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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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Tryon - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A Treatise of Cleanness in Meats and Drinks, of the Preparation of Food, -the Excellency of Good Airs, and the Benefits of Clean - -Author: Tho. Tryon - -Release Date: July 27, 2016 [EBook #52657] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF CLEANNESS *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, readbueno and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by the Library of Congress) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_i'>i</span> - <h1 class='c001'>A<br /> <br />TREATISE<br />Of CLEANNESS in<br />Meats and Drinks,<br />OF THE<br />PREPARATION of FOOD,<br /></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c000'> - <div>THE</div> - <div class='c000'>Excellency of Good Airs,</div> - <div class='c000'>AND THE</div> - <div class='c000'>BENEFITS of Clean Sweet BEDS.</div> - <div class='c000'>Also of the</div> - <div class='c000'>Generation of Bugs,</div> - <div class='c000'>AND THEIR CURE.</div> - <div class='c000'>To which is added,</div> - <div class='c000'>A SHORT DISCOURSE</div> - <div class='c000'>OF THE</div> - <div class='c000'><em class='gesperrt'>PAIN</em> in the <em class='gesperrt'>TEETH</em>,</div> - <div class='c000'>Shewing from what Cause it does chiefly proceed, and</div> - <div>also how to prevent it.</div> - <div class='c000'>By <i>T H O. T R Y O N</i>.</div> - <div class='c000'><i>L O N D O N</i>, Printed for the Author,</div> - <div>and sold by <i>L. Curtis</i> near <i>Fleet-Bridge</i>.</div> - <div class='c000'>1682.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c002'><span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span><i>Of Cleanness in Meats and Drinks. Of the Excellency of - Good Airs, and of the contrary. Of the Benefits of Clean - Sweet Beds, and of the Inconveniences of Feather-Beds. - What Matter it is that does occasion the Generation of that - pernicious Vermin called Bugs, that so many Hundreds in - this City, and other great Towns, are infested with; more - especially in</i> Holland, Italy, New-England, Barbadoes, - Jamaica, <i>and in many other Places. That they are never - bred but where Beds are: And that their being generated - from Wooden Bedsteads, or from Hogs Hair in the Plaisterings - of the Walls, is a meer Story, promoted inconsiderately - by Persons mistaken in the Productions of Nature: Also, - How all such Persons as are troubled with them may be - cured without using Medicines, and Directions how to - avoid ever having them again.</i></p> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c003'>I. <i>Of Cleanness in Food.</i></h2> -</div> -<p class='c004'>What is more profitable for all Lovers of Health -and Wisdom, than Food that is Radically -Clean? And as Bread hath deservedly the first -Place, together with Herbs, and various sorts -of excellent Fruits; so the next is Milk, which of it self is a -brave, mild, and most friendly Food to Nature, very fit and profitable -for all Ages and Complexions; and if it do not agree with -some People, it is because their Stomachs are made sharp and -soured by superfluity of dainty Food, and the continual use of -strong Drink. Also Milk being altered, it makes many sorts of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>wholesom healthy Food. Next to these, are various sorts of -Flesh, which being killed in their proper Times and Seasons, and -when they are free from their Uncleannesses, Surfeits, and other -Inconveniences, which most Beasts are subject to; and if care be -taken also that they be well and moderately seasoned with Salt, -and boyled in plenty of River or Spring-water (which is the best -of all Waters except Rain-water) they become wholesom Nourishment. -For, River-water hath the advantage of running -through various sorts of Earth, by which it sucks into it self a -fat, oylie, and saline Quality, which the Surface of the Earth -does plentifully afford; which also is the cause of all Vegitation, -and the lovely Green Colour which all Vegitables are cloth'd -with, does arise from this Saline Quality. For these Reasons, -River-water will Brew, Boil, and Wash, and it is more profitable -in all Uses in Houswifery, than Spring or Pump-water, and far -wholesomer for Men and Beasts to drink. Also your Vessel in -which your Food is boyled, ought to be uncovered all the time it -boyls; for if the Air have not its free egress and regress, the pure -Spirits in the Food become as it were suffocated, and then the Food -so prepared becomes dull and heavy; for the Air is the Essential -Life of the Spirit; and all Food that hath not plenty of Water, -and the free Influences of the Air, in its Preparation, does certainly -lose its natural Colour, with the pure Smell and Taste: for -if those three Qualities be not preserved in all Preparations of -Food, then the genuine Vertue and lively Tinctures are in part -lost. The same is to be observed in all Physical Operations. And -if the above-mentioned Order be not observed, then the Food is -not so pleasant to the Pallate, nor so easie of Concoction; it lies -heavy in the Stomach, dulling and stupifying the Senses; it generates -a gross Nourishment, and bad Blood, whence does proceed -many Diseases: Whereas if the above-mentioned Rules be observed, -and your Fire quick, that your Food do not stand still, -or cease from boyling, till it be sufficiently done, the Effects are -contrary. It is also much better the Food should be a little -under-prepared, than too much: For when the gross phlegmatick Body -of any Food is by Preparation digested, then presently the lively -spirituous Quality is set at liberty, whence does proceed a most -pleasant Smell and Taste; which pleasant Quality, before the -Preparation, lay hid or captivated in the Body of Phlegm; but -so soon as this phlegmatick Body is in part destroyed, the Spirit -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>becomes Volatile; and then, if the Preparation be continued, -those pure Spirits do either become suffocated, or evaporate; and -then the sweet Balsamick Body turns as it were sour. For these -Reasons, all sorts of Food, either over prepared, or twice prepared, -are of a strong fulsom taste and smell; as all Meats heat -again, and also Pottages, and all such things, do obstruct Nature, -and generate many Diseases. But if the forementioned Rules be -observed, the Food so prepared is not only more pleasant to the -Pallate, but far lighter of Digestion, and breeds better Blood. -For that Universal Distemper (the <i>Scurvy</i>) which reigns so much in -<i>England</i>, is chiefly caused by Food ill prepared, and the eating of -too much Flesh, and Fat things, especially in the improper Seasons -of the Year, <i>viz.</i> from <i>July</i> to the last of <i>November</i>. In this -Season the Sun, which is the true Life and Power of all things, -declines; and all sorts of Herbage, which is the Food of all -Beasts that are generally eaten, doth the same: The Grass all -this Season is fraught with a gross phlegmatick Matter; besides, it -is a fainty hot time; the Air, which is the Cherishing Life of all -things, is more gross, and full of Humidity, than all other times -of the Year; the Spirits of all sorts of Creatures are also weak, -and on any Accidents are quickly wounded, or evaporated, more -especially those Beasts that come from remote Parts to great Cities. -Besides, it is then the principal time of their Generating, -which renders them unclean. Are not the People ten-fold as -sickly in this Season, and double the number die, than they do at -other times? Also you may observe, That the Rots amongst -Sheep, and Murrains that attend other Beasts, are all or most of -them in this Season: Therefore all sorts of People ought to be -more careful of their Health, both in Exercises, Meats, and -Drink, that they do not exceed either in quantity, nor eat things -that are improper in quality. This is the time that all Shepherds, -and also those that are Drivers of Horses, and indeed all that have -the Government of Cattel, ought to have and use double the -prudence in the management of them, than at other Seasons of -the Year, as I have more largely discoursed in a small Treatise, -which I intend to put forth, if I am permitted, of the Preservation -of Sheep from the Rot, and Horses from Surfeits.</p> - -<p class='c005'>There are three Marks by which every one may know whether -the Flesh be good. The first is by its pure White and brisk Red -Colour, when Raw. The second is by its continuing its firmness, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>being plump or swelled when boyled, having a brisk and lively -Taste, and that after eating it feels easie and pleasant in the Stomach. -The third is, by its taking Salt well; for if your Flesh -be free from Heat and Surfeits, and not over-fed, which charges -the Body with gross Phlegm; as also if it be not kept longer after -it is killed (as indeed it ought not) than it be thought to be -cold, before it is salted; all such Flesh will take Salt greedily, -and it will not only keep longer from Putrifaction, but it will eat -much sweeter, and breed better Nourishment. For, if any sort -of Cattel be over-fed, surfeited, or any other Inconveniency attends -them, and they be killed before they have recovered themselves -of those Injuries; or if it be in <i>August</i>, <i>September</i>, or <i>October</i>, -this Flesh will not take Salt so well as the former, neither will -the Salt preserve it half so long from Corruption. Also, as it -is before-mentioned, if Flesh be kept too long after it be killed, -such Flesh will not receive Salt into it, as other will, which is -salted as soon as it is cold: For by keeping it does certainly lose -its pure Spirituous Quality, so that the Body becomes heavy, gross, -and dull. Does not the Life and Spirits of most sorts of Food -waste and evaporate by keeping, if there be not a proper way of -Preservation used? If Flesh, by any Inconveniencies, have lost its -pure lively Spirits and Vertue, Salt then hath no power to preserve -such Flesh from Putrifaction: For Salt cannot preserve the -Body from Corruption, but by vertue of the pure subtile Spirits, -which are a pleasant Habitation for the Salt to incorporate -it self with: For Salt will not preserve Flesh from Putrifaction, -any longer than the Vertue and Power of the Spirit does continue, -as it does appear by all salted Flesh and Fish: For through -length of time the Spirits become either suffocated, or evaporated, -and then it presently falls into Putrifaction: And yet this -same Flesh does still continue Salt; for Salt does not destroy and -purge the Flesh from its Corruption, but incorporates it self -with the Essential Spirits, and those two do as it were tie or hold -the corrupt Part Captive, till the Spirit and Life of the Flesh be -spent or wasted, and then the Flesh falls into Putrifaction, which -cannot be recovered, eitheir by Salting, or any other Art, to -its first state: But if the Salt had purged or destroyed the Humidity -and gross part, then there would have been no Room nor -Matter for Putrifaction, and then it would have continued firm -and sound, as many other things do, which are freed from that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>gross humid Matter from which Putrifaction does proceed. -Therefore Flesh is naturally the most unclean of all Food, it being -of a gross phlegmatick Nature; and if Care be not taken, -and Order and Temperance observed in the Eater, it generates -abundance of crude and noxious Humours.