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diff --git a/old/52930-h/52930-h.htm b/old/52930-h/52930-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 08f27b7..0000000 --- a/old/52930-h/52930-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15392 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Names: and Their Meaning, by Leopold Wagner. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; -} - -li.ifrst { - margin-top: 2em; - padding-left: 4em; -} - -li.indx { - margin-top: .5em; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - max-width: 60em; -} - -td { - padding: 0.25em; - vertical-align: top; -} - -ul { - list-style-type: none; -} - -.caption { - text-align: center; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.hanging { - padding-left: 2em; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.larger { - font-size: 150%; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; -} - -.poetry-container { - text-align: center; - margin: 1em; -} - -.poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -.poetry .verse { - text-indent: -3em; - padding-left: 3em; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: 80%; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -.smcapuc { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; - text-transform: lowercase; -} - -.tdc { - text-align: center; - padding-top: 0.75em; -} - -.tdh { - text-align: justify; - padding-left: 2em; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.tdr { - text-align: right; - vertical-align: bottom; -} - -.titlepage { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 3em; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Names: and Their Meaning, by Leopold Wagner - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Names: and Their Meaning - A Book for the Curious - -Author: Leopold Wagner - -Release Date: August 29, 2016 [EBook #52930] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NAMES: AND THEIR MEANING *** - - - - -Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<h1><i>NAMES: AND THEIR MEANING.</i></h1> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="150" height="250" alt="T. Fisher Unwin printer’s mark" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">NAMES:<br /> -AND THEIR MEANING</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>A BOOK FOR THE CURIOUS</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage">BY<br /> -LEOPOLD WAGNER</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>THIRD AND REVISED EDITION.</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage">London<br /> -T. FISHER UNWIN<br /> -PATERNOSTER SQUARE<br /> -MDCCCXCIII</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> - -<p>Not the least difficult matter in connection -with the present work has been the choice -of a title. The one finally determined -upon is far from satisfactory, because it scarcely -suggests the scope of the subject treated. True -enough, the single word <span class="smcap">Nomenclature</span> offered -itself as a suitable title; but this is really a -French word, derived, of course, from the Latin, and -although it has been admitted into our vocabulary -simply owing to the lack of an English equivalent, -its use is properly restricted to the classification of -technical terms in relation to a particular branch -of science. In a scientific sense, then, the word -Nomenclature finds a ready acceptance; but for the -classification of the names of persons, of places, and -of things, it is altogether too pedantic. A young -friend of the author the other day, on being informed, -in answer to his inquiry, that this work -would probably be entitled “The Curiosities of -Nomenclature,” promptly asked whether it might -not be as well to explain, first of all, what the word -Nomenclature meant. Now, the author does not -believe for one moment that any intelligent person<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -who took up this volume would be at a loss to judge -of its contents from the title, that is, supposing the -word Nomenclature appeared on the page; nevertheless, -his young friend’s suggestion reminded him -that a book intended not for the scientific and -learned, but for general reference, should bear a -title easily comprehended by all classes of the community. -The title originally chosen has, therefore, -been rejected in favour of one less pretentious and -more matter-of-fact: if it is not sufficiently expressive, -the fault must be attributed to the poverty of -the English language.</p> - -<p>Of all the “Ologies,” <span class="smcap">Philology</span>, or the science of -language, is the most seductive; and that branch of -it known as <span class="smcap">Etymology</span>, which traces the derivation -and combination of the words of a language from -its primary roots, possesses an interest—one might -almost say a fascination—for all, when once the -attention has been arrested by it. This fact is -proved by the popularity of Archbishop Trench’s -published lectures on “The Study of Words,” which -have now reached a nineteenth edition. But it is -not to an examination of the dictionary words of the -English language that the present volume is devoted. -Bearing in mind that several excellent works already -exist on this subject, the author has occupied -himself in the following pages exclusively with the -etymology, and significance of <span class="smcap">Names</span>—of <i>personal -names</i>, comprising Surnames, Sobriquets, Pseudonyms, -Nicknames, Class Names, and Professional -Designations; of <i>names of places</i>, including the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -Countries of the World, with the principal -Seas, Islands, Gulfs, Straits, &c., the United -States of North America, the Counties of England -and Wales, and particularly the Districts, Streets, -Squares, Churches, and Public Buildings of London; -of the names of Religious Sects and Political Factions; -of the names of Inns and Taverns; in addition -to the names of an infinite number of objects with -which everyone is familiar, but whose actual significance -is comprehended only by a few.</p> - -<p>As to the utility of such a work, a brief glance into -these pages may convince the reader that the subject -of <span class="smcap">Names</span> is fraught with much popular interest. -Take the names of London streets. How many -among the thousands who follow their daily occupations -within sight of the gilt cross of St. Paul’s, -ever reflect that the name of each street they frequent -and pass by the way, points to the origin of -the street itself; and that, were they to cultivate a -practical acquaintance with those names, their knowledge -of English History and Sociology might be -considerably enlarged, with a result that they would -be brought to ask themselves at length how they -could have been possessed of “souls so dead” as -never to have entered upon such a profitable field -of inquiry before? Whitefriars, Blackfriars, and -Austin Friars, carry us back in imagination to the -days of yore; the friars have long returned to the -dust, but the localities they inhabited are still identified -with their existence by the names they bear. -Yet these are possibly the only thoroughfares in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -City—with the exception of such as have derived -their names from a neighbouring church, public -building, or private mansion—concerning which the -average Londoner can express himself with any -degree of certainty: if he venture a guess at the -rest, it is safe to assert that he will be open to -correction. The like observation applies to public -buildings.</p> - -<p>If the question were asked, for example, why -the well-known Ships’ Registry Offices over the -Royal Exchange are universally referred to as -“Lloyd’s,” ninety-nine out of every hundred City -men would avail themselves of the very plausible -suggestion that the system of Marine Insurance was -first established, either there or elsewhere, by some -person named Lloyd. True, a certain Edward Lloyd -had a remote connection with the enterprise; but he -was a coffee-house keeper, who probably knew no -more about ships and their tonnage than “Jonathan,” -another noted London coffee-house keeper, -after whom the Stock Exchange was formerly designated, -knew about “bulls” and “bears.” Again, it -is not every one who could account, off hand, for -such familiar names as Scotland Yard, Bedlam, -Doctors’ Commons, the Charterhouse, the churches -of St. Mary-Axe, St. Clement-Danes, St. Hallow’s-Barking, -or St. Catherine Cree. A few barristers -would, doubtless, be in a position to inform us -wherefore our seminaries for the study of the law -were originally styled “Inns of Court”; but the -ordinary inquirer, left to his own resources, might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -find the problem somewhat difficult to solve. Surely -they were not at one time inns? and if so, whence -came the designation Inns of Court? Did the Court -flunkeys patronize them, perhaps? Or, more likely, -did the sovereign, attended by the Court, take a fancy -to sleeping beneath the roof of each for once in a way, -after the manner of Queen Elizabeth? And, speaking -about inns, every Londoner is, of course, aware -of the one-time existence of “La Belle Sauvage” on -the north side of Ludgate Hill, albeit the origin of -this sign has generally been ascribed to Pocahontas, -of Virginia, who accompanied her husband, John -Rolfe, back to England in the year 1616, and, as -tradition has it, put up at this famous old coaching-house. -Moreover, Messrs. Cassell and Co., whose premises -occupy the site, and are approached from La -Belle Sauvage Yard, have profited by the popular -misconception to the extent of adopting the figure of -a female partly clad in skins as their trade-mark. -Then, again, who has not heard of “The Tabard”? -and whence did that derive its sign? Among other -celebrated inns still preserved to us, we have -“Jack Straw’s Castle” on Hampstead Heath. But -who was Jack Straw? and had he ever a castle -thereabouts? As will be shown in these pages, the -answer to these questions is associated with a very -stirring moment in English History.</p> - -<p>A great deal of the early history of England can -be gleaned from the names of the counties into -which this country is divided. The terms Shire -and County are so far synonymous in that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -indicate a portion of land distinguished by a particular -name; yet, etymologically considered, they -are widely different. Although every shire is a -county, it is not every county to whose individual -name the word “shire” may be added. The latter is -essentially Anglo-Saxon, denoting a division of land -possessed by an earl, and wherever it occurs it points -conclusively to the Saxon occupation of England. -Certainly, we do not speak of Essex-shire, Middle-sex-shire, -or Sussex-shire, because the Saxon territories -referred to, as well as their relative positions, -are fully indicated in the names themselves. Neither -are we accustomed to allude to Surrey-shire, for the -reason that the word <i>Surrey</i> expressed the Anglo-Saxon -for the land south of the <i>rey</i>, or river, -comprising, as it did, that large tract of land described -as Wessex, or the land of the West Saxons, -now divided into six southern shires. The fact is, -Wessex was the great kingdom of the Saxons in this -country, whereas Essex, Middlesex, and Sussex were -but petty kingdoms. Consequently, in the kingdom -of Wessex it was that earldoms were first created, -and lands appertaining thereto were literally <i>scired</i>, -or sheared off. On the other hand, it would be -ridiculous in the extreme, quite apart from the -unfamiliarity of such an expression, to speak of -Kent-shire, because there is nothing in the name -that invests it with a Saxon interest. The same remark -is applicable to Cornwall. It is only from habit, -too, or because the name lends itself to the euphony, -that Devon is denominated a shire; for not only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -is this a Celtic name, but the Saxons scarcely -penetrated into, and certainly never occupied any -considerable portion of, the county. The England -of the Saxons, therefore, is to be distinguished -wherever the word “shire” appears as part of the -name of a county.</p> - -<p>If the foregoing paragraph be deemed interesting -to the general inquirer, a careful digest of the -chapter on “The Countries of the World” should -prove most instructive. With a few exceptions only, -the names of the different countries of the Old World -afford us an indication of their original inhabitants, -or the rude tribes that overran them. In regard to -the New World, such names of countries as are not -of native origin invariably point to the nationality -of the navigators who discovered them or of the -adventurers who explored and colonized them. -The maritime enterprise of the Spanish and Portuguese -is in nothing so evident as in the territories -named in accordance with their respective languages -in South and Central America, to say nothing of -the islands discovered by them in the Atlantic and -Pacific Oceans. And, as a set-off against the -shameful treatment by the Spaniards of Christopher -Columbus, it must not be forgotten that the whole -of the North American territory now embraced in the -United States was originally designated Columbia in -his honour, which name has been preserved in the -Western portion of the continent known as British -Columbia. A few Spanish names still linger -in North America, notably California, Labrador,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -Florida, Nevada, Oregon, and Colorado. But the -Spaniards were rovers rather than settlers; wherefore -they contented themselves with maintaining -their national reputation as successful navigators by -giving names to the countries they discovered, and -establishing a lucrative trading monopoly in that -portion of the Caribbean Sea which formerly bore -the name of the Spanish Main.</p> - -<p>On the contrary, the English and French have -distinguished themselves always, and all the world -over, as colonists; so that, saving those States of -North America which have received the native -names of the great lakes and rivers, we can discover -exactly which were colonized by the one nation and -which by the other. Moreover, the English and -French have generally exercised the common trait of -honouring the mother country by naming a new -colony or a newly-discovered island after the -reigning monarch or a distinguished countryman. -A similar trait in the Dutch character presents -itself in the repetition of the names of the native -places of their navigators and colonists; while the -Spaniards and Portuguese have displayed a tendency -for naming an island discovered or a river explored -by them in a manner commemorative of the day -that witnessed the event. At the same time, it -would not be wise to conjecture, merely from the -name, that Columbus discovered the island of -Trinidad on the Feast of the Holy Trinity, because -he did nothing of the kind. Therefore, it behoves the -curious inquirer to make himself acquainted with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -the circumstances under which our geographical -names have arisen, so as to avoid falling into error. -As well might he maintain, without the requisite -knowledge, that the Canary Islands owed their -designation to the birds that have so long been -exported thence; for although such a conclusion were -extremely plausible, he would still be at a loss to -know how the canaries came by their name in the -first place.</p> - -<p>A like difficulty is liable to be encountered relative -to the Sandwich Islands. A particularly smart boy -might, indeed, be expected to inform us, as the -outcome of a hastily-formed opinion, that the Sandwich -Islands were so called because a shipwrecked -crew who once found a refuge thereon continued to -support themselves until such time as they were -rescued by a passing vessel upon sandwiches. The -bare idea may be laughed at; but it is no more -preposterous than that the Canary Islands received -their name from the birds that are found there in -such plenty. The question at issue furnishes an -example as to how a name may be perpetuated in -different ways. Thus, Captain Cook named the -Sandwich Islands in compliment to John Montague, -fourth Earl of Sandwich and First Lord of the -Admiralty, who took his title from Sandwich, or, as -the etymology of this place implies, the “sand -town,” one of the ancient Cinque Ports in Kent. -An inveterate gamester was this Lord Sandwich; so -much so that he would sit at the gaming-table for -thirty hours and more at a stretch, never desisting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -from the game to partake of a meal, but from time -to time ordering the waiter to bring him some slices -of meat placed between two slices of thin bread, -from which circumstance this convenient form of -refreshment received the name of Sandwiches.</p> - -<p>Mention of sandwiches reminds us that very few -tradesmen possess the remotest idea of the significance -of the names of the various commodities in -which they deal. Ask a purveyor of ham and beef -to explain the origin of the word Sandwich, and he -will be quite unable to furnish an answer. Put a -similar question to a Tobacconist, and it will be -found that he has never interested himself to the -extent of inquiring what the word Tobacco means, not -to speak of the names of the different kinds of tobacco. -A Haberdasher, again, would be sorely -perplexed to account for his individual trade-name; -so would a Milliner, so would a Grocer, so would a -Tailor; and so would almost every one who passes -for an intelligent citizen, yet whose reflections have -never been directed toward those trifling concerns -which, as one might be led to suppose, are most -immediately interesting to him. And so we might -go on multiplying examples until this Introduction -reached an altogether inordinate length, with no -other object than to arouse the reader’s interest in -the pages that follow. But the necessity for a more -extended Introduction does not arise. The scope -of this work will be sufficiently indicated by the -Analytical Table of Contents; but even there a very -large number of names incidentally referred to in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -the text have not been included. The Index may be -somewhat more to the purpose, inasmuch as every -item set forth therein will be found not merely -alluded to but discussed in the book; and to the -book itself the reader is now referred.</p> - -<p class="right">L. W.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">London.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_COUNTRIES_OF_THE_WORLD"><i>THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Asia, Africa, Europe, America; Palestine, Asia Minor; -Persia, Arabia, India, Hindustan, Turkestan, Afghanistan, -Beloochistan, Kurdestan; China, Siberia, -Russia, Circassia, Crimea, Finland, Sweden, Norway; -Britain, England, Scotland, Caledonia, Ireland, The -Emerald Isle, Cambria, Wales; Saxony, Gaul, France, -Normandy, Brittany; Germany, Holland, Belgium, -Denmark, Jutland, Prussia, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, -Servia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Moldavia, Moravia, Bulgaria, -Roumania, Turkey, Ottoman Empire, Greece; -Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal; Algiers, -Morocco, Barbary, Sahara, Soudan, Egypt, Senegambia, -Gold Coast, Guinea, Zanzibar, Zululand, Transvaal, -Natal, Orange Free States, Cape Colony, Cape of -Good Hope; Cape Horn, Patagonia, Chili, Argentine -Republic, Brazil, Bolivia, Uraguay, Paraguay, Peru, -Pernambuco, Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela; Panama, -Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mosquito Coast, -Yutacan, Quatemala, Mexico, California, British -Columbia; Canada, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, -Labrador, Greenland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, -Florida; Virginia, Maryland, Baltimore, Pennsylvania, -Georgia, Carolina, Louisiana, Maine, New -Orleans, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>Michigan, Indiana, Alabama, Nebraska, Ohio, -Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Kansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, -Mississippi, Missouri, Minnesota, Arkansas, Illinois, -Oregon, Texas, Vermont, Colorado, Nevada, Connecticut, -Iowa, Astoria, Delaware; Lake Superior, -Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Niagara, Lake -Michigan, Lake Winnipeg, Great Bear Lake, Great -Salt Lake; The Arctic Ocean, Antarctic Ocean, -Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean -Sea, Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea; German -Ocean, Indian Ocean, Irish Sea; White Sea, Black -Sea, Red Sea, Green Sea, Yellow Sea, Dead Sea, -Caspian Sea, Sea of Marmora; The Gulf Stream, The -Horse Latitudes, The Spanish Main; Hudson’s Bay, -James’ Bay, Barrow’s Strait, All Saints’ Bay, Gulf -of St. Lawrence, Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait, -Botany Bay; St. George’s Channel, The Skagerrack, -Zuyder Zee; Bay of Biscay; Strait of Gibraltar, The -Bosphorus, The Dardanelles; Australia, New Holland, -New Zealand, Tasmania, Van Dieman’s Land, Society -Islands, Friendly Islands, Christmas Island, Sandwich -Islands, Philippine Islands, Caroline Islands; Papua, -Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Japan, Formosa, Ceylon, -Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon, Madagascar; Tierra del -Fuego, Island of Desolation, Hanover Island, Adelaide -Island, Juan Fernandez, Ladrone Islands, Pitcairn’s -Island, Easter Island, Vancouver Island, -Queen Charlotte Island, Prince of Wales Island, -Aleutian Islands; Barrow Island, Baring Island, -Parry Island, Baffin Land, Banks Land, Newfoundland, -Rhode Island, Long Island, Bermuda Islands, San -Salvador, Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Barbadoes, Dominica, -Porto Rico, Trinidad, Tobago Island, St. Kitt’s Island; -Ascension Island, St. Helena, Tristan d’Acunha, -Madeira, Majorca, Minorca, Balearic Islands, Corsica, -Sardinia, Capri, Sicily, Malta, Candia, Cyprus, Rhodes; -Belleisle, Jersey, Isle of Wight, Gothland, Heligoland, -Anglesea, Isle of Man, Hebrides, Orkney Isles, Shetland -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>Isles, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_MONTHS_AND_DAYS_OF_THE"><i>THE MONTHS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, -September, October, November, December; Sunday, -Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, -Saturday</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CREEDS_SECTS_AND_DENOMINATIONS"><i>CREEDS, SECTS, AND DENOMINATIONS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Theism, Deism, Atheism, Pantheism, Agnosticism, Secularism, -Utilitarianism, Materialism, Rationalism; -Monotheism, Mosaism, Judaism, Paganism, Polytheism; -Zoroastrians, Brahmins, Buddhists, Mahommedans, -Mussulmans, Islam; Christians, Pharisees, -Nazarenes, Gnostics, Aquarians, Arians, Luciferians, -Donatists, Macedonians, Apollinarians; Catholics; -Greek Church, Roman Catholic Church, Church of -England, Gallican Church, Lutheran Church; Protestants, -Calvinists, Huguenots, Wycliffites, Gospellers, -Lollards, Albigenses, Waldenses, Camisards, Hussites, -Bedlamites, Moravians; Adamites, Libertines, Jansenists, -Jesuists, Gabrielites, Labadists, Socinians, -Arminians, New Christians, Old Catholics; Scotists, -Thomists, Sabbatarians, Fifth Monarchy Men, -Muggletonians; Seekers, Quakers, Shakers, Mormons, -Peculiar People, Faith Healers, Irvingites, Humanitarians, -Sacramentarians, Plymouth Brethren, Perfectionists, -Hopkinsians; Scottish Covenanters, -Presbyterians, Cameronians, Macmillanites, Morisonians, -Free Church of Scotland; Puritans, Nonconformists, -Conformists, Dissenters, Sectarians, -Independents, Congregationalists, Unitarians, Trinitarians, -Baptists, Anabaptists, Methodists, Wesleyan -Methodists, Primitive Methodists; High Church, Low -Church, Broad Church, Latitudinarism, Ritualists, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>Puseyites, Tractarians</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#TAVERN_SIGNS"><i>TAVERN SIGNS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">The Green Man, The Green Man and Still, The Red -Lion, The Bear and Ragged Staff, The Boar’s Head, -The Black Bull, The Talbot, The Chequers; The -White Rose, The Red Rose, The Star; The White -Swan, The White Swan and Antelope, The White -Hart, The Sun, The Three Suns, The White Lion, -The Eagle, The Blue Boar, The Red Dragon, The -Greyhound, The Rose, The Thistle, The Shamrock; -The Crown, The Rose and Crown, The Crown and -Sceptre, The Crown and Anchor; The Earl of March; -The Hare and Hounds, The Tally Ho! The Fox in -the Hole; The Angel, The Salutation, The Three -Kings, The Cross Keys, The Mitre; The Turk’s Head, -The Saracen’s Head, The Golden Cross, The Half -Moon; The Swan, The Pheasant, The Peacock; The -St. George, The George and Dragon, The Green -Dragon, The George, The King’s Arms, The Queen’s -Arms, The Freemasons’ Arms, The Coachmakers’ -Arms, The Saddlers’ Arms, The Carpenters’ Arms; -The Garter, The Star and Garter; The Leg and -Star, The Cat and Fiddle, The Bag o’ Nails, -The Goat and Compass, The Iron Devil, The Bull -and Mouth, The Bull and Gate, The Lion and Key, -The Catherine Wheel, The Plume and Feathers, -The Bully Ruffian, The Blue Pig, The Pig -and Whistle; The Coach and Horses, The Pack -Horse; The Bear, The Dog and Duck, The Bowling -Green; The Grapes, The Castle, The Globe, The -Spread Eagle, The Yorkshire Stingo; The Bell, The -Barley-mow, The Old Hat, The Ram and Teazle, -The Bricklayers’ Arms, The Cricketers’ Arms, The -Black Jack; The Royal Oak, The Boscobel, The -Palmerston, The Marquis of Granby, The Portobello -Arms, The Nelson, The Wellington, The Trafalgar, -The Waterloo, The Ship, The King’s Head, The -Queen’s Head, The Victoria, The Prince Albert, The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>Prince of Wales’ Feathers</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#ROYAL_SURNAMES"><i>ROYAL SURNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Alfred the Great, Edward the Martyr, Ethelred the Unready, -Edmund Ironsides, Edgar Atheling, Harold -Harefoot, Edward the Confessor; William the Conqueror, -William Rufus, Henry Beauclerc, Richard -Cœur de Lion, William the Lion, John Lackland, -Edward Longshanks, Edward the Black Prince, John -of Gaunt, Henry Bolingbroke; Bluff King Hal, -Defender of the Faith, The White Queen, Bloody -Mary, Good Queen Bess; The Lord Protector, The -Merry Monarch, The Sailor King; Plantagenet, -Tudor, Stuart; Charlemagne, The She-Wolf of France, -Pedro the Cruel, Ivan the Terrible, Frederick Barbarossa, -Ferdinand Bomba, Egalité Philippe</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#NATIONAL_NICKNAMES"><i>NATIONAL NICKNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Brother Jonathan, Uncle Sam, Yankee; John Bull, Mrs. -Grundy, The British Matron; Tommy Atkins; Pat, -Sandie, Taffy; John Chinaman, Pigtails, Pale Faces, -Redskins; Nigger, Sambo, Mulatto</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#BIRDS"><i>BIRDS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Cuckoo, Pewit, Curlew, Chickadee, Whip-poor-will; -Trumpeter, Nightingale, Night-jar, Mocking-bird, -Humming-bird, Greenfinch, Goldfinch, Greenlet, -Jay, Blue-bird, Blackbird, Starling, Flamingo, Oriole, -Lyre-bird; Red-poll, Secretary-bird; Birds of Paradise, -Love-birds; Kingfisher; Lapwing; Wagtail, -Scissors-bird, Hangbird, Weaver-bird, Tailor-bird; -Widow-bird, Martin, Muscovy Duck; Swift, Passenger-pigeon; -Skylark, Chaffinch, Diver, Sandpiper, -Chimney-swallow; Horn-bill, Boat-bill, Spoon-bill, -Duck-bill, Cross-bill; Pouter-pigeon, Ring-dove, -Wryneck, Woodcock, Woodpecker; Guinea-fowl, -Brahma-fowl, Bantam, Barb, Turkey, Baltimore-bird, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>Canary, Petrel</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#RELIGIOUS_ORDERS"><i>RELIGIOUS ORDERS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Monastery, Convent, Abbey, Priory; Monk, Nun, Friar; -Dominicans or Black Friars, Franciscans or Grey -Friars; Carmelites or White Friars, Augustines or -Austin Friars, Trinitarians or Crutched Friars; -Observant Friars, Conventional Friars; Capuchin -Friars, Cordeliers; Benedictines, Carthusians, Cistercians, -Cluniacs, Bernardines, Basilians, Trappists; -Jesuists, Servites, Passionists, Redemptorists</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#PAPER_AND_PRINTING"><i>PAPER AND PRINTING.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Paper, Parchment; Hand-paper, Pot-paper, Post-paper, -Crown-paper, Foolscap; Nepaul-paper, India-paper, -Cap-paper, Elephant, Cartridge-paper, Bristol-board; -Folio, Quarto, Octavo, Duodecimo; Printer’s Devil; -Hansard, Blue Book, Yellow Book; Book, Leaf, -Volume, Library; Pamphlet, Brochure, Chart, Map, -Atlas, Cartoon, Broadside, Poster, Stationery</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#POLITICAL_NICKNAMES"><i>POLITICAL NICKNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Whigs, Tories, Liberals, Conservatives, Radicals, -Socialists, Levellers, Democrats; Royalists, Parliamentarians, -Cavaliers, Roundheads; Orangemen, -Jacobites, Peep-o’-day Boys, White Boys, Fenians, -Irish Invincibles, Ribbonmen, Emergency Men; -Separists, Nationalists, Parnellites, Boycotters; Sansculottes, -Red Republicans, The Mountain, The Plain, -Girondists; The Hats, The Caps, Nihilists, Carbonari, -Black Cloaks, Lazzari, Guelphs, Ghibellines; -Federals, Republicans, Democrats, Confederates, Corn-feds, -Yanks or Yankees, Copperheads, Know-nothings, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>Tammany Ring, Mugwumps; Chartists, Jingoes, Protectionists</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#FLOWERS"><i>FLOWERS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Forget-me-not, Mignonette, Carnation, Geranium, Crane’s-bill; -Pansy, Camellia, Dahlia, Fuchsia, Victoria -Regia, Adonis, Hyacinth, Aspasia, Orchid, Sweetbriar, -Lilac, Lavender; Dog-rose, Damask-rose, -Cabbage-rose, Christmas-rose, Primrose; Mayflower, -Hawthorn, Gilly-flower, Tiger-flower, Daffodil, Hollyhock, -Noon-tide, Noon-flower, Convolvulus, Daisy, -Buttercup, Cowslip; Sunflower, Heliotrope, Goldylocks, -Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Rhododendron; -Passion-flower, Stock</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_BIBLE"><i>THE BIBLE.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Bible, Scriptures; Septuagint, Latin Vulgate, Douay Bible, -Rheims Bible; King James’s Bible, The Bishops’ Bible, -Cranmer’s Bible, The Great Bible, Mazarin Bible, -Pearl Bible, Geneva Bible, Breeches Bible, Vinegar -Bible, Beer Bible, Treacle Bible, Whig Bible, Wicked -Bible, Bug Bible; “He” Bible, “She” Bible; Virginia -Bible; Pentateuch; Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, -Deuteronomy; Apocrypha, Apocalypse</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#WINES"><i>WINES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Burgundy, Champagne, Pontac, Moselle, Johannisberg, -Florence, Falernian, Montepulciano, Malaga, Sherry, -Port, Cyprus, Malmsey, Madeira, Canary; Tokay, -Claret, Tent Wine; Sillery, Pommery, Moet and -Chandon; Hippocras, Badminton, Negus, Sack; Dry -Wine, Crusted Port, Three-Men Wine</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LITERARY_SOBRIQUETS"><i>LITERARY SOBRIQUETS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Gildas the Wise, Venerable Bede, Century White, Monk -Lewis, Rainy-Day Smith; Silver-Tongued Sylvester, -The Water Poet, The Ettrick Shepherd, The Bidëford -Postman, The Mad Poet, The Quaker Poet, The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>Banker Poet, Anacreon Moore, Orion Home, The -Farthing Poet; The Wizard of the North, The -Addison of the North, The Minstrel of the Border, -The Corn Law Rhymer</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_COUNTIES_OF_ENGLAND"><i>THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Durham, -York; Lancashire, Cheshire, Leicestershire, Worcestershire, -Gloucestershire; Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, -Essex, Sussex, Middlesex; Surrey, Kent, Hampshire, -Dorset, Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Wiltshire, Berkshire, -Buckingham; Oxford, Hertford, Hereford, -Stafford, Bedford, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, -Rutland, Warwick, Nottingham, Derby, Shropshire, -Monmouth; Anglesea, Glamorgan, Brecknock, -Radnor, Montgomery, Denbigh, Flint, Carnarvon, -Carmarthen, Merioneth, Cardigan, Pembroke</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CARRIAGES"><i>CARRIAGES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Phaeton, Victoria, Clarence, Brougham, Stanhope, Sociable, -Landau, Tilbury; Dog-Cart, Buggy, Gig, Sulky, -Noddy, Jaunting Car, Break; Stage-Coach, Omnibus; -Hackney-Coach, Coach, Cab, Cabriolet, Hansom Cab; -Hearse, Pantechnicon</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#DANCES"><i>DANCES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Terpsichorean Art; Morris Dance, Saraband, Gavotte, -Quadrille, Lancers, Polka, Schottische, Mazourka, -Redowa, Waltz; Country Dance, Roger de Coverley, -Minuet, Tarantella; Cinderella Dance, Ball, Ballet, -Coryphée, Phyrric Dance; Hornpipe, Reel, Jig, -Breakdown</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#PIGMENTS_AND_DYES"><i>PIGMENTS AND DYES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Umber, Sienna, Gamboge, Krems White, Prussian Blue, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>Saunders Blue, Chinese Yellow, Frankfort Black, -Hamburg Lake; Ultramarine; Mazarine, Pompadour, -Cardinal, Carnation, Carmine, Pink, Purple, -Scarlet, Crimson; Cassius, Magenta, Vandyke Brown, -Sepia, Sap Green, Emerald Green, Lamp Black, -Ivory Black, Isabel</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LONDON_DISTRICTS_AND"><i>LONDON DISTRICTS AND SUBURBS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">London, Thames; Westminster, Belgravia, Pimlico, -Knightsbridge, Mayfair, Soho, Bloomsbury, Smithfield, -Clerkenwell, Spa Fields, Bunhill Fields, Moorfields, -Finsbury; Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Goodman’s -Fields, Shadwell, Ratcliffe Highway, Stepney, Spitalfields, -Bethnal Green, Hoxton, De Beauvoir Town, -Copenhagen Fields, Haggerstone, Hackney, Dalston, -Stoke Newington, Southgate, Kingsland, Abney Park, -Green Lanes, Edmonton, Ball’s Pond, Mildmay Park, -Muswell Hill, Wood Green, Hornsey, Canonbury, -Highbury, Holloway, Barnsbury, Islington; King’s -Cross, St. Pancras, Agar Town, Somers Town, -Camden Town, Kentish Town, Primrose Hill, Highgate, -Hampstead, Frognal, Bishop’s Wood, Hendon; -Gospel Oak, Chalk Farm, St. John’s Wood, Kilburn, -Maida Vale, Marylebone, Tyburn; Bayswater, Paddington, -Westbourne Park, Notting Hill, Shepherd’s -Bush; Acton, Gunnersbury, Kew, Brentford, Isleworth, -Staines, Kingston, Shepperton, Twickenham, -Richmond, Sheen; Chiswick, Hammersmith, Kensington, -Brompton, Chelsea, Battersea, Walham -Green, Parsons Green, Fulham, Putney, Wimbledon; -Wandsworth, Lambeth, Vauxhall; Southwark, Bermondsey, -Horsleydown, Walworth, The Borough; -Rotherhithe, Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Isle -of Dogs, New Cross; Lewisham, Blackheath, Eltham; -Catford, Beckenham, Sydenham, Forest Hill, Norwood, -Dulwich, Honor Oak, Nunhead, Peckham, -Brixton, Camberwell, Stockwell, Kennington, Newington, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>St. George’s Fields</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#BATTLES"><i>BATTLES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">The Tearless Victory, The Thundering Legion, The -Hallelujah Victory; The Battle of the Standard, The -Battle of the Herrings; The Battle of Spurs; The -Battle of the Spurs of Gold; The Battle of the -Giants, The Battle of All the Nations</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#NOTABLE_DAYS_AND_FESTIVALS"><i>NOTABLE DAYS AND FESTIVALS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">New Year’s Day; Whitsuntide, Lammastide, Martinmas, -Candlemas Day; Lady Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas, -Christmas Day; Innocents’ Day, Epiphany, Twelfth -Night, Distaff’s Day, Rock Day, Plough Monday, -Handsel Monday, Boxing Day; Lent, Shrove Tuesday, -Ash Wednesday, Passion Sunday, Passion Week, -Palm Sunday, Maunday-Thursday, Good Friday, -Long Friday, Holy Saturday; Easter, Passover, Low -Sunday, Sexagesima Sunday, Quinquagesima Sunday, -Quadragesima Sunday; Pentecost, Trinity Sunday, -Corpus Christi, Rogation Sunday, Rogation Days, -Ember Days; Ascension Day, The Assumption, Holy -Cross Day, All Saints’ Day, All Souls’ Day, Allhallowes’ -Day; Allhallowe’en, Cracknut Night; St. -Valentine’s Day, St. Swithin’s Day, St. David’s Day, -Comb’s Mass; Primrose Day, Royal Oak Day, Guy -Fawkes’ Day; Arbor Day; Forefathers’ Day, Independence -Day, Evacuation Day; Mothering Sunday; -Grouse Day, Partridge Day, Sprat Day; Red Letter -Day, Holiday</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#TEXTILES_EMBROIDERIES_AND"><i>TEXTILES, EMBROIDERIES, AND LACE.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Damask, Muslin, Nankeen, Calico, Cashmere, Dimity, -Valance, Holland, Cambric, Shalloon, Tarlatan, -Worsted, Cobourg, Angola, Frieze; Cotton, Silk, Brocade, -Damassin, Sarsanet, Mohair, Moire-Antique, -Chintz, Taffety, Linen, Lawn, Pompadour; Swansdown, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>Moleskin, Merino, Alpaca; Kersey, Gingham, -Blankets; Plush, Velvet, Velveteen, Fustian, -Grogram, Corduroy; Pina-cloth, Grass-cloth, T-cloth, -Broadcloth, Twill, Tweed, Plaid, Check; Embroidery, -Tapestry, Bayeaux Tapestry, Gobelin Tapestry, Arras; -Lace, Valenciennes, Colbertine, Point-lace, Pillow-lace; -Tulle</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LITERARY_PSEUDONYMS"><i>LITERARY PSEUDONYMS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Voltaire, Barry Cornwall, Yendys, Nimrod, Zadkiel; -Knickerbocker, Elia, Boz, Ouida, George Sand; -Artemus Ward, Mark Twain; F. M. Allen</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#COUNTERFEIT_PRESENTMENTS"><i>COUNTERFEIT PRESENTMENTS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Portrait, Photograph, Miniature, Profile, Silhouette; -Talbotype, Daguerreotype, Ferriertype; Carte-de-Visite, -Vignette, Cabinet, Kit-Kat, Kit-Kat Canvas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LONDON_INNS_AND_GARDENS"><i>LONDON INNS AND GARDENS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">The Tabard Inn, “La Belle Sauvage,” The Swan with -Two Necks, The Elephant and Castle, The Horse -Shoe, The Blue Posts, The Black Posts, The Three -Chairmen, The Running Footman; The Mother -Red Cap, The Mother Shipton, The Adelaide, The -York and Anlaby, Jack Straw’s Castle, The Spaniards, -The Whittington Stone, The Thirteen Cantons, The -North Pole, The South Australian, The World’s End, -The Fulham Bridge, The Devil, The Three Nuns, The -White Conduit Tavern, The Belvedere, The Clown -Tavern, Hummuns’s; Sadler’s Wells, Highbury Barn, -Vauxhall Gardens, Ranelagh Gardens, Cremorne -Gardens</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#SOBRIQUETS_AND_NICKNAMES"><i>SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">The Mother of Believers, Fair Helen, Fair Rosamond, The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>Fair Maid of Kent, The Holy Maid of Kent; Black -Agnes, Fair Maiden Lilliard, The Maid of Orleans, -The Maid of Saragossa; The Lady Freemason, -The Swedish Nightingale, The Jersey Lily; The -Weeping Philosopher, The Laughing Philosopher, -The Subtle Doctor, The Angelic Doctor, St. Paul of -the Cross; Robin Hood, Little John, Will Scarlet, -Friar Tuck; Sixteen-string Jack, Spring-heel Jack; -Gentleman Jack, Gentleman Smith, Admirable Crichton, -Fighting Fitzgerald, Romeo Coates, Beau Fielding, -Beau Brummell, Beau Nash, The King of Bath; -The Factory King, The Railway King, The Paper -King, The Nitrate King; The Man of Ross, The -People’s Friend, The Musical Small-Coal Man, Tom -Folio; The Infant Roscius; Single-Speech Hamilton, -Starvation Dundas, Orange Peel, The Heaven-Sent -Minister, Finality John; Dizzy, The Grand Old Man, -Bookstall Smith; The Dancing Chancellor, Praise-God -Barebones; Sinner-Saved Huntingdon, Orator -Henley; Memory Woodfall, Memory-Corner Thompson; -Dirty Dick; Capability Brown, George Ranger, -The Jubilee Plunger; Long Peter, Magdalen Smith, -Claude Lorraine, Tintoretto, Il Furioso; The Scottish -Hogarth, The Liverpool Landseer; The Liberator; -The Pathfinder; Yankee Jonathan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_INNS_OF_COURT"><i>THE INNS OF COURT.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Lincoln’s Inn, Gray’s Inn, Furnival’s Inn, Clifford’s Inn; -Serjeants’ Inn; Barnard’s Inn, Staple Inn, Clement’s -Inn, Dane’s Inn, New Inn, Thavie’s Inn; Benchers</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#RACES"><i>RACES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Goodwood, Ascot, Epsom, Derby, Oaks, Doncaster St. -Leger; Hurdle Race, Steeplechase; Sweepstake</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LONDON_CHURCHES_AND"><i>LONDON CHURCHES AND BUILDINGS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Westminster Abbey, The Temple, Savoy Chapel, St. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>Clement-Danes, St. Mary-le-Bow, St. Mary-Axe, St. -Catherine Cree, St. Catherine Coleman, St. Margaret -Pattens, St. Sepulchre, St. Bride’s, St. Andrew Undershaft, -Allhallowes, Barking; St. Olave’s, The White -Tower, Bloody Tower, Beauchamp Tower, Traitors’ -Gate; Newgate, St. John’s Gate, Temple Bar, London -Bridge, Billingsgate, The Mint, The Trinity House; -Crosby Hall, Memorial Hall, The Guildhall, Doctors’ -Commons, St. Martin’s-le-Grand; The Charterhouse, -Christ’s Hospital, Bartholomew’s Hospital, -Guy’s Hospital, Bedlam, The Magdalen Hospital; -St. James’s Palace, Buckingham Palace, Marlborough -House, Somerset House, Whitehall, The Horse -Guards, Dover House, York House; Devonshire -House, Apsley House, Chandos House, The Albany, -Burlington House, Soane Museum; Painted Hall, -Vanburgh Castle, Rye House; Bruce Castle, -Lincoln House, Sandford House, Cromwell House, -Ireton House, Lauderdale House, The Clock -House, Rosslyn House, Erskine House; Strawberry -Hill; Orleans House, Essex House, Bristol House, -Craven Cottage, Munster House, Peterborough House, -Holland House; The Albert Hall, Crystal Palace, Alexandra -Palace, Olympia, Egyptian Hall, St. George’s -Hall, St. James’s Hall, Willis’s Rooms, Almack’s -Assembly Rooms, Exeter Hall, Madame Tussaud’s; -Scotland Yard, Lord’s Cricket Ground, Tattersall’s; -Lloyd’s Rooms; Capel Court, The Royal Exchange, -The Stock Exchange, Bankers’ Clearing House, Railway -Clearing House</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CLASS_NAMES_AND_NICKNAMES"><i>CLASS NAMES AND NICKNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Spinster, Widow, Grass Widow, Chaperon, Duenna, -Dowager; Blue Stocking, Abigail, Grisette, Colleen; -Milliner, Haberdasher, Grocer, Greengrocer, Boniface, -Ostler; Cordwainer, Tailor, Tallyman, Uncle, Barber, -Barber-Surgeon; Arcadian, Mentor, Usher, Bachelor; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>Beefeaters, Police, Bobbies, Peelers, Bow Street -Runners; Mohawks, Scourers; Garrotters, Sandbaggers; -Fop, Dandy, Macaroni, Masher; Gipsies, Bohemians; -Teetotalers, Rechabites, Good Templars; Jack -Tar, Longshoreman, Navvy, Jehu, Jerrybuilder, -Journeyman; Dun, Man of Straw, Costermonger, -Pedlar, Hawker, Cheap Jack, Quack, Merry Andrew, -Juggler, Stump Orator; Blackguard, Scullion, Scullery -Maid; Blackleg; Plunger, Bookmaker, Welsher; -Burglar, Jack Ketch; Cockney; Greenhorn, Nincompoop, -Lunatic, Dutchman, Humbug</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#MALT_LIQUORS"><i>MALT LIQUORS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Ale, Beer, Small Beer; Twopenny, Half-and-Half, Entire, -Porter, Stout, Yorkshire Stingo, X Ale; Mum, Lager-bier, -Bock-bier</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#DIAMONDS_AND_PRECIOUS"><i>DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Diamond; The Kohinoor, Mattan, Orloff, Shah, Star of -the South, Sauci, Regent, Pitt, Pigott, Dudley, Twin -Diamonds; Turquoise, Topaz, Agate, Amethyst, Opal, -Emerald, Garnet, Ruby, Pearl; Carat</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#NAVAL_AND_MILITARY"><i>NAVAL AND MILITARY SOBRIQUETS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Manlius-Torquatus, Charles Martel, Robert the Devil, -The Hammer and Scourge of England; Black -Douglas, Bell the Cat, The King Maker, Hotspur, -The Mad Cavalier; Ironsides, The Almighty Nose; -The Bloody Butcher, Corporal John, The Little -Corporal; The Iron Duke, Marshal Forward, The -Iron Chancellor, Helmuth the Taciturn; Stonewall -Jackson, Old Hickory; Foul-Weather Jack, Old Grog, -The Silver Captain</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#MONEY"><i>MONEY.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Money, Sterling Money; Guinea, Sovereign, Crown, Florin, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>Shilling, Penny; Halfpenny, Farthing; Ducat, Noble, -Rose-Noble, George-Noble; Angel, Thistle-Crown, -Jacobus, Carollus, Dolphin, Louis d’or, Napoleon; -Franc, Dollar, Joachims-Thaler, Thaler, Kreuzer; -Wood’s Halfpence, Greenbacks, Bluebacks, Abraham -Newlands; Bullion, Stock, Tally, Consols, Sinking -Fund, Tontine; Budget</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#SPIRITS"><i>SPIRITS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Rum, Whisky, Brandy, Gin; Hollands, Cognac, Nantes, -Old Tom; Punch, Toddy, Grog; Mountain Dew, -Glenlivet, LL Whisky</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LONDON_STREETS_AND_SQUARES"><i>LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Fleet Street, Salisbury Court, Whitefriars Street, Blackfriars -Road, Ludgate Hill, Old Bailey, Friar Street, -Sermon Lane, Paul’s Chain, Old Change, Paternoster -Row, Ave Maria Lane, Creed Lane, Amen Corner, -Warwick Lane, Ivy Lane; Cheapside, Bread -Street, Friday Street, Milk Street; Gutter Lane, -Foster Lane, Ironmonger Lane, Wood Street, Lawrence -Lane, Gresham Street, Lad Lane, Aldermanbury, -King Street, Basinghall Street, Coleman Street, Old -Jewry, Poultry, Bucklersbury, King William Street, -Queen Victoria Street; Cannon Street, Budge Row, -Watling Street, Walbrook, College Hill, Queenhithe, -Dowgate, Steelyard; Gracechurch Street, Fenchurch -Street, Eastcheap, Mincing Lane, Mark Lane, Rood -Lane, Seething Lane, Billiter Street, Minories, Crutched -Friars, Aldgate; Leadenhall Street, St. Mary-Axe, -Throgmorton Street, Nicholas Lane, Lolhbury, Threadneedle -Street, Cornhill, Birchin Lane, Change Alley; -Lombard Street; Austin Friars, Old Broad Street, -Bishopsgate Street, St. Helen’s, Devonshire Square, -Artillery Lane, Houndsditch, Bevis Marks, Petticoat -Lane, Wormwood Street, Camomile Street, London -Wall, Barbican, Beech Lane, Great Winchester Street, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>Moorgate Street, Cripplegate, Whitecross Street, -Redcross Street, Playhouse Yard, Jewin Street, Aldersgate -Street, Bridgewater Square, Bartholomew Close, Cloth -Fair, Little Britain, Duke Street, Newgate Street, -Bath Street, King Edward Street, Giltspur Street, -Knightrider Street, Pie Corner, Farringdon Road, -Saffron Hill, Ely Place, Hatton Garden, Holborn, -Holborn Bars, Leather Lane, Fetter Lane, Brooke -Street, Greville Street, Gray’s Inn Road, Furnival -Street, Dyer’s Buildings, Cursitor Street, Chancery -Lane; Southampton Buildings, Verulam Buildings; -Lincoln’s Inn Fields, Great Queen Street, Long -Acre; Drury Lane, Denzil Street, Holles Street, -Clare Market, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, -Portugal Street, Serle Street, Wych Street, Holywell -Street, Strand; Essex Street, Milford Lane, Arundel -Street, Norfolk Street, Surrey Street, Howard Street, -Savoy Street, Wellington Street, Bow Street, Covent -Garden, York Street, King Street, Henrietta Street, -Tavistock Street, Bedford Street, Southampton Street, -Bedfordbury, Maiden Lane, Chandos Street, Exeter -Street, Burleigh Street, Cecil Street, Salisbury Street, -Adelphi Terrace, Adam Street, John Street, Robert -Street, James Street; George Street, Duke Street, -Buckingham Street, Villiers Street; Charing Cross, -Craven Street, Northumberland Avenue; Trafalgar -Square, St. Martin’s Lane, King William Street, -Seven Dials, Cranbourne Street, Leicester Square, -Coventry Street, Windmill Street, Haymarket, Jermyn -Street, Arundel Street, Orange Street, Panton Street, -Suffolk Street; Spring Gardens, Pall Mall, King -Street, St. James’s Square, Bury Street; Green Park, -Hyde Park, Rotten Row, Albert Gate, Marble Arch, -Rutland Gate, Cumberland Gate, Grosvenor Gate, -Stanhope Gate, Park Lane, Portugal Street, Chapel -Street, Chesterfield Street, Grosvenor Square, Hamilton -Place; Piccadilly; Curzon Street, Charles Street, -Queen Street, Shepherd’s Market, Hay Hill, Farm -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>Street, Berkeley Square, Stratton Street, Bruton Street, -Mount Street, Clarges Street, Half Moon Street, -Arlington Street, Bennett Street, Dover Street, Albemarle -Street, Bond Street, Clifford Street, Burlington -Street, Cork Street, Savile Row, Vigo Street, Sackville -Street, Ayr Street, Swallow Street, Vine Street; -Regent Street; Conduit Street, Maddox Street, -Brook Street, Mill Street, George Street, Hanover -Square, Davies Street; Argyll Street, Great Marlborough -Street, Blenheim Street, Wardour Street, -Nassau Street, Golden Square, Shaftesbury Avenue; -Old Compton Street, New Compton Street, Dean -Street, Gerrard Street, Macclesfield Street, Greek -Street, Carlisle Street; Hanway Street, Rathbone -Place, Newman Street, Goodge Street, Castle Street, -Wells Street, Berners Street, Foley Street, Charlotte -Street, Great Titchfield Street, Grafton Street, Fitzroy -Square, Euston Square, Southampton Street, Tottenham -Court Road; Oxford Street, Harley Street, -Wigmore Street, Cavendish Square, Holles Street, -Henrietta Street, Bentinck Street, Margaret Street, -Duchess Street, Portland Place, Welbeck Street, -Wimpole Street, Stratford Place, Langham Place, -Mansfield Street, Vere Street, Manchester Square, -Spanish Place, Chandos Street, Hinde Street, Audley -Street, Old Quebec Street, Seymour Street, Montague -Square, Berkeley Square, Portman Square, Bryanstone -Square, Blandford Square, Dorset Square, Baker -Street, Harewood Square, Lisson Grove, Ossulton -Square; Regent’s Park, Albany Street, Osnaburg -Street, Munster Square, Park Street, Brecknock Road, -Great College Street, Oakley Square, Ampthill Square, -Harrington Square, Mornington Crescent, Granby -Street, Skinner Street; Pancras Road, Battle Bridge -Road, York Road, Caledonian Road, Liverpool Street, -Sidmouth Street, Burton Crescent, Judd Street, Great -Coram Street, Lamb’s Conduit Street, Harpur Street, -Bedford Row, Southampton Row, Russell Square, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>Tavistock Square, Gordon Square, Torrington Square, -Montague Street, Brunswick Square, Mecklenburgh -Square; Thurlow Place, Great Ormond Street, Bloomsbury -Square; Queen’s Square, Red Lion Square, -Kingsgate Street, Theobald’s Road; Coldbath Square, -Ray Street, Rosoman Street, Berkeley Street, -Hockley-in-the-Hole; Myddleton Square, Pentonville -Road; St. John Street Road, City Road, Shepherdess -Walk, Curtain Road, Holywell Lane; Nichols -Square, Sutton Place, Queen Elizabeth’s Walk, Fleetwood -Road; Seven Sisters Road, Archway Road, -Flask Walk; Judges’ Walk; Fleet Road, Dale Road, -Barrow Hill Place, Abbey Road; Desborough Place, -Church Street, Nottingham Place, Paddington Street; -Craven Hill Gardens; Southwick Crescent, Orme -Square, Ladbroke Grove, Norland Square, Kensington -Gore, Ennismore Place, Cromwell Road, Gloucester -Road; Campden Hill, Warwick Road, Holland Road, -Earl’s Court Road, Addison Road; Cromwell Place, -King’s Road, Cheyne Walk, Justice Walk, Marlborough -Road, Keppel Street, Cadogan Square, -Sloane Street, Hans Place, Danvers Street; Grosvenor -Place, Eccleston Square, Belgrave Square, Ebury -Square, Chester Square, Eaton Square, Lupus Street, -St. George’s Square, Lowndes Square, Chesham Street; -Vauxhall Bridge Road, Victoria Street; Birdcage -Walk, Storey’s Gate, Queen Anne’s Gate, Delahay -Street, Rochester Row, Bridge Street, Cannon Street, -King Street, Princes Street, Parker Street, Great -George Street, Abingdon Street, Holywell Street, -Barton Street, Cowley Street, Marsham Street, Earl -Street, Romney Street, Pye Street, Great Peter Street, -Vine Street, Orchard Street, Tothill Street, Horseferry -Road; Newington Butts, Great Suffolk Street, -Mint Street, Old Kent Road, Grange Road, Spa Road, -Russell Street, Tooley Street, Jamaica Road, Cherry -Gardens Pier, Evelyn Street</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_COUNTRIES_OF_THE_WORLD"><i>THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.</i></h2> - -<p>The oldest of the four great divisions of the -world received its modern designation <b>Asia</b> -from the Sanskrit <i>Ushas</i>, signifying “land -of the dawn.” <b>Africa</b> traces its origin to the -Phœnician <i>afer</i>, a black man, and the Sanskrit <i>ac</i>, the -earth, a country. <b>Europe</b> owes its name to the -Greek <i>eurus</i>, broad, and <i>op</i>, to see, or <i>ops</i>, the face, in -allusion to “the broad face of the earth.” <b>America</b> -honours the memory of Amerigo Vespucci, the -Florentine navigator, who landed on the New Continent -south of the Equator, the year after Columbus -discovered the northern mainland in 1498. The -name of America first appeared in a work published -by Waldsemüller at St. Die, in Lorraine, in the year -1507. It is worthy of note that when Columbus -landed in America he imagined he had set foot on -part of that vast territory east of the Ganges -vaguely known as India; therefore he gave the -name of <b>Indians</b> to the aborigines. This also -accounts for the islands in the Caribbean Sea -being styled the <b>West Indies</b>.