed as red oak, is hard, heavy, strong, -coarse-grained, and checks easily. It is a bright red-brown with a thin -outer edge of paler sapwood. - - - - - SOUTHERN RED OAK - Quercus falcata Michx. - - -Southern red oak, commonly known as red oak and formerly as Spanish oak, -usually reaches a height of 80 feet and diameter of 3 feet, although -larger trees are found. It grows on dry hills in the eastern part of the -state to the Brazos River, while three varieties are found in richer, -more moist locations. Its large spreading branches form a broad, round, -open top. The BARK is rough, not deeply furrowed, and varies from light -gray on younger trees to dark gray or almost black on older ones. - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN RED OAK (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural - size; twig, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are deciduous, with pear-shaped or irregular, rounded or -narrow bristle-tipped lobes, the central lobe often longest. Variety -pagodaefolia Ell., (Cherrybark Oak) has more numerous lobes. All leaves -have brown or gray down beneath. - -The staminate FLOWERS appear as catkins 3-5 inches long in April while -the leaves unfold. The FRUIT ripens the second year. The small, rounded, -½ inch long acorn is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup that tapers to a -short stalk. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, and valuable for -lumber. The bark is rich in tannin. The tree is also desirable for shade -and ornamental use. - - - - - BLACKJACK OAK - Quercus marilandica Muenchh. - - -The occurrence of blackjack oak is said to indicate poor soil since it -often occurs on dry or poorly drained, gravelly, clay, or sandy upland -soils where few other forest trees thrive. This perhaps accounts chiefly -for its slow rate of growth. It is found in those parts of the state -that support a natural tree growth, as far west as Callahan County. The -tree sometimes reaches a height of 50 or 60 feet and a diameter of 16 -inches, but it is usually much smaller. Its hard, stiff, drooping -branches form a dense crown which usually contains many persistent dead -twigs. - -The BARK is rough, very dark, often nearly black, and “blocky”; inner -bark bright orange or yellow. - - [Illustration: BLACKJACK OAK (Twig, two-thirds natural size; leaf and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are deciduous, tawny-pubescent, of leathery texture, dark -green on the upper surface, lighter underneath, broadly wedge-shaped, -and variable in shape, 4 to 10 inches long and about the same in width. -The FRUIT is an acorn about ¾ inch long, yellow-brown and often striped, -enclosed for half its length or more in a thick, light-brown cup. The -acorns mature at the end of the second season; flesh of cotyledons -yellow. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard and strong. It is used for firewood and is made -into charcoal. - - - - - WATER OAK - Quercus nigra L. - - -Water oak is native along the borders of swamps and streams and on rich -bottomlands in Texas as far west as the Colorado River. It has been -widely planted along streets and in parks as a shade tree. When fully -grown this tree reaches a height of about 80 feet and a diameter -exceeding 1 to 3 feet. The BARK is smooth, light brown tinged with red, -and has many smooth, thin scales over the surface. Water oak can be best -distinguished from the willow oak—a close associate, but longer-lived—by -the differences in the general shape and size of leaves. - -[Illustration: WATER OAK (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig and fruit, - one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, quite variable in shape, mostly oblong, broader -near the point, and more narrow at the base, giving a wedge-shaped -effect, often slightly three-lobed at the outer end, thin, and of a dull -bluish-green color, paler below than above; mostly smooth, and usually 2 -or 3 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide; remain green for some time, -then turn yellow and gradually fall from the tree during the winter. - -The FLOWERS appear in April when the leaves begin to unfold. The FRUIT, -an acorn, matures at the end of the second season. The acorn is from ½ -to ⅔ inch long and nearly as broad, light brown or yellowish-brown and -often striped, enclosed at the base only in a thin saucer-shaped cup. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, and strong, light brown in color, with -lighter-colored sapwood. The wood is utilized chiefly for crossties and -fuel. - - - - - WILLOW OAK (Pin Oak) - Quercus phellos L. - - -Willow oak, also called water oak, and pin oak, occurs in the eastern -part of the state to the Brazos River. It is frequently found in -lowlands and along the borders of rivers and swamps, but often also on -rich sandy uplands. It is a beautiful and long-lived tree, and desirable -for roadsides, lawns and parks. - -The BARK is generally smooth and of a reddish-brown color; with age, the -bark becomes slightly roughened and divided by narrow ridges. - -[Illustration: WILLOW OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and fruit, - one-third natural size)] - -The slender willow-like LEAVES on a tree whose habit of growth is -manifestly that of an oak, make the tree easy to identify in the forest. -The deciduous leaves are 2 to 5 inches long and ½ to 1 inch wide, -smooth, light green and shiny above, but dull and usually smooth below; -alternate in arrangement on the twig and borne on a short stout petiole. - -The FRUIT, small acorns, closely set along the stem, matures at the end -of the second year. The nut is a light yellow-brown hemisphere, about ½ -inch in diameter, its base scarcely enclosed in the shallow, pale -greenish-red or reddish-brown cup. The nuts are eaten as food by -bluejays, grackles (blackbirds), several other species of birds, and by -rodents. - -The WOOD is not separated commercially from other species in the red oak -group. It is heavy, strong, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged -with red, and not durable when exposed to the weather. It is used -locally for crossties, bridge planks, barn sills, and general -construction. - - - - - BLUEJACK OAK (Sandjack Oak) - Quercus incana Bartr. - - -This species, which grows on dry sand hills, is usually no more than 25 -feet in height and 5 or 6 inches in diameter; ranging mainly through -East Texas extending as far west as the Brazos River and scattering in -Central and Northwest Texas. - -The BARK is similar to that of blackjack, being divided into thick -nearly square blocks 1 to 2 inches in length and covered with small dark -brown or nearly black scales slightly tinged with red. - - [Illustration: BLUEJACK OAK (Leaves, twigs, and fruit about two-thirds - natural size)] - -The LEAVES of this tree are oblong-lanceolate, pale blue-green above, -almost white beneath; 2 to 5 inches in length and 1 to l½ inches in -width with a stout yellow midrib. The tree is most attractive in early -spring when it is covered with the light red flowers and young leaves. - -ACORNS are produced in great profusion, sessile, or on a short stock. -They are rounded at the ends, striate, and about ½ inch in length, and -mature at the end of the second year. - -The WOOD is hard, strong, close-grained, light brown, tinged with red. -It has a dark colored sapwood. The wood is of no value except for fuel. - -There are several hybrids of this species reported in Texas. - - - - - EMORY OAK - Quercus emoryi Torr. - - -In the canyons and on the southern slopes of the Davis and Chisos -Mountains occurs this interesting oak with glossy, spiny, “holly-like” -leaves, and sweet, edible acorns. A small round-topped tree up to 30 or -40 feet in height, the emory oak has drooping branches and slender, -decidedly reddish branchlets. - -The LEAVES are mostly persistent, oblong, pointed, smooth or sharply -toothed along the margin, thick, very glossy green, about 2 inches long -and less than 1 inch wide. - - [Illustration: EMORY OAK (Leaf three-fourths natural size; fruit and - twig, three-fourths natural size)] - -The acorn, or FRUIT, is borne close to the branchlet and matures in one -season. It is oblong in shape, ½ inch or more in length, with a dark -brown or nearly black nut enclosed for about one-third its length in a -narrow cup. The latter is lined with dense gray fuzz or “tomentum.” - -The WOOD is heavy, strong, somewhat brittle, close-grained, dark brown, -with light brown sapwood tinged with red. The acorns are an important -article of food for Mexicans and Indians. - -MEXICAN BLUE OAK (Q. oblongifolia Torr.), closely resembling emory oak, -is a smaller tree and does not occur at the higher elevations (over -6,000 ft.) where emory oak may be found. - -GRAY OAK (Quercus grisea Liebm.) occurs in the Trans-Pecos area in -Texas. This species is a scrub or small tree 20 to 30 feet high, but -sometimes reaching a height of 65 feet. - - - - - LIVE OAK - Quercus virginiana Mill. - - -Live oak range extends from southeastern Virginia through the lower -Coastal Plain of the Atlantic and Gulf States; in Texas, from the mouth -of the Rio Grande north to the Red River and west to the Guadalupe -Mountains, also in southern Mexico and Cuba. It is a tree of striking -character from its wide-spreading habit; sometimes reaching more than -100 feet in spread; with a short stout trunk, 3 to 4 feet in diameter, -dividing in several large limbs with nearly horizontal branches, forming -a low, dense, round-topped head. Its height is commonly from 40 to 50 -feet. The BARK on the trunk and large branches is dark brown tinged with -red, and slightly furrowed. It grows to largest size on the rich -hammocks and low ridges near the coast and only a few feet above the -water level. Slow-growing and long-lived, it is one of the most -desirable trees for roadside and ornamental planting throughout most of -its range. It is one of the very few trees that is apparently immune to -cotton root-rot. - - [Illustration: LIVE OAK (Leaf, natural size; fruit and twig, one-half - natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, persistent, thick, leathery, oblong, smooth -above, pale and silvery white beneath; from 2 to 4 inches in length and -1 to 2 inches in breadth. - -The FRUIT is an acorn about 1 inch long and ⅓ inch wide, borne on a long -stem or peduncle; it is oblong, dark brown and lustrous, and set in a -top-shaped, downy cup of a light reddish-brown color. The acorn matures -at the end of the first season. - -The WOOD is very heavy, hard, strong and tough, light brown or yellow, -with nearly white, thin sapwood. It was formerly largely used in ship -building. - - - - - MOHRS OAK (Shin Oak) - Quercus mohriana Buckl. - - -Over a wide section of Central Texas, on inferior soils, are found four -or more species of “shin” oaks, so called from their low-growing bushy -habit. Mature trees vary from 3 to 18 feet high. These are considerably -alike in foliage and fruit. The “oak shinneries” form a forest cover in -Central Texas that affords watershed protection on the head waters of -some of the state’s main rivers. - -[Illustration: MOHRS OAK (Fruit, natural size; leaf, two-thirds natural - size)] - -The tree has a thin, pale-colored BARK, rough, with deep furrows running -up and down the tree. - -The deciduous LEAVES of the above small-tree species of shin oak are -elliptical, pointed or rounded at the end, smooth or wavy or sometimes -lobed or slightly toothed along the margin. They are thick, gray-green, -dense hairy beneath, about 3 inches long by 1 inch wide. - -The acorns, or FRUIT, occur solitarily or in pairs, on very short -peduncles, and mature in one season. They are small, deeply enclosed in -a relatively heavy cup, thin toward the outer end. - -The WOOD of Mohrs oak is not of economic importance. - - - - - DURAND OAK (Durand White Oak) - Quercus durandii Buckl. - - -This oak is found on the well-drained soil of river bottoms from the -coast region of East Texas to the bottoms of the Guadalupe River -(Victoria County) and inland to San Saba County, and the Dallas area. - -It forms a tree 60 to 90 feet high with a tall trunk 2 to 3 feet in -diameter; comparatively small branches, the lower horizontal, the upper -ascending, forming a dense, round-topped, handsome head. - - [Illustration: DURAND OAK (Leaves and fruit, one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is thin, light gray or nearly white and broken into loose -appressed scales. - -The deciduous LEAVES are 2½ to 7 inches long, yellow-green, thin, smooth -on the edges, three-lobed toward the tip, or irregularly lobed, the -three forms appearing on different branches of the same tree. - -The FRUIT, an acorn, solitary or in pairs on a very short peduncle, is -nearly egg-shaped, pale chestnut-brown, shinning, ½ to ¾ inch long, and -barely enclosed at the base in the thin saucer-shaped cup. The acorn -matures in one season. - -The WOOD is hard and heavy and is used largely as fuel. - - - - - WHITE OAK - Quercus alba L. - - -Within its natural range, which includes practically the entire eastern -half of the United States, the white oak is one of the most important -timber trees. Found in East Texas to the Brazos River, it commonly -reaches a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. It is found on -high quality soils. Grown in a dense stand it has a long, straight -trunk, free of side branches for over half of its height. In the open, -it develops a short trunk and broad crown with far-reaching limbs. - -The BARK is thin, light ashy gray and covered with loose scales or broad -plates. - - [Illustration: WHITE OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and fruit, - one-third natural size)] - -The deciduous LEAVES are alternate, simple, 5 to 9 inches long and about -half as broad. They are deeply divided into 5 to 9 rounded, finger-like -lobes. The young leaves are a soft silvery-gray or yellow or red while -unfolding, later becoming bright green and lustrous or dull above and -much paler and glaucous below. The FRUIT, an acorn maturing in one -season, is ¾ to 1 inch long, light brown, and about one-fourth enclosed -in a warty cup. The acorn is relished by hogs and other livestock. - -The WOOD is heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, and -light brown in color. The uses are many, including construction, -watertight barrels, furniture, wagons, implements, interior finish, -flooring, and fuel. Although white oak is slow growing, it is valuable -for forest, highway and ornamental planting. - - - - - POST OAK - Quercus stellata Wangenh. - - -Post oak of Texas is usually a medium-sized tree, with a rounded crown, -commonly reaching a height of 50 feet and a diameter of 1 foot, but -sometimes considerably larger. It is the common oak in Central Texas and -occurs frequently in East Texas. It occurs most abundantly on the poorer -upland soils that have poor drainage. - -The deciduous LEAVES are usually 4 to 5 inches long and nearly as broad, -deeply five-lobed with broad rounded divisions, the lobes broadest at -the ends. They are thick and somewhat leathery, dark green and shiny on -the upper surface, lighter green and rough hairy beneath. - - [Illustration: POST OAK (Leaf and twig, one-third natural size; fruit, - one-fourth natural size)] - -The FLOWERS, like those of the other oaks, are of two kinds on the same -tree, the male in drooping clustered catkins, the female inconspicuous. -The FRUIT, an oval acorn ½ to 1 inch long, is set in a rather small cup -which has thin scales and may or may not be stalked. The fruit matures -in one season. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, light to dark brown, and durable -in contact with the soil. It is used for crossties and fence posts, and -occasionally for furniture and lumber. - -Aside from the typical form, two varieties are found in the state. The -variety margaretta (Ashe) Sarg. is the common post oak of eastern Texas. - - - - - BUR OAK (Mossy-Cup Oak) - Quercus macrocarpa Michx. - - -Bur oak occurs throughout the eastern part of the state and as far west -as Callahan and Menard Counties, in rich bottomlands along streams, or -on rich hillsides along spring-fed rivers. The name alludes to the -fringe around the cup of the acorn, which is sometimes large. The tree -usually has a broad top of heavy spreading branches and a relatively -short body. In maturity it attains a diameter of 5 feet or more and a -height of over 80 feet. - -The branches frequently have conspicuous corky ridges after the second -year. - - [Illustration: BUR OAK (Illustrations, one-third natural size)] - -The BARK is light gray and is usually broken up into small narrow -flakes. The deciduous LEAVES resemble somewhat those of the common white -oak, but are much larger and have a pair of deep indentations on their -border near the base, and wavy notches on the broad, middle and upper -portions of the leaf. They range from 6 to 12 inches long and 3 to 6 -inches wide. The FRUIT, or acorn, is set deeply in the fringed cup. The -fruit is usually 1 inch or more in diameter but varies widely in respect -to size and the degree to which the nut is enclosed in the mossy-fringed -cup. The fruit matures in one season. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough and durable. It is used for much -the same purposes as the other white oaks—for lumber, crossties, and -fuel. - - - - - OVERCUP OAK - Quercus lyrata Walt. - - -Overcup oak, sometimes known as the swamp post oak or water white oak, -becomes a large tree with small, often pendulous branches. It is found -in moist, rich bottomlands in East Texas to the Navasota River Valley. - -The LEAVES are deciduous, 7 to 9 inches long, 1 to 4 inches broad, -oblong, wider toward the point, narrowed at the base, dark green above, -often whitish beneath, with 7 to 9 distinct pointed lobes. They -frequently turn to a bright scarlet or to scarlet and orange in the -fall. The BARK is rough, flaky, and gray tinged with red. - - [Illustration: OVERCUP OAK (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The FLOWERS open with the unfolding of the leaves. The FRUIT, an acorn, -ripens in one season. The large rounded or somewhat flattened acorn, an -inch or more across and ½ to 1 inch high, is nearly covered by the ovate -or nearly spherical cup, which is thickened at the base but gradually -grows thinner, often irregularly split at the margin of the cup. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, and durable and is used for the same -purposes as that of white oak. - - - - - SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK - Quercus michauxii Nutt. - - -This species, also called basket oak and cow oak, is distinguished by -having a wavy leaf-margin, a large fruit which is sessile or very short -stalked, and by the fact that it occurs in its greatest abundance in -bottomlands. It is confined chiefly to the eastern part of the state as -far west as the Trinity River. - -In the appearance of its bark and branches it closely resembles the -ordinary white oak, but the leaf lacks deep indentations and the acorn -is usually larger. The tree attains heights of about 100 feet and -diameters of about 4 feet. - -The LEAVES are deciduous, obovate or oblong ovate, notched on the edge -somewhat like the chinkapin oak, but the lobes are rounded instead of -pointed. They vary from 4 to 8 inches in length, are downy beneath and -turn a rich crimson in the fall. The BARK is very light gray, and on old -trees is broken into broad flakes or divided into strips. - - [Illustration: SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK (Twig, one-half natural size; fruit - and leaf, one-third natural size)] - -The acorn, or FRUIT, matures in one season and attains a diameter of -more than an inch and a length of 1½ inches. The acorn is a bright, -shiny brown and set in a rather shallow cup. The acorn is frequently -eaten by cows and this fact gives the tree one of its common names. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, tough, strong, and takes an excellent polish. -It is used in manufacturing lumber, veneer, boards (shakes), water-tight -barrels, fuel, fence posts, and baskets. - - - - - CHINKAPIN OAK - Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. - - -This oak, also known as chestnut oak, occurs over the eastern part of -the state and west to the Guadalupe River; also on the Guadalupe -Mountains. It grows on most classes of soils, except in swamps, and is -tenacious on shallow, dry, limestone soil. The BARK is light gray, and -breaks up in the short narrow flakes on the main trunk and old limbs. - -It reaches a height of 20 to 50 feet. The straight, shapely trunk bears -a round-topped head composed of small branches, which makes it an -attractive shade tree. - -The LEAVES are deciduous, oblong, 3 to 6 inches in length, 1½ to 3 -inches wide, equally toothed or notched on the edges, resembling the -leaves of chestnut oak. The FRUIT, which ripens in the fall of the first -season, is light to dark brown when ripe, and edible if roasted. This -acorn is ½ to nearly 1 inch long, usually less than 1 inch in diameter, -and set in a shallow cup. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, durable, and takes an excellent polish. -It is used for barrels, fencing, crossties, fuel, and occasionally for -furniture. - - [Illustration: CHINKAPIN OAK (Leaf, one-half natural size; twig and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - - - - - AMERICAN ELM (White Elm) - Ulmus americana L. - - -The range of this famous American shade tree extends west to the Dakotas -and southward to Coke County, Texas. Within this vast area, it is -generally common except in the high mountains and wet bottomlands. It -reaches an average height of 60 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. The BARK -is dark gray, divided into irregular flat-topped, thick ridges, and is -generally firm. An incision into an outer ridge of bark will show -alternate brown and cream colored layers. A cross section of slippery -elm bark is uniformly cream or tan colored. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN ELM (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long, rather thick, -somewhat lopsided, double toothed on the margin, and either smooth or -scabrous above and soft pubescent or glabrate below. The leaf veins are -very pronounced and run in parallel lines from the midrib to the leaf -margin. - -The FLOWERS are small, perfect, greenish, on slender pedicels, soon -pendulous, and appear before the leaves. The FRUIT ripens in the spring -and is a light green, oval-shaped samara (winged fruit) with the seed -portion in the center and surrounded entirely by a wing. A deep notch in -the end of the wing is distinctive of the species. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and difficult to split. It is -used for hubs of wheels, saddle trees, veneer for baskets and crates, -and slack cooperage. - -American elm is rapidly being destroyed in the East and Midwest by the -Dutch elm disease and by phloem necrosis. - - - - - WINGED ELM - Ulmus alata Michx. - - -Winged elm gets its common name from the thin corky growth or “wings”, -usually found on smaller branches. These “wings” generally end abruptly -at the leaf nodes as contrasted by the cedar elm (p. 63) whose “wings” -are generally continuous. On large rapidly growing trees the wings are -often absent. It occurs in eastern Texas south to the valley of the -Guadalupe River, on dry uplands, and in moist soils along streams and -swamps. It grows rapidly in moist situations, and may also be planted -along roadsides in relatively dry, poor locations. It is comparatively -free from disease, though not long-lived. Winged elm is a medium-sized -tree 40 to 50 feet in height and rarely as large as 2 feet in diameter. -It forms a rather open, round-topped head. - - [Illustration: WINGED ELM (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is light brown tinged with red, and divided by irregular -shallow fissures into flat ridges. - -The LEAVES are simple alternate, 2 to 4 inches long and 1 to 2 inches -broad, coarsely double-toothed, thick, dark green and smooth above, and -pale and pale-pubescent or glabrous below with auxiliary hairs and -prominent veins. The leaves are small and pointed at the tip, which -distinguishes them from the small blunt leaves of the cedar elm. - -The FLOWERS appear in early spring, long before the leaves unfold. The -FRUIT ripens in the spring about the time the leaves appear; it is -winged, tipped with two, small, incurved arms or beaks; oblong, -reddish-brown; about ⅓ inch long, with a long, slender pedicel at the -base, and covered with white hairs. - -The WOOD is very similar to that of the other elms—heavy, hard, and -difficult to split. It is occasionally used for hubs and mauls. -Formerly, rope made of the inner bark was used for binding the covers to -cotton bales. - - - - - CEDAR ELM - Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. - - -Cedar elm is distributed widely over the state, near streams, in deep -rich soil, and on dry, limestone hills. It is the most common elm tree -of Texas, extending to the Pecos River. It forms a tree up to 75 feet -high with a tall straight trunk 2 to 3 feet in diameter, and with an -inversely conic round-topped head and drooping branches. It reaches its -largest size on the bottomlands of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers. - - [Illustration: CEDAR ELM (Illustrations, three-fourths natural size)] - -The BARK is light-brown tinged with red, deeply fissured, with -flattened, scaly ridges. The young twigs are finely velvet and reddish, -sometimes developing thin corky wings which continue around the leaf -nodes. - -The LEAVES are small, the largest less than 2 inches long, often double -toothed and usually rather blunt at the tip. Their upper surface is dark -green and rough, while the lower surface and petiole are hairy. - -The FLOWERS, which appear in the autumn, are in small short-pedicelled -clusters at the axils of the leaves. The FRUIT, an oval-shaped samara -slightly more than ¼ inch long, is hairy all over, especially on the -edges and is deeply notched at the tip. - -The WOOD is reddish-brown, brittle, and with a thick layer of lighter -colored sapwood. The wood is sometimes used in the manufacture of hubs, -furniture, and fencing. - - - - - SLIPPERY ELM (Red Elm) - Ulmus rubra Muhl. - - -Slippery elm, or red elm, is found in the eastern and southern parts of -the state as far as the upper Guadalupe and Leon Rivers in Kerr and -Comal Counties. It is found principally on the banks of streams and on -low hillsides in rich soil. It is a tree of small to moderate size, but -noticeably wide-spreading. It is usually less than 40 feet in height and -6 inches in diameter, although trees of larger dimensions are -occasionally found. - -The BARK on the trunk is frequently 1 inch thick, dark grayish-brown on -the surface, uniformly tan or cream colored in cross section, and broken -by shallow fissures into flat ridges. The inner bark is used to some -extent for medicinal purposes and, when chewed, affords a slippery -mucilaginous substance, whence the tree gets its name. - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate on the stem, 4 to 6 inches in length, -sharp-pointed, their bases unsymmetrical, doubly toothed on the edges, -thick, dark green, and very rough above, pubescent below. - - [Illustration: SLIPPERY ELM (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, one-half natural size)] - -The FLOWERS appear in early spring and are nearly sessile. The FRUIT, a -samara, ¾ inch long and ½ inch in diameter, consists of a seed -surrounded by a thin, broad, greenish wing. The fruit ripens when the -leaves are about half grown. The margin of the fruit is not ciliate. - -The WOOD is close-grained, tough, strong, heavy, hard, and moderately -durable in contact with the soil. Slippery elm and American elm are sold -commercially as “soft elm,” and have similar uses. - - - - - PLANER TREE (Water Elm) - Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. - - -Planer tree or water elm is found on low wet lands along the streams of -the eastern part of the state as far west as Brazos and Matagorda -Counties. It forms a small spreading tree with a low broad head 30 to 40 -feet in height and with a maximum trunk diameter of 20 inches. - - [Illustration: PLANER TREE (Illustrations, nearly natural size)] - -The BARK is light brown or gray, about ¼ inch thick, and separates into -large scales. - -The LEAVES resemble those of the small-leaved elms. They are 2 to 2½ -inches long, ¾ to 1 inch wide on a short petiole, dark dull green above -and paler on the lower surface, and have yellowish veins. - -The FLOWERS appear with the leaves in March or early April. The small -flowers are sometimes perfect; occasionally the male and female flowers -are borne separately on the same tree. The FRUIT is a peculiar, rounded, -shaggy-appearing structure, about ⅜ inch long. It consists of a nut-like -center covered with soft and irregular wing-like outgrowths which extend -out on all sides from the center. - -The WOOD is light brown, coarse-grained and soft, very light in weight, -and has a broad zone of nearly white sapwood. The wood has little -economic value. - - - - - HACKBERRY - Celtis occidentalis L. - - -Hackberry is found over eastern Texas on various types of soil. It is -usually a medium-sized to large tree, becoming 60 to 100 feet or more -high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter. Its limbs are often crooked and -angular and bear a head made of slender, pendant branches or short, -bristly, stubby twigs. In the open, the crown is generally symmetrical. -It makes an excellent shade tree. - -The BARK is brownish-gray, one inch or more thick, and generally very -rough with many scale-like or warty projections of dead bark. - - [Illustration: HACKBERRY (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size; - twig, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, ovate, alternate, one-sided, 2 to 4 inches long, -thick, very rough above, green on both surfaces, and the edges toothed -toward the long point. The FLOWERS are inconspicuous, and the two kinds -are borne on the same tree. They appear in April or May, and are of a -creamy greenish color. The FRUIT is a round, somewhat oblong, drupe or -berry, dark purple, ⅓ inch in diameter, ripening in September. The -peduncle (fruit stem) is much longer than the petiole of the leaf. It -has a thin, purplish skin, and sweet yellowish flesh. The berries -frequently hang on the tree most of the winter. - -The WOOD is heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays readily when exposed. -It is used chiefly for fuel, and occasionally for lumber. - -The range of this hackberry extends far into the northern and -northeastern parts of the United States. - - - - - SUGARBERRY (Sugar Hackberry) - Celtis laevigata Willd. - - -Sugarberry is distributed widely over the eastern half of the state. It -occurs most abundantly and attains greatest size in rich alluvial soil, -but thrives on various soil types. The species may grow 30 to 50 feet -high and 10 to 20 inches in diameter, though sometimes much larger. Its -limbs are spreading or pendulous, forming a broad head. Its branchlets -are slender, light green, glabrous or pubescent when young, and bright -reddish-brown during their first winter. - -The BARK is pale gray and covered with prominent excrescences. - -The LEAVES are simple, oblong-lanceolate, one-sided, 2½ to 5 inches -long, thin, smooth, with the edges entire. - -[Illustration: SUGARBERRY (Leaf, fruit, and twig, three-fourths natural - size)] - -The FLOWERS, not conspicuous, are borne on slender, smooth peduncles in -April or May, and are of a creamy-greenish color. The FRUIT is -short-oblong to pear shaped, orange-red or yellow, ¼ inch in diameter, -and ripens in September. The peduncle of the fruit is shorter or -slightly longer than the petiole of the leaf. - -The WOOD is soft, weak, close-grained, and light yellow, and is used -occasionally for flooring and furniture, but chiefly for fuel. - - - - - RED MULBERRY - Morus rubra L. - - -Red mulberry occurs in eastern Texas and west to the canyon of Devils -River, Valverde County. It prefers rich moist soils. It is a small tree, -rarely 50 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, often growing in the shade -of larger trees. - -The BARK is rather thin, dark grayish-brown, and peels off in long -narrow flakes. - - [Illustration: RED MULBERRY (Twig, two-thirds natural size; leaves and - fruit, one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are alternate, thin, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped, -toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, rough hairy above and soft hairy -beneath. Some of the leaves are mitten-shaped or lobed. - -The FLOWERS are of two kinds, on the same or different trees, in long -drooping catkins, the female catkins shorter, appearing with the leaves. - -The multiple FRUIT is edible, dark purple or black when ripe, and ¾ to 1 -inch long. - -The WOOD is rather light, soft, not strong, light orange-yellow, and the -heartwood is durable in contact with the soil. It is chiefly used for -fence posts. - -The TEXAS MULBERRY (Morus microphylla Buckl.) is found in West Texas and -south from the Colorado River. Its leaves are rarely longer than 1½ -inches. - -The WHITE MULBERRY (Morus alba L.) a native of China, has become -naturalized in the United States. - - - - - OSAGE-ORANGE (Bois-d’arc) - Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. - - -Osage-orange, “bodark”, hedge apple, or mock orange is native to eastern -and Central Texas; attaining its largest size in the valley of the Red -River in the northeast part of the state. It commonly reaches a height -of 20 to 40 feet and a diameter of 4 to 12 inches. The BARK is thin, -gray, sometimes tinged with yellow; on old trees it is divided into -strips or flakes. It contains tannin and has been used for tanning -leather. The twigs are armed with stout, straight thorns ⅜ to 1 inch -long. - - [Illustration: OSAGE-ORANGE (Leaf and fruit, one-fourth natural size; - leaf and twig, nearly one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, oval-pointed and lustrous green on the -upper surface, 3 to 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, and entire. -The leaves turn bright yellow in the autumn. - -The yellowish FLOWERS appear in May; two kinds on the same tree—the male -flowers in a linear cluster and the female flowers a rounded ball. The -FRUIT is globular, from 2 to 5 inches in diameter, resembling a rough, -green orange. - -The WOOD is heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, and very durable in -contact with the soil. The heartwood is bright orange in color, turning -brown upon exposure. It is largely used for posts. The Indians prized -the wood for bows and war clubs. The tree is planted for windbreaks and -hedges. The bark of the roots supply a yellow dye. - - - - - SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA (Evergreen Magnolia) - Magnolia grandiflora L. - - -Magnolia is one of the best-known trees in the eastern part of the -state. No other tree excels it in the combined beauty of leaves and -flowers. Occurring naturally in rich moist soil on the borders of river -swamps and nearby uplands in the Coastal Plain to the valley of the -Brazos River, it has been widely cultivated for its ornamental value. In -its natural habitat, it attains heights generally of 60 to 80 feet and -trunk diameters up to 4 feet. The dense pyramidal head, or crown, is -made up of numerous small spreading branches and branchlets. - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA (Leaf and flower, one-fourth natural - size; twig, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are evergreen, thick, leathery, elliptical or oval, dark -green and shiny above, rusty or silvery beneath, and mostly from 5 to 8 -inches long, and 2 to 3 inches wide, with prominent midribs. They remain -on the tree for approximately 2 years. - -The large FLOWERS are 6 to 8 inches broad, with pure white petals -surrounding a splash of bright purple in the center, and have a pleasing -fragrance. - -The FRUIT is a rounded or oval aggregate 3 to 4 inches long containing -many seeds, each enclosed in a follicle. These open in the fall and -display the bright red seeds dangling on slender threads. - -The WOOD is moderately heavy, hard, and of a creamy color. It is used -chiefly for furniture, Venetian blinds, and fuel. - - - - - SWEETBAY (Sweetbay Magnolia) - Magnolia virginiana L. - - -Sweetbay, better known locally as white or swampbay, is found in the -southern part of the Texas pine belt to western Montgomery County, in -swamps and rich, moist soils. Often appearing as a clump of sprouts in -open woods, in dense forests it grows as a tree 60 to 90 feet high, and -up to 3 feet in diameter. - -The bark is light gray; the branchlets silky-white. - -The LEAVES are simple, oblong, pale green above and hairy-white beneath, -4 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, remaining on sprout growth to -spring, usually dropping from older trees in the fall. - -[Illustration: SWEETBAY (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig, two-thirds - natural size; fruit, one-fourth natural size)] - -The fragrant FLOWERS, with 9 to 12 creamy-white petals on slender smooth -stems, measure 2 to 3 inches across. They continue to open during -several weeks of spring and early summer. The FRUIT aggregate or “bur” -is oval-shaped, dark red or brown, about 2 inches long, and contains -scarlet seeds which are usually oval, flattened, and less than ½ inch -long. - -The WOOD is soft, creamy white to reddish, and is used for furniture, -boxes, woodenware, and venetian blinds. - - - - - PAWPAW - Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal - - -This odd and attractive tree does not grow abundantly in Texas and seems -to be little known. It is found near streams in the extreme east portion -of the state and in greater abundance in Harrison and Grayson Counties. -It is seldom over 30 feet high with a trunk 8 or 10 inches in diameter. - -The BARK on young trees and branches is a smooth, clean brown; on older -trees becoming blotched with gray, and bearing a few small wart-like -excrescences. - -The LEAVES are obovate—lanceolate, 8 to 12 inches long, light, bright -green above and paler below. - -The FLOWERS are strikingly characteristic. The three light green, hairy -sepals are early deciduous. The outer three petals are a rich -brownish-purple and deeply veined. The inner three petals are pointed, -glandular, and erect. - -The FRUIT is an oblong berry 3 to 6 inches long, and contains a number -of large, brown seeds. When ripe it falls to the ground, turning dark -brown. The deep yellow flesh is palatable, though some people do not -care for its unique flavor. The tree blooms and bears as a shrub or -tree. - -The WOOD is light, weak, and spongy, yellow in color, and is of no known -value. - - [Illustration: PAWPAW (Leaf, one-fourth natural size; twig, two-thirds - natural size)] - - - - - REDBAY - Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. - - -Redbay is native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coast states from Virginia to -southeastern and southern Texas and is a member of the Laurel family. In -all, about 100 species of Persea are found in North and South America. - -Redbay grows to 70 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter, with a -well-shaped head of erect, stout, dark green branches. It grows in -moist, rich soils along the streams and in swamps and sometimes in drier -soils along with longleaf pine, over the coastal region. - - [Illustration: REDBAY (Illustrations, two-thirds natural size)] - -The aromatic LEAVES are oblong, thick or leathery, up to 4 inches in -length and 1½ inches in width, bright green with the margin entire and -with a narrow, orange-colored midrib. They remain green over the first -winter. The yellowish-white FLOWERS are in small clusters. - -The FRUIT is a nearly round, rather fleshy, shiny, dark blue or nearly -black drupe, about ½ inch long. It ripens in the autumn and contains a -large rounded stone. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, bright red, with thin, lighter colored -sapwood. It is used for cabinet-making, and interior house finish, and -has been used for boat construction. - -SILKBAY (Persea humilis Nash) is a dwarf or low growing shrub or tree 6 -to 10 feet in height occurring in southern Texas. - - - - - SASSAFRAS - Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees - - -This small tree with aromatic leaves and twigs is usually not over 40 -feet in height or a foot in diameter. It is common in Texas west to the -Brazos River on the drier soils, and is one of the first broad-leaved -trees to grow on abandoned fields, where the seeds are dropped by birds. -The species is closely related to the camphor tree of Japan. The BARK is -red-brown and deeply furrowed while the bark of the twigs is bright -green. - -The LEAVES are unusual in that they vary widely in shape on the same -tree, or even on the same twig. Some are oval and entire, 4 to 6 inches -long; others have one lobe, resembling a mitten; while still others are -divided at the outer end into 3 distinct lobes. - - [Illustration: SASSAFRAS (Twig, one-half natural size; leaf and fruit, - one-third natural size)] - -The FLOWERS are clustered, greenish-yellow, and open with the first -unfolding of the leaves. The male and female flowers are usually on -different trees. The FRUIT is an oblong, dark blue or black lustrous -drupe surrounded at the base by what appears to be a small orange-red or -scarlet cup at the end of the scarlet peduncle. - -The WOOD is light, soft, weak, brittle, and durable in the soil; the -heartwood is dull orange-brown. It is used for posts and crossties. The -bark of the roots yields the very aromatic oil of sassafras much used -for flavoring candies and various commercial products. The bark of the -root is sold in small bundles for making sassafras tea. - - - - - WITCH-HAZEL - Hamamelis virginiana L. - - -This tall-growing shrub which has the peculiar habit of blooming in the -late fall and ripening its fruit in early spring is native to the -extreme eastern portion of Texas, being found on rich soils of streams -or along the borders of the forest. - -The BARK is smooth, white, gray, and mottled with light brown. - -The LEAVES are usually obovate, 3 to 5 inches long, prominently veined, -with a wavy margin, very irregular at the base, bright green above and -slightly paler below. They are generally smooth. - -The odd, yellow FLOWERS are borne in clusters along the branch, with -long, very narrow twisted petals. They develop during November, -December, and January, the time depending somewhat on the weather, and -possess a refreshing fragrance. The FRUIT is a hard, tough, two-celled -capsule, with two beaks. It divides in half, each half containing a -shiny black seed. In the late summer or early autumn the capsules pop -open, discharging the seeds. - - [Illustration: WITCH-HAZEL (Leaf, one-half natural size; flower and - fruit, natural size)] - -The WOOD is hard and close-grained. The trees do not grow large enough -to be of commercial value. - -An analgesic extract used in lotions and balms is obtained from the -inner bark by distillation. - - - - - SWEETGUM (Redgum) - Liquidambar styraciflua L. - - -Sweetgum is a valuable and sometimes troublesome forest tree in East -Texas. It occurs on rich river bottoms and in swamps subject to frequent -overflow, as well as on the dried uplands, as far west as the San -Jacinto River Basin. The BARK is a light gray, roughened by corky -scales, later becoming deeply furrowed. After the second year the twigs -often develop corky projections of bark, which give them a winged -appearance. - -The simple, alternate star-shaped LEAF with its 5 to 7 points or lobes, -is 5 to 7 inches across and aromatic. In the fall its coloring ranges -from pale yellow through orange and red to a deep bronze. - - [Illustration: SWEETGUM (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; twig, - two-thirds natural size)] - -The FLOWERS of both sexes appear on the same tree and open with the -leaves. The FRUIT, a head an inch or more in diameter, is made up of -many capsules with projecting spines. It hangs on the tree late into the -winter. - -The WOOD is moderately hard, close-grained, and not durable on exposure. -The reddish-brown heartwood, which suggests the name red gum, is not -present to any appreciable extent in logs under 16 inches in diameter. -The wood is extensively used for flooring, interior finish, paper pulp, -and veneers for baskets of all kinds. - -In the uplands, this species competes aggressively with the more -valuable Southern pines. The control of sweetgum is, therefore, a -problem. This attractive species should be more widely planted for -ornamental use. - - - - - AMERICAN SYCAMORE - Plantanus occidentalis L. - - -American sycamore, also called planetree and buttonwood, is considered -the largest hardwood tree in North America. It occurs throughout eastern -Texas to Zavalla County. It is most abundant and reaches its largest -size along streams and on rich bottomlands. It grows rapidly and -occasionally attains a height of 140 to 170 feet and a diameter of 10 to -11 feet. - -The BARK of the sycamore is a characteristic feature; on the younger -trunk and large limbs it is smooth, greenish-gray in color. The outer -bark of limbs and upper trunk flakes off in large patches and exposes -the nearly white younger bark. Near the base of old trees, the bark -becomes thick, dark brown and divided by deep furrows. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN SYCAMORE (Fruit and leaf, one-third natural - size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, 4 to 7 inches long and about as broad; -light green and smooth above, and paler below. The base of the petiole -is hollow and in falling off exposes the winter bud. The multiple FRUIT -forms a ball about 1 inch in diameter, which hangs on its flexible -peduncle—3 to 5 inches long. During early spring the fruit ball breaks -up, and the small nutlets are scattered widely by the wind. - -The WOOD is hard and moderately strong, but decays rapidly in the -ground. It is used for butchers’ blocks, tobacco boxes, furniture, and -interior finish. - - - - - HAWTHORN (Haw) - Crataegus L. - - -Hawthorn, as treated here, represents about 30 different species and -varieties distributed throughout the state. Members of the group occur -on the poorest and richest soils, on the shallowest and deepest, and on -the limestone hills as well as on the rich bottom and swamp lands. Most -of the forms have a common likeness in possessing thorns and bearing -white blossoms and red or yellow fruit. Some species are planted as -ornamental trees, but otherwise the group is of little commercial value. - -[Illustration: HAWTHORN (Leaf and twig, two-thirds natural size; fruit, - one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is generally thin, gray in color, and on the old stems broken -up into thin, narrow scales. - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, mostly oval or wedge-shaped, notched -on the edges, and usually from 2 to 3 inches long. - -The FLOWERS are white, some fragrant and others with a slightly -unpleasant odor; they appear in early spring. The FRUIT varies from -globular to oblong, from ¼ to ¾ inch in diameter; some when ripe have a -pulpy, sweet, edible flesh, surrounding from 1 to 5 bony seeds. - -The WOOD is strong, tough, heavy, hard, but rarely used for any purpose. - -Many species of birds are attracted to these trees and bushes by the -fruit and for the protection offered for nesting. Blueberry hawthorn, C. -brachyacanthu, fruit ripens in the late summer and is valuable for deer -food. The fruit of most species ripens in the fall, and one or two -varieties yield a fruit highly prized for making jelly. - - - - - RIVERFLAT HAWTHORN (Mayhew) - Crataegus opaca Hook. and Arn. - - -This species is a native of East Texas, being found as far west as the -Trinity River. It grows along rivers at the edges of swamps and ponds, -where water stands a part of the year. These trees often form extensive -thickets. The FRUIT of this haw, unlike other Texas haws, matures in -late April or May. After the fruit is gone, it is more difficult to -distinguish it from other haws. It is of low, spreading habit, sometimes -becoming a tree 20 to 30 feet high and about a foot in diameter. It -usually bears a few thorns about 1 inch long on branches two years old. - -[Illustration: RIVERFLAT HAWTHORN (Leaves, flowers, and fruit, one-half - natural size)] - -On old trees the BARK is deeply fissured and divided into dark brown, -persistent scales. The wood has no commercial value. - -The LEAVES are about 2 inches long, pointed, narrowing toward the stem, -finely toothed from the middle of the tip, sometimes slightly lobed, -dull green, and rather downy beneath. - -The FLOWERS appearing in March are the largest of Crataegus, 1 inch in -diameter, white, and borne in clusters of only 2 or 3. The FRUIT, an -unusually large haw, is sometimes nearly an inch in diameter. When fully -ripe, these haws are scarlet, lustrous, mellow, and pleasantly acid. The -fruit is gathered in large quantities for making mayhaw jelly. - - - - - MEXICAN PLUM - Prunus mexicana S. Wats. - - -This common wild plum is a small tree reaching 20 to 25 feet in height -and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. Uncommonly it attains only large shrub -size. - -The BARK is dark, varying from gray to nearly black. There are curling -scales on young branches but on old trunks the bark becomes rough and -deeply furrowed. - - [Illustration: MEXICAN PLUM (Leaf, three-fourths natural size; flowers - and fruit, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES, when mature, are alternate, oval, abruptly pointed, finely -and doubly toothed along the margin, dark yellow-green, smooth and -shiny, thick and firm, 2 to 3 inches long by 1 to 2 inches wide, -narrowed or rounded at the base and prominently veined on both surfaces. - -The white FLOWERS appear in numerous small clusters in March before the -leaves. With a profusion of flowers, this tree is one of the delights of -early spring in the woods. The FRUIT, or plum, which ripens in late -summer, is dark purple-red color with a bluish “bloom”, about 1¼ inches -in diameter, and varies widely in its palatability. The stone is about ¾ -inch long, and smooth. The dorsal edge is ridged; the ventral edge -grooved. - -This species of plum does not sucker to form thickets, is drought -resistant, and has been used for grafting stock for the production of -commercial plums. - - - - - FLATWOODS PLUM (Black Sloe) - Prunus umbellata Ell. - - -This shrub or small tree with a short, often crooked, or inclining trunk -and a flat-topped head and slender branches is rarely over 20 feet high. -Branchlets at first covered with a dense, pale pubescence, soon become -smooth and bright red during the first year and dull dark brown the -second year. It occurs throughout the eastern portion of the state. - - [Illustration: FLATWOODS PLUM (Two-thirds natural size)] - -BARK ¼ inch thick, dark brown, almost black, and broken diagonally into -small, hard, appressed, persistent scales. LEAVES bright bronze-green -with red margins and petiole when they unfold; at maturity, usually less -than 2½ inches long, ovate-lanceolate to oblong with a rounded or -slightly cordate base; leaf thin, dark green above, paler below; usually -furnished with two large dark glands at the base; margins finely and -sharply serrate with incurved teeth. - -Small white FLOWERS appearing in umbels of 3 or 4 flowers before the -leaves. Flowers ⅔ inch in diameter. FRUIT a drupe on a stem ½ to 1 inch -long, round, ½ inch in diameter, and with a tough, black, yellow, or -bright red skin covered with a glaucous bloom, and with thick, acid -flesh. Stone flattened, brittle-walled, and wrinkled. Dorsal edge -grooved; ventral edge with conspicuous ridge. The fruit is relished by -deer. - - - - - BLACK CHERRY - Prunus serotina Ehrh. - - -A medium-sized tree, up to about 70 feet high and 1 to 3 feet in -diameter, black cherry is found in eastern Texas and in the mountains of -West Texas. The forest-grown trees have long clear trunks with little -taper. Open-grown trees have short trunks with many branches and -irregular spreading crowns. The BARK on branches and young trunks is -smooth and bright reddish-brown, marked by conspicuous, narrow, white, -horizontal lines, and has a bitter almond taste. On the older trunks the -bark becomes rough and broken into thick, irregular plates. - - [Illustration: BLACK CHERRY (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The LEAVES are alternate, simple, oval to lance-like in shape, 2 to 6 -inches long and 1-1½ inches wide, with fine, incurved serrations, shiny -above, and paler beneath. Cattle eating wilted leaves may be fatally -poisoned. - -The FRUIT is a dull purplish-black drupe, about as large as a pea, and -is borne in long hanging panicles. The fruit ripens in late summer, is -edible though slightly bitter, and is relished by wildlife. - -The WOOD is reddish-brown with yellowish sapwood, moderately heavy, -hard, strong, fine-grained, and does not warp or split in seasoning. -With the exception of black walnut, cherry lumber has a greater unit -value than any other hardwood of the eastern United States. Cherry is -prized for furniture. - -The SOUTHWESTERN BLACK CHERRY, Prunus serotina var. rufula (Woot. and -Standl.) McVaugh is found in the Guadalupe Mountains of West Texas. At -least five other cherry species are native to Texas. All have shrubby -growth. - - - - - CAROLINA LAURELCHERRY - Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Ait. - - -Called by many local names such as cherry laurel, wild peach, and mock -orange, this species is native to the eastern portion of the state to -the valley of the Guadalupe River, where it is found on deep rich moist -bottomlands. It is apparently free from disease and quite adaptable for -landscape planting. It is usually a small tree but sometimes reaches a -height of 50 to 60 feet and 18 inches in diameter when cultivated. The -partially withered leaves and young branches can be fatal to animals -browsing upon them, owing to presence of poisonous hydrocyanic acid. - - [Illustration: CAROLINA LAURELCHERRY (Two-thirds natural size)] - -The BARK is rather smooth, gray, and marked by almost black blotches. - -The LEAVES are persistent, oblong-lanceolate, with a few tiny sharp -teeth along the margins, dark lustrous green above, paler below. They -cling until the second year. - -The small white FLOWERS come in clusters, in early spring. The FRUIT, a -lustrous black drupe, ripens in autumn, and clings until the following -spring. The fruit is eaten by some birds. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, rich brown in color, -with a thick, lighter colored sapwood. - - - - - EBONY BLACKBEAD (Texas Ebony) - Pithecellobium flexicaule (Benth.) Coult. - - -This beautiful evergreen occurs as a small tree or shrub in South Texas -from Matagorda Bay and south into Mexico. Its short spreading branches, -forming a wide, round head, carry stout zigzag brachlets, dark -reddish-brown or light gray, armed with persistent stipular spines ¼ to -½ inch long. - -The LEAVES, about 2 inches long, are feather-like (twice pinnate) with -sessile, leathery leaflets that are dark green and shiny on the upper -surface, paler on the lower surface, and ¼ to ⅓ inch long. - -[Illustration: EBONY BLACKBEAD (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size)] - -The FLOWERS are light yellow or cream colored, fragrant, and bloom from -June to August in dense cylindric or interrupted spikes 1½ inches long. - -The FRUIT ripens in the fall and remains on the branches until after the -flowering season the following year. It is a flattened, curved, hairy -pod, 4 to 6 inches long, and about 1 inch wide. - -The WOOD is very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark red-brown tinged with -purple, almost indestructible when used for fence posts, and valued for -cabinet work. - -The tree is considered the most valuable species in the lower Rio Grande -Valley. Mexicans use the seed as a substitute for coffee. - - - - - CATCLAW ACACIA (Una de Gato) - Acacia greggii A. Gray - - -Found on dry gravelly mesas, the sides of low canyons and the banks of -mountain streams in the Rio Grande Valley and westward, this small tree -rarely reaches a height of 30 feet, and has a trunk up to 12 inches in -diameter. The top or head consists of numerous spreading branches and -smooth pale brown or red branchlets, armed with stout curved spines. - -[Illustration: CATCLAW ACACIA (Fruit and leaves, one-half natural size)] - -The small, bipinnately compound LEAVES with 1 to 3 pinnae, the leaflets -of which are about ¼ inch long. - -The fragrant yellow FLOWERS appear during the summer in dense, oblong, -pubescent spikes, usually 2 to 3 in a cluster at the end of a branch. - -The FRUIT matures by midsummer into a twisted or distorted pod, 2 to 4 -inches long by about ¾ inch wide. The pod is smaller between each of the -6 to 8 seeds, which are nearly round, flattened, dark brown and shiny. -The pods hang unopened on the branches until the winter or the following -spring. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, and clear brown -or red in color. - - - - - GREGG LEADTREE - Leucaena greggii S. Wats. - - -This small, beautiful tree grows wild in western Texas from the upper -San Saba River to Devil’s River. It grows along the banks of streams and -in moist ravines, and reaches a size of 15 to 20 feet in height and 4 to -5 inches in diameter. - -[Illustration: GREGG LEADTREE (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size)] - -The LEAVES are finely and doubly compound; with 10 to 14 feather-like -pinnae, each containing from 30 to 60 small leaflets, arranged along -opposite sides of the rachis. Each leaflet is elliptical, grayish-green -or bluish-green, smooth, and about ⅓ inch long. - -The white FLOWERS are clustered in dense round heads, about 1 inch in -diameter, borne on a long peduncle. Each tiny flower has protruding -hairs which give the head a fuzzy appearance. - -The pods, or FRUIT, are 6 to 8 inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, -and with narrow wing-like edges. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, clear brown streaked with red, -with thin, clear sapwood. - -Two other species of mimosa are found in Texas: L. pulverulenta -(Schlect.) Benth., found above the mouth of the Rio Grande; and L. -retusa Benth., in Jeff Davis, Kimble, Real, Uvalde, and Valverde -Counties. - - - - - HONEY MESQUITE - Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell - - -This well-known small tree is found in the central and western part of -the state. The short trunk, usually only 6 to 8 inches in diameter, -divides into many branches forming a loose, open top or crown. - -The root system is very large, consisting of a thick taproot sometimes -extending downward to a depth of 30 to 40 feet, with many radiating -roots. - - [Illustration: HONEY MESQUITE (One-fourth natural size)] - -The LEAVES are pinnately compound, consisting of 12 to 20 leaflets -attached along a central rachis, or “stem”, 8 to 10 inches long. The -leaflets are often 2 inches long, smooth, dark green, and pointed. Near -their bases are small spines. - -The fragrant FLOWERS are tiny and in clusters (spikes) from 2 to 4 -inches long. The FRUIT is a pod about 4 to 9 inches, narrowed between -each of the 10 to 20 seeds enclosed in a thick sweet pulp, used by the -natives as food and eagerly sought by wildlife and livestock. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, and dark reddish-brown in color. It is much -used for fuel and, because it is durable in the ground, for fence posts. - -Mesquite has long been designated as P. juliflora (Sw.) D.C., with the -varieties glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell and velutina (Woot.) Sarg. found -in Texas. - -WESTERN HONEY MESQUITE (P. juliflora var. torreyana L. Benson) occurs in -southern and Trans-Pecos regions of Texas. This species is usually a -shrub or sometimes a small tree. - - - - - EASTERN REDBUD - Cercis canadensis L. - - -Eastern Redbud, sometimes called Judas-tree from its oriental relative -of that name, is a small tree scattered through the woods of East Texas -to the Brazos River. It attains a height of 25 to 50 feet and a diameter -of 6 to 12 inches. Its stout branches usually form a wide flat head. - -[Illustration: EASTERN REDBUD (Twig, two-thirds natural size; fruit and - leaf, one-third natural size)] - -The BARK of the trunk is divided into long narrow plates, the bright -red-brown surface separating into thin scales. - -The LEAVES are alternate, heart-shaped, entire, 3 to 5 inches long and -wide, glossy green, turning a bright clear yellow in autumn. - -The conspicuous, bright purplish-red FLOWERS are in clusters along the -twigs and small branches, and appear before or with the leaves in early -spring. - -The FRUIT is an oblong, flattened, many-seeded pod, 2 to 4 inches long, -reddish during the summer and often hanging on the tree through the -following summer. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark brown in color, and of -little commercial importance. The redbud is cultivated as an ornamental -tree and for that purpose might be more generally planted in this state. - -Several varieties of Cercis canadensis have been described in Texas. - - - - - HONEYLOCUST - Gleditsia triacanthos L. - - -Honeylocust occurs naturally in the eastern part of the state to the -Brazos River. It grows under a wide variety of soil and moisture -conditions and is a popular tree for planting in the drier portions of -Texas. It reaches a diameter of 30 inches and a height of 75 feet. The -BARK on old trees is dark gray and is divided into thin, tight scales. -The strong, straight or branched, brown, sharp and shiny thorns, which -grow on the 1-year-old wood and remain for many years, are sufficient to -identify the honeylocust. - -The LEAF is pinnate or feather-like, with 18 to 28 leaflets; or it is -bi-pinnate, consisting of 4 to 7 pairs of pinnae, each 6 to 8 inches -long. - - [Illustration: HONEYLOCUST (Twig, three-quarters natural size; leaves - and fruit, one-quarter natural size)] - -The FRUIT, a 10 to 18 inch pod, is often twisted, 1 to 1½ inches wide, -flat, dark brown or black when ripe, and contains a yellow sweetish pulp -and dark brown seeds. The seeds are hard and separated by pulp. The pods -are eaten by many animals, and as the seeds are hard to digest, many are -widely scattered from the parent tree. - -The WOOD is coarse-grained, hard, strong, and moderately durable in -contact with the ground. - -Honeylocust is a good tree to substitute for the black locust which has -been almost exterminated in West Texas by the locust borer. - -TEXAS HONEYLOCUST (G. texana Sarg.), found in the Brazos River -bottomlands, is reported to be a hybrid between G. triacanthos and G. -aquatica. - - - - - WATERLOCUST - Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. - - -In river bottoms and swamps along the Gulf Coast to the Brazos River and -north to Arkansas is found the waterlocust, a close relative of the -well-known black locust. It can be distinguished by the small pod having -one seed, rarely two or three. - - [Illustration: WATERLOCUST (One-half natural size)] - -The waterlocust reaches a height of 60 feet and diameter up to 3 feet. -The trunk is usually short, dividing into several spreading, and often -distorted, branches. The branchlets have sharp spines from 3 to 5 inches -in length, dark red and shiny. - -The pinnately compound LEAVES are 5 to 8 inches long with 12 to 20 -leaflets arranged on opposite sides of the leaf rachis. Each leaflet is -an inch or so in length, oblong, sometimes slightly toothed on the edge, -dull green or yellow-green above and dark green on the lower surface. - -The FLOWERS appear in small clusters of green flowers on purple pedicels -in a raceme 3 to 4 inches long, and grow from the axil of the leaf -rachis and twig. The flowers bloom well after the leaves are out. The -FRUIT pods hang in graceful racemes. The pods are 1 inch wide and 1 to 2 -inches long, thin walled, tough, papery, chestnut brown, and shiny. The -SEEDS are flattened, nearly round, about ½ inch wide, and orange-brown. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, strong, light reddish-brown, and surrounded by -a wide band of clear yellow sapwood. - - - - - BLACK LOCUST (Yellow Locust) - Robinia pseudoacacia L. - - -Black locust is not native to Texas, so far as known, but has been -widely planted here and has escaped from cultivation. Black locust -requires deep, well-drained, moist soil for good growth. It grows -indifferently to poorly on well-drained, dry sites. Of late years it has -been severely damaged by the locust borer and is no longer recommended -for planting in pure stands. - - [Illustration: BLACK LOCUST (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The twigs and branchlets are armed with paired, straight or slightly -curved, sharp, strong spines, sometimes as much as 1 inch in length, -which remain attached to the outer bark for many years. - -The LEAVES are pinnate, or feather-like, from 6 to 10 inches long, with -7 to 19 oblong, thin leaflets. - -The FLOWERS are fragrant, white or cream-colored, and appear in graceful -pendant racemes. - -The FRUIT is a pod from 3 to 5 inches long containing 4 to 8 small hard -seeds which ripen late in the fall. The pod splits open during the -winter, discharging most of the seeds. Some seeds usually remain -attached to each half of the pod. - -The WOOD is yellow, coarse-grained, heavy, very hard, strong, and -durable in contact with the soil. It is used extensively for fence -posts, poles, tree nails, insulator pins, and occasionally for lumber -and fuel. - - - - - HERCULES-CLUB (Prickly-Ash) - Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. - - -This tree is a native of East Texas and ranges westerly to the valley of -the Colorado River and northward to Dallas and Tarrant Counties, and to -some extent to the Rio Grande Valley. It is a small tree, seldom over 30 -feet in height, with a short trunk usually under 1 foot in diameter. It -seems to prefer a well-drained, light, sandy soil, and is often found -growing on bluffs near rivers. - - [Illustration: HERCULES-CLUB (Leaf and fruit, one-half natural size; - spines natural size)] - -The BARK is the most characteristic feature of this tree. It is gray, -and with numerous corky tubercles. The aromatic inner bark, with its -strong pungent juice, has given this tree a number of local names, such -as “tingle-tongue”, and “toothache tree.” The inner bark was a favorite -in old-time home remedies for the relief of toothache. - -The LEAVES are compound, 5 to 8 inches long, with 7 to 17 ovate, -toothed, bright green leaflets. - -The small, pale green FLOWERS, borne in loose, wide-branched cymes, 4 to -5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, bloom in early spring when the -leaves are almost half grown. The small FRUIT, a one-seeded carpel, -ripens in early summer. The seeds hang outside the carpels and are eaten -by birds. - -The soft, light brown WOOD has no special known value. - -A variety, fruiticosum (A. Gray) S. Wats., is a shrubby form found in -West Texas. It has short, often 3-foliate, pubescent leaves and blunt, -leathery leaflets. - - - - - COMMON HOPTREE (Wafer-Ash) - Ptelea trifoliata L. - - -This small tree or large shrub is found scattered over the eastern -portion of the state. The bark and leaves are bitter and strong-scented -and possess tonic qualities. - -The hoptree has a straight, slender trunk 6 to 8 inches in diameter and -seldom reaches a height of more than 20 feet. - -[Illustration: COMMON HOPTREE (Fruit, three-fourths natural size; leaf, - one-third natural size)] - -The LEAVES are composed of 3 leaflets, sometimes 5, each of which is -oval or pear-shaped and pointed, about 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 3 -inches wide, and dark green on the upper surface. The central leaflet is -the largest. - -The FRUIT consists of a small, round, 2-seeded, winged “key” or -“samara”, resembling somewhat the familiar paper caps for toy pistols. -The seeds occur in dense drooping clusters and hang on the tree over -winter. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, yellowish-brown, and close-grained. The shrub -is often planted as an ornamental. - - - - - SHINING SUMAC (Dwarf or Flameleaf Sumac) - Rhus copallina L. - - -Shining sumac is found growing naturally west to the San Antonio River. -It is more commonly a shrub than a tree and grows in clumps and thickets -around the edges of the fields and in other open places. The leaves turn -crimson in the fall and add a vivid note to the autumn coloring. The -tree spreads by means of shallow root-runners. - -The BARK is almost smooth, with horizontal splashes of light and dark -gray, and many small excrescences. This papery outer bark cracks at -irregular intervals, exposing spots of reddish-brown beneath. - - [Illustration: SHINING SUMAC (Leaf and fruit one-half natural size)] - -The compound LEAVES are alternate, 6 to 8 inches long, with 9 to 21 -small ovate-lanceolate leaflets, glossy green above, downy beneath. This -sumac is easily distinguished from others by the fact that the leaf -rachis is winged. The leaves are rich in tannin, and are used in large -quantities for curing leather, and for the manufacture of dyes. - -The tiny, pale green FLOWERS are borne in compact conical, panicles in -July. Male and female flowers are borne on separate trees. The small -FRUIT is red, covered with short hairs, and has an acid taste. The -fruits cling, and are eaten by birds in late winter. - -The reddish-brown WOOD is soft, light, and coarse-grained. - -PRAIRIE SUMAC (R. lanceolata [A. Gray] Britton) is found on the prairies -of eastern Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande, often forming thickets -on the banks of small streams. This species is distinguished by its -narrow, acute leaflets and its larger flowers and fruit. - - - - - POISON-SUMAC - Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kountze - - -All parts of this beautiful plant give off toxic oils that may irritate -and blister the skin like the oils of poison ivy. Poison-sumac may grow -as a shrub with several clustered stems, or as a tree occasionally 25 -feet high with a trunk 5 to 6 inches in diameter. The slender, smooth -branchlets are at first reddish-brown with orange-colored lenticels, -later becoming light gray and marked with elevated and conspicuous -leaf-scars. - - [Illustration: POISON-SUMAC (Leaf, one-half natural size; fruit often - larger)] - -The compound, alternate LEAVES are quite different from those of other -sumacs, shaped more like those of ash, for which reason it is often -called “poison ash.” The leaf-stems are always reddish, and usually -quite conspicuous. The leaves are 7 to 14 inches long, with 7 to 13 -ovate-oblong leaflets, 3 to 4 inches long. The leaflets are bright green -above, paler beneath, usually with a red midrib. - -The small FLOWERS are borne in panicles much less compact than those of -other sumacs. The FRUIT is a lustrous white drupe, born in slender, -drooping panicles. The fruit matures in September and is eaten by birds -and rabbits. The sap can be used to make a black, durable varnish. - - - - - AMERICAN HOLLY - Ilex opaca Ait. - - -American holly is found on rich, moist soils of bottomlands in East -Texas and westward to Wilson County. A tree often 50 feet high, -frequently attains heights of 80 to 100 feet and diameters up to 4 feet. -A large specimen may be seen at the Texas Forest Service’s Indian Mound -Nursery near Alto. - -[Illustration: AMERICAN HOLLY (Leaf and fruit, two-thirds natural size)] - -The BARK is light gray and roughened by wart-like growths. The numerous, -short, slender branches form a dense pyramidal head of striking dark -green color which is more pronounced when the conspicuous red drupes are -present. - -The LEAVES are simple, alternate, rather oval, thick and leathery, 2 to -4 inches long and usually armed with spiny teeth. They remain on the -branches three years, dropping off in the spring. - -The FLOWERS are small and whitish; male and female flowers are usually -borne on separate trees. The FRUIT, ripening late in the fall on the -trees bearing female flowers, is dull red or sometimes yellow, round or -somewhat oval-shaped berry-like drupe about ¼ inch in diameter and with -4 to 6 grooved, ribbed nutlets. - -The WOOD is light, tough, not strong, white when cut, turning brown when -aged. Valued and much used for cabinet making, interior finish, and -turnery. Many of the largest and best holly trees have been cut and -marketed. - -Holly is a highly desirable Christmas decoration and a desirable -ornamental tree for yards. Wild holly is becoming scarce. Excessive -cuttings should be avoided. - - - - - YAUPON - Ilex vomitoria Ait. - - -This close relative of the American holly is found in East Texas to -Matagorda Bay, Rio Blanco and the Guadalupe River, and north to southern -Arkansas. On the rich bottomlands of eastern Texas, yaupon is a small -tree, 20 to 25 feet high with a trunk rarely over 6 inches in diameter; -elsewhere it is a shrub. - -The LEAVES are 1 to 2 inches long, ¼ to 1 inch wide, thick, glossy green -above, paler below, and persistent for 2 or 3 years. - - [Illustration: YAUPON (Two-thirds natural size)] - -The FLOWERS, male and female, are borne on separate plants. The FRUIT, a -scarlet berry-like drupe, is produced in great abundance by the female -plant. - -The WOOD is of little value except for fuel. - -Yaupon is used in the South as a hedge plant, and is much prized for -Christmas decorations. A tea made from leaves was once popular with the -Indians. The plant is now grown on the Atlantic Coast for the commercial -production of yaupon tea for medicinal purposes. - -I. decidua Walt. known as POSSUM HAW (WINTER BERRY) is similar to -yaupon, but the leaves shed in the fall; the fruits, which remain over -winter, are orange to orange-scarlet in color. - - - - - SILVER MAPLE - Acer saccharinum L. - - -Silver, or soft, maple is found on moist land and along streams in the -extreme eastern part of the state. In its best region of growth, the -valley of the lower Ohio River, it attains heights of 100 feet or more -and diameters of 3 feet or over. - - [Illustration: SILVER MAPLE (Twig and fruit, one-half natural size; - leaf, one-third natural size)] - -The BARK on old trunks is dark gray and broken into long flakes or -scales. The twigs are slender, brittle, reddish-brown, and shiny. - -The buds are rounded, red or reddish-brown, blunt-pointed, generally -like those of red maple. - -The simple, opposite LEAVES have from 3 to 5 lobes ending in long points -with toothed margins and separated by deep angular sinuses or openings; -the leaves are pale green on the upper surface, silvery-white -underneath, and have a red petiole. - -The FLOWERS arising from the large prominent flower buds are a -greenish-yellow color and appear in clusters in the spring before the -leaves. The FRUIT ripens in the spring and consists of a pair of wing -samaras or “keys” with wings 1 to 2 inches long on a slender, flexible, -thread-like peduncle about an inch long. - -The WOOD is soft, weak, even-textured, rather brittle, easily worked, -and decays readily when exposed. It is occasionally used for flooring, -furniture and fuel. - -The silver maple grows rapidly and has been planted in Texas as a shade -tree. It is somewhat undesirable because of its brittleness and -susceptibility to insects and fungus diseases. - - - - - RED MAPLE - Acer rubrum L. - - -Red maple is abundant in low moist areas in the eastern part of the -state. It is usually a medium-sized tree, quick-growing, and relatively -short-lived. It is used as a shade tree, though of inferior quality for -this purpose. The BARK is smooth and light gray on young limbs and -trunks, and dark gray and rough on old limbs and trunks. - -The LEAVES are 2 to 5 inches long and have from 3 to 5 pointed, -saw-toothed lobes separated by sharp angular sinuses or openings. The -upper leaf surface when mature is light green, the lower surface whitish -and partly covered with pale down. In autumn the leaves turn to -brilliant shades of red, orange, and yellow. - -[Illustration: RED MAPLE (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; twig, - one-half natural size)] - -The red FLOWERS appear in dense clusters in early spring before the -leaves, the buds turning a deep red sometimes before they open. The -winter buds are small, red, and round or blunt-pointed. The FRUIT ripens -in the late spring or early summer. It consists of pairs of winged -samaras, or keys, ½ to 1 inch in length, on a long drooping peduncle -(fruit stem), red, reddish-brown, or yellow in color. - -The WOOD, known commercially as soft maple, is heavy, close-grained, -rather weak, and of a light brown color. It is used in the manufacture -of furniture, and for turnery, woodenware, and fuel. - - - - - BOXELDER - Acer negundo L. - - -Boxelder, the only Texas maple with compound leaves, is a native of -eastern and southern Texas to the lower Rio Blanco River. It is -generally found on the banks of streams and lakes and the borders of -swamps. It grows rapidly, making a quick shade, and is quite shapely. -The branches are brittle and break easily. The tree is short-lived and -rather subject to disease. It sometimes attains a height of 50 to 60 -feet, with a trunk 2 feet in diameter, but is usually smaller. - - [Illustration: BOXELDER (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; twig, - two-thirds natural size)] - -The BARK of the twigs is green; of the trunk grayish-brown, divided into -broad, rounded ridges, and separating on the surface into short, thick -scales. - -The LEAVES are opposite, compound, usually with 5 leaflets, occasionally -3 or 7. The leaflets are 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely and irregularly -toothed, light green above, paler beneath. - -The tiny FLOWERS are borne in drooping clusters. The FRUIT is like that -of the other maples, green, turning light tan when mature. Unlike the -seeds of other maples, they cling until after the leaves are shed. - -The WOOD is creamy-white, light, and soft and weak but close-grained. It -is sometimes used in other states for the manufacture of low grade -furniture and interior finish; it is also used for woodenware, -cooperage, and paper pulp. - - - - - OHIO BUCKEYE - Aesculus glabra Willd. - - -Ohio buckeye occurs as far west as eastern Texas along streams in rich -soils. Though often only a shrub, it becomes a medium-sized tree in rich -alluvial bottoms. Its leaves and fruit are poisonous to stock. - -The BARK is white and, on old trees, divided or broken into light brown -flat scales, which make the stems of the tree rough; the bark is -ill-smelling when bruised. - - [Illustration: OHIO BUCKEYE (Twig, two-thirds natural size; nut, - one-third natural size; leaf, one-fourth natural size)] - -The LEAVES are opposite, palmately compounded, with 5 to 7 smooth, pale -green leaflets, ill-smelling when bruised. The leaves usually turn -yellow during the summer. - -The FLOWERS are cream-colored and appear in clusters, 5 to 8 inches -long, in April or May. - -The FRUIT is generally rounded, pale brown, generally thin-walled, -roughened with blunt prickles or warts, and breaking into 2 to 3 valves, -disclosing the bright shiny seeds 1 to 1½ inches wide. - -The WOOD is light, soft and weak, and decays rapidly when exposed. It is -used for woodenware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, lumber, and fuel. - -Aesculus pavia L., the RED BUCKEYE, is found as a shrub in Comal and -Wilson Counties and is common through eastern Texas to Bexar and Kendall -Counties, as a shrub 9 to 12 inches high. This species was formerly -classified as A. discolor Parsh and A.d. var. Mollis (Raf.) Sarg. - - - - - WESTERN SOAPBERRY (Wild China-Tree) - Sapindus drummondii Hook. Arn. - - -This species, sometimes called Indian soap plant, grows on moist clay -soils or dry limestone uplands. It ranges through eastern Texas to New -Mexico and the Rio Grande, becoming a tree 40 to 50 feet high and 1 to 2 -feet in diameter, with usually erect branches, and branchlets at first -slightly many-angled. - -[Illustration: WESTERN SOAPBERRY (Leaf, two-fifths natural size; fruit, - one-third natural size)] - -The BARK is broken by deep fissures into long narrow plates which in -turn are broken on the surface into small red-brown scales. - -The LEAVES appearing in March or April, bear 4 to 9 pairs of alternate, -opposite or both, lance-shaped leaflets which are pale, yellow-green, -about 2½ inches long and ½ to ⅔ inch wide. The leaves fall in autumn or -early winter. - -The FLOWERS are whitish, in large, dense panicles. - -The FRUIT, round yellow berries, ½ inch in diameter, and containing dark -brown seeds, ripen in September and October and fall in the spring. - -The WOOD is heavy, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with -yellow. It splits easily into thin strips and is used for cotton basket -and the frames of pack saddles. - - - - - AMERICAN BASSWOOD (American Linden) - Tilia americana L. - - -Three species of basswood are reported to grow in Texas from the -Arkansas line to the Brazos River and westward to Uvalde, Kerr and -Bandera Counties, usually on rich, moist soils. They are rarely over 50 -feet tall and 12 inches in diameter. - -The BARK is light brown and deeply furrowed. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN BASSWOOD (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural - size; twig, one-half natural size)] - -The LEAVES are more or less heart-shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, thin, -saw-toothed, smooth on both sides in some species, but woolly on the -under surface of others. - -The fragrant FLOWERS, a favorite of bees, are yellowish-white, in -drooping clusters opening in early summer, and the flower-stem is united -to the middle of a long, narrow, leaf-like bract. - -The FRUIT, a dry, 1 to 2-seeded nut-like drupe, ¼ to ½ inch in diameter, -is covered with short, thick, gray-brown wool. It remains attached in -clusters to the leafy bract, which later acts as a wing to bear the -fruit away in the wind. - -The WOOD is light, soft, tough, not durable, and light brown in color. -It is used in states where the growth is better for the manufacture of -pulp, woodenware, furniture, trunks, excelsior, and many other articles. -The principal use of basswoods in Texas is for shade and ornament. - - - - - DEVILS-WALKINGSTICK (Hercules-Club) - Aralia spinosa L. - - -This tree, a native of Northeast Texas, is armed from the ground up with -many sharp spines, a characteristic that has given the tree many names -such as Hercules-club, prickly-elder, and prickly-ash. The last name -properly belongs to another tree. Devils-walkingstick possesses -sufficient beauty to compensate for its spitefulness. The tree is -usually small, but occasionally attains a height of 30 feet, the leaves -forming a flat-topped, spreading crown. - -[Illustration: DEVILS-WALKINGSTICK (Branch, one-half natural size; leaf - and fruit greatly reduced)] - -The brown BARK is divided by broad shallow fissures into circular, -horizontal ridges. The sharp spines along its trunk best identify this -tree. - -The LEAVES are doubly compounded, or bi-pinnate, the main rachis -(leaf-stem) 3 or 4 feet long, clasping the stem with an enlarged base, -and leaving conspicuous scars when they fall. The oval leaflets are -toothed, pointed, dark green above and paler beneath. They turn yellow -in autumn. - -In mid-summer each plant bears one immense panicle of small, white -FLOWERS, which rises well above the leaves. The tree presents its most -striking appearance in autumn when the small black FRUIT ripens, for the -fruit-stems turn a rich wine-red. Birds eat the juicy drupes. The WOOD -is of no commercial importance. - - - - - BLACK TUPELO (Blackgum) - Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. - - -Black gum, often called sour gum, is found in eastern Texas to the -valley of the Brazos River; usually in swampy wet soil, but sometimes on -dry slopes with the oaks. - -The BARK on younger trees is furrowed between flat ridges, and gradually -develops into quadrangular blocks that are dense, hard, and nearly -black. - - [Illustration: BLACK TUPELO (Twig, leaf, and fruit one-half natural - size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, 2 to 3 inches long, entire, obovate to elliptic, -shiny, and dark green in color. In the fall the leaves turn brilliant -red. - -The greenish FLOWERS on long, slender peduncles appear in early spring -when the leaves are about one-third grown. They are usually of two -kinds, the male in many-flowered heads, and the female in two or -several-flowered clusters on different trees. The FRUIT is drupe-like, -dark blue ⅔ inch long, containing a single hard-shelled stone, and is -borne 2 to 3 in a cluster on 1 to 2½-inch peduncles. - -The WOOD is very tough, cross-grained, not durable in contact with the -soil, hard to work, and warps easily. Once considered a weed tree, the -species is now valuable for basket veneer, box boards, and paper pulp. -In the old days, the hollow trunks were used for “bee-gums.” - -Swamp tupelo (N. s. var. biflora [Walt.] Sarg.), found mainly on the -Coastal Plain, has narrowly obovate to narrowly oblanceolate leaves and -fruiting peduncles ⅜ to 1⅜ inches long. The base of the trunk is swollen -when submerged. - - - - - WATER TUPELO (Cotton-Gum or Tupelo-Gum) - Nyssa aquatica L. - - -Water tupelo is found only in deep river swamps or coastal swamps which -are often flooded. The commonly enlarged base, large-sized fruit, -hanging on a long peduncle (stem), and the brittleness of the twigs, -serve to distinguish this species from the black gum. It forms a tall, -often slowly tapering somewhat crooked trunk 50 to 75 feet in height and -2 to 3 feet in diameter. The spreading small branches form a narrow, -oblong or pyramidal head. The branches are generally smooth and light -brown in color. The BARK of the trunk is thin, dark brown and furrowed -up and down the trunk. - - [Illustration: WATER TUPELO (Leaf and fruit, one-third natural size; - twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The LEAVES are simple, ovate or oblong in shape, acute and often -long-pointed. When mature they are thick, dark green and lustrous on the -upper side, pale and somewhat downy on the lower side, 5 to 7 inches -long and 2 to 4 inches wide, wedge-shaped at the base, and entire or -irregularly toothed on the margin. The petiole is stout, 1 to 2 inches -long, grooved, and enlarged at the base. - -The FLOWERS, which appear in March or April are of two kinds, usually -borne on separate trees, the male flowers in dense round clusters, and -the female flowers solitary. - -The FRUIT, ripening in early fall, is a dark purple drupe, oblong or -obovate in shape, about 1 inch long, with a thick, tough skin enclosing -a flattened stone, and borne on a slender peduncle 3 to 4 inches long. - -The WOOD is light, soft, and not strong. It is used for woodenware, -broom handles, fruit and vegetable baskets, marketed as tupelo or bay -poplar lumber, and paper pulp. - - - - - FLOWERING DOGWOOD - Cornus florida L. - - -Dogwood grows in the forests of eastern Texas, usually under the larger -forest trees. It is a small tree, up to 30 feet high and 12 inches in -diameter, occasionally larger, with a rather flat and spreading crown -and short, often crooked trunk. - - [Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Leaf and fruit, one-half natural - size; twig, two-thirds natural size)] - -The BARK is reddish-brown to black and broken up into small 4-sided, -scaly blocks. - -The LEAVES are opposite, ovate, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, -pointed, entire or wavy on the margin, prominently veined, bright green -above, pale green or grayish beneath. - -The FLOWERS, which unfold from the conspicuous, round, grayish, winter -flower buds before the leaves come out, are small, greenish-yellow, -arranged in dense heads surrounded by large white or pinkish petal-like -bracts, which appear like large spreading flowers 2 to 4 inches across. - -The FRUIT is a bright scarlet drupe one-half an inch long and containing -a hard, two-celled nutlet containing 1 or 2 seeds. Usually several -fruits are contained in one head, and are relished by birds, squirrels, -and other animals. - -The WOOD is hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, and brown to red in -color. It is in demand for cotton-mill machinery, turnery, handles, and -forms. - -With its masses of early spring flowers, its dark red autumn foliage, -and bright red berries, dogwood is probably our most ornamental native -tree. It should be used more extensively in eastern Texas for ornamental -planting. - - - - - TREE SPARKLEBERRY (Farkleberry) - Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. - - -In the coastal belt of eastern Texas as far as Matagorda Bay, -farkleberry, or tree huckleberry, grows in moist sandy soil along the -banks of ponds and streams. Although it is found from Virginia to -Missouri and southward, it reaches its largest size, 20 to 30 feet, near -the Gulf Coast of Texas. The crooked trunk may attain a diameter of 8 to -10 inches. Further inland it is a large shrub. - - [Illustration: TREE SPARKLEBERRY (Nearly natural size)] - -The LEAVES are oval and glossy green, varying up to 2 inches in length -and 1 inch in width. They are mostly evergreen, or at least persist on -the twigs during the winter. - -The FLOWERS are small, white, and bell-shaped, and appear in long open -clusters on racemes. - -The FRUIT consist of small, round, shiny, nearly black berries which -ripen in the fall and, unless eaten by birds or animals, remain until -spring. They have a slightly puckering but pleasing flavor. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, close-grained, and light reddish-brown. It is -sometimes used for tool handles. - - - - - GUM BUMELIA (Woolly Buckthorn—Gum-Elastic) - Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. - - -Gum bumelia, often called false buckthorn or chittamwood, occurs along -streams in sandy woods in eastern Texas to the San Antonio River and -over the Edwards Plateau to Palo Pinto County. It reaches its largest -development probably in Central Texas where it occasionally grows as a -tree 80 feet high and 3 feet in diameter. - - [Illustration: GUM BUMELIA (Three-fourths natural size)] - -The branches are short, stout, and stiff, and often armed with straight -or curved spines. - -The LEAVES are oblong, more or less grouped near the ends of short -spurs; rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base; thick, firm, dark -green and shiny above, and rusty-woolly beneath. They are from 1 to more -than 2 inches long and up to ¾ inch wide. - -The FLOWERS are small and open in summer, each borne on a hairy -flower-stem (pedicel) about ⅛ inch long. They are borne in fascicles of -15 to 18, near the axils of the new leaves or near the leaf-scars of old -leaves. The petals are white and lobed. The fruit is fleshy, black, -oblong, about ½ inch in length, borne singly or in a cluster of 2 or 3, -and usually dry and firm on the outside and contain a light brown, firm -rounded seed. The ripe fruit falls from the tree in autumn. - -The WOOD is light brown streaked with white and surrounded by a band of -lighter colored sapwood. It is heavy, hard, and close-grained. - -B. lanuginosa var. Rigida A. Gray, is found in western and southern -Texas, while B. lycioides L. Pers., is found in eastern Texas to Milam -County. - - - - - COMMON PERSIMMON - Diospyros virginiana L. - - -Persimmon is a well known tree throughout its range. It is small, rarely -exceeding 50 feet in height and 18 inches in diameter, occurring in the -state as far west as the Colorado River. It prefers dry, open -situations, and is most abundant in old fields, though it occurs on rich -bottomlands. - -[Illustration: COMMON PERSIMMON (Leaf and fruit, one-half natural size; - twig, three-fourths natural size)] - -The BARK of old trees is almost black and separated into thick, nearly -square blocks. - -The LEAVES are alternate, oval, entire, 4 to 6 inches long, dark green -and shining above, paler beneath. - -The small FLOWERS, which appear in May, are yellowish or cream-white, -somewhat bell-shaped, the male and female flowers occurring on separate -trees; the male in clusters of 2 or 3, the female solitary. They are -visited by many insects. - -The FRUIT is a pulpy, round, orange-colored or brown berry, an inch or -more in diameter and containing several flattened, hard, smooth seeds. -The fruit is strongly astringent while green, but often quite sweet and -delicious when thoroughly ripe. It is relished by both man and animals, -especially after a few frosty nights. - -The WOOD is hard, dense, strong, the heartwood brown or black, the wide -sapwood white or yellowish. It is particularly valued for shuttles, golf -club heads, and similar special uses, but is not of sufficient -commercial use to warrant its growth as a timber tree. - -The TEXAS or BLACK PERSIMMON (D. texana Scheele) is described on page -127. - - - - - COMMON SWEETLEAF (Horse-Sugar) - Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Hér. - - -Sweetleaf is usually found along the borders of streams and swamps, -chiefly in East Texas. It seldom grows to a height of more than 30 feet -or a diameter of more than 8 inches. The slender upright branches, -forming an open head, are bluish or grayish, and decidedly roughened by -elevated leaf-scars, or places of attachment of the last crop of leaves. - - [Illustration: COMMON SWEETLEAF (Fruit and flowers about natural size; - leaf, one-half natural size)] - -The thick, shiny, dark green LEAVES, arranged alternately along the -stem, vary from 5 to 6 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches in width. They -remain on the twigs until spring. The leaves are sweet and eagerly -sought for food by livestock. - -The tiny, pale yellow fragrant FLOWERS are produced in close clusters at -intervals along the branchlets. The FRUIT, a small, one-seeded drupe, -has a thin dark orange or brown skin. The fruit is eaten to some extent -by deer. - -The WOOD is light, soft and pale red or brown, and has no commercial -value. Both leaves and bark yield a yellow dye. The bitter aromatic -roots have been used as a tonic. - - - - - TWO-WING SILVERBELL (Snowdrop Tree) - Halesia diptera Ellis - - -This attractive tree or shrub, may grow as a small tree, sometimes as -much as 30 feet high, with a trunk 6 to 10 inches in diameter. It occurs -in rich, wet woods and on the borders of swamps and streams, but is -adaptable to many sites. It is found in the southeastern portion of -Texas, being a native of the Gulf Region. - - [Illustration: TWO-WING SILVERBELL (Twig, leaf, and flower one-half - natural size; fruit about one-sixth natural size)] - -The BARK of the trunk is brown, divided by irregular longitudinal -fissures, and separating on the surface into thin scales. The bark on -the twigs forms long, loose, brown fibers, which makes it easy to -identify during the winter. - -The alternate, ovate to obovate LEAVES are bright green above, paler and -downy underneath, 3 to 4 inches long, and 2 to 2½ inches wide. They are -much larger on young shoots. The leaves have minute callous teeth. - -The white FLOWERS, usually about 1 inch long, come before the leaves and -are borne in clusters of 3 to 5. The tree is charming when thickly hung -with its “silver bells.” The FRUIT is about 2 inches long with two wide, -thin wings, and two (rarely three) narrow wings in between. - -The WOOD is light, soft, strong, close-grained, and light brown, with -thick, lighter-colored sapwood. It is not of commercial importance. - - - - - CAROLINA ASH (Water Ash) - Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. - - -Water ash is common in shaded swamps, westward to the valley of the -Neches River. It forms a tree, rarely more than 40 feet high, with a -trunk sometimes 12 inches in diameter, and has small branches, making a -narrow, often round-topped head. - - [Illustration: CAROLINA ASH (Leaflet and fruit, three-fourths natural - size; leaf, one-fourth natural size)] - -The BARK is thin, light gray, and marked by large irregularly shaped -round patches which separate into small, thin, close scales. - -The LEAVES are compounded, 7 to 12 inches long, thick and firm when -mature, with 5 to 7, ovate to oblong, finely to coarsely toothed -leaflets, 3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, dark green above, and -paler below. - -The small male and female FLOWERS appear on separate trees, in February -or March. The FRUIT is elliptic to oblong-ovate, frequently -three-winged, 2 inches long, ⅓ to ¾ inch wide. The wing extends below -the body of the fruit and narrows into a stipitate (stalk-like) base. - -The WOOD is light, soft, weak, close-grained, nearly white, sometimes -yellowish, with thick, lighter-colored sapwood. It is used chiefly for -fuel. - - - - - WHITE ASH - Fraxinus americana L. - - -White ash is found in East Texas to the valley of the Trinity River. It -grows best in the rich moist soils of upper bottomlands. The bark is -gray and furrowed, the branchlets smooth and gray with rust-colored -winter buds. - - [Illustration: WHITE ASH (Twig and fruit, one-half natural size; leaf, - one-third natural size)] - -The compound opposite LEAVES are generally straight, 8 to 12 inches -long, with 5 to 9 (usually 7) sharp pointed leaflets, dark green above -and paler and whitish beneath. - -The male and female FLOWERS appear on separate trees, the male in dense -reddish-purple clusters and the female in more open branches. The FRUIT -is a samara, 1 to 1½ inches long, resembling the blade of a canoe paddle -in outline, with the smooth, terete body at the handle end. The fruit -matures in late summer and is distributed effectively by the winds. - -The WOOD of white ash is extremely valuable because of its toughness and -elasticity. It is preferred for small tool handles, athletic equipment, -and agricultural implements, and is used extensively for furniture and -interior finish. - -The ashes comprise the only group of trees in eastern America that have -opposite, pinnately compound leaves with 5 or more leaflets. This fact -provides a ready means of identifying the group. There are at least -seven other species of ash in Texas. - - - - - GREEN ASH - Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. - - -Green ash is a common tree along streams as far west as the Guadalupe -River. It attains a height of 50 feet or more, has spreading branches -and a trunk ranging up to 2 feet in diameter. The TWIGS are smooth, -round, and ashy gray, marked by pale lenticels and rusty bud-scales. - - [Illustration: GREEN ASH (Fruit, two-thirds natural size; leaf, - one-third natural size; twig, three-fourths natural size)] - -The BARK is ½ inch or more thick; brown, tinged with red, and slightly -furrowed or ridged. The LEAVES are opposite compound, 10 to 12 inches -long, with 5 to 9 pointed leaflets slightly toothed on the margin. They -differ from those of white ash in being lustrous green on both sides or -slightly paler beneath. The terminal leaflet is frequently