</p> - -<p class='c005'>2. Cleanness in Houses, especially in Beds, is a great Preserver -of Health. Now Beds for the most part stand in Corners of -Chambers, and being ponderous close Substances, the refreshing -Influences of the Air have no power to penetrate or destroy the -gross Humidity that all such Places contract, where the Air hath -not its free egress and regress. In these shady dull Places Beds -are continued for many Years, and hardly see the Sun or Elements. -Besides, Beds suck in and receive all sorts of pernicious Excrements -that are breathed forth by the Sweating of various sorts of -People, which have Leprous and Languishing Diseases, which lie -and die on them: The Beds, I say, receive all these several Vapours -and Spirits, and the same Beds are often continued for several -Generations, without changing the Feathers, until the Ticks -be rotten. Besides, we have many Feathers that are Imported -from several Countries, which are the Drivings of old Beds, the -Uncleanness whereof is not considered. As to the Nature of -Feathers, they are of a strong, hot, fulsom Quality: for, Fowls, -of all Creatures, are for the most part the hottest; and their -Feathers contain the same Nature: Therefore the constant lying -on soft Feather-beds, does not only over-heat the Back and Reins, -weakning the Joynts and Nerves; but they have power also not -only to receive but retain all evil Vapours and Excrements that -proceed from, and are breathed forth by various Diseased People. -Hence it comes to pass, that sundry Distempers are transferred -from one to another, by lying upon or in such Beds, which Distempers -do secretly steal on a Man by degrees, so that he cannot -imagine whence the disorder proceeds, or what the Cause thereof -should be. But I would not have the Reader mistake me; all People -are not subject to get Diseases this way: There are some whose -Constitutions are strong, and their Natural Heat and Spirits are -vigorous and lively, by the Power and Vertue whereof they withstand -and repel all such evil Vapours and Scents as do proceed -from such Beds, when a Man is hot and sweats in them, that they -have no power to seise the Spirit: But, on the contrary, when -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>such People shall lie on such Beds, whose Natural Heat is weak, -their Spirits few, and whose Central Heat is not able to withstand -or repel those Vapours and Scents which such Beds send -forth when a Man is hot in them, this last sort of People are subject -to receive Injuries, and contract Diseases: For those evil Vapours -do powerfully penetrate the whole Body; and if they are -not withstood by the Central Heat and Power of the Spirits, then -these evil Vapours do seise the Spirits, and incorporate themselves -with their Likenesses: For every particular thing does sensibly -and powerfully seek out its Likeness, and wheresoever it -finds its Simile, it hath power to incorporate, and become essential. -These are the chief Reasons why one Man gets Diseases -by lying with Diseased Persons, and in unclean Beds, and others -not. It is a general Custom, when Men go abroad or travel, to -desire clean Sheets, imagining them to be a sufficient Bulwark to -defend them from the pernicious Fumes and Vapours of old stale Beds; -but it is too short. For, it is certain, that most or all Beds do -perfectly stink, not only those in Inns and Houses of Entertainment, -but others: Not but that every ones Bed does -smell indifferent well to himself; but when he lies in a strange -Bed, let a Man but put his Nose into the Bed when he is thorowly -hot, and hardly any Common Vault is like it.</p> - -<p class='c005'>Now this sort of Uncleanness, which does proceed from old -Beds, is not only the greatest, but also the most injurious to the -Health and Preservation of Mankind, and the least care is taken -to prevent it: Every one that can, will have plentiful Changes -both of Linen and Woollen Garments; for if they have not, -Experience does shew, that the Excrements and Breathings of the -Body will generate Vermin. Also do not most People take care -that their Furnitures are daily brushed and rubbed, and their very -Floors washed, as though they were to eat their Food on them? -But all this while they lie on Beds that have not been changed, or -hardly aired, in several Years. Let any indifferent Person judge, -which is most pleasurable and healthful, to have a clean Floor to -tread on, which costs many hard days Labour to keep so, and is -dirtied in a Moments time; or to have a clean sweet Bed to lye -on. There is no Comparison to be made, the difference is so -great; the one being essential either to Health or Sickness, the -other an indifferent thing. If there was but the tenth part of -the Care taken to keep Beds clean and sweet, as there is of Clothing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>and Furniture, then there would be no Matter for the getting -of Diseases, nor for the Generation of Bugs. I would have -all Housewifes, and others, consider the Reasons of these things. -Are not Lice, that troublesom Vermin, bred from the Breathings -of the Body, for want of often Change both of Linnen and -Woollen? And will not Fleas breed from the very Dust of Chambers -where People lie? Also any Woollen that hath been used -about Beds, although the cold Winter hath destroyed them, yet -if these Clothes lie in any close place, where the Air hath not -its free egress and regress, these very Garments will generate -Fleas the Summer following: but if these Clothes had never been -used about Men and Women, they would never have bred Fleas: -for there is no Matter of Element in Wooll or Cloth for the Generation -of such Creatures; but Wooll, Cloth, Furs, and Hair -are chiefly the Element of Moths, and sometimes of small Worms; that is, -if such things are kept in Places where the refreshing Influences -of the Air have not their free egress: for all such Places -do contract great store of Moisture, which, when hot Weather -comes, causeth Putrifaction, whence all such Vermin do proceed. -But if those things be in daily use, and exposed to the open Element, -they never breed any Vermin: So that the Generation of -those things are generally caused by Accidents; not but that there -is Matter in the Radixes of such things for the Generation of such -Vermin.</p> - -<p class='c005'>3. From the pernicious Smells and putrified Vapours that do -proceed from old Beds, are generated the Vermin called Bugs, -(of which, neither the Ancients, nor the Modern Writers of this -Age, have taken any notice) according to the Degrees of Uncleanness, -Nature of the Excrements, and the Closeness of the Places -where Beds stand: for some Peoples Excrements are not so unclean -as others: Also in all close Places, especially in Cities and -Great Towns, the Spirits and thin Vapours of the Air are suffocated, -which makes the same Air Sulphurous and Humid, whence -does proceed Putrifaction. Therefore it is not to be thought a -General Rule, <i>That all old Beds should breed Bugs</i>, as some (who -are ignorant of the Operations of Nature) will be apt to say, <i>If -one Bed do breed them, why not all?</i> No, it is according to the -nature of the Uncleanness, and other Accidents that do happen: -For where (as is said before) the thin pure Air, with the refreshing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>Influences of the Sun and Elements, have their free egress and -regress, all such Matter is destroyed whence such Vermin is produced. -The Original of these Creatures called Bugs is from Putrifaction, -occasioned by stinking Scents and Vapours which do -proceed from the Bodies and Nature of Men and Women, and -the mixing or incorporating of these Vapours with moist and sulphurous -Airs: For where there is no Heat nor Humidity, there -can begin no Putrifaction. Therefore all that have attributed -the Generation of this Vermin to Wood, as Bedsteads, and the -like, are grosly mistaken in the Productions of Nature; for there -is no Matter in Wood that can generate such a Vermin, it being -productive only or chiefly of two Creatures in <i>England</i>, <i>viz.</i> of -Wood-Lice, and a small Worm. These Wood-Lice are never -generated but in Places where the Sun and Air have not their free -Influences, so that there is store of Humidity contracted; and -when the Sun comes to such Degrees of the Zodiack, this Creature -is generated, which is of as different a Nature from Bugs, -as sweet Wood is from a stinking Bed. Also Wood does breed a -certain small Worm, but never till the Salts Nature and Power is -decayed through length of time; then the Air enters it, which -does presently cause it to contract a humid Quality, from whence -proceeds Putrifaction, whereof, when the Sun is powerful, this -Worm is bred. But so long as Wood continues sound, and is -kept dry, the Air having its free Influences on it, I affirm, That -no sort of Wood ever breeds any kind of Vermin.</p> - -<p class='c005'>4. There are many also that attribute the Generation of this -Creature to Hogs Hair, which being mixed with Lime, and Houses -Plaistered with it, does occasion (say they) the Generation of -Bugs. Now it is most certain, that there is no possibility in Nature -for this Production: For no kind of Hair ever breeds any -Living Creature, except it be put into Water or Mud when the -Sun is powerful, and then this Creature, thus generated, retains -its first <i>Species</i>, <i>viz.</i> a Hair, with a live Head, which was its Element -whence it proceeded: but if you take it out of the Water, -it presently dies: So also it doth when the Sun declines in Heat, -as most sorts of Vermin that are bred through Heat and Moisture -do. But Hair being mixed with Lime, all Matter of Generation -is thereby totally destroyed: For Lime does chiefly contain a -harsh, fiery, keen, sharp, corroding Quality; it is so sharp, that it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>does destroy all Life, and is as contrary to it, as Light is to Darkness; -the predominant Quality in it is the Salts Nature, from -which no Living Creature can be produced. Besides, if there were -never so much Matter in Hair for the Generation of such Vermin, -Lime would destroy it; for in Lime there is only a Sal-nitral fiery -Vertue.</p> - -<p class='c005'>5. If the Reasons before-mentioned be not sufficient to convince -the Ignorant of their erroneous Opinions in this particular, -then I hope the following one will, which is more familiar to every -one. It hath never been known, that this troublesom Vermin -was ever seen in Warehouses, Kitchens, Parlours, Dining-rooms, -or any Places where Beds have never been, except they have by accident -been brought into such Rooms or Warehouses, by Furniture -of Chambers that have been troubled with them, though all such -Places have the same Furniture as Chambers, except Beds.</p> - -<p class='c005'>6. From the same Substance or Matter whence Bugs are bred, -is also occasioned the Generation of many nasty Diseases in the -Blood; so that the destruction of the Matter that breeds them, -is of greater Consequence than most People are sensible of: And -if these following Rules be observed, I dare affirm, That the Generation -of Bugs will cease, and also many other Inconveniencies -and Distempers, that are got by this sort of Uncleanness, will be -avoided.</p> - -<p class='c005'>First, You are to destroy all Press-Bedsteads which stand in -Corners of Rooms, being made up with Boards so close, that the -Air cannot penetrate or dry up and consume the moist sulphurous -Vapours that are contracted. These sorts of Beds, that stand so, -are apt to have them more than others. Also you are to set your -other sorts of Beds as near as you can in the most Airie Places of -your Rooms, exposing them to the Air the most part of the day, -with your Chamber-Windows open, that the Air may freely pass, -which is the most excellent Element, that does sweeten all -things, and prevents Putrifaction. In the Night also you ought -not to have your Window-Curtains drawn, nor your Curtains -that are about your Beds; for it hinders the sweet refreshing Influences -of the Air, so that the Air of all close Places becomes of a -hot sulphurous Nature and Operation; the thin pure Vapours, -which do wonderfully refresh Nature, are as it were suffocated: -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>And this preventing the Influences of the Air, is in an especial -manner observable, when People are sick, or out of order; as -though the sweet pleasant Air had been the Cause of their Disease: -such Rooms being so very close, with great Fires in them, that if -a healthy Person do but continue three or four Hours in them, the -fulsom Steams and thick Vapours will much disorder him, and -take away the edge of his Appetite: And if so, what will the -Operation be on those whose Spirits are weak and disordered with -Distempers?</p> - -<p class='c005'>What is more pleasant and healthful than good Air? It chears -and comforts the Spirits, it opens the Passages of the Joynts and -Nerves, it purifies the Blood, creates an Appetite, increasing -Strength and Vigour: But, on the contrary, hot, thick, sulphurous -Airs do not only obstruct the Passages of the Spirits, but -suffocate them, loading the Joynts and Nerves with evil Juices, -whereby the Limbs and Members become full of pain, causing a -general Tenderness to possess the whole Body, and destroying the -Appetite, and the Power of the Digestive Faculty in the Stomach. -Also, do not all Houses and Places grow musty, and contract -too great store of Moisture, if the Air be any way prevented, -by Window-shutters, or the like, that it cannot have its free -egress and regress? Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, -Houses that stand so as that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may -air and refresh them, and also Houses that are full of Windows, -are to be preferr'd: For where the Air hath not its free Influences, -the Spirit becomes dull and heavy, this being the true Life of -the Spirit in every thing.</p> - -<p class='c005'>7. Now the certain Means and Way not onely to prevent the -Generation of this Vermin, but also to preserve Health and -Strength, are Straw, or rather Chaff-Beds, with Ticks of Canvas, -and Quilts made of Wooll or Flocks to lay on them; which -certainly is the most easie and pleasant Lodging that can be invented: -and a little Custom will make it appear friendly to Nature, -and in every respect far beyond the softest Feather-beds, on -which, when a Man lies down, he sinks into them, as into an Hole, -with Banks rising on each side of him; especially if two lie together, -when first they go to Bed they lie close, and after a little -time, when they begin to be hot or sweat, they are generally willing -to lie a little further off, that they may cool themselves, but -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>cannot do it without great difficulty and trouble, by reason of the -softness of the Bed, and those Banks that rise on each side. Besides, -such soft Feather-Beds do over-heat the Reins and Back, -making all the Parts tender, and causing Sweatings and many other -Inconveniencies to attend the Body. Feather-beds also are nothing -so easie as Quilts, after a little time being accustomed to -them; they are also extream fulsom, and by their Heat they do -powerfully dry up the Radical Moisture, causing a general Faintness -to attend the whole Body. But, on the contrary, hard, even -Beds, that lie smooth, are not only easie through custom, as is -mentioned before; but a Man may turn freely, both sleeping and -waking: They harden and strengthen the whole Body, especially -the Back and Reins, make the Nerves and Sinews strong, preventing -the immoderate Evacuations by Sweating, and keeping -the Body in a temperate Heat. Besides, such Beds may be often -changed, with but little Trouble, and less Cost; they send forth -no stinking Fumes or Steams, as Feather-beds do; but are sweet -and clean. Certainly nothing is more healthy, next to Temperance -in Meat and Drink, than clean hard Beds.</p> - -<p class='c005'>8. All sorts of Beds, especially Feather-beds, ought to be -changed, driven, or washed, at the least three or four times in a -Year; or else it is impossible to keep them sweet and clean, and -to prevent the Generation of Vermin, or the other Inconveniencies -before-mentioned. Would not every one condemn a Man, -if he should wear a Shirt a Year, and lie in Sheets seven Years? -Which if any should do, it would not either endanger his Health, -or bring half the Inconveniencies on his Body, as old stinking -Feather-beds do; which possibly stunk before ever they were lain -on, by reason of the fulsom Excrements that the Quills of the -Feathers contain. Also Feathers do certainly contain an unclean -putrified Matter, that hath a near affinity with the Nature of -Bugs; and therefore Feather-beds are more apt to breed them, -than Wooll, or Flocks; though both will do it, if the forementioned -Rules be not observed. But if you are not willing, or so -lowly-minded, to have Straw or Chaff-Beds under your Quilts, -then you may have Flock-Beds, with Canvas Tickings, which -may be both aired and washed as often as you please, with little -Trouble and Charge. If any shall question the Truth of what I -have alledged concerning Beds, I desire they would please but to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>try the Experiment, by filling a Bed with the freshest and cleanest -Straw or Chaff, which will smell very pleasant; and having so -done, let them lie on it half a Year, in a corner of a Room, as -Beds generally stand, and then smell to it; and in stead of sending -forth a pleasant Scent, as it did at first, it will send forth a -strong, fulsom, musty Steam or Fume. And if this will do so, -what will Feathers do, that in the Root of Nature are unclean -fulsom Excrements, of a hot strong Quality? Therefore they -have the greater power not only to attract and suck in to themselves -the fulsom Excrements that are breathed forth of the Body -by Sweatings, and the like; but they have also power to retain -such evil Vapours: and when others come to lie on them, and are -thoroughly hot, it awakens those pernicious Steams, which often -bring many Inconveniencies on the Body. Besides, it is very unpleasant -to lie in such Beds; a Man must always be forced to keep -his Nose above-board. Indeed each Mans own Bed does not -stink or smell strong to himself, because he is accustomed to it; -neither does a Tallow-Chandler smell those horrible Scents and -pernicious Fumes that old Tallow sends forth when it is melted: -But let any other Person, that is not accustomed to it, be near -such things, and it will be very offensive to him. Even so it is in -all other stinking Trades, and things of this nature: so that the -greatest Slut in the World does hardly smell her own House or -Bed stink: For in Man is contained the true Nature and Property -of all things, both of Good and Evil; therefore he is both liable -and also apt to receive all Impressions, and to be wrought on by -all things he shall either communicate with or joyn himself to, -whether it be Cleanness, or the contrary. Also by Meats, Drinks, -and Communication, all things have power, by a Sympathetical -Operation, to work on Man, because he is like unto all, bearing -a proportionable Nature unto all things. If People did understand -this, they would prefer Sobriety and Temperance, with -Cleanness, far beyond what they do; and then Men would not be -subject to so many Diseases as now they are.</p> - -<p class='c005'>9. Heat and Moisture is the Root of all Putrifaction; and -therefore Bugs are bred in Summer; but they live all the Winter, -though they are not then so troublesom. They harbour in Bedsteads, -Holes, and Hangings, Nitting and breeding as Lice do in -Clothes: But all Men know, that Woollen and Linnen are not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>the Element of Lice, but they are bred from the fulsom Scents -and Excrements that are breathed forth from the Body. The -very same Radix have Bugs; and if there be any difference, they -are from a higher Putrifaction, and therefore they are a more noisome -stinking Creature.</p> - -<p class='c005'>10. The whole Preservation of Mens Health and Strength does -chiefly reside in the Wisdom and Temperance of Women. Therefore -the ancient Wise Men in former Ages, did direct and accustom -their Women to a higher degree of Temperance than the Men. -Which Customs of Sobriety the Women of several Countries do -maintain to this day, as in <i>Spain</i>, great part of <i>France</i>, <i>Italy</i>, and -many great Countries under the Dominion of the <i>Grand Seignior</i>. -Their Women do always drink Water, their Food being for the -most part of a mean and simple Quality; and for this Reason neither -they nor their Children are subject to several Diseases which -our Women and Children are. Wine and strong Drink should be -sparingly drunk by Women, till they are past Child-bearing; -because the frequent and common drinking of strong Drinks, does -generate various Distempers in the Female Sex, such as are not fit -to be discoursed of in this Place, which their Children often bring -with them into the World. If the Seed be good, yet if the -Ground be bad, it seldom brings forth good Fruit. Also Women -are our Nurses for fifteen or sixteen Years; and they do not only -suffer us to be Gluttons, by letting us eat and drink often, of their -ill-prepared Food, beyond the power of the Digestive Faculty, -and more than the Stomach can bear; but many of them will entice -us to Gluttony, and some will force their Children to eat even -against their Stomachs, till they cast it up again. Now if it be -a difficult Point for a Man of Age and Experience to observe the -necessary Rules of Temperance, how careful then ought Mothers -and Nurses to be in ordering their Children? A great part of the -Children that die, especially in Towns and Cities, is occasioned -either by the Intemperance of their Mothers, during the time they -go with Child, or afterwards by their unnatural and badly-prepared -Food, and suffering them to eat to excess; also by their -keeping of them too warm, and too close from the Air, and lapping -of them up in several Double Clothes and Swathes, so tight, -that a Man may write on them, and then putting them into warm -Beds, and covering them up close. If a strong Man was so bound -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>up, he could not endure it, without great injury unto his Health. -Besides, the Window-Curtains are drawn, and also the Curtains -about the Bed; by which means the Air becomes so hot and sulphurous, -that it causes great Disorders to attend both the Mothers -and the Children. This ill kind of Management does also cause -such a Tenderness both in the Mother and the Child, that on every -small occasion they are liable and apt to get Colds, and divers -other Distempers.</p> - -<p class='c005'>Also Women have the entire Management of all things that -concern our Healths, during the whole time of our Lives; they -prepare and dress our Food, and order all things in our Houses, -both for Bed and Board. There is not one Man of a hundred -that understands or takes any notice whether his Food be well -prepared or not; and if his Bed stinks, he is used to it, and so -counts it all well. Mens Time and Study is chiefly taken up about -getting a Livelihood, and providing things necessary for themselves -and Families; so that there is not one among a thousand -that understands any thing what belongs to the Preservation of -his Health: Whatever the Women do and say touching the Preparation -of Food, and other ordering of Families for Health, -most Men believe, not making the least scruple or question of the -truth thereof. And well they may: For the chiefest Doctors of -our Times do bow before them, and are altogether as subject to -the Rules and Directions of Women, as other Men. Where are -your Doctors that teach Men Sobriety in their Lives, or the proper -and natural way of preparing Meats fit for the Stomach? -Which of them adviseth against the evil Custom of keeping their -Chambers so over-hot, when People are sick, and in the time of -Womens lying in Child-bed? Why do they not advise them not -to have their Curtains so close drawn, both before the Windows -and Beds, insomuch that they are oftentimes in a manner suffocated -for want of the fresh Air? For, I affirm, That all sorts of -People that do keep their Beds, let the Occasion be what it will, -have ten-fold more need of the refreshing Influences of the Air, -than others that are up: For, the Bed being much hotter than a -Mans Garments are when he is up, the thin, refreshing, moist Vapours, -that do penetrate the whole Body more powerfully when a -Man is up, are thereby hindred. This is one chief Reason why -a Man cannot digest a Supper so well in Bed, as if he sits up. -All Men know, that the Bed destroys Appetite. If a Man go to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>Bed at Eight a Clock, and lies till Eight in the Morning, he shall -not be hungry; but if he goes to Bed at the same time, and rises -at Four in the Morning, though he sits still without Action, yet -by Eight he shall have a good stomach to eat and drink; so great -is the power of the Air: For when a Man is up, his Body is -cool, and the pure Spirits and thin moist Vapours of the Air have -power to penetrate the Body; which Element the Body sucks in -like a Spunge thorow the Pores; and this does not only cool and -refresh the Spirits, and the whole Body, but also powerfully -strengthens the Action of the Stomach.