</p> - -<p>The cradle of the human race bears the name of -<b>Palestine</b>, or in Hebrew <i>Palestina</i>, meaning “the -land of strangers,” agreeably to the native word<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -<i>palash</i>, to wander. Palestine is usually denominated -the <b>Holy Land</b>, because it was the scene of the -birth, life, and death of the Redeemer. <b>Asia -Minor</b> is, of course, Lesser Asia.</p> - -<p>For the title of <b>Persia</b> we are indebted to the -Greeks, who gave the name of <i>Persis</i> to the region -(of which the capital was <i>Persipolis</i>) originally overrun -by a wild branch of the Ayrian race called the -Parsa, meaning, in the native tongue, “the Tigers” -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_64"><span class="smcap">Parsees</span></a>]. The suffix <i>ia</i>, wherever it occurs in -a geographical sense, expresses the Celtic for land -or territory. Hence, Persia signifies the territory of -the Parsa or Parsees; <b>Arabia</b>, the country of the -Arabs, “men of the desert”; <b>Abyssinia</b>, that of the -Abassins, or “mixed races”; <b>Kaffraria</b>, that of the -Kaffirs, or “unbelievers”; and <b>Ethiopia</b>, the “land -of the blacks,” according to the two Greek words -<i>aithein</i>, to burn, and <i>ops</i>, the face. <b>India</b> denotes -the country traversed by the <b>Indus</b>, or rather the -<i>Hindu</i>, which name is a Persicized form of the -Sanskrit <i>Sindhu</i>, “a great river,” rendered <i>Hindus</i> in -the Greek. Synonymous with the Celtic suffix just -discussed is the Persian <i>stan</i>: consequently <b>Hindustan</b> -signifies the territory traversed by the river -<i>Hindu</i>, and peopled by the Hindoos; <b>Turkestan</b>, -the country of the Turks; <b>Afghanistan</b>, that of -the Afghans; <b>Beloochistan</b>, that of the Belooches; -and <b>Kurdestan</b>, properly <b>Koordistan</b>, that of the -Koords. The term <b>China</b> is a western corruption -of Tsina, so called in honour of Tsin, the founder -of the great dynasty which commenced in the third<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -century <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, when a knowledge of this country was -first conveyed to the Western nations. It was this -Tsin who built the Great Wall of China (or Tsin) to -keep out the Barbarians. The Chinese Empire bears -the description of the <b>Celestial Empire</b> because its -early rulers were all celestial deities. <b>Siberia</b> is a -term indicative of <i>Siber</i>, the residence of Kutsheen -Khan, the celebrated Tartar prince, recognized as -the ancient capital of the Tartars, the ruins of -which may still be seen. Here again the Celtic -suffix <i>ia</i> has reference to the surrounding territory.</p> - -<p><b>Russia</b> constituted the country of the Russ, a -tribe who overran it at a very early period. The -Russian Empire was founded by Ruric, or Rourik, a -Scandinavian chief whose death took place in the -year <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, 879. <b>Circassia</b> denotes the country of the -Tcherkes, a Tartar tribe who settled in the neighbourhood -of the river Terck. The <b>Crimea</b> received -its name from a small town established in the peninsula -by the Kimri, or Cymri, and known to the Greeks -as <i>Kimmerikon</i>. <b>Finland</b> is properly Fenland, “the -land of marshes.” <b>Sweden</b> is a modern term made -up of the Latin <i>Suedia</i>, signifying the land of the -Suevi, a warlike tribe of the Goths, and the Anglo-Saxon -<i>den</i>, testifying to its occupation by the Danes. -Norway shows the result of a gradual modification -of the Anglo-Saxon <i>Norea</i>, and the original <i>Nordoe</i>, -being the Scandinavian for “north island.” It is -easy to understand in this connection how the old -Norsemen, deterred by the intense cold of the Arctic -Sea, took it for granted that the great northern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -peninsula was surrounded by water, without actually -determining the fact. The native name of this -country in modern times is <i>Nordrike</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, the north -kingdom.</p> - -<p><b>Britain</b> was known to the Phœnicians as <i>Barat-Anac</i>, -or “the land of tin,” as far back as the year -1037 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Some five hundred years afterwards the -Island was alluded to by the Romans under the -name of Britannia, which subsequently became -shortened into Britain. <b>England</b> was originally -<i>Engaland</i>, the land of the Engles, or Angles, who -came over from Sleswick, a province of Jutland. -Prior to the year 258, which witnessed its invasion -by the Scoti, a tribe who inhabited the northern -portions of the country now known as Ireland, -<b>Scotland</b> bore the name of <b>Caledonia</b>, literally the -hilly country of the Caels, or Gaels. The word Cael, -or Gael, is a corruption of <i>Gadhel</i>, signifying in the -native tongue “a hidden rover”; while Scot, derived -from the native <i>scuite</i>, means practically the same -thing, <i>i.e.</i>, a wanderer. The Caledonians were the -inhabitants of the Highlands, the termination <i>dun</i> -expressing the Celtic for a hill, fort, stronghold; the -Scots were the invaders from <b>Scotia</b>, who appropriated -the Hebrides and the Western Islands; -whereas the Lowlanders were the Picts, so called -from their description by the Romans, <i>picti</i>, painted -men. These Picts were eventually subdued by the -Caledonians and Britons from their respective sides. -The Gaelic designation of what is now <b>Ireland</b> was -<i>Ierne</i>, indicative of the “western isle.” Ireland is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> -commonly styled <b>The Emerald Isle</b> owing to its -fresh verdure.</p> - -<p>Wales was originally <b>Cambria</b>, so called on account -of the Cymri, or Kimri, who peopled it. The -modern title of <b>Wales</b> was given to this province -by the Anglo-Saxons, because they regarded it, in -common with Cornwall, as the land of foreigners. -Traces of the Wahl or Welsh still present themselves -in such names as Wallachia, Walcheren, -Walloon, Wallingford, Welshpool, &c. Thus we see -that the prenomen <i>Wahl</i>, subject to slight modifications -in the spelling, denotes any foreign settlement -from the Saxon point of view. The Saxons, -by the way, whose original settlement is determined -by the little kingdom of <b>Saxony</b>, derived their name -from the <i>seax</i>, or short crooked knife with which they -armed themselves.</p> - -<p>France was known to the Greeks as <i>Gallatia</i>, and -to the Romans as <i>Gallia</i>, afterwards modified into -<b>Gaul</b>, because it was the territory of the Celtiæ, or -Celts. The modern settlers of the country were the -Franks, so called from the <i>franca</i>, a kind of javelin -which they carried, who in the fifth century inhabited -the German province of <b>Franconia</b>, and, -travelling westwards, gradually accomplished the -conquest of Gaul. <b>France</b>, therefore, signifies the -country of the Franks, or, as the Germans call it, -<i>Frankreich</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, the Kingdom of the Franks. All -the western nations were styled Franks by the -Turks and Orientals, and anything brought to them -from the west invariably merited a prenomen descriptive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -of its origin, as, for example, <span class="smcapuc">FRANKINCENSE</span>, -by which was meant incense brought from the -country of the Franks. <b>Normandy</b> indicates the -coast settlement of the Northmen, or Danes; while -<b>Brittany</b> comprised the land appropriated by the -kings of Britain.</p> - -<p><b>Germany</b> was in ancient times known as Tronges, -or the country of the Tungri, a Latin word signifying -“speakers”; but the Romans afterwards gave -it the name of Germanus, which was a Latinized -Celtic term meaning “neighbours,” originally -bestowed by the Gauls upon the warlike people -beyond the Rhine. <b>Holland</b> is the modern acceptation -of <i>Ollant</i>, the Danish for “marshy ground”; -whereas <b>Belgium</b> denotes the land of the Belgiæ. -The fact that the term <b>Netherlands</b> is expressive of -the low countries need scarcely detain us. <b>Denmark</b> -is properly Danmark, <i>i.e.</i>, the territory comprised -within the <i>marc</i>, or boundary established by Dan, the -Scandinavian chieftain. <b>Jutland</b> means the land -of the Jutes, a family of the Goths who settled in -this portion of Denmark. <b>Prussia</b> is a corruption -of <i>Borussia</i>, the country of the Borussi; and -<b>Bohemia</b>, the country of the Boii, just as <b>Hungary</b> -was originally inhabited by the Huns, a warlike -Asiatic family, who expelled the Goths from this -territory in the year 376. These Huns were first -heard of in China in the third century <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> under the -name of <i>Hiong-nu</i>, meaning “giants.” <b>Poland</b> -is an inversion of <i>Land-Pole</i>, the Slavonic for “men -of the plains,” who first overran this territory.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Servia</b> was styled by the Romans <i>Suedia</i>, the -district peopled by the Suevi before they were driven -northwards to their final settlement in the territory -now called Sweden. <b>Montenegro</b> literally indicates -“black mountain.” <b>Bosnia</b> is the country traversed -by the river Bosna; <b>Moldavia</b>, that traversed by -the Moldau; and <b>Moravia</b>, that traversed by the -Morava. <b>Bulgaria</b> is a modern corruption of <i>Volgaria</i>, -meaning the country peopled by the Volsci; -while <b>Roumania</b> was anciently a Roman province. -<b>Turkey</b> is more correctly written <i>Turkia</i>, the country -of the Turks. This country also bears the style of -the <b>Ottoman Empire</b>, in honour of Othman I., -who assumed the government of the empire about -the year 1300. <b>Greece</b> is the modern form of the -Latin <i>Græcia</i>, from the Greek <i>Graikoi</i>, a name -originally bestowed upon the inhabitants of Hellas.</p> - -<p><b>Austria</b> is our mode of describing the <i>Oesterreich</i>, -literally the Eastern Empire, in contradistinction -to the Western Empire founded by Charlemagne. -<b>Italy</b> was so called after Italus, one of the early -kings of that country. <b>Switzerland</b> is an Anglicized -form of the native Schweitz, the name of the three -forest cantons whose people asserted their independence -of Austria, afterwards applied to the whole -country. <b>Spain</b> expresses the English of <i>Hispania</i>, a -designation founded upon the Punic <i>span</i>, a rabbit, -owing to the number of wild rabbits found in this -peninsula by the Carthaginians. The ancient name -of the country was <i>Iberia</i>, so styled from the Iberi, -a tribe who settled in the vicinity of the river Ebro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -<b>Portugal</b> was the <i>Portus Cale</i>, literally “the port -Cale” of the Romans, the ancient name of the city -of Oporto.</p> - -<p><b>Algiers</b> is a modified spelling of the Arabic -<i>Al Jezair</i>, meaning “the peninsula.” <b>Tunis</b> was -anciently known as Tunentum, the land of the -Tunes; <b>Morocco</b> signifies the territory of the -Moors; and <b>Barbary</b> that of the Berbers. The -term <b>Sahara</b> is Arabic for “desert”; while the -<b>Soudan</b> denotes, according to the Arabic <i>Belad-ez-Suden</i>, -the “district of the blacks.” <b>Egypt</b> expresses -the Hebrew for “the land of oppression,” -alluding to the bondage of the Israelites. <b>Senegambia</b> -was originally so named owing to its -situation between the Senegal and Gambia rivers. -The <b>Gold Coast</b> is that portion of Guinea on the -West Coast of Africa where gold is found. <b>Guinea</b> -is a native West African term meaning “abounding -in gold.” In <b>Zanzibar</b>, properly written <i>Zanguebar</i>, -we have an inversion of the Arabic <i>Ber-ez-Zing</i>, the -“coast of the negroes.” <b>Zululand</b> is the country -of the Zulus. By the <b>Transvaal</b> is meant the -territory beyond the river Vaal; just as in Europe -the Hungarians call a portion of their country -<span class="smcap">Transylvania</span>, from its situation “beyond the -wood.” <b>Natal</b> received its name from Vasco di -Gama because he discovered it on the Feast of the -Nativity. The settlements of the Dutch Boers in -South Africa are designated the <b>Orange Free -States</b> from the circumstance that their original -settlers were emigrants from the Principality of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> -Orange, in Holland. <b>Cape Colony</b> is the British -colony in South Africa, so called after the Dutch -settlement at Cape Town, which dates from the year -1652. The <b>Cape of Good Hope</b>, discovered by -Bartholomew de Diaz in 1487, was so named (<i>Cabo -de Bon Esperance</i>) by John II., King of Portugal, -who, finding that Diaz had reached the extremity of -Africa, regarded it as a favourable augury for future -maritime enterprises.</p> - -<p>The most southern point of South America was -called Cape Hoorn (or, according to the English, -<b>Cape Horn</b>) by Schonten, who first rounded it in -1616, after Hoorn, his native place in North Holland. -<b>Patagonia</b> was so styled by Magellan in accordance -with the Spanish word <i>patagon</i>, meaning a large, -clumsy foot. It was from the fact of seeing the -impressions of the large shoes (not, as he imagined, -the feet) of the aborigines that he at once concluded -the country must be inhabited by giants. <b>Chili</b> -is a Peruvian word denoting the “land of snow.” -<b>Argentina</b>, now the <b>Argentine Republic</b>, owes -its name to the silvery reflection of its rivers. -<b>Brazil</b> is a Portuguese term derived from <i>braza</i>, “a -live coal,” relative to the red dye-wood with which -the country abounds. <b>Bolivia</b> perpetuates the -memory of General Simon Bolivar, “the Liberator -of Peru.” <b>Uraguay</b> and <b>Paraguay</b> are both names -of rivers; the former meaning “the golden water,” -and the latter “the river of waters,” referring to its -numerous tributaries. <b>Peru</b> likewise received its -name from its principal river, the Rio Paro, upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -which stands the ancient city of Paruru. The Brazilian -term <i>Para</i>, however modified, is at all times -suggestive of a river. <b>Pernambuco</b> means “the -mouth of hell,” in allusion to the violent surf -always distinguished at the mouth of its chief river. -<b>Ecuador</b> is Spanish for Equator, so called by virtue -of its geographical position. <b>Columbia</b> was named -in honour of Christopher Columbus. <b>Venezuela</b> -expresses the Spanish for “Little Venice,” which -designation was given to this country owing to the -discovery of some Indian villages built upon piles -after the manner of the “Silent City” on the Adriatic -Sea.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Panama</b> is Caribbean, indicative of the -mud fish that abound in the waters on both sides of -the isthmus. <b>Costa Rica</b> is literal Spanish for -“rich coast”; while <b>Honduras</b> signifies, in the same -tongue, “deep water.” The name of <b>Nicaragua</b> -was first given by Gil Gonzales de Arila in 1521 to -the great lake situated in the region now called -after it, in consequence of his friendly reception -by the <i>Cacique</i>, a Haytian term for a chief, whose -own name was Nicaro, of a tribe of West Indians, -with whom he fell in on the borders of the lake -referred to. The <b>Mosquito Coast</b> owes its name to -the troublesome insects (Spanish <i>mosca</i>, from the -Latin <i>musca</i>, a fly) which infest this neighbourhood. -<b>Yutacan</b> is a compound Indian word meaning -“What do you say?” which was the only answer -the Spaniards could obtain from the natives to their -inquiries concerning a description of the country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> -<b>Quatemala</b> is a European rendering of the Mexican -<i>quahtemali</i>, signifying “a decayed log of wood”; so -called by the Mexican Indians who accompanied -Alvarado into this region, because they found an old -worm-eaten tree near the ancient palace of the -Kings, or <i>Kachiquel</i>, which was thought to be the -centre of the country.</p> - -<p><b>Mexico</b> denotes the place or seat of Mexitli, the -Aztec God of War. The name of <b>California</b>, -derived from the two Spanish words, <i>Caliente Fornalla</i>, -<i>i.e.</i>, “hot furnace,” was given by Cortez in -the year 1535 to the peninsula now known as Old or -Lower California, of which he was the discoverer, on -account of its hot climate. <b>British Columbia</b> is -the only portion of North America that retains the -name of the discoverer of the New World; but -originally the whole of the territory now comprised -in the United States bore the designation of <b>Columbia</b> -in honour of Christopher Columbus. The -term <b>Canada</b> is Indian, indicative of a “collection -of huts”; <b>Manitoba</b> traces its origin from Manitou, -the Indian appellation of “The Great Spirit.” -<b>Ontario</b> comes from the native <i>Onontac</i>, “the -village on the mountain,” and chief seat of the -Onondagas; while <b>Quebec</b> is an Algonquin term -signifying “take care of the rock.” <b>Labrador</b> was -originally denominated <i>Tierra Labrador</i>, the Spanish -for “cultivated land,” as distinguished from the -non-fertile though moss-covered <b>Greenland</b>. <b>New -Brunswick</b>, colonized in 1785, received its name in -compliment to the House of Brunswick. <b>Nova<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> -Scotia</b>, otherwise New Scotland, was so called by -Sir William Alexander, a Scotsman who obtained a -grant of this colony from James I. in 1621. <b>Florida</b> -was named by Ponce de Leon in accordance with -the day of its discovery, to wit, Easter Sunday, -which in the Spanish language is styled <i>Pascua -Florida</i>.</p> - -<p>The first British settlement in North America was -claimed by Sir Walter Raleigh on the 13th of July, -1584, in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and called -<b>Virginia</b> in her honour. <b>Maryland</b> was so denominated -by Lord Baltimore (who gave the name -of <b>Baltimore</b> to a neighbouring State), in honour of -Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. <b>Pennsylvania</b> -denotes the colony founded “in the wood” by William -Penn, the son of Admiral Penn, in 1681. This is -usually alluded to as the <span class="smcap">Keystone State</span>, from its -relative position to the other States. <b>Georgia</b> was -named after George II., in whose reign this state -was colonized; and <b>Carolina</b> (North and South) -after Carolus II., the Latinized style of Charles II., -by whom this state was granted to eight of his -favourites. <b>Louisiana</b> was so called by M. de la -Sale in the year 1682, in honour of Louis XIV. of -France; while <b>Maine</b> and <b>New Orleans</b> received -the names of existing French provinces. The title -of <b>New Hampshire</b> was given to the state granted -to him in 1629 by John Mason, in compliment to his -native county in England; <b>New Jersey</b> complimented -the scene of action whereon Sir George -Carterat distinguished himself in the defence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -Jersey Island against the Parliamentary forces in -1664; and <b>New York</b> (State) was denominated in -honour of James, Duke of York, afterwards James -II. [For <b>Michigan</b> see the great lake of the same -name.] <b>Indiana</b> derived its name from the great -number of Indians found here. <b>Alabama</b> in the -native tongue, signifies “Here we rest”; <b>Nebraska</b> -means “water valley”; <b>Ohio</b> is “beautiful”; -<b>Massachusetts</b>, “about the great hills”; <b>Wisconsin</b>, -“wild rushing channel”; <b>Kansas</b>, “smoky -water”; <b>Tennessee</b>, “river of the great bend”; -<b>Kentucky</b>, “at the head of a river”; <b>Mississippi</b>, -“great and long river”; <b>Missouri</b>, “muddy river”; -and <b>Minnesota</b>, “white water.” <b>Arkansas</b> conveys -the same meaning as Kansas, with the addition of the -French prefix <i>arc</i>, a bow. <b>Illinois</b> is a compound of -the Indian <i>illum</i>, men, and the French suffix <i>oix</i>, a -tribe. <b>Oregon</b> received its name from the Spanish -<i>oregano</i>, wild majoram, which grows in abundance -on this portion of the Pacific shore. <b>Texas</b> means -“the place of protection,” in reference to the fact -that a colony of French refugees were afforded -protection here by General Lallemont in 1817; -<b>Vermont</b> is, more correctly, <i>Verd Mont</i>, so called -in testimony to the verdure-clad mountains which -traverse this state; <b>Colorado</b> expresses the Spanish -for “coloured,” alluding to its coloured ranges; -while <b>Nevada</b> is Spanish for “snowy,” indicative -of the character of its mountain ridges, the -<i>Sierra Nevada</i>. <b>Connecticut</b> presents itself in -the native Indian form <i>Quinnitukut</i>, meaning “the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -country of the long river”; <b>Iowa</b> is a French -corruption of a Sioux term, signifying “drowsy,” or -“the sleepy ones,” applied to the Pahoja, or Gray-snow -tribe; <b>Astoria</b> was founded by John Jacob -Astor, of New York, as a fur-trading station in the -year 1811; and <b>Delaware</b> received its name from -Thomas West, Lord de La Warre, Governor of -Virginia, who visited the bay in 1610, and died on -board his vessel at its mouth.</p> - -<p><b>Lake Superior</b> denotes the uppermost and chief -of the five great lakes of North America. <b>Lake -Erie</b> is the Lake of the “Wild Cat,” the name given -to a fierce tribe of Indians exterminated by the -Iroquois. <b>Lake Huron</b> owes its name to the -French word <i>hure</i>, a head of hair; in reference to -the Wyandots, whom the French settlers designated -Hurons owing to their profusion of hair. <b>Lake -Ontario</b> bears the denomination of the Canadian -territory already discussed. <b>Niagara</b>, or rather, to -give it its full name, <i>Oni-aw-garah</i>, expresses the -West Indian for “the thunder of waters.” <b>Lake -Michigan</b> signifies in the native tongue “a weir for -fish”; and <b>Lake Winnipeg</b>, “lake of the turbid -water.” The <b>Great Bear Lake</b> is indebted for its -name to its northern situation [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_49"><span class="smcap">Arctic Ocean</span></a>]; -and the <b>Great Salt Lake</b>, to the saline character -of its waters.</p> - -<p>Having disposed of the different countries, let us -now consider the nomenclature of the principal seas -and islands.</p> - -<p>The <b>Arctic Ocean</b> received its name pursuant to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -the Greek <i>arktos</i>, a bear, on account of the northern -constellations of the Great and Little Bear. The -<b>Antarctic Ocean</b> denotes the ocean <i>anti</i>, against, -or opposite to, the Arctic Ocean. The <b>Atlantic -Ocean</b>, known to the Greeks by the name of <i>Atlantikos -pelagos</i>, was originally so called from the Isle of -Atlantes, which both Plato and Homer imagined to -be situated beyond the Straits of Gibraltar. The -<b>Pacific Ocean</b> was so named by Magellan, owing to -its calm and pacific character, in striking contrast to -his tempestuous passage through the Straits of Magellan, -from which he emerged November 27, 1520. The -<b>Caribbean Sea</b> washes the territory of the Caribbs, -whose name means “cruel men.” The <b>Mediterranean -Sea</b> expresses the Latin (<i>medius</i>, middle, -and <i>terra</i>, earth) for the sea between two continents, -viz., Europe and Africa. The <b>Adriatic Sea</b> indicates -the Sea of Adrian or Hadrian. The <b>Baltic Sea</b> -denotes, in accordance with the Swedish <i>bält</i>, a strait, -a sea full of belts, or straits. The <b>North Sea</b>, the -<b>German Ocean</b>, the <b>Indian Ocean</b>, and the <b>Irish -Sea</b>, are names indicative of the positions of these -respective seas. The <b>White Sea</b> is so called from -its proximity to sterile regions of snow and ice; the -<b>Black Sea</b>, because it abounds with black rocks; -the <b>Red Sea</b>, on account of the red soil which -forms its bottom; the <b>Green Sea</b>, owing to a -strip of green always discernible along the Arabian -shore; the <b>Yellow Sea</b>, from the immense quantity -of alluvial soil continually poured into it -by the Yang-tse-Kiang river; and the <b>Dead Sea</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> -because no fish of any kind has ever been found in -its waters. The <b>Caspian Sea</b> preserves the name of -the Caspii, a tribe who originally formed a settlement -on its shores. The <b>Sea of Marmora</b> owes its designation -to a small island at its western extremity which -has long been famous for its marble (Latin <i>marmor</i>) -quarries. The <b>Gulf Stream</b> is a warm current of -water that issues from the mouth of the Amazon, -immediately under the Equator, and after traversing -the coast of South America, the Caribbean Sea, the -Gulf of Mexico, and the coast of the United States, -makes its way across the Atlantic directly for the -British Isles, raising the temperature of the water -through which it passes. The <b>Horse Latitudes</b>, -situated between the trade winds and the westerly -winds of higher latitudes, and distinguished for -tedious calms, received this name because it was in -this portion of the Atlantic the old navigators often -threw overboard the horses which they had undertaken -to transport to the West Indies. The southern -banks of the West India Islands, and the water extending -for some distance into the Caribbean Sea, -were formerly known as the <b>Spanish Main</b>, from -the fact that the Spaniards confined their buccaneering -enterprises to this locality.</p> - -<p><b>Hudson’s Bay</b> and <b>Hudson’s Strait</b> were named -after their re-discovery by Captain Henry Hudson while -searching for the north-west passage in 1610. Prior -to this date the Bay and the Strait had not been -navigated since their original discovery by Cabot in -1512. <b>James’ Bay</b> honours the memory of James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> -I., in whose reign it was completely explored. Quite -a number of straits, gulfs, and bays bear the names -of their respective navigators; therefore these need -not detain us here. An exception exists in the case -of <b>Barrow’s Strait</b>, which was so called by Captain -Penny in compliment to John Barrow, the son of -Sir John Barrow the traveller and statesman, in -1850. <b>All Saints’ Bay</b> was discovered by Vespucci -on the Feast of All Saints in the year 1503. The -<b>Gulf of St. Lawrence</b> was first explored, and the -navigation of the long river of the same name commenced, -on the Feast of St. Lawrence, 1500. The -<b>Gulf of Carpentaria</b> preserves the memory of a -Dutch captain named Carpenter who discovered it -in 1606. <b>Torres Strait</b> received the name of the -Spanish navigator, L. V. de Torres, to whom its discovery -was due, in the year 1606. <b>Botany Bay</b> was -so called by Captain Cook from the great variety of -plants which he found growing on its shores when -exploring it in the year 1770. The <b>St. George’s -Channel</b> was named after the patron saint of England. -The <b>Skagerrack</b> denotes the “crooked -strait between the Skagen” (so called from the Gothic -<i>skaga</i>, a promontory), which forms the northern extremity -of Jutland and Norway. <b>Zuyder Zee</b> -expresses the Dutch for the “south sea,” in relation -to the North Sea or German Ocean. The <b>Bay of -Biscay</b> takes its name from the Basque or Basquan, -<i>i.e.</i>, mountainous provinces, whose shores are -washed by its waters. The <b>Strait of Gibraltar</b> -honours the reputation of Ben Zeyad Tarik, a Moorish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -general who effected the invasion of Spain in the -year 712 by obtaining possession of the apparently -impregnable rock which has ever since borne the -name, in consequence, of <i>Jebel al tarik</i>, the Mountain -of Tarik. The <b>Bosphorus</b> is a Greek term composed -of <i>bous</i>, an ox, and <i>porus</i>, a ford, alluding to the -legend that when Io was transformed into a cow -she forded this strait. The <b>Dardanelles</b> derive -their name from the ancient city of Dardanus, -founded by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam, where -the castle now stands on the Asiatic side.</p> - -<p>By the term <b>Australia</b> is meant “the South,” -and by <b>Australasia</b> “Southern Asia,” agreeably to -the Latin <i>australis</i>, southern. Previous to its settlement -by the British, Australia was known as <b>New -Holland</b> owing to its discovery by the Dutch in the -year 1606. The existing name of <b>New Zealand</b> -likewise bears testimony to the deep-rooted affection -of the Dutch navigators, and indeed of the Dutch -people generally, for their native country—the word -<i>Zeeland</i>, denoting sea-land, being significant of the -low countries. <b>Tasmania</b> was originally known as -<b>Van Dieman’s Land</b>, the name bestowed upon it -by Abel Jansen Tasman, who discovered it in 1642, -in compliment to the daughter of the Dutch governor -of Batavia. The change of title was effected in 1853. -<b>The Society Islands</b> received their name from -Captain Cook in honour of the Royal Society; the -<b>Friendly Islands</b>, on account of the friendly disposition -of the natives; and <b>Christmas Island</b>, -because he set foot upon it on Christmas Day, 1777.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -The naming of the <b>Sandwich Islands</b> by Cook -conveyed a graceful compliment to Lord Sandwich, -First Lord of the Admiralty. The <b>Philippine -Islands</b>, discovered by Magellan in 1521, were -named after Philip II. of Spain; and the <b>Caroline -Islands</b> discovered by Lopez de Villalobos in 1543, -after Charles V., Emperor of Germany and first King -of Spain.</p> - -<p><b>Papua</b> is a Portuguese term for “frizzled,” in -allusion to the enormous frizzled heads of hair worn -by the natives; <b>Java</b> is a native Malay word signifying -“the land of nutmegs;” <b>Sumatra</b>, a corruption -of <i>Trimatara</i>, means “the happy land”; while -<b>Borneo</b> comes from the Sanskrit <i>bhurni</i>, “land.” -<b>Japan</b> is a European modification, brought about -through the Portuguese <i>Gepuen</i>, of the native <i>Niphon</i>, -compounded of <i>ni</i>, sun, fire, and <i>pon</i>, land, literally -sun-land, or “land of the rising sun,” and signifying -“the fountain of light.” <b>Formosa</b> is Portuguese -for “beautiful”; whereas <b>Ceylon</b>, rendered in the -Portuguese tongue <i>Selen</i>, is but part of the original -Sanskrit <i>Sinhala-dwipa</i>, “the Island of Lions.” The -<b>Mauritius</b>, when colonized by the Dutch, received -the name of Maurice, Prince of Orange; and the -<b>Isle of Bourbon</b>, when settled by the French, that -of the Bourbon family. <b>Madagascar</b> is properly -<i>Malagasy</i>, the Island of the Malagese, because the -natives belong to the Malay race.</p> - -<p><b>Tierra del Fuego</b> expresses the Spanish for “land -of fire.” The <b>Island of Desolation</b> was so designated -by Captain Cook owing to the absence of all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -signs of life. <b>Hanover Island</b> honours the House -of Hanover; and <b>Adelaide Island</b>, the queen of -William IV.; while <b>Juan Fernandez</b> (also known -as <b>Selkirk’s Island</b>, after Alexander Selkirk, its -solitary inhabitant from September, 1704, to February, -1707), perpetuates the name of its discoverer -in the year 1567. The <b>Ladrone Islands</b> merited -this designation from the circumstance that when -Magellan touched upon one of the lesser isles of the -group in 1520 the natives stole some of his goods; -whereupon he called the Islands the <i>Ladrones</i>, which -is the Spanish for thieves. <b>Pitcairn’s Island</b> was -discovered by Pitcairn in 1768. <b>Easter Island</b> was -so denominated by Jacob Roggevin in consequence -of his visit to its fertile shores on Easter Sunday, -1722; the island having previously been discovered -by Captain Davis in 1686. <b>Vancouver Island</b> -preserves the memory of Captain Vancouver, a midshipman -under Captain Cook, who discovered it in -1792, while cruising about in search of a river on the -west coast of North America. The <b>Aleutian Islands</b> -expresses the Russian for “bald rocks.” <b>Queen -Charlotte Island</b> was named in compliment to the -queen of George III.; and <b>Prince of Wales Island</b>, -after the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV. -<b>Barrow Island</b>, discovered by Captain Penny in -1850, received the name of John Barrow, son of Sir -John Barrow, the eminent statesman; while <b>Baring -Island</b>, also discovered by Penny in the course of -the same voyage, received the name of Sir Francis -Baring, First Lord of the Admiralty. The <b>Parry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> -Islands</b> and <b>Baffin Land</b> indicate the names of -the famous Arctic navigators to whom their discovery -was due. <b>Banks Land</b> was so called in compliment -to Sir Joseph Banks, the eminent naturalist and -President of the Royal Society.</p> - -<p><b>Newfoundland</b> is the only territory discovered -by Cabot which has been allowed to retain its -original name. <b>Rhode Island</b>, a corruption of the -Danish <i>rood</i>, red, signifies Red Island, in allusion to -its reddish appearance; whereas <b>Long Island</b> has -reference to its long and narrow conformation. The -<b>Bermuda Islands</b> were discovered by Juan Bermudez -in 1522. <b>San Salvador</b> means “Holy -Saviour.” This was the first land sighted by -Columbus (October 11, 1492); he therefore gave it -this name, as a token of thanksgiving. <b>Jamaica</b> is -a corruption of <i>Xaymaco</i>, a native West Indian name -signifying “the country abounding in springs.” <b>Cuba</b> -and <b>Hayti</b> are also native names, the latter meaning -“mountainous country.” The Island of <b>Barbadoes</b> -derived its name from the Latin <i>barba</i>, a beard, in -allusion to the beard-like streamers of moss always -hanging from the branches of the trees. <b>Dominica</b> -is indicative of the day of its discovery by Columbus, -namely, Sunday, November 2, 1493; and <b>Porto -Rico</b> is likewise Spanish for “rich port.” When -Columbus first sighted the Isle of <b>Trinidad</b> he -discerned three mountain peaks rising from the sea, -thus conveying the impression of three distinct -islands; but on approaching nearer he discovered -that they formed one piece of land only; wherefore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -he gave the island the name of the Trinity, of which -it was so eminently an emblem. But perhaps the -most interesting of the West Indies in connection -with the subject we are now discussing is <b>Tobago -Island</b>, so called by Columbus from its fancied resemblance -to the <i>Tobaco</i>, or inhaling tube of the -aborigines, whence the word <span class="smcap">Tobacco</span> has been -derived. <b>St. Kitt’s Island</b> is an abbreviation of -St. Christopher’s Island, so called by Columbus in -1493 after his patron saint.</p> - -<p><b>Ascension Island</b> was discovered by the Portuguese -on Ascension Day, 1501; and the <b>Isle -of St. Helena</b> on the Feast of St. Helena, 1502. -<b>Tristan d’Acunha</b> received the name of the Portuguese -navigator who discovered it in 1651. The -<b>Canary Islands</b> were originally so called on account -of the numerous dogs, as well as of their unusual -size (Latin <i>canis</i>, a dog), bred here. <b>Madeira</b> -is a Portuguese term signifying timber; the inference -being that this island was formerly covered -by an immense forest. <b>Majorca</b> and <b>Minorca</b>, -literally in accordance with the Latin <i>major</i> and -<i>minor</i>, the Greater and Lesser Island, are denominated -also the <b>Balearic Islands</b> from the -Greek <i>ballein</i>, to throw, because their inhabitants -were anciently noted slingers. <b>Corsica</b> is a Phœnician -word denoting “the wooded island”; <b>Sardinia</b> -expresses the “land of the Sardonion,” a Greek -term for a plant indigenous to this island; <b>Capri</b> -signifies the “island of goats,” agreeably to the -Latin <i>caper</i>, a he-goat; <b>Sicily</b> received its name from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -the <i>Siculi</i>, a tribe who settled upon it in early times; -<b>Malta</b> was anciently <i>Melita</i>, “the place of refuge”; -<b>Candia</b> comes from the Arabic <i>Khandæ</i>, “the island -of trenches”; and <b>Cyprus</b> from the Greek <i>Kupros</i>, -the name of a herb with which the island abounded; -while <b>Rhodes</b> indicates an “island of roses,” in -conformity with the Greek <i>rhodon</i>, a rose.</p> - -<p><b>Belleisle</b> is French for “beautiful island”; -<b>Jersey</b> was originally <i>Czar’s-ey</i>, meaning “Cæsar’s -Island,” so called by the Romans in honour of -Julius Cæsar; the <b>Isle of Wight</b> denoted in the -long, long ago the Island of the Wyts, or Jutes; just -as <b>Gothland</b> indicated a settlement of the Goths. -<b>Heligoland</b> expresses the Danish for “holy island -settlement.” <b>Anglesea</b> is really a corruption of -<i>Anglesey</i>, signifying, in accordance with the suffix <i>ey</i>, -the Isle of the Angles [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span></a>]. The <b>Isle of -Man</b> is the modern designation of <b>Mona Island</b>, -by which was meant, agreeably to the Celtic <i>mæn</i>, -a stone “rocky island.” The <b>Hebrides</b> were -anciently referred to by Ptolemy as the <i>Ebudæ</i>, and -by Pliny as the <i>Hebudes</i>, denoting the “Western -Isles”; the <b>Orkney Isles</b> expresses the Gaelic for -the “Isles of Whales,” alluding to their situation; -and the <b>Shetland Isles</b>, the Norse for the “Viking -Island,” conformably with their native prenomen -<i>Hyalti</i>, a Viking. The term <span class="smcap">Viking</span>, by the way, -meaning a pirate, was derived from the <i>Vik</i>, or creek, -in which he lay concealed. The name of <b>Iceland</b> -needs no comment, further than that, perhaps, the -north and west coasts of the island are frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -blockaded with ice, which has drifted before the wind -from Greenland. <b>Spitzbergen</b> is literal Dutch for -“sharp-pointed mountains,” referring to the granite -peaks of the mountains, which are so characteristic -of this group of islands; while <b>Nova Zembla</b> presents -a strange mixture of the Latin and Slavonic, -literally “new land.”</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_MONTHS_AND_DAYS_OF_THE"><i>THE MONTHS, AND DAYS OF THE -WEEK.</i></h2> - -<p>The titles of the months are modernized forms -of those in use among the Romans, namely:—<b>January</b>, -in honour of Janus, a deity who -presided over the beginning of everything; <b>February</b>, -from the Latin word <i>febru</i>, to purify, because the -purification of women took place in this month; -<b>March</b>, after Mars, the God of War; <b>April</b>, from -<i>aperio</i>, to open, this being the month in which the -buds shoot forth; <b>May</b>, after Maia, the mother of -Mercury, to whom sacrifices were offered on the first -day of this month; <b>June</b>, from Juno, the queen -goddess; <b>July</b>, the name given to this month by -Marc Antony in honour of Julius Cæsar, who was -born in it; <b>August</b>, named by Augustus Cæsar after -himself, because in this month he celebrated three -distinct triumphs, reduced Egypt to subjection, and -put an end to the civil wars; while <b>September</b>, -<b>October</b>, <b>November</b>, and <b>December</b> literally express -the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months of -the old Roman Calendar, counted from March, which -commenced the year previous to the addition of -January and February by Numa in the year 713 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p>The Egyptian astronomers were the first to distinguish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -the days by names, when, as might have -been expected, they called them after the Sun, the -Moon, and the five planets, viz., Mars, Mercury, -Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. Of these the two first -and the last survive, but for the rest the names of as -many gods of the Scandinavian mythology have been -substituted. Nowadays, then, we have the following:—<b>Sunday</b>, -originally signifying the day upon which -the sun was worshipped; <b>Monday</b>, the day of the -moon; <b>Tuesday</b> devoted to Tiw, the God of War; -<b>Wednesday</b>, set apart for the worship of Odin, or -Wodin, the God of Magic and the Inventor of the -Arts; <b>Thursday</b>, the day of Thor, the son of Odin -(or Wodin), and the God of Thunder; <b>Friday</b>, allotted -to Frigga, the wife of Odin, and the Goddess of -Marriage; and <b>Saturday</b>, the day of Saturn, one of -the planets of the solar system.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CREEDS_SECTS_AND_DENOMINATIONS"><i>CREEDS, SECTS, AND DENOMINATIONS.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Theism</b> and <b>Deism</b> both express a belief in -God; the former term being derived from -the Greek <i>Theos</i>, God, and the latter from -the Latin, <i>Deus</i>, God. The <b>Theist</b>, however, -admits the <b>Theocracy</b> or Government of God -(Greek <i>Theos</i>, God, and <i>kratein</i>, to govern); the -<b>Deist</b>, on the contrary, maintains that God in the -beginning implanted in all His works certain immutable -laws, comprehended by mankind under the -name of the “Laws of Nature,” which act of themselves, -and are no longer subject to the supervision -of the Creator. <b>Pantheism</b> (from the Greek <i>pan</i>, -all, everything, and <i>Theos</i>, God) is the religion which -rejects a belief in a personal God, but recognizes Him -in all the processes, and works, and glories, and -beauties of Nature, and animated creation. Briefly, -the <b>Pantheist</b> holds the doctrine that “God is -everything, and everything is God.” The word -<b>Atheism</b> comes from the Greek <i>Theos</i>, God, and the -prefix <i>a</i>, without. An <b>Atheist</b>, therefore, practically -answers to the description given by David in the -opening line of <i>Psalm</i> xiv., “The fool hath said in his -heart, There is no God.” <b>Agnosticism</b> is also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -Greek, in accordance with the prefix <i>a</i>, without, -and <i>gnomi</i>, to know. An <b>Agnostic</b> is one whose belief -is confined to that which he <i>knows</i> and sees, and -who rejects everything at all beyond his understanding. -<b>Secularism</b>, derived from the Latin -<i>seculum</i>, an age, a generation, is the term given to -the principles advocated by Messrs. Holyoake in -1846, which professed an entire independence of -religion, except so far as it pertains to this life. The -<b>Secularist</b> aims at promoting the happiness of the -community during the present life. His religion is -that of this world, without troubling himself about -possibilities concerning a life hereafter. Such views -are closely allied to those set forth by John Stuart -Mill (born 1806, died 1873) under the name of -<b>Utilitarianism</b>, by which was meant, “the happiness -of the greatest number.” This term was based -upon the Latin <i>utilitas</i>, usefulness. <b>Spiritualism</b> -expresses a belief in the soul’s immortality, as -opposed to the doctrine of <b>Materialism</b>, which contends -that the soul, or thinking part of man, is the -result of some peculiar organization of matter in -the body, with which it must necessarily die. -<b>Rationalism</b> constitutes the doctrine which accepts -the test of Reason and Experience in the pursuit of -knowledge, particularly in regard to religious truth, -rejecting the gift of Faith, Revelation, and everything -connected with the supernatural or miraculous. -This was the religion (!) of the French Revolutionists, -who set up an actress to be publicly -honoured as the “Goddess of Reason” in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> -Cathedral of Nôtre Dame on the 10th of November, -1793.</p> - -<p>The earliest form of religion on the face of the earth -was <b>Monotheism</b>, so called from the Greek <i>monos</i>, -alone, only, and <i>Theos</i>, God; therefore signifying -a belief in, and the worship of, one Only God. The -word <b>Religion</b> is derived from the Latin <i>religare</i>, -to bind. Hence, Religion implies obedience, submission, -and an acknowledgment of certain orthodox -doctrines regarding our duty to a Supreme Power. -<b>Mosaism</b>, otherwise <b>Judaism</b>, denotes the religion -of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. But -even during that favoured period when God manifested -Himself in various ways to the children of -Israel, Idolatry prevailed. Let us consider what -this word <b>Idolatry</b> really means. <i>Idol</i> is a contraction -of the Greek <i>eidolon</i>, the diminutive of <i>eidos</i>, -a figure, an image, or that which is seen, derived from -the verb <i>eidein</i>, to see; while <b>Idolater</b> is made up of -the two Greek words, <i>eidolon</i>, and <i>latres</i>, one who -pays homage, a worshipper. An Idolater, therefore, -is a worshipper of images, or that which he sees. -The Israelites, who prostrated themselves before the -Golden Calf, were strictly Idolaters; so were the -Egyptians, who worshipped the sun, the moon, the ox, -the dog, the cat, the ibis, and the ichneumon; but the -Greeks and Romans were scarcely Idolaters, because -the mythological deities they worshipped were -unseen—as unseen as is the True God Himself. -Neither were they <b>Pagans</b>, which term, from the -Latin <i>paganus</i>, a countryman, a peasant, based upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> -<i>pagus</i>, a country, a district, has nothing whatever to -do with religion. The Greeks and Romans were, -in fact, <b>Polytheists</b>, and their religion was <b>Polytheism</b>, -signifying, in accordance with the Greek -<i>polus</i>, many, and <i>Theos</i>, God, a belief in more gods -than one. The more general description of the -religion of the ancients is comprised in the term -<b>Mythology</b>, written in the Greek <i>muthologia</i>, from -<i>muthos</i>, a fable, and <i>logos</i>, a discourse.</p> - -<p>Alluding to the <b>Fire Worshippers</b> of the East, -who fall prostrate in adoration of the sun, it should -be noted that these do not actually worship the sun, -but God, whom they believe to reside in it. This -Sun or Fire Worship, the religion of the <b>Parsees</b>, -otherwise denominated <b>Zoroastrianism</b>, was introduced -into Persia by Zoroaster about five hundred -years before the Christian era. In short, -the Parsees are the descendants of those who, in -Persia, adhered to the Zoroastrian religion after -the Moslem or Mahommedan conquest of their -country, whence they were at length driven by -Moslem persecution to migrate to India. The -<b>Brahmins</b> are the priests or higher caste of the -Hindoos, who, like the Burmese, the inhabitants -of the adjacent country, <b>Burmah</b>, claim to be -descended from <i>Brahma</i>, the supreme deity of the -Hindoo religion. The <b>Buddhists</b> are the followers -of Buddha, a Hindoo sage who founded the doctrine -of <b>Buddhism</b> in the sixth century <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> <b>Mahommedanism</b> -is the religion founded by Mahommed, -or Mahomet (born 571, died 632). The term<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> -<b>Koran</b>, or more properly <i>Al Koran</i>, “The Koran,” -which constitutes the Bible of the Mahommedans, -is Arabic for a “Reading,” a “thing to be read.” -The native name of the Mahommedan religion is -<b>Islam</b>, resignation and obedience to God, founded -upon the verb <i>aslama</i>, to bend, to submit, to surrender. -The Mahommedans of Turkey and Persia -usually bear the style of <b>Mussulmans</b>, a corruption -and the plural of the Arabic <i>muslim</i>, rendered into -English as <b>Moslem</b>, and meaning a true believer, or -one who holds the faith of Islam.</p> - -<p>Our reference to Mahommedanism having carried -us some six hundred years beyond the foundation of -<b>Christianity</b> by Christ, we must of necessity -retrace our steps. Reverting to the Jewish people -contemporary with Jesus Christ and His disciples, -a certain portion of these styled themselves -<b>Pharisees</b> because they affected a greater degree -of holiness than their neighbours. The name was -derived from the Hebrew word <i>pharash</i>, separated. -The <b>Nazarenes</b>, so called after “Jesus of Nazareth,” -were a sect of semi-converted Jews, who, while -believing Christ to be the long-promised Messiah, -and that His nature was Divine as well as human, -nevertheless continued the rites and ceremonies -peculiar to Judaism. The <b>Gnostics</b>, otherwise -the “Knowers,” pursuant to the Greek <i>gnomi</i>, to -know, were those who tried to accommodate the -Scriptures to the speculations of Plato, Pythagoras, -and other ancient philosophers; having done which -to their own satisfaction they refused all further<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> -knowledge on the subject. The <b>Aquarians</b> (Latin -<i>aqua</i>, water) insisted upon the use of water in the -place of wine in the Communion. The <b>Arians</b> -were the followers of Arius, a presbyter in the -Church of Alexandria, universally regarded as the -first heretic. Soon after his death (in 336), which -was ignominious in the extreme, the Arians renounced -their errors, and were readmitted into the -Church; but this gave offence to another section of -the Christians under Lucifer, Bishop of Cagliari, -styling themselves the <b>Luciferians</b>, who refused -all communication with the reconverted heretics. -The <b>Donatists</b> were the followers of Donatus, -Bishop of Numidia; the <b>Macedonians</b>, of Macedonius, -Patriarch of Constantinople; the <b>Apollinarians</b>, -of Apollinarius, Bishop of Laodicea and -Greek Christian philosopher. These various sects -arose in the fourth century of the Church.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Catholic</b>, derived from the Greek -<i>Katholos</i>, compounded out of <i>Kata</i>, throughout, and -<i>olos</i>, whole, signifies One, Universal. During the -first nine centuries of Christianity the <b>Catholic -Church</b> was indeed universal; but at that epoch -it became necessary to distinguish between the -Eastern or Greek Church, and the Western or -Church of Rome, by adding the word “Roman” -to the original Church founded by St. Peter and -perpetuated by his successors the Popes. The -<b>Greek Church</b>, which constitutes the orthodox -religion of Greece, Moldavia, and Russia, differs -principally from the Roman Catholic in regard to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -the Papal supremacy, and the doctrine of Holy -Ghost proceeding from the Father and the Son. -The employment of the full title of <b>Roman -Catholic Church</b> is at all times necessary in -England when alluding to Christian doctrine in -order to avoid probable confusion with the Established -Church of this country which retains in its -Creed the designation of “The Holy Catholic -Church.” This is because at the Reformation the -<b>Church of England</b>, then styled the <b>Anglican -Church</b>, professed to be the Catholic Church -governed by the reigning monarch instead of the -Pope of Rome.</p> - -<p>The <b>Gallican Church</b> is the so-called Church of -France or Gaul, the ancient name of the country. -Père Hyacinth, its founder, whose church was -opened in Paris February 7, 1870, originally separated -from the Church of Rome owing to his disapproval -of the enforced celibacy of the clergy. The -<b>Lutheran Church</b> of Germany took its name from -Martin Luther (born 1483, died 1546), the monk -who became the pioneer of <b>Protestantism</b>. In the -year 1529 the Emperor Charles V. summoned a -Diet at Spiers for the avowed object of enlisting the -aid of the German Princes against the Turks, but -really to devise some means of tranquillizing the -disturbances which had grown out of Luther’s -opposition to the Church of Rome, and restoring -the national religion. Against a decree drawn up -at this Diet six princes and the deputies of thirteen -imperial towns offered a vehement <i>protest</i>, and ever<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> -afterwards the <b>Lutherans</b> were in consequence -styled <b>Protestants</b>. The first Standard of Faith, -according to the doctrines of Luther, is known as -<b>The Augsburg Confession</b>, because it was presented -by Luther and Melancthon to Charles V., -during the sitting of the Imperial Diet at Augsburg -in the year 1530.</p> - -<p>The <b>Calvinists</b> were the followers of John Calvin -(born 1509, died 1604), the zealous reformer of -Switzerland. In due time these also styled themselves -Protestants. From Switzerland Protestantism -spread into France through the energy of a Genevese -Calvinist named Hugh or Hugue, after whom the -French Protestants adopted the name of <b>Huguenots</b>.</p> - -<p>But Luther and Calvin were by no means the -earliest of the reformers.