askew from -the main axis of the rachis. - -The small, male and female FLOWERS occur on separate trees. - -The FRUIT is flat, winged, 1 to 1½ inches long, ¼ to ⅓ inch wide, the -wing portion extending well down past the middle of the terete, -many-rayed body. The wing is sometimes square or slightly notched at the -outer end. - -The WOOD is heavy, hard, rather strong, brittle, and coarse-grained. It -is used for the same purposes as white ash but is not as desirable. - - - - - SWAMP PRIVET (Common Adelia) - Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. - - -Swamp privet or forestiera is found along river banks, lakes, and -standing water over eastern Texas to the Colorado River. It is usually a -large shrub but often becomes a small tree, less than 30 feet high, with -a short trunk usually less than 8 inches in diameter. Its youngest -branches are slender, somewhat hairy, slightly angular, and vary in -color from yellowish-green to brown. They become darker and more rounded -the second season. - - [Illustration: SWAMP PRIVET (Leaves, one-fifth natural size; fruit, - one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is thin, dark brown to brownish-gray, close, and slightly -ridged. - -The LEAVES are thin, simple, opposite, 2½ to 4 inches long, 1 to 1½ -inches wide, pointed at both ends, yellowish-green on the upper surface, -paler on the lower surface, and slightly toothed above the middle. - -The FLOWERS appear in April before the leaves. They are of two kinds, -borne separately on the same tree, rather small and in clusters. - -The FRUIT, a drupe, falls when ripe in May or June. It is about 1 inch -long and ¼ inch wide, oblong, and tipped with a point. The ripe fruit is -deep purple, and contains a tough, dry pulp and a one-seeded stone. - -The WOOD is close-grained, yellowish-brown, weak, and rather soft. It -has no economic use. - - - - - FRINGETREE (White Fringetree) - Chionanthus virginicus L. - - -Children give this tree, with its drooping, fringy, white flowers, such -names as “grancy-gray beard” and “old-man’s beard.” Beautiful both in -flower and fruit, it is a desirable tree for ornamental planting. It -occurs naturally in loamy soil over the eastern part of the state to the -valley of the Brazos River and generally grows in the shade of other -trees. - -[Illustration: FRINGETREE (Flower, three-fourths natural size; leaf and - fruit, one-half natural size)] - -The BARK is similar to that of a young ash, but is rougher and whiter. -It has tonic properties, and is used in domestic remedies. - -The rather large, ovate LEAVES are 4 to 8 inches long, and ½ to 4 inches -wide, dark green on the upper surface, paler underneath, and turning a -clear bright yellow in autumn. The leaves are opposite, and leave -conspicuous scars when they fall. - -The odd white FLOWERS, which appear with the very young leaves, are -borne in long, loose drooping panicles. The petals are very narrow and -long, giving the effect of fringe. - -The FRUIT is a dark blue-purple drupe, sometimes as much as an inch -long, with a glaucous bloom, and borne in loose, drooping panicles. It -is an excellent deer and bird food. - - - - - NORTHERN CATALPA (Western Catalpa) - Catalpa speciosa Warder - - -Catalpa, often miscalled “catawba”, is found naturalized in eastern -Texas and occurs on various qualities of soil, most frequently on rich, -moist bottoms. It is a medium-sized tree, rarely exceeding 50 feet in -height and 15 inches in diameter. The trunk is usually short and the -head broad with spreading branches. - -[Illustration: NORTHERN CATALPA (Leaf, one-third natural size; twig and - seed, two-thirds natural size; pod, one-fourth natural size)] - -The BARK varies from dark gray to brown, and is slightly rough, being -divided into narrow, shallow strips or flakes. - -The LEAVES are simple, opposite, cordate-based, long-pointed, 6 to 10 -inches long, and softly pubescent beneath. - -The FLOWERS appear in clusters or panicles in April or May, and are 1 to -2 inches long, trumpet-shaped, the wavy and spreading corolla irregular, -two-lobed, and with a narrow notch on the margin; corolla white with -purple and yellow markings. - -The FRUIT consists of a bean-like capsule 8 to 16 inches long and from ⅜ -to ½ inch in diameter. It hangs on the tree over winter and gradually -splits into two parts, or valves. The seeds are about 1 inch long and -terminate in wings that are rounded and short-fringed at the ends. - -The WOOD is rather soft, light, coarse-grained, and durable, in contact -with the soil. It is used for fence posts, poles and fuel, and -occasionally for railroad ties. It is a mistake to attempt to grow -catalpa for fence posts or other uses except on good agricultural soil. - -SOUTHERN CATALPA (C. bignonioides Walt.) has a thin, scaly bark, -abruptly short-acuminate leaf, fetid when crushed. Margin of lower lobe -of flower entire. The valves of the capsule flatten after dehiscence. -The terminal tuft on the seed forms a point. - - - - - DESERTWILLOW - Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet - - -This interesting tree, so named because of its willow-like leaves, is -closely related to the catalpa. Often reaching a height of 25 feet and a -diameter of 10 to 12 inches, it is found usually in dry, gravelly, -porous soils in the valley of the lower Rio Grande and through West -Texas. - -The LEAVES are less than ½ inch wide and from 6 to 12 inches long, light -green, and pointed. Their arrangement on the twig is either opposite or -alternate. - - [Illustration: DESERTWILLOW (Leaf, one-third natural size; fruit and - flowers, one-half natural size)] - -The white FLOWERS shade into pale purple and are blotched in their -“throats” with pale purple. They occur in an elongated cluster, or -raceme, opening successively toward the end of the flower stalk. - -The FRUIT “pods” are capsules 7 to 12 inches long, hard or woody, very -slender, and contain numerous small seeds. - -The soft, weak, close-grained WOOD is brown streaked with yellow. The -sapwood turns to heartwood in 2 or 3 years. - - - - - COMMON BUTTONBUSH - Cephalanthus occidentalis L. - - -Buttonbush of Texas is a small tree or large shrub up to 18 feet high, -with a straight, tapering trunk up to 12 inches in diameter. Attaining -its largest size in moist rich soil of eastern Texas, it is also found -to the valley of the Rio Grande. The branches are generally upright, the -spreading branchlets with pithy in the centers, often occurring in -whorls of three from one place on the stem. - - [Illustration: COMMON BUTTONBUSH (Leaf, one-third natural size; fruit - and flowers, two-thirds natural size)] - -The LEAVES occur in pairs or whorls of 3 (occasionally more) each oval -or elliptical, pointed, rounded at the base, from 2 to 7 inches long by -1 to 3 inches wide. They are thin, dark green above, with a large -central midrib, and somewhat hairy beneath. They fall in autumn or -remain on branchlets over winter. - -The FLOWERS form a creamy white or yellow round head about 1 inch in -diameter and are borne in clusters. The many small flowers in the head -are fragrant and nectar-bearing. The long thread-like projecting styles -are conspicuous on the flowering heads. - -The FRUIT consists of a mass of nuts in a globular head forming an -aggregate fruit ¾ inch in diameter. The red-brown nutlets have 2 to 4 -closed, 1-seeded portions. The WOOD is of little value. - - - - - RUSTY BLACKHAW (Viburnum) - Viburnum rufidulum Raf. - - -Rusty blackhaw is found in woods and thickets over East Texas. It forms -a tree, sometimes 35 feet high, with a trunk over a foot in diameter, -but is usually much smaller, often flowering as a shrub. The twigs are -ashy-gray, becoming dark dull reddish-brown after one to several years. -The winter buds are densely covered with rusty brown hairs which persist -for some weeks at the base of the leaf-stalks. - -The BARK is ¼ to ½ inch thick, becoming roughened into small plate-like, -dark brown scales tinged with red. - - [Illustration: RUSTY BLACKHAW (Fruit and twig, three-quarters natural - size; leaf, two-thirds natural size)] - -The simple LEAVES are opposite or whorled, elliptic to obovate or oval, -pointed or blunt at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, and -with fine teeth on the margin. They are leathery in texture, lustrous -dark green above, pale and dull below, about 3 inches long, and 1 to 1½ -inches wide. - -The FLOWERS are small and white; each has five petals and five stamens, -and appear in the spring in dense clusters at the tips of branches. - -The FRUIT ripens in the fall. It is a bright blue, oval drupe, over ½ -inch long, covered with a glaucous bloom, and containing a stony seed ¼ -inch long and ⅓ inch wide. - -The bad smelling WOOD has no economic use. - - - - - Other Texas Trees - - - ARIZONA CYPRESS - (Cupressus arizonica Greene) - -is an evergreen native to the mountains of the south Trans-Pecos Region. -It grows from a height of 30 to 70 feet and 18 to 24 inches in diameter. -The needles are blue-green. Fruit a cone as large as 1¼ inches in -diameter. The wood is heavy and used to some extent for fence posts. - - - ALLIGATOR JUNIPER - (Juniperus deppeana Steud.) - -grows in the mountains of southwestern Texas, normally as a small tree, -or even as a sprawling shrub under adverse conditions. Its name derives -from the fact that the bark on older trees somewhat resembles alligator -hide, being broken up into square plates 1 to 2 inches across. The -leaves are about ⅛ inch long, and blue-green in color. The fruit is -berry-like, nearly round, reddish-brown, and matures in two seasons. -Seeds 3-4. - - - DROOPING JUNIPER (Weeping Juniper) - (Juniperus flaccida Schlect.) - -occurs in this country only on the slopes of the Chisos Mountains in -Brewster County, Texas. It has graceful spreading branches with long -slender, drooping branchlets. After the leaves fall, the thin bright -cinnamon-brown bark separating into thin loose papery scales is -characteristic. - - - ONE-SEED JUNIPER - (Juniperus monosperma [Engelm.] Sarg.) - -occurs throughout western Texas, usually as a spreading shrub or small, -much branched tree. The bark is ashy gray, ridged and shreddy. The -leaves resemble those of the alligator juniper, but are gray-green in -color, and fringed with minute teeth. The fruit is smaller, usually -copper colored or occasionally blue, usually one-seeded, and matures in -one season. - - - ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER - (Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.) - -occurs in western Texas where it is often the largest of the junipers -found there. The bark is reddish-brown or grayish-brown, thin, fibrous, -and divided into flat, interlacing ridges. The leaves are similar to -those of the alligator juniper, but pale to dark green in color. The -fruit is nearly round, blue, and matures in two seasons. Seeds 1 to 3, -usually 2. - - - TEXAS PALMETTO - (Sabal texana [O. F. Cook] Becc.) - -sometimes called palm, but not to be confused with the dwarf palmetto -(Sabal minor [Jacq.] Pers.) found in East Texas, reaches to heights of -30 to 50 feet and often 2 feet in diameter. It is a native of the rich -bottomlands on the Bernando River in Cameron County, Texas, but has been -widely cultivated and is found along the Gulf Coast, where the trunks -are sometimes used for wharf piles. On the lower Rio Grande the leaves -are used for the thatch of houses. - - - SOUTHERN BAYBERRY (Sweet Myrtle or Wax Myrtle) - (Myrica cerifera L.) - -sweet myrtle is found in East Texas, usually in swamp lands. Its small -yellow-green leaves are fragrant with a balsam-like resinous odor. Light -green berries, about ⅛ inch in diameter remain on the trees during the -winter months and are coated with a thick, pale blue wax. Bay berry -candles are made from the wax. - - - RIO GRANDE COTTONWOOD - (Populus fremontii var. wislizenii S. Watts) - -is one of several cottonwoods growing in West Texas. Five other -cottonwoods are native to the western part of the state. Wood is used -for fuel and rafters of Mexican houses. It is not durable in the ground, -but is fast growing on most areas. Populus tremuloides Michx., called -quaking aspen or aspen popple, is a small-leafed, white-barked tree of -the Trans-Pecos Region. - - - SPECKLED ALDER (Hazel Alder) - (Alnus rugosa [Du Roi] Spreng.) - -occurs in East Texas west to approximately the 97th meridian. It is a -thicket-forming shrub with thick foliage and is one of the first plants -to leaf out in the spring. Birds feed upon the numerous nutlets produced -by the woody, cone-like structure. - - - SWEET ACACIA (Huisache) - (Acacia farnesiana [L.] Willd.) - -found mainly in South Texas, is a small, spiny shrub, with bright yellow -flowers. Fruit a turgid, woody pod. The wood is heavy, hard, and a rich, -reddish-brown. - - - GUAJILLO - (Acacia berlandieri Benth.) - -pronounced “wa-he-o”, is the famous honey plant of the Lone Star State. -From its white flowers bees produce a water-white honey, highly valued -for its flavor and purity. Guajillo occurs in South Texas, and resembles -the other trees in the acacia group. The wood is used locally for fuel. - - - GREAT LEADTREE (Mexican Leadtree) - (Leucaena pulverulenta [Schlecht] Benth.) - -sometimes called “tepehuaje” or mimosa, is found on the rich moist soil -of river banks and small streams only a few miles from the mouth of the -Rio Grande River. It grows 50 to 60 feet high and 18 inches in diameter. -The finely divided leaves give the tree the appearance of a huge fern. -Seed pods are 10 to 12 inches long. The wood is heavy, hard, very -close-grained, rich dark brown with a clear yellow sapwood. It is -considered valuable and is sometimes manufactured into lumber. Two other -species, (L. greggii S. Wats.) and (L. retusa Benth.), are found in West -Texas but are smaller. - - - TEXAS SOPHORA (Coral Bean) - (Sophora affinis Torr. and Gray) - -also called “bear berry”, and pink or beaded locust, is a native to most -all of Texas. It occurs as a small sized tree, 18 to 20 feet tall and 8 -to 10 inches in diameter. The branches are slightly zigzag, bright green -when young turning to orange-brown. The leaves are 6 to 9 inches long, -made up of from 13 to 19 leaflets. In the fall, it is loaded with -clusters of black bean pods. The pods are peculiar in shape in that they -are pinched in at each seed giving it the appearance of a string of -beads. In fact, it is often called the “necklace tree” for that reason. -The wood is very hard, light red in color, with a thick bright clear -yellow sapwood. - - - TEXAS PORLIERIA (Guayacan) - (Porlieria angustifolia [Engelm.] A. Gray) - -or soap bush, an evergreen of southern and western Texas, is usually a -shrub, but occasionally reaches 8 inches in diameter and 30 feet in -height. It is a source of early spring honey in the Rio Grande Valley. -Its wood is heavy, hard, and exceptionally durable. Guayacan, sometimes -called guaiacum, is the hardest wood in Texas and the United States. The -lignum-vitae of commerce is produced from another species. - - - BARETTA - (Helietta parvifolia [A. Gray] Benth.) - -a native of the Rio Grande Valley and abundant in Starr County where it -may form considerable thickets, this small, slender evergreen is seldom -more than 5 or 6 feet tall. On limestone ridges of the Sierra Madre of -Nuevo Leon it reaches 20 to 25 feet high. Its leaves are trifoliate, 1½ -to 2 inches long, and conspicuously marked with black glandular dots. -The branches are brownish-red, but with bright yellow, new growth. The -species is not native to any other section of the United States. - - - TREE OF HEAVEN - (Ailanthus altissima [Mill.] Swingle) - -is native to the Orient but has been introduced to this country where it -has grown wild and occurs generally throughout Texas. The long, -pinnately compound leaves, 24 to 48 inches long, with 11 to 41 leaflets, -are glandular toothed at the base. The flowers and bruised leaves have a -disagreeable odor. The tree is fast growing and spreads by suckers as -well as by seed. - - - CHINABERRY - (Melia azedarach L.) - -although a native of Asia, is so widely grown in Texas as an ornamental -that it can be seen almost anywhere. It is a member of the mahogany -family. The bark is furrowed, with the ridges flat-topped. The alternate -leaves are twice-compound and 10 to 32 inches long. The leaflets are -alternate, ovate to elliptic, sharply toothed or lobed, ¾ to 2 inches -long, light green and usually smooth. The flowers are showy, -lilac-colored, fragrant, nearly an inch across, and arranged in loose -clusters which appear in April. The fruit is nearly round, ½ to ¾ inch -in diameter, fleshy, and yellow when mature. The wood is moderately -heavy and moderately hard, light reddish-brown in color, with a rather -narrow, yellowish sapwood. Formerly it was much used for cabinet-work. - - - AMERICAN SMOKETREE (Chittamwood) - (Cotinus obovatus Raf.) - -a member of the sumac family, it grows along the Medina and Guadalupe -Rivers and in Kendall County, Texas. Occasionally it reaches a height of -30 feet and 12 inches in diameter, but usually grows as a shrub or small -tree, its trunk dividing into several stems 10 feet or so above the -ground. The wood is bright, clear, rich orange color, and yields the -same color dye. Sometimes it is used for fence posts. C. coggygria, the -smoketree of gardens, is cultivated in the United States. - - - TEXAS PISTACHE - (Pistacia texana Swingle) - -a less common member of the sumac family, is found native on limestone -cliffs and the rocky bottoms of canyons along the lower Pecos River in -Valverde County, Texas. It reaches a height of 15 to 20 feet and -produces a fruit resembling the pistachio nut of commerce, except that -it is smaller in size. - - - EASTERN WAHOO - (Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.) - -also called arrow-wood and burning bush in some localities is a small -tree rarely over 20 feet high and 4 to 6 inches in diameter. The bark is -thin and covered with thin, tiny scales. The wood is heavy, hard, white, -tinged with orange. The leaves are opposite, thin, and finely serrate. -In the fall and winter the tree is characterized by bright red berries -in lighter red, 4-lobed capsules. It is a native of East Texas. - - - FLORIDA MAPLE (Southern Sugar Maple) - (Acer barbatum Michx.) - -grows in East Texas and resembles the sugar maple (A. saccharum Marsh.) -with which it blends in Northeast Texas, except that the tips of the -leaves of A. barbatum Michx. are more rounded and the young leaves are -hairy on the underside when they first unfold. - - - BIGTOOTH MAPLE - (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) - -a maple native to the mountains and canyons of the Trans-Pecos Region of -Texas, grows to 30 and 40 feet high and occasionally 8 to 10 inches in -diameter. Its bright red branchlets are nearly encircled by the narrow -leaf-scars. Leaf lobes few toothed or nearly entire. When accessible, -the wood is valuable for fuel and building material. - - - UVALDE BIGTOOTH MAPLE (Sugar or Mountain Maple) - (Acer grandidentatum var. sinuosum [Rend.] Little) - -resembles the above two maples but is confined to the Balcones -Escarpment in western Texas along creek bottoms in parts of Kendall, -Bandera, and Uvalde Counties. It is a rare tree, seldom more than 20 -feet high. Branchlets pale red-brown and marked by pale lenticels during -their first season, ultimately turning dull gray-brown. - - - FLORIDA BASSWOOD - (Tilia floridana Small) - -grows from East Texas to the Edwards Plateau. The leaves are coarsely -serrate with sharp-pointed tips, dark green and glaucous above, and pale -or covered with a silvery-white bloom and often axillary hairs below. -The tree may reach 40 to 50 feet high and 12 to 15 inches in diameter. - - - CAROLINA BASSWOOD - (Tilia caroliniana Mill.) - -located in East Texas to the Edwards Plateau, Kendall County. Underside -of the ovate leaves covered with soft, short, brownish-white hairs; -smooth