</p> - -<p class='c005'>But I pity the young Children most, who are so tender, and of -so delicate a Nature, both in their Body and Spirits, that every -Disorder does wound them to the very Heart. Nothing is more -grateful and refreshing to them, than the pleasant Air: It comforts -their Spirits, and causeth a free Circulation of the Blood -and Radical Moisture, begets Appetite, and makes them grow in -Strength: But, on the contrary, hot sulphurous Airs, with great -Fires, and warm Clothing, do not only hinder the Circulation -of the Blood, but suffocate the Spirits, and destroy the Appetite, -causing an unnatural Heat to possess the whole Body; whence -does proceed various Disorders and Diseases, making them to cry, -and be very forward. Also close Bindings, and over-warm Clothings, -and thick hot Airs, do oft in weak-spirited Children -cause Convulsions, Vapours, and Fumes to fly into the Head, -sometimes occasioning Vomiting, which People call Windy Diseases.</p> - -<p class='c005'>Again, The Food of most Children, of late Years, is so enriched -with <i>West</i> and <i>East-India</i> Ingredients, that is, with Sugar -and Spices, that thereby their Food becomes so hot in operation, -that it does not only breed too much Nourishment, which generates -Obstructions and Stoppages, but it heats the Body, drying -up and consuming the Radical Moisture, and infecting the Blood -with a sharp fretting Humour, which in some Complexions and -Constitutions causeth Languishing Diseases, contracting the Breast -and Vessels of the Stomach, and hindering the Passages of the -Spirits, so that the Joynts and Nerves become weak and feeble: -in others, with the help of bad Diet, and other Uncleanliness, does -cause Botches, Boils, and various sorts of Leprous Diseases. Also -many that have wherewithal, will frequently give their Children -Sack, strong Drinks, and fat Meats, as long as they will eat, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>which is abominable, and absolutely contrary to the Nature of -Children.</p> - -<p class='c005'>There are a hundred other Disorders and Intemperances that -many Mothers and ignorant Nurses affect their Children with, -which I have no room in this Place to discourse of: Therefore I -commend unto the Women Milk that is raw, only made so hot -as the Mothers or Nurses Milk is when the Child sucks it; and -sometimes Milk and Flower boyled together, giving it the Child -about the warmness of Breast-milk; and indeed, neither Children -nor others ought to eat any Food hotter. Also no Children -ought to drink any kind of strong Drink: I could commend Water, -as the most wholesom; but it being contrary to our Custom, -ordinary Beer may do well, or rather small Ale. If Women did -understand but the hundredth part of the Evils and Diseases those -indulging and intemperate Ways do bring both to themselves and -Children, they would quickly be of my mind; which I never -expect; <i>They are too wise</i>.</p> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> - <h2 class='c003'>A SHORT DISCOURSE<br /> <br />OF THE<br /> <br />PAIN in the TEETH,</h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c006'> - <div>Shewing from what Cause it does chiefly proceed,</div> - <div>and also how to prevent it.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>The terrible Pains and Diseases of the Teeth do chiefly -proceed from two Causes. The first is from certain filthy -phlegmy Matter which the Stomach and Vessels do -continually breathe and send forth, which does lodge or center in -the Mouth, especially between the Teeth, and on the Gums; and -some People having fouler Stomachs than others, such do breathe -forth very sour, stinking, phlegmy Matter, which does not only -increase the Pain, but causeth the Teeth to become loose and rotten: -And for want of continual cleansing and washing, those -Breathings and this Phlegmy Matter turns to Putrifaction, which -does eat away the Gums, as though Worms had eaten them: And -this Defect is generally attributed to the Disease called the <i>Scurvey</i>; -but it is a mistake: the Cause is chiefly, as is mentioned before, -from the Stomach, or for want of Cleansings.</p> - -<p class='c005'>2. This Distemper of the Teeth and Gums does also proceed -from the various sorts of Meats and Drinks, and more especially -from the continual eating of Flesh, and fat sweet things, compounded -of various things of disagreeing Natures, which do not -only obstruct the Stomach, but fur and foul the Mouth, part -thereof remaining upon the Gums, and between the Teeth. For -all such things do quickly turn to Putrifaction, which does by degrees -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>corrupt both the Teeth and Gums. Besides, our Beds take -up near half the time of our Lives, which time the Body is not -only without motion, but the Bed and Coverings do keep it much -hotter than the Day-garments, especially of those that draw the -Curtains of their Windows and Beds so close, that the pure Spirits -and thin refreshing Vapours of the Air are hindred of having -their free egress and regress, which does dull and flatten the Action -of the Stomach; and this is the chief Cause why Suppers lie -hard in the Stomach, and require more than double the time for -perfect Concoction, than the same Food does when a Man is up, -and in the open Air: For this Element, if it hath its free Influences, -is sucked in, as by Spunges, through all the Pores of the Body, -and does wonderfully refresh, comfort, open, and cleanse all -the Parts, having power to assist and help Concoction: but hot, -dull, thick Airs do destroy the Action of the Stomach, and as it -were suffocate the pure Spirits, drying up and consuming the Radical -Moisture. Therefore the Night does foul the Mouth more -than the Day, furring it with a gross slimy Matter, especially -those that have foul Stomachs, and are in Years, which ought to -be well cleansed every Morning.</p> - -<p class='c005'>3. Whatsoever are the Disorders in the Body, the Mouth does -always partake of them; besides the Evils that the variety of -Food, and the improper mixtures of Flesh and Fish, and many -other things, which do foul and hurt both the Teeth and Gums. -When any Person is disordered with inward Diseases, does not -the Mouth quickly complain of the Evils thereof? This very few -do consider in time.</p> - -<p class='c005'>4. It is to be noted, That most People do attribute the Diseases -of the Teeth to Colds, and Rheums, and other outward Accidents. -It is true, outward Accidents will further this Disease, -but then there must be Matter before-hand, otherwise outward -Colds can have no power to cause this Pain. The same is to be -understood in all Stoppages of the Breast, and other Obstructions, -as Coughs, and the like. For, if any Part be obstructed, or there -be Matter for Distemper, then, on every small occasion of outward -Colds, or the like Accidents, Nature complains. If your -Teeth and Gums be sound, and free from this Matter, take what Colds -you will, and your Teeth will never complain, as daily Experience -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>doth shew. For all outward Colds, and other Accidents -of the like nature, have no power to seise any part of the Body, -except first there be some inward Defect or Infirmity: Suppose -the Teeth be defective, then the Disease falls on that Part; or if -it be the Head, Eyes, Breast, Back, or any other Part or Member -of the Body, that is obstructed, the Evil is felt in that Part. -Therefore if the Mouth be kept clean by continual Washings, it -will prevent all Matter which may cause Putrifaction; and then -Colds, and the like Accidents, will have no power to seise this -Part, or cause this terrible Pain. Even so it is in all other Parts -of the Body. If Temperance and Sobriety be observed in Meats, -Drinks, and Exercises, with other Circumstances belonging to -Health, then Stoppages, Coughs, Colds, and other Obstructions, -would not be so frequent on every small occasion: For Temperance -has an inward Power and Operation, and does as it were -cut off Diseases in the very Bud, preventing the Generation of -Matter whence Distempers do proceed, increasing the Radical -Moisture, and making the Spirits lively, brisk, and powerful, able -to withstand all outward Colds, and other Casualties of the like -nature.</p> - -<p class='c005'>5. There are many various things, of divers Natures, prescribed -by Physicians, and others, as Washes to preserve the Teeth -and Gums; but most of them, if not all, to little or no purpose, -as daily Experience teaches: For, all high, sharp Salts, and things -of a sour or keen nature, do rather cause the Teeth to perish, than -the contrary; as do all hot Spirits, be they what they will: Many -have destroyed their Teeth by the frequent use of such things, and -it hath hardly ever been known that any such things have ever -cured or prevented the aking Pains of the Teeth, but Water only. -Many Examples I could mention, if it were convenient. Physicians, -and others, do daily prescribe such things for the Cure and -Prevention of this Disease of the Teeth, which most of them do -know by experience can do no good, but rather the contrary: -But when People come to them, they must give them something -for their Money; for Interest and Ignorance have more affinity -with this sort of People, than Vertue, and the true Knowledge of -the Nature of Things. Most certain it is, That the Shepherd -and Husbandman do know far better how to prepare the Meat for -their Cattel, and also how to preserve them from Disorders, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>than many Physicians do their Food or Physick: and a Man shall -understand more by conversing with some of this sort of People, -than with the Learned: For the Shepherd and Husbandman understand -something of Nature; but most of the Learned are departed -from the simple Ways of God in Nature, putting out -their own Eyes, and then boasting what Wonders they can see -with other Mens: They have invented many Words to hide the -Truth from the Unlearned, that they may get the greater esteem. -This hath chiefly been done to advance Pride and Interest; so that -the Divine Eye is departed from many of them, who never make -any Inspexion into the true Nature of Things, being contented -to take other Mens Words, let it be right or wrong, as long as -they have Authority and Law on their sides, wherefore should -they trouble their weak Heads?</p> - -<p class='c005'>6. The best and most sure way to prevent the Diseases and -Pains in the Teeth and Gums, is every Morning to wash your -Mouth with at the least ten or twelve Mouthfuls of pure Water, -cold from the Spring or River, and so again after Dinner and -Supper, swallowing down a Mouthful of Water after each Washing: -For there is no sort of Liquor in the World so pure and -clean as Water; and nothing doth cleanse and free the Teeth and -Gums from that foul Matter which does proceed from the Breathings -and Purgings of the Stomach, and from the various sorts -of Food, so well as Water: The use of other Washes is to little -or no purpose; but whosoever do constantly wash their Mouths -with Water, as is before mentioned, shall find an essential Remedy. -All hard Rubbing and Picking of the Teeth ought by any -means to be avoided for that is injurious to them. Also whensoever -you find your Mouth foul, or subject to be slimie, as sometimes it -will more than at others, according to the good or evil state of -the Stomach, though it be not after eating; at all such times you -ought to wash your Mouth. This Rule all Mothers and Nurses -ought to observe, washing the Mouths of their Children two or -three times a day; and also to cause their Children to swallow -down a little Water, which will be very refreshing to their Stomachs: -For Milk does naturally foul and fur the Mouth and -Teeth, and if they be not kept clean by continual washing, it -causes the Breeding of Childrens Teeth to be the more painful to -them.</p> - -<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>7. To keep your Teeth white, one of the best things is a piece -of a <i>China</i> Dish, or a piece of a fine <i>Dutch</i> Earthen Dish, made -into fine Powder, and the Teeth rubbed with it.</p> - -<p class='c005'>8. Few there be that understand or consider the excellent Vertues -of Water, it being an Element of a mild and cleansing Nature -and Operation, friendly unto all things, and of universal -Use: But because it is so common, and so easily procured, I am -afraid that many People will be like <i>Naaman</i> the <i>Syrian</i>, when the -Prophet <i>Elisha</i> advised him to <i>wash seven times in the River of Jordan -to cure his Leprosie</i>; it being the Ignorance and Folly of most -People, to admire those things they do not know, and, on the -other side, to despise and trample under foot those Things and -Mysteries they do know; which the Learned in all Ages have taken -notice of: For, should some People know what Apothecaries -and others give them, they would despise the Physick, and have -but little respect for their Doctor.</p> - -<p class='c005'>All Housewifes do know, that no sort of Liquor, be it what it -will, will cleanse and sweeten their Vessels, but only Water; all -other Liquors leaving a sour stinking Quality behind them, which -will quickly cause Putrifaction: But Water in its own nature is -clean and pure, not only for all Uses in Housewifery, and the -Preservation of Health; but the Saints and Holy Men of God have -highly esteemed this Element, by using it in the exteriour Acts of -Divine Worship, as having a Simile with the Eternal Water of -Life, that does purifie and cleanse the Soul from Sin.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c006'> - <div><span class='large'><i>FINIS.</i></span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Transcriber's Notes.</p> - -<p class='c005'>This Book is 300 years old and the advice given has been superceded -by more modern methods and is only of historical value.</p> - -<p class='c005'>The spelling is not consistent.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise of Cleanness in Meats and -Drinks, of the Preparation of Food, the Excellency of Good Airs, -and the Benefits of Clean, by Tho. 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Tryon - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A Treatise of Cleanness in Meats and Drinks, -of the Preparation of Food, the Excellency of Good Airs, -and the Benefits of Clean - -Author: Tho. Tryon - -Release Date: July 27, 2016 [EBook #52657] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE OF CLEANNESS *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, readbueno and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by the Library of Congress) - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - A - - TREATISE - Of CLEANNESS in - Meats and Drinks, - OF THE - PREPARATION of FOOD, - - - THE - - Excellency of Good Airs, - - AND THE - - BENEFITS of Clean Sweet BEDS. - - Also of the - - Generation of Bugs, - - AND THEIR CURE. - - To which is added, - - A SHORT DISCOURSE - - OF THE - - _PAIN_ in the _TEETH_, - - Shewing from what Cause it does chiefly proceed, and - also how to prevent it. - - By _T H O. T R Y O N_. - - _L O N D O N_, Printed for the Author, - and sold by _L. Curtis_ near _Fleet-Bridge_. - - 1682. - - _Of Cleanness in Meats and Drinks. Of the Excellency of Good Airs, and - of the contrary. Of the Benefits of Clean Sweet Beds, and of the - Inconveniences of Feather-Beds. What Matter it is that does occasion - the Generation of that pernicious Vermin called Bugs, that so many - Hundreds in this City, and other great Towns, are infested with; - more especially in_ Holland, Italy, New-England, Barbadoes, Jamaica, - _and in many other Places. That they are never bred but where Beds - are: And that their being generated from Wooden Bedsteads, or from - Hogs Hair in the Plaisterings of the Walls, is a meer Story, - promoted inconsiderately by Persons mistaken in the Productions of - Nature: Also, How all such Persons as are troubled with them may be - cured without using Medicines, and Directions how to avoid ever - having them again._ - - - - - I. _Of Cleanness in Food._ - - -What is more profitable for all Lovers of Health and Wisdom, than Food -that is Radically Clean? And as Bread hath deservedly the first Place, -together with Herbs, and various sorts of excellent Fruits; so the next -is Milk, which of it self is a brave, mild, and most friendly Food to -Nature, very fit and profitable for all Ages and Complexions; and if it -do not agree with some People, it is because their Stomachs are made -sharp and soured by superfluity of dainty Food, and the continual use of -strong Drink. Also Milk being altered, it makes many sorts of wholesom -healthy Food. Next to these, are various sorts of Flesh, which being -killed in their proper Times and Seasons, and when they are free from -their Uncleannesses, Surfeits, and other Inconveniences, which most -Beasts are subject to; and if care be taken also that they be well and -moderately seasoned with Salt, and boyled in plenty of River or -Spring-water (which is the best of all Waters except Rain-water) they -become wholesom Nourishment. For, River-water hath the advantage of -running through various sorts of Earth, by which it sucks into it self a -fat, oylie, and saline Quality, which the Surface of the Earth does -plentifully afford; which also is the cause of all Vegitation, and the -lovely Green Colour which all Vegitables are cloth'd with, does arise -from this Saline Quality. For these Reasons, River-water will Brew, -Boil, and Wash, and it is more profitable in all Uses in Houswifery, -than Spring or Pump-water, and far wholesomer for Men and Beasts to -drink. Also your Vessel in which your Food is boyled, ought to be -uncovered all the time it boyls; for if the Air have not its free egress -and regress, the pure Spirits in the Food become as it were suffocated, -and then the Food so prepared becomes dull and heavy; for the Air is the -Essential Life of the Spirit; and all Food that hath not plenty of -Water, and the free Influences of the Air, in its Preparation, does -certainly lose its natural Colour, with the pure Smell and Taste: for if -those three Qualities be not preserved in all Preparations of Food, then -the genuine Vertue and lively Tinctures are in part lost. The same is to -be observed in all Physical Operations. And if the above-mentioned Order -be not observed, then the Food is not so pleasant to the Pallate, nor so -easie of Concoction; it lies heavy in the Stomach, dulling and -stupifying the Senses; it generates a gross Nourishment, and bad Blood, -whence does proceed many Diseases: Whereas if the above-mentioned Rules -be observed, and your Fire quick, that your Food do not stand still, or -cease from boyling, till it be sufficiently done, the Effects are -contrary. It is also much better the Food should be a little -under-prepared, than too much: For when the gross phlegmatick Body of -any Food is by Preparation digested, then presently the lively -spirituous Quality is set at liberty, whence does proceed a most -pleasant Smell and Taste; which pleasant Quality, before the -Preparation, lay hid or captivated in the Body of Phlegm; but so soon as -this phlegmatick Body is in part destroyed, the Spirit becomes Volatile; -and then, if the Preparation be continued, those pure Spirits do either -become suffocated, or evaporate; and then the sweet Balsamick Body turns -as it were sour. For these Reasons, all sorts of Food, either over -prepared, or twice prepared, are of a strong fulsom taste and smell; as -all Meats heat again, and also Pottages, and all such things, do -obstruct Nature, and generate many Diseases. But if the forementioned -Rules be observed, the Food so prepared is not only more pleasant to the -Pallate, but far lighter of Digestion, and breeds better Blood. For that -Universal Distemper (the _Scurvy_) which reigns so much in _England_, is -chiefly caused by Food ill prepared, and the eating of too much Flesh, -and Fat things, especially in the improper Seasons of the Year, _viz._ -from _July_ to the last of _November_. In this Season the Sun, which is -the true Life and Power of all things, declines; and all sorts of -Herbage, which is the Food of all Beasts that are generally eaten, doth -the same: The Grass all this Season is fraught with a gross phlegmatick -Matter; besides, it is a fainty hot time; the Air, which is the -Cherishing Life of all things, is more gross, and full of Humidity, than -all other times of the Year; the Spirits of all sorts of Creatures are -also weak, and on any Accidents are quickly wounded, or evaporated, more -especially those Beasts that come from remote Parts to great Cities. -Besides, it is then the principal time of their Generating, which -renders them unclean. Are not the People ten-fold as sickly in this -Season, and double the number die, than they do at other times? Also you -may observe, That the Rots amongst Sheep, and Murrains that attend other -Beasts, are all or most of them in this Season: Therefore all sorts of -People ought to be more careful of their Health, both in Exercises, -Meats, and Drink, that they do not exceed either in quantity, nor eat -things that are improper in quality. This is the time that all -Shepherds, and also those that are Drivers of Horses, and indeed all -that have the Government of Cattel, ought to have and use double the -prudence in the management of them, than at other Seasons of the Year, -as I have more largely discoursed in a small Treatise, which I intend to -put forth, if I am permitted, of the Preservation of Sheep from the Rot, -and Horses from Surfeits. - -There are three Marks by which every one may know whether the Flesh be -good. The first is by its pure White and brisk Red Colour, when Raw. The -second is by its continuing its firmness, being plump or swelled when -boyled, having a brisk and lively Taste, and that after eating it feels -easie and pleasant in the Stomach. The third is, by its taking Salt -well; for if your Flesh be free from Heat and Surfeits, and not -over-fed, which charges the Body with gross Phlegm; as also if it be not -kept longer after it is killed (as indeed it ought not) than it be -thought to be cold, before it is salted; all such Flesh will take Salt -greedily, and it will not only keep longer from Putrifaction, but it -will eat much sweeter, and breed better Nourishment. For, if any sort of -Cattel be over-fed, surfeited, or any other Inconveniency attends them, -and they be killed before they have recovered themselves of those -Injuries; or if it be in _August_, _September_, or _October_, this Flesh -will not take Salt so well as the former, neither will the Salt preserve -it half so long from Corruption. Also, as it is before-mentioned, if -Flesh be kept too long after it be killed, such Flesh will not receive -Salt into it, as other will, which is salted as soon as it is cold: For -by keeping it does certainly lose its pure Spirituous Quality, so that -the Body becomes heavy, gross, and dull. Does not the Life and Spirits -of most sorts of Food waste and evaporate by keeping, if there be not a -proper way of Preservation used? If Flesh, by any Inconveniencies, have -lost its pure lively Spirits and Vertue, Salt then hath no power to -preserve such Flesh from Putrifaction: For Salt cannot preserve the Body -from Corruption, but by vertue of the pure subtile Spirits, which are a -pleasant Habitation for the Salt to incorporate it self with: For Salt -will not preserve Flesh from Putrifaction, any longer than the Vertue -and Power of the Spirit does continue, as it does appear by all salted -Flesh and Fish: For through length of time the Spirits become either -suffocated, or evaporated, and then it presently falls into -Putrifaction: And yet this same Flesh does still continue Salt; for Salt -does not destroy and purge the Flesh from its Corruption, but -incorporates it self with the Essential Spirits, and those two do as it -were tie or hold the corrupt Part Captive, till the Spirit and Life of -the Flesh be spent or wasted, and then the Flesh falls into -Putrifaction, which cannot be recovered, eitheir by Salting, or any -other Art, to its first state: But if the Salt had purged or destroyed -the Humidity and gross part, then there would have been no Room nor -Matter for Putrifaction, and then it would have continued firm and -sound, as many other things do, which are freed from that gross humid -Matter from which Putrifaction does proceed. Therefore Flesh is -naturally the most unclean of all Food, it being of a gross phlegmatick -Nature; and if Care be not taken, and Order and Temperance observed in -the Eater, it generates abundance of crude and noxious Humours. - -2. Cleanness in Houses, especially in Beds, is a great Preserver of -Health. Now Beds for the most part stand in Corners of Chambers, and -being ponderous close Substances, the refreshing Influences of the Air -have no power to penetrate or destroy the gross Humidity that all such -Places contract, where the Air hath not its free egress and regress. In -these shady dull Places Beds are continued for many Years, and hardly -see the Sun or Elements. Besides, Beds suck in and receive all sorts of -pernicious Excrements that are breathed forth by the Sweating of various -sorts of People, which have Leprous and Languishing Diseases, which lie -and die on them: The Beds, I say, receive all these several Vapours and -Spirits, and the same Beds are often continued for several Generations, -without changing the Feathers, until the Ticks be rotten. Besides, we -have many Feathers that are Imported from several Countries, which are -the Drivings of old Beds, the Uncleanness whereof is not considered. As -to the Nature of Feathers, they are of a strong, hot, fulsom Quality: -for, Fowls, of all Creatures, are for the most part the hottest; and -their Feathers contain the same Nature: Therefore the constant lying on -soft Feather-beds, does not only over-heat the Back and Reins, weakning -the Joynts and Nerves; but they have power also not only to receive but -retain all evil Vapours and Excrements that proceed from, and are -breathed forth by various Diseased People. Hence it comes to pass, that -sundry Distempers are transferred from one to another, by lying upon or -in such Beds, which Distempers do secretly steal on a Man by degrees, so -that he cannot imagine whence the disorder proceeds, or what the Cause -thereof should be. But I would not have the Reader mistake me; all -People are not subject to get Diseases this way: There are some whose -Constitutions are strong, and their Natural Heat and Spirits are -vigorous and lively, by the Power and Vertue whereof they withstand and -repel all such evil Vapours and Scents as do proceed from such Beds, -when a Man is hot and sweats in them, that they have no power to seise -the Spirit: But, on the contrary, when such People shall lie on such -Beds, whose Natural Heat is weak, their Spirits few, and whose Central -Heat is not able to withstand or repel those Vapours and Scents which -such Beds send forth when a Man is hot in them, this last sort of People -are subject to receive Injuries, and contract Diseases: For those evil -Vapours do powerfully penetrate the whole Body; and if they are not -withstood by the Central Heat and Power of the Spirits, then these evil -Vapours do seise the Spirits, and incorporate themselves with their -Likenesses: For every particular thing does sensibly and powerfully seek -out its Likeness, and wheresoever it finds its Simile, it hath power to -incorporate, and become essential. These are the chief Reasons why one -Man gets Diseases by lying with Diseased Persons, and in unclean Beds, -and others not. It is a general Custom, when Men go abroad or travel, to -desire clean Sheets, imagining them to be a sufficient Bulwark to defend -them from the pernicious Fumes and Vapours of old stale Beds; but it is -too short. For, it is certain, that most or all Beds do perfectly stink, -not only those in Inns and Houses of Entertainment, but others: Not but -that every ones Bed does smell indifferent well to himself; but when he -lies in a strange Bed, let a Man but put his Nose into the Bed when he -is thorowly hot, and hardly any Common Vault is like it. - -Now this sort of Uncleanness, which does proceed from old Beds, is not -only the greatest, but also the most injurious to the Health and -Preservation of Mankind, and the least care is taken to prevent it: -Every one that can, will have plentiful Changes both of Linen and -Woollen Garments; for if they have not, Experience does shew, that the -Excrements and Breathings of the Body will generate Vermin. Also do not -most People take care that their Furnitures are daily brushed and -rubbed, and their very Floors washed, as though they were to eat their -Food on them? But all this while they lie on Beds that have not been -changed, or hardly aired, in several Years. Let any indifferent Person -judge, which is most pleasurable and healthful, to have a clean Floor to -tread on, which costs many hard days Labour to keep so, and is dirtied -in a Moments time; or to have a clean sweet Bed to lye on. There is no -Comparison to be made, the difference is so great; the one being -essential either to Health or Sickness, the other an indifferent thing. -If there was but the tenth part of the Care taken to keep Beds clean and -sweet, as there is of Clothing and Furniture, then there would be no -Matter for the getting of Diseases, nor for the Generation of Bugs. I -would have all Housewifes, and others, consider the Reasons of these -things. Are not Lice, that troublesom Vermin, bred from the Breathings -of the Body, for want of often Change both of Linnen and Woollen? And -will not Fleas breed from the very Dust of Chambers where People lie? -Also any Woollen that hath been used about Beds, although the cold -Winter hath destroyed them, yet if these Clothes lie in any close place, -where the Air hath not its free egress and regress, these very Garments -will generate Fleas the Summer following: but if these Clothes had never -been used about Men and Women, they would never have bred Fleas: for -there is no Matter of Element in Wooll or Cloth for the Generation of -such Creatures; but Wooll, Cloth, Furs, and Hair are chiefly the Element -of Moths, and sometimes of small Worms; that is, if such things are kept -in Places where the refreshing Influences of the Air have not their free -egress: for all such Places do contract great store of Moisture, which, -when hot Weather comes, causeth Putrifaction, whence all such Vermin do -proceed. But if those things be in daily use, and exposed to the open -Element, they never breed any Vermin: So that the Generation of those -things are generally caused by Accidents; not but that there is Matter -in the Radixes of such things for the Generation of such Vermin. - -3. From the pernicious Smells and putrified Vapours that do proceed from -old Beds, are generated the Vermin called Bugs, (of which, neither the -Ancients, nor the Modern Writers of this Age, have taken any notice) -according to the Degrees of Uncleanness, Nature of the Excrements, and -the Closeness of the Places where Beds stand: for some Peoples -Excrements are not so unclean as others: Also in all close Places, -especially in Cities and Great Towns, the Spirits and thin Vapours of -the Air are suffocated, which makes the same Air Sulphurous and Humid, -whence does proceed Putrifaction. Therefore it is not to be thought a -General Rule, _That all old Beds should breed Bugs_, as some (who are -ignorant of the Operations of Nature) will be apt to say, _If one Bed do -breed them, why not all?_ No, it is according to the nature of the -Uncleanness, and other Accidents that do happen: For where (as is said -before) the thin pure Air, with the refreshing Influences of the Sun and -Elements, have their free egress and regress, all such Matter is -destroyed whence such Vermin is produced. The Original of these -Creatures called Bugs is from Putrifaction, occasioned by stinking -Scents and Vapours which do proceed from the Bodies and Nature of Men -and Women, and the mixing or incorporating of these Vapours with moist -and sulphurous Airs: For where there is no Heat nor Humidity, there can -begin no Putrifaction. Therefore all that have attributed the Generation -of this Vermin to Wood, as Bedsteads, and the like, are grosly mistaken -in the Productions of Nature; for there is no Matter in Wood that can -generate such a Vermin, it being productive only or chiefly of two -Creatures in _England_, _viz._ of Wood-Lice, and a small Worm. These -Wood-Lice are never generated but in Places where the Sun and Air have -not their free Influences, so that there is store of Humidity -contracted; and when the Sun comes to such Degrees of the Zodiack, this -Creature is generated, which is of as different a Nature from Bugs, as -sweet Wood is from a stinking Bed. Also Wood does breed a certain small -Worm, but never till the Salts Nature and Power is decayed through -length of time; then the Air enters it, which does presently cause it to -contract a humid Quality, from whence proceeds Putrifaction, whereof, -when the Sun is powerful, this Worm is bred. But so long as Wood -continues sound, and is kept dry, the Air having its free Influences on -it, I affirm, That no sort of Wood ever breeds any kind of Vermin. - -4. There are many also that attribute the Generation of this Creature to -Hogs Hair, which being mixed with Lime, and Houses Plaistered with it, -does occasion (say they) the Generation of Bugs. Now it is most certain, -that there is no possibility in Nature for this Production: For no kind -of Hair ever breeds any Living Creature, except it be put into Water or -Mud when the Sun is powerful, and then this Creature, thus generated, -retains its first _Species_, _viz._ a Hair, with a live Head, which was -its Element whence it proceeded: but if you take it out of the Water, it -presently dies: So also it doth when the Sun declines in Heat, as most -sorts of Vermin that are bred through Heat and Moisture do. But Hair -being mixed with Lime, all Matter of Generation is thereby totally -destroyed: For Lime does chiefly contain a harsh, fiery, keen, sharp, -corroding Quality; it is so sharp, that it does destroy all Life, and is -as contrary to it, as Light is to Darkness; the predominant Quality in -it is the Salts Nature, from which no Living Creature can be produced. -Besides, if there were never so much Matter in Hair for the Generation -of such Vermin, Lime would destroy it; for in Lime there is only a -Sal-nitral fiery Vertue. - -5. If the Reasons before-mentioned be not sufficient to convince the -Ignorant of their erroneous Opinions in this particular, then I hope the -following one will, which is more familiar to every one. It hath never -been known, that this troublesom Vermin was ever seen in Warehouses, -Kitchens, Parlours, Dining-rooms, or any Places where Beds have never -been, except they have by accident been brought into such Rooms or -Warehouses, by Furniture of Chambers that have been troubled with them, -though all such Places have the same Furniture as Chambers, except Beds. - -6. From the same Substance or Matter whence Bugs are bred, is also -occasioned the Generation of many nasty Diseases in the Blood; so that -the destruction of the Matter that breeds them, is of greater -Consequence than most People are sensible of: And if these following -Rules be observed, I dare affirm, That the Generation of Bugs will -cease, and also many other Inconveniencies and Distempers, that are got -by this sort of Uncleanness, will be avoided. - -First, You are to destroy all Press-Bedsteads which stand in Corners of -Rooms, being made up with Boards so close, that the Air cannot penetrate -or dry up and consume the moist sulphurous Vapours that are contracted. -These sorts of Beds, that stand so, are apt to have them more than -others. Also you are to set your other sorts of Beds as near as you can -in the most Airie Places of your Rooms, exposing them to the Air the -most part of the day, with your Chamber-Windows open, that the Air may -freely pass, which is the most excellent Element, that does sweeten all -things, and prevents Putrifaction. In the Night also you ought not to -have your Window-Curtains drawn, nor your Curtains that are about your -Beds; for it hinders the sweet refreshing Influences of the Air, so that -the Air of all close Places becomes of a hot sulphurous Nature and -Operation; the thin pure Vapours, which do wonderfully refresh Nature, -are as it were suffocated: And this preventing the Influences of the -Air, is in an especial manner observable, when People are sick, or out -of order; as though the sweet pleasant Air had been the Cause of their -Disease: such Rooms being so very close, with great Fires in them, that -if a healthy Person do but continue three or four Hours in them, the -fulsom Steams and thick Vapours will much disorder him, and take away -the edge of his Appetite: And if so, what will the Operation be on those -whose Spirits are weak and disordered with Distempers? - -What is more pleasant and healthful than good Air? It chears and -comforts the Spirits, it opens the Passages of the Joynts and Nerves, it -purifies the Blood, creates an Appetite, increasing Strength and Vigour: -But, on the contrary, hot, thick, sulphurous Airs do not only obstruct -the Passages of the Spirits, but suffocate them, loading the Joynts and -Nerves with evil Juices, whereby the Limbs and Members become full of -pain, causing a general Tenderness to possess the whole Body, and -destroying the Appetite, and the Power of the Digestive Faculty in the -Stomach. Also, do not all Houses and Places grow musty, and contract too -great store of Moisture, if the Air be any way prevented, by -Window-shutters, or the like, that it cannot have its free egress and -regress? Therefore moderate Clothing, hard Beds, Houses that stand so as -that the pleasant Briezes of Wind may air and refresh them, and also -Houses that are full of Windows, are to be preferr'd: For where the Air -hath not its free Influences, the Spirit becomes dull and heavy, this -being the true Life of the Spirit in every thing. - -7. Now the certain Means and Way not onely to prevent the Generation of -this Vermin, but also to preserve Health and Strength, are Straw, or -rather Chaff-Beds, with Ticks of Canvas, and Quilts made of Wooll or -Flocks to lay on them; which certainly is the most easie and pleasant -Lodging that can be invented: and a little Custom will make it appear -friendly to Nature, and in every respect far beyond the softest -Feather-beds, on which, when a Man lies down, he sinks into them, as -into an Hole, with Banks rising on each side of him; especially if two -lie together, when first they go to Bed they lie close, and after a -little time, when they begin to be hot or sweat, they are generally -willing to lie a little further off, that they may cool themselves, but -cannot do it without great difficulty and trouble, by reason of the -softness of the Bed, and those Banks that rise on each side. Besides, -such soft Feather-Beds do over-heat the Reins and Back, making all the -Parts tender, and causing Sweatings and many other Inconveniencies to -attend the Body. Feather-beds also are nothing so easie as Quilts, after -a little time being accustomed to them; they are also extream fulsom, -and by their Heat they do powerfully dry up the Radical Moisture, -causing a general Faintness to attend the whole Body. But, on the -contrary, hard, even Beds, that lie smooth, are not only easie through -custom, as is mentioned before; but a Man may turn freely, both sleeping -and waking: They harden and strengthen the whole Body, especially the -Back and Reins, make the Nerves and Sinews strong, preventing the -immoderate Evacuations by Sweating, and keeping the Body in a temperate -Heat. Besides, such Beds may be often changed, with but little Trouble, -and less Cost; they send forth no stinking Fumes or Steams, as -Feather-beds do; but are sweet and clean. Certainly nothing is more -healthy, next to Temperance in Meat and Drink, than clean hard Beds. - -8. All sorts of Beds, especially Feather-beds, ought to be changed, -driven, or washed, at the least three or four times in a Year; or else -it is impossible to keep them sweet and clean, and to prevent the -Generation of Vermin, or the other Inconveniencies before-mentioned. -Would not every one condemn a Man, if he should wear a Shirt a Year, and -lie in Sheets seven Years? Which if any should do, it would not either -endanger his Health, or bring half the Inconveniencies on his Body, as -old stinking Feather-beds do; which possibly stunk before ever they were -lain on, by reason of the fulsom Excrements that the Quills of the -Feathers contain. Also Feathers do certainly contain an unclean -putrified Matter, that hath a near affinity with the Nature of Bugs; and -therefore Feather-beds are more apt to breed them, than Wooll, or -Flocks; though both will do it, if the forementioned Rules be not -observed. But if you are not willing, or so lowly-minded, to have Straw -or Chaff-Beds under your Quilts, then you may have Flock-Beds, with -Canvas Tickings, which may be both aired and washed as often as you -please, with little Trouble and Charge. If any shall question the Truth -of what I have alledged concerning Beds, I desire they would please but -to try the Experiment, by filling a Bed with the freshest and cleanest -Straw or Chaff, which will smell very pleasant; and having so done, let -them lie on it half a Year, in a corner of a Room, as Beds generally -stand, and then smell to it; and in stead of sending forth a pleasant -Scent, as it did at first, it will send forth a strong, fulsom, musty -Steam or Fume. And if this will do so, what will Feathers do, that in -the Root of Nature are unclean fulsom Excrements, of a hot strong -Quality? Therefore they have the greater power not only to attract and -suck in to themselves the fulsom Excrements that are breathed forth of -the Body by Sweatings, and the like; but they have also power to retain -such evil Vapours: and when others come to lie on them, and are -thoroughly hot, it awakens those pernicious Steams, which often bring -many Inconveniencies on the Body. Besides, it is very unpleasant to lie -in such Beds; a Man must always be forced to keep his Nose above-board. -Indeed each Mans own Bed does not stink or smell strong to himself, -because he is accustomed to it; neither does a Tallow-Chandler smell -those horrible Scents and pernicious Fumes that old Tallow sends forth -when it is melted: But let any other Person, that is not accustomed to -it, be near such things, and it will be very offensive to him. Even so -it is in all other stinking Trades, and things of this nature: so that -the greatest Slut in the World does hardly smell her own House or Bed -stink: For in Man is contained the true Nature and Property of all -things, both of Good and Evil; therefore he is both liable and also apt -to receive all Impressions, and to be wrought on by all things he shall -either communicate with or joyn himself to, whether it be Cleanness, or -the contrary. Also by Meats, Drinks, and Communication, all things have -power, by a Sympathetical Operation, to work on Man, because he is like -unto all, bearing a proportionable Nature unto all things. If People did -understand this, they would prefer Sobriety and Temperance, with -Cleanness, far beyond what they do; and then Men would not be subject to -so many Diseases as now they are. - -9. Heat and Moisture is the Root of all Putrifaction; and therefore Bugs -are bred in Summer; but they live all the Winter, though they are not -then so troublesom. They harbour in Bedsteads, Holes, and Hangings, -Nitting and breeding as Lice do in Clothes: But all Men know, that -Woollen and Linnen are not the Element of Lice, but they are bred from -the fulsom Scents and Excrements that are breathed forth from the Body. -The very same Radix have Bugs; and if there be any difference, they are -from a higher Putrifaction, and therefore they are a more noisome -stinking Creature. - -10. The whole Preservation of Mens Health and Strength does chiefly -reside in the Wisdom and Temperance of Women. Therefore the ancient Wise -Men in former Ages, did direct and accustom their Women to a higher -degree of Temperance than the Men. Which Customs of Sobriety the Women -of several Countries do maintain to this day, as in _Spain_, great part -of _France_, _Italy_, and many great Countries under the Dominion of the -_Grand Seignior_. Their Women do always drink Water, their Food being -for the most part of a mean and simple Quality; and for this Reason -neither they nor their Children are subject to several Diseases which -our Women and Children are. Wine and strong Drink should be sparingly -drunk by Women, till they are past Child-bearing; because the frequent -and common drinking of strong Drinks, does generate various Distempers -in the Female Sex, such as are not fit to be discoursed of in this -Place, which their Children often bring with them into the World. If the -Seed be good, yet if the Ground be bad, it seldom brings forth good -Fruit. Also Women are our Nurses for fifteen or sixteen Years; and they -do not only suffer us to be Gluttons, by letting us eat and drink often, -of their ill-prepared Food, beyond the power of the Digestive Faculty, -and more than the Stomach can bear; but many of them will entice us to -Gluttony, and some will force their Children to eat even against their -Stomachs, till they cast it up again. Now if it be a difficult Point for -a Man of Age and Experience to observe the necessary Rules of -Temperance, how careful then ought Mothers and Nurses to be in ordering -their Children? A great part of the Children that die, especially in -Towns and Cities, is occasioned either by the Intemperance of their -Mothers, during the time they go with Child, or afterwards by their -unnatural and badly-prepared Food, and suffering them to eat to excess; -also by their keeping of them too warm, and too close from the Air, and -lapping of them up in several Double Clothes and Swathes, so tight, that -a Man may write on them, and then putting them into warm Beds, and -covering them up close. If a strong Man was so bound up, he could not -endure it, without great injury unto his Health. Besides, the -Window-Curtains are drawn, and also the Curtains about the Bed; by which -means the Air becomes so hot and sulphurous, that it causes great -Disorders to attend both the Mothers and the Children. This ill kind of -Management does also cause such a Tenderness both in the Mother and the -Child, that on every small occasion they are liable and apt to get -Colds, and divers other Distempers. - -Also Women have the entire Management of all things that concern our -Healths, during the whole time of our Lives; they prepare and dress our -Food, and order all things in our Houses, both for Bed and Board. There -is not one Man of a hundred that understands or takes any notice whether -his Food be well prepared or not; and if his Bed stinks, he is used to -it, and so counts it all well. Mens Time and Study is chiefly taken up -about getting a Livelihood, and providing things necessary for -themselves and Families; so that there is not one among a thousand that -understands any thing what belongs to the Preservation of his Health: -Whatever the Women do and say touching the Preparation of Food, and -other ordering of Families for Health, most Men believe, not making the -least scruple or question of the truth thereof. And well they may: For -the chiefest Doctors of our Times do bow before them, and are altogether -as subject to the Rules and Directions of Women, as other Men. Where are -your Doctors that teach Men Sobriety in their Lives, or the proper and -natural way of preparing Meats fit for the Stomach? Which of them -adviseth against the evil Custom of keeping their Chambers so over-hot, -when People are sick, and in the time of Womens lying in Child-bed? Why -do they not advise them not to have their Curtains so close drawn, both -before the Windows and Beds, insomuch that they are oftentimes in a -manner suffocated for want of the fresh Air? For, I affirm, That all -sorts of People that do keep their Beds, let the Occasion be what it -will, have ten-fold more need of the refreshing Influences of the Air, -than others that are up: For, the Bed being much hotter than a Mans -Garments are when he is up, the thin, refreshing, moist Vapours, that do -penetrate the whole Body more powerfully when a Man is up, are thereby -hindred. This is one chief Reason why a Man cannot digest a Supper so -well in Bed, as if he sits up. All Men know, that the Bed destroys -Appetite. If a Man go to Bed at Eight a Clock, and lies till Eight in -the Morning, he shall not be hungry; but if he goes to Bed at the same -time, and rises at Four in the Morning, though he sits still without -Action, yet by Eight he shall have a good stomach to eat and drink; so -great is the power of the Air: For when a Man is up, his Body is cool, -and the pure Spirits and thin moist Vapours of the Air have power to -penetrate the Body; which Element the Body sucks in like a Spunge thorow -the Pores; and this does not only cool and refresh the Spirits, and the -whole Body, but also powerfully strengthens the Action of the Stomach. - -But I pity the young Children most, who are so tender, and of so -delicate a Nature, both in their Body and Spirits, that every Disorder -does wound them to the very Heart. Nothing is more grateful and -refreshing to them, than the pleasant Air: It comforts their Spirits, -and causeth a free Circulation of the Blood and Radical Moisture, begets -Appetite, and makes them grow in Strength: But, on the contrary, hot -sulphurous Airs, with great Fires, and warm Clothing, do not only hinder -the Circulation of the Blood, but suffocate the Spirits, and destroy the -Appetite, causing an unnatural Heat to possess the whole Body; whence -does proceed various Disorders and Diseases, making them to cry, and be -very forward. Also close Bindings, and over-warm Clothings, and thick -hot Airs, do oft in weak-spirited Children cause Convulsions, Vapours, -and Fumes to fly into the Head, sometimes occasioning Vomiting, which -People call Windy Diseases. - -Again, The Food of most Children, of late Years, is so enriched with -_West_ and _East-India_ Ingredients, that is, with Sugar and Spices, -that thereby their Food becomes so hot in operation, that it does not -only breed too much Nourishment, which generates Obstructions and -Stoppages, but it heats the Body, drying up and consuming the Radical -Moisture, and infecting the Blood with a sharp fretting Humour, which in -some Complexions and Constitutions causeth Languishing Diseases, -contracting the Breast and Vessels of the Stomach, and hindering the -Passages of the Spirits, so that the Joynts and Nerves become weak and -feeble: in others, with the help of bad Diet, and other Uncleanliness, -does cause Botches, Boils, and various sorts of Leprous Diseases. Also -many that have wherewithal, will frequently give their Children Sack, -strong Drinks, and fat Meats, as long as they will eat, which is -abominable, and absolutely contrary to the Nature of Children. - -There are a hundred other Disorders and Intemperances that many Mothers -and ignorant Nurses affect their Children with, which I have no room in -this Place to discourse of: Therefore I commend unto the Women Milk that -is raw, only made so hot as the Mothers or Nurses Milk is when the Child -sucks it; and sometimes Milk and Flower boyled together, giving it the -Child about the warmness of Breast-milk; and indeed, neither Children -nor others ought to eat any Food hotter. Also no Children ought to drink -any kind of strong Drink: I could commend Water, as the most wholesom; -but it being contrary to our Custom, ordinary Beer may do well, or -rather small Ale. If Women did understand but the hundredth part of the -Evils and Diseases those indulging and intemperate Ways do bring both to -themselves and Children, they would quickly be of my mind; which I never -expect; _They are too wise_. - - - - - A SHORT DISCOURSE - - OF THE - - PAIN in the TEETH, - - Shewing from what Cause it does chiefly proceed, - and also how to prevent it. - - -The terrible Pains and Diseases of the Teeth do chiefly proceed from two -Causes. The first is from certain filthy phlegmy Matter which the -Stomach and Vessels do continually breathe and send forth, which does -lodge or center in the Mouth, especially between the Teeth, and on the -Gums; and some People having fouler Stomachs than others, such do -breathe forth very sour, stinking, phlegmy Matter, which does not only -increase the Pain, but causeth the Teeth to become loose and rotten: And -for want of continual cleansing and washing, those Breathings and this -Phlegmy Matter turns to Putrifaction, which does eat away the Gums, as -though Worms had eaten them: And this Defect is generally attributed to -the Disease called the _Scurvey_; but it is a mistake: the Cause is -chiefly, as is mentioned before, from the Stomach, or for want of -Cleansings. - -2. This Distemper of the Teeth and Gums does also proceed from the -various sorts of Meats and Drinks, and more especially from the -continual eating of Flesh, and fat sweet things, compounded of various -things of disagreeing Natures, which do not only obstruct the Stomach, -but fur and foul the Mouth, part thereof remaining upon the Gums, and -between the Teeth. For all such things do quickly turn to Putrifaction, -which does by degrees corrupt both the Teeth and Gums. Besides, our Beds -take up near half the time of our Lives, which time the Body is not only -without motion, but the Bed and Coverings do keep it much hotter than -the Day-garments, especially of those that draw the Curtains of their -Windows and Beds so close, that the pure Spirits and thin refreshing -Vapours of the Air are hindred of having their free egress and regress, -which does dull and flatten the Action of the Stomach; and this is the -chief Cause why Suppers lie hard in the Stomach, and require more than -double the time for perfect Concoction, than the same Food does when a -Man is up, and in the open Air: For this Element, if it hath its free -Influences, is sucked in, as by Spunges, through all the Pores of the -Body, and does wonderfully refresh, comfort, open, and cleanse all the -Parts, having power to assist and help Concoction: but hot, dull, thick -Airs do destroy the Action of the Stomach, and as it were suffocate the -pure Spirits, drying up and consuming the Radical Moisture. Therefore -the Night does foul the Mouth more than the Day, furring it with a gross -slimy Matter, especially those that have foul Stomachs, and are in -Years, which ought to be well cleansed every Morning. - -3. Whatsoever are the Disorders in the Body, the Mouth does always -partake of them; besides the Evils that the variety of Food, and the -improper mixtures of Flesh and Fish, and many other things, which do -foul and hurt both the Teeth and Gums. When any Person is disordered -with inward Diseases, does not the Mouth quickly complain of the Evils -thereof? This very few do consider in time. - -4. It is to be noted, That most People do attribute the Diseases of the -Teeth to Colds, and Rheums, and other outward Accidents. It is true, -outward Accidents will further this Disease, but then there must be -Matter before-hand, otherwise outward Colds can have no power to cause -this Pain. The same is to be understood in all Stoppages of the Breast, -and other Obstructions, as Coughs, and the like. For, if any Part be -obstructed, or there be Matter for Distemper, then, on every small -occasion of outward Colds, or the like Accidents, Nature complains. If -your Teeth and Gums be sound, and free from this Matter, take what Colds -you will, and your Teeth will never complain, as daily Experience doth -shew. For all outward Colds, and other Accidents of the like nature, -have no power to seise any part of the Body, except first there be some -inward Defect or Infirmity: Suppose the Teeth be defective, then the -Disease falls on that Part; or if it be the Head, Eyes, Breast, Back, or -any other Part or Member of the Body, that is obstructed, the Evil is -felt in that Part. Therefore if the Mouth be kept clean by continual -Washings, it will prevent all Matter which may cause Putrifaction; and -then Colds, and the like Accidents, will have no power to seise this -Part, or cause this terrible Pain. Even so it is in all other Parts of -the Body. If Temperance and Sobriety be observed in Meats, Drinks, and -Exercises, with other Circumstances belonging to Health, then Stoppages, -Coughs, Colds, and other Obstructions, would not be so frequent on every -small occasion: For Temperance has an inward Power and Operation, and -does as it were cut off Diseases in the very Bud, preventing the -Generation of Matter whence Distempers do proceed, increasing the -Radical Moisture, and making the Spirits lively, brisk, and powerful, -able to withstand all outward Colds, and other Casualties of the like -nature. - -5. There are many various things, of divers Natures, prescribed by -Physicians, and others, as Washes to preserve the Teeth and Gums; but -most of them, if not all, to little or no purpose, as daily Experience -teaches: For, all high, sharp Salts, and things of a sour or keen -nature, do rather cause the Teeth to perish, than the contrary; as do -all hot Spirits, be they what they will: Many have destroyed their Teeth -by the frequent use of such things, and it hath hardly ever been known -that any such things have ever cured or prevented the aking Pains of the -Teeth, but Water only. Many Examples I could mention, if it were -convenient. Physicians, and others, do daily prescribe such things for -the Cure and Prevention of this Disease of the Teeth, which most of them -do know by experience can do no good, but rather the contrary: But when -People come to them, they must give them something for their Money; for -Interest and Ignorance have more affinity with this sort of People, than -Vertue, and the true Knowledge of the Nature of Things. Most certain it -is, That the Shepherd and Husbandman do know far better how to prepare -the Meat for their Cattel, and also how to preserve them from Disorders, -than many Physicians do their Food or Physick: and a Man shall -understand more by conversing with some of this sort of People, than -with the Learned: For the Shepherd and Husbandman understand something -of Nature; but most of the Learned are departed from the simple Ways of -God in Nature, putting out their own Eyes, and then boasting what -Wonders they can see with other Mens: They have invented many Words to -hide the Truth from the Unlearned, that they may get the greater esteem. -This hath chiefly been done to advance Pride and Interest; so that the -Divine Eye is departed from many of them, who never make any Inspexion -into the true Nature of Things, being contented to take other Mens -Words, let it be right or wrong, as long as they have Authority and Law -on their sides, wherefore should they trouble their weak Heads? - -6. The best and most sure way to prevent the Diseases and Pains in the -Teeth and Gums, is every Morning to wash your Mouth with at the least -ten or twelve Mouthfuls of pure Water, cold from the Spring or River, -and so again after Dinner and Supper, swallowing down a Mouthful of -Water after each Washing: For there is no sort of Liquor in the World so -pure and clean as Water; and nothing doth cleanse and free the Teeth and -Gums from that foul Matter which does proceed from the Breathings and -Purgings of the Stomach, and from the various sorts of Food, so well as -Water: The use of other Washes is to little or no purpose; but whosoever -do constantly wash their Mouths with Water, as is before mentioned, -shall find an essential Remedy. All hard Rubbing and Picking of the -Teeth ought by any means to be avoided for that is injurious to them. -Also whensoever you find your Mouth foul, or subject to be slimie, as -sometimes it will more than at others, according to the good or evil -state of the Stomach, though it be not after eating; at all such times -you ought to wash your Mouth. This Rule all Mothers and Nurses ought to -observe, washing the Mouths of their Children two or three times a day; -and also to cause their Children to swallow down a little Water, which -will be very refreshing to their Stomachs: For Milk does naturally foul -and fur the Mouth and Teeth, and if they be not kept clean by continual -washing, it causes the Breeding of Childrens Teeth to be the more -painful to them. - -7. To keep your Teeth white, one of the best things is a piece of a -_China_ Dish, or a piece of a fine _Dutch_ Earthen Dish, made into fine -Powder, and the Teeth rubbed with it. - -8. Few there be that understand or consider the excellent Vertues of -Water, it being an Element of a mild and cleansing Nature and Operation, -friendly unto all things, and of universal Use: But because it is so -common, and so easily procured, I am afraid that many People will be -like _Naaman_ the _Syrian_, when the Prophet _Elisha_ advised him to -_wash seven times in the River of Jordan to cure his Leprosie_; it being -the Ignorance and Folly of most People, to admire those things they do -not know, and, on the other side, to despise and trample under foot -those Things and Mysteries they do know; which the Learned in all Ages -have taken notice of: For, should some People know what Apothecaries and -others give them, they would despise the Physick, and have but little -respect for their Doctor. - -All Housewifes do know, that no sort of Liquor, be it what it will, will -cleanse and sweeten their Vessels, but only Water; all other Liquors -leaving a sour stinking Quality behind them, which will quickly cause -Putrifaction: But Water in its own nature is clean and pure, not only -for all Uses in Housewifery, and the Preservation of Health; but the -Saints and Holy Men of God have highly esteemed this Element, by using -it in the exteriour Acts of Divine Worship, as having a Simile with the -Eternal Water of Life, that does purifie and cleanse the Soul from Sin. - - - _FINIS._ - - - - -Transcriber's Notes. - -This Book is 300 years old and the advice given has been superceded by -more modern methods and is only of historical value. - -The spelling is not consistent. - -Italicized words and phrases are presented by surrounding the text with -underscores. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise of Cleanness in Meats and -Drinks, of the Preparation of Food, the Excellency of Good Airs, and the Benefits of Clean, by Tho. 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