</p> - -<p>In England the <b>Wycliffites</b>, or followers of John -Wycliffe (born 1324, died 1387), became known as -<b>Gospellers</b>, after their leader had completed the -translation of the Bible in 1377. Eventually they -adopted the title of <b>Lollards</b>, in imitation of a sect -of German reformers headed by Walter Lollard, -a dissolute priest, who turned theologian and was -publicly burned for heresy at Cologne in 1322. In -France the precursors of the Huguenots were the -<b>Albigenses</b> of Languedoc, so called because their -capital was Albi, and its people were called the -Albigeois, early in the twelfth century; and in 1170, -the <b>Waldenses</b>, inhabiting the wooded districts of -Valdois and Piedmont. The latter received their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> -designation in accordance with the German <i>walden</i>, -forests. The <b>Camisards</b>, or wearers of the <i>Camisè</i>, -a peasant’s smock, to conceal their armour, comprised -a body of Protestant insurgents who took -up arms in the district of the Cevennes after the -revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., -October 22, 1685. As these always conducted their -attacks upon the soldiery under cover of the darkness -the term “Camisard” in military parlance -soon came to imply a night attack. The Protestants -of Bohemia were styled <b>Hussites</b>, after John Huss -(born 1373, burned 1415); they were also known as -<b>Bethlemites</b> from the Church of Bethlehem in -Prague, in which Huss used to hurl forth his -denunciations against the Church of Rome. The -<b>Moravians</b>, otherwise <b>The United Brethren</b>, -who were driven by persecutions from Moravia and -Bohemia in the last century, claimed to be descendants -of the original Hussites.</p> - -<p>Having now traced the rise of Protestantism -generally, let us at once dispose of the various sects -and denominations before confining ourselves to the -Established Church and its offshoots.</p> - -<p>The <b>Adamites</b> were the fanatical followers of one -Picard, in Bohemia, self-styled “Adam, Son of God,” -who, about the year 1400, proposed to reduce mankind -to a state of primitive innocence and enjoyment. -No clothes were worn, wives were held in common, -and many other violations of Nature were committed -ere they finally disappeared from the face of the earth. -A similar sect were the <b>Libertines</b>, in Holland,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -These contended that nothing could be regarded as -sinful in a community where each was at full liberty -to act up to his natural dictates and passions. The -<b>Jansenists</b> favoured the doctrines of Jansenius, -Bishop of Ypres, in France (born 1585, died 1638). -For a long period these maintained an open warfare -with the <b>Jesuists</b>, properly, soldiers of the “Society -of Jesus” [<i>see</i> <a href="#RELIGIOUS_ORDERS"><span class="smcap">Religious Orders</span></a>], until they were -finally put down by Pope Clement in 1705. The -<b>Gabrielites</b> were a sect of Anabaptists of Germany -in the sixteenth century, named after Gabriel -Scherling, their founder. The <b>Labadists</b> were a -sect of Protestant ascetics of the seventeenth -century who conformed to the rules laid down by -Jean Labadie, of Bourg, in Germany. The <b>Socinians</b>, -a sect corresponding to the modern -<b>Unitarians</b>, owed their existence to Lælius Socinus, -an Italian theologian in 1546. The anti-Calvinists -of Holland were styled <b>Arminians</b>, after the -Latinized name (Jacobus Arminius) of their leader, -James Harmensen (born 1560, died 1609). The -<b>New Christians</b> comprised a number of Portuguese -Jews in the fifteenth century, who, although they -consented to be baptized under compulsion, still -practised the Mosaic rites and ceremonies in secret. -The <b>Old Catholics</b> of Germany are the followers of -the late Dr. Döllinger, of Munich (born 1799, died -1890), who refused to accept the dogma of the -infallibility of the Pope promulgated July 18, 1870.</p> - -<p>In our own country the <b>Scotists</b> were those who -adopted the opinions of John Duns Scotus (born<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> -1272, died 1308), concerning the doctrines of the Immaculate -Conception, in opposition to the <b>Thomists</b>, -or followers of St. Thomas Aquinas (born 1227, died -1274), who denied that the Virgin was conceived -without sin. The <b>Sabbatarians</b>, known also as the -<b>Seventh Day Baptists</b>, founded by Brabourne, a -clergyman who, about the year 1628, maintained that -the seventh day was the real Sabbath as ordained -at the beginning. The <b>Fifth Monarchy Men</b>, -who came into existence during the reign of Charles -I., believed in the early coming of Jesus Christ to -re-establish the four great monarchies of the ancient -world, viz., the Assyrian, Persian, Macedonian, and -Roman, contemporaneously with the fifth, the Millennium. -The <b>Muggletonians</b> were the followers -of one Ludovic Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, who -set himself up as a prophet in 1651. The <b>Society -of Friends</b> originally styled themselves <b>Seekers</b>, -because they sought the truth after the manner -of Nicodemus, the Jewish ruler, as narrated in <i>St. -John</i> iii. 1-21. They were first designated <b>Quakers</b> -by Justice Bennet of Derby, in 1650, in consequence -of George Fox, the founder, having admonished him -and all present to quake on hearing the Word of -the Lord. The Seekers came into existence in 1646. -The <b>White Quakers</b>, who seceded from the -main body about 1840, are distinguished by their -white clothing. The original sect of the <b>Shakers</b>, -first heard of in the time of Charles I., received its -name from the convulsive movements indulged in -by its members as part of their peculiar form of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -worship. The modern sect sprang from a body of -expelled Quakers, headed by James Wardley, in -1747. They emigrated to America in May, 1772, -and formed a permanent settlement near Albany, -New York, two years afterwards. The <b>Mormons</b> -derived their designation from “The Book of -Mormon,” claimed to be a lost portion of the Bible -written by the angel Mormon, the last of the Hebrew -line of prophets, and found inscribed in Egyptian -characters upon plates of gold by Joseph Smith, the -founder of the sect, in the year 1827. This work -was really written by the Rev. Solomon Spalding, -who died in 1816. Joseph Smith died in 1844. The -<b>Peculiar People</b> are so styled because they believe -in the efficacy of prayer on the part of their elders, -and the anointing with oil in the name of the Lord -for the cure of sickness as set forth in <i>James</i> v. 14. -This sect was first heard of in London in 1838. -The <b>Faith Healers</b>, or those who uphold the -doctrine of Healing by Faith, lately sprung up in -our midst, may be regarded as an offshoot of the -Peculiar People. The <b>Irvingites</b> are the followers -of Edward Irving, a Scottish divine (born 1792, died -1834), who maintained that Christ was liable to -commit sin in common with the rest of mankind. -The <b>Humanitarians</b> incline to the same belief. -The <b>Sacramentarians</b> are those who deny the -Real Presence in the Holy Eucharist: the Calvinists -were originally known by this title. The <b>Plymouth -Brethren</b> first appeared at Plymouth about the -year 1830; they so style themselves because they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> -confess Christ as a fraternal community and do not -recognize any order of priesthood. The <b>Perfectionists</b> -of North America are so called owing to -their rejection of civil laws, on the plea that the -guidance of the Holy Spirit suffices for all earthly -as well as spiritual affairs. Another body of co-coreligionists -peculiar to North America are the -<b>Hopkinsians</b>, named after Samuel Hopkins, of -Connecticut, their founder. The doctrines which -they hold are mainly Calvinistic.</p> - -<p>The <b>Scottish Covenanters</b> were those who -subscribed to a solemn league or covenant to stand -by each other in opposition to the religious and -political measures of Charles I. This occurred in -1638. In less than ten years afterwards the -Covenanters, having increased in numbers and power, -assumed the entire direction of their own ecclesiastical -affairs and styled themselves <b>Presbyterians</b>, -a term derived from the Greek <i>presbuteros</i>, an elder, -because they contended that the government of the -Church as set forth in the New Testament was by -presbyters, equal in office, power, and order. The -national Church of Scotland, therefore, when at -length it was recognized by the English Parliament, -bore the title of the <b>Scottish Presbyterian -Church</b>. It was, however, not long before dissensions -became rife. The strictest body of the -Presbyterians adopted the style of <b>Cameronians</b>, -after the name of their leader, Archibald Cameron, -who was executed in 1688 on account of his -religious opinions; while an equally numerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> -body, headed by John Macmillan, became known as -<b>Macmillanites</b>, and also as <b>The Reformed -Presbytery</b>. A much later sect was that founded -in 1841 by James Morison, under the designation -of the <b>Morisonians</b>. But the most alarming split -in the Presbyterian Church took place May 18, 1843, -when Dr. Chalmers, with a large following, established -a separate community, entitled <b>The Free -Church of Scotland</b>.</p> - -<p>The <b>Puritans</b> of England were to the Established -Church what the Pharisees were to the Jews. And -not only did these Puritans profess a greater purity -of doctrine, of morals, and of living, than their -neighbours, but they embraced the earliest opportunity -of separating themselves from the Church of -England altogether. They were, in fact, the first of -the Dissenters. On August 24, 1662, which date -witnessed the secession of nearly two thousand -ministers from the Church of England through their -non-compliance with the “Act of Uniformity,” the -Puritans joined forces with the latter, and the -combined body assumed the name of <b>Nonconformists</b>. -The Protestants were, consequently, -divided into two great parties—the <b>Conformists</b>, or -those who conformed to the requirements laid down -in the “Act of Conformity,” and the <b>Nonconformists</b>. -The latter have in more recent times borne -the name of <b>Dissenters</b>, because they dissent from -the Established Church. The <b>Sectarians</b> are -Dissenters who attach themselves to one or other of -the numerous sects and denominations which exist<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -outside the Church of England. The <b>Congregationalists</b> -and the <b>Independents</b> are one and the -same. They maintain that each congregation is an -independent religious community entitled to exercise -the right of appointing its own ministers and -managing its own affairs. These tenets were first -publicly advanced by Robert Brown, a violent opponent -of the Established Church, in Rutlandshire, -as early as the year 1585. The <b>Unitarians</b> are the -modern <b>Socinians</b> already alluded to. They are -opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity; and, consequently, -to the <b>Trinitarians</b>. The <b>Baptists</b> not -only reject infant baptism, but hold that the adult -subject should be baptized after the manner in which -Christ was baptized by St. John. On this account -the original Baptists, who arose about 1521, received -the name of <b>Anabaptists</b>, because, having been -already baptized during infancy, they of necessity -went through the ceremony a second time on -arriving at full age. The prefix <i>ana</i> is Greek, -signifying twice. The followers of John Wesley (born -1703, died 1791) and his brother, Charles Wesley -(born 1708, died 1788), were styled <b>Methodists</b>, -owing to the methodical strictness of their lives and -religious exercises. They were also denominated -<b>Wesleyans</b>, or <b>Wesleyan Methodists</b>, in contradistinction -to the <b>Primitive Methodists</b>, or -<b>Ranters</b>, who separated from the original sect -under Hugh Bourne, in 1810, and retained the style -of open-air preaching peculiar to John Wesley in -his early itinerant days.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> - -<p>The terms “High Church” and “Low Church” -first came into prominence during the reign of -Queen Anne. Nowadays, as then, that section is -styled <b>High Church</b> which regards the Church of -England as the only ark of salvation, while the -less apprehensive and more moderate section is -called <b>Low Church</b>. Those who take a still more -liberal and comprehensive view of orthodox doctrine -belong to what is known as the <b>Broad -Church</b>, which is but another name for <b>Latitudinarianism</b>, -as originally professed by a number -of divines opposed alike to the Puritans and the -High Church party in the time of Charles I. On -the other hand, the <b>Ritualists</b> comprise the extreme -High Church party who are anxious to return to -the ritual of public worship in vogue during the -reign of Edward VI. Prior to 1866, in which year -the term arose, these High Churchmen bore the -name of <b>Puseyites</b>, because they agreed with the -views set forth by Dr. Pusey in his celebrated -“Tracts for the Times,” published at Oxford -between 1833 and 1841. Those scholars who -assisted Dr. Pusey in the composition of these -<b>Oxford Tracts</b>, as they were called, as well as the -public at large who believed in their teaching, were -styled <b>Tractarians</b>; while the great Roman Catholic -revival that took place in the Church of England at -this period universally bore, and still bears, the name -of the <b>Oxford Movement</b>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="TAVERN_SIGNS"><i>TAVERN SIGNS.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Hotel</b> is a French term, derived from <i>hostil</i>, -a lordly house, a palace. The designation -<b>Public House</b>, signifying a house of public -resort for refreshment and conviviality, is a modern -substitute for <b>Tavern</b>, derived from the Latin -<i>taberna</i>, a hut, a wooden booth; frequently also for -<b>Inn</b>, or rather, as originally written, <i>Inne</i>, which -expressed the Anglo-Saxon for a mansion. And -here we may at once observe that by far the -majority of our mediæval inns and <b>Hostelries</b> -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_77"><span class="smcap">Hotel</span></a>] grew out of the mansions of the -nobility during the prolonged absence of their -owners. At such times the privilege of utilizing -the mansion for his own profit naturally fell to the -family’s most trustworthy dependent, viz., the head -gamekeeper, whose green costume gave existence to -the sign of <b>The Green Man</b>, when, after quitting -the family’s service, he set up an inn on his own -account either in connection with his own cottage or -abutting on the public highway. Nevertheless, this -sign had nothing in common with that of <b>The -Green Man and Still</b>, expressive of a herbalist -bringing his herbs to a distillery, and which was -doubtless the sign of a herbalist turned innkeeper.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> - -<p>As the family arms always occupied a prominent -position on the front of the mansion these soon -became known far and wide, though scarcely in -accordance with their full heraldic significance. -Briefly, the most conspicuous object in them sufficed -to impress itself upon the minds of travellers as the -distinguishing sign of the establishment; so that, -instead of speaking of <i>lions gules</i> and <i>lions azure</i>, &c., -they simplified matters by referring to red and blue -lions, &c. Such was the origin, then, of <b>The Red -Lion</b>, <b>The Blue Lion</b>, and many another familiar -sign of this character. Moreover, as a variation of -the same device entered into the arms of different -families, it happened that the most conspicuous -object in them became popular in different parts of -the country at the same time. Another fruitful -source of the rapid multiplication of a particular -sign throughout the same county, and even upon the -same estate, was the fact that as often as a retired -dependent of a nobleman’s family turned innkeeper, -he was pretty certain to name his establishment in -accordance with the popular description of the -original inn or mansion. If it chanced, however, -that that sign had already been appropriated by -another innkeeper in the immediate vicinity, the -full cognizance of the ground landlord was adopted. -Thus, in the Midland Counties there is no sign so -common as <b>The Bear and Ragged Staff</b>, which -was the cognizance of the Earl of Warwick, the -King Maker. Similarly, <b>The Boar’s Head</b> was -the cognizance of the Gordons; <b>The Black Bull</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> -that of the House of Clare; and <b>The Talbot</b>, that -of the House of Shrewsbury. Another oft-to-be-met-with -sign is <b>The Chequers</b>, which comprised the -arms of the Earls of Fitzwarren who, in the time of -the Plantagenets, held the right of granting the -vintners their licences. Later in our history the -same cognizance was adopted by the Stuarts. As -every one is aware, <b>The Red Rose</b> was the recognized -badge of the Lancastrians, and <b>The White -Rose</b> that of the Yorkists. It may be assumed -that these two signs were naturally more popular -throughout the country at large during the <b>Wars -of the Roses</b> than at any subsequent period. -During that turbulent period of English history, -too, the devices of the several adherents of the rival -houses were not unfrequently chosen in commemoration -of a particular event; as, for example, after -the Battle of Barnet, when <b>The Star</b>, the badge of -the Earl of Oxford who decided the fate of that day, -sprang up as an inn-sign in all directions, except, of -course, upon Yorkist ground.</p> - -<p>Where the innkeeper was not bound by any ties -of gratitude or regard to the ground landlord he -evinced his loyalty to the reigning monarch by -adopting a portion of the royal arms. As examples -of this class:—<b>The White Swan</b> was the badge of -Edward III. and of Henry IV.; <b>The White Swan -and Antelope</b>, of Henry V.; <b>The White Hart</b>, -and <b>The Sun</b>, both of Richard II.; <b>The White -Lion</b>, of Edward IV. as Earl of March, and <b>The -Three Suns</b>, of Edward IV. as King of England;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> -<b>The Eagle</b>, of Queen Mary; <b>The Blue Boar</b>, of -Richard III.; <b>The Red Dragon</b>, that of Henry -VII., chosen for his standard after the Battle of -Bosworth Field, and <b>The Greyhound</b>, his original -badge as King. <b>The Rose</b> is the symbol of England, -just as <b>The Thistle</b> stands for Scotland, <b>The -Shamrock</b> for Ireland, and <b>The Leek</b> for Wales. -A very general expression of loyalty, again, was -conveyed in the sign of <b>The Crown</b>, which, by the -way, was shrewdly complimentary to the reigning -house without offering offence to the partisans of a -rival claimant to the throne. <b>The Rose and -Crown</b> had reference originally to the union of the -red and white roses in the House of Tudor by the -marriage of Henry VII. with Elizabeth, the daughter -of Edward IV., in the year 1486; <b>The Crown and -Sceptre</b> must have originated in the mind of one -who had been witness to the elaborate ceremonial -peculiar to a coronation; while <b>The Crown -and Anchor</b> signified the reliance which was placed -in the exalted person that wore the crown.</p> - -<p>If, on the other hand, our mediæval innkeeper -chose to flatter the ground landlord without actually -adopting his cognizance, he invariably named his -establishment after his lordship’s family title, <i>e.g.</i>, -<b>The Earl of March</b>, in compliment to the Duke -of Richmond, or else set up some such sign as <b>The -Hare and Hounds</b>, <b>The Tally Ho!</b>, <b>The Fox -in the Hole</b>, &c., in allusion to the sporting tastes -of his patron. At times he even went so far as to -enter into the religious enthusiasm of the latter by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -exhibiting a preference for <b>The Angel</b> or <b>The -Salutation</b>, both referring to the Annunciation of -the Virgin; <b>The Three Kings</b>, meaning the Magi -who presented themselves to the Infant at Bethlehem; -or <b>The Cross Keys</b>, the symbol of St. -Peter, and the badge of the Archbishop of York. -The sign of <b>The Mitre</b> was generally adopted by -an innkeeper whose establishment stood in the -vicinity of a cathedral; consequently, this particular -sign abounds in cities, but is rarely to be met with -in the rural districts.</p> - -<p>During the period of the Holy Wars, if the -innkeeper did not content himself with the sign of -<b>The Turk’s Head</b> or <b>The Saracen’s Head</b>, that -of <b>The Golden Cross</b>, which was the ensign carried -by the Crusaders, was usually chosen. The modern -sign of <b>The Half-Moon</b> originated in the crescent, -the ensign of the Infidel. The signs of <b>The Swan</b>, -<b>The Pheasant</b>, and <b>The Peacock</b> arose in the -days of knight-errantry, when every knight selected -one of these birds as an emblem of chivalry, and -exerted a pride in the association. For example, -one of the principal characters in the “Niebelungen -Lied” is called “The Knight of the Swan.” Then, -again, many innkeepers assumed a sign in honour of -the patron saint of England, or in commemoration -of his combat with the dragon, viz., <b>The St. George</b>, -<b>The St. George and Dragon</b>, <b>The George and -Dragon</b>, <b>The Green Dragon</b>, &c. <b>The George</b>, -a common sign enough in our own day—it would be -difficult to name a town that has not its “George”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> -in the High Street—was originally connected with -the dragon too; but at the commencement of the -Hanoverian succession the heraldic device was -painted out altogether, and the words <span class="smcap">The George</span> -were put up in its place. The like observation -applies to all such signs as <b>The King’s Arms</b>, -<b>The Queen’s Arms</b>, <b>The Freemasons’ Arms</b>, -<b>The Coachmakers’ Arms</b>, <b>The Saddlers’ Arms</b>, -<b>The Carpenters’ Arms</b>, &c., nowadays identified -by name only, instead of their distinctive badge or -crest. We must not omit to mention also that, -since the especial function of tavern and other signs -was to call attention to the character of an establishment -in days when the people were unable -to read, and when, therefore, the display of the -owner’s name or of the name of the house -would have been useless, the misapprehension -of the painted device was of common occurrence. -Hence the corruption of many signs from their -original meaning.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most glaring instance of this kind -originated in the sign of <b>The Garter</b>, or the insignia -of the Order of the Garter represented in its proper -position on a leg (whence we have the intelligible -sign of <b>The Star and Garter</b>); yet the vulgar -mind quite failed to grasp the idea, with a result -that a house exhibiting this sign was invariably -referred to as <b>The Leg and Star</b>. Corruptions -of a different character are of later date, when the -name of the house instead of the device began to -make its appearance on an innkeeper’s signboard.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> -Chief among these are:—<b>The Cat and Fiddle</b>, a -perversion of “Caton le Fidele,” in honour of Caton, -the faithful Governor of Calais; <b>The Bag o’ Nails</b>, -of “The Bacchanals,” in reference to Pan and the -Satyrs; <b>The Goat and Compasses</b>, of the Puritan -motto “God encompass us”; <b>The Iron Devil</b>, of -“The Hirondelle,” or swallow; <b>The Bull and -Mouth</b>, and <b>The Bull and Gate</b>, of “The -Boulogne Mouth” and “The Boulogne Gate,” in -compliment to Henry VIII., who effected the siege -of Boulogne and its harbour in 1544; <b>The Lion and -Key</b>, of “The Lion on the Quay,” meaning a house -bearing the sign of <i>The Lion</i>, and situated by the -water-side, in order to distinguish it from other -<i>Lions</i> in the same port; <b>The Cat and Wheel</b>, of -“The Catherine Wheel,” the instrument of St. -Catherine’s martyrdom; <b>The Plume and Feathers</b>, -of “The Plume of Feathers,” in allusion to the -Prince of Wales; <b>The Bully Ruffian</b>, of “The -Bellerophon,” the vessel on board of which Napoleon -surrendered his sword to Captain Maitland after his -defeat at Waterloo; and <b>The Blue Pig</b>, a mere -modification of “The Blue Boar.” <b>The Pig and -Whistle</b> is a very old sign, the term <i>whistle</i> being a -corruption of “wassail,” and <i>pig</i>, the Old English for -a bowl or cup. Surely there could be no more -fitting sign for a tavern than that which suggested -the drinking of healths!</p> - -<p>The original character of many of our country -inns is at once indicated by their signs. Thus, -<b>The Coach and Horses</b> was clearly, before the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -introduction of railways, a coaching establishment; -while <b>The Pack Horse</b> announced the fact that -pack-horses were let out on hire. Again, <b>The Bear</b>—subject -to sundry modifications, such as <b>The -Brown Bear</b>, <b>The Black Bear</b>, <b>The Grizzly -Bear</b>—informed the frequenters of such resorts that -bear-baiting might be witnessed on the premises; -exactly as, nearer to our own day, <b>The Dog and -Duck</b> called attention to the popular diversion of -duck-hunting by spaniels in a pond. <b>The Skittles</b> -and <b>The Bowling Green</b> indicated a more rational -kind of sport. Once more, <b>The Grapes</b> conveyed -the intelligence that a vinery existed in connection -with the establishment; whereas <b>The Castle</b>, which -constitutes the arms of Spain, <b>The Globe</b>, the arms -of the King of Portugal, and <b>The Spread Eagle</b>, -the arms of Germany, told that the wines of those -respective countries were to be had there. In the -north of England the sign of <b>The Yorkshire Stingo</b> -is very common, the allusion being to an old beer -of particular strength and sharpness for which the -county of York has won considerable celebrity.</p> - -<p>Among other familiar country inn and tavern signs -may be mentioned <b>The Bell</b>, referring to the silver -bell that formed the prize at races previous to the -Restoration; <b>The Barley Mow</b>, denoting the -premises where the barley was housed, <i>mowe</i> being -the Saxon term for “a heap”; and <b>The Old Hat</b>, -which in the olden time may have been the shop of -a hatter rejoicing in the sign of “The Hat,” and subsequently -converted into a place of refreshment.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> -Another distinctly tradesmanlike sign is <b>The Ram -and Teazle</b>, which was originally chosen in compliment -to the Clothiers’ Company; the lamb with -the golden fleece being emblematical of wool, and -the teazle, a tool used for raising the nap of the -wool when woven into cloth. <b>The Bricklayers’ -Arms</b> merely indicate a house of call for bricklayers; -while <b>The Cricketers’ Arms</b> derives its -title from a neighbouring cricket-ground. The significance -of <b>The Tankard</b>, <b>The Bottle</b>, and similar -signs, need not detain us. We may, however, state -that <b>The Black Jack</b> refers to a leathern pitcher -for holding beer, which took its name from the -defensive breastplate of strong leather formerly -worn by horsemen, and known as a <i>Jacque</i>, whence -the term <span class="smcap">Jacket</span> has been derived.</p> - -<p>Signs that betray a political bias, such as <b>The -Royal Oak</b>, <b>The Boscobel</b>, <b>The Jacobite</b>, <b>The -Hanover</b>, &c., are altogether too numerous to -mention. In the early part of the present century, -too, the names of political leaders were largely drawn -upon as an attraction for tavern signs, as were those -also of distinguished naval and military commanders, -and of the battles won by them. <b>The -Canning</b>, <b>The Palmerston</b>, <b>The Nelson</b>, <b>The -Wellington</b>, <b>The Marquis of Granby</b>, <b>The -Portobello Arms</b>, <b>The Trafalgar</b>, <b>The Waterloo</b>, -and a host of others of the like character, are -everywhere to be encountered; while the old sign -of <b>The Ship</b> carries us back to the days of Elizabeth, -when the circumnavigation of the globe by Sir<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> -Francis Drake was regarded as an exploit that -could scarcely be too highly honoured.</p> - -<p>Before concluding, let us add a few words of comment -upon the signal loyalty of the English people -in the times we live in; for whereas our forefathers -were for the most part content to express their -loyalty to the throne by the choice of such vague -tavern signs as <b>The King’s Head</b>, or <b>The Queen’s -Head</b>, we of the nineteenth century are not nearly -so half-hearted. Not only are <b>The Victoria</b>, <b>The -Prince Albert</b>, <b>The Prince of Wales</b>, and <b>The -Prince of Wales’ Feathers</b> honoured on every -hand in the course of a day’s perambulation, but -<b>The Duke of Edinburgh</b>, <b>The Duke of Cambridge</b>, -<b>The Duke of Connaught</b>, and other -members of the Royal Family, are similarly memorialized. -Perhaps in the future, when the Prince -of Wales shall occupy the British Throne, his -descendants may also in their turn form the subject -of many a tavern sign in our midst.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="ROYAL_SURNAMES"><i>ROYAL SURNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Alfred the Great</b> (reigned 871 to 901) -fully merited his surname because he expelled -the Danes, established a navy, founded -schools, and effected the restoration of law and -order during one of the most critical periods of -early British history. Taking the remainder of -the Saxon monarchs in chronological order, we -have:—<b>Edward the Martyr</b> (975 to 978), -treacherously murdered at Corfe Castle; <b>Ethelred -the Unready</b> (978 to 1016), who, lacking <i>rede</i>, or -council, fled to Normandy to escape the consequences -of a threatened invasion by the Danes; -<b>Edmund Ironsides</b> (reigned 1016), whose habitual -precaution of wearing a complete suit of mail -availed him nothing against the fatality of assassination; -<b>Edgar Atheling</b> (born 1017, died 1120), -otherwise “Edgar of Royal Descent”; <b>Harold -Harefoot</b> (1035 to 1039), swift of foot as a hare; -and <b>Edward the Confessor</b> (1042 to 1066), so -called on account of his holy life. The distinction -between a <span class="smcap">Confessor</span> and a <span class="smcap">Martyr</span> in the early -days of Christianity was simply this: both made an -open confession of their faith, and expressed their -readiness to die for it; the former, however, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> -never called upon to do so, whereas the latter -actually suffered martyrdom.</p> - -<p>William I. (reigned 1066 to 1087), was styled -<b>The Conqueror</b> because he defeated the Saxons at -the Battle of Hastings, and founded the Norman -Dynasty in England. William II. (1087 to 1100), -received the name of <b>Rufus</b> from his florid complexion; -<i>rufus</i> being Latin for ruddy. Henry I. -(1100 to 1135), was surnamed <b>Beauclerc</b>, or good -clerk, in recognition of his scholarly attainments. -Richard I. (1189 to 1199), styled <b>Cœur de Leon</b>, -otherwise “The Lion Hearted,” is traditionally said -to have torn the living heart out of the mouth of a -lion to whose fury he was exposed by the Duke of -Austria for having killed his son in battle. This -extraordinary exploit surpasses the bounds of reason; -still there is no doubt that he performed prodigies of -valour during the Wars of the Crusades. Another -British monarch who rejoiced in a surname of the -leonine order was <b>William the Lion</b>, King of the -Scots (1165 to 1214), so called because he chose a -red lion rampant for his crest. It is from this king -that the lions distinguished in the Royal Arms of -Scotland trace their origin.</p> - -<p>King John (reigned 1199 to 1216) received the -surname of <b>Lackland</b> on account of his improvidence, -which at the time of the death of his father -(Henry II.) left him entirely without provision. -Edward I. (1272 to 1307) was styled <b>Longshanks</b> -from his spindle legs. The eldest son of Edward -III., known as <b>The Black Prince</b> (born 1330, died<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> -1376), was not exclusively addicted to the wearing -of black armour, as he is usually represented in -waxwork shows and picture toy-books; consequently -he did not derive his surname from such an association; -but, as the historian Froissart informs us, “he -received his name by terror of his arms.” Seeing -that at the age of sixteen he won his knightly spurs -at Crecy, and ten years later took the French king -prisoner at Poictiers and brought him in triumph to -London, the military renown of this young warrior -must have been sufficient to command respect from -his enemies. <b>John of Gaunt</b>, Duke of Lancaster -(born 1340, died 1399), took his title from the town -of Ghent, in Flanders, where he was born. In like -manner his son, Henry IV. (1399 to 1413), was styled -<b>Bolingbroke</b>, after his native place.</p> - -<p>Henry VIII. (reigned 1509 to 1547) was surnamed -<b>Bluff King Hal</b> on account of his bluff manners; -he also received the title of <b>Defender of the Faith</b> -from Pope Leo X., in recognition of the tract he -published against the heresy of Martin Luther. Mary, -Queen of Scots (born 1542, died 1587), was known -as <b>The White Queen</b> because she adopted white -mourning for her husband, Lord Darnley. Our own -Queen Mary (1547 to 1558) has been handed down -to posterity under the opprobrious title of <b>Bloody -Mary</b>, in consequence of the wholesale burnings of -the Protestants under her reign. The religious persecutions -of her time admit of no denial, yet they were -fully equalled by those brought to light during the -reign of her successor, Elizabeth, while they fell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> -infinitely short of those characterized by the reign -of Henry VIII. In one sense Elizabeth (1558 to -1603) was appropriately styled <b>Good Queen Bess</b>, -inasmuch as she exercised due regard to the interests -of the realm and the welfare of her people. Her -enemies she speedily removed, but she was just as -ready to bestow honours and rewards upon her -nation’s worthies. Oliver Cromwell was called <b>The -Lord Protector</b> (born 1599, died 1658) because he -protected the interests of the Commonwealth. The -reason why Charles II. (1660 to 1685) was dubbed -<b>The Merry Monarch</b> must be sought in the licentiousness -of the times in which he lived. Much -nearer to our own day, William IV. (1830 to 1837) -was distinguished by the title of <b>The Sailor King</b>, -from the circumstance of his having entered the navy -as a midshipman and worked his way upwards until -he attained the rank of Lord High Admiral.</p> - -<p>The family name of <b>Plantagenet</b>, derived from -the Latin <i>planta</i>, a plant, and <i>genista</i>, broom, was -originally assumed by Fulke Martel, Earl of Anjou, -the great grandfather of Henry II., in commemoration -of the incident, while on his pilgrimage to the -Holy Sepulchre, of having offered himself to be -scourged with the stems of the broom plant by his -two attendants as an atonement for the murder of -the Earl of Brittany. The <b>Tudor</b> Dynasty was -founded by Owen Tudor, a Welsh soldier stationed -at Windsor, who contracted a secret marriage with -Catherine, the widowed queen of Henry V. The -first of the long line of the <b>Stuart</b> sovereigns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> -(Scottish and English) was Walter, the Lord High -Steward of Scotland, whose wife was the daughter -of King Robert the Bruce. As this Walter was the -sixth member of his family that had held the post of -Lord High Steward, he was popularly said to belong -to the <i>Stewards</i>, until in course of time this word -became corrupted into <i>Stuarts</i>, and was adopted as a -family name.</p> - -<p>Charles I., Emperor of Germany (born 742, died -814), was surnamed <b>Charlemagne</b>, otherwise -Charles the Great. <b>The She-Wolf of France</b> -was Isabella (born 1290, died 1357), daughter of -Philip IV. of France, and queen of Edward II. of -England, whom she, in concert with the Earl of -Mortimer, her paramour, murdered by thrusting a -red-hot iron into his bowels. <b>Pedro the Cruel</b>, -King of Castille and Leon in 1350, merited his surname -owing to his cruel treatment of his two -brothers, whom he murdered, and his queen, whom -he poisoned. Ivan II., Czar of Russia (reigned -1533 to 1584), was styled <b>The Terrible</b> on account -of the cruelties he inflicted upon all who offended his -autocracy. Frederick I., of Germany (reigned 1152 -to 1190), was surnamed <b>Barbarossa</b> from his red -beard, <i>barba</i> being Latin for beard; while for his -bombardment of Messina in 1848 Ferdinand, King -of Naples, was nicknamed <b>Bomba</b>. Philippe, Duc -d’Orleans, the father of Louis Philippe, King of -France, assumed the name of <b>Egalité</b> when he -joined the Republican party in 1789. Of a truth, -if “Equality” was what this not unworthy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -Prince aspired to, he enjoyed it to the full, for -he lost his head under the guillotine in common -with more than twenty thousand of his fellow-citizens.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="NATIONAL_NICKNAMES"><i>NATIONAL NICKNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Brother Jonathan</b>, the popular nickname -of the United States, arose out of the -person of Jonathan Trumbull, the Governor -of Connecticut, whom General Washington never -failed to consult in cases of emergency. “We must -refer the matter to Brother Jonathan!” he was -wont to exclaim when no other officer could offer -any practical suggestion to aid him out of a difficulty; -and true enough, “Brother Jonathan” proved -himself in every instance equal to the confidence -reposed in him. Another stock nickname for the -United States is <b>Uncle Sam</b>. This originated from -a vulgar misconception of the initial letters “U. S.” -(United States) for those of the well-known sobriquet -of an official whose business it was to mark -them on all Government property. The numerous -acquaintances of this person understood that the -goods so marked had passed through the hands of -“Uncle Sam,” and the joke becoming public it spread -far and wide, until in the end it was considered far -too good to be allowed to drop. The term <b>Yankee</b> -finds its origin in the native attempt to pronounce -the word “English,” but approaching no nearer -to the sound than <i>Yengees</i>, the name bestowed upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> -the English colonists by the Indians of Massachusetts, -and afterwards given to the New Englanders -by the British soldiers during the American War.</p> - -<p>The nickname of the typical Englishman, <b>John -Bull</b>, was derived from Dr. Arbuthnot’s satire of -this title published in 1721. There was also a real -person of the name of John Bull, well known as the -composer of “God Save the King”; but he died -just a hundred years before Dr. Arbuthnot’s performance -was heard of. Of a still later date is the -national English nickname, <b>Mrs. Grundy</b>, which -arose out of the passage, “What will Mrs. Grundy -say?” from Thomas Morton’s drama, “Speed the -Plough,” produced in 1798. The proverbial prudishness -of the English people in matters affecting art, -could scarcely be better expressed than under the -style of <b>The British Matron</b>. The British soldier -is popularly referred to under the general designation -of <b>Tommy Atkins</b>, because “Thomas Atkins” -was a fictitious name that figured in the soldiers’ -monthly statement of accounts.</p> - -<p>The Irish as a nation are invariably alluded to as -<b>Pat</b> or <b>Paddy</b>, being short for Patrick, their most -common Christian name, selected in honour of St. -Padhrig, or Patrick (born 373, died 466); the Scots -as <b>Sandie</b> or <b>Sawney</b>, a contraction of Alexander, -their most popular Christian name; and the Welsh -as <b>Taffy</b>, a corruption of Davy, and short for David, -the name of their Archbishop and Saint (born 490, -died 554).</p> - -<p>The national nickname of the Chinese is <b>John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -Chinaman</b>, in imitation of our own characteristic -“John Bull.” Even now a Chinaman addresses -every Englishman he meets as “John,” which is his -idea of our most popular name. Hence, British -sailors in the Chinese waters from the first returned -the compliment, so to speak, by alluding to each -Celestial with whom they came in contact as “John -Chinaman.”</p> - -<p>The Chinese are also called <b>Pigtails</b>, on account -of their Tartar tonsure and braided <i>queue</i>. By the -Indians of North America Europeans are styled -<b>Pale Faces</b>; while the Europeans designate the -Indians <b>Red Skins</b>, both terms having reference to -the complexion. The word <b>Nigger</b> is a corruption -of <b>Negro</b>, derived from <i>niger</i>, the Latin for black. -The reason why a negro generally bears the name of -<b>Sambo</b> is because <i>Zambo</i> is the native term used to -designate the offspring of a black person and a -mulatto. The word <b>Mulatto</b> is Spanish, derived -from the Latin <i>mulus</i>, a mule, and signifying a mixed -breed. A Mulatto may be either the offspring of a -negress by a white man, or of a white woman by a -negro.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="BIRDS"><i>BIRDS.</i></h2> - -<p>The following owe their names to their characteristic -note:—the <b>Cuck-oo</b>, the <b>Pee-wit</b>, -the <b>Cur-lew</b>, the <b>Chick-a-dee</b>, and the -<b>Whip-poor-will</b>. The <b>Trumpeter</b> of South -America is so called on account of its loud, clear, -and trumpet-like cry. The word <b>Nightingale</b> is a -modern form of the Anglo-Saxon <i>nihtegale</i>, indicative -of a bird that sings by night, agreeably to its -component parts, <i>niht</i>, night, and <i>gale</i>, a songster. -The <b>Night-Jar</b> bears its name because the sound it -emits resembles the whirring of a spinning-wheel. -The <b>Mocking-bird</b> possesses the power of imitating -the notes of other birds; while the <b>Humming-bird</b> -is remarkable for the humming sound that proceeds -from its wings as it speeds through the air.</p> - -<p>Several birds are named after the colour or some -other characteristic of their plumage. Among these -we have the <b>Greenfinch</b> and the <b>Goldfinch</b>, the -term <b>Finch</b> from the Anglo-Saxon <i>finc</i>, denoting -a small singing bird; the <b>Greenlet</b> expressing -a tiny green bird peculiar to South America; -the <b>Jay</b>, a corruption of <i>gai</i>, its French name, -alluding to its gay or showy appearance; the -<b>Blue-bird</b>, common in the United States, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> -upper half of which is blue; the <b>Blackbird</b>, so -called from its sable aspect; the <b>Starling</b>, owing to -the specks at the extremities of its feathers; the -<b>Flamingo</b>, of South America and Africa, from its -flaming colour; the <b>Oriole</b>, an Australian bird of -golden-yellow plumage, agreeably to the Latin -<i>aureolus</i>, golden; and the <b>Lyre-bird</b>, also a native -of Australia, so denominated on account of the sixteen -feathers of the tail which when folded form in -appearance a perfect lyre. The British song-bird -known as the <b>Red-poll</b> receives its name from the -tuft of red feathers upon its head; whereas the South -African <b>Secretary-bird</b> is so called because a tuft -of feathers on each side of its head are supposed to -resemble quill pens stuck behind the ear. The South -American <b>Birds of Paradise</b> are indeed a beautiful -species, all the colours of the rainbow being represented -in their plumage; and the same may be said -of the <b>Love-birds</b>, so designated from the extraordinary -affection which they exhibit towards one -another. The <b>Kingfisher</b> is regarded as the king -of fisher-birds, or those that dive for fish as their -prey, by reason of his gay plumage.</p> - -<p>The <b>Lapwing</b> derives its name from the loud -flapping noise made by its wings during flight; the -<b>Wagtail</b>, from the incessant wagging of its tail; and -the <b>Scissors-tail</b>—found only in South America—from -the peculiar nature of its tail, which, like a pair -of scissors, opens and shuts in the course of its rapid -passage through the air and so entraps the flies upon -which it preys. The <b>Hangbird</b> is so called from its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> -habit of suspending its nest from the limb of a tree; -the <b>Weaver-bird</b>, from the wonderful intertwining -of twigs and grass displayed in the construction of -its nest; and the <b>Tailor-bird</b>, from the skill it displays -in constructing its nest by stitching together -the leaves of plants.</p> - -<p>Among corruptions of the names of birds it will be -sufficient to mention the <b>Widow-bird</b>, properly the -<i>Whydaw-bird</i>, after the territory in Africa of which -it is a native; the <b>Martin</b>, from the Latin <i>murustenco</i>, -or wall-swallow, shortened into <i>murten</i>, and -mispronounced <i>marten</i>; and the <b>Muscovy Duck</b>, -which, so far from claiming a Muscovite origin, is -merely a <i>musk duck</i>, a species somewhat larger than -our common duck.</p> - -<p>The <b>Swift</b> derives its name from its rapid flight; -the <b>Passenger-pigeon</b>, from its migratory habits; -the <b>Skylark</b>, from mounting to the sky and singing -as it flies; and the <b>Chaffinch</b>, from its preference for -chaff above every other kind of food. The <b>Diver</b> is -remarkable for its habit of diving; the <b>Sandpiper</b> -inhabits the sea-beach; and the <b>Chimney-swallow</b> -builds his nest in an ordinary house chimney. The -<b>Horn-bill</b>, the <b>Boat-bill</b>, the <b>Spoon-bill</b>, and the -<b>Duck-bill</b> are respectively so named on account of -the resemblance of their bills to the articles, and in -the last-mentioned case to the bird, indicated; while -the <b>Cross-bill</b> has its mandibles crossed in opposite -directions. The <b>Pouter-pigeon</b> is so called from -the pouting, or bulging out, of its breast; the <b>Ring-dove</b>, -from the white ring around its neck; and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> -<b>Wryneck</b>, from the curious manner in which it -turns its neck over its shoulder when surprised. -The <b>Woodcock</b> is found in the underwood of a -forest, while the <b>Woodpecker</b> pecks holes in the -bark of trees in search for insects.</p> - -<p>Chief among the birds which derive their names -from the countries to which they originally belonged -are the <b>Guinea-fowl</b>, brought from Guinea, West -Africa; the <b>Brahma-fowl</b>, from the neighbourhood -of the Brahmapootra River in India; the <b>Bantam</b>, -from Bantam in Java; the <b>Barb</b>, from Barbary, and -the <b>Turkey</b>, which, although an American bird, was -long believed to have been imported from European -Turkey. Another native of North America received -its name of the <b>Baltimore-bird</b> from the fact that -its colours corresponded with those which occurred -in the arms of Lord Baltimore, the Governor of -Maryland, in which State it principally abounds. -The <b>Canary</b> was first brought from the Canary -Islands in 1500. The <b>Petrel</b>, a sea-bird usually -associated with storms, expresses the Anglicized -form of the Italian <i>petrillo</i>, a diminutive of Peter, in -allusion to St. Peter walking on the sea, and the -frequent appearance of this bird standing as it were -on the surface of the water.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="RELIGIOUS_ORDERS"><i>RELIGIOUS ORDERS.</i></h2> - -<p>Strictly speaking, the members of the various -Religious Orders, in this country at least, are -not <b>Monks</b>, but Friars. Only those who live -completely isolated from the rest of mankind, as -did St. Anthony, are entitled to the former designation, -which, in common with the term <b>Monastery</b>, -comes from the Greek <i>monos</i>, alone. Consequently, -a Religious House is incorrectly described as a -Monastery unless each individual within its walls -occupies a separate cell, both by night and by day, -and never suffers himself to have the least communion -with his neighbour. Failing compliance with -such a rule, the term <b>Convent</b>, derived from the -Latin <i>con</i>, together, and <i>venire</i>, to come, is more -fittingly applicable. This designation, however, is -now borne by an institution reserved for a community -of <b>Nuns</b>, so called from the Italian <i>nonna</i>, a -grandmother, because they originally comprised only -very aged women; albeit it was formerly the custom -to speak of Monasteries and Convents without discrimination. -An <b>Abbey</b> always indicated a Religious -House in connection with a Church, as, for example, -Westminster Abbey, the abode of the community -attached to the West Minster, presided over by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> -an <b>Abbot</b>, so styled in accordance with the Syriac -and Latin <i>abba</i>, a father, or, in the case of a female -community, by an <b>Abbess</b>; whereas a <b>Priory</b> -denoted a lesser or branch establishment placed at -some distance from the Abbey, and controlled by a -<b>Prior</b> (or <b>Prioress</b>), signifying one who had a prior -claim over the rest to the office of Abbot (or Abbess) -in the original community.</p> - -<p>A <b>Friar</b>, on the other hand, is—conformably to -the Latin <i>fratre</i> and the French <i>frère</i>, a brother—what -the term implies, viz., one of a brotherhood. -In olden times there existed four distinct and powerful -Orders of Friars. These were the <b>Dominicans</b>, -founded by St. Dominic to preach away the Albigensian -heresies, also known as the <b>Black Friars</b>, -on account of their black habits, and in France as -the <b>Jacobins</b>, because their first convent was -situated in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris; the <b>Franciscans</b>, -or <b>Grey Friars</b>, named after St. Francis -d’Assissi; the <b>Carmelites</b>, or <b>White Friars</b> of -Mount Carmel; and the <b>Augustines</b>, or <b>Austin -Friars</b>, whose origin is ascribed to St. Augustin -or Austin, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, who -died in 605. Eventually a fifth Order, styled the -<b>Trinitarians</b>, or Friars of the Holy Trinity, otherwise -the <b>Crutched Friars</b>, so called from the cross -(Latin <i>cruciati</i>, crossed) embroidered on their habit, -came into existence.</p> - -<p>Referring to the Franciscans, those who conformed -to the austere rules laid down by their -founder were denominated <b>Observant Friars</b>, while<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> -those who, as time wore on, began to live in convents -and coveted lands, chapels, and books, received the -name of <b>Conventional Friars</b>. Out of the Franciscans -there have sprung two lesser Orders, so to -speak, chiefly distinguished by a slight change in -the details appertaining to the habit worn by them. -These are the <b>Capuchins</b>, so called from the <i>capuce</i>, -or pointed cowl, that they wear, and the <b>Cordeliers</b>, -from the knotted cord which encircles their waist in -place of a girdle. In effect, however, these two -offshoots of the Franciscans are the same, and -subject to the like rules, as the parent institution.</p> - -<p>Having disposed of the Friars, let us now turn to -the Monks properly so called. Originally the sole -existing order of monks was that of the <b>Benedictines</b> -as established by St. Benedict, who introduced -the monastic system into Western Europe in -the year 529. No less than twelve large Monasteries -were raised by him before he died; but notwithstanding -the austere rules which obtained among -the Benedictines, these were yet considered too lax -by some individual members of the Order, with the -result that first one and then another “Reformed -Order” sprang into existence, the latest being in -each case distinguished for a still more rigorous -rule than that of its immediate predecessor. Thus, -we now have the <b>Carthusians</b>, our English designation -for the monks of La Chartreuse near Grenoble, -by whom the celebrated liqueur known as -<b>Chartreuse</b> is prepared; the <b>Cistercians</b>, or monks -of Citeau; and the <b>Cluniacs</b>, or monks of Cluny,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> -respectively named after the vicinity of their original -monastery in France; while the <b>Bernardines</b> received -their title from St. Bernard, who founded the -famous Hospice of Mont St. Bernard in the year -962. From the Carthusians, also, there have sprung -the <b>Basilians</b> founded by St. Basil, and from the -Cistercians, the <b>Trappists</b>, or monks of La Trappe, -originally established in the French district so denominated.</p> - -<p>Foremost among the Religious Orders not comprised -in any of the brotherhoods cited above are -the <b>Jesuists</b>, properly styled “The Society of Jesus,” -an organization founded upon a military basis by St. -Ignatius Loyola in 1534, which extends its influence -all over the globe. Next in point of importance -come the <b>Servites</b>, otherwise “The Religious Servants -of the Holy Virgin,” established by seven -Florentine merchants in 1283; the <b>Passionists</b>, a -community of priests solemnly agreed to preach -“Jesus Christ and Him crucified,” founded by Paul -Francis, better known as St. Paul of the Cross, in -1737; and the <b>Redemptorists</b>, or preachers of the -Redemption, also styled the <b>Liguorians</b>, after St. -Francis Liguori, who originated this Order in 1732. -Each of these, except, of course, the lay members -of the Jesuists, are professedly Monks; and yet these -are not really Monks, but <i>Friars</i>, because they live -in community, and at times mingle freely with the -people. In short, they are <b>Missionary Friars</b>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="PAPER_AND_PRINTING"><i>PAPER AND PRINTING.