on upper surface and coarse-veined. Leaves usually obliquely -truncate at the base. - - - TAMARISK - (Tamarix species) - -all of the many species of Tamarix are native to the Mediterranean -Region or to East Asia and India. However, three of them (T. araiculata -Vahl, T. gallica L., and T. pentandra Pall.), are widely planted in the -South. All are shrubby in nature, or they may attain the stature of -small trees. When of tree size, the trunk normally is short, with main -branches quite close to the ground. This gives rise to a wide-spreading -bushy crown. The leaves are sparse, delicate, evergreen, alternate, -simple, small, scale-like, pale green to dull or bluish-green, ovate or -rhombic, sharp pointed, sometimes with thin, dry margins, and without -petioles. The foliage presents a leathery appearance. The wood is hard, -heavy, white to light straw colored, shows a prominent mottled wavy -pattern when quarter-sawn, and takes a high polish. - - - BUCKTHORN BUMELIA (Buckthorn) - (Bumelia lycioides [L.] Pers.) - -also called ironwood, is found along the Southeast Coastal Region of -Texas. In contrast to B. lanuginosa, the leaves are smooth instead of -hairy on the underside. They are also thin. Sometimes grows 25 to 30 -feet in height with a short trunk rarely more than 6 inches in diameter. -It has stout, flexible branches, usually unarmed. - - - TEXAS BUMELIA - (Bumelia lanuginosa var. rigida A. Gray) - -occurs in Texas from the upper Brazos River to the Rio Grande and upper -Guadalupe River. It has thick, leathery-like leaves smooth on the -underside. The lateral branches are spiny and occasionally end in stout -pines; branchlets slender, often zigzag, and lustrous. The fresh-cut -wood of the bumelias in Texas usually produces considerable quantities -of clear viscid gum. Mexicans have given some species of this small tree -the name “chickle” for that reason. - - - TEXAS PERSIMMON (Black Persimmon) - (Diospyros texana Scheele) - -also called Mexican persimmon, is native to southern and southwestern -Texas, from the Colorado River. It is characterized by 1 to 2 inch -leaves and small edible black fruits, about ¾ inch in diameter. They -will stain the skin black. Mexicans make a hair dye from the ripe fruit, -which has given the plant the local name of “capote”. The wood is heavy -with a black heartwood often streaked with yellow, and with a bright -yellow sapwood. The wood is used in turnery and for the handles of -tools. - - - TEXAS ASH - (Fraxinus texensis [A. Gray] Sarg.) - -a small tree, rarely more than 50 feet high, of the dry limestone bluffs -and ridges of the Dallas area to the valley of the Colorado River and -the Edwards Plateau. Leaves 5 to 8 inches long with usually five, -long-stalked leaflets. Fruit in short, compact clusters. - - - BERLANDIER ASH (Mexican Ash) - (Fraxinus berlandieriana A. DC.) - -grows along the banks of streams and canyons in the San Antonio and -Neuces River watersheds and over the Edwards Plateau. It is rarely more -than 30 feet tall. The three to five leaflets are smooth. The wood is -light brown and soft. - - - ANACAHUITA (Texas Wild-Olive) - (Cordia boisseri A. DC.) - -occurs along the lower Rio Grande Valley, is said to be almost extinct. -It is a small tree, sometimes 20 feet tall and 6 to 8 inches in -diameter, noted for its large velvety leaves (4 to 5 inches long and 3 -to 4 inches wide), clusters of yellow and white flowers and delicate -ivory-white coated fruit. The bark is thin, gray, tinged with red. - - - ANAQUA - (Ehretia anacua [Mier and Berland.] Johnst.) - -also called knackaway, anama, and yara, occurs in West Texas from the -upper San Marcos River to the Rio Grande River. It is a tree of the -tropics and of about 40 species in its family, is the only one found in -the United States, and here only in Texas. It is valued as a shade tree -in some communities of South Texas and is noted for its growth and -beauty. Occasionally it grows to a height of 40 to 50 feet with a trunk -3 feet in diameter, attaining its largest size on the Guadalupe and -Nueces Rivers. Anaqua has slender branchlets, without terminal buds, and -leathery, very rough leaves which are almost evergreen. It blooms with -white flowers in March and April and has large groups of edible red -berries in June and July. The wood is heavy, close-grained, light brown -and of little value. - - - TEXAS MADRONE - (Arbutus texana Buckl.) - -also called Texas Madroño is a small poorly shaped tree found on dry -limestone hills, and in the valley of the Rio Blanco, and among the -Eagle Mountains. The trunk is seldom over one foot in diameter and is -usually divided into several branches near the ground. The leaves are -oval to oblong and persistent until the new leaves are formed. The bark -of young stems and branches is smooth, thin, and yellowish-green in -color tinged with red. At the base of old trunks the bark, sometimes ¼ -inch thick, is dark reddish-brown in color. - - - AUSTRIAN PINE - (Pinus nigra Arnold) - -is similar in appearance to red pine (P. resinosa Ait.) but needles are -more rigid. Bark is black to dark brown and the cones are 1½ to 2 inches -long. The tree is a native of central and southern Europe and Asia -Minor. It has been planted extensively in the U. S. as an ornamental but -is apparently not yet naturalized. It is planted in Texas in windbreak -plantings. - - - RUSSIAN-OLIVE - (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) - -is a small tree, not more than 25 feet tall, usually with thorny -branches. Leaves are simple, alternate, narrow and 2 to 3 inches long, -bright green on the upper surface and silvery underneath. It is a native -of Europe and Asia and is used as an ornamental and in windbreak -plantings in the United States. - - - BUFFALOBERRY (Silver Buffaloberry) - (Shepherdia argentea [Pursh] Nutt.) - -is a small silver gray-green tree with edible scarlet colored fruit -which is useful for making jelly, which may reach 18 to 23 feet in -height. It generally has narrow oblong leaves ¾ to 2 inches long and -twigs are often thorny. Its native range is from the northern Great -Plains to Kansas. Useful for windbreak plantings and erosion control. - - - SIBERIAN ELM (Chinese Elm) - (Ulmus pumila L.) - -is more commonly known in the Plains area as Chinese elm. It is -drought-resistant and tolerant of a variety of sites but cannot stand -too much water. A small tree with slender drooping branches. Clusters of -short pedicelled winged fruit appear in April or May. The leaves are -simple, alternate, oval to elliptical, 1 to 2 inches long and leaf edges -are doubly serrate. Widely used for shade and windbreak plantings. - - - WINTERBERRY EUONYMUS - (Euonymus bungeanus Maxim.) - -was introduced from China and has adapted well to the southern Great -Plains area centered around the Texas Panhandle. The small tree is very -hardy and drought-resistant. Its very light green leaves are 2 to 4 -inches long, pointed and borne on slender petioles. The heavy leaves -cause the petioles to bend giving the foliage a limp or drooping -appearance. Young stems and branches are green, older ones are gray. The -fruit is a four-lobed capsule which, before ripening in the fall, has a -pinkish cast. The ripened seeds are bright red. - - - - - Tree Identification Guide - - -The following guide has been included in the Eighth edition to assist -school children and interested adults in the identification of Texas -trees. - -The guide is non-technical and should be treated as such. More detailed -keys are available in most public libraries. - -In the guide, trees are grouped according to their outstanding -characteristics which include leaves, leaf arrangement, flowers, fruit -and site. - - - - - THE SOFTWOODS - - - Needles Cones - Shortleaf[1] (page 21) 2 to 3 in a bundle (usually 1½″-2½″ long - 2); 3″-5″ long - Loblolly (page 20) 3 in a bundle; 6″-9″ long 3″-5″ long - Longleaf (page 22) 3 in a bundle; 10″-15″ long 6″-10″ long - Slash (page 23) 2 to 3 in a bundle (usually 4″-6″ long - 2); 8″-12″ long - -Note: Not included above but commonly found in the longleaf pine range -is a cross between loblolly and longleaf pine. This hybrid tree has -characteristics of both parents. - - -[1]Only native pine in Texas that sprouts. Pitch pockets are usually - present in bark of older trees. - - - - - THE HARDWOODS - - - - - TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES - - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves opposite on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Drupe (or berry) - Dogwood 107 - Fringetree 117 - Pod - Catalpa 118 - Desertwillow 119 - Multiple Fruit - Buttonbush 120 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Pod - Corkwood 35 - Pawpaw 72 - Redbud 88 - Acorn - White oaks 48-50, 52-59 - Drupe (or berry) - Hackberry 66 - Redbay 73 - Sassafras 74 - Blackgum 105 - Farkleberry 108 - Gum Elastic 109 - Southern Buckthorn 109, 127 - Persimmon 110, 127 - Privet Swamp 116 - Multiple Fruit - Bios-d’arc 69 - Magnolia 70 - Sweetbay 71 - Witch-hazel 77 - Sycamore 77 - Winged - Silverbell 112 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves opposite on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Winged - Silver Maple 98 - Red Maple 99 - Southern Sugar Maple 126 - Sugar Maple 126 - Big Tooth Maple 126 - Mountain Maple 126 - Pod - Desertwillow 119 - Wahoo 125 - Drupe (or berry) - Blackhaw 121 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Drupe (or berry) - Hawthorn 78 - Mayhaw 79 - Mexican Plum 80 - Black Sloe 81 - Black Cherry 82 - Laurelcherry 83 - Holly 96 - Yaupon 97 - Basswood 103, 126 - Tupelo Gum 106 - Sweetleaf 111 - Sweet Myrtle 123 - Anaqua 128 - Winged - The Elms 61-64 - Multiple Fruit - Cottonwood 36, 123 - Black Willow 37 - Red Mulberry 68 - Sweetgum 76 - Alder (cone-like) 123 - Nut - Blue Beech (nut-like) 38 - Ironwood (cone-like) 39 - River Birch (cone-like) 40 - American Beech 41 - Chinkapin 42 - Planer Tree 65 - Acorns - Red Oaks 43-47 - White Oaks 51, 60 - - - - - TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES - - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves opposite on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Winged - Baretta 124 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Pod - Mesquite 87 - Black Locust 91 - Coral Bean 124 - Guajillo 123 - Multiple Fruit - Flameleaf Sumac (large headed) 94 - Guayacan (capsule) 124 - Drupe (or berry) - Poison-Sumac 95 - Wild China-tree 102 - Tree of Heaven 125 - Chinaberry 125 - Smoke Tree 125 - Pistache 125 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves opposite on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Winged - Boxelder 100 - Water Ash 113 - White Ash 114 - Green Ash 115 - Mexican Ash 128 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Nut - The Walnuts 28 - The Hickories 29-34 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - Drupe (or berry) - Devils-Walkingstick (capsule-like) 92 - Pod - Waterlocust 90 - Winged - Hoptree 93 - - - - - TREES WITH DOUBLY-COMPOUND LEAVES - - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Smooth - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Pod - Texas Ebony 84 - Catclaw Acacia 85 - Leadtree (Mimosa) 86, 124 - Honeylocust 89 - Huisache (Sweet Acacia) 123 - - [Illustration: Leaf Margins—Toothed - (Leaves alternate on twig)] - - Fruits: Page - Drupe (or berry) - Devils-Walkingstick 92 - Hercules-Club 104 - - - - - TREES THAT PREFER WET SITES - - - Page - Baldcypress 25 - Water Hickory 31 - Corkwood 35 - Cottonwood 36 - Black Willow 37 - Blue Beech (Hornbeam) 38 - Ironwood (Hophornbeam) 39 - Red Birch (River Birch) 40 - Water Oak 48 - Willow Oak 49 - Bur Oak 57 - Overcup Oak 58 - Swamp Chestnut Oak 59 - Sweetbay 71 - Sweetgum 76 - The Hawthorns 78, 79 - Waterlocust 90 - Poison-Sumac 95 - Yaupon 97 - Blackgum (Black Tupelo) 105 - Tupelo-Gum (Water Tupelo) 106 - Water Ash 113 - Swamp Privet 116 - Alder 123 - - - - - HARDWOOD TREES WITH EVERGREEN LEAVES - - - Page - Live Oak 52 - Southern Magnolia 70 - Redbay 73 - American Holly 96 - Yaupon 97 - Tree Sparkleberry (Tree Huckleberry) 108 - Baretta 124 - - - - - TREES WHOSE LEAVES TURN RED IN AUTUMN - - - Page - Red Oak 46 - Sweetgum 76 - The Hawthorns 78 - The Sumacs 94 - Red Maple 99 - Blackgum 105 - Flowering Dogwood 107 - Sugar Maple (yellow as well) 126 - - - - - TREES WHOSE LEAVES TURN YELLOW IN AUTUMN - - - Page - The Hickories 29-34 - The Cottonwoods 36, 123 - Black Willow 37 - Hophornbeam (Blue Beech) 38 - River Birch 40 - Most of the Oaks (except Red Oak) 43-60 - Bios-d’arc (Osage Orange) 69 - Southern Magnolia 70 - Pawpaw 72 - Mesquite 87 - Redbud 88 - Hercules-Club 92 - Red Maple 99 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - Devils-Walkingstick 104 - The Ashes 113-115, 128 - Fringetree 117 - Catalpa 118 - Sugar Maple (red as well) 126 - - - - - TREES WITH SEEDS WINGED OR WITH PARACHUTE-LIKE ATTACHMENTS - - - Page - The Cottonwoods 36, 123 - Black Willow 37 - American Hornbeam (Blue Beech) 38 - Ironwood 39 - River Birch 40 - The Elms 61-64 - Planer Tree 65 - Sweetgum 76 - American Sycamore 77 - Hoptree 93 - The Maples 98-99, 126 - The Basswoods 103, 126 - Silverbell 112 - The Ashes 113-115, 128 - Catalpa 118 - Desertwillow 119 - Buttonbush 120 - Alder 123 - Tree of Heaven 125 - - - - - TREES WITH SOFT BERRY-LIKE FRUIT - - - Page - The Hackberries 66, 67 - The Mulberries 68 - Osage Orange (Bois-d’arc) 69 - Redbay 73 - Sassafras 74 - The Hawthorns 78-79 - The Cherries and Plums 80-83 - American Holly 96 - Yaupon 97 - Black and Tupelo Gum 105, 106 - Dogwood 107 - Tree Sparkleberry (Tree Huckleberry) 108 - Gum Bumelia (Gum Elastic) 109 - Persimmon 110, 127 - Fringetree 117 - Rusty Blackhaw 121 - - - - - TREES WHICH PRODUCE NUTS - - - Page - The Walnuts 28 - The Hickories 29-34 - American Beech 41 - Chinkapin 42 - The Oaks 43-60 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - - - - - TREES WITH PODS AS FRUIT - - - Page - Corkwood 35 - Texas Ebony 84 - Catclaw Acacia 85 - Leadtree (Mimosa) 86, 124 - Mesquite 87 - Redbud 88 - Honeylocust 89 - Waterlocust 90 - Black Locust 91 - Catalpa 118 - Desertwillow 119 - Huisache (Sweet Acacia) 123 - Guajillo 123 - Coral Bean 124 - Mexican Leadtree 124 - - - - - TREES WITH BRIGHT RED FRUIT - - - Page - Red Mulberry 68 - The Magnolias 70, 71 - The Hawthorns 78, 79 - Shining Sumac 94 - American Holly 96 - - - - - TREES WITH SPINES OR THORNS - - - Page - Osage-Orange (Bois-d’arc) 69 - The Hawthorns 78, 79 - Texas Ebony 84 - Catclaw Acacia 85 - Leadtree (Mimosa) 86, 124 - Mesquite 87 - Honeylocust 89 - Waterlocust 90 - Black Locust 91 - Prickly Ash 92 - Devils-Walkingstick 104 - Huisache (Sweet Acacia) 123 - - - - - TREES WITH CORKY PROJECTIONS ON TWIGS - - - Page - Bur Oak (Mossy-Cup Oak) 57 - Winged Elm 62 - Cedar Elm 63 - Sweetgum 76 - - - - - TREES WHOSE TWIGS HAVE A CHAMBERED PITH - - - Page - Walnut 28 - Hackberry 66 - Sugarberry 67 - - - - - TREES KNOWN BY THE COLOR AND SHAPE OF THE TWIG PITH - - - Page - Star-shaped in Cross-section - The Cottonwoods 36, 123 - The Oaks 43-60 - Triangular in Cross-section - Alder 123 - Brown in Color - The Walnuts 28 - The Sumacs 94 - - - - - TREES WITH SINGLE LARGE FLOWERS - - - Page - Magnolia 70 - Pawpaw 72 - - - - - TREES WITH FLOWERS IN CLUSTERS - - - Page - Redbay 73 - The Hawthorns 78-79 - The Plums and Cherries 80-83 - Redbud 88 - Black Locust 91 - Devils-Walkingstick 92 - Hercules-Club 92 - Hoptree 93 - The Sumacs 94 - Poison-Sumac 95 - Yaupon 97 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - Western Soapberry 102 - The Basswoods 103, 126 - Flowering Dogwood 107 - Silverbell 112 - Fringetree 117 - Catalpa 118 - Rusty Blackhaw 121 - - - - - TREES WHOSE BLOSSOMS APPEAR BEFORE OR WITH THE LEAVES - - - Page - The Walnuts 28 - The Hickories 29-34 - The Cottonwoods 36, 123 - Black Willow 37 - Ironwood 38 - Eastern Hophornbeam 39 - River Birch 40 - The Oaks 43-60 - The Elms 61-64 - Sassafras 74 - Redbud 88 - The Maples 98, 99, 126 - The Ashes 113-115, 128 - Alder 123 - - - - - TREES WHOSE BLOSSOMS APPEAR AFTER THE LEAVES - - - Page - Chinkapin 42 - Magnolia 70 - Honeylocust 89 - Black Locust 91 - The Sumacs 94 - Ohio Buckeye 101 - Basswood 103, 126 - Flowering Dogwood 107 - Persimmon 110, 127 - Silverbell 112 - Fringetree 117 - Catalpa 118 - Mountain Maple 126 - - - - - Glossary - - - A - Achene—A small, hard, dry, 1-celled, indehiscent fruit. - Acrid—Sharp or biting to the taste. - Acuminate—Tapering at end to a gradual point. - Acute—Terminating in a sharp angle. - Aggregate fruit—Cluster of ripened ovaries produced from a single - flower containing numerous pistils inserted on a common - receptacle. Example: fruit of magnolia or blackberry. - Alternate—Not opposite on the axis, but borne at regular intervals - at different levels. - Anther—Pollen-bearing structure of a stamen. - Apex—The tip or end of a bud or leaf, i.e., the part opposite the - base. - Apical—Pertaining to the tip, end, or apex. - Appressed—Lying tight or close against. - Aromatic—Fragrant; with a pleasing odor. - Astringent—Contracting; drawing together. - Axil—The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with a stem. - Axis—The central line of an organ; a stem. - - - B - Bark—The outer covering of a trunk or branch. - Basal—Pertaining to or situated at the base. - Berry—A fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout, and with - several seeds imbedded in the pulpy mass. - Bisexual—Having both stamens and pistils, i.e., male and female. - Bloom—A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off. - Also, to produce or yield blossoms. - Bole—The main axis or trunk of a tree. - Bract—Modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an - inflorescence. - Bud-scales—Modified leaves covering a bud. - Bundle-scars—Scars on the surface of a leaf-scar. Severed ends of - the fibro-vascular bundles which connected the twigs with - the leaves. - - - C - Calyx—The outer perianth or floral envelope, usually green in - color; sepals, collectively. - Cambium—A thin-walled formative tissue between the bark and wood. - The active growing portion of the tree. - Carpel—A simple pistil or one member of a compound pistil. - Capsule—A dry fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting - open at maturity. - Catkin—An ament or spike of unisexual flowers. - Chambered—Said of the pith when interrupted by hollow spaces at - rather regular intervals. - Ciliate—Fringed with hairs on the margin. - Collateral—Accessory buds at the sides of auxiliary buds. - Compound—Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole. - Conical—Cone-shaped. - Conifers—A group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the - form of a cone or modified cone. - Coniferous—Cone-bearing. - Corolla—The petals of a flower collectively. - Cordate—Heart-shaped. - Crenate—Rounded teeth. - Crown—The upper mass of branches; also known as head. - Cuneate—Wedge-shaped. - - - D - Deciduous—Falling off, usually at the close of the season. - Defoliation—Removal of foliage. - Dehiscent—Splitting open at maturity. - Deliquescent—Said of the form of a tree with a broad spreading - habit. The branches sub-divide until they apparently - disappear. - Deltoid—Triangular like Greek symbol for delta. - Dentate—Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outwards. - Diffuse-porous—Equal-pored. Said of wood when pores in a growth - ring are equal in size. - Dioecious—Unisexual, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on - separate plants. - Disseminated—Scattered, thrown, broadcast. - Divergent—Pointing away; extending out. Said of buds which point - away from the twigs. - Downy—Covered with fine hairs. - Drupe—A fleshy fruit with a pit or stone like a cherry. - - - E - Elliptical—Shaped like an ellipse with sloping ends. - Elongated—Long, drawn out. - Entire-margined—Margin smooth, not cut or toothed. - Excurrent—Said of a tree with a continuous trunk and erect habit - of growth. - Exfoliation—Splitting or cleaving off of outer layers of bark. - Exotic—Of foreign origin. - Exudation—Oozing