</i></h2> - -<p>The word <b>Paper</b> comes from the Latin <i>papyrus</i>, -and Greek <i>papyros</i>, the designation of an -Egyptian plant from whose reeds the earliest -kind of writing material was obtained. <b>Parchment</b> -is an Anglicized form of the French <i>parchemin</i>, -from the Greek <i>pergamenos</i>, named after the ancient -city of Pergamos, in Asia Minor, where the skins of -goats were first prepared for writing upon at a time -when Ptolemy prohibited the exportation of the -papyrus from Egypt.</p> - -<p><b>Hand-paper</b> was originally so called from its -watermark, which was that of a hand; <b>Pot-Paper</b>, -of a pot; <b>Post-paper</b>, of a post-horn; <b>Crown-paper</b>, -of a crown; and <b>Foolscap</b>, of a fool’s head with the -cap and bells. <b>India-paper</b> formerly came from -the Far East, whereas <b>Nepaul-paper</b> is made in -the district of Nepaul, Northern India. <b>Cap-paper</b> -is so designated because, prior to being used by -grocers for wrapping up sugar and other commodities -sold by weight, it is folded into a cap-like -form. Among papers of a stiffer kind, that are -chiefly intended for drawing upon, we have <b>Elephant</b>, -so called from its large size (28 inches by -23), <b>Cartridge-paper</b>, originally manufactured for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> -soldiers’ cartridges, and <b>Bristol-board</b>, formerly -made only at Bristol.</p> - -<p>By the term <b>Folio</b>, derived from the Latin <i>folium</i>, -a leaf, is meant a sheet of paper folded but once, -thus making two leaves or four pages; a <b>Quarto</b> -(written 4to), is a sheet folded into quarters or four -leaves, making eight pages; an <b>Octavo</b> (8vo), so -styled in accordance with the Latin <i>octa</i>, eight, one -folded into eight leaves or sixteen pages; a <b>Duodecimo</b> -(12mo), the Latin for “two and ten,” one -making twelve leaves or twenty-four pages, and so -forth.</p> - -<p>When Caxton set up the first printing press in -this country, in the year 1476, there were many -among the vulgar who regarded it as an invention -of the devil; and the clergy, no doubt, fostered this -idea, foreseeing that in the event of the Bible being -distributed to the masses by this means, the way -would be thrown open to the production of spurious -editions of Sacred Writ, and the perversion of religious -doctrine, which up to that period had been free -to all who chose to attend daily instruction in the -monasteries. Hence, printing was popularly described -as “The Black Art,” while the boys who -took the sheets off the press, from the fact of generally -smearing their faces with ink, came to be -known as Imps or Devils. This will explain why a -printer’s errand-boy still bears the nickname of a -<b>Printer’s Devil</b>.</p> - -<p>Our Parliamentary Records, Debates, Reports of -Meetings, and Accounts, have received the name of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> -<b>Hansards</b> because they are printed by the large -printing firm established by Luke Hansard in 1752; -whereas a <b>Blue Book</b> is so called on account of -its stiff cover of blue paper. The French Government -reports are styled <b>Yellow Books</b> for a similar -reason. The term <b>Book</b> comes from the Danish -<i>bog</i>, a beech-tree, which abounds in Denmark and -whose wood is much used for engraving-blocks. -The <b>Leaf</b> of a book is in allusion to the ancient -custom of writing on the bark of trees; while -<b>Volume</b> is derived from the Latin <i>volvo</i>, I roll, -relative to the Egyptian papyri, each one of which -when rolled up formed a document or volume complete -in itself. A storehouse for books is styled a -<b>Library</b>, in accordance with the Latin <i>librarium</i>, a -book-case, derived in the first instance from <i>liber</i>, a -book.</p> - -<p>A <b>Pamphlet</b> owes its description to Pamphila, a -Greek lady who left behind her a kind of commonplace -book containing notes, epitomes, and anecdotes. -The French equivalent for a pamphlet is a -<b>Brochure</b>, so called from the verb <i>brocher</i>, to stitch, -because such a book consists only of a few pages -stitched together. The word <b>Chart</b> comes from the -Latin <i>charta</i>, a leaf of paper; a chart, therefore, is -not printed on canvas like a map, but on a single -sheet of paper. <b>Map</b> traces its origin from <i>mappa</i>, -a Punic word which signified a signal-cloth, also a -napkin, because in ancient times military and other -landmarks were sketched upon a cloth in the absence -of parchment and paper. Nowadays, a book of maps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> -designed for school use is called an <b>Atlas</b>, after -the fabled King of Mauritania of this name, -who was believed by the ancients to support the -world on his shoulders. The figure of Atlas with -the globe first appeared as a frontispiece to -“Mercator’s Projections,” published about the year -1560.</p> - -<p>A <b>Cartoon</b>, as we understand the term, is a representation -of political significance, usually coloured -and printed on stiff paper. To some extent this -kind of publication owes its origin to the celebrated -‘Cartoons’ of Raffaelle, now in the South Kensington -Museum, so called because they were drawn -upon <i>cartone</i>, the Italian for pasteboard. A <b>Broadside</b> -consists of a large sheet of paper having the -matter printed straight across, instead of in columns, -so as to admit of being read at one broad view. The -reverse side of the sheet is left blank. A <b>Poster</b> -bears its name from the fact that formerly the sidewalks -of London streets, instead of being paved as -now, were distinguished from the centre, or sedan-chair -and riding way, by a series of posts; and upon -these, theatrical and other announcements were -<i>posted</i>. In France, the theatre bills are exhibited -upon the lamp-posts on the Boulevards in a similar -manner. In conclusion, the distinction between <span class="smcap">Booksellers</span> -and <span class="smcap">Stationers</span> was originally this: the -former were itinerant sellers of books, like hawkers, -and pedlars, whereas the latter had stalls at the -corners of streets or in open market; and as the -<i>stationarii</i>, or stationary booksellers, were enabled to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> -display a more varied stock than the itinerants who -carried books only, such articles as writing-paper, -pens, ink, and other materials in course of time received -the name of <b>Stationery</b>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="POLITICAL_NICKNAMES"><i>POLITICAL NICKNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p>The utmost difficulty exists in reconciling the -various opinions expressed by different authors -concerning the origin of the terms <b>Whig</b> and -<b>Tory</b>. And yet, if we but consider the reasons why -these nicknames were first bestowed upon the two -great political factions of this country during the -reign of Charles II., we may possibly attain a -much-desired end. In the year 1648 (<i>temp.</i> Charles -I.) there occurred a rising, or sally, of the peasantry -inhabiting the south-western districts of Scotland -against the Royalists. This was known as the -<b>Whigamore Raid</b>, the term <i>whigamore</i> being -applied to the teamsters and ploughmen of those -parts because they used the twin-syllabic cry of -“Whi-gam!” to drive their horses. When, -therefore, in the early days of the Restoration, the -ultra-Protestant party opposed certain measures of -the Government, the Catholics reproached them -with favouring the fanatical opinions of the Scottish -Covenanters and Whigamores, and styled them -<b>Whigs</b>. In return the Protestants bestowed upon -their opponents the nickname of <b>Tories</b>, the -familiar designation of a band of Irish outlaws -who sought refuge in the bog districts of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> -Ireland. The word Tory, or rather <i>Toree</i>, is Irish, -signifying a robber. From that time down to the -present <b>Toryism</b> has been considered to denote a -steadfast adherence to constitutional principles and -the maintenance of royalty and the peerage, as -opposed to the progressive and more <i>liberal</i> views -appertaining to <b>Whiggism</b>, which advocates constitutional -reform and a moderate extension of -democratical powers. The word <b>Liberal</b> was first -employed by Lord Byron and his friends as the -title of a periodical intended to set forth the political -aims of the advanced Whig party in 1828. The -term <b>Conservative</b> (derived from the Latin <i>con</i>, -together, and <i>servare</i>, to keep, to preserve) first -appeared in an article in <i>The Quarterly Review</i>, -January, 1830, and was permanently adopted by -the Tory party on the passing of the Reform Bill -two years afterwards. The still more advanced -section of the Whig party which came into prominence -in 1816 were styled <b>Radicals</b>, or <b>Radical -Reformers</b>, from their desire to institute a <i>thorough</i> -reformation in the national policy. In our own day -the Radicals and the Democrats may be set down -as one and the same party; while the <b>Socialists</b> -eminently carry out the principles of the primitive -Radicals of the time of Charles I., who styled -themselves <b>Levellers</b> because they strove to reduce -society to a common level. The word <b>Democrat</b> is -derived from the Greek <i>demos</i>, people, and <i>kratein</i>, to -govern; therefore denoting one who upholds the -principle of government by the people themselves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> -and diametrically opposed to an <b>Aristocracy</b> (Greek, -<i>aristos</i>, best, and <i>kratein</i>, to govern), or government -by the bravest and best. These terms were first -brought into notice by the French Revolutionists -of 1790.</p> - -<p>Adverting to the protracted struggle between the -<b>Royalists</b> under Charles I. and the <b>Parliamentarians</b> -under the Cromwellian Parliament, no two -nicknames could have been more suggestive of their -origin than those respectively of the <b>Cavaliers</b> and -the <b>Roundheads</b>. The latter arose out of the -Puritan fashion of cropping the hair close round -the head, the former from the cavalier manner in -which a number of gentlemen offered themselves as -a permanent escort to the King after he had been -subjected to insult in December, 1641. The word -Cavalier is synonymous with the French <i>chevalier</i>, -a mounted knight, from <i>cheval</i>, a horse, derived from -the Latin <i>caballus</i>, and the Greek <i>kaballes</i>, an inferior -horse.</p> - -<p>The Protestants in Ireland received the name of -<b>Orangemen</b> owing to their adherence to William -III., Prince of Orange, while the Roman Catholics -were styled <b>Jacobites</b> from their adhesion to James -II., <i>Jacobus</i> being the Latin form of the King’s -name. The <b>Peep o’ Day Boys</b> were so called -because they broke into the houses of the people at -dawn of day in quest of arms; and the <b>White Boys</b>, -from the white smocks they wore over their clothing. -The depredations of both these insurgents were -finally put an end to by the Insurrection Acts, passed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> -in 1786-7. The secret brotherhood of the <b>Fenians</b>, -organized for the overthrow of the English rule in -Ireland, derived its name from Fiona Mac Cumhal, -better known as Fingal, after whom <span class="smcap">Fingal’s Cave</span> -is designated. The correct interpretation of the -Gaelic word <i>Fenian</i> is “a hunter.” Another secret -society of quite recent origin is that of the <b>Irish -Invincibles</b>, established, as was publicly stated by -Carey the Informer, for the “making of history by -killing tyrants.” Their title is due to the boast -that they defy extermination. The <b>Ribbonmen</b> -take their name from the distinctive badge which -they wear. <b>Emergency Men</b> are the more active -members of the Irish Defence Association. The <b>Separists</b> -and the <b>Parnellites</b> are one and the same, -sworn to support the measures of Mr. Parnell and -the Irish National Party in promoting Home Rule -for Ireland. The now familiar word <b>Boycotting</b>, -in connection with Irish affairs, arose out of the -troubles experienced by Captain Boycott, of Lough -Mask Farm, near Ballinrobe, County Mayo, the -land agent of Lord Erne. His house was besieged, -his labourers were threatened, his crops remained -ungathered, and tradesmen refused to supply him -with goods. This occurred on the 11th and 12th -of November, 1880, after which the military was -despatched to his aid, and a “Boycott Fund” -subscribed for his benefit. The expression “to -boycott” a man practically means to place him -beyond the pale of civilization.</p> - -<p>The lowest order of the French Revolutionists<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> -were denominated <b>Sansculottes</b>, literally, “without -breeches,” because they rejected those very serviceable -articles of attire as being emblematical of the -aristocracy. The same term was also applied to the -Republican leaders as a reproach for the negligence -of their dress; but after a time they themselves -adopted the title with pride. The <b>Red Republicans</b> -were so called for a two-fold reason. In the first -place, they did not hesitate to steep their hands in -human blood to accomplish their political aims; -and, secondly, they wore the red cap, symbolical of -Liberty from the days of the Romans downwards. -The two antagonistic parties of the Revolution were -styled <b>The Mountain</b> and <b>The Plain</b> for the -reason that the former sat upon the most elevated -benches in the Hall of Assembly, while the latter -occupied the ground floor. The Plain was for the -most part composed of the <b>Girondists</b>, or deputies -from the Department of the Gironde.</p> - -<p>The <b>Hats</b> and the <b>Caps</b> were the two great -political factions in Sweden, so called on account -of the French <i>chapeaux</i> worn by the partisans of the -French interest on the one side, and the Russian -caps worn by the partisans of the Russian interest -on the other. <i>Apropos</i> of Russia, the word <b>Nihilist</b> -(derived from the Latin <i>nihil</i>, nothing), originally -denoted a social rather than a political party -opposed to the tyranny of custom. Its significance -is well expressed by Turgeneff, who first introduced -it in his novel “Fathers and Sons,” published in -1862:—“A Nihilist is a man who bows before no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> -authority, who accepts no principle without examination, -no matter what credit the principle has.” At -the present day a Nihilist is a revolutionary Socialist -of the most pronounced degree.</p> - -<p>The Italian <b>Carbonari</b>, being the plural of -<i>carbonaro</i>, a coal-man, a charcoal-burner, who first -came into notice in 1820, assumed their designation -from the fact of their meetings being originally held in -the huts of the charcoal-burners, and because they -held charcoal to be the symbol of purification. The -<b>Black Cloaks</b> were the upper classes of Naples, -distinguished by the colour and quality of their -cloaks from the <b>Lazzari</b>, or beggars. Regarded as -a political party, the Neapolitan Black Cloaks no -longer exist; but the <b>Lazzaroni</b>, so called from the -Hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves for their -refuge, are still to be met with in all quarters of the -city. Then, again, we must not omit mention of -the <b>Guelphs</b> and the <b>Ghibellines</b>, names of two -powerful families whose rival partisanship of the -Papal and the Imperial supremacy in Italy threatened -the peace of Europe during the long period -embraced between the years 1250 and 1500.</p> - -<p>The word <b>Federal</b> comes from the Latin <i>fœdus</i>, a -league or compact. A federal form of government -is one under which a number of States, while retaining -their individual institutions and autonomy, unite -together for purposes of defence and for a larger -national existence, delegating to a representative -national government certain specified powers. The -most noteworthy examples in history of this form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -of government are the Achaean League, the Swiss -Republic, and the United States of America. In the -early history of the United States the term “Federal” -was applied to that one of the two great political -parties which was supposed to be more particularly -in sympathy with English standards and to favour -an English alliance, and which desired a strong -central government. Their opponents, who preferred -a French alliance, and who opposed a strong -central government, were then termed “Republicans.”</p> - -<p>About 1830 the “Federals” became <b>Whigs</b>, and -in 1856 they assumed the name of <b>Republicans</b> -(from <i>res publica</i>, the State), the States-rights party -having in the meantime taken the name of “Democrats” -(from <i>demos</i>, the people). During the civil -war of 1861-1865 the Northerners were all termed -“Federals” (or by their opponents “Yankees” or -“Yanks”), while the Southerners had taken the -name of <b>Confederates</b>, because their Constitution -instituted a weaker central government and favoured -the independent action of the several States.</p> - -<p>The Southerners were also given the nickname of -“Corn-feds,” in allusion to the chief article of their -diet. The term <b>Yankee</b> above alluded to dates -back to the seventeenth century, and is a modification -of the name “Yengees,” an attempt by the -Massachusetts Indians to pronounce the name -“English.”</p> - -<p>By the residents of the Northern States, the term -is limited to the inhabitants of the six States of New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> -England. During the civil war of 1861-1865, the -members of a political faction in the North received -the name of <b>Copperheads</b>, because they were regarded -as secret foes to the national cause. The -allusion was to the poisonous copperhead serpent, -which gives no warning of its approach. The -<b>Know-nothings</b> were a secret political party in -the United States (1848-1860), whose chief aim was -the checking of foreign immigration and the political -influence of foreigners by the repeal of the Naturalization -Laws, and the reserving of public appointments -for native-born Americans. The answer given by -its members to all questions about the party organization -was, “I don’t know.”</p> - -<p>The <b>Tammany Ring</b> was the name used to -designate an organization among certain officials -and their backers in the city of New York in 1870-1871, -who succeeded for a time in enriching themselves -at the expense of the city. The ring was -overthrown in 1871, and its leaders imprisoned or -banished. The name of the ring arose from Tammany -Hall, the headquarters of a society originally -founded (in 1805) for benevolent purposes, but which -had become a political power, and which is again -(1892) controlling the government of New York.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Mugwump</b> first came into political use -in 1884. It was then applied to voters who had -been “Republicans,” but who, on various grounds, -preferred the Democratic candidate Cleveland to the -Republican Blaine, and who succeeded in electing -the former. It has since been given generally to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> -citizens, who, while actively interested in politics, -refuse to be bound closely by party ties, considering -causes such as free trade, civil service reform, honest -money, &c., as more important than party labels or -party success. The name “Mugwump” is said to be -derived from an Indian word signifying “wise chief.”</p> - -<p>The <b>Chartists</b> constituted an enormous body of -the people of this country who, soon after the -passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, loudly clamoured -for “The People’s Charter,” of which the six -principal points were these:—Universal Suffrage, -Vote by Ballot, Annual Parliaments, Payment of -the Members, Abolition of the Property Qualification, -and the Equalization of Electorial Rights. William -Lovett, the author of this document, died in August, -1877. The English war party, who sided with the -Turks in the Russo-Turkish struggle of 1878 received -the nickname of <b>Jingoes</b>, or <b>The Jingo Party</b>, -from the chorus of Macdermott’s famous music-hall -song, commencing—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“We don’t want to fight, but, <i>by Jingo</i>, if we do!”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“Jingo” is a corruption of <i>Jainko</i>, the Basque term -for God. Hence the expression, “By Jingo!” is -properly a direct appeal to the Deity. A <b>Protectionist</b> -is one who advocates the protection of -home-produce and manufactures against foreign -competition by the imposition of import duties.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="FLOWERS"><i>FLOWERS.</i></h2> - -<p>The name of <b>Forget-me-not</b> originated in the -following legend:—A German knight and his lady -were walking on the bank of the Danube, when -the fair one saw a beautiful tuft of <i>Myosotis palustris</i> -growing in the water, and expressed a wish to have -it. With chivalrous alacrity the knight at once -plunged into the river and gathered his prize; but -before he could regain the steep and slippery bank, -encumbered as he was by his heavy armour, he -was drawn by the treacherous eddy into a deep pool. -Finding he could not save himself, he threw the -flowers ashore to his mistress as he sank, and -uttered with his last breath the words “<i>Vergess -mein nicht!</i>” (“Forget-me-not!”) Hence this flower -has come to be universally regarded as the emblem -of fidelity.</p> - -<p><b>Mignonette</b>, the diminutive of <i>Mignon</i>, the French -for “darling,” is so called on account of its delicate -fragrance. The <b>Carnation</b> owes its name to the -Latin <i>caro</i>, flesh, in relation to its colour. <b>Geranium</b> -comes from the Greek and Latin <i>geranos</i>, a -crane; this genus of plants having a beak-like torus, -or receptacle. It is also known as <b>Crane’s-bill</b> for -the same reason. <b>Pansy</b> is an Anglicized form of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> -the French <i>pensée</i>, “thoughts,” this being the sentiment -expressed by the flower.</p> - -<p>The <b>Camellia</b> was named after G. J. Camelli, -the German botanist and missionary (died 1690), by -whom it was introduced into Europe from the East; -the <b>Dahlia</b>, after Andrew Dahl, the Swedish botanist, -who discovered it in Mexico in 1784; and the <b>Fuchsia</b>, -after Leonard Fuchs, who brought it from Mexico -about the year 1542. The <b>Victoria Regia</b> was so -called because it was introduced into this country -from British Guiana soon after the accession of -Queen Victoria. The <b>Adonis</b> is said to have -sprung out of the blood of Adonis, the beautiful -youth who was gored to death by a boar; and the -<b>Hyacinth</b> is supposed to have originated in a -similar manner after Hyacinth had fallen a victim -to the jealousy of Zephyr. The <b>Aspasia</b> bears the -name of Aspasia of Miletus, the mistress of Pericles. -The term <b>Orchid</b> comes from the Greek <i>orchis</i>, a -testicle, all plants of this family being distinguished -by double testicles. The <b>Sweetbriar</b> is literally a -“fragrant thorn”; the <b>Lilac</b> betrays its Eastern -origin in the Turkish <i>leilak</i>, and Persian <i>lilaj</i>; while -the term <b>Lavender</b> is derived from the Latin <i>lavere</i>, -to wash, because the essential oil obtained from this -shrub enters into the composition of a favourite -scent.</p> - -<p>The <b>Dog-rose</b> was so called by the Greeks from -the belief that the root of this particular rose-tree -was efficacious in curing the bite of a mad dog. -The <b>Damask-rose</b> was brought to England from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> -Damascus by Dr. Linacre in 1540. The <b>Cabbage-rose</b> -is thick and compact like a cabbage. The -<b>Christmas-rose</b> makes its appearance about Christmas-time. -The word <b>Primrose</b>, agreeably to the -Latin <i>prima rosa</i>, signifies the first rose, or flower, of -spring.</p> - -<p>The <b>Mayflower</b>, otherwise the <b>Hawthorn</b>, the -Anglo-Saxon for “hedge-thorn,” appears in flower -in the month of May, while <b>Gilly-flower</b> is merely -a corruption of “July flower.” The <b>Tiger-flower</b> -is streaked like a tiger. <b>Daffodil</b> is a corruption of -“d’Asphodele,” the French name of this flower. -<b>Hollyhock</b> is not “Holy Oak,” but the Anglo-Saxon -<i>holi-hoc</i>, or marsh mallow. The <b>Noon-tide</b>, -or <b>Noon-flower</b>, closes its petals at noon; the -<b>Convolvulus</b>, so called from the Latin <i>con</i>, together, -and <i>volvere</i>, to roll, does the like at sunset, in common -with the ordinary field <b>Daisy</b>, which owes its name, -a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon <i>doeges-eaye</i>, literally -“the day’s eye,” to this circumstance. The <b>Buttercup</b> -was originally so designated in accordance with -an old-established idea that the yellow hue of butter -was attributable to the fact of these flowers being -eaten by cattle. However, as the buttercups are -invariably avoided by the cattle, the proverbial -wisdom of our forefathers must for once in a way -be discredited. <b>Cowslip</b> is a corruption of “cows’ -leek.”</p> - -<p>The very common supposition that the <b>Sunflower</b> -inclines towards the sun is entirely erroneous, as has -been proved by observation. This flower merely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> -takes its name from its form and colour. On the -other hand, if its etymology be correct, the <b>Heliotrope</b> -does actually turn towards the sun, the word -<i>helios</i> being Greek for sun, and <i>tropos</i>, to turn. The -<b>Goldylocks</b> is so called on account of its tufts of -yellow flowers; whereas the <b>Marigold</b>, which bears -yellow flowers, was named in honour of Queen -Mary. Both these, with the Sunflower, belong to -the <b>Chrysanthemum</b> (Greek <i>chrusos</i>, gold, and -<i>anthemos</i>, flower) family. The word <b>Rhododendron</b>, -we may add, comes from the Greek <i>rhodon</i>, -rose, and <i>dendron</i>, tree.</p> - -<p>The <b>Passion-flower</b> symbolizes in its tints -and several parts the various attributes of Christ’s -Passion, as follows:—The white tint, purity; the -blue tint, heaven; the leaf, the spear; the five -anthers, the five wounds; the tendrils, the whips -and cords; the column of the ovary, the pillar of the -cross; the stamens, the hammers; the three styles, -the nails; the fleshy thorns within the flowers, the -crown of thorns; the calyx, the nimbus, or glory. -In addition to the foregoing the passion-flower -remains open for three days, and this is supposed -to correspond with the three years’ ministry of the -Redeemer.</p> - -<p>Lastly, the flower known as the <b>Stock</b> received -its name from the fact that it was principally sold -in the old <span class="smcap">Stocks Market</span> displaced by the building -of the present Mansion House in the year 1737; the -market itself having derived its title from a pair of -stocks that stood there.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_BIBLE"><i>THE BIBLE.</i></h2> - -<p>In the estimation of many millions of human -beings the Bible is very properly regarded as -the “Book of Books.” And a Book of Books -it truly is; not only <span class="smcap">The</span> Book above all others, but -comprising a number of distinct works from the -pens of various Inspired Writers according to the -Old Law and the New. For this reason precisely -the earliest Saxon version of the Sacred Volume was -called the <b>Bible</b> in accordance with the Greek and -Latin word <i>biblia</i>, the plural of <i>biblion</i>, a book, -derived from biblos, the inner bark of the papyrus, -which was the first kind of writing material known. -“Bible,” therefore, is a collective term for the <b>Scriptures</b>, -which designation comes from the Latin -<i>scriptura</i>, a writing, based upon the verb <i>scribere</i>, -to write. Here, again, note the correct use of the -plural.</p> - -<p>The original translation of the Hebrew Testament -into Greek, about the year 260 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, bore the title of -the <b>Septuagint</b> because it employed the labours of -seventy, or rather of seventy-two, translators. More -than six hundred years afterwards, viz., in the Year -of Our Lord 405, when St. Jerome (born 346, died -420) rendered the whole of the Scriptures—to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> -sure the New Testament had not an existence -at the time of the Greek translation—into the Latin -tongue, his performance was styled the <i>Vulgatus</i>, -or <b>Vulgate</b>, from <i>vulgare</i>, to make known to -the <i>vulgus</i>, the multitude. This <b>Latin Vulgate</b> -constitutes the Bible of the Roman Catholics -as authorized by the Council of Trent in the -year 1546. It was first printed for the use -of the Christian world generally in 1462. The -English translation of the Old Testament portion -of the Vulgate bears the title of the <b>Douay Bible</b> -because it was first printed and published at the -English College at Douay, in France, in 1609. The -New Testament portion, known as the <b>Rheims -Bible</b>, was issued at Rheims twenty-seven years -earlier, viz., in 1582.</p> - -<p>The <b>Authorized Version</b> of the Bible appointed -to be read in the Church of England is called <b>King -James’s Bible</b>, after James I., who ordered it to -be prepared, and in whose reign (in the year 1611) -it was first given to the people. The <b>Bishops’ -Bible</b>, published in parts between 1568 and 1572, -derived its name from the seven bishops that -assisted Archbishop Parker with his revision of -<b>Cranmer’s Bible</b>, otherwise <b>The Great Bible</b>, so -called because Archbishop Cranmer’s version of the -text, published in 1539, was of large size, specially -printed for the purpose of being displayed and read -by the people in the churches. To the 1540 edition -of this version Cranmer prefixed a lengthy Introduction. -One of the earliest Latin Bibles, printed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> -by Gutenberg between the years 1450 and 1455, -and, indeed, one of the earliest perfect printed -books from separate types, is known as the <b>Mazarin -Bible</b>, from a copy being discovered in Cardinal -Mazarin’s library. The <b>Pearl Bible</b> was so called -because it was printed in pearl type by Field in -1653. The <b>Geneva Bible</b>, printed at Geneva in -1560, also bears the singular title of the <b>Breeches -Bible</b>, owing to the substitution of the word -“breeches” for “aprons” in <i>Genesis</i> iii. 7. Similarly, -the <b>Vinegar Bible</b> is indebted for its title -to the misprinting of the word “vineyard” in the -running headline to <i>Luke</i> xx. at the Clarendon Press -in 1717; the <b>Beer Bible</b>, to the substitution of the -words “the beer” for “strong drink” in the -twenty-fourth chapter of <i>Isaiah</i>, ninth verse; the -<b>Treacle Bible</b>, to the rendering of the passage, -“Is there no balm in Gilead?” into “There is no -more triacle at Gilaad” (<i>Jeremiah</i> viii. 22); the <b>Whig -Bible</b>, to the misprinting of the word “peacemakers,” -so that the sentence reads, “Blessed are -the placemakers”; the <b>Wicked Bible</b>, from the -omission of a word in <i>Exodus</i> xx. 14, which caused -the verse to read, “Thou shalt commit adultery”; -and the <b>Bug Bible</b>, printed by John Daye in 1551, -from the peculiar rendering of the fifth verse in -<i>Psalm</i> xci., which reads, “So thou shalt not need -to be afraid for any <i>bugs</i> by night, nor for the arrow -that flieth by day.” The first edition of the Authorized -Version is called the <b>“He” Bible</b>, because it -contains a misprint in <i>Ruth</i> iii. 15, the passage reading,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> -“And he went into the city.” A subsequent -issue published in the same year, in which the -mistake is rectified, is known as the <b>“She” Bible</b>. -The <b>Virginia Bible</b> is a rare version of the Scriptures -translated into the native language of the -North American Indians of Virginia. The first -edition of this Bible was printed in 1661-3, copies -of which are said to be worth £200.</p> - -<p>The first five books of the Old Testament written -by Moses bear the collective title of the <b>Pentateuch</b> -on account of the two Greek words <i>penta</i>, five, and -<i>teuchos</i>, an implement, a tool, alluding to the Books -being the direct instrument of communication between -God and His people. The titles of these five -Books themselves are as follows:—<b>Genesis</b>, which -expresses the Greek for origin or production, describes -the history of the world from its beginning; <b>Exodus</b>, -derived from <i>ex</i>, out, and <i>odus</i>, a way, narrates the -departure of the Israelites out of Egypt; <b>Leviticus</b> -sets forth the regulations affecting the priests and -Levites; <b>Numbers</b> contains the census of the -Israelites; and <b>Deuteronomy</b>, from the Greek -<i>deuteros</i>, second, and <i>nomos</i>, law, comprises the -second giving of the Law by Moses.</p> - -<p>The designation <b>Apocrypha</b>, signifying hidden or -spurious, is applied to those Books whose authenticity -as Inspired Writings is not admitted; in other -words, to those portions of the Scriptures which, -inasmuch as they do not establish any doctrine, are -not held to be canonical, yet are such as, in the -words of the Prayer Book, “the Church doth read<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> -for example of life and instruction of manners.” On -the other hand, the <b>Apocalypse</b>, signifying disclosure, -is synonymous with the “Book of Revelation,” -and specifically applies to the concluding Book of -the Bible.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="WINES"><i>WINES.</i></h2> - -<p>With one or two exceptions only, the -different kinds of wines owe their names -to the places where they are produced. -Thus, <b>Burgundy</b> and <b>Champagne</b> respectively -come from the French provinces, <b>Pontac</b> from the -town, and <b>Moselle</b> from the vineyards extensively -cultivated on the banks of the river, so designated. -Rhenish wines are popular all over Europe; yet -none are probably more celebrated than the <b>Johannisberg</b>, -produced at the Castle of Johannisberg -(literally, John’s Rock), near Wiesbaden, and <b>Hock</b>, -produced at Hockheim. Among Italian wines, -<b>Florence</b> comes from the historic “City of -Flowers,” whereas <b>Falernian</b>, celebrated by Martial, -Horace, and other Latin authors, was made from -grapes grown in the district around the ancient city -of Falernum. A justly celebrated Tuscan wine is the -<b>Montepulciano</b>, produced at the old city so denominated. -As its name implies, <b>Malaga</b> is imported -from Malaga, in Spain; <b>Sherry</b> is our English -rendering of the place-name Xeres, near Cadiz; -while <b>Port</b> constitutes the native wine of Oporto, -the capital of Portugal. Of Mediterranean wines, -<b>Cyprus</b>, brought from the now British island of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> -that name, and <b>Malmsey</b>, an English corruption of -<b>Malvasia</b>, so termed after the district in the island -of Candia, where it is produced, are the chief. -<b>Madeira</b> and <b>Canary</b> are imported from the islands -so called, situated on the great ocean highway to the -Cape of Good Hope. An excellent wine greatly -sought after on the Continent, though somewhat -unknown in this country, is <b>Tokay</b>, produced from -white grapes cultivated in the district of Tokay, -Upper Hungary. <b>Claret</b> owes its designation to -the French <i>clair</i>, clear, because it is a clarified wine; -whereas <b>Tent Wine</b> is a mere corruption of the -Spanish <i>vino tinto</i>, signifying a white wine coloured. -The sparkling champagne known as <b>Sillery</b> popularizes -the name of the Marquis de Sillery, the -proprietor of the vineyards where this particular -species is produced; just as <b>Pommery</b> is destined -to perpetuate the memory of Madame Pommery, -mother to the Duchess de Polignac, and sole -proprietress of the vineyards and subterranean -Pommery vaults near Rheims. <b>Moet and Chandon</b> -similarly denotes the champagne brewed by the -well-known French firm trading under the style of -“Moet et Chandon.”</p> - -<p>Among concoctions of the vinous order we have -<b>Hippocras</b>, so called because it is said to have -been first made according to the recipe of Hippocrates, -the Father of Medicine; <b>Badminton</b>, -originally prepared at Badminton, the seat of the -Duke of Beaufort; and <b>Negus</b>, named after Colonel -Francis Negus, who invented it. Formerly, our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> -countrymen set great store by <b>Sack</b>, which was -simply the designation of a dry wine, derived from -the French word <i>sec</i>, dry. Wine is said to be a <b>Dry -Wine</b> when it is neither sweet nor sparkling. It -cannot be sweet because, the fermentation being -complete, the sugar contained in it is fully decomposed; -moreover, it is dry because the carbonic acid -has escaped. For the like reason, a certain evidence -that port wine has completed the process of fermentation -is the collection of tartar in the interior of the -bottle, forming a crust; hence the term <b>Crusted -Port</b>. A very bad wine of whatever kind usually -bears the name of <b>Three Men Wine</b>, owing to -the idea that it requires one man to hold the drinker, -and another to pour it down his throat, while the -third is the unfortunate individual himself. The -derivation of the term <b>Wine</b> is the Anglo-Saxon <i>vin</i> -from the Latin <i>vinum</i>, allied to <i>vinea</i>, a vine.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LITERARY_SOBRIQUETS"><i>LITERARY SOBRIQUETS.</i></h2> - -<p>Gildas, the earliest chronicler of British -history (born 511, died 570), was surnamed -<b>The Wise</b> on account of his learning, -which must have excited the wonder of the semi-barbarian -inhabitants of these islands in the sixth -century. Later, the Saxon historian Beda, incorrectly -called Bede (born 673, died 735), was surnamed <b>The -Venerable</b> because he was also an ecclesiastic. Approaching -more modern times, we meet with John -White, a Nonconformist lawyer, who, in consequence -of being the author of a work entitled “The First -Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, made and -admitted into Benefices by the Prelates, &c.,” merited -the popular description of <b>Century White</b>. Still -nearer our own day, Matthew Gregory Lewis (born -1775, died 1818) became the recipient of the name of -<b>Monk Lewis</b>, after the publication of his famous -novel, “The Monk”; just as John Thomas Smith, -the antiquary (born 1766, died 1833), was indebted -to his chatty, albeit valuable work, “A Book for -a Rainy Day,” for his sobriquet of <b>Rainy-Day -Smith</b>.</p> - -<p>Turning to the poets, John Sylvester, the translator -of Du Barta’s “Divine Weeks and Works”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> -(born 1563, died 1613), is popularly referred to as -<b>Silver-tongued Sylvester</b> on account of the -sweet melody of his verse. John Taylor, <b>The -Water Poet</b> (born 1580, died 1654), was a Thames -waterman; James Hogg, <b>The Ettrick Shepherd</b> -(born 1772, died 1835), followed the employment of -a shepherd in the forest of Ettrick, Selkirkshire; and -Edward Capern, <b>The Bidëford Postman</b> (born -1819), was for several years a letter-carrier in the -little town of Bidëford, Devonshire. Nathaniel Lee -(born 1655, died 1691) received the name of <b>The -Mad Poet</b> from the fact of his four years’ confinement -in a mad-house. <b>The Quaker Poet</b> was -Bernard Barton, the friend of Charles Lamb (born -1784, died 1849); while Samuel Rogers, <b>The -Banker Poet</b> (born 1763, died 1855), divided his -time pleasantly between the counting-house and -the study. Thomas Moore (born 1779, died 1852) -merited the style of <b>Anacreon Moore</b> by his -translations from the Greek poet Anacreon, and the -circumstance that his own original verses were constructed -upon the same classic model. Richard -Horne, the poet and critic (born 1802, died 1884), -was known as <b>Orion Horne</b>, and also as <b>The -Farthing Poet</b>, on account of his principal work -“Orion,” published at one farthing, as a satire on -the poverty of the book-buying public.</p> - -<p>Sir Walter Scott (born 1771, died 1832) was -surnamed <b>The Wizard of the North</b> owing to -the magic influence which he exerted over all -classes of the people, and the widespread fascination<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> -of his novels; while Henry Mackenzie, the author -of “The Man of Feeling” (born 1745, died 1831), -enjoyed the signal honour of being designated -<b>The Addison of the North</b>, owing to the purity -and excellence of his style. No more flattering -recognition of the genius of William Wordsworth -(born 1770, died 1850) could ever have been desired -than the title of <b>The Minstrel of the Border</b>, -bestowed upon him by Sir Walter Scott. <b>The Corn -Law Rhymer</b> was Ebenezer Elliott (born 1781, -died 1849) who, by the dedication of his numerous -versified philippics to the opponents of Free Trade, -indirectly, if not directly, prepared the way for the -repeal of the obnoxious Corn Laws in the year 1846. -Reference to the word “Philippics” carries us back -in imagination to Demosthenes, who directed one of -his most famous orations against Philip, King of -Macedon; hence, any indignant invective or vehement -denunciation is characteristically styled a -<span class="smcap">Philippic</span>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_COUNTIES_OF_ENGLAND"><i>THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND -AND WALES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Northumberland</b> originally denoted -the land north of the Humber; <b>Cumberland</b>, -the land occupied by the Cymri; and -<b>Westmoreland</b>, the land of the Westmorings, or -people of the Western moors. <b>Durham</b> is a -corruption of <i>Dunholm</i>, signifying a hill-fort on an -island in the river; <i>dun</i> being Celtic for a hill, or fort -on a hill, and <i>holm</i> the Scandinavian for an island. -The Shire, or County, of <b>York</b>, in common with the -majority of the Midland and Welsh counties, is -named after its chief town; or rather, in this case, -the ancient city described in documents as <i>Eurewic</i>, -but pronounced <i>Yorric</i>, from its position on the river -Eure, now known as the Ouse.</p> - -<p><b>Lancashire</b> indicates the Shire of <b>Lancaster</b>, -the <i>caester</i>, or camp-town, on the Lune. This -Anglo-Saxon word <i>Caester</i>, derived from the Latin -<i>castra</i>, a camp, fortress, appears also in the names -of <b>Cheshire</b>, a contraction of <i>Caestershire</i>, the Shire -of <b>Chester</b>, the town built on the site of the old -Roman <i>castra</i>, or camp; in <b>Leicestershire</b>, the -Shire of the camp-town on the river <i>Leire</i>, now -called the Soar; in <b>Worcestershire</b>, the Shire of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> -<i>Hwic-ware-shire</i>, or fortress-town, of the Huiccii; -and in <b>Gloucestershire</b>, the Shire of the camp-town -in which <i>Gloi</i>, a son of the Emperor Claudius, -was born during the Roman occupation of Britain.</p> - -<p><b>Lincoln</b> is a contraction of the Latin <i>Lindumcolonia</i>, -signifying the colony formed by the Romans -on the <i>Llyn-dun</i>, literally “the fortified hill by the -pool,” originally occupied and so called by the -ancient Britons [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_149"><span class="smcap">London</span></a>]. The names <b>Norfolk</b> -and <b>Suffolk</b> respectively indicate those portions of -the eastern coast settled by the Angles, who separated -into two distinct tribes, viz., the north folk and -the south folk. <b>Essex</b> is a contraction of <i>East-seaxe</i>, -denoting the territory occupied by the East -Saxons; <b>Sussex</b>, of <i>Suth-seaxe</i>, or South Saxons; -and <b>Middlesex</b>, of <i>Middle-seaxe</i>, or the inhabitants -of the district between Essex and <b>Wessex</b>, the -land of the West Saxons, which, under the Heptarchy, -extended to the westward as far as -Devon. <b>Surrey</b> is a modification of the Anglo-Saxon -<i>Suth-rey</i>, south of the river, <i>i.e.</i>, the -Thames. <b>Kent</b> was formerly <i>Cantium</i>, indicating -the land bestowed upon Canute, one of the companions -of Brute, an early King of Britain, who, -according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, settled in -England and eventually founded the Danish -dynasty.</p> - -<p><b>Hampshire</b>, also written <b>Hants</b>, expresses the -Shire of <i>Hantone</i>, or <i>Hantune</i>, now known as -<b>Southampton</b>, the south town on the river Ant, -or Southampton Water. <b>Dorset</b> was originally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> -<i>Dwrset</i>, a compound of the Celtic <i>dwr</i>, water, and -the Anglo-Saxon <i>set</i>, a settlement, alluding to the -early settlement of this district by a tribe of Britons -who styled themselves <i>Dwr-trigs</i>, or “water-dwellers.” -<b>Somerset</b> is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon <i>Suthmorset</i>, -literally “the south-moor-settlement.” <b>Devon</b> -is a modified form of <i>Dwfuient</i>, the Celtic for “the -deep valleys.” An earlier name for this portion of -Britain was <i>Damnonia</i>, the territory of the Damnonii, -a Celtic tribe. <b>Cornwall</b> denotes the territory -of the “foreigners in the horn,” agreeably to the Latin -<i>cornu</i>, a horn, referring to its numerous promontories, -and its inhabitants the <i>Wahl</i>, the Saxon term for -“foreigners.” Like Wales, this portion of our island -was never invaded by the Anglo-Saxons; consequently -its people, the Cymri, a branch of the Celts, were -left in undisturbed possession [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_39"><span class="smcap">Wales</span></a>]. The -Duchy of Cornwall is still included in the Principality -of Wales. <b>Wiltshire</b> only partly expresses the -Shire of <b>Wilton</b>, a contraction of <i>Willy-town</i>, or -the town on the river Willy. <b>Berkshire</b> is a -modern spelling of the Anglo-Saxon <i>Bearoc-scire</i>, -“forest shire,” in allusion to the forest districts of -Bagshot and Windsor; while <b>Buckingham</b> was -originally described as <i>Boccenham</i>, the Anglo-Saxon -for “beech-tree-home,” this county being especially -noted for its beeches.</p> - -<p><b>Oxford</b> derived its name from the <i>Ox-ford</i> over the -Isis; <b>Hertford</b>, from the ford crossed by harts; -<b>Hereford</b>, from the army ford; and <b>Stafford</b>, from -the ford crossed by means of staves or stilts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> -<b>Bedford</b> is a contraction of <i>Bedican ford</i>, the -Anglo-Saxon for “the protected ford.” <b>Cambridge</b> -owes its name to the University town by the bridge -over the <i>Cam</i>, or crooked river [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_162"><span class="smcap">Camberwell</span></a>]. -<b>Huntingdon</b> was anciently a great deer forest, and -therefore much resorted to for hunting. <b>Northampton</b> -is a corruption of <i>North-avon-town</i>, alluding -to its position north of the river <i>Neu</i>, in olden times -known as the Avon. <b>Rutland</b> expresses the Anglo-Saxon -for “red land,” referring to the colour of its -soil. <b>Warwick</b> is the modern description of the -Anglo-Saxon <i>Waer-wic</i>, signifying the garrison, or -war town. <b>Nottingham</b> is a corruption of <i>Snotingaham</i>, -“the place of caves,” so called on account -of the soft sandstone which so greatly facilitated the -formation of caverns during the early history of our -country; as <i>e.g.</i>, “Mortimer’s hole,” and the subterranean -passage that led thereto from Nottingham -Castle in the reign of Edward III. <b>Derby</b> is a -contraction of the Saxon <i>Deer-by</i>, or “wild-beast -village,” doubtless so designated from its frequent -invasion by strange animals from the mountainous -district of “The Peak” in search of prey. <b>Shropshire</b> -denotes the Shire of <i>Scrobbesburgh</i>, the Anglo-Saxon -for “shrub-town,” modified by the Normans -into <i>Sloppesburie</i> (from which the present town of -<b>Salop</b> derived its name), and corrupted in modern -times into <b>Shrewsbury</b>. <b>Monmouth</b> indicates -the county that includes the mouth of the <i>Mon</i>, -originally described as the <i>Mynwy</i>, “the border -river.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Anglesea</b>, properly <i>Anglesey</i> [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span></a>, &c.], -is one of the three counties of Wales whose names -are not essentially Welsh. Thus, <b>Glamorgan</b> -signifies the <i>Gwlad-Morgan</i>, or territory of Morgan, -a chieftain who lived in the tenth century; -<b>Brecknock</b> is the hill of Brecon, or Brychan, a -Welsh prince; <b>Radnor</b> is a modern spelling of -<i>Rhiadnwr-Gwy</i>, meaning “the Cataract of the -Wye”; <b>Montgomery</b> refers to the fortress built -on the <i>mont</i>, or height, by Roger de Montgomerie, -in 1093; <b>Denbigh</b> was originally <i>Dinbach</i>, the Celtic -and Cymric for “a little fort”; <b>Flint</b> was so called -from the quantity of quartz found in this county; -<b>Carnarvon</b> owes its origin to <i>Cær-yu-ar-Fon</i>, the -<i>cær</i>, or fortress, on the <i>arfon</i>, or water; <b>Carmarthen</b> -denotes the fortress erected by Merlin; <b>Merioneth</b> -was named after Merion, an early British saint; -<b>Cardigan</b> indicates the territory of Ceredig, a Welsh -chieftain; while <b>Pembroke</b> signifies the <i>pen</i>, or -head of the <i>broc</i>, the Celtic and Cymric for a district, -so called because this promontory was virtually the -Land’s End.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CARRIAGES"><i>CARRIAGES.</i></h2> - -<p>The <b>Phaeton</b> owes its designation to the -mythological personage of that name who -received permission to drive the sun-car of -Helios, his father, for one day, with the result that, -being overthrown, he nearly set the world on fire. -The <b>Victoria</b> was introduced in the year that -witnessed the coronation of Her Majesty Queen -Victoria. The <b>Clarence</b> was the favourite conveyance -of the Duke of Clarence, afterwards William -IV. The <b>Brougham</b>, invented in 1839, received its -name from Lord Brougham, who was the first to -permanently adopt it; and the same may be said of -the <b>Stanhope</b>, so called in compliment to Lord -Stanhope. The <b>Sociable</b> is an appropriate name -enough for an open carriage of which the facing -seats afford opportunity for pleasant conversation. -The <b>Landau</b> was first made at Landau in Germany; -whereas the <b>Tilbury</b> perpetuates the name of a -celebrated London sportsman who introduced this -particular species of carriage during the early part -of the present century.</p> - -<p>The small, light, one-horse vehicle known as a -<b>Dog-cart</b> is so called because such a one was -originally constructed for sportsmen to drive their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> -pointers and setters (which they kept in a box under -the seat) to the scene of the sport. The term <b>Buggy</b> -is a corruption of <i>Bourgeois</i>, a French name indicating -a vehicle intended for the middle classes so denominated; -while <b>Gig</b> is a contraction of the Italian <i>giga</i>, -a romp, and the French <i>gigue</i>, a lively dance, a jig, -in allusion to its jumping and rocking motion. The -like derivation applies to the long, light ship’s wherry -which passes under the same name. The term -<b>Sulky</b>, as applied to a light two-wheeled conveyance, -owed its origin to the fact that, when it -was introduced, people hazarded the opinion that -none but sulky, morose, and selfish people would ride -in such a carriage, because it had only accommodation -for one person. The <b>Noddy</b>, peculiar to Dublin, -derives its title from the jolting motion which keeps -its riders continually nodding; and the <b>Jaunting -Car</b>, from the jaunts and country outings for which, -on the other side of the Irish Sea, these vehicles are -largely employed. The English <b>Break</b> bears its -name because it partakes of the character of the -four-wheel vehicle used by horse-breakers; indeed, -it differs from the latter only in the addition of the -upper portion containing the seats.</p> - -<p><b>Stage-coaches</b> were originally so called on account -of the different stages at which they stopped to -change horses and refresh the passengers. <b>’Bus</b> is -short for <b>Omnibus</b>, a Latin word signifying “for -all.” The step at the back of an omnibus is -facetiously styled the <b>Monkey-board</b>, in consequence -of the capers usually executed thereon by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> -the conductor. The board on either side of the -roof of the vehicle, upon which theatrical and other -advertisements are exhibited is known as the <b>Knife-board</b>, -from its fancied resemblance to that article -of domestic utility. So far from having derived its -name from one of the northern suburbs of London, a -<b>Hackney-coach</b> is simply an English rendering of -<i>coche-a-haquence</i>, the literal French for a coach drawn -by a hired horse. The word <b>Coach</b> (French, <i>coche</i>, -the diminutive of the Italian <i>conchula</i>, a shell) really -means a shell-like contrivance upon wheels. <b>Cab</b> is a -contraction of the <b>Cabriolet</b>, from <i>cabriole</i>, a goat’s -leap, in allusion to its lightness and springiness, first -introduced in Paris. This vehicle, after undergoing -sundry changes and improvements, was patented in -the year 1883 as the “Safety Cab” by Joseph -Aloysius Hansom, from which circumstance it has -in more recent times come to be generally designated -the <b>Hansom Cab</b>.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Hearse</b> traces its origin through the -German <i>hirsch</i> from the Gothic <i>hersa</i>, a sepulchral -mound. At a later date it implied a temporary -monument, but nowadays it denotes the funeral car. -The word <b>Funeral</b>, by the way, is a contraction of -the Latin <i>funeralis</i>, signifying a torchlight procession, -from <i>funis</i>, a torch, because interments among the -Romans always took place by night. <b>Pantechnicon</b> -is a Greek word, composed of <i>pan</i>, all, -and <i>techne</i>, art, indicative of the place where every -kind of industrial art was exhibited or exposed for -sale. In modern days the term has come to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> -exclusively applied to a vehicle constructed for the -removal of household furniture. Lastly, the cloth -that covers the box-seat of a carriage of any kind -is called the <b>Hammer-cloth</b>, because in the old -coaching days it concealed the box which contained -a hammer, nails, and other implements useful for -repairs in the event of a breakdown on the journey.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="DANCES"><i>DANCES.</i></h2> - -<p>Dancing is styled the <b>Terpsichorean Art</b> -in honour of Terpsichore, the daughter of -Jupiter and Mnemosyne, whom the ancients -regarded as its inventress. The <b>Morris Dance</b>, from -which our “Jack in the Green” and his fellow May-day -revellers trace their origin, was the military -dance of the Moors, or Moriscoes, introduced into -this country by John of Gaunt on his return from -Spain in the reign of Edward III. Five men and a -boy took part in it, and from the fact of the boy -wearing an ill-fitting helmet called a <i>morione</i>, he -received the name of “Mad Morion,” which was -subsequently corrupted into <b>Maid Marian</b>. The -<b>Saraband</b> was invented by Zarabanda, a famous -dancer of Seville in the sixteenth century. The -<b>Gavotte</b> arose among the Gavots, a people who -inhabited the department of the Upper Alps and the -province of Dauphiny, in France. <b>Quadrille</b> is the -literal French for “a little square,” so called from -the position taken up by the dancers; while the -Lancers derived their name from a company of -<b>Lancers</b> who originally improvised this variation of -the Quadrille for their own amusement while seated -in their saddles. The <b>Polka</b>, of Polish origin, is so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> -designated on account of the Bohemian word <i>pulka</i>, -a half, in allusion to the half step occurring in it; -the <b>Schottische</b> is a variation of the Polka; the -<b>Mazourka</b> is the national dance of Poland—all of -which, with the addition of the <b>Redowa</b>, are native -terms. The <b>Waltz</b> is a contraction of the German -<b>Waltzer</b>, derived from the verb <i>waltzen</i>, to roll, to -revolve, alluding to the revolutions made by the -pairs of dancers placed <i>vis-à-vis</i>. The <b>Country -Dance</b>, so far from being a peasants’ dance, is -nothing more than a corruption of the French -<i>contre-danse</i>, signifying that the parties place themselves -opposite to each other during the dance. -Strictly speaking, the Contre-danse and the Quadrille -are one and the same. The <b>Roger de -Coverley</b> derived its name from the great-grandfather -of Roger de Coverley, or rather, to be -precise, of Roger of Cowley, near Oxford, who -invented it. The <b>Minuet</b> (Latin <i>minutus</i>, small) -is so called wholly on account of the short steps -peculiar to this dance. The <b>Tarantella</b> was invented -in Italy out of the supposition that the profuse -perspiration which it induced was a certain cure -for the poisonous bite of the <span class="smcap">Tarantula Spider</span>, -named after the city of Taranto, where its baneful -presence was first manifested. <b>Cinderella Dances</b> -are those which terminate before midnight, in allusion -to Cinderella of nursery renown.</p> - -<p>The origin of the word <b>Ball</b>, in its application to -a dancing-party, is somewhat singular. Centuries -ago there was in vogue on the Continent a three-fold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> -game, in which the players danced to the sound -of their own voices while they threw to one another -a ball. In all probability this arose out of the -curious “Ball-Play in Church” by the Neapolitans -during the Saturnalia, or “Feast of Fools,” corresponding -to our Easter-tide. There is even now a -statute in existence which regulated the size and -character of the ball to be used on such occasions. -In opening the ceremony, the Dean took the ball in -his left hand, and commenced an antiphon, which -the organ took up; whereupon he tossed the ball to -first one and then another of the choir-boys, as they -joined hands, sang, and danced around him. When, -therefore, the three-fold game alluded to above -divided and its three sets of dancers became -independent of each other, the dance itself took -the name of the article that was, as if by common -consent, discarded—to wit, <i>the ball</i>; and the song -was styled the <i>Ballata</i>, or, according to the modern -English, a <span class="smcap">Ballad</span> indicative of a dancing-song; -while the verb <i>ballare</i>, to dance, gave existence to -the French <b>Ballet</b>, signifying a dance tune. <i>Apropos</i> -of the Ballet, the term <b>Coryphée</b>, as applied to a -ballet-dancer, traces its origin from the Greek -<i>coryphœus</i>, the designation of one who danced to -the lute in the theatres of the ancients. <i>En passant</i>, -the famous war dance of the Greeks, executed in -very quick time and known as the <b>Phyrric Dance</b>, -was so denominated after Pyrrichos, a celebrated -Dorian flautist.</p> - -<p>The <b>Hornpipe</b> is an inversion of <i>pib-gorn</i>, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> -name of the old Welsh instrument consisting of a -<i>pib</i>, or pipe, with a <i>gorn</i>, or horn, at each end, to -which this dance was originally stepped; the <b>Reel</b> -has reference to the whirling evolutions performed -by the dancer, as of winding cotton on a reel; -whereas the <b>Jig</b> comes from the French <i>gigue</i>, a -lively dance, and <i>gige</i>, a stringed instrument, the -usual accompaniment to this rough-and-ready style -of pedal exhilaration. The term <b>Breakdown</b> is an -Americanism, denoting the last boisterous dance -before the breaking <i>up</i> of a dancing-party towards -early morning. Appropriately enough, such a dance -invariably constitutes the final item of a negro-minstrel -entertainment.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="PIGMENTS_AND_DYES"><i>PIGMENTS AND DYES.</i></h2> - -<p>The word <b>Pigment</b> is a contraction of the -Latin <i>pigmentum</i>, based upon the verb <i>pingere</i>, -to paint. <b>Dye</b> traces its origin to the -Anglo-Saxon <i>deag</i>, a colour, remotely derived from -the Latin <i>tingere</i>, to stain. Several of the pigments -most generally used owe their names to the places -whence they are, or were originally, brought. As -examples: <b>Umber</b> was first obtained in the district -of <b>Umbria</b>, in Italy, and <b>Sienna</b>, properly called -<i>Terra di Sienna</i>, or Sienna Earth, from Sienna; -<b>Gamboge</b> comes from Cambodia, formerly known -as Gambogia, in Siam; <b>Indigo</b>, from Indicus, the -ancient description of India; and <b>Krems White</b>, -from the city of Krems, in Austria, where it is -exclusively manufactured. <b>Prussian Red</b>, <b>Brunswick -Green</b>, <b>Brunswick Black</b>, <b>Frankfort -Black</b>, <b>Hamburg Lake</b>, <b>Venetian Red</b>, and -<b>Chinese Yellow</b>, speak for themselves. <b>Prussian -Blue</b>, also called <b>Berlin Blue</b>, was first made by -a native colourman of Berlin in the year 1710; -whereas <b>Saunders Blue</b> is merely a corruption -of <i>cendres-bleus</i>, the French for blue ashes, this -pigment being obtained from calcined bluestone. -Another name for the latter is <b>Ultramarine</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> -because it was originally brought from <i>ultra</i>, beyond, -and <i>marinus</i>, the sea.</p> - -<p>The deep blue known as <b>Mazarine</b> was named -after Cardinal Mazarin, the Prime Minister of France -(born 1602, died 1661), in whose time it was first prepared; -while the puce colour known as <b>Pompadour</b> -received its designation from Madame le Pompadour, -the mistress of Louis XV. (born 1721, died 1764), who -popularized it. <b>Cardinal</b> is so called because it -expresses the exact shade of the red habit worn by -the cardinals of the Church; the term <b>Carmine</b> -owes its origin to the Italian <i>carminio</i>, purple; while -<b>Carnation</b> denotes a flesh tint, in accordance with -the Latin <i>caro</i>, flesh. The colour which results -from the combination of a vivid red with more or -less white is styled <b>Pink</b>, owing to its resemblance -to the flower so designated.</p> - -<p>The origin of the word <b>Purple</b> must be sought in -connection with the circumstance in which this dye, -or colour, was discovered. It appears that one day -a favourite dog belonging to Hercules of Tyre -chanced to eat a species of fish known to the -ancients as the <i>purpura</i>; and upon returning to his -master, the latter found the lips of the animal tinged -with the colour that was shortly afterwards imitated -and denominated <i>purple</i>. The term <b>Scarlet</b> is a -modification of <i>sakarlat</i>, the Persian description of a -bright red colour; while <b>Crimson</b> traces its existence -through the Old English <i>crimosyn</i> to <i>garmaz</i>, -the Arabic term for the cochineal insect, from whose -dried body, found upon a species of cactus, this vivid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> -dye-stuff is obtained. The beautiful purple obtained -from chloride of gold bears the name of <b>Cassius</b> -after its inventor.</p> - -<p><b>Magenta</b> was named in commemoration of the -Battle of Magenta, fought in 1859; and <b>Vandyke -Brown</b>, from its having been so frequently used by -Vandyk (born 1599, died 1641) that it forms a -characteristic colour in all his portraits. <b>Sepia</b> is -the Greek designation of the cuttle-fish, and the -pigment so called is obtained from the dark juice -secreted by the glands of the Indian species of this -fish. <b>Sap-Green</b> is prepared from the juice of the -ripe berries of the buckthorn; whereas <b>Emerald -Green</b> denotes the particular shade of green that -characterizes the emerald. <b>Lamp Black</b> is so -called because it was originally obtained from the -burning of resinous matter over a lamp. <b>Ivory -Black</b> is a pigment formerly obtained from charred -ivory, but nowadays from bones. The origin of -<b>Isabel</b>, a dull brownish-yellow, with a mixture of -red and grey, is as follows:—When the Duke of -Austria was besieging Ostend in 1601, Isabella, his -wife, the daughter of Philip II. of Spain, vowed that -she would not change her linen until the town had -been taken. Unfortunately for her personal comfort, -the town held out for two years, at the end of which -period her linen assumed the characteristic hue that -was afterwards imitated by the ingenious colourman -who sought to honour her by perpetuating the -incident.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LONDON_DISTRICTS_AND"><i>LONDON DISTRICTS AND -SUBURBS.</i></h2> - -<p>At that remote period when the first rude huts -were established on the banks of the Thames, -the surrounding scene could have presented -nothing more inviting to the eye than an extensive -marsh or morass. That such was undoubtedly the -case the existing names of <span class="smcap">Fenchurch</span> Street and -<span class="smcap">Finsbury</span>, furnish ample evidence. The former -marks the site of an ancient church situated among -the fens, while the latter is an easy corruption of -<i>Fensbury</i>, the Anglo-Saxon designation for “a town -among the fens.” Therefore it was not surprising that -the barbaric Britons, who founded what we now call -<b>London</b>, should have given the name of <i>Llyn-dun</i> -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_134"><span class="smcap">Lincoln</span></a>] to their colony beside the Thames. -<i>Apropos</i> of the <b>Thames</b>, the name of our noble river -is merely a slight contraction of the Latin <i>Thamesis</i>, -signifying “the broad Isis.” <b>Isis</b> is the Celtic for -water.</p> - -<p><b>Westminster</b> was denominated after the Abbey -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_212"><span class="smcap">Westminster Abbey</span></a>]. <b>Belgravia</b> is the name -given to the fashionable district of which Belgrave -Square is the common centre. <b>Pimlico</b> owed its -designation to an attempt on the part of the tavern-keepers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> -of this neighbourhood to rival the celebrated -nut-brown ales of one Ben Pimlico, who kept a -pleasure-garden near Hoxton, the road to which -was known as <b>Pimlico Walk</b> (still in existence), -and the garden itself, first as “Pimlico’s,” and subsequently -as “Pimlico.” The name of <b>Knightsbridge</b> -carries us back to the time when two knights, -on their way to receive a blessing from the Bishop -of London at Fulham, engaged in a deadly combat -on the bridge that spanned the Westbourne, exactly -on the spot where Albert Gate now stands. Prior -to this incident the bridge had borne the name of -Fulham Bridge. <b>Mayfair</b> occupies the site of an -annual six days’ fair held in May, originally at the -instance of Edward I., for the benefit of the leper -hospital of St. James the Less, Bishop of Jerusalem, -now St. James’s Palace. The district of <b>Soho</b> was -known by its present name as long ago as the sixteenth -century; “<i>So ho!</i>” being the cry of the -huntsmen when calling off their harriers in the days -when the whole of London west of Drury Lane -was open country. <b>Bloomsbury</b> is a corruption of -“Lomesbury Village,” of which the Manor House -stood on the site of Bloomsbury Square. <b>Smithfield</b> -is a modern perversion of “Smoothfield,” an -extensive tract of meadow land where horses were -sold and tournaments were held as far back as the -twelfth century. The first recorded English horse-race -was witnessed in Smoothfield in the year 1154. -<b>Clerkenwell</b> derived its name from an ancient well -(now marked by an iron pump let into the wall at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> -the south-east end of Ray Street) beside which -the parish clerks performed their Miracle Plays. -<b>Spa Fields</b>, now built over, owed their designation -to a medicinal well, or Spa, discovered in 1206, and -subsequently known as “The London Spa.” The -proper description of <b>Bunhill Fields</b> is <i>Bonhill</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, -“good hill” Fields, so styled because the victims of -the Great Plague were buried here in 1665. <b>Moorfields</b> -was formerly a bleak moor skirting the -northern portion of the marshy land known as -Fensbury, now <b>Finsbury</b>, already referred to.</p> - -<p><b>Shoreditch</b> did not receive its name from Jane -Shore, neither is the word a corruption of “Sewer -Ditch,” as some writers have suggested. This district -really comprised the manor of Sir John Soerditch, -a wealthy London citizen and a valiant knight who -fought by the side of Edward the Black Prince at -Crecy and Poictiers. <b>Whitechapel</b> was designated -after the White Chapel of St. Mary, built in 1673. -<b>Goodman’s Fields</b> perpetuated the name of the -owner of the land now known as the Minories, upon -which a Priory of the Nuns of St. Clare was afterwards -built. <b>Shadwell</b> is a corruption of St. Chad’s -Well, discovered in this neighbourhood in ancient -times. The once-notorious <b>Ratcliffe Highway</b> -derived its name from the Manor of Ratcliffe, belonging -to the adjoining parish of Stepney. The -title has now been changed to St. George’s Street. -<b>Stepney</b> was anciently described as <i>Stebenhithe</i>, -signifying that it contained a wharf or haven belonging -to one Steben or Steven. <b>Spitalfields</b> marks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> -the site of the ancient Priory of St. Mary of the -Spittle, dissolved in 1534. The French refugees -established the silk manufacture here in 1685. -<b>Bethnal Green</b> recalls the existence of the old -family of the Bathons, whose history is first recorded -in connection with their property situated in this -neighbourhood during the reign of Edward I. -<b>Hoxton</b> is a corruption of <i>Hogsdon</i>, meaning hog’s -town. In proof of this statement we may add that -<span class="smcap">Hog Lane</span> still exists in the vicinity. <b>De Beauvoir -Town</b> preserves the family name of the De Beauvoirs, -whose original ancestor, Richard de Beauvoir, -of Guernsey, resided here in princely style. <b>Copenhagen -Fields</b> were so called after a tea-house -opened by a Dane, about the time when the King of -Denmark paid a visit to James I. <b>Haggerstone</b> is -a corruption of “Hergotestan,” the literal Saxon -for “Our God’s Town.” <b>Hackney</b> was originally -described as <i>Hackoneye</i>, signifying an <i>ey</i>, or portion -of well-watered pasture land, appropriated by a -Danish chief named Hacon [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span></a>, &c.].</p> - -<p><b>Dalston</b> is properly <i>Daleston</i>, or Vale-town. -This was a quiet suburban village situated in a -valley during the days when the northern districts -of the Metropolis were more or less wooded—as -witness <b>Stoke Newington</b>, or the new town in the -meadow by the wood. The word <i>Stoke</i> comes from -the Anglo-Saxon <i>stoc</i>, a wood or stockade; <i>ton</i> is the -Old English for town, and <i>ing</i> the Anglo-Saxon -for a meadow, also a family settlement. <b>Southgate</b> -is expressive of the southern entrance to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> -enclosure, anciently known as Enfield Chase; and -<b>Kingsland</b> the royal domain adjacent to it. -<b>Abney Park</b> owes its name to <span class="smcap">Abney House</span>, -recently converted into a Conservative Club, but -originally the residence of Sir Thomas Abney -(born 1639, died 1722), Lord Mayor and a distinguished -Nonconformist, knighted by William III. -Dr. Isaac Watts died at Abney House in 1748. -<b>Green Lanes</b> indicates the rural character of this -neighbourhood in bygone times. <b>Edmonton</b> is -properly <i>Edmond’s-town</i>. The name of <b>Ball’s Pond</b> -is all that remains to remind us of the one-time -existence of “The Salutation” house of call which -had a pond for dog and duck sports, kept by John -Ball. <b>Mildmay Park</b> is so called after <span class="smcap">Mildmay -House</span>, the family seat of Sir Henry Mildmay, who -came into possession of the estate by his marriage -with the daughter of William Halliday, an Alderman -of the City in the time of Charles I. <b>Muswell -Hill</b> is a slight corruption of <i>Mustwell Hill</i>, derived -from the Latin <i>mustus</i>, new, fresh; because on -this hill there was anciently discovered a well of -clear, fresh water by the friars of St. John’s Priory, -Clerkenwell, who had a dairy hereabouts. That -portion of the hill which has been cut through for the -construction of the line of railway to Enfield, Barnet, -and the north, bears the name of <b>The Hog’s Back</b>, -in allusion to its shape. The name of <b>Wood Green</b> -is self-explanatory. <b>Hornsey</b> is a corruption of -“Harringe,” or meadow of hares. <b>Canonbury</b> -received its title from the residence of the Prior of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> -the Canons of St. Bartholomew, built in this neighbourhood -soon after the Conquest. <i>Bury</i> is Saxon -for a town or enclosed habitation, equivalent to the -Celtic <i>don</i>, and Old English <i>ton</i>. In days of old, -<b>Highbury</b> contained a Priory of the Knights of St. -John of Jerusalem, built in 1271. The establishment -was called <i>High-bury</i>, because it stood upon higher -ground than their previous residence which had borne -the name of <i>Tolentone</i>, or lower town. <b>Holloway</b> -reminds us that this was once a miry hollow between -Highgate and Islington. <b>Barnsbury</b> is a corruption -of <i>Berners-bury</i>, originally a manor belonging to Lady -Juliana Berners, Abbess of St. Albans. <b>Islington</b> -has always been a favourite suburb in modern -times, and even our mediæval ancestors must have -been delighted with its situation, lying high and -dry beyond the fens and the sloughy neighbourhood -of the “old bourne.” Its name signifies “the -settlement of the Islings.”</p> - -<p><b>King’s Cross</b> derived its name from a wretched -statue of George IV., set up in honour of his -accession in 1820, and demolished to make way for -the London terminus of the Great Northern Railway -in 1842. The parish of <b>St. Pancras</b> is so -called after the church dedicated to the boy-saint -who was martyred by Diocletian in the early days -of Christianity. <b>Agar Town</b>, now entirely swept -away by modern improvements, was designated after -William Agar, a miserly lawyer who acquired the -lease of the land for building purposes in 1840. -<b>Somers Town</b> is the property of Lord Somers, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> -<b>Camden Town</b>, of the Earl of Camden. <b>Kentish -Town</b> was formerly written “Kestestown”; but -even that was a corruption of “Kantelowes Town,” -erected upon the Manor of Kantelowes. The modern -spelling of this family name is <i>Cantlowes</i>. <b>Primrose -Hill</b> is still a pleasant eminence whereon primroses -grow, despite the encroachments of bricks and -mortar all around. <b>Highgate</b> is a title expressive -of the elevated situation of the village that sprang -up around the toll-gate established on the common -highway from Barnet to Gray’s Inn Road about -the year 1400. <b>Holly Village</b>, Highgate, was so -called by its foundress, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts-Bartlett, -after her residence, Holly Lodge, hard by. -<b>Hampstead</b> signifies a farmhouse or homestead. -The word is Saxon: <i>ham</i>, a home, and <i>stede</i>, a place. -In its wider sense, <i>ham</i> denotes a town. The -western slope of Hampstead bears the name of -<b>Frognal</b>, after Frognal Priory, an ambitious edifice -built here by Memory-Corner Thompson (born 1757, -died 1843), in imitation of Horace Walpole’s toy -village on Strawberry Hill. <b>Bishop’s Wood</b>, -Hampstead, comprised the private estate of the -Bishop of London, at the time when that ecclesiastic -resided at Highgate. <b>Gospel Oak</b> received -its designation from the oak that marked the -boundaries of Hampstead and St. Pancras, and -under which, in accordance with an ancient custom, -the Gospel was read once a year. John Whitfield -is said to have preached under this oak. <b>Chalk -Farm</b> is a corruption of “Chalcot Farm,” a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> -picturesque farmhouse in whose vicinity duels were -usually fought during the century gone by. <b>St. -John’s Wood</b> was anciently a thickly wooded -district sheltering an “Abbey of the Holy Virgins -of St. John the Baptist.” <b>Kilburn</b> owes its name -to the <i>Kil</i>, the Celtic word for a cell, occupied by -“one Godwyne, a holy hermit,” beside the <i>bourne</i>, or -brook. <b>Maida Vale</b> was so called in commemoration -of the Battle of Maida, in which the English -defeated the French, July 4, 1806. <b>Marylebone</b> -does not signify “Mary the Good,” as the majority of -Londoners imagine, but “St. Mary of the Bourne,” -alluding to the church of St. Mary within sight of -the bourne that ran from the hermit’s cell at <i>Kilbourne</i> -down to <b>Tyburn</b>, or rather <i>Twa-burne</i>; so -called because two different bournes, or streams, -met in the neighbourhood where the Marble Arch -now stands.</p> - -<p>The name of <b>Bayswater</b> has undergone considerable -change from the original. Not so very long -ago the whole of this district was known as <b>Bayswater -Fields</b>; during the last century it bore the -name of “Bear’s Watering,” and previously that of -<i>Baynard’s Watering</i>. By the last was meant the -land dotted with pools held from the Manor of -Westminster, by Ralph Baynard, the favourite of -William the Conqueror, who resided at <span class="smcap">Baynard’s -Castle</span>, at Blackfriars, on the north bank of the -Thames. These pools, together with the Tyburn -were converted into what is now styled the <span class="smcap">Serpentine</span>, -owing to its form, in 1733. <b>Paddington</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> -originally written <i>Padynton</i>, was the settlement or -town of the Pædings, a branch of the family who -originally established themselves at, and gave their -name to, <i>Padendene</i>, in Surrey. <b>Westbourne Park</b> -derived its name from the west bourne, or stream, -that wended its way from the hermit’s cell at -“Kilbourne,” in the direction of the “Baynard’s -Watering,” and thence, after passing under Fulham -(or Knights’) Bridge, emptied itself into the Thames. -<b>Notting Hill</b> is a corruption of <i>Knolton Barn (Hill)</i>, -a manor held by the De Veres, and subsequently by -Robert Fenroper, an Alderman of the City, in the -reign of Henry VIII. The name of <b>Shepherd’s -Bush</b> once more puts us in mind of the pastoral -character of the environs of London in the days gone -by. <b>Acton</b> is an Anglo-Saxon name for “Oak -town,” signifying the town built in the vicinity of the -large Oak Forest. <b>Gunnersbury</b> denotes the town, -or enclosed habitation, named after Gunylda, the -niece of King Canute, who resided here during the -Danish occupation of England. <b>Kew</b> was anciently -described in documents as <i>Kay-hoo</i>, meaning a quay -situated on a <i>hoo</i>, or <i>hoe</i>, the Scandinavian for a spit -of land. <b>Brentford</b> signifies the ford over the -Brent, a tributary of the Thames that takes its rise -near Hendon. <b>Isleworth</b> means a manor beside -the water. The first portion of the word comes from -the Celtic, <i>Isis</i>, water; the second is Anglo-Saxon -for a manor. <b>Staines</b> owes its name to the boundary -stone (Saxon <i>stane</i>, a stone) by the river, which displays -the words “God preserve the City of London.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> -The date of this stone is 1280. <b>Kingston</b> was -designated after the King’s stone, now preserved -within railings near the Town Hall, upon which the -Saxon monarchs sat to be anointed. <b>Shepperton</b> -is Old English for <i>Shepherd’s Town</i>, or the abode of -shepherds. The name of <b>Twickenham</b> denotes a -hamlet situated between two tributaries of the -Thames. <b>Richmond</b> was anciently known as -<b>Sheen</b>, a Saxon term for “resplendent,” in allusion -to the palace erected by Edward I. When Henry -VII. rebuilt the palace, after its destruction by fire -in 1479, he changed the name of the village to -Richmond, in perpetuation of his title of Earl of -Richmond prior to ascending the throne. This -king died here in 1509.</p> - -<p><b>Chiswick</b> is a corruption of “Cheoselwick,” -derived from the Anglo-Saxon <i>ceosel</i>, sand, gravel, -and the Teutonic <i>wick</i>, a reach, from the root -waes, a moist meadow. <b>Hammersmith</b> was originally -<i>Hammersmeide</i>, a Saxon village distinguished -for the number of its smithies. The forename, -<i>Hammer</i>, is Scandinavian for a village or small town. -<b>Kensington</b> derived its name, or rather that of -<i>Kynsington</i>, the Saxon for King’s meadow, with the -Old English suffix <i>ton</i>, a town, from a royal residence -erected here in very early times. <b>Brompton</b> was -so called from the broom-trees that grew in the -neighbourhood of this healthy <i>ton</i> or town. <b>Chelsea</b> -is described in old documents as “Chevelsey,” -meaning shingle island. The first portion of the -word claims the same etymology as Chiswick, viz.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> -<i>ceosel</i>, sand, gravel; while the suffix <i>ey</i>, or <i>ea</i>, is also -Anglo-Saxon, derived from <i>oe</i>, the Scandinavian for -running water. These terminals always indicate -water, and not unfrequently an island, properly so -called; as, for example, Anglesey, the Isle of the -Angles. In the case of Hackney the terminal is -expressive of a well-watered pasture, as has already -been seen; whereas in the cases of Chelsea and -Battersea the allusion is not merely to their -proximity to the Thames, but to their partial isolation -in ancient times from the adjacent land on -account of the creeks and inlets of the river. -<b>Battersea</b>, we may here remark, is described in -Domesday Book as “the Manor of Patricesy”; but -even this early name was a corruption of Petersey, -or St. Peter’s-ey, because it had belonged to the -Abbey of St. Peter’s, Westminster, from time out of -mind. To return: <b>Walham Green</b> denotes a -settlement of foreigners; <i>wal</i>, being a modification of -<i>wahl</i>, the Celtic for foreign, and <i>ham</i>, the Old English -for a home. <b>Fulham</b> was formerly written “Fullenhame,” -the Anglo-Saxon for a habitation of water-fowl. -<b>Parson’s Green</b> received its name from the -parsonage in connection with Fulham Church that -stood here previous to 1740. <b>Percy Cross</b>, Fulham, -is a corruption of “Parson’s Cross,” referring to a -cross on the roof of the parsonage on Parson’s -Green. <b>Putney</b> was originally “Puttaney,” the -Saxon for Putta’s Isle; whereas <b>Wimbledon</b> was -<i>Wibbandun</i>, a Celtic term signifying the <i>dun</i>, or -hill-fort, belonging to one Wibba. The name of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> -<b>Wandsworth</b> denotes a manor watered by the -Wandle. <b>Lambeth</b> is a corruption of “Loamhithe,” -the Anglo-Saxon for haven of the loamy soil. -<b>Vauxhall</b> is described in a document dated 1282 -as the Manor of Faukeshall. As, however, this -manor was originally held by Fulke de Breante soon -after the Conquest, it is highly probable that the -designation was more correctly <i>Fulke’s Hall</i>, afterwards -corrupted into <i>Faukeshall</i>. The present -spelling of the name may be traced back to the year -1615, when the Hall, or Manor House, was occupied -by Jane Vaux.</p> - -<p><b>Southwark</b> is a modification of the Anglo-Saxon -“Suthwerk,” and the Danish <i>Sydrike</i>, literally the -south fortification. During the Danish occupation -of England this was a very strong position. -<b>Bermondsey</b> was anciently written <i>Beormundsey</i>, -signifying that the <i>ey</i>, or strip of land intersected by -creeks [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span></a>, &c.], belonged to Beormund, -a prominent Anglo-Saxon lord. <b>Horselydown</b> is -properly <i>Horsadown</i>, so called because this district -was originally a down used for grazing horses. -<b>Walworth</b> was named in honour of Sir William -Walworth, Lord Mayor in 1380, who resided here. -The <b>Borough</b> recalls the fact that the inhabitants -of London south of the Thames were <i>Burghers</i>, and, -therefore, entitled to the rights and privileges of -Corporation.</p> - -<p><b>Rotherhithe</b> is Saxon for red haven, alluding to -the colour of the soil. The name of <b>Deptford</b> -indicates the deep ford over the Ravensbourne,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> -which is now spanned by a bridge. <b>Greenwich</b> -means the green town, or, more precisely, the -verdant settlement beside the <i>wick</i>, or reach of the -river [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chiswick</span></a>]; whereas <b>Woolwich</b> was -originally <i>Hylwich</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, hill town. The <b>Isle of -Dogs</b> is a corruption of “Isle of Ducks,” so described -in ancient documents on account of the number of -wild-fowl always to be found there. <b>New Cross</b> -derived its name from “The Golden Cross,” a -famous old coaching-house, rebuilt and renamed -“The New Cross.” <b>Lewisham</b> is properly <i>Leawreham</i>, -or meadow-home. <b>Blackheath</b> is a corruption -of <i>Bleakheath</i>. <b>Eltham</b> was formerly written “Ealdham,” -the Anglo-Saxon for the old home or dwelling, -referring to the palace occupied by the English -kings down to the time of James I. <b>Catford</b> is a -contraction of <i>Cattleford</i>, signifying a shallow portion -of the Ravensbourne easily forded by cattle. [The -University town on the Isis received its present -name of <span class="smcap">Oxford</span> for a similar reason.] <b>Beckenham</b> -denotes a home beside the beck or brook. Here -again the Ravensbourne comes into notice. <b>Sydenham</b> -means the home or habitation in the south. -The names of <b>Forest Hill</b>, <b>Norwood</b>, a contraction -of Northwood, and <b>Westwood</b> remind us that the -whole of this district was formerly a large tract of -wooded land. <b>Dulwich</b> is a corruption of <i>Dalewich</i>, -the town in the dale. <b>Honor Oak</b> owes its -designation to the boundary oak, under whose -umbrageous shade Queen Elizabeth is said to have -dined. <b>Nunhead</b> derived its name from “The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> -Nuns’ Head,” a place of holiday resort for -Londoners, dating back more than two hundred -years. <b>Peckham</b> was originally <i>Beckham</i>, a -home distinguished for its becks or brooks. -<b>Brixton</b> is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon -“Brigestan,” the bridge of stone. <b>Camberwell</b> -derived its name from a miraculous well discovered -close by the parish church dedicated to St. Giles, -the patron of cripples. <i>Cam</i> is Celtic for crooked. -In this instance the word applies to the cripples, -or rather to their patron saint. [On the other hand, -the University town of <span class="smcap">Cambridge</span> was so called -from the bridge over the <span class="smcap">Cam</span>, a river distinguished -for its winding course.] <b>Stockwell</b> is in allusion to -the well found in the <i>stoc</i>, or wooded place, in Anglo-Saxon -times. <b>Kennington</b> means a settlement in -the King’s meadow. One of the palaces of Henry -VIII. stood here. <b>Newington</b> denotes the new -town in the meadow. Finally, the name of <b>St. -George’s Fields</b> was derived from the neighbouring -church of St. George the Martyr.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="BATTLES"><i>BATTLES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>The Tearless Victory</b> was the name given -by Plutarch to the victory won by Archimadus, -King of Sparta, over the Argives and -Arcadians in the year 367 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> without the loss of a -single Spartan soldier. <b>The Thundering Legion</b> -is the historical designation given to the Roman -legion that overthrew the Alemanni in the year -179 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, during a thunderstorm, which was supposed -to have been sent in answer to the prayers offered up -by the Christians. Not only did the storm strike -terror into the minds of their enemies, but it also -enabled the Romans to relieve their long-protracted -thirst. <b>The Hallelujah Victory</b> received its name -from the battle-cry of the newly-baptized Bretons, -who were led to the attack by Germanus, Bishop of -Auxerre, in the year 429.</p> - -<p><b>The Battle of the Standard</b>, fought between the -English and the Scots at Northallerton, August 29, -1138, was so called because the standard of the former -consisted of a tall crucifix borne upon a wagon. From -the crucifix itself there was suspended the Consecrated -Host enclosed in a pyx, while floating beneath were -the bannerets of SS. Peter, Wilfrid, and John of -Beverley. <b>The Battle of the Herrings</b> (February<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> -12, 1429) obtained its title from the defeat -suffered by the Duc de Bourbon when attempting to -intercept a convoy of salted herrings on their way -to the English besieging Orleans. <b>The Battle of -Spurs</b> is the more familiar designation of the Battle -of Guinnegate, in which Henry VIII. defeated the -Duc de Longueville (August 16, 1513), because the -French were said to have used their spurs more -than their swords. This event, however, must not -be confounded with <b>The Battle of the Spurs of -Gold</b>, which took place between the French and -the Flemish at Courtray, in Belgium, July 11, 1302. -In this engagement the French were completely -routed, and the spurs of upwards of eight thousand -of the vanquished knights were left upon the field. -These were collected and preserved as trophies of -war in the Church of Notre Dame de Courtray.</p> - -<p>The Battle of Marignano (September 13, 1515) -also bears the name of <b>The Battle of the Giants</b>, -owing to the defeat by Francis I., King of France, of -1,200 Swiss Guards, the allies of the Milanese. The -Battle of Leipsic (October 16-18, 1813) is known -as <b>The Battle of All the Nations</b>, because, in -addition to signalizing the overthrow of Napoleon -and the deliverance of Germany, it was the champion -battle of the nations of Europe.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="NOTABLE_DAYS_AND_FESTIVALS"><i>NOTABLE DAYS AND FESTIVALS.</i></h2> - -<p>That <b>New Year’s Day</b> is the first day of -the recurring year goes without saying. -Previous to 1752, when the year commenced -on the 25th of March, its four recognized quarters -were Whitsuntide, Lammastide, Martinmastide, and -Candlemastide; at the present time they are Lady -Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas, and Christmas. Let -us at once consider the meaning of these terms.</p> - -<p><b>Whitsuntide</b> is the season ushered in by <b>Whit -Sunday</b>, a corruption of <b>White Sunday</b>, because, -during the primitive ages of the Church, all newly-baptized -persons were required to attend Mass in -white garments on this day. As every one knows, -Whit Sunday commemorates the descent of the Holy -Spirit upon the Apostles in the form of fiery tongues. -It is highly probable, therefore, that the true meaning -of Whit, or White, Sunday remains to be sought -in connection with the wisdom symbolized by these -fiery tongues. After all, the original spelling of this -festival-name may have been Witan Sunday, the -Anglo-Saxon for Wisdom Sunday; just as the earliest -English parliaments were styled <span class="smcap">Witanagemotes</span>, -or “meetings of the wise men.” But to proceed. -<b>Lammastide</b> literally signified the season of First<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> -Fruits; since on <b>Lammas Day</b>, a term compounded -out of the Anglo-Saxon <i>hlaf</i>, a loaf, and <i>mœsse</i>, a -feast, (Aug. 1st), it was formerly the custom to offer -bread made of new wheat in the churches. <b>Martinmas -Day</b> (Nov. 4th), latterly corrupted into <b>Martlemas -Day</b>, denotes the Feast of St. Martin, Bishop -of Tours in the fourth century. <b>Candlemas Day</b>, -or the <b>Feast of the Purification</b> (Feb. 2nd), -which commemorates the presentation of the Infant -in the Temple in accordance with the Jewish Law -instituted 1490 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, because the early Christians -walked in procession to Mass with lighted candles in -their hands on this day. This religious observance -was introduced by Pope Gelasius in the fifth century, -as a literal bearing out of the words spoken by Holy -Simeon when he took the child Jesus in his arms: -“Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace, -according to Thy word; For mine eyes have seen Thy -salvation, which Thou hast prepared before the face -of all people: <i>A light to lighten the Gentiles</i>, and the -glory of Thy people Israel” (<i>Luke</i> ii. 29-32). It is -still the practice in the Roman Catholic Church to -make offerings of candles for the use of the altar on -this day. <b>Lady Day</b> (Mar. 25th) is but another -name for the <b>Feast of the Annunciation</b>, or the -day upon which “the angel of the Lord appeared unto -Mary,” and announced that she was to become the -Mother of the Son of God. <b>Midsummer Day</b> (June -24th) expresses the midday of the year; while <b>Michaelmas -Day</b> (Sept. 29th) is the Feast of St. Michael, -the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Church. As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> -the latter feast falls upon the first day of autumn, -the hiring of labourers and domestics in the rural -districts takes place at this time. <b>Christmas -Day</b> is, to put it literally, the Feast Day of Christ, -being the anniversary of the Nativity of the Blessed -Redeemer.</p> - -<p><b>Innocents’ Day</b>, formerly known as <b>Childermas -Day</b> (Dec. 28th), commemorates the Massacre of -the Innocents by Herod. <b>Twelfth Day</b> (Jan. 6th), -signifying the twelfth day after Christmas Day, bears -the ecclesiastical name of the <b>Epiphany</b>, from the -Greek <i>Epiphaneia</i>, a showing or appearance, because -on this day the Infant manifested Himself to the -Three Wise Men from the East who came to adore -Him. In olden times the Feast of the Epiphany -was kept with great solemnity in the churches during -the day, followed by a festival of a more social -character in the evening, thus accounting for the -old-fashioned appellation of <b>Twelfth Night</b>. The -7th of January was formerly called <b>Distaff’s Day</b>, -because the Christmas festivities having come -to an end with Twelfth Night, the women were -expected to return to their distaffs and other regular -occupations on this day. Another name for the -same occasion was <b>Rock Day</b>, <i>rock</i> being the Anglo-Saxon -term for a distaff. Similarly, the first Monday -after the Epiphany bore the designation of <b>Plough -Monday</b>, on account of the men returning to the -plough and the ordinary labours of the field on this -day. <b>Handsel Monday</b>, the first Monday in the -New Year, was so called by the Anglo-Saxons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> -because then it was that <i>handsels</i>, or presents, were -bestowed upon domestics and children. To the -best of our knowledge the custom no longer -exists in any portion of this country; or perhaps -it may be more correct to say that its observance -has been universally transferred to <b>Boxing -Day</b> (Dec. 26th), originally so styled from the -opening of the various alms-boxes in the churches, -and the distribution of their contents, which bore -the name of a <b>Christmas Dole</b>, to the poor by the -clergy on this day. Moreover, since heads of families -usually gave their children and domestics small sums -of money to drop into the boxes for the latter purpose -on Christmas morning, we here trace the origin of -the term <b>Christmas Box</b>, which nowadays applies -to a present received by servants and others during -the Christmas season.</p> - -<p>The word <b>Lent</b> is a contraction of the Old English -<i>lenten</i>, and the Anglo-Saxon <i>lencten</i>, the spring, both -derived from <i>lencgan</i>, to lengthen, because the long -fast of the Christian Church occurs when the days -begin to lengthen. <b>Shrove Tuesday</b>, also known -as <b>Pancake Tuesday</b>, derived its name from the -shriving or confessing imposed upon the faithful on -this day. The custom of eating pancakes originated -from the fact that this species of food afforded a stay -to the appetite during the long hours of waiting in -church to be shrived. The distribution of ashes on -<b>Ash Wednesday</b> commemorates the passage in -the third chapter of <i>Genesis</i>, where the Lord curses -Adam in these words: “In the sweat of thy face<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> -thou shalt eat bread till thou return to the ground; -for dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return.” -<b>Passion Sunday</b>, which precedes Palm Sunday, is -devoted to a general commemoration of the subject -of Christ’s Passion. <b>Palm Sunday</b> owes its name -to the distribution of palms in the Roman Catholic -Church, in allusion to the palms borne by the -populace who accompanied the Redeemer into -Jerusalem shortly before His betrayal by Judas. The -week following Palm Sunday is called <b>Passion -Week</b>, and also <b>Holy Week</b>, because it contains -the days upon which the incidents of Christ’s Passion -are particularly commemorated. <b>Maunday Thursday</b> -is the first, not at all on account of the <i>maund</i>, -the Saxon term for an alms-basket, formerly presented -to the poor by the Lord (or rather by the -Lady, “the loaf-giver”) of the Manor, but from the -ancient ceremony of washing the feet of poor persons, -in imitation of Christ at the Last Supper, when He -said, “Mandatum novum do vobis,” &c., the French -for <i>Mandatum</i> being <i>Maundé</i>. The ecclesiastical designation -of this day is <b>Holy Thursday</b>, in commemoration -of the Agony and Bloody Sweat of the -Saviour in the Garden of Gethsemane. <b>Good Friday</b>, -the anniversary of the Crucifixion, was originally -known as “God’s Friday.” The Anglo-Saxons usually -called this day <b>Long Friday</b>, in consequence of the -length of the Church service. <b>Holy Saturday</b> is -the day upon which the Church commemorates the -Burial of Christ.</p> - -<p>The word <b>Easter</b> bears in itself no Christian -significance whatever, having been derived from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> -<i>Eoster</i>, the goddess of light, or spring, in whose -honour a festival was anciently held in the month -of April. The Jewish festival corresponding to our -Easter is called the <b>Passover</b>, in commemoration -of the Destroying Angel having <i>passed over</i> the -houses of the Israelites whose door-posts were -marked with the blood of a lamb killed the previous -night in accordance with the Divine command, when -He smote the firstborn of the Egyptians in the year -1491 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Returning to the Christian Church, the -Sunday after Easter is called <b>Low Sunday</b>, because -it stands at the bottom of the Lenten Calendar; -being the last day upon which Roman Catholics may -fulfil their Easter obligation of receiving the Holy -Communion. <b>Sexagesima Sunday</b>, <b>Quinquagesima -Sunday</b>, and <b>Quadragesima Sunday</b> -are situated in the Calendar respectively sixty, fifty, -and forty days before Easter; the terms expressing -the Latin for those round numbers.</p> - -<p>The Feast of Whitsuntide, which we have already -discussed, also bears the name of <b>Pentecost</b>, from -the Greek <i>pentekoste</i>, the fiftieth day, in commemoration -of the gift of the Law to the Israelites fifty days -after their deliverance out of Egypt. <b>Trinity -Sunday</b>, so called from the Latin <i>trinitas</i>, three, -is the Festival of the Holy Trinity, <i>i.e.</i>, the unity -of the three persons, the Father, the Son, and the -Holy Ghost, under one Godhead. <b>Corpus Christi</b> -expresses the Latin for the Body of Christ, especially -alluding to the Last Supper. As the Church considered -it out of keeping with the solemnity peculiar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> -to Holy Week, the celebration of this High Festival -has been transferred to the Thursday after Trinity -Sunday. The Sunday preceding Ascension Day is -called <b>Rogation Sunday</b> because it ushers in the -three <b>Rogation Days</b>, or days of preparation, conformably -to the Latin <i>rogare</i>, to beseech, for the -Feast of the Ascension. We may conveniently add -here that <b>Ember Days</b> are those days of especial -fasting and prayers that occur in each of the four -seasons of the year, viz., the Wednesday, Thursday, -and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, and the -corresponding three days after the Feast of Whitsuntide, -the 14th of September, and the 13th of -December. The weeks in which these days occur -are styled <b>Ember Weeks</b>; the allusion to embers -(Anglo-Saxon, <i>ämyrie</i>, hot ashes) being commemorative -of the ancient custom of doing penance by the -wearing of sackcloth and ashes.</p> - -<p>On <b>Ascension Day</b> the Church celebrates the -Ascension of our Saviour; while the <b>Feast of the -Assumption</b> similarly reminds Roman Catholics of -the consummation of the Virgin’s mission upon earth -by being assumed into Heaven. <b>Holy Cross Day</b>, -<b>Holy Rood Day</b>, and the <b>Feast of the Exaltation -of the Cross</b> are one and the same, the term -Rood being Old English, derived from the Anglo-Saxon -<i>rôd</i>, for cross. This festival, which occurs on -the 14th of September, celebrates the restoration of -the Holy Cross of Calvary to Jerusalem in the year -628. <b>All Saints’ Day</b> (Nov. 1st), is the day dedicated -to those whose sanctification during life merited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> -their canonization by the Church after death; while -<b>All Souls’ Day</b> (Nov. 2nd) is the day set apart for -special prayers, having for their object the liberation -of the suffering souls in Purgatory. The older designation -of the first-named was <b>Allhallowes Day</b>, in -accordance with the Anglo-Saxon word <i>haligan</i>, holy. -<b>Allhallowe’en</b> denoted the evening before, generally -attended with sundry amusements in the social circle; -conspicuous among which was the cracking of nuts -in large quantities in the fire, whence it received the -name of <b>Cracknut Night</b>.</p> - -<p><b>St. Valentine’s Day</b> (Feb. 14th) is sacred to the -memory of Bishop Valentine, a Christian martyr -beheaded at Rome on this day in the year 278. The -custom among young people of sending poetical -souvenirs to their sweethearts on the birthday of St. -Valentine originated from the old notion that birds -commenced to couple on this day: hence, a sweetheart -chosen on the 14th of February anciently bore -the name of a <span class="smcap">Valentine</span>. Nowadays, alas! the -paper <span class="smcap">Valentines</span> are all that remain to remind us -of the fact. <b>St. Swithin’s Day</b> (July 15th) perpetuates -the memory of St. Swithin, the preceptor of -King Ethelwulf and Bishop of Winchester, who -died July 2, 862. The vulgar belief that if it rains -on this day it will continue to rain for forty successive -days is attributed to the tradition that when, despite -the saint’s dying request to be buried in the churchyard, -the clergy took steps to disinter his body in -order to remove it within the cathedral, a heavy -downpour of rain necessitated a postponement of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> -their efforts on thirty-nine successive days, whereupon, -after the fortieth attempt, they determined to -allow the saint to remain where he lay. <b>St. David’s -Day</b> (Mar. 1st) commemorates the victory won by -the Welsh over the Saxons on the birthday of their -Archbishop (born 490, died 554), in the year 540. It -was in consequence of the Archbishop having ordered -them on this occasion to place a leek in their caps, so -as to distinguish one another from the invaders, that -the Welsh afterwards adopted the leek as their -national emblem in his honour. <b>Comb’s Mass</b>, -which in the north of Scotland, and Caithness more -particularly, takes the place of our Whitsuntide, is -the colloquial term for the Feast of St. Columba, -Abbot of Iona (born 521, died 597).</p> - -<p><b>Primrose Day</b> (April 19th) is the anniversary of -the death of Lord Beaconsfield (born 1804, died 1881). -The abundant display of primroses on this day, particularly -on the part of the members of the Primrose -League, established in 1884 in his honour, originated -in the Queen’s primrose wreath sent to the funeral of -the great statesman, thus inscribed—“His favourite -flower.” The custom of displaying a sprig of oak on -<b>Royal Oak Day</b> (May 29th) perpetuates the manner -in which the Royalists welcomed the return to England -of Charles II. on his birthday, May 29, 1651, -in allusion to his concealment in the oak at Boscobel, -after the Battle of Worcester, on the 3rd of September -previous. <b>Guy Fawkes’ Day</b> keeps alive the -incident of the Gunpowder Plot, by the timely discovery -of which, November 5, 1605, the wholesale<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> -destruction of King James’s Parliament was averted. -The name of the chief conspirator was not Guy, but -Guido Fawkes; his execution took place January 13, -1606.</p> - -<p><b>Arbor Day</b> is an expression scarcely understood -in this country, except, perhaps, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -where the Transatlantic ceremony of planting -trees, shrubs, and flowers within the school precincts, -was publicly performed for the first time by the Mayor, -June 11, 1888. This annual observance prevails not -only throughout the United States and Canada, but -also in certain portions of British Columbia, where -the trees have to be coaxed into growing. <b>Forefathers’ -Day</b> (Dec. 20th) is kept as a high holiday -in New England, commemorative of the landing of -the Pilgrim Fathers at New Plymouth in the year -1620. <b>Independence Day</b> (July 4th), perpetuates -the memory of the American Declaration of Independence, -1776; and <b>Evacuation Day</b> (Nov. 25th), -the date of the evacuation of New York City by the -British army, at the conclusion of the American -War of Independence, 1783.</p> - -<p>The Sunday in Mid-Lent when the Pope blesses -the Golden Rose, and children and domestics out at -service visit their mothers to feast upon <span class="smcap">Mothering -Cakes</span>, really owes its name of <b>Mothering Sunday</b> -to the ancient custom of making offerings to “Mother -Church” on the afternoon of this day. <b>St. Grouse’s -Day</b> is a popular nickname given to the 12th of -August (<b>Grouse Day</b>), when grouse shooting -commences; and <b>St. Partridge’s Day</b>, to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> -1st of September (<b>Partridge Day</b>), which -opens the season for partridge shooting; while -<b>Sprat Day</b> (Nov. 9th) is the first day for selling -sprats in London. The expression <b>Red Letter -Day</b>, signifying a past event generally referred to -with pleasure, found its origin in the old almanacks, -where the Festivals and Saints’ Days were printed -in red ink and the rest in black. This arrangement -still obtains in Roman Catholic countries.</p> - -<p><b>Holiday</b> is a corruption of Holy Day, or a day -originally set apart by the Roman Catholic Church -for the celebration of some feast in commemoration -of an important event, or in honour of a particular -saint. The word <b>Almanac</b>, also written -<b>Almanack</b>, is derived from the Arabic <i>al manah</i>, -to count; whereas <b>Calendar</b> is a contraction of the -Latin <i>calendarium</i>, an account-book.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="TEXTILES_EMBROIDERIES_AND"><i>TEXTILES, EMBROIDERIES, AND -LACE.</i></h2> - -<p>Several of our textile fabrics are indebted for -their names to the places where they were -first manufactured. As examples: <b>Damask -Linens and Silks</b> originally came from Damascus; -<b>Muslin</b> from Moosul, in Mesopotamia; <b>Nankeen</b> -from Nankin, in China; <b>Calico</b> from Calicut, on -the Malabar Coast; <b>Cashmere</b> from the valley of -Cashmere, in India; <b>Dimity</b> from Damietta, in -Egypt; <b>Valence</b> from Valencia, in Spain; and -<b>Holland</b> from the Netherlands. <b>Cambric</b> was -first made at Cambray; <b>Shalloon</b> at Chalons; and -<b>Tarlatan</b> at Tarare: each of these towns being -situated in France. <b>Worsted</b> formerly comprised -the staple industry of a town of that name in -Norfolk; <b>Cobourg</b> is brought from Cobourg, in -Germany; while <b>Angola</b> comes from the Portuguese -territory so called on the West Coast of -Africa. The coarse woollen cloth known as <b>Frieze</b> -was originally imported from Friesland.</p> - -<p>The name of <b>Cotton</b> is a modification of the -Arabic <i>qoton</i>; <b>Silk</b> is derived from the Latin -<i>sericus</i>, soft; and <b>Satin</b> from the Italian <i>seta</i>, a -species of silk distinguished for its gloss and close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> -texture. Variegated silk or other stuff bears the -name of <b>Brocade</b> in accordance with the Italian -verb <i>broccare</i>, to prick, to stitch, to figure; <b>Damassin</b> -is a damask cloth interwoven with flowers, or -silver, or gold; <b>Sarsanet</b> is a fine silk, originally -made by the Saracens; <b>Mohair</b> is properly Moorhair, -or the hair of the Angola goat introduced into -Spain by the Moors; whereas <b>Moire Antique</b> is -the French description of a watered silk worked up -in the manner of that worn in the olden time. -<b>Chintz</b> is a Persian word signifying spotted or -stained; <b>Taffety</b>, or <b>Taffeta</b>, is a modification of -the Persian <i>tâftah</i>, derived from <i>taftan</i>, to spin; <b>Linen</b> -is an Anglo-Saxon rendering of the Latin <i>linum</i>, -flax; and <b>Lawn</b> is simply fine linen bleached upon -a lawn instead of the customary drying-ground. -<b>Pompadour</b> received its name from Madame le -Pompadour, the mistress of Louis XV. of France -(born 1721, died 1764), who was the first to introduce -it.</p> - -<p><b>Swansdown</b> is, of course, made from the down -of swans; <b>Moleskin</b> is not the skin of the mole, -but a strong cotton fabric or fustain having a smooth -surface like the mole-skin; <b>Merino</b> is manufactured -from the wool of the Merino sheep; and <b>Alpaca</b> -from that of the alpaca, a species of <i>llama</i> found in -Peru. <b>Kersey</b> is a corruption of <b>Jersey</b>, indicative -of the place where this favourite woollen material -was first produced. The dyed cotton stuff known -as <b>Gingham</b>, out of which umbrellas were formerly -made—hence the slang term for those articles—is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> -so called after the native Javanese name pronounced -ginggang. We may also conveniently add here that -<b>Blankets</b> received their designation from Thomas -Blanket, who first made them at Bristol as long ago -as the year 1340.</p> - -<p>The name of <b>Velvet</b> traces its origin from the -Latin <i>villus</i>, shaggy hair; and <b>Plush</b> from <i>pilus</i>, a -hair. <b>Velveteen</b> is a cotton velvet or a cloth in -imitation of velvet. <b>Fustian</b>, derived from the -Spanish <i>fustan</i>, is a generic term for the twilled -cotton stuffs of which velvet, corduroy, &c., are the -chief. <b>Grogram</b> is a corruption of the French -<i>gros-grain</i>, meaning coarse-grained; whereas <b>Corduroy</b> -is properly <i>Cord du roy</i>, King’s Cord, so called -because, owing to its ribbed or corded surface, it -was at one time considered superior to any other -kind of cloth intended for masculine wear. <b>Pina-cloth</b>, -a material much used for ladies’ dresses, -is manufactured from the fibres of the pine-apple -leaf; just as <b>Grass-cloth</b> is extensively worked up -into light jackets for Indian wear from the Grass -Cloth plant which abounds in China, Assam, and -Sumatra. <b>T-cloth</b> comprises a special kind of -cloth expressly manufactured in this country for -exportation to India, and distinguished by a <i>T</i> -marked upon it; while <b>Broadcloth</b> simply bears -its name on account of its unusual width. The -name of <b>Twill</b> is a modification of the German -<i>Zwillich</i>, signifying trellis-work, and founded upon -<i>twillen</i>, to separate in two, since this cloth presents -the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs upon its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> -surface. <b>Tweed</b> is a cloth made in the neighbourhood -of the river Tweed; but it did not always bear -this name. The cloth is really <i>twill</i>, and the altered -designation arose out of the word being blotted in an -invoice sent to James Locke, of London, who, conceiving -it to look like “Tweed,” suggested that it -might as well stand for the name of the cloth as -any other. <b>Plaid</b> owes its name to the Gaelic -<i>peallaid</i>, a sheepskin out of which the over-garments -of the Highlanders were originally made. -<b>Check</b> is but another name for Plaid, meaning -checkered, <i>i.e.</i>, marked with variegated or crossed -lines; as, for example, a draught-board, of which the -counters are, on account of their cross movements, -called <span class="smcap">Checkers</span> or <span class="smcap">Chequers</span>.</p> - -<p>The word <b>Embroidery</b> is a modern substantive -evolved out of the old verb “Embordering,” by -which was meant the adornment of any material -with a border. <b>Tapestry</b> is derived, through the -French <i>tapisserie</i>, from the Latin <i>tapes</i>, a carpet. -The celebrated <b>Bayeaux Tapestry</b>, supposed to -have been the work of Matilda, queen of William -the Conqueror, and her maidens, took its name from -the Norman town where it was discovered in 1728. -<b>Gobelin Tapestry</b> preserves the memory of the -Brothers Gobelin, the great French dyers (flourished -1470) whose house in Paris was acquired in 1662 -by Louis XIV. for the production of tapestry and -other works of ornamental design suitable for the -adornment of palaces under the direction of M. -Colbert. The more ancient name for Tapestry was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> -that of Arras, in allusion to the town situated in -the French Netherlands whence it chiefly came.</p> - -<p>Having regard to Lace, it will suffice to observe -that <b>Lisle</b>, <b>Chantilly</b>, <b>Brussells</b>, <b>Honiton</b>, &c., -severally identify the Lace with the local centres -where its manufacture is principally carried on; -that <b>Valenciennes</b> is made at Valenciennes, in -France; and that <b>Colbertine</b> derives its name from -M. Colbert, the superintendent of the French Royal -Lace Factories established by Louis XIV. in the -seventeenth century. Lace is styled <b>Point-lace</b> -when it is worked with the point of a needle; and -<b>Pillow-lace</b> when produced by twisted threads -around a series of pins arranged on a cushion. -The latter, which has so greatly superseded the -more costly point-lace, is said to have been the -invention of Barbara Uttmann, of St. Annaberg, in -the year 1561. The word <b>Lace</b> itself comes from -the Latin <i>laques</i>, a noose or snare. <b>Tulle</b>, a species -of network or lace, is indebted for its designation -to the French town of that name where it was first -made.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LITERARY_PSEUDONYMS"><i>LITERARY PSEUDONYMS.</i></h2> - -<p>So far from being chosen at random these are -frequently the result of much premeditation. -<b>Voltaire</b> (born 1694, died 1778), whose proper -name was Arovet, composed out of this and the -initials L. I. (<i>le jeune</i>) the anagram by which all his -writings are identified. Again, <b>Barry Cornwall</b> is -an imperfect anagram founded upon Bryan Waller -Procter (born 1790, died 1874), the poet’s real -name; whereas <b>Yendys</b>, the signature of Sydney -Dobell (born 1824, died 1874), was merely the -Christian name reversed. To cite an instance of -another class: Charles James Apperley, of Denbighshire, -author of “The Chase, the Turf, and the -Road,” and a regular contributor to <i>The Quarterly -Review</i> could scarcely have hit upon a more fitting -pseudonym than that of <b>Nimrod</b>, who “was a -mighty hunter before the Lord,” alluded to in -<i>Genesis</i> x. 9. Such a choice will be the better -understood, perhaps, when it is mentioned that out -of regard for the sporting tastes of his esteemed -contributor, Mr. Pittman, the proprietor of the -<i>Quarterly</i> kept a stud of hunters for his especial -use. Equally appropriate was the pseudonym -<b>Zadkiel</b>, denoting the angel of the planet Jupiter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> -adopted by Lieutenant Richard James Morrison, -author of “The Prophetic Almanack,” which still -survives as an annual publication.</p> - -<p>Washington Irving selected the <i>nom de plume</i> of -<b>Knickerbocker</b> for his “History of New York,” in -allusion to the wide breeches worn by the original -settlers of that city. The true account of how -Charles Lamb (born 1775, died 1834) adopted the -name of <b>Elia</b> for his “Essays” is as follows:—His -first contribution to the “London Magazine” -being a description of the Old South Sea House, in -which he had spent several months of his noviciate -as a clerk, he at the very moment of appending his -signature, bethought himself of a gay, light-hearted -foreigner who used to flutter about there; and, as a -mere matter of whim, he wrote down the name of -that individual instead of his own. <b>Boz</b>, the early -<i>nom de plume</i> of Charles Dickens (born 1812, died -1870), arose out of the nickname of Moses conferred -by him upon a younger pet brother in honour of -Moses Primrose in the “Vicar of Wakefield.” The -other children of the family, however, found it -impossible to utter a nearer pronunciation to the -name than “Bozes,” which presently became -shortened in “Boz”; and the latter hit the fancy -of our young author sufficiently to lead him to its -adoption at that period of his literary career when -he lacked the confidence to appear before the world -under his own name. Out of an analogous incident -sprang <b>Ouida</b>, the pseudonym of one of the most -widely-read lady novelists of the present day. Her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> -actual name is Louise de la Ramée (born in 1840); -but remarking the infantile conversion of Louise -into “Ouida,” she was struck by the novelty of such -a <i>nom de plume</i>, and immediately adopted it. -Another lady novelist of probably higher attainments -assumed the name of <b>George Sand</b> (born -1804, died 1876) as the outcome of her attachment -to a young student named Jules Sand, or rather -Sandeau, with whom she collaborated in the production -of “Rose et Blanche,” her first novel. The -real name of this lady was Mdlle. Dupin, afterwards -changed by marriage to Madame Dudevant.</p> - -<p>It may be deemed interesting to learn also that -<b>Artemus Ward</b> was an actual name borne by an -eccentric showman with whom Charles Farrar -Browne, the American humorist (born 1834, died -1867) often came into personal contact; and, -further, that Samuel Langhorne Clemens (born in -1835) owes his singular pseudonym to the fact of -having been employed in early life as a pilot on one -of the Mississippi River steamboats. The nautical -phrase for taking soundings, <b>Mark Twain</b>, or, in -other words, “mark two fathoms,” suggested the -name under which the works of the latter have -become widely popular on both sides of the Atlantic.</p> - -<p>Finally, not every one is aware that <b>F. M. Allen</b>, -the pseudonym of Mr. Edmund Downey, author of -“The Voyage of the Ark,” “Through Green Glasses,” -and some other books of Irish humour, was his wife’s -maiden name.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="COUNTERFEIT_PRESENTMENTS"><i>COUNTERFEIT PRESENTMENTS.</i></h2> - -<p>A <b>Portrait</b>, so called from the Latin <i>protrahere</i>, -to draw forth, is produced by the -individual skill of an artist; whereas a -<b>Photograph</b>, conformably to the two Greek words -<i>photos</i>, light, and <i>graphein</i>, to write, is obtained by -the action of sunlight upon a chemically prepared -surface, such as silver, zinc, copper, glass, or paper.</p> - -<p>The earliest examples of portraiture were styled -<b>Miniatures</b> because they originated from the head -of the Virgin or of some well-known saint introduced -into the initial letters of illuminated rubics -by the <i>Miniatori</i>, a number of monks noted for -their skill in painting with <i>minium</i>, or red lead. -The reason why the portraits of monarchs are -represented on coins and medals in <b>Profile</b> dates -back to Antigonus, one of the generals of Alexander -the Great, who, having lost one eye, ordered his -likeness to be drawn from a side view. This -occurred in the year 330 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> The term is a -corruption, by way of the French <i>profil</i>, of the -Latin <i>perfilum</i>, compounded out of <i>per</i>, through, by, -and <i>filum</i>, a line, a thread. A profile cut out of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> -black paper bears the name of a <b>Silhouette</b> in -honour of Etienne de Silhouette, the French Comptroller -of Finance under Louis XV. (born 1709, -died 1767), who was the first to have his features -outlined in this manner.</p> - -<p>The earlier descriptions of photographs were -respectively styled <b>Talbotypes</b>, <b>Daguerreotypes</b>, -and <b>Ferriertypes</b>, after the names of their inventors. -The smaller-sized photographs at present -in use were originally described as <b>Cartes-de-Visite</b> -from the practice of the Duc de Parma, who, while -staying at Nice in the year 1857, had his photograph -produced on the back of his visiting cards. The -designation <b>Vignette</b>, which expresses the French -diminutive of vine or tendril, owes its origin to the -vine-leaves or branches that properly surround the -photographs produced in this style. A photograph of -the larger size is called a <b>Cabinet</b> because it forms -a picture suited to the walls of a cabinet or very -small room. A three-quarter-length photograph or -portrait is styled among artists a <b>Kit-Kat</b>, in -allusion to the portraits of the original members -of the “Kit-Kat Club,” which were painted by Sir -Godfrey Kneller for Jacob Tonson, the secretary, to -suit the dimensions of the room in which the Club -was latterly held at his villa at Barn Elms. -Similarly, a canvas measuring 28 inches by 36 -inches is styled a <b>Kit-Kat Canvas</b> because this -was the uniform size of the famous “Kit-Kat Club -portraits.” We may as well add here that the -<span class="smcap">Kit-Kat Club</span> derived its name from Christopher<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> -Kat, a pastrycook of King Street, Westminster, in -whose house the thirty noblemen and gentlemen -who formed themselves into a Club for the purpose -of promoting the Protestant Succession in the year -1703 held their first meetings.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LONDON_INNS_AND_GARDENS"><i>LONDON INNS AND GARDENS.</i></h2> - -<p>In our article on <a href="#TAVERN_SIGNS"><span class="smcap">Tavern Signs</span></a> we confined ourselves -to a general survey of the subject; we -now purpose to consider the significance of a -few Inn Signs that are, or were once, peculiar to -London. Commencing with the celebrated <b>Tabard</b>, -in Southwark, so dear to the memory of Chaucer -and his Canterbury Pilgrims, that sign was derived -from the rich tunic or mantle of the same name -worn by military nobles over their armour and -emblazoned with heraldic devices. The Tabard -still forms part of the costume of the heralds. <b>La -Belle Sauvage</b>, on Ludgate Hill, was, as is evident -from a legal document dated the thirty-first year of -the reign of Henry VI., known both as “Savage’s -Inn” and “The Bell and the Hoop.” The latter -was the actual sign, representing a bell within a -hoop, of the Inn which was kept by Isabelle -Savage; and the combination of these two names -resulted in the punning title of “La Belle Sauvage.” -<b>The Swan with Two Necks</b>, in Lad Lane, was -a corruption of “The Swan with Two Nicks.” As -most Londoners are aware, it has long been the -custom of the Vintners’ Company, in their annual -“swan-upping” expeditions on the Thames, to mark<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> -their swans with a couple of nicks or notches in the -bill, so as to distinguish them from the royal swans, -whose nicks are five in number, viz., two lengthways -and three across on the bill. That this characteristic -mark of the Vintners’ Company should have -been chosen for a London Inn Sign is scarcely -extraordinary.</p> - -<p>The sign of <b>The Elephant and Castle</b>, on the -south side of the river, was adopted from the crest -of the Cutlers’ Company, into whose trade ivory, -and consequently elephants’ tusks, enters very considerably. -With regard to the “Castle,” this was -in mediæval times inseparable from the idea of an -elephant, owing to the part which these huge -animals anciently took in the Punic wars. Another -“Elephant and Castle” exists in the parish of -St. Pancras, near King’s Cross; but this sign -originated from the discovery, in 1714, of the -skeleton of an elephant in the neighbourhood of -Battle Bridge. A flint-headed spear lay beside the -remains, and from this it is reasonable to conjecture -that the animal must have been killed by the Britons -who were led by Queen Boadicea against the Romans -in the year 61 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>The Horse Shoe</b>, Tottenham Court Road, came -into existence as a sign from the large horse-shoes -nailed up at the entrance of Messrs. Meux’s brewery -adjoining. The shoes are also conspicuous on the -trappings of the dray-horses belonging to that -establishment; in short, they comprise the trade-mark -of the firm. <b>The Blue Posts</b>, at the corner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> -of Hanway Street, nearly opposite the “Horse -Shoe,” arose out of the fancy of an old innkeeper -to distinguish his hostelry from all others by causing -the chain-posts abutting on the road to be painted -blue instead of white, which eccentricity fully served -the purpose of a sign. There is another “Blue -Posts” in Cork Street, Piccadilly, and yet another -in Southampton Buildings, Holborn; but the first-named -is the oldest of the three, and therefore the -original. <b>The Black Posts</b>, Bond Street, may -also be regarded as a modified imitation of the -example set by the original “Blue Posts.” <b>The -Three Chairmen</b>, at the foot of Hay Hill, Berkeley -Square, and <b>The Running Footman</b>, in Hayes’ -Mews, close by, were so denominated from being -the resort of gentlemen’s servants in the days when -<span class="smcap">Sedan Chairs</span> (these chairs were first made at -Sedan, in France, which accounts for their name, -exactly as <span class="smcap">Bath Chairs</span> were originally introduced -at Bath during the last century, when fashionable -invalids flocked to the West of England to drink the -Bath and Cheltenham waters) and Running Footmen -preceded the use of private carriages by the -wealthy.</p> - -<p><b>The Mother Red Cap</b>, Camden Town, perpetuates -the memory of a notorious poisoner known -as “Mother Damnable, the Consort of the Devil,” -who lived at Hungerford Stairs during the period of -the Commonwealth. <b>The Mother Shipton</b>, Haverstock -Hill, was built at the time when the prophecies -of Mrs. Evan Preece, of Glamorganshire, South<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> -Wales, were in everybody’s mouth. This old woman -was said to have had a son by the devil, whereupon, -in return for the sacrifice of her honour, she was -accorded the gift of prophecy. When we state that -she correctly predicted the deaths of Lord Percy, -Wolsey, and other historical personages, the existence -of Mother Shipton in this country must be -regarded as a time-honoured if not exactly as a -well-founded institution. <b>The Adelaide</b>, Haverstock -Hill, was named in honour of the consort of -William IV., and <b>The York and Albany</b> after the -title of Frederick, the second son of George III.</p> - -<p><b>Jack Straw’s Castle</b>, Highbury, as also the -celebrated hostelry of the same name on Hampstead -Heath, was so called after Jack Straw, one of the -leaders in Wat Tyler’s insurrection, who pulled -down the Priory of the Knights of St. John of -Jerusalem at the former place, and whose habitation -was a hole formed out of the hill-side on the -site of the present Inn at the latter place. <b>The -Spaniards</b>, Highgate, was originally the private -residence of the Spanish Ambassador to James I. -<b>The Whittington Stone</b>, Highgate Hill, took its -sign from the stone upon which the world-famous -Dick Whittington sat down to rest the while he -listened to the bells of Bow Church pleasantly -chiming across the open fields. The stone is still -to be seen on the edge of the pavement exactly -opposite the public-house.</p> - -<p>The sign of <b>The Thirteen Cantons</b>, King Street, -Golden Square, was adopted in compliment to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> -thirteen Protestant cantons of Switzerland, and to -the numerous natives of that country who at one -time took up their residence in the parish of Soho. -During the last decade or two the Swiss population -has given way in a large degree to French immigrants. -<b>The North Pole</b>, Wardour Street, dates -back to the time when our national interest in Arctic -discovery was at its height; exactly in the same -manner as <b>The South Australian</b>, Hans Place, -Chelsea, was established in the year that first witnessed -the colonization of Southern Australia.</p> - -<p><b>The World’s End</b>, in the King’s Road, Chelsea, -a favourite house of entertainment during the Restoration -period, received its name on account of its -distance from town. <b>The Fulham Bridge</b>, at -Knightsbridge, recalls the original name of the -structure which crossed the Westbourne in this -neighbourhood (<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_150"><span class="smcap">Knightsbridge</span></a>). <b>The Devil</b>, -Fleet Street, received its name from its situation, -nearly opposite the Church of St. Dunstan, and -the traditional account of that saint having seized -the Evil One by the nose with a pair of hot -pincers. <b>The Three Nuns</b>, Aldgate, well serves -the purpose of reminding us of the existence -of an ancient priory inhabited by the nuns of -St. Clare in this neighbourhood (<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_265"><span class="smcap">Minories</span></a>). -<b>The White Conduit Tavern</b>, Islington, occupies -the site of the famous old <b>White Conduit House</b>, -a popular place of resort previous to its demolition in -1849. This was the Conduit which had served the -Carthusian Friars with water from ancient times.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> -The prenomen “white” applied to the house and was -derived from the appearance of its exterior. <b>The -Belvedere</b>, Pentonville Hill, originally contained a -small structure on the roof known by this name for -sitting under and enjoying the prospect across the -fields. The term <i>Belvidere</i> is Italian, signifying -“a fine prospect,” and is equally applicable to a -summer arbour and the flat roof of a house. <b>The -Clown Tavern</b>, St. John Street Road, Clerkenwell, -owes its sign to the fact that it was formerly kept by -a clown engaged at Sadler’s Wells Theatre, in its -immediate vicinity. The well-known <b>Hummuns’s -Hotel</b>, generally alluded to as <b>Hummuns’s</b>, Covent -Garden, derived this title from its erection on the -site of a <i>Hummuns</i>, the Arabic name for a sweating -bath, kept by a Mr. Small some time during the -seventeenth century.</p> - -<p>Reference to the above Inns and Taverns peculiar -to London compels us almost to say a few words -concerning those popular places of outdoor resort -of which we have all read and heard so much. -<b>Sadler’s Wells</b> marks the position of an ancient -holy well whose waters were famous for working -extraordinary cures. In the year 1683, after having -been stopped up since the Reformation, a Mr. Sadler, -while digging for gravel in his garden, discovered -this well, and thereafter it bore his name. In order -to profit by the re-established fame of this well, -Sadler converted his residence into a house of entertainment -under the title of “Sadler’s Musick -House.” Here were provided tight-rope dancing,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> -conjuring, tumbling, and a variety of other diversions, -always accompanied by music. Sixty years -later, probably after the death of Mr. Sadler, the -property passed into the hands of Mr. Rosoman, -who turned it into a theatre, but retained the name -of the old proprietor. The present theatre was -built by Mrs. Bateman in 1879. <b>Highbury Barn</b>, -first a small ale and cake house, and afterwards a -place of public entertainment, including a theatre, -was so called from its occupying the site of a barn-like -structure originally belonging to the ancient -Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, -and left standing after the incursion of Jack Straw -and his rebellious companions [<i>see ante</i>, <a href="#Page_190"><span class="smcap">Jack -Straw’s Castle</span></a>]. <b>Vauxhall Gardens</b> derived -their title from the Hall, or Manor-house, of Jane -Vaux, which they displaced [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_160"><span class="smcap">Vauxhall</span></a>]; -<b>Ranelagh Gardens</b> occupied the site of Ranelagh -House, the seat of an Irish nobleman of that title; -while <b>Cremorne Gardens</b> were named after Thomas -Dawson, Lord Cremorne, whose town house and -grounds they covered. Whatever may have been -the moral character of these places, their removal -has had the effect of effacing one phase of Metropolitan -amusement entirely; but it has also been -instrumental in introducing another—namely, the -Music-Halls. The first London music-hall was -“The Canterbury,” Westminster Bridge Road, -which grew out of <b>The Canterbury Arms</b>, -displaying the arms of the city of Canterbury in -the year 1848.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="SOBRIQUETS_AND_NICKNAMES"><i>SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p>The list of historical personages whose sobriquets -and nicknames are even better known -than their proper names is very large; we -must, therefore, content ourselves with a random -selection of the principal.</p> - -<p>Commencing with the ladies: Ayesha (born 610, -died 677), the second and favourite wife of Mahomet, -was called <b>The Mother of Believers</b> because the -prophet styled himself “The Father of Believers.” -<b>Fair Helen</b> was the wife of Menelaos, King of -Sparta, by whose guest, Paris, the Trojan prince, -she was carried off. This incident was the immediate -cause of the famous siege of Troy which -lasted ten years. <b>Fair Rosamond</b> (died 1154) -was the mistress of Henry II., who kept her in a -secluded bower that could be approached only by a -labyrinth or maze in the neighbourhood of the royal -palace at Woodstock. One day, however, the queen -artfully discovered her way thereto by means of a -silken thread attached to the garment of the faithless -husband, after which she soon procured the -removal of her rival by poison. Joan, the wife of -Edward the Black Prince, was styled <b>The Fair -Maid of Kent</b> (died 1385) on account of her beauty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> -and being the only daughter of the Earl of Kent. -<b>The Holy Maid of Kent</b> was Elizabeth Barton, a -religious enthusiast, hanged at Tyburn in 1534. A -brave, if not a beautiful, woman of historic renown -was the Countess of Dunbar and March, who, in -the year 1337, completely defied the attempt of the -Earl of Salisbury to capture Dunbar Castle during -a siege of nineteen weeks, at the end of which the -latter was forced to retire with ignominy. This -warlike heroine is generally alluded to under the -name of <b>Black Agnes</b>, in consequence of her -swarthy complexion. A less fortunate Scottish -heroine who fell at the Battle of Ancrum Moor -beside her English adversary, General Evers, whom -she had killed, was <b>Fair Maiden Lilliard</b>. She -was buried on the site of the conflict; and her -epitaph, as follows, is known to every man, woman, -and child in that part of the country:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“Fair Maiden Lilliard lies under this stene,</div> -<div class="verse">Little was her stature, but great was her fame;</div> -<div class="verse">Upon the English loons she laid many thumps,</div> -<div class="verse">And when her legs were cutted off, she fought upon her stumps.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The spot where she fell still bears the name of -“Lilliard’s Edge.” Then, of course, we have the -celebrated Joan of Arc, <b>The Maid of Orleans</b> -(born 1412, burnt at the stake 1431), who placed -herself at the head of the attacking party and -effected the capture of the city of Orleans from the -English. Neither must we omit a passing allusion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> -to Augustine Zaragossa, better known as <b>The Maid -of Saragossa</b>, owing to the signal heroism which -she displayed during the siege of her native city in -1808-9. The Honourable Elizabeth St. Leger, the -niece of Colonel Anthony St. Leger, who founded -the Stakes named after him in connection with Doncaster -races, is known to posterity as <b>The Lady -Freemason</b>, because on one occasion she overheard -the proceedings of an assembly of Freemasons, -and, being discovered, was, as the only way of -meeting an unprecedented difficulty, duly elected a -member of the craft and initiated into its peculiar -rites and ceremonies. Madame Jenny Lind Goldschmidt -(born 1821, died 1887) was styled <b>The -Swedish Nightingale</b> on account of her vocal -genius and her birth in the city of Stockholm. The -now popular society actress, Mrs. Langtry, bears the -somewhat punning though highly complimentary -sobriquet of <b>The Jersey Lily</b>, because she was -born in Jersey and her Christian name is Lillie.</p> - -<p>Heraclitus of Ephesus (flourished 500 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>) was -known as <b>The Weeping Philosopher</b>, because he -spent the latter years of his life in grieving over the -folly of men; on the other hand, Democritus of -Abdera (born 460 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, died 357 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>) merited the -surname of <b>The Laughing Philosopher</b>, because -he jeered at the feeble powers of man, whose every act -was in the hands of fate. Duns Scotus, the Scottish -schoolman (born 1272, died 1308), was styled <b>The -Subtle Doctor</b> by reason of his learning; while -St. Thomas Aquinas (born 1227, died 1274) was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> -denominated <b>The Angelic Doctor</b> because he belonged -to the priesthood. <b>St. Paul of the Cross</b> -is the name by which Paul Francis (born 1694, died -1775), founder of the religious Order of the Passionists, -is best known.</p> - -<p>The famous English outlaw who flourished between -the years 1180 and 1247, and whose real name -was Robert Fitz-ooth, Earl of Huntingdon, adopted -the style of <b>Robin Hood</b>, in deference to the -example set by the people of Nottinghamshire, who, -while dropping the <i>Fitz</i>, corrupted the <i>Robert</i> into -Robin and the <i>ooth</i> into Hood. <b>Little John</b> was -properly called John Little, but being a great, stalwart -fellow, the outlaw chief took a fancy to invert -his name for the sake of the contrast. We can -quite understand “the merry men of Sherwood -Forest” cultivating an objection to hard-sounding -words; therefore it could not have been long before -William Scathelocke, another prominent member of -Robin Hood’s band, found his name reduced to the -more euphonious form of <b>Will Scarlet</b>. <b>Friar -Tuck</b> was so called because his habit was <i>tucked in</i> -around the waist by a girdle.</p> - -<p><b>Sixteen-string Jack</b> was the name popularly -bestowed upon Jack Rann, a notorious highwayman -hanged in 1791, owing to the sixteen tags he wore on -his breeches, eight at each knee. Another notorious -representative of the great family of Jacks, good, -bad, and otherwise, was the Marquis of Waterford, -commonly known as <b>Spring-heel Jack</b>, from his -habit of frightening people by springing upon them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> -out of obscure corners after nightfall during the -early part of the present century. <b>Gentleman -Jack</b> and <b>Gentleman Smith</b> were the titles respectively -borne by John Bannister and William -Smith, both actors of the century gone by. The -former was noted for his straightforward dealings -with his fellow-men in private life, the latter for his -gentlemanly deportment on the stage.</p> - -<p>Who has not heard of <b>Admirable Crichton</b>? -This extraordinary Scottish prodigy, James Crichton -(born 1560, died 1583), is said to have given such -early proofs of his learning that the degree of Master -of Arts was conferred upon him at the age of fourteen. -In addition to his classical knowledge, he was -a poet, a musician, a sculptor, an artist, an actor, a -brilliant conversationalist, a good horseman, and an -excellent fencer. Surely the possessor of such -varied accomplishments deserved a better fate than -that which befell him in the very prime of his life! -He was stabbed by a band of masked desperadoes led -by his own pupil, Vincenzo Gonzaga, the son of the -Duke of Mantua. A genius of a totally different stamp -was George Robert Fitzgerald, better known, owing -to his duelling proclivities, as <b>Fighting Fitzgerald</b>. -This individual was one of the most infamous -characters of the last century. No enemy ever -escaped him with life; being a sure shot and an -expert swordsman, his intense love of gambling and -duelling, united to a haughty and overbearing disposition, -habitually prompted him to shed the blood -of his fellow-men without the least compunction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span></p> - -<p>A celebrated leader of fashion during the early -part of this century was Robert Coates, popularly -styled <b>Romeo Coates</b> in consequence of his fondness -for playing the part of Romeo at amateur -theatricals. Among other past notabilities of fashion -we may mention <b>Beau Fielding</b>, <b>Beau Brummell</b>, -and <b>Beau Nash</b>, severally so styled from the -foppishness of their attire. The last-named (born -1674, died 1761) was a notorious diner-out, and for -some time Master of the Ceremonies at the fashionable -Assembly Rooms at Bath, where he provided a -series of entertainments the like of which had never -been known. On this account he was surnamed -<b>King of Bath</b>. Alas! though literally the “monarch -of all he surveyed” during the brief period of his -popularity, when at length Death claimed him for -his own he was as poor as the meanest of King -George’s subjects.</p> - -<p>But Richard “Beau” Nash was not the only British -subject who has rejoiced in the erstwhile title of King. -As examples: Richard Oastler, of Bradford (born -1789, died 1861), merited the style of <b>The Factory -King</b>, in recognition of his success in promoting the -“Ten Hours’ Bill”; George Hudson, of Yorkshire -(born 1800, died 1871), chairman of the Midland -Railway Company, was denominated <b>The Railway -King</b>, because in one day he cleared the large sum -of £100,000 by fortunate railway speculations; John -Law, the projector of the Mississippi Scheme (born -1671, died 1729), bore the name of <b>The Paper -King</b>, than which, by the way, nothing could have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> -been more appropriate. The huge fortunes anticipated -by the subscribers to this wholesale fraud -appeared promising enough upon paper, or, to put it -more precisely, in the prospectus; but hard cash -there was none, saving such as passed into the pockets -of the wily promoter. In our own decade we have -<b>The Nitrate King</b>, the sobriquet of Colonel J. T. -North, of Eltham, consequent upon his successful -speculations in the commodity with which his name -has become associated.</p> - -<p>John Kyrle, of Ross, Herefordshire (born 1637, -died 1754), well known for his artistic tastes and acts -of benevolence, was styled by Pope <b>The Man of -Ross</b>, because he was constantly effecting improvements -for the public good in the neighbourhood of -his estate. Another local philanthropist was Dr. -William Gordon, of Hull (born 1801, died 1849), -whose surname, <b>The People’s Friend</b>, so well -merited during life, literally followed him to the -grave, where it appears chiselled on his tombstone. -Perhaps the greatest benefactor of the human race -with whom we have become practically acquainted -in modern times, was Father Mathew (born 1790, -died 1856), universally styled <b>The Apostle of -Temperance</b>, beside whom, judging from results, -all our latter-day temperance advocates sink into -insignificance. He was also made the recipient of -the sobriquet <b>The Sinner’s Friend</b>, on account of -the special interest he took in the fallen and the -outcast; even the most degraded always met with a -welcome at his hands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>The Musical Small-coal Man</b> was the popular -designation of Thomas Britton (born 1650, died -1714), a vendor of small coals, which he carried in a -sack over his shoulder and cried in the streets, who -on Thursday evenings gave a series of high-class -instrumental concerts in the room over his shed in -Clerkenwell, assisted by the best talent he could -procure, that attracted all fashionable London. This -gifted person was actually frightened to death by the -freak of a ventriloquist. Thomas Rawlinson, the -bibliopolist (born 1681, died 1725), was appropriately -enough styled <b>Tom Folio</b>. <b>The Infant -Roscius</b> (born 1791, died 1874) was William Henry -Betty, a histrionic prodigy named after the greatest -actor of antiquity. His <i>début</i> took place at Belfast, -August 19, 1803; and three months later he appeared -at Covent Garden (then under the management of -the elder Macready) for twelve nights at a salary of -fifty guineas a night and a clear benefit. During -this brief season the public excitement was so great -that the military had to be called out every night to -preserve order. His last appearance as a boy-actor -occurred at Bath in the year 1808.</p> - -<p>William Gerard Hamilton, the Irish Chancellor -of the Exchequer (born 1729, died 1756), has been -handed down to posterity under the name of -<b>Single-speech Hamilton</b>, because he delivered but -one speech in the House, and that was such a marvellous -outburst of rhetoric that it electrified all who -heard it. This memorable incident took place -November 13, 1755. Henry Dundas, afterwards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> -Lord Melville (born 1740, died 1811), merited the -sobriquet of <b>Starvation Dundas</b> in consequence of -his repeated use of the word “starvation” in the -course of a debate on American affairs in the year -1775. Sir Robert Peel (born 1750, died 1830), -during the time he was Chief Secretary for Ireland -(1812 to 1816), was popularly denominated <b>Orange -Peel</b>, on account of his strong anti-Catholic spirit -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_111"><span class="smcap">Orangemen</span></a>]. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham -(born 1708, died 1778), was styled <b>The Heaven-sent -Minister</b> because the most splendid triumphs -of British arms were achieved during his administration. -John Russell, afterwards created Earl Russell -(born 1792, died 1878), received the nickname of -<b>Finality John</b> from the fact of his maintaining that -the Reform Bill of 1832 was a <i>finality</i>. The late -Earl of Beaconsfield (born 1804, died 1881) owed -his popular name of <b>Dizzy</b> to his own habit of -setting forth his early novels during the lifetime of -his father under the authorship of “D’Israeli the -Younger.” In course of time this became shortened -into “Dizzy,” and it clung to him ever afterwards.</p> - -<p>Mr. W. E. Gladstone (born 1809) first received -the nickname of <b>The Grand Old Man</b> on the -occasion of the unseating in the House of Commons -of Mr. Charles Bradlaugh (June 1880), through his -refusal to take the oath after his election as member -for Northampton. At this time Mr. Bradlaugh -found a strong champion in Mr. Labouchere; and -the nickname arose out of the latter’s conversation -in the tea-room of the House “I told some friends,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> -said Mr. Labouchere, referring to the incident of -Mr. Bradlaugh’s expulsion, “that before I left Mr. -Gladstone came to me, and that <i>grand old man</i>, -with tears in his eyes, took me by the hands and -said, ‘Mr. Labouchere, bring me Mr. Bradlaugh -back again.’”</p> - -<p>Mr. William Henry Smith, M.P., the present -First Lord of the Treasury (born 1825), is popularly -known by the name of <b>Bookstall Smith</b> because -he originated the idea of railway bookstalls, and -founded the now widely-popular firm of “W. H. -Smith and Sons.”</p> - -<p>Sir Christopher Hatton (born 1540, died 1591) -was styled <b>The Dancing Chancellor</b> because he -first attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth by his -graceful dancing at one of the Court masques. In -recognition of this accomplishment he was created a -Knight of the Garter and subsequently made Chancellor -of England. <b>Praise-God Barebones</b>, or, -rather, Barebon, who died in 1680, was a leather-seller -and the leader of the celebrated “Barebones Parliament.” -It was a common custom among the Puritans -to nickname people in accordance with their habits -and peculiarities; consequently this individual must -have been addicted to praising God in the hearing -of his neighbours. William Huntingdon, the preacher -and theologian (born 1744, died 1813), called himself -<b>Sinner-saved Huntingdon</b> for reasons doubtless -best known to himself. <b>Orator Henley</b>, otherwise -John Henley (born 1692, died 1756), was an English -divine who in 1726 delivered a course of lectures on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> -theological subjects on Sundays, and on secular -subjects on Wednesdays, in a kind of “oratory” or -chapel in Newport Market, which attracted large -congregations.</p> - -<p><b>Memory Woodfall</b> was the sobriquet of William -Woodfall (born 1745, died 1803), brother to the -reputed author of the famous “Letters of Junius.” -This person’s memory was so perfect that he was -able, after listening to a Parliamentary debate, to -report it the next morning word for word without the -assistance of any notes whatever. Of another kind -was the memory possessed by John Thompson, the -son of a greengrocer in the parish of St. Giles, -popularly known as <b>Memory-corner Thompson</b> -(born 1757, died 1843) on account of his astounding -local knowledge. Within twenty-four hours, and at -two sittings, he drew entirely from memory a correct -plan of the parish of St. James’s. This plan contained -all the squares, streets, lanes, courts, passages, -markets, churches, chapels, houses, stables, and -angles of houses, in addition to a number of minor -objects, such as walls, trees, &c., and including an -exact plan of Carlton House and St. James’s Palace. -He also, on another occasion, made a correct plan of -St. Andrew’s parish, and offered to do the same with -the parishes of St. Giles, St. Paul’s, Covent Garden, -and St. Clement-Danes. If a particular house in -any given street were named, he would tell at once -what trade was carried on in it, the appearance -and position of the shop, and its contents. In -going through a large hotel completely furnished,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> -he was able to retain a recollection of everything he -saw, and afterwards make an inventory of the whole. -But, perhaps more wonderful than all, he could, -after having read a newspaper overnight, repeat any -desired portion of its contents <i>verbatim</i> the next -morning. Nowadays such a one would be exhibited -at the Royal Aquarium as a natural curiosity.</p> - -<p>Another well-known London character was <b>Dirty -Dick</b>, otherwise Nathaniel Bentley, the miser, who -never washed himself. This extraordinary individual -died in the odour of dirt in the year 1809, leaving an -ample fortune to console his heirs for his loss (?). -The house which he inhabited in Bishopsgate Street -Without has now been converted into a modern wine -and spirit establishment, under the style of <span class="smcap">The -D.D. Cellars</span>. Laurence Brown, the English landscape -gardener (born 1715, died 1783) was nicknamed -<b>Capability Brown</b> owing to his habitual use of -the word <i>capability</i>. At the present day the Duke -of Cambridge (born 1819) is usually denominated -<b>George Ranger</b> in allusion to his appointment as -Ranger of the Royal Parks. Ernest Benzon, author -of “How I Lost £250,000 in Two Years,” rejoiced -in the title of <b>The Jubilee Plunger</b> because he -entered upon his gambling career in 1887, the Jubilee -year of Queen Victoria [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_237"><span class="smcap">Plunger</span></a>].</p> - -<p>A few of the more celebrated painters may now -detain us. Peter Aartsen, the Flemish painter (born -1507, died 1573), bore the name of <b>Long Peter</b> on -account of his extraordinary height; while Gaspar -Smitz, the Dutch portrait painter (died 1689), was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> -styled <b>Magdalen Smith</b> because his pictures comprised -mostly “Magdalens.” The real name of the -French landscape painter, <b>Claude Lorraine</b> (born -1600, died 1682), was Claude Gelée <i>of</i> Lorraine; -that of Paolo Veronese, or <b>Paul Veronese</b> (born -1528, died 1588), was Paolo Cagliari, his birth having -taken place in Verona; and that of Jacopa da -Bassano, called <b>Il Bassano</b> (born 1510, died 1592), -was Jacopa da Ponte, whose native place was -Bassano, in the Venetian State. Pietro Vanucci -(born 1446, died 1524), though recognizing Città -della Pieve as his birthplace, was all his life established -in the neighbouring city of Perugia, where he -claimed the right of citizenship; hence the origin of -his more common name <b>Il Perugino</b>. Francesco -Rossi (born 1510, died 1563), adopted the name of -<b>Del Salviati</b>, in honour of his patron, Cardinal -Salviati, who was his own age exactly, and, strangely -enough, died in the same year as himself. Giuseppe -Ribera (born 1588, died 1656), was popularly surnamed -<b>Lo Spagnoletto</b> (“the Little Spaniard”), from -the shortness of his stature and his birth at Xativa, -in Spain; while Tommaso Guidi (born 1402, died -1428), merited his better-known name of <b>Masaccio</b>, -owing to the slovenliness of his habits, the direct consequence -of an all-absorbing attention to his studies. -Jacopo Robusti (born 1512, died 1594) received his -now far more popular name of <b>Tintoretto</b> because -his father followed the occupation of a <i>tintore</i>, or dyer. -During his lifetime, this celebrated Italian painter -merited the additional sobriquet of <b>Il Furioso</b> owing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> -to the rapidity with which he produced his work. -Quintin Matsys (born 1466, died 1530), whose -masterpiece, “The Taking Down from the Cross,” -has achieved a world-wide reputation, is equally -known to fame by the name of <b>The Smith of Antwerp</b>, -owing to the circumstance of having followed -for a time, and with great distinction, his father’s -occupation of a blacksmith. His attachment to the -pretty daughter of a painter, however, caused him -eventually to forsake the anvil for the palette. -Nearer home the historical portrait painter, David -Allan (born 1744, died 1796) was surnamed <b>The -Scottish Hogarth</b> in compliment to his excellence; -and William Huggins (born 1821, died 1884), <b>The -Liverpool Landseer</b>, in favourable comparison with -the celebrated English animal painter of that name.</p> - -<p>Simon Bolivar, the South American hero (born -1783, died 1830), justly merited the dignified title of -<b>The Liberator</b>; while General John Charles Fremont -(born 1813, died 1890) won the surname of -<b>The Pathfinder</b> after his fourth successful exploring -expedition across the Rocky Mountains in 1842. -Lastly, Jonathan Hastings, a farmer of Cambridge, -Massachusetts, U.S., was styled <b>Yankee Jonathan</b> -in consequence of his addiction to the word <i>Yankee</i> -in the place of “excellent.” Thus he would say, -“A Yankee good horse,” “A Yankee good cider,” -&c. This individual, however, must not be confounded -with “Brother Jonathan,” the nickname of -the typical American, to which reference is made -in another portion of this work.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_INNS_OF_COURT"><i>THE INNS OF COURT.</i></h2> - -<p>As by reference to our article on <a href="#TAVERN_SIGNS"><span class="smcap">Tavern Signs</span></a> -it will be seen how the word <i>Inn</i> originally -denoted a private mansion, it will suffice to -state here that the various colleges of the law -students in London are styled <b>Inns</b> because the -chief of them were at one time the residences of the -nobility whose family names they still bear. Thus, -<b>Lincoln’s Inn</b> was the town mansion of the Earls -of Lincoln, <b>Gray’s Inn</b>, of the Earls Gray, <b>Furnival’s -Inn</b>, of the Lords Furnival, and <b>Clifford’s -Inn</b>, of the Lords Clifford. The two first-named, -together with the Inner and Middle Temple, are the -principal <b>Inns of Court</b>, so called because the -earliest seminaries for the study of the law were -established in one of the courts of the King’s palace. -The Inns of lesser import are:—<b>Serjeants’ Inn</b>, -originally the establishment of the “Frères Serjens,” -or Serving Brothers to the Knights Templars who -occupied <b>The Temple</b> close by; <b>Barnard’s Inn</b>—sold -and abolished in 1881—named after its ancient -owner; <b>Staple Inn</b>, formerly the Hall of the -Merchants of the Staple, <i>i.e.</i>, wool; <b>Clement’s Inn</b> -and <b>Dane’s Inn</b>, so designated from their proximity -to the Church of St. Clement-Danes; and <b>New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> -Inn</b>, the latest of all the Inns erected in the early -part of the last century. <b>Thavie’s Inn</b> no longer -exists, but the title still adheres to a range of -modern buildings erected upon its site. No person -of the name of Thavie ever owned or occupied the -original premises; nevertheless, when the Inn was -established as an appendage to Lincoln’s Inn, about -the middle of the fourteenth century, the Benchers -unanimously agreed to perpetuate the memory of -one John Thavie, an armourer who, dying in the -year 1348, bequeathed a number of houses in -Holborn, representing considerable rentals, to the -neighbouring church of St. Andrew, and named it -“Thavie’s Inn” accordingly.</p> - -<p>The senior members of the Inns of Court are -styled <b>Benchers</b> by reason of the benches on which -they formerly sat.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="RACES"><i>RACES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Goodwood Races</b> are held once a year in -Goodwood Park, the property of the Duke -of Richmond; <b>Ascot Races</b>, on Ascot -Heath, in Berkshire, and <b>Epsom Races</b>, on Epsom -Downs, near London. The <b>Derby Stakes</b>, at -Epsom, were named after Edward Smith Stanley, -twelfth Earl of Derby, who founded them in 1780, the -year after he established the <b>Oaks Stakes</b>; so called -from an inn known as “Lamberts’ Oaks,” originally -erected by the Hunters’ Club and rented by a -family named Lambert upon land which subsequently -passed into the possession of the Derby family. The -<b>St. Leger Stakes</b>, otherwise the <b>Doncaster St. -Leger</b>, annually run for at Doncaster, were established -by Colonel Anthony St. Leger in 1776.</p> - -<p>A <b>Hurdle Race</b> is one in which hurdles are -placed at different points along the course. A -<b>Steeplechase</b> is confined to thoroughbred hunters -whose riders are bound to make for the winning-post -straight across the country, guided by flags displayed -on the highest points along the line, and to clear -whatever ditches, fences, walls, or other obstacles -that may lie in their course. The term originated -from the incident of an unsuccessful hunting-party<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> -agreeing to race to the village church, of which the -steeple was just in sight; and he who touched the -building first with his whip was to be declared the -winner. A <b>Scratched Horse</b> is one whose name -has been struck out of the final list of runners in a -particular race. A <b>Sweepstake</b> is a term used to -denote the whole amount staked by different persons -upon one race, and cleared literally “at one sweep” -by the fortunate individual who has backed the -winner.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LONDON_CHURCHES_AND"><i>LONDON CHURCHES AND -BUILDINGS.</i></h2> - -<p>In all probability the name of <b>Westminster -Abbey</b> would never have come into existence -had it not been necessary to distinguish the -Abbey Church lying to the west of St. Paul’s (founded -by Ethelbert in 610) from another Abbey Church -that stood upon the rising ground now known as -Tower Hill. Consequently, the one was described -as the <i>West Minster</i>, the other the <i>East Minster</i>; and -when, in course of time, the latter was swept away, -the western edifice not only retained the description -of “The West Minster,” but gave its name also to -the district around. The earliest mention of West -Minster occurs in a Saxon charter dated 785.</p> - -<p>The <b>Temple</b> comprised the chief seat in this -country of the Knights Templars after their return -from the Holy Land. The <b>Savoy Chapel</b> is a -modern edifice built by the Queen to replace the -original, destroyed by fire July, 7, 1864, which -formed the only remaining portion of the old <b>Savoy -Palace</b> erected by Peter of Savoy, the uncle of -Eleanor, queen of Henry III., in 1249, on land -granted to him by that monarch.</p> - -<p>The Church of <b>St. Clement-Danes</b> owes its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> -compound title to the fact of being dedicated to St. -Clement, and of Harold, a Danish king, together -with several other Danes lying buried within its -walls. The Church of <b>St. Mary-le-Bow</b>, Cheapside, -otherwise <b>Bow Church</b>, was so denominated -because it was the first church ever built upon bows -or arches. The Church of <b>St. Mary Woolnoth</b>, -at the corner of Lombard Street and King William -Street, is supposed to be a corruption of St. Mary -Woolnough, so called by way of distinction from a -neighbouring church of “St. Mary of the Wool,” -that stood beside the beam or wool-staple. The -Church of <b>St. Mary-Axe</b>, now vanished, received -this name from its situation opposite to a shop -that displayed an axe for its sign. The Church of -<b>St. Catherine Cree</b>, Leadenhall Street, is properly -St. Catherine and Trinity, being originally a chapel -dedicated to St. Catherine in the churchyard of the -priory church of Holy Trinity, afterwards merged into -the parishes of Christ Church, St. Mary Magdalen, -and St. Michael. The Church of <b>St. Catherine -Coleman</b>, Fenchurch Street, dedicated to St. -Catherine, is so designated because it was built in -a large garden belonging to a person named Coleman. -The Church of <b>St. Margaret Pattens</b>, -Rood Lane, did not receive its denomination -from the patten-makers who congregated in this -neighbourhood, but because its roof was formerly -decorated with gilt spots or <i>patines</i>; a patine being -the name of a small circular dish of gold used to -cover the chalice at the altar. Lovers of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> -Shakespeare may recollect the passage in the <i>Merchant of -Venice</i> where Lorenzo, referring to the stars, says:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“Sit, Jessica: Look how the floor of heaven</div> -<div class="verse">Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold;</div> -<div class="verse">There’s not the smallest orb which thou behold’st,</div> -<div class="verse">But in his motion like an angel sings,</div> -<div class="verse">Still quiring to the young-ey’d cherubins;</div> -<div class="verse">Such harmony is in immortal souls,</div> -<div class="verse">But whilst this muddy vesture of decay</div> -<div class="verse">Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The original <b>Church of St. Sepulchre</b>, founded -during the time of the Crusades, was so denominated -in honour of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. The -name of <b>St. Bride’s Church</b>, Fleet Street, is a contraction -of St. Bridget’s Church. The Church of <b>St. -Andrew Undershaft</b>, Leadenhall Street, dedicated -to St. Andrew, was originally so called because its -steeple was of lesser altitude than the tall shaft -or maypole which stood opposite the south door. -Hence, the church was literally “under the shaft.” -The parish of St. Mary-Axe is now united to that -of St. Andrew Undershaft. The Church of <b>St. -Helen’s</b>, Bishopsgate, was built and dedicated to -St. Helena, the mother of Constantine, in 1180, just -thirty years before William Fitzwilliam, a rich goldsmith, -founded in connection therewith a priory of -Benedictine nuns, dedicated to the Holy Cross and -St. Helena. The neighbouring Church of <b>St. -Ethelburga</b> was so named in honour of the -daughter of King Ethelbert. The Church of <b>Allhallowes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> -Barking</b>, at the bottom of Mark Lane, -derived the second portion of its title from the fact -that it belonged to the ancient abbey and convent -at Barking, in Essex. <b>St. Olave’s Church</b>, Tooley -Street, is properly described as <b>St. Olaf’s Church</b>, -being dedicated to Olaf, a Norwegian prince of great -renown, who came over to this country at the -invitation of the King Ethelred, and rendered good -service in expelling the Danes.</p> - -<p>The central portion of the Tower of London, supposed -to have been built by Julius Cæsar, is known -as the <b>White Tower</b> on account of the white -stone employed in its construction. In the <b>Bloody -Tower</b> the Infant Princes were murdered by order -of their uncle, Richard III.; and in the <b>Beauchamp -Tower</b>, Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, -was imprisoned by Richard II. for leading the conspiracy -of the Barons for the removal of Sir Simon -de Burley, the young King’s favourite. At the accession -of Henry IV. the Earl obtained his liberty. -<b>Traitors’ Gate</b> denotes the river gate by which all -State prisoners convicted of high treason were -admitted into the Tower. <b>Newgate Prison</b> derived -its name from its original situation next to the -newest of the five principal gates of the City. The -prison is first mentioned in history under date 1207. -The present gloomy edifice was built in 1782. The -open space between the prison and the Old Bailey -was formerly known as the <b>Press Yard</b>, because -here it was that prisoners who refused to plead upon -trial were barbarously pressed to death. The <b>Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> -Bailey</b> Sessions House received its name from the -street in which it stands [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_260"><span class="smcap">Old Bailey</span></a> in the -article “<a href="#LONDON_STREETS_AND_SQUARES"><span class="smcap">London Streets and Squares</span></a>.”] The -old <b>Marshalsea Prison</b>, Southwark, abolished and -pulled down in 1842, was so called because it contained -the Court of the Knight-Marshal, whose duty it -was to settle disputes occurring between the members -of the Royal Household. This office now belongs to -the Steward of the Royal Household. <b>Bridewell</b> was -a corruption of “St. Bridget’s Well,” discovered in -the grounds attached to an ancient hospital, afterwards -converted into a house of correction for -females. An iron pump let into the wall of the -churchyard at the upper end of Bride Lane indicates -the exact spot where the dames of old were wont to -drink the virtuous waters. The <b>Fleet Prison</b> took -its name from the river, now a common sewer, near -which it stood. The northern boundary of the prison -is now defined by <b>Fleet Lane</b>, which runs from -Farringdon Street to the Old Bailey.</p> - -<p><b>St. John’s Gate</b>, Clerkenwell, is the sole remaining -portion of the priory of St. John of Jerusalem, -the seat in this country of the Knights Hospitallers, -instituted by Godfrey de Boulogne. The Gate now -forms the headquarters of the St. John’s Ambulance -Association. <b>Temple Bar</b> was not one of the City -fortifications, but the ordinary gateway of the Temple. -It was popularly known as <b>The City Golgotha</b>, -owing to the spiked heads of traitors exposed thereon—<i>Golgotha</i> -being Hebrew for “the place of skulls.” -The Bar was taken down in 1878. <b>London Bridge</b>—that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> -is to say, the original structure—was the first -bridge over the Thames. The present structure was -thrown open August 1, 1831. <b>Billingsgate</b> traces its -origin to Belin, one of the early kings of Britain, who -built a gate on the site of the present market and gave -it his name. <b>St. Katherine’s Docks</b> received their -title from an ancient hospital dedicated to St. -Katherine, swept away by their construction in the -year 1828. <b>The Mint</b> is so called in accordance -with the Anglo-Saxon <i>mynet</i>, coin [<i>see</i> <a href="#MONEY"><span class="smcap">Money</span></a>]. -The <b>Trinity House</b>, the seat of the Trinity Corporation, -which controls the pilotage of the Thames -and the various lighthouses, buoys, harbour-dues, -&c., around our coast, owed its foundation to Sir -Thomas Spert, Comptroller of the Navy of Henry -VIII., and commander of the <i>Harry Grace de Dieu</i>, -originally situated at Deptford; it was incorporated -in 1529 under the style of “The Master-Wardens -and Assistants of the Guild, or Fraternity, or -Brotherhood, of the most glorious and undivisible -Trinity, and St. Clement, in the parish of Deptford, -Stroud, in the County of Kent.” The present -edifice was built in 1795. <b>Crosby Hall</b>, Bishopsgate, -at one time a palace, but now converted into -a restaurant, was built by Sir John Crosby about -the middle of the fifteenth century. The <b>Congregational -Memorial Hall</b>, Farringdon Road, -which occupies part of the site of the old Fleet -Prison, was built in 1872 to memorate the ejection -of more than two thousand Church of England -ministers from their charges, August 24, 1662,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> -consequent upon their refusal to subscribe to the -“Act of Uniformity” [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_74"><span class="smcap">Nonconformists</span></a>]. -The <b>Guildhall</b> is the hall of the City guilds; -the word <span class="smcap">Guild</span> being derived from the Anglo-Saxon -<i>gildan</i>, to pay, alluding to the fee paid for -membership. <b>Doctors’ Commons</b>, originally established -as a college for the Professors of Canon -and Civil Law, received its name from the rule -which required the Doctors to dine at a common -table. That sombre-looking structure, the <b>College -of Arms</b>, otherwise <b>Heralds’ College</b>, is the office -where the records of the genealogical descent of all -our noble families are preserved, and where searches -for coats-of-arms may be instituted. The Corporation -of the College dates back to the year -1484. The General Post Office is officially denominated -<b>St. Martin’s-le-Grand</b> because it occupies -the site of a collegiate church and sanctuary -of that name founded by Within, King of Kent in -750, and chartered by William the Conqueror in -1068.</p> - -<p>The <b>Charterhouse</b>, originally a monastery of the -Carthusians, is a corruption of <i>La Chartreuse</i>, the -name of the district in France where this religious -Order first came into existence. <b>Christ’s Hospital</b>, -also known as the <b>Blue Coat School</b>, from the -colour of the coats worn by the boys, retains the -ancient designation of a church and school belonging -to the Grey Friars. It is only in modern times, by -the way, that the term <b>Hospital</b> has come to be exclusively -applied in this country to a refuge for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> -sick. Properly understood, a hospital denotes a -house intended for the reception and accommodation -of travellers; the source of the word being the Latin -<i>hospitalis</i>, pertaining to a guest, based upon <i>hospes</i>, a -stranger, a guest, and from which we derive the -word <span class="smcap">Hospitality</span>. The great Bernardine monastery -on the summit of the Alps, devoted to the good -work of rescuing snow-bound travellers, is appropriately -denominated a <b>Hospice</b>, which answers to -our Hospital. <b>St. Bartholomew’s Hospital</b> was -founded by Rahare, a monk attached to the neighbouring -Priory of St. Bartholomew in 1123; whereas -<b>Guy’s Hospital</b> arose out of the bequest of -£238,292, by the will of Thomas Guy, a benevolent -bookseller of Lombard Street, who died in 1722. -<b>Bedlam</b> is a contraction of <b>Bethlehem Hospital</b>, a -lazar-house named after the Hospital of St. Mary at -Bethlehem, and converted into a lunatic asylum in -1815. This was the common designation in ancient -times for a refuge for the poor, the word <b>Bethlehem</b> -expressing the Hebrew for “a house of bread”; but -in more modern times the synonym <b>Lazar-house</b> -was substituted in allusion to Lazarus, who picked -up the crumbs under the table of Dives. A refuge -for fallen women has always borne the name of a -<b>Magdalen Hospital</b> in honour of Mary Magdalen.</p> - -<p><b>St. James’s Palace</b> marks the site of an ancient -leper hospital dedicated to St. James the Less, -Bishop of Jerusalem. The present edifice was built -by Henry VIII. in 1530. <b>Buckingham Palace</b> -displaced old Buckingham House, the town mansion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> -of John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, in the year -1825. The total cost to the nation of this “desirable -residence” was £1,000,000. <b>Marlborough House</b> -was originally the town residence of John, Duke of -Marlborough, erected by Sir Christopher Wren in -1709. <b>Somerset House</b> reverted to the Crown by -the attainder of its owner, Edward Seymour, Duke -of Somerset, the Lord Protector of Edward VI., -executed January 22, 1552. <b>Whitehall</b> received -its name from the fresh appearance of its exterior as -contrasted with the ancient buildings on the opposite -side of the way. The present fabric, viz., <b>The -Banquetting Hall</b>, is merely a vestige of the -palace originally set apart by Cardinal Wolsey for -the London See of York: whence he gave it the name -of “York House.” The <b>Horse Guards</b> is so called -because a troop of Horse Guards are regularly -quartered here. <b>Dover House</b> was named after its -owner, the Hon. George Agar Ellis, afterwards -created Lord Dover; and <b>York House</b>, after the -Duke of York and Albany who bought it in 1789. -<b>Devonshire House</b>, Piccadilly, is the town residence -of the Duke of Devonshire. <b>Apsley House</b>, Hyde -Park Corner, well known as the residence of the Duke -of Wellington, received its name from Henry Apsley, -Lord Chancellor, afterwards created Lord Bathurst, -who built it in 1784. <b>Chandos House</b>, Cavendish -Square, was the residence of James Brydges, “the -Princely Duke of Chandos.” The <b>Albany</b>, Piccadilly, -perpetuates the memory of the Duke of York -and Albany, who acquired it from Lord Melbourne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> -in exchange for his older residence, York House, in -Whitehall. <b>Burlington House</b>, the home of the -Royal Academy of Arts and quite a number of -learned societies, was built by Sir John Denham, the -poet and judge, in 1718, and refronted by the -celebrated amateur architect, Richard Boyle, Earl of -Burlington and Cork, in 1731. This palatial edifice -was purchased by the State in 1854. The <b>Soane -Museum</b>, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, was the private -collection of Sir John Soane, the architect and -antiquary, who died in 1837. <b>The Rolls Chapel</b>, -Chancery Lane, bears this name because it was -annexed by patent to the office of the Master of the -Rolls of Chancery after the banishment of the Jews -from England in the year 1290. The history of -the chapel dates from 1283, when Henry III. -founded it for the reception of the Jewish rabbis -converted to Christianity.</p> - -<p>The <b>Painted Hall</b>, Greenwich Hospital, owes its -name to its magnificently decorated ceiling. <b>Vanburgh -Castle</b>, Blackheath, was built in the castellated -style by Sir John Vanburgh, in 1717. <b>Rye -House</b>, famous for being the scene of the conspiracy -to assassinate Charles II., which was discovered -June 12, 1683, is so called from the rye on which -it stands; <span class="smcap">Rye</span> being an Old English term for a -common, derived from <i>ree</i>, a watercourse: hence -<span class="smcap">Peckham Rye</span>.</p> - -<p><b>Bruce Castle</b>, Tottenham, has a history all its -own. The present structure dates back to the latter -part of the seventeenth century; but the original<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> -building was erected by Earl Waltheof, whose -marriage with Judith, the niece of William the -Conqueror, brought him portions of the earldoms -of Northumberland and Huntingdon. Their only -daughter, Maud, on becoming the wife of David I., -King of Scotland, placed him in possession of the -Huntingdon estates, and, as appended to that -property, the manor of Tottenham, in Middlesex. -Ultimately these possessions descended to Robert -Bruce, the brother of William III., King of Scotland. -The contention between Robert Bruce and -John Baliol for the Scottish throne being decided -in favour of the latter, the former retired to England, -and settling on his grandfather’s estate -at Tottenham, repaired the castle to which he -gave the name of “The Castle Bruce.” <b>Lincoln -House</b>, Enfield, was the residence of the second and -third Earls of Lincoln in the seventeenth century. -<b>Sandford House</b>, Stoke Newington, is interesting -as having been the residence of Thomas Day, the -author of “Sandford and Merton” (born 1748, died -1789). <b>Cromwell House</b>, Highgate, now a Convalescent -Hospital for sick children, was occupied -for some time by Oliver Cromwell, who built <b>Ireton -House</b>, close by, for Henry Ireton, his son-in-law, -in 1630; while <b>Lauderdale House</b>, lately a Convalescent -Home in connection with St. Bartholomew’s -Hospital, was the residence of the Earls -of Lauderdale during the seventeenth century. -<span class="smcap">Waterlow Park</span>, in this neighbourhood—in fact, -comprising among other valuable property the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> -grounds appertaining to Lauderdale House—was -generously presented to the London public by Sir -Sydney Waterlow, in November, 1890. The -<b>Clock House</b>, Hampstead, originally displayed a -clock in place of the present sun-dial. <b>Rosslyn -House</b>, Hampstead, which gives the name to -<span class="smcap">Rosslyn Hill Park</span>, was erected by Alexander -Wedderburn, first Earl of Rosslyn and Lord -Chancellor of England, in 1795. <b>Erskine House</b>, -Hampstead, adjoining “The Spaniards,” was the -residence of Lord Erskine, Lord Chancellor of -England, who died here in 1823.</p> - -<p><b>Strawberry Hill</b>, the celebrated palace of curiosities -built by Horace Walpole in 1750, received its -name from the rising ground upon which it stood. -The building was sold by public auction, and purchased -by Baron H. de Stein, in July, 1883. -<b>Orleans House</b>, Twickenham, now a club, was -named after Louis Philippe of France, who resided -in it when he was simply Duc d’Orleans. <b>Essex -House</b>, Putney, was one of the many residences of -Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, the favourite of -Queen Elizabeth. <b>Bristol House</b>, Putney, was, -until recently, the property of the Bristol family. -<b>Craven Cottage</b>, Fulham, was built by the Countess -of Craven, afterwards created Margravine of Anspach. -<b>Munster House</b>, Fulham, derived its title from its -one-time resident, Melesina Schulenberg, created -Duchess of Munster in 1716. <b>Peterborough -House</b>, Parson’s Green, was formerly the mansion -of the Mordaunts, Earls of Peterborough. <b>Sussex<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> -House</b>, Hammersmith, was the favourite residence -of the late Duke of Sussex. <b>Holland House</b>, -Kensington, owes its name to Henry Rich, Earl of -Holland, by whose father-in-law, Sir William Cope, -it was built in 1607. Here Charles James Fox, the -eminent orator and statesman (born 1749, died 1806), -passed many of his earlier years; here also Joseph -Addison, the poet and essayist, died in the year 1719.</p> - -<p>The <b>Albert Hall</b>, <b>Albert Memorial</b>, <b>Albert -Bridge</b>, and <b>Albert Palace</b>, each preserve the -memory of the Prince Consort, whose death took -place in 1861. The <b>Crystal Palace</b>, opened by the -Queen, June 10, 1854, derived its title from its glass -structure, which, when the sun shines upon it, -glistens like crystal. The <b>Alexandra Palace</b> was -named after the Princess of Wales, who was to have -opened the original building, May 24, 1873; but, for -some unexplained reason, she did not perform that -ceremony. <b>Olympia</b>, opened December, 1886, is -an appropriate designation for a huge edifice eminently -adapted for every variety of popular amusement. -The allusion is to Olympia, in Greece, where -the celebrated “Olympian Games” were anciently -held every fourth year. The <b>Polytechnic Institution</b>, -Regent Street (now the Y. M. C. A.), was -designated in strict conformity with its set purpose -as an educational establishment, viz., from the two -Greek words <i>polus</i>, many, and <i>techne</i>, an art. <b>St. -George’s Hall</b> was originally, when opened in -1867, St. George’s Opera House, so styled because -situated in the fashionable parish of St. George’s,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> -Hanover Square. The <b>Egyptian Hall</b>, built in -1812, is a particularly well-chosen title; at -least, it appears so at the present day, since the -regular performances of those modern magicians, -Messrs. Maskelyne and Cooke, have long ago -become one of the institutions, if not actually one -of the sights, of the Metropolis. <b>St. James’s -Hall</b> was named after the parish church just -opposite. <b>Willis’s Rooms</b>, so called after their late -proprietor, were originally opened by a Scotsman -named Almack, under the style of <b>Almack’s Assembly -Rooms</b>, February 12, 1765. <b>Exeter Hall</b> -was built in the year 1830 in the grounds of Exeter -House, which also gave the name to <b>Exeter -’Change</b>, erected in 1680 and pulled down in 1829 -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_275"><span class="smcap">Exeter Street</span></a>]. The world-famous waxworks -exhibition known as <b>Madame Tussaud’s</b> retains -the name of its foundress (born 1760, died 1850) who -first set up her figures at the old Lyceum Theatre -in 1802, and after undergoing a variety of misfortunes -settled down permanently in Baker Street -in the year 1833.</p> - -<p><b>Scotland Yard</b>, the headquarters of the Metropolitan -Police, received its name from an ancient -palace erected on this spot for the accommodation -of the Scottish kings in the days when they were -annually required to pay homage to the Crown of -England at Westminster. The first monarch so accommodated -was Kenneth II. (died 854); the last -was Margaret, Queen of Scots, the sister of Henry -VIII. <b>Lord’s Cricket Ground</b>, familiarly styled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> -<b>Lord’s</b>, owes its existence to Thomas Lord, who -established, upon land of his own, first on the site of -Dorset Square in 1780, and subsequently on its -present site, the only cricketing ground where -genteel players could meet to enjoy this game without -fear of rubbing shoulders with the City apprentices. -Previous to his enterprise the formation -of a private Cricket Club had never been thought of. -<b>Tattersall’s</b>, the well-known rendezvous for the sale -of horses, was opened by Richard Tattersall near -Hyde Park Corner in 1766, and removed to Knightsbridge -April 10, 1865.</p> - -<p><b>Lloyd’s Rooms</b>, better known as <b>Lloyd’s</b>, derived -this title from Edward Lloyd, a coffee-house -keeper in Abchurch Lane, whose premises became -the regular resort of merchants and others interested -in shipping. The original location of a special office -for the transaction of mercantile business over the -Royal Exchange took place in 1775; but the name -of the genial coffee-house keeper was by common -consent transferred with it. On the destruction by -fire of the first Royal Exchange, in 1838, “Lloyd’s” -was temporarily removed until the completion of -the present building in 1844.</p> - -<p>The entrance to the privileged precincts of the -Stock Exchange is called <b>Capel Court</b>, because it -marks the residence of Sir William Capel, Lord -Mayor of London in the year 1504. The term <b>Exchange</b> -owes its origin to the French <i>echanger</i>, to -trade, to barter. The object of the original <b>Royal -Exchange</b>, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> -1506 and opened by Queen Elizabeth amid sundry -public rejoicings over the event (which accounts for -the prenomen “Royal”), January 31, 1571, was to -provide a convenient place where the merchants, -bankers, and brokers of the City could meet throughout -the day for the transaction of business. The -<b>Stock Exchange</b> is the great money mart of the -world [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_256"><span class="smcap">Stock</span></a> in the article “<a href="#MONEY"><span class="smcap">Money</span></a>”].</p> - -<p>The <b>Bankers’ Clearing House</b>, in Lombard -Street, is the establishment where all cheques, -drafts, and bills drawn upon the various bankers -are sorted, distributed, and balanced up. The -<b>Railway Clearing House</b>, adjoining Euston -Railway Station, is a similar establishment devoted -to the adjustment of the value represented by the -tickets issued by the different Railway Companies. -In conclusion, the title of <b>Mansion House</b>, though -somewhat suggestive of tautology, may be accepted -as denoting <i>the</i> house of all other houses, since it is -the official residence of the Lord Mayor.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CLASS_NAMES_AND_NICKNAMES"><i>CLASS NAMES AND NICKNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p>An unmarried female originally received the -designation of <b>Spinster</b> from her employment -at the distaff or spindle. According to -the practical notions of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers, -a female was not considered fit to enter the married -state until she had made for herself a complete set of -body, bed, and table-linen. Hence the significance of -the term <b>Wife</b>, derived from the Anglo-Saxon <i>wif</i>, by -virtue of the verb <i>wyfan</i>, to weave. The designation -<b>Widow</b> is an Indo-European importation, derived -from the Sanskrit <i>vid-hava</i>, without husband. <b>Grass -Widow</b>, denoting a woman temporarily separated -from her husband, is a corruption of “Grace Widow”—in -other words, a widow by grace, or courtesy. The -word <b>Chaperon</b> is French, derived from the chapeau, -or cap, worn by the duennas of Spain. <b>Duenna</b>, -signifying a guardian, is Spanish, founded upon the -Latin <i>domina</i>, a mistress. The title of <b>Dowager</b>, -which distinguishes a widow left with a jointure from -the wife of her late husband’s heir, comes from the -French <i>douairière</i>, built upon the verb <i>douaire</i>, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> -dower. The name of <b>Blue Stocking</b> arose from -the colour of the stockings worn by the members of -the lady clubs in England during the days of Boswell. -Gentlemen were not excluded from these -assemblies, but the wearing of blue stockings was a -<i>sine quâ non</i> of admittance. The last surviving member -of the original <span class="smcap">Blue Stocking Club</span>, founded by Mrs. -Montague in 1780, died in 1840. The earliest Blue -Stocking assembly came into existence at Venice, -under the title of <i>Della Calza</i> in the year 1400. A -lady’s-maid is familiarly styled an <b>Abigail</b>, in allusion -to the handmaid who introduced herself to -David (1 <i>Samuel</i> xxv. 23). This class-name came -into particular prominence during the early part of the -eighteenth century, in compliment to Abigail Hill, the -maiden name of Mrs. Mashem, the waiting-woman -of Queen Anne. A Parisian shop or work-girl is -known as a <b>Grisette</b> on account of the grey cloth -of which her dress is made. In olden times all -inferior classes in France were expected to be clad -in <i>gris</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, grey. <b>Colleen</b> is the native Irish for -girl; and <b>Colleen Bawn</b> for a blonde girl. How -little the latter expression is understood by actresses -is shown by the way in which some of them essay to -impersonate (?) the heroine of Dion Boucicault’s -well-known drama whilst wearing their own dark -hair or a dark wig. Truly, a little knowledge is a -useful thing!</p> - -<p>As nowadays comprehended, a <b>Milliner</b> is one who -retails hats, feathers, bonnets, ribbons, and similar -appurtenances to female costume. The name is really<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> -a corruption of <i>Milaner</i>, alluding to the city of Milan, -which at one time set the fashion to the north of -Europe in all matters of taste and elegance. -<b>Haberdasher</b> is a modern form of the Old English -word <i>Hapertaser</i>, or a retailer of hapertas cloth, the -width of which was settled by Magna Charta. -<b>Grocer</b> is a contraction and modified spelling of -<b>Engrosser</b>, the denomination of a tradesman who, -in the Middle Ages, claimed a monopoly for the -supply of provisions. A vendor of vegetables is appropriately -called a <b>Greengrocer</b>. An innkeeper -is facetiously styled a <b>Boniface</b> in honour of a -devout and hospitable man whom St. Augustine -caused to be canonized, and who subsequently -became the patron saint of Germany. Shakespeare, -Dante, Bacon, and Lamb never tired of referring to -Boniface. <b>Ostler</b> is a corruption of the French -<i>hostelier</i>, an innkeeper; hence we sometimes speak -of an inn as a <span class="smcap">Hostelry</span>. The term <b>Carpenter</b>, -from the Latin <i>carpentum</i>, a waggon, originally -denoted a mechanic who constructed the wooden -body of a vehicle of any kind, as distinguished from -the <b>Wheelwright</b>; but in process of time the same -term came to be applied to artificers in timber -generally. The provincial name for such a one is -a <b>Joiner</b>, literally a joiner of wooden building -materials. In some districts of England a shoemaker -still bears the name of <b>Cordwainer</b>. -Formerly all shoemakers were styled Cordwainers, -because they were workers in <span class="smcap">Cordwain</span>, a corruption -of <span class="smcap">Cordovan</span>, which was the name of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> -particular kind of leather brought from Cordova. -The designation <b>Tailor</b> is an Anglicized form of -the French <i>Tailleur</i>, derived from the verb <i>tailler</i>, -to cut. [For <b>Tallyman</b> <i>see</i> <a href="#Page_256"><span class="smcap">Tally</span></a>, in the article -“<a href="#MONEY"><span class="smcap">Money</span></a>.”] A Pawnbroker is familiarly called -<b>Uncle</b>, in perpetuation of an ancient pun on the -Latin word <i>uncus</i>, a hook. For, whereas in modern -times the spout is employed as a means of communication -between the pawnshop and the store-rooms -overhead, the Roman pawnbrokers used a large -hook; and accordingly, the expression “Gone to -the <i>uncus</i>,” was equivalent to our slang phrase “Up -the spout.” A <b>Barber</b> derives his class-title from -the Latin <i>barba</i>, a beard. Rude and semi-civilized -tribes were anciently called <b>Barbarians</b>, because -they belonged to no order of society. Between the -fourteenth and sixteenth centuries the hairdressers -of this country combined the practice of surgery, -and were accordingly styled <b>Barber-Surgeons</b>. -The surviving “Barber’s Pole” attests this fact. -The separation of the two professions took place -in 1540.</p> - -<p>A shepherd or an ideal farmer bears the poetical -description of an <b>Arcadian</b>, in allusion to the -Arcadians, who were a pastoral people. A friendly -adviser is designated a <b>Mentor</b>, in memory of the -wise and faithful counsellor of Telemachus so named. -The word <b>Usher</b> signifies a doorkeeper, agreeably -to the Old French <i>huisher</i>, a door. <b>Bachelor</b> comes -from the Welsh <i>bach</i>, small, young. This name -originally meant one inexperienced in anything.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> -The title of <b>Bachelor of Arts</b> denotes a degree -next below that of <b>Master of Arts</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Beefeaters</b> is a vulgar perversion of <i>Buffetiers</i>, as -the Yeoman of the Guard were styled during the -reign of Henry VIII., on account of their attendance -upon the King’s <i>Buffet</i>, or side-table. The word -<span class="smcap">Buffet</span> is French, derived from the Spanish <i>búfia</i>, a -wineskin. The civic guardians of law and order are -denominated <b>Police</b> in accordance with the Greek -<i>polis</i>, the city. For many years after the establishment -of the Police through the measures of Sir -Robert Peel (in Ireland, as the national constabulary -in 1814; in London as a regular force in 1829), all -<b>Policemen</b> were nicknamed <b>Bobbies</b> and <b>Peelers</b>, -in allusion to their founder. <b>Bow Street Runners</b> -were the original London detective force; so called -because their headquarters was Bow Street, whence -they were despatched to any part of the country in -quest of the perpetrator of a particular crime. The -predecessors of the Police were a set of decrepit old -watchmen whose regular habit was to fall asleep in -their boxes with their lanthorns beside them. These -were derisively nicknamed <b>Old Charlies</b>; while -their natural enemies, who loved nothing so much as -to turn their boxes upon them, to molest defenceless -females, mutilate males, and in many other ways to -terrorize the peaceable inhabitants of the Metropolis, -styled themselves first of all <b>Scourers</b>, and at a -later date <b>Mohocks</b>, after the North American -Indian tribe of that name. During the years 1859 -and 1860 an even more grievous terror haunted the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> -streets of London in the persons of <b>The Garrotters</b>, -so called from the <i>Garrotte</i>, the instrument with -which condemned malefactors are strangled in Spain. -The punishment of the “cat o’ nine tails” for -“Garrotting,” which came into operation July 13, -1861, gradually put an end to the practice. The -latest terror of the streets which, unhappily, abounds -in American cities, are the <b>Sandbaggers</b>, so called -because they stun their victims with an ordinary -sand-bag, such as is used to keep the draught from -penetrating between a pair of window-sashes; after -which robbery becomes an easy matter.</p> - -<p>Pleasanter it is to turn from the birds of night to -the fops and dandies by day. The word <b>Fop</b> comes -from the German <i>foppen</i>, to make a fool of; and -<b>Dandy</b> from the French <i>dandin</i>, a ninny. Between -these two poor specimens of humanity there is no -perceptible difference. The <b>Macaronies</b> of the last -century derived their designation from the fashionable -“Macaroni Clubs” to which they belonged. The -modern class-title of <b>Masher</b> finds its origin in the -Romany or gipsy word <i>mâsha</i>, signifying “to fascinate -the eye.” <i>En passant</i>, the term <b>Gipsy</b> is a -corruption of <i>Egyptian</i>, so called because the -original family or tribe of low caste Hindoos expelled -by Timour about the year 1399 eventually -travelled into Europe by way of Egypt. The <b>Gipsies</b> -were also in former times known as <b>Bohemians</b>, -from the district in which they first attracted popular -attention before they scattered themselves over -Western Europe. Hence, any individual whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> -habits are unconventual, and to a certain extent -nomadic, is styled a <b>Bohemian</b>. The name of -<b>The Upper Ten</b> applied to the aristocracy, is -short for “The Upper Ten Thousand,” a term originally -applied by N. P. Willis, the American poet -(born 1807, died 1867), to the fashionables of New -York who, at the time he introduced it, numbered -about ten thousand. A distinctly latter-day expression -conveying much the same signification is <b>The -Four Hundred</b>, by which we are left to conclude -that the “select” society of New York must have -undergone a considerable weeding-out during the -last twenty years.</p> - -<p>The temperance terms <b>Teetotal</b> and <b>Teetotaler</b> -originated in the stuttering exhortation of one -Richard Turner, an artizan of Preston, who, while -addressing a meeting of abstainers in September, -1833, observed that “Nothing but t-t-t-total abstinence -will do!” Several bodies of total abstainers -from alcoholic beverages in England and America -style themselves <b>Rechabites</b>, after the descendants -of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who lived in tents and -foreswore wine. Others rejoice in the name of -<b>Good Templars</b>, after the Templars of old. The -<b>Good Templar Movement</b> cannot be accurately -described as a <i>crusade</i> against drink; but the -<b>League of the Cross</b>, established by the Roman -Catholics for the total suppression of drunkenness, -is, in title and in fact, one of the most powerful -crusades ever distinguished in modern times.</p> - -<p>A sailor is called a <b>Jack Tar</b> because he puts on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> -<i>tarpaulin</i> “overalls” in “dirty weather.” <b>Longshoreman</b> -is a corruption of <i>alongshoreman</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, a -wharfinger, &c. <b>Navvy</b> is a contraction of <i>Navigator</i>, -which name was first given to the labourers -employed in the construction of canals for inland -navigation. A cabman is popularly styled a <b>Jehu</b> -in allusion to one of the kings of Israel noted for -his furious driving. A <b>Jerry Builder</b> is so called -after one Jeremiah, a London builder who amassed -a fortune by putting up houses with inferior materials -in order to sell them at a large profit. A <b>Journeyman</b> -is properly one who hires himself out to work -by the day, agreeably to the first portion of the word -<i>Jour</i>, the French for day. A debt-collector is known -as a <b>Dun</b>, and his persistence is styled “Dunning,” -in memory of Joe Dun, a famous bailiff of Lincoln, -who was so successful in the discharge of his duties -that it became quite customary when an individual -refused to pay his debts to exclaim, “Why don’t you -<i>Dun</i> him for it?” which was tantamount to saying, -“Why don’t you send <i>Dun</i> to arrest him?” Whilst -on the subject of law, we may here add that the expression -<b>A Man of Straw</b>, employed to denote a -person without capital or means, originated in the -days when a certain class of men, chiefly ruined -tradesmen, found it a profitable occupation to hire -themselves out as witnesses in the law courts. The -recognized mark of these persons was a wisp of straw -protruding from their shoes; and as often as a lawyer -stood in need of a convenient witness to prove his case, -he knew by the presence of “a pair of straw shoes”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> -in court that the owner of the said shoes would -recollect and swear to any incident in consideration -of a fee.</p> - -<p><b>Costermonger</b> is a corruption of <i>Costardmonger</i>, -a seller of the famous costard apple introduced into -this country by the Dutch in 1736. Both these terms -are used by Shakespeare; nevertheless, they bore a -totally different signification in his time. The word -<b>Monger</b> comes from the Anglo-Saxon <i>mongere</i>, one -who trades. An itinerant salesman in the olden -time was styled a <b>Pedlar</b>, in accordance with the -Latin <i>pedes</i>, the feet, because he travelled on foot; -whereas <b>Hawker</b> comes from the German <i>hoken</i>, to -carry on the back, to retail. Hawkers and Pedlars -were first licensed in England in 1698. An itinerant -salesman of another kind is known as a <b>Cheap Jack</b> -on account of the word “cheap” which is Saxon for -market, derived from <i>ceapan</i>, to buy. A travelling -medicine-vendor originally received the nickname of -<b>Quack-doctor</b>, or <b>Quack</b>, from <i>Quacksalber</i>, the -German term for quicksilver, because, differing from -the regular practitioners, he resorted to mercury and -other dangerous ingredients. At times a Quack, or -any other individual gifted with humorous colloquial -powers, is dubbed a <b>Merry Andrew</b>, in allusion to -Andrew Borde, a physician of the time of Henry -VIII., noted for his facetious manners and sayings. -<b>Juggler</b> is a corruption of <i>jongleur</i>, the French -designation of one of the companions of the troubadours, -whose business it was to supplement the -lyrical accomplishments of the latter with feats of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> -sleight-of-hand and other tricks for the amusement -of the company. A <b>Stump Orator</b> is properly one -who delivers a speech from the stump of a tree; the -literal meaning of a <span class="smcap">Stump Speech</span> being thus -explained.</p> - -<p>The now approbrious name of <b>Blackguard</b> was -formerly given to the scullions or dirty dependants of -the English Court who washed out the saucepans, -carried coals up to the kitchens, and performed other -menial duties. As the “Guards of Honour” in the -Royal Household were distinguished by their fine -appearance, so these kitchen-men were equally distinguished -by their grimy appearance; consequently -the latter were styled “Black Guards.” The origin -of the word <b>Scullion</b> was the Norman-French -<i>esculle</i>, a porringer or dish. The place where the -dishes are cleansed is still called a <span class="smcap">Scullery</span>, while -the domestic who performs such work bears the -name of <b>Scullery Maid</b>. A rascal or sharper is -designated a <b>Blackleg</b>, because such a one was -generally to be found among the lower orders of -turf and sporting men at the time these were especially -characterized by the wearing of black top-boots. -A <b>Plunger</b> is one who bets heavily either on -the turf or at the gaming-table, without consideration -for the risks he incurs. A <b>Bookmaker</b> is so -called because he arranges his book, <i>i.e.</i>, his bets, in -such a manner that his losses and gains upon each -day’s racing must balance themselves. The Bookmaker -who absconds after a race in order to avoid -paying those who have entered bets with him and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> -won is styled a <b>Welsher</b>, in allusion to the thieving -propensities of a certain race of people, as set forth -in the old song, which begins, “Taffy was a Welshman, -Taffy was a thief,” &c. The word <b>Burglar</b> -is made up of the Old English <i>burgh</i>, a borough, -derived from the German <i>burg</i>, a fortified place, and -the French <i>lair</i>, a thief; the allusion being that such -a one breaks into a private dwelling for purposes of -theft. Down to a comparatively recent date the -common hangman in this country bore the nickname -of <b>Jack Ketch</b>, really a corruption of Richard -Jacquett, to whom the manor of Tyburn, where our -malefactors were executed prior to the year 1783, -belonged.</p> - -<p>A native of London is popularly styled a -<b>Cockney</b>, pursuant to the Old English <i>cockeney</i>, -an effeminate person, or rather one who has been -rendered effeminate by the luxuries of the table; -this term tracing its origin directly from the Latin -verb <i>coquere</i>, to cook, whence we have the Italian -<i>cuchina</i>, the French <i>cuisine</i>, the German <i>küche</i>, and -the English <i>kitchen</i>. A popular satiric poem of -the thirteenth century, entitled “The Land of -Cockaygne,”—<i>i.e.</i>, Kitchen Land, draws a picture -of an imaginary Fool’s Paradise, where there is -nothing but eating and drinking, where care, trouble, -and toil find no place—a desirable country for those -monks of the Church who delight in the pleasures -of the table rather than the observance of their -spiritual exercises. After this performance the term -<b>Cockaigne</b> or <b>Cockaygne</b> gradually came to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> -applied to our capital city, where <i>cockenies</i>, or kitchen-servants, -abounded, and where the luxury of good -living was supposed to attain its highest development.</p> - -<p>A raw youth, or a countryman new to the ways -of the world, is dubbed a <b>Greenhorn</b>, in reference -to the undeveloped horns of a young ox; the word -“Green” being derived from the Anglo-Saxon <i>grêne</i>, -that which is in process of growing. <b>Nincompoop</b> -is a corruption of the Latin phrase <i>non compos -[mentis]</i>, not in sound mind. A person of defective -mind is called a <b>Lunatic</b>, from the Latin <i>luna</i>, the -moon, in accordance with the Roman idea that the -mind was affected by the changes of the moon. A -person addicted to making foolish mistakes is styled -a <b>Dutchman</b>, in allusion to the dull comprehensions -supposed to be possessed by the inhabitants of the -Low Countries. The term first came into use as an -epithet of derision during the wars with Holland. -A <b>Humbug</b> is one whose representations, though -sounding plausible enough, are not to be relied -upon. The origin of this word is as follows: In -olden times there resided in the neighbourhood of -the Mearns, in Scotland, a gentleman of landed -property whose name was Hume, and whose estate -was known as “The Bogue.” Owing to the great -falsehoods which this “Hume of the Bogue” was -in the habit of relating about himself, his family, -and everything connected with his affairs, it became -customary, as often as the people of that district -heard anything at all remarkable or absurd to exclaim, -“That is a Hume of the Bogue.” The word<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> -spelt in its present form first appeared on the title-page -of “The Universal Jester: a choice collection -of <i>bonmots</i> and <i>humbugs</i>,” published by Fernando -Killigrew about the year 1736. The assurance that -Humbug is of such old date can scarcely tend to our -satisfaction.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="MALT_LIQUORS"><i>MALT LIQUORS.</i></h2> - -<p>At the present day the terms <b>Ale</b> and <b>Beer</b> -are used somewhat confusedly. The former, -derived from the Gaelic and Irish <i>ól</i>, drink, -is the real name of our national beverage, which, to -judge from its intoxicating effects, must, in the days -of our forefathers, have been a very strong drink -indeed. The latter, on the other hand, is essentially -a Saxon word, from the same root as <i>barm</i>, signifying -“fermented drink,” and used to denominate the -lighter kinds of fermented liquors generally, as well -as other drinks obtained from the roots or leaves of -plants, such as <span class="smcap">Ginger-beer</span>, <span class="smcap">Spruce-beer</span>, &c. We -still speak of <b>Old Ales</b>; whereas <b>Small Beer</b> -indicates a liquor of very poor quality.</p> - -<p>In former times the only varieties of malt liquor -in this country were <b>Ale</b> and <b>Beer</b>, the one strong, -the other comparatively weak. To these a third, -popularly described as <b>Twopenny</b>, was eventually -added. However, it was rare that any one of these -three was demanded singly; it being the custom, -particularly in London, for the working-classes to -call either for <b>Half-and-Half</b> or <b>Three Thirds</b>, -meaning a tankard filled with equal portions of ale<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> -and beer, or of ale, beer, and twopenny. This -custom remained in vogue until the year 1730, -when it occurred to Mr. Harwood, a brewer of East -London, to prepare a liquor analogous to the mixture -of ale, beer, and twopenny; and thus save the -time of the tavern-keepers, who were compelled to -serve each customer from three different casks. -Almost immediately, therefore, he introduced the -malt liquor known as <b>Entire</b>, because it was drawn -<i>entire</i> from one cask. It was first retailed at the -sign of “The Blue Last,” in Curtain Road, Shoreditch, -where it soon came to be in active demand -by the City porters, who made this house their -regular resort, whereupon the enterprising publican -adroitly called it <b>Porter</b>. The word “Entire” still -appears upon the facia-boards of numerous taverns -throughout the Metropolis; but who thinks of calling -for <i>Entire</i> at the present day? By the term -<b>Stout</b> is implied a malt liquor of the stoutest -quality, <i>i.e.</i>, having the most body in it.</p> - -<p><b>Stingo</b> expresses an old beer of particular sharpness, -in allusion to its <i>stinging</i> properties; while -<b>Yorkshire Stingo</b> is, of course, peculiar to the -county of York. Originally the single X displayed -on beer-barrels denoted that the liquor had paid a -ten shillings’ duty. The additional X’s are merely -brewers’ trade-marks, indicating various degrees of -strength over and above that of the single X ale.</p> - -<p>Concerning German beers, we need only allude to -<b>Mum</b>, or <b>Mumm</b>, which is peculiar to Brunswick, -and named after Christoph Mumme, who first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> -brewed it in 1492; <b>Lager-Bier</b>, so called because it -is kept in a lager or cellar; and <b>Bock-bier</b>, a liquor -which causes the inconsiderate tippler to caper about -like a bock, or goat.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="DIAMONDS_AND_PRECIOUS"><i>DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS -STONES.</i></h2> - -<p>The word <b>Diamond</b> is a corruption of, and -synonymous with, <b>Adamant</b>, derived from -the Greek <i>adamas</i>, untamable, infrangible, -not to be subdued, in accordance with the prefix <i>a</i>, -without, and <i>damas</i>, to tame, to subdue. As every -one must be aware, the diamond is capable of resisting -fire.</p> - -<p>The great diamonds of the world are the following:—<b>The -Kohinoor</b>, or “Mountain of Light,” weighing -106 carats, came into the possession of Queen -Victoria on the annexation of the Punjaub in 1849; -the <b>Mattan</b> (367 carats) belongs to the Rajah of -Mattan; the <b>Orloff</b> (194 carats) preserves the family -name of Catherine II. of Russia, who purchased it -in 1775; the <b>Shah</b> (86 carats), presented by Chosroes -I., Shah of Persia, who died in the year 579, to the -Czar of Russia; the <b>Star of the South</b> (254 carats), -discovered in Brazil by a poor negress in 1853; the -<b>Sauci</b> (106 carats), originally the property of a -French gentleman of this name, and bought by the -Russian Czar for half a million roubles in 1835; the -<b>Regent</b>, also known as the <b>Pitt</b> (137 carats), first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> -acquired by Mr. Pitt, the grandfather of the Earl -of Chatham, and subsequently sold to the Duc -d’Orleans, Regent of France, for £135,000; the -<b>Pigott</b> (82¼ carats), brought from India by Lord -Pigott sometime previous to 1818, when it came into -the possession of Messrs. Rundell and Bridge; the -<b>Dudley</b> (44½ carats), found at the Cape by a black -shepherd in 1868, and, after various changes of -ownership, bought by the Earl of Dudley for -£30,000; and the <b>Twin Diamonds</b>, both found in -the bed of the river Vaal at the Cape in 1872.</p> - -<p>With regard to precious stones:—the <b>Turquois</b> -derived its name from Turkey, where it was first -found; the <b>Topaz</b>, from Topazos, an island in the -Red Sea; and the <b>Agate</b>, from the Greek <i>Achates</i>, a -river in Sicily, in the bed of which it was anciently -discovered. The term <b>Amethyst</b> comes from the -Greek <i>amethustos</i>, a precious stone, and <b>Opal</b>, through -the Latin <i>opalus</i>, from the Sanskrit <i>opula</i>, a precious -stone. <b>Emerald</b> traces its origin through the -French <i>emerande</i> to the Latin and Greek <i>omaragdus</i>; -<b>Garnet</b>, through the French <i>grenat</i>, from the Latin -<i>granatus</i>; and <b>Ruby</b>, from the Latin <i>ruber</i>, red. -<b>Pearl</b> is an Anglo-Saxon word derived from the -Latin <i>pirula</i>, a diminutive of pear.</p> - -<p>We may conveniently add that the weight of -precious stones, as well as that of gold, is regulated -by <b>Carats</b>, because formerly carat seeds, or the seed -of the Abyssinian coral flower were employed for -this purpose.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="NAVAL_AND_MILITARY"><i>NAVAL AND MILITARY -SOBRIQUETS.</i></h2> - -<p>The Roman Manlius (appointed Consul in the -year 224 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>) received the name of <b>Torquatus</b> -from the incident of having torn the -golden torque or collar from the neck of his adversary -in the field. Charles, the son of Pepin d’Heristal, -was surnamed <b>Martel</b> in recognition of his victory -over the Saracens, who attempted the invasion of -France in the year 732. According to the chronicler, -“he knocked down the foe and crushed them between -his axe, as a martel or hammer crushes what it -strikes.” Robert, Duke of Normandy, the father of -William the Conqueror (died 1035), bore the name -of <b>Robert le Diable</b>, or <b>Robert the Devil</b>, on -account of his courageous cruelty in war. The -Scottish outlaw, Sir William Wallace (born 1270, beheaded -1305), was styled <b>The Hammer and Scourge -of England</b> by reason of his patriotism. William -Douglas, Lord of Nithsdale (died 1390), was known -as <b>Black Douglas</b> because his frame was tall, -strong, and well-built, while his hair was dark and -his complexion swarthy. Archibald Douglas, Earl -of Angus (died 1514), merited the sobriquet of <b>Bell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> -the Cat</b> for having put to death the upstart favourites -of James III., and so prevented the creation of -nobles out of architects and masons whom the king -particularly patronized. At a meeting convened in -the Church of Lauder by the Scottish nobles for the -purpose of taking measures to obtain the removal -of these persons, Lord Gray had put the question, -“But who will bell the cat?” “That will I!” -answered Douglas on the instant; and he kept his -word, for in the very presence of the king he slew -the obnoxious minions with his own hand.</p> - -<p>Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick (born 1420, died -1471), was surnamed <b>The King Maker</b> for the -reason that while he espoused the cause of the -Yorkists, Edward IV. succeeded in his efforts to gain -the English Crown; and when, subsequently, he -transferred his influence to the Lancastrians, Henry -VI. was restored and the usurper deposed. Harry -Percy (born 1364, died 1403) was styled <b>Hotspur</b>, -and Prince Rupert (born 1619, died 1682) <b>The Mad -Cavalier</b> because they found it impossible to -restrain their rash courage in time of war. The -soldiers of Cromwell, after the Battle of Marston -Moor, received the popular name of <b>Ironsides</b> on -account of their armour and their iron resolution. -The sobriquet of <b>The Almighty Nose</b> was bestowed -upon Oliver Cromwell (born 1599, died 1658), in -allusion to his nasal enormity. Strange, indeed, -that he who had attained to the highest position in -the land by the sheer force of arms should have been -so continually taunted with the length and colour of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> -his nose! Yet so it was. Nevertheless, there have -been others whose peace of mind was daily threatened -by popular malice in this selfsame respect. Even -the great Roman poet Ovid suffered a lifelong -martyrdom, and became the recipient of the sobriquet -of <b>Naso</b>, owing to the possession of an unusually -large nose; just as in modern times Wilson, the -painter, and Cervetto, the violincellist of Drury Lane -Theatre, never succeeded in putting their heads out -of their own doors without being greeted with shouts -of “<b>Nosey!</b>” from the mob.</p> - -<p>The Duke of Cumberland (born 1721, died 1765) -rightly deserved the opprobrious surname of <b>The -Bloody Butcher</b> on account of his merciless -slaughter of the vanquished adherents of the Young -Pretender after the Battle of Culloden. The soldiers -of the Duke of Marlborough (born 1650, died 1722) -familiarly styled their leader <b>Corporal John</b> because -he had risen from the rank of Corporal; while -General Bonaparte, afterwards Emperor of the -French (born 1769, died 1821), bore the name of -<b>The Little Corporal</b>, in allusion to his original -rank, his low stature, youthful appearance, and -extraordinary courage. As most readers are aware, -Wellington (born 1769, died 1852) earned the name -of <b>The Iron Duke</b> by his iron will and resolution; -and Blucher (born 1742, died 1819) that of <b>Marshal -Forward</b>, by his dash and readiness to attack the -enemy in the campaign which terminated in the -Battle of Waterloo. Prince Bismarck, the late -Chancellor of the German Empire (born 1815) owed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> -his surname of <b>The Iron Chancellor</b> to his extraordinary -vigour and indomitable will. Helmuth, -Count von Moltke, Field-Marshal of the German -armies (born 1800, died 1891), was popularly surnamed -<b>Helmuth the Taciturn</b>, because though a master -of half a dozen languages, he was never known to -betray himself in one of them. The sobriquet -of <b>Stonewall Jackson</b>, possessed by Thomas -Jonathan Jackson, the Confederate General in the -American War of 1861 to 1865, originated with -General Lee, who, after rallying his troops at the -Battle of Bull Run, exclaimed, “There is Jackson, -standing like a stone wall!” A less complimentary -sobriquet bestowed upon General Andrew Jackson, -President of the United States (born 1767, died -1845), by his own soldiers, was that of <b>Old -Hickory</b>, in allusion to his tough, unyielding disposition. -The circumstance is thus commented -upon by Parton, the author of Jackson’s Life:—“The -name of <i>Old Hickory</i> was not an instantaneous -inspiration, but a growth. First of all, the remark -was made by some soldier, who was struck with his -commander’s pedestrian powers, that the General -was tough. Next, it was observed that he was as -tough as hickory. Then he was called <i>Hickory</i>. -Lastly, the affectionate adjective ‘old’ was prefixed, -and the General thenceforth rejoiced in the -completed nickname, usually the first-won honour -of a great commander.”</p> - -<p>Of naval sobriquets we shall mention only three. -Commodore John Byron, the circumnavigator (born<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> -1723, died 1786), was popularly known as <b>Foul -Weather Jack</b> because, it was said, he never -enjoyed a fine passage throughout the whole of his -experience. Admiral Edward Vernon (born 1684, -died 1757), to whom reference is made in our article -on “<a href="#MALT_LIQUORS">Spirits</a>,” was called <b>Old Grog</b>, because he wore -a “Grogram” coat in “dirty weather” [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_178"><span class="smcap">Grogram</span></a>]. -Admiral Sir Henry Digby received his well-known -sobriquet of <b>The Silver Captain</b> under the following -interesting circumstances:—On the October 14, -1799, when commanding the frigate <i>Alcmene</i>, on a -cruise off the Spanish coast, he shaped his course -for Cape St. Vincent, and was running to the southward, -in the latitude of Cape Finisterre. Twice -during the night he rang his bell to summon the -officer on the watch, and asked him if any person -had been in the cabin. “No, sir; nobody,” was the -answer. “Very odd,” rejoined Sir Henry. “Every -time I dropped asleep I heard somebody shouting in -my ear, ‘Digby! Digby! go to the northward; -Digby! Digby! go to the northward!’ I shall certainly -do so. Take another reef in your topsails, -haul your wind, tack every hour till daybreak, and -then call me.” These orders were strictly carried -out, and the frigate was tacked at four, at five, at six, -and at seven o’clock. She had just come round for -the last time when the man at the masthead called -out, “Large ship on the weather-bow, sir!” On -nearing her a musket was discharged to bring her to. -She was quickly boarded, when she proved to be a -Spanish vessel laden with dollars, in addition to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> -large cargo of cochineal and spices. By this -capture therefore, the fortunate dreamer secured, as -his (Captain’s) share of the prize-money, the sum of -£40,730 18s.; the lieutenants each £5,091 7s. 3d.; -the warrant officers each £2,468 10s. 9½d.; the midshipmen -each £791 17s. 0¼d.; and the seamen and -marines each £182 14s. 9½d. The captured treasure -was said to have been so weighty that sixty-three -artillery tumbrils had to be requisitioned for the purpose -of transporting it from the vessel to Plymouth -Citadel.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="MONEY"><i>MONEY.</i></h2> - -<p>The word <b>Money</b> owes its existence to -<i>Moneta</i>, one of the surnames of Juno, in -whose temple the first coinage of the Romans -took place. <b>Mint</b> claims the same etymology, being -a contraction of the Latin <i>moneta</i>, brought about -through the Anglo-Saxon <i>mynet</i>. By <b>Sterling -Money</b> is meant the standard coin of Great Britain, -and for this reason:—During the reign of King John -the merchants of the Hansa Towns, of which the -inhabitants were commonly described as Esterlings, -because they resided in the eastern portions of -Germany, having long been noted for the purity of -their coinage, the king invited a number of them -over to this country for the purpose of reforming -and perfecting our coinage. The invitation was -accepted; and ever afterwards good English money -received the name of Esterling or sterling money.</p> - -<p>A <b>Guinea</b> was an English gold piece first struck -in 1663 out of gold brought from the coast of Guinea, -West Africa. Its value has been subject to fluctuations -at different periods. Thus, in 1663 it was -worth 20s.; in 1695, 30s.; in 1717, 21s.; in 1810, -22s. 6d.; and in 1816, 26s. The coinage of guineas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> -was discontinued July 1, 1817. A <b>Sovereign</b> is so -called because when originally coined, during the -reign of Henry VIII., it bore a representation of -that sovereign in his royal robes. A <b>Crown-piece</b> -when first introduced displayed a crown on its reverse -side. The <b>Florin</b> took its name from Florence, in -which city it was struck as long ago as the thirteenth -century. Its reverse side has always borne a representation -of a lily, emblematical of “The City of -Flowers.” The term <b>Shilling</b> traces its origin in the -Anglo-Saxon <i>scilling</i>, the Icelandic <i>skillinge</i>, and the -Gothic <i>skilliggs</i>, in each case denoting the twentieth -part of a pound, as at present. A <b>Penny</b>, so called -from the Anglo-Saxon <i>penig</i>, and Danish <i>pennig</i> -(whence the modern German <b>Pfennig</b> has been -derived), originally denoted a copper coin of full -value; a <b>Halfpenny</b>, the half of a penny; and a -<b>Farthing</b>, a corruption of the Old English <i>fourthling</i>, -denotes a penny divided into four parts. We must -not omit to mention that in olden times only penny-pieces -were struck; and these were deeply indented -in the form of a cross—exactly, in fact, after the -manner of our Good Friday buns; so that when half-pennies -or farthings were required the pennies could -be broken into two or four portions without -difficulty.</p> - -<p>Among coins other than those now current in this -country we may mention the <b>Ducat</b>, or Duke’s -Money, specially struck for circulation in the Duchy -of Apulia in the year 1140, and which bore this -beautiful inscription: “Sit tibi Christi, datus, quem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> -tu regis, iste ducatus” (“May this duchy which -You rule be devoted to You, O Christ”); and the -<b>Noble</b>, so called on account of the superiority of its -gold. During the reign of Henry III. this gold piece -found its way into England under the name of <b>Rose-Noble</b>, -owing to the impression of a rose on its -reverse side; but in the reign of Henry VIII., -simultaneous with the substitution of the figure of -St. George, it was designated a <b>George-Noble</b>. -The value of this coin at both periods was six-and-eightpence. -The current value of an <b>Angel</b>, so -styled from the angel on its reverse side, was, when -introduced in the reign of Henry VI., six-and-eightpence; -but at the accession of Elizabeth it had -increased to ten shillings.</p> - -<p>The <b>Thistle-crown</b> of James VI. of Scotland -(James I. of England), value four shillings, was so -called because it had a rose on one side and a thistle -on the other; both surmounted by a crown. The -Scottish sovereign of this period was styled a -<b>Jacobus</b>, the Latinized form of the King’s name. -After the union of the two countries it became, of -course, current in England also; but in the two succeeding -reigns it was denominated a <b>Carolus</b>, the -Latin for the name of Charles. A French gold -coin long current in Scotland was the <b>Dolphin</b>, -which derived its name from the fact of its introduction -by Charles V., who was also Dauphin of -Vienne. The French <b>Louis d’or</b> (a louis of gold) -was first struck in the reign of Louis XIII.; -this was superseded by the <b>Napoleon</b>, during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> -consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte. The <b>Franc</b> -originally denoted the silver coin of the Franks. -The term <b>Dollar</b> is a British modification of the -German Thaler, an abbreviation of Joachim’s-Thaler; -by which was implied a piece of money -struck out of the silver discovered in the Thal, or -Valley, of St. Joachim, France, about the year 1518. -The silver drawn from this valley being of superior -quality, it was coined into ounce pieces, which -received the name of <b>Joachims-Thalers</b>; but all -other ounce pieces subsequently struck from silver -obtained elsewhere were simply called <b>Thalers</b>. -The <b>Kreuzer</b>, now superseded, owed its name to the -cross on its reverse side.</p> - -<p><b>Wood’s Halfpence</b> was the designation of an -inferior copper coinage circulated in Ireland by a -certain William Wood, under a patent granted to -him by George I. The withdrawal of the patent -was eventually procured owing to the denunciations -of Dean Swift in the mysterious “Drapier’s Letters.” -The legal tender notes of the United States are -commonly styled <b>Greenbacks</b>, from the colour of -the device imprinted on the back of them. Bank of -England notes formerly bore the name of <b>Abraham -Newlands</b> from the signature of the chief cashier.</p> - -<p>By the term <b>Bullion</b>, remotely derived from the -Low Latin <i>bulla</i>, a seal, and, more directly, from the -Old French <i>bullione</i>, the Mint, is meant the stock of -the precious metals formed into bars and stored in the -strong rooms of the Bank of England in readiness for -coinage. Money vested in Government securities is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> -known as <b>Stock</b>, or <b>Government Stock</b>, in allusion -to the origin of the term, viz., the Anglo-Saxon -stocc, a trunk, a stick; because prior to the year 1782, -when the practice was abolished, the official acknowledgment -of money received on behalf of the Government -was written on both sides of a broad piece of -wood, which was then cut in two; and the one portion, -called the Stock, was delivered to the person -lending the money, the Counterstock being retained -at the Tally Office. The instrument of reckoning -in this manner was styled the <b>Tally</b>, in accordance -with the French verb <i>tailler</i>, to cut; while the correspondence -of the Stock and Counterstock, or, in -other words, the two portions of the Tally, furnished -the origin of the modern phrase “to tally,” as well -as the designation <span class="smcap">Tallyman</span>, or a trader who lets -out goods, principally clothing, on the system of payment -by weekly instalments. The word <b>Consols</b> is -a contraction of “Consolidated Annuities,” or the -funded portion of the National Debt. The fund -which provides for the annual reduction of the latter -is styled the <b>Sinking Fund</b>. The French State -Loans known as <b>Tontines</b> perpetuate the name of -Lawrence Tonti, a Neapolitan <i>protégé</i> of Cardinal -Mazarine, who projected the scheme in 1653. The -annual statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer -of the finances of this country is called the <b>Budget</b>, -agreeably to the French <i>bougetta</i>, a little bag; because -formerly the various documents were presented to -Parliament in a leathern bag.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="SPIRITS"><i>SPIRITS.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Rum</b> is a native West Indian term for a spirit -distilled from cane-juice; <b>Whisky</b> is an -English rendering of the Irish <b>Uisquebaugh</b>, -derived from the two Gaelic words <i>uisge</i>, -water, and <i>beatha</i>, life; <b>Brandy</b> is a corruption of -the Old English <i>brandwine</i>, literally burnt wine; -while <b>Gin</b> is short for Geneva, where this spirit was -first distilled. <b>Hollands</b> is the popular English -name for Dutch gin. <b>Cognac</b>, a French brandy of -the best quality, owes its designation to the town -of which it forms the staple industry; and <b>Nantes</b> -to the port where it is shipped. <b>Old Tom</b> was -named after Tom Chamberlain, the senior partner -in Messrs. Hodges’ well-known distillery.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Punch</b> traces its origin to the Hindoo -<i>pantsch</i>, signifying five, because this favourite concoction -originally consisted of five ingredients, viz., -arrack, sugar, tea, lemons, and water; whereas -<b>Toddy</b> is a western corruption of <i>taudi</i>, the native -Hindoo name for palm-juice. The word <b>Grog</b> -perpetuates the memory of “Old Grog,” the nickname -of Admiral Edward Vernon, who first ordered -his sailors to dilute their rum with water [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_250"><span class="smcap">Old -Grog</span></a>].</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span></p> - -<p>Scotch whisky is usually styled <b>Mountain Dew</b>, -from the fact that in former times it was often distilled -in the mountains in order to escape the watchfulness -of the excise officers. The superior Scotch -whisky known as <b>Glenlivet</b> derives its name from -the district in which it is distilled. The popular -<b>LL Whisky</b> originated under the following circumstances: -When the Duke of Richmond was -Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, he one day, in the year -1807, sent to various Dublin distilleries for samples -of their best whisky; and preferring that furnished -by Messrs. Kinahan, his Grace ordered a large vat -in which this particular quality of the spirit was -kept to be reserved for his own use. Accordingly, the -letters “LL,” signifying Lord Lieutenant, were -painted on the vat; and ever since Messrs. Kinahan’s -whisky of the same quality has borne the -name of “LL Whisky.”</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LONDON_STREETS_AND_SQUARES"><i>LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Fleet Street</b> received its name from the -<b>Fleet</b>, once a swift-flowing stream, now -converted into a sewer. <b>Mitre Court</b>, -<b>Falcon Court</b>, and <b>Red Lion Court</b> were designated -after old taverns respectively bearing these -signs. <b>Bolt Court</b> was so called from the “Bolt-in-Tun,” -an ancient coaching-house, transformed -into a railway goods receiving office standing on the -opposite side of the way. <b>Johnson’s Court</b> did -not receive its title from Dr. Johnson, who lived in -it for some time, but from the owner of the property. -<b>Wine Office Court</b> originally contained an office -where wine licences were issued. <b>Shoe Lane</b> received -this designation from the traditional account -that when the Devil ran away with Lady Hatton -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_270"><span class="smcap">Hatton Garden</span></a>] he dropped one of her shoes -in Shoe Lane and her cloak in <b>Cloak Lane</b>, -near Cannon Street. <b>St. Bride Street</b> and <b>Bride -Lane</b> owe their names to the Church of St. -Bride close by. <b>Salisbury Court</b> occupies the -site of an ancient palace of the Bishops of Salisbury. -<b>Dorset Street</b> and <b>Dorset Buildings</b> -carry us back in fancy to the <b>Dorset Gardens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> -Theatre</b>, erected in the grounds attached to the -residence of the Earl of Dorset in the early days of -the Restoration. <b>Whitefriars Street</b> marks the -western boundary of the monastery of the Carmelites, -or White Friars, built in 1245. The whole -district of Whitefriars formerly comprised a Sanctuary -infested by debtors and lawbreakers; on which -account it bore the name of <b>Alsatia</b>, in allusion to -the French province of Alsace, long notorious for its -intestine strife and political disaffection. <b>Bridge -Street</b> is a modern thoroughfare leading to <b>Blackfriars -Bridge</b> and <b>Blackfriars Road</b>, so called -from the monastery of the Dominicans or Black -Friars established on the site of <b>Printing House -Square</b> and the <i>Times</i> office, about the year 1276. -<b>Water Lane</b> was originally a narrow lane winding -down to the Thames.</p> - -<p><b>Ludgate Hill</b> derived its name from the old -Lud Gate, built by King Lud in the year 66 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> on -the spot where the London, Chatham, and Dover -Railway now crosses this busy thoroughfare. The -gate was removed in 1760. <b>La Belle Sauvage -Yard</b> was formerly the coachyard of the celebrated -Inn of this name. <b>The Old Bailey</b> is a corruption -of <i>Bail Hill</i>, which contained the residence and court -of the Bail, or Bailiff, from very early times. The -<b>Broadway</b> was doubtless considered a fine thoroughfare -in the days when London streets generally -were so narrow that opposite neighbours could shake -hands out of their top-story windows. <b>Friar -Street</b> was designated after the Black Friars’<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> -Monastery. <b>Sermon Lane</b> is a corruption of -“Shere-moniers’ Lane,” in which stood the office of -the money-shearers or clippers at the time when -the Mint was in this neighbourhood. <b>Paul’s -Chain</b> owed its name to a chain formerly drawn -across its northern extremity the while service was -held in St. Paul’s. <b>Old Change</b> was originally -known as “The King’s Exchange” on account of the -building where the bullion was stored convenient to -the Money-shearers’ Office and the Mint. <b>Paternoster -Row</b> received its name from the stationers -who sold religious texts, prayer-books, and rosary -beads, formerly called <i>Paternosters</i> in this street. -<b>Ave Maria Lane</b>, <b>Creed Lane</b>, and <b>Amen Corner</b>, -being of later date, their designation to complete -the religious metaphor was perhaps natural. <b>Warwick -Lane</b> stands on the site of a magnificent -palace owned by the Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick. -<b>Ivy Lane</b> contained the ivy-clad houses of -the prebendaries attached to St. Paul’s Cathedral. -In <b>Panyer Alley</b> may be seen a curious stone let -into the wall of the middle house on the east side, -upon which are chiselled the rude figure of a boy -seated on a pannier or basket, and a distich reminding -the pedestrian that this is the highest ground in -the City. The alley was a standing-place for bakers -with their panniers at the time when a corn market -was held at the western extremity of Cheapside.</p> - -<p><b>Cheapside</b> properly denotes that side of the Cheap -where the rich goldsmiths had their shops. The -term <i>cheap</i> is Saxon for a market, derived from <i>ceapan</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> -to buy. The Old English spelling of the name of -this locality was <b>Chepe</b>. <b>Ironmonger Lane</b> was -the regular habitation of the artificers in iron in the -reign of Edward I.; <b>Bread Street</b> of the bakers; -and <b>Friday Street</b> of the fishmongers who supplied -the fast-day markets. <b>Milk Street</b> was the ancient -milk market. <b>Gutter Lane</b> is a corruption of -“Guthurun Lane,” so called after a wealthy Danish -burgher. <b>Foster Lane</b> contains the Church of St. -Vedast (otherwise St. Foster), Bishop of Arras in -the French province of Artois, in the time of Clovis. -<b>Wood Street</b> was anciently inhabited by turners -and makers of wooden cups and dishes and measures. -<b>Lawrence Lane</b> received its name from -the Church of St. Lawrence in <b>Gresham Street</b>, -which perpetuates the memory of Sir Thomas -Gresham, merchant and founder of the Royal -Exchange (born 1519, died 1579), because <b>Gresham -College</b>, established by him in his own mansion, -on the site of the present <b>Gresham House</b>, Old -Broad Street, was removed here in 1843. <b>Lad Lane</b>, -now absorbed in Gresham Street, was a corruption -of “Our Lady Lane,” so called from a -statue of the Virgin. <b>Aldermanbury</b> was so -called from the original Guildhall that stood on its -east side. The approach to the present Guildhall -received the name of <b>King Street</b> in honour of -Henry IV., in whose reign the edifice was opened. -In <b>Basinghall Street</b> stood the mansion of -Solomon Basing, Lord Mayor in 1216. <b>Coleman -Street</b> preserves the memory of the first builder<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> -upon the land. The <b>Old Jewry</b> was the privileged -quarter of the Jews, whose first synagogue was -erected here in 1262. <b>The Poultry</b> comprised the -shops of the scorchers and stuffers, who afterwards -settled down in the <b>Stocks Market</b> (so called from -the old stocks for public offenders that stood there), -displaced by the building of the Mansion House in -1739. <b>Bucklersbury</b> was originally the property -of a wealthy grocer named Buckle who owned -a manor-house here; the Anglo-Saxon word <i>bury</i> -being applicable either to a town or to an inhabited -enclosure. <b>King William Street</b> was named soon -after William IV. opened the present London -Bridge, on August 1, 1831. <b>Queen Victoria -Street</b> was cut through in the reign of her present -Majesty.</p> - -<p><b>Cannon Street</b> is a corruption of <b>Candlewick -Street</b>, colloquially styled “Can’lwick Street,” from -the candlemakers who congregated in it. <b>Budge -Row</b> received its name from the sellers of budge, -or lambskin-fur, which at one time was greatly used -as an ornamentation to their attire by scholars and -civic dignitaries. <b>London Stone</b> marked the centre -of the City during its occupation by the Romans in -the year 15 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> <b>Watling Street</b> is a mispronunciation -of “Vitellina strata,” meaning the street of -Vitellius, who at the time it was constructed occupied -the Imperial throne. This was the great highway of -the Romans, running from Dover, through Canterbury -and London, direct to Cardigan in Wales. <b>Walbrook</b>, -formerly written “Wall-brook,” reminds us of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> -pleasant stream of clear water that once ran along -the west side of this street and emptied itself into -the Thames. <b>Crooked Lane</b> was so called from its -winding character. <b>Swan Alley</b>, in Upper Thames -Street, derived its title from an ancient mansion of -the Beauchamps whose crest was a swan. <b>Boss -Alley</b> calls attention to the fact that the executors -of Sir Richard Whittington erected a <i>boss</i>, or conduit, -hereabouts in the long, long ago. <b>College -Hill</b> is all that remains to remind us of the College -of St. Spirit and St. Mary founded on its site by the -same generous Lord Mayor and benefactor of the -public. <b>Fye Foot Lane</b> is properly “five-foot -lane,” the actual width of this thoroughfare at one -end; while <b>Duck’s Foot Lane</b> is a corruption of -“Duke’s Foot Lane,” signifying the private path -leading from the manor-house of the Dukes of -Suffolk in what is now <b>Suffolk Lane</b> down to the -water-side. <b>Queenhithe</b> was so called because the -tolls collected at this <i>hithe</i>, or wharf, were claimed -as pin-money by Eleanor, queen of Henry II. -<b>Dowgate</b> is a modern spelling of “Dwrgate” (<i>dwr</i> -being Celtic for water), where, in the absence of -bridges, the Romans had a ferry across the river -to the continuation of Watling Street towards -Dover. The <b>Steelyard</b> was the place where the -King’s beam, or <i>Steel yard</i>, for weighing merchandise -was set up. Foreigners who landed goods here -were, between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, -known as <span class="smcap">The Steelyard Merchants</span>.</p> - -<p><b>Gracechurch Street</b>, formerly corrupted into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> -“Gracious Street,” received its name from an old -church standing in a grass market hereabouts. -<b>Fenchurch Street</b> recalls the church in the fens, -or marshy land, on the north bank of the Thames. -<b>Eastcheap</b> was the eastern <i>cheap</i> or market, as distinguished -from Chepe or Cheapside. <b>Mincing Lane</b> -is a corruption of “Mynchen Lane,” denoting the -tenements held by the <i>minichery</i>, a Saxon name for -a nunnery, of St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate Street. -<b>Mark Lane</b> was originally styled “Mart Lane,” -from a fair held here from the earliest times. -<b>Blind Chapel Court</b>, situated at the north-east -corner of Mark Lane, carries the imagination -back to “Blanch Appleton,” the documentary -description of a white stone manor belonging to a -knight named Appleton, in the reign of Richard II. -In <b>Rood Lane</b> stood an ancient <i>rood</i>, or cross, -representing the dying Saviour. <b>Seething Lane</b> -is a corruption of Sidon Lane; and <b>Billiter Street</b> -of Belzetti Street, commemorating the names of -the original owners of, and builders upon, the land. -The <b>Minories</b> marks the site of the Priory of the -<span class="smcap">Minoresses</span>, or <span class="smcap">Nuns of St. Clare</span> (the Order -founded in Italy, by St. Clare in 1212); corresponding -to the <b>Minims</b>, or Lesser Friars, founded by St. -Francis de Paula in 1453. <b>Crutched Friars</b> was -the Priory of the Crutched, or Crossed, Friars of -the Holy Trinity [<i>see</i> <a href="#RELIGIOUS_ORDERS"><span class="smcap">Religious Orders</span></a>]. <b>Aldgate</b> -received its name from the <i>Ald Gate</i>, the oldest of -the City gates, taken down in 1760. Aldgate Pump, -which stood beside the gate, still remains. <b>George<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> -Yard</b> was formerly the inn yard of “The George.” -<b>Duke’s Place</b> preserves the memory of Thomas -Howard, Duke of Norfolk, beheaded in 1572, who -had inherited the property of the Crutched Friars -by marriage.</p> - -<p><b>Leadenhall Street</b> derived its title from the -<b>Leadenhall Market</b>, a corruption of “Leather -Hall,” the leather-sellers’ market of olden times. <b>St. -Mary-Axe</b> owes its name to the Church of St. Mary-Axe -which stood in it [<i>see</i> the article “<a href="#LONDON_CHURCHES_AND"><span class="smcap">London -Churches and Buildings</span></a>”]. <b>Throgmorton -Street</b> and <b>Nicholas Lane</b> were both named after -Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, a wealthy London -banker, and the head of an ancient Warwickshire -family, said to have been poisoned by Robert -Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in 1571. <b>Threadneedle -Street</b> is a corruption of “Three-Needle-Street,” -so called from the arms of the Needle -Makers’ Company. <b>Bartholomew Lane</b> was designated -after the Church of St. Bartholomew, at -the back of the Royal Exchange. <b>Lothbury</b> -was originally “Lattenbury,” inhabited by the -workers in <i>latten</i>, a fine kind of brass or bronze, which -formed an important industry in the Middle Ages. -<b>Cornhill</b> was the ancient corn market. <b>St. -Michael’s Alley</b>, where the first English coffee-house -was opened, took its name from the neighbouring -church. <b>Finch Lane</b> is properly “Finke -Lane,” in honour of Sir Robert Finke, who built the -Church of St. Bennet Finke, pulled down to enlarge -Gresham’s Royal Exchange. <b>Change Alley</b>, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span> -contraction of “Exchange Alley,” was in the year -1720 the busy centre of the South Sea Bubble. -<b>Birchin Lane</b> is a corruption of “Birchover Lane,” -named after the builder.</p> - -<p><b>Lombard Street</b> constituted the colony of the -Jews of Lombardy sent over to England by Pope -Gregory IX. for the purpose of advancing money -to those who were unable to pay the taxes so -rigorously demanded throughout the country in -1229. <b>Austin Friars</b> contained the Priory of the -Austin, or Augustin Friars. <b>Bishopsgate Street</b> -was designated after the strong gate built by the -good Bishop Erkenwald, son of Offa, King of the -Saxons; and repaired by Bishop William in the -reign of William I. <b>Great St. Helen’s</b> comprises -the ground anciently held by the Nuns of the Order -of St. Helen. <b>Devonshire Square</b>, in this neighbourhood, -marks the situation of the mansion of -William Cavendish, second Earl of Devonshire, who -died under its roof in 1628. <b>Artillery Lane</b> stands -upon the old practising ground of the Tower -Gunners prior to the seventeenth century. <b>Houndsditch</b> -was the old ditch beyond the city wall, -anciently considered by the inhabitants to be the -proper depository for dead dogs. <b>Bevis Marks</b> is -a corruption of “Bury’s Marks,” where stood the -mansion and grounds of the Abbots of Bury. -<b>Petticoat Lane</b>, also known as <b>Rag Fair</b>, is the -central old clothes mart of the Jewish inhabitants of -the metropolis. <b>Wormwood Street</b> and <b>Camomile -Street</b> were so called on account of the herbs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> -found growing among the Roman stones. <b>London -Wall</b> defines the ancient boundary of Roman -London. <b>Barbican</b>, a continuation of the old -Roman Wall, is an English form of the Saxon -<i>burgh kennin</i>, or postern tower. Here it was that -the Romans placed sentinels by night and day to -give notice of conflagrations in the City or of dangers -from outside quarters. In <b>Great Winchester Street</b> -stood the original <b>Winchester House</b>, built by -the first Marquis of Winchester. <b>Old Broad Street</b> -was in Elizabeth’s reign the most fashionable -thoroughfare in London, containing the mansions of -the wealthiest city merchants. <b>Moorgate Street</b> -was so called from the gate that divided the City from -the moor, comprising the borough of Finsbury. -<b>Beech Lane</b> was designated after Nicholas de la -Beech, Lieutenant of the Tower during the reign -of Edward III. <b>Cripplegate</b> is the narrow -thoroughfare anciently graced (or disgraced) by a -stone gate which received its name from the beggars -and cripples who congregated around it. This -affection for the old gate on the part of the cripples -may be explained by the circumstance that the -neighbouring church was dedicated to St. Giles, the -patron of cripples. <b>Whitecross Street</b> and <b>Red -Cross Street</b> were respectively denominated from a -white and a red cross of stone, which defined the -boundaries of the land belonging to the Knights -Templars and the Knights Hospitallers. <b>Playhouse -Yard</b> reminds us that the old “Fortune -Theatre” stood here. <b>Jewin Street</b> was for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span> -centuries the only burying-ground permitted to the -Jews of London. <b>Aldersgate Street</b> took its name -from the old City gate, distinguished for several -alder-trees that grew beside it. In <b>Bridgewater -Square</b> stood the mansion, destroyed by fire in -1687, of the Egertons, Earls of Bridgewater. <b>Bartholomew -Close</b> marks the situation of the cloisters -of St. Bartholomew’s Priory, of which the church -still remains. <b>Cloth Fair</b> comprised the ancient -rendezvous of the Flemish and Italian merchants -for the annual sale of cloths. This was the real -Fair, to which “Bartholomew Fair” was merely an -adjunct designed for the amusement of the populace -who came from all accessible parts of the country. -<b>Duke Street</b> and <b>Little Britain</b> were so called -because in olden times the Dukes of Brittany -resided here. <b>Newgate Street</b> received its name -from the latest of the City gates, which also lent its -title to the gloomy prison hard by. <b>Bath Street</b> -contained one of the Turkish Bagnios, or Baths, -introduced in London as early as the year 1679. -<b>King Edward Street</b> serves to remind us that the -neighbouring Grammar School known as Christ’s -Hospital was established by Edward VI. <b>Giltspur -Street</b>, formerly styled <b>Knightrider Street</b>, was -so called from the Knights, distinguished by their -gilt spurs, who passed through it on their way to -the tournaments in Smithfield. <b>Pie Corner</b>, where -the great Fire of London ceased its ravages in 1666, -derived its name from an eating-house that rejoiced -in the sign of “The Magpie.” <b>Farringdon Street</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> -and <b>Farringdon Road</b> perpetuate the memory of -William Farrindon, citizen and goldsmith, who purchased -the Aldermanry of the Ward still known by -his name for twenty marks in 1279, and became -Sheriff two years later. <b>Saffron Hill</b> owes its -designation to the rich crops of saffron that grew on -its site at the time when it formed the eastern portion -of the grounds attached to Ely House, the -London residence of the Bishops of Ely, which -stood on the spot now marked by <b>Ely Place</b>, and -bounded on the west by <b>Hatton Garden</b>; so called -because, when the property became demised to the -Crown, it was presented by Queen Elizabeth to Sir -Christopher Hatton, who literally danced himself -into Her Majesty’s favour. <b>Snow Hill</b> was formerly -described as “Snore Hill,” from the fact that the -stage-coach passengers intended for “The Saracen’s -Head” were generally fast asleep when they arrived -at their destination.</p> - -<p><b>Holborn</b> is a contraction of “The Hollow Bourne,” -indicative of a stream in a hollow. In Domesday -Book the name appears as “Holebourne.” <b>Holborn -Bars</b> marks the City boundary on its western -side. <b>Leather Lane</b> was the recognized colony of -the leather-sellers. <b>Fetter Lane</b> is a perversion of -“Fewtor’s Lane”—in other words, a lane infested -by vagabonds in the days when it led to some pleasure -gardens. The term was derived from the Norman-French -<i>faitour</i>, signifying an evil-doer. <b>Brooke -Street</b> (in which Chatterton, the boy-poet, ended his -life by poison), and <b>Greville Street</b> preserve the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> -name of Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, Councillor to -James I., whose house stood in the latter thoroughfare. -<b>Gray’s Inn Road</b> forms the eastern boundary -of Gray’s Inn. <b>Verulam Buildings</b>, Gray’s Inn, -facing Gray’s Inn Road, received this title in honour -of Lord Bacon, who was created Baron Verulam and -Viscount St. Albans. <b>Furnival Street</b>, on the east -side of Holborn Bars, owes its name to Furnival’s -Inn, which it faces. Until quite recently this street -was designated <b>Castle Street</b>, from the old “Castle -Inn,” whose site it covers. The name of <b>Dyers’ -Buildings</b> memorializes the one-time existence of -some almshouse erected hereabouts by the Dyers’ -Company. <b>Cursitor Street</b> received its title from -the Cursitors’ Office founded in this vicinity by the -father of the great Lord Bacon. The Cursitors were -those who issued writs in the name of the Court of -Chancery. The word <i>cursitor</i> is a corruption of -chorister. Anciently all the officers of the Court of -Chancery were divines; and the Lord High Chancellor -himself was the Ecclesiastical Keeper of the -King’s Conscience. <b>Chancery Lane</b> is a corruption -of “Chancellor’s Lane,” originally containing the -court and official residence of the Lord High Chancellor. -<b>Southampton Buildings</b> occupy the site -of Southampton House, which witnessed the death -of Thomas, the last Earl of Southampton, Lord -Treasurer of Charles II. Those sorry tenements, -<b>Chichester Rents</b> supply the place of the old town -mansion of the Bishops of Chichester. <b>Lincoln’s -Inn Fields</b> are situated on the east side of the Inn,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> -or mansion, of Henry de Lacey, Earl of Lincoln, in -the fourteenth century [<i>see</i> <a href="#THE_INNS_OF_COURT"><span class="smcap">Inns of Court</span></a>]. <b>Sardinia -Street</b> takes its name from the <b>Sardinian -Chapel</b>, the oldest Roman Catholic chapel in -London, dating back to the year 1648, and originally -the residence of the Sardinian ambassador. <b>Great -Turnstile</b> and <b>Little Turnstile</b> are pleasant-sounding -names, eminently suggestive of the rural -character of this neighbourhood in bygone days. -The turnstiles were set up to prevent sheep and -cattle from straying out of Lincoln’s Inn Fields into -the public highway. <b>Great Queen Street</b> was so -called in compliment to Queen Elizabeth, in whose -reign it was first formed into a footway for pedestrians -plodding westwards from Lincoln’s Inn towards -the narrow path, anciently designated, as the -modern street still is, <b>Long Acre</b>. The word <i>Acre</i>, -derived from the Greek <i>agros</i>, Latin <i>ager</i>, and Anglo-Saxon -<i>acer</i>, means a ploughed or sown field. -<b>Drury Lane</b> derived its name from Drury House, -the town residence of Sir William Drury, K.G., one -of our most able commanders in quelling the wars -with Ireland. The house was situated where the -Olympic Theatre now stands. <b>Denzil Street</b> and -<b>Holles Street</b> were so designated by Gilbert, Earl -of Clare, whose house occupied the site of <b>Clare -Market</b>, in memory of his uncle Denzil, Lord -Holles, one of the five members of the House of -Commons whose persons Charles I. made an ineffectual -attempt to seize. <b>Hart Street</b> and <b>White -Hart Street</b> both owe their titles to “The White<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> -Hart” Inn, demolished in the time of George I. -<b>Catherine Street</b>, Strand, and <b>Portugal Street</b>, -Lincoln’s Inn Fields, were designated in honour of -Catherine of Braganza, queen of Charles II. <b>Serle -Street</b> received its name from Henry Serle, a -bencher of Lincoln’s Inn, who left considerable -property in the parish of St. Clement-Danes when -he died in 1690. <b>Wych Street</b> was known in early -times as <i>Aldwyche</i>, denoting the road leading directly -from the Strand and the church just mentioned to -the “Old town,” now known as Broad Street, St. -Giles’s parish. <b>Holywell Street</b> took its title from -the Holy Well discovered on the eastern side of St. -Clement-Danes.</p> - -<p>The <b>Strand</b> literally means the strand of the -Thames. At one time Somerset House and a few -other princely mansions only occupied its southern -side. <b>Thanet Place</b>, a secluded <i>cul de sac</i> comprising -ten houses, opposite the Law Courts, was -named after the Earl of Thanet, to whom, previous -to 1780, the property belonged. <b>Palsgrave Place</b> -was so called in compliment to the Palsgrave -Frederick, King of Bohemia, who married the -Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I., in 1612. -<b>Devereaux Court</b> received its title from Essex -House, which also gave its name to <b>Essex Street</b>, -the residence of Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, -the Parliamentary General. <b>Milford Lane</b> was in -olden times characterized by a rustic mill; and the -lane itself led down to a ford across the river. -<b>Arundel Street</b>, <b>Norfolk Street</b>, <b>Surrey Street</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> -and <b>Howard Street</b>, stand upon the site of the -town house and grounds of the Howards, Dukes of -Norfolk, and Earls of Arundel and Surrey. <b>Savoy -Street</b> leads to the Chapel Royal, the only remaining -portion of the ancient Savoy Palace [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_212"><span class="smcap">Savoy -Chapel</span></a>]. <b>Wellington Street</b>, constructed in -1829-30, was named to complete the compliment -partially bestowed upon the Duke of Wellington by -the designation of <b>Waterloo Bridge</b>, opened June -18, 1817, or two years after the famous victory. -<b>Bow Street</b> was so called on account of its bent -shape when it was first laid out to connect the -Strand with Oxford Street in 1637. <b>Covent Garden</b> -is a corruption of Convent Garden, or the -garden belonging to St. Paul’s Convent. <b>York -Street</b> and <b>James Street</b> were both named in -honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James II. -<b>King Street</b>, constructed in his reign, was designated -after Charles I., and <b>Henrietta Street</b> after -his queen, Henrietta Maria. In <b>Tavistock Street</b>, -<b>Russell Street</b>, <b>Bedford Street</b>, and <b>Southampton -Street</b>, we trace some of the family titles of one -of the ancestors of the present ground landlord, -viz., Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, -Marquis of Tavistock, Duke of Bedford, whose -daughter is known in history as the celebrated -Rachel, the wife of Lord William Russell, the -patriot, beheaded in 1683. Southampton House, in -which Lady Russell was born, stood in the street -named after it. <b>Bedfordbury</b> originally denoted -the enclosed property of the Bedford family.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> -<b>Maiden Lane</b> was so styled on account of a statue -of the Virgin that stood at the corner of this -thoroughfare at the time when it skirted the south -wall of the Convent Garden. <b>Chandos Street</b> -received its name from James Bridges, Lord -Chandos, the ancestor of the “Princely Duke of -Chandos.” <b>Exeter Street</b> marks the situation of -Exeter House and its grounds, the property of a -lineal descendant of the great Lord Burleigh, after -whom <b>Burleigh Street</b> was designated. <b>Cecil -Street</b> and <b>Salisbury Street</b>, on the opposite side -of the Strand, remind us that here stood Salisbury -House, the residence of Robert Cecil, first Earl of -Salisbury, one of the sons of Lord Burleigh just -alluded to.</p> - -<p><b>Adelphi</b> is the Greek word for brothers. This -collective title was chosen for the pleasantly situated -little district which comprises <b>Adelphi Terrace</b>, -<b>Adam Street</b>, <b>John Street</b>, <b>Robert Street</b>, and -<b>James Street</b>, the work of the brothers Adam, -after whose Christian names three of the streets were -designated. Similarly, <b>George Street</b>, <b>Villiers -Street</b>, <b>Duke Street</b>, and <b>Buckingham Street</b> -preserve the memory of George Villiers, second -Duke of Buckingham, of whose mansion the old -gate built by Inigo Jones may still be seen. -<b>Charing Cross</b> is a perversion of “Chère Reine -Cross,” so named from the memorial cross erected -upon the spot where the body of Eleanor, the <i>dear -queen</i> of Edward I., was last set down while on its -way to Westminster Abbey. The present cross is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> -merely a model of the original demolished by the -Puritans in 1647. <b>Craven Street</b> is the property -of Lord Craven. <b>Northumberland Street</b> and -<b>Northumberland Avenue</b> owe their names to -Northumberland House, the town mansion of the -Dukes of Northumberland, taken down in 1874.</p> - -<p><b>Trafalgar Square</b> received its title from the -Nelson Column, set up in 1843, two years before the -Square itself was completed. <b>St. Martin’s Lane</b> -was named after the parish church of St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields. -<b>King William Street</b> was built -upon in the reign of William IV. The name of -<b>Seven Dials</b> arose from a column set up at the -diverging point of seven streets, and displaying as -many clock faces. Its object was to mark the limits -of St. Giles’s and St. Martin’s parishes. <b>Cranbourne -Street</b> marks the course of a long, narrow -bourne, or stream, that formerly ran from Tyburn -by way of Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, and -across Leicester Fields into Long Acre, and thence -emptied itself into the Thames at the bottom of -Milford Lane. The first portion of the name was in -allusion to the long, slender neck and legs of the -crane. <b>Leicester Square</b> (formerly denominated -<b>Leicester Fields</b>) derived its name from -Leicester House, the noble mansion built on its -east side by Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, in -1636. On the site of <b>Coventry Street</b> stood the -mansion of Henry Coventry, Secretary of State in -the reign of Charles II. <b>Great Windmill Street</b> -reminds us of the old windmill that stood hereabouts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> -a couple of centuries ago. It was not until January, -1831, that the hay market, properly so called, was -removed from the spacious thoroughfare still known -as the <b>Haymarket</b>. <b>Jermyn Street</b> was named -after Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans, whose residence, -St. Alban’s House, stood on its north side. -In <b>Arundel Street</b> we have one of the family -titles of the ground landlord, Lord Arundel of -Wardour. <b>Orange Street</b> was designated in -honour of the Prince of Orange, afterwards William -III. <b>Panton Street</b> perpetuates the memory of -Colonel Thomas Panton, a notorious gamester, -whose daughter married into the Arundel family. -<b>Suffolk Street</b> marks the situation of the old town -mansion of the Earl of Suffolk.</p> - -<p><b>Spring Gardens</b>, during the days of the Stuarts, -contained an ingenious contrivance by which any -person stepping upon a hidden spring was suddenly -immersed in a shower of water. <b>Pall Mall</b> is a -modern spelling of <i>paille maille</i>, the title of a French -game at ball, somewhat similar to our croquet, first -played in this thoroughfare—then open to St. -James’s Park—about the year 1621. <b>Carlton -House Terrace</b> stands on the site of Carlton -House, the palace of Frederick, Prince of Wales, -the father of George III. <b>King Street</b>, <b>St. -James’s Street</b>, and <b>St. James’s Square</b> were -designated in honour of James I. <b>Bury Street</b> is -properly “Berry Street,” after the name of its builder.</p> - -<p>The <b>Green Park</b> deserves its title on account of -its verdure, so refreshing to the eye. <b>Hyde Park</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> -anciently comprised the manor of Hyde held by the -Abbots of St. Peter’s, Westminster, but claimed by the -Crown on the dissolution of the monasteries. <b>Hyde -Park Corner</b> defines the position of the old toll-gate -at the western extremity of London. <b>Rotten -Row</b> is a corruption of <i>route du roi</i>, the French for -“route of the King,” to the historic royal residence -at Kensington. <b>Albert Gate</b>, <b>Queen’s Gate</b>, and -<b>Prince’s Gate</b> are of modern date, named in honour -of the royal personages indicated. The <b>Marble -Arch</b> is an imposing structure of white marble -originally erected in front of Buckingham Palace in -1830, and removed to its present position in 1851. -<b>Rutland Gate</b> was designated after the mansion of -the Dukes of Rutland hard by. <b>Cumberland Gate</b> -and <b>Duke Street</b>, Grosvenor Square, were both -named after the Duke of Cumberland, brother to -George III. <b>Grosvenor Gate</b>, <b>Grosvenor Street</b>, -and <b>Grosvenor Square</b> preserve the memory of Sir -Richard Grosvenor, Grand Cup-bearer to George II., -who died in 1732. The ancestral line of the Grosvenors -may be traced back to <i>Le Gros Veneur</i>, “the -chief hunter,” to the Dukes of Normandy prior to -the Conquest. <b>Stanhope Gate</b>, <b>Great Stanhope -Street</b>, and <b>Chesterfield Street</b> received their -names from <b>Chesterfield House</b>, the residence of -Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, of epistolary -fame. <b>Park Lane</b> was formerly a narrow lane -skirting the east side of the Park. <b>Portugal -Street</b> was named in honour of the queen of -Charles II. <b>Chapel Street</b> owes its designation to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> -its proximity to Grosvenor Chapel. <b>Hamilton -Place</b> perpetuates the name of Colonel James -Hamilton, Ranger of Hyde Park, and boon companion -of Charles II.</p> - -<p>That fine thoroughfare known as <b>Piccadilly</b> was -designated after “Piccadilla Hall,” its most westerly -building during the reign of Elizabeth, and utilized -as a depôt for the sale of the then fashionable <span class="smcap">Piccadilly -Lace</span>, so called on account of its little spearlike -points, <i>piccadilly</i> being the diminutive of <i>pica</i>, a -pike, a spear. In the succeeding reign of James I., -the high ruff worn by males was styled a piccadilly, -though the lace had disappeared from its edge. -<b>Curzon Street</b> was named after George Augustus -Curzon, third Viscount Howe, the ground landlord. -<b>Charles Street</b> and <b>Queen Street</b> were first built -upon in the reign of Charles II., in honour of whom -and his queen they were designated. <b>Shepherd -Street</b>, <b>Shepherd’s Market</b>, and <b>Market Street</b> -faithfully preserve the memory of the owner of the -land upon which the ancient “May Fair” was held. -<b>Hay Hill</b>, <b>Hill Street</b>, and <b>Farm Street</b> mark -the situation of an old farm that stood upon the -lands of John, Lord Berkeley of Stratton, an able -officer in the army of Charles I., whose titles are -perpetuated in <b>John Street</b>, <b>Berkeley Square</b>, -<b>Berkeley Street</b>, and <b>Stratton Street</b>; while -<b>Bruton Street</b> refers to the family seat of the -Berkeleys, situated at Bruton, Somersetshire. -<b>Mount Street</b> marks the site of one of the western -forts or bastions hastily formed by the Parliamentarians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> -in 1643 to resist an expected attack -upon the Metropolis from this side by the Royalists. -<b>Clarges Street</b> derived its name from the residence -of Sir Walter Clarges built in 1717, and afterwards -occupied by the Venetian Ambassador. In <b>Half-Moon -Street</b> stood an old tavern bearing the sign -of “The Half-Moon.” <b>Arlington Street</b> and -<b>Bennett Street</b> were named after Henry Bennett, -Earl of Arlington, whose town house was situated -on the site of the former thoroughfare. <b>Dover