out of sap, resin, or other juice. - - - F - Fascicle—A close bundle or cluster. - Fetid—Ill smelling. - Fissures—Grooves, furrows, or channels as in the bark. - Fluted—Grooved, corrugated, channeled. - Follicle—A dry fruit produced from a simple pistil and dehiscing - along one line of suture. - Fruit—The ripened ovary of a flower. - - - G - Glabrate—Somewhat glabrous or becoming glabrate. - Glabrous—Smooth, without hairs. - Glandular—Bearing glands or gland-like. - Glaucous—Covered with a bluish or whitish waxy coating; a bloom. - Globose—Ball-like or nearly so. - Globular—Ball-like. - - - H - Habitat—Site or place of growth. - Hardwood—A collective term for broad-leaved trees, the wood of - which may or may not be dense. - Heartwood—The physiologically dead, central, usually darker - colored portion of the tree trunk. - Hybrid—A crossbreed of two species. - - - I - Increment—Growth; increase. - Incised—Divided into lobes separated by narrow or acute sinuses - which extend halfway or more to midrib. - Indehiscent—Applied to fruits that do not split open to discharge - the seeds, remaining closed at maturity. - Indigenous—Applied to plants that are native to a certain - locality. Not introduced. - Intolerant—Not shade enduring. Requiring sunlight. - Involucre—A cluster of bracts subtending a flower. - - - L - Lamina—The blade or flattened portion of a leaf. - Lanceolate—Shaped like a lance; several times longer than wide, - and growing to a point. - Lateral—Situated on the side, as the buds along the side of the - twig. - Leaflets—One of the small blades or divisions of a compound leaf. - Leaf-scar—The scar left after a leaf falls. - Lenticel—A corky growth on young or sometimes older bark, which - admits air to the interior of the twig or branch. - Linear—Line-like, long and narrow, with parallel edges. - Lobed—Said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or - divided. - - - M - Medullary—Pertaining to the pith or medulla. - Medullary Ray—Radial lines of tissues crossing the growth of rings - at right angles and extending into the bark. - Midrib—The central or main rib or vein of a leaf. - Monoecious—Bearing male and female flower parts in separate - flowers on the same plant. - Mucilaginous—Slimy or gummy when touched or chewed. - Multiple fruit—A cluster of fruits of separate flowers crowded - together and forming what appears to be a single fruit. - Examples: mulberry, strawberry, osage-orange fruits. - - - N - Naked—Said of buds without scales, and seeds without a covering. - Naval Stores—Refers to tar, turpentine, resin, etc. - Node—A place on a twig where one or more leaves originate. - Nut—A dry, 1-seeded, fruit with a hard indehiscent covering and - encased partly or wholly in an involucre or husk. - Nutlet—A small nut. - - - O - Oblique—Slanting, uneven. Uneven sided. - Oblong—About twice as long as wide, the sides nearly parallel. - Obovate—Reversed egg-shaped. - Obtuse—Blunt - Opposite—Said of leaves and buds, directly across from each other. - Orbicular—Circular. - Oval—Rounded. - Ovate—Egg-shaped. - Ovoid—Egg-shaped or nearly so. - - - P - Palmate—Radiately lobed or divided from the petiole; hand-like as - leaflets of buckeye. - Panicle—A loose, irregularly compound flower cluster with flowers - on pedicels. - Pedicel—The support or stem of a single flower or fruit in a - cluster. - Peduncle—A primary flower stalk supporting a cluster of flowers or - a solitary flower, later the fruit. A fruit-stem. - Perennial—Lasting for more than one year. - Persistent—Remaining after blooming, fruiting, or maturing. - Petiole—The stalk of a leaf. - Pinnate—Feather-like with leaflets on both sides of rachis or leaf - stalk. - Pistil—Seed bearing organ of flower. May consist of stigma, style, - and ovary. - Pith—The soft central part of a twig or stem. - Pod—Any dry, one chambered, dehiscent fruit. - Pollen—The dust-like substance from the anthers of a flower. - Pollination—The process of bringing the pollen of the male flower - in contact with the stigma of the female flower. - Pome—A fleshy fruit with a core, such as the apple or pear. - Porous—With open tubes (through wood). - Prickle—A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth. - Pubescent—With short, soft, down-like hairs. - Pungent—Acrid or sharp to smell. - Pyramidal—Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the - base. - - - R - Rachis—The stalk supporting the leaflets of a compound leaf. - Resin-ducts—A passage for the conduction of resin found in the - leaves and wood. - Ring-porous—Said of wood which has pores of unequal size, the - larger ones being found in the spring wood and the smaller - ones in the summer wood. - - - S - Samara—An indehiscent winged fruit such as that of maple. - Sapwood—The recently formed, usually light colored wood, lying - outside of the heartwood. - Scabrous—Rough, with stiff, bristly hairs. - Scales—The small, modified leaves which protect the growing-point - of a bud or the part of a cone which bears the seeds. The - small flakes into which the other bark of a tree divides. - Scurfy—Covered with small bran-like scales. - Serrate—Having sharp teeth on margin. - Sessile—Seated; without a stalk. - Sheath—A tubular envelope or covering such as surround the base of - pine-needles. - Silky—Covered with long, soft, straight, fine hairs. - Simple—Consisting of one part, not compound. - Sinus—The cleft or opening between two lobes. - Sinuate—Wavy. - Softwood—A general term given conifers, the wood of which may or - may not be of low density. - Stamen—Male organ of flower. Consists of a pollen-bearing anther - on a filament. - Stipule—A leaf-appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk. - Stipule-scar—The scar left by the fall of the stipule. - Stolon—A runner or basal branch that may root. - Striate—Marked with fine elongated ridges or lines. - Striations—Long narrow lines or ridges. - Strobile—A fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the pine, - birches, etc. - Sucker—A shoot arising from an underground bud. - Superposed—Said of buds when they are arranged one above the - other. - Symmetrical—Regular as to the number of parts. Having the same - number of parts in each circle. - - - T - Terminal—Located at the outer end. - Thorn—A stiff, woody, sharp-pointed projection as found on locust; - a spine. - Tolerant—Applied to trees which endure certain factors, - particularly shade. - Tomentose—Densely pubescent; hairy. Covered with matted-hairs. - Tomentum—A dense layer of woolly hairs. - Truncate—Ending abruptly, as if cut off at the end. - Tufted—Growing in clusters. - - - U - Unisexual—Consisting of one sex only, either staminate or - pistillate. - - - V - Valvate—Said of buds in which the scales merely meet without - overlapping. Fruit opening by valves. - Veins—Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs. - - - W - Whorl—A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves or buds, - arranged about the same place of attachment. - Whorled—Borne in a whorl. - - - - - Index - - - A - Acacia berlandieri 123 - Acacia, catclaw 85 - Acacia farnesiana, sweet 123 - Acacia greggii 85 - Acer barbatum 126 - Acer grandidentatum 126 - Acer grandidentatum var. sinuosum 126 - Acer negundo 100 - Acer rubrum 99 - Acer saccharinum 98 - Adelia, common 116 - Aesculus glabra 101 - Aesculus pavia 101 - Ailanthus altissima 125 - Alder, hazel, speckled 123 - Alnus rugosa 123 - Anacahuita 128 - Anama 128 - Anaqua 128 - Apple, hedge 69 - Aralia spinosa 104 - Arbutus texana 129 - Arizona cypress 122 - Arrow-wood 125 - Ash, Berlandier 128 - Ash, Carolina 113 - Ash, green 115 - Ash, Mexican 128 - Ash, poison 95 - Ash, prickly 92, 104 - Ash, Texas 128 - Ash, wafer 93 - Ash, water 113 - Ash, white 114 - Ash juniper 26 - Asimina triloba 72 - - B - Baldcypress 25 - Baretta 124 - Basswood, American 103 - Basswood, Carolina 126 - Basswood, Florida 126 - Bayberry, Southern 123 - Beaded locust (Sophora) 124 - Bear berry 124 - Beech, American 41 - Beech, blue 38 - Beech, water 38 - Betula, nigra 40 - Birch, river (red) 40 - Bitternut hickory 30 - Blackhead, ebony 84 - Blackgum 105 - Blackhaw, rusty 121 - Bois-d’arc 69 - Boxelder 100 - Buckeye, Ohio 101 - Buckeye, red 101 - Buckthorn 127 - Buckthorn, wooly 109 - Buffaloberry 129 - Bumelia, buckthorn, gum, elastic 109 - Bumelia lanuginosa 109 - Bumelia lanuginosa var. rigida 109 - Bumelia, lycioides 109 - Bumelia, Texas 127 - Burning bush (Euonymous) 125 - Buttonbush, common 120 - Buttonwood (sycamore) 77 - - C - Capote 127 - Carpinus caroliniana 38 - Carya aquatica 31 - Carya cordiformis 30 - Carya illinoensis 29 - Carya ovata 32 - Carya texana 34 - Carya tomentosa 33 - Castanea pumila 42 - Catalpa, northern 118 - Catalpa, speciosa 118 - Catalpa, western 118 - Cedar, eastern red 27 - Cedar, mountain 26 - Celtis laevigata 67 - Celtis, occidentalis 66 - Cephalanthus occidentalis 120 - Cercis canadensis 88 - Cherry, black 82 - Cherry, southwestern black 82 - Chicle 127 - Chilopsis linearis 119 - Chinaberry 125 - China-tree, wild 102 - Chinkapin, Allegheny 42 - Chionanthus virginicus 117 - Chittamwood 125 - Coral bean 124 - Cordia boisseri 128 - Corkwood 35 - Cornus florida 107 - Cotinus obovatus 126 - Cottonwood, eastern 36 - Crataegus 78 - Crataegus opaca 79 - Cupressus arizonica 122 - Cypress (baldcypress) 25 - - D - Desertwillow 119 - Devils-walkingstick 104 - Diospyros texana 128 - Diospyros virginiana 110 - Dogwood, flowering 107 - - E - Ebony, Texas (blackbead) 84 - Ehretia anacua 128 - Elastic, gum 109 - Elaeagnus angustifolia 129 - Elm, American 61 - Elm, cedar 63 - Elm, Chinese 129 - Elm, red 64 - Elm, Siberian 129 - Elm, slippery 64 - Elm, water 65 - Elm, white 61 - Elm, winged 62 - Euonymus atropurpureus 125 - Euonymus bungeanus 129 - - F - Fagus grandifolia 41 - Farkleberry 108 - Fir, Douglas 24 - Forestiera acuminata 116 - Fraxinus americana 114 - Fraxinus berlandieriana 128 - Fraxinus caroliniana 113 - Fraxinus pennsylvanica 115 - Fraxinus texensis 128 - Fringetree, white 117 - - G - Gleditsia aquatica 89, 90 - Gleditsia texana 89 - Gleditsia triacanthos 89 - Grancy-gray beard 117 - Great leadtree 124 - Gregg leadtree 86, 124 - Guaiacum 124 - Guajillo 123 - Guayacan 124 - Gum, black 105 - Gum, cotton 106 - Gum, elastic 109 - Gum, red 76 - Gum, sour 105 - Gum, sweet 76 - Gum, tupelo 106 - - H - Hackberry 66 - Hackberry, sugar 67 - Halesia diptera 112 - Hamamelis virginiana 75 - Haw 78 - Haw, rusty black 121 - Hawthorn 78 - Hawthorn, riverflat 79 - Hazel, alder 123 - Helietta parvifolia 124 - Hercules-club 92, 104 - Hickory, bigbud 33 - Hickory, bitternut 30 - Hickory, black 34 - Hickory, mockernut 33 - Hickory, pignut 30 - Hickory, shagbark 32 - Hickory, water 31 - Hickory, white 33 - Holly, American 96 - Honeylocust 89 - Hophornbeam, eastern 39 - Hoptree, common 93 - Hornbeam, American 38 - Horse-sugar 111 - Huckleberry, tree 108 - - I - Ilex decidua 97 - Ilex opaca 96 - Ilex vomitoria 97 - Indian soap plant 102 - Ironwood 38, 39 - - J - Judas tree 88 - Juglans, microcarpa 28 - Juglans, nigra 28 - Juniper, alligator 122 - Juniper, ashe 26 - Juniper, drooping 122 - Juniper, Mexican mountain cedar 26 - Juniper, one seed 122 - Juniper, Rocky Mountain 122 - Juniper, weeping 122 - Juniperus ashei 26 - Juniperus deppeana 122 - Juniperus flaccida 122 - Juniperus monosperma 122 - Juniperus scopulorum 122 - Juniperus virginiana 27 - - K - Knackaway 128 - - L - Laurel, cherry 83 - Laurelcherry, Carolina 83 - Leadtree, Gregg 86 - Leadtree, Mexicana, great 124 - Leitneria floridana 35 - Leucaena greggii 86, 124 - Leucaena pulverulenta 86, 124 - Leucaena retusa 86, 124 - Linden, American 103 - Liquidambar styraciflua 76 - Locust, beaded 124 - Locust, black 91 - Locust, honey 89 - Locust, pink 124 - Locust, water 90 - Locust, yellow 91 - - M - Maclura pomifera 69 - Madrone, Texas 129 - Magnolia, evergreen 70 - Magnolia, grandiflora 70 - Magnolia, Southern 70 - Magnolia, sweetbay 71 - Magnolia, virginiana 71 - Maple, Florida 126 - Maple, mountain, or sugar 126 - Maple, red 99 - Maple, silver 98 - Maple, soft 98, 99 - Maple, Southern sugar 126 - Maple, Uvalde bigtooth 126 - Mayhaw 79 - Melia azedarach 125 - Mesquite, honey 87 - Mimosa 86, 124 - Morus alba 68 - Morus microphylla 68 - Morus rubra 68 - Mulberry, red 68 - Mulberry, Texas 68 - Mulberry, white 68 - Myrica cerifera 123 - Myrtle, sweet 123 - Myrtle, wax 123 - - N - Necklace tree 124 - Northern catalpa 118 - Nyssa aquatica 106 - Nyssa sylvatica 105 - - O - Oak, basket 59 - Oak, black 45 - Oak, blackjack 47 - Oak, bluejack 50 - Oak, bur 57 - Oak, chestnut 59 - Oak, chinkapin, chestnut 60 - Oak, cow 59 - Oak, Durand (white) 54 - Oak, Emory 51 - Oak, Graves 44 - Oak, gray 51 - Oak, live 52 - Oak, Mexican blue 51 - Oak, Mohrs 53 - Oak, mossy-cup 57 - Oak, overcup 58 - Oak, pin 48, 49 - Oak, post 56 - Oak, red 46 - Oak, sandjack 50 - Oak, shin 53 - Oak, Shumard 43 - Oak, Spanish 46 - Oak, Southern red 46 - Oak, spotted 43 - Oak, swamp chestnut 59 - Oak, swamp post oak 58 - Oak, Texas 44 - Oak, water 48, 49 - Oak, water white 58 - Oak, white 55 - Oak, willow 49 - Old man’s beard, 117 - Olive, Russian 129 - Olive, Texas wild 128 - Orange, mock 83 - Osage-orange 69 - Ostrya virginiana 39 - - P - Palmetto, Texas (palm) 123 - Pawpaw 72 - Peach, wild 83 - Pecan 29 - Persea borbonia 73 - Persimmon, black 127 - Persimmon, common 110 - Persimmon, Texas 127 - Pine, Austrian 129 - Pine, limber, Rocky Mtn. white 17 - Pine, loblolly 20 - Pine, longleaf 22 - Pine, nut 18 - Pine, ponderosa, western yellow 19 - Pine, shortleaf, yellow 21 - Pine, slash 23 - Pine, Sonderegger 22 - Pinus echinata 21 - Pinus edulis 18 - Pinus elliottii 23 - Pinus flexilis 17 - Pinus nigra 129 - Pinus palustris 22 - Pinus ponderosa 19 - Pinus taeda 20 - Pinyon 18 - Pistache, Texas 125 - Pistacia texana 125 - Pithecellobium flexicaule 84 - Planer tree 65 - Planera aquatica 65 - Platanus occidentalis 77 - Plum, flatwoods 81 - Plum, Mexican 80 - Popple, aspen 123 - Populus deltoidea 36 - Populus fremontii var. wislizenii 123 - Populus sargentii 36 - Populus tremuloides 123 - Porlieria, Texas 124 - Possumhaw 97 - Prickly ash 92 - Privet, swamp 116 - Prosopsis juliflora 87 - Prunus caroliniana 83 - Prunus mexicana 80 - Prunus serotina 82 - Prunus serotina var. rufula 82 - Prunus umbellata 81 - Pseudotsuga menziesii 24 - Ptelea trifoliata 93 - - Q - Quercus alba 55 - Quercus durandii 54 - Quercus emoryi 51 - Quercus falcata 46 - Quercus gravesii 44 - Quercus grisea 51 - Quercus incana 50 - Quercus lyrata 58 - Quercus macrocarpa 57 - Quercus marilandica 47 - Quercus michauxii 59 - Quercus mohriana 53 - Quercus muhlenbergii 60 - Quercus nigra 48 - Quercus oblongifolia 51 - Quercus phellos 49 - Quercus shumardii 4 - Quercus shumardii var. shumardii 43 - Quercus shumardii var. texana 44 - Quercus stellata 56 - Quercus velutina 45 - Quercus virginiana 52 - - R - Redbay 73 - Redbud, eastern 88 - Redcedar, eastern 27 - Redgum 76 - Rhus copallina 94 - Robinia pseudoacacia 91 - Rusty blackhaw 121 - - S - Sabal minor 123 - Sabal texana 123 - Salix nigra 37 - Sapindus drummondii 102 - Sassafras 74 - Sassafras albidum 74 - Shepherdia argentea 129 - Siberian elm 129 - Silverbell, two-wing 112 - Sloe, black 81 - Smoketree, American 125 - Snowdrop tree 112 - Soapberry, western 102 - Soapbush 124 - Soap plant, Indian 102 - Sophora affinis 124 - Sparkleberry tree 108 - Sugarberry 67 - Sumac, shining, dwarf, flameleaf 94 - Sumac, poison 95 - Swampbay 71 - Sweetbay magnolia 71 - Sweetgum 76 - Sweetleaf, common 111 - Sycamore, American 77 - Symplocos tinctoria 111 - - T - Tamarisk 127 - Tamarix araiculata 127 - Tamarix gallica 127 - Tamarix pentandra 127 - Taxodium distichum 25 - Tepehuaje 124 - Texas sophora 124 - Texas wild olive 128 - Tilia americana 103 - Tilia caroliniana 126 - Tilia floridana 126 - Tingle-tongue 92 - Toothache tree 92 - Toxicodendron vernix 95 - Tree-huckleberry 108 - Tree of heaven 125 - Tree Sparkleberry (Farkleberry) 108 - Tupelo, black 105 - Tupelo, swamp 105 - Tupelo, water 106 - - U - Ulmus alata 62 - Ulmus americana 61 - Ulmus crassifolia 63 - Ulmus pumila 129 - Ulmus rubra 64 - Una de Gato 85 - - V - Vaccinium arboreum 108 - Viburnum rufidulum 121 - - W - Wafer-ash 93 - Wahoo, eastern 125 - Walnut, black 28 - Walnut, little 28 - Walnut, Texas 28 - Waterlocust 90 - Wild china-tree 102 - Wild olive, Texas 128 - Wild peach 83 - Willow, black 37 - Willow, desert 119 - Winterberry 97 - Winterberry euonymus 129 - Witch-hazel 75 - - Y - Yara 128 - Yaupon 97 - - Z - Zanthoxylum clava-herculis 92 - - [Illustration: TREE PLANTING REGIONS OF TEXAS] - - - - - PARTIAL LIST OF TREES RECOMMENDED FOR SHADE AND WINDBREAKS - - - - - East Texas - - - American elm - arborvitae - Arizona cypress - basswood - black locust - black walnut - bur oak - catalpa - Chinese tallow - green ash - hackberry - holly - live oak - loblolly pine - longleaf pine - magnolia - pecan - red oak - shortleaf pine - silver maple - slash pine - sweetgum - sycamore - water oak - white ash - willow oak - - - - - Coastal Prairie - - - American elm - arborvitae - Arizona ash - Arizona cypress - athel - Carolina poplar - Chinese tallow - Gulf Coast cedar - hackberry - holly - Italian cypress - live oak - loblolly pine - pecan - swamp ash - sweetgum - sycamore - - - - - Central Texas - - - Arizona cypress - American elm - Texas walnut - cedar elm - Chinese arborvitae - Chinese elm - eastern redcedar - green ash - hackberry - live oak - pecan - sycamore - thornless honeylocust - - - - - South Texas - - - anaqua - Arizona cypress - athel - Australian pine - Carolina poplar - Chinese arborvitae - Chinese tallow - eucalyptus - fan palm - Gulf Coast cedar - gum elastic - hackberry - Italian cypress - Japanese varnish tree - live oak - ornamental date palm - pecan - pistacia - Rio Grande ash - sycamore - - - - - West Texas - - - Arizona ash - Arizona cypress - aspen popple - Austrian pine - Chinese arborvitae - Chinese elm - green ash - hackberry - live oak - mountain cottonwood - pistacia - redcedar - Rocky mountain - juniper - Russian mulberry - Russian olive - silver poplar - Spanish oak - thornless honeylocust - western yellow pine - - - - - Panhandle - - - American elm - apricot - Arizona cypress - Austrian pine - black locust - Carolina poplar - Chinese arborvitae - Chinese maple - Chinese elm - Colorado blue spruce - green ash - hackberry - loblolly pine - pistacia - redcedar - red mulberry - Russian mulberry - Russian olive - sand plum - shortleaf pine - Siberian elm - silver poplar - sycamore - thornless honeylocust - western yellow pine - - - - - CODE OF BEHAVIOR - WITH - OUTDOOR FIREBRANDS - - - 1. Burn household trash only in a metal or cinder block container on - an area cleared to bare soil. - - 2. Burn fields and brush piles only in the late afternoon when the - wind is low and after a 5-foot fire-break has been plowed around the - field. - - 3. Break matches and crush smokes before discarding. - - 4. Use car ash tray for smokes and used matches when traveling in a - vehicle. Don’t pitch them out the window. - - 5. Clear the area around a warming or camp fire before lighting it. - - 6. Extinguish all warming and camp fires when you leave. Be sure all - fires are Dead Out. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---Corrected a few palpable typos. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - ---Included a transcription of the text within some images. - ---Added a caption “Flower Clusters” to an uncaptioned illustration on p. - 15. - ---The HTML version contains relative hyperlinks to the _Manual of the - Trees of North America_ (Gutenberg eBook #46450), so that offline - copies can be interlinked. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Forest Trees of Texas, by -W. R. Matoon and C. B. Webster - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF TEXAS *** - -***** This file should be named 52651-0.txt or 52651-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/6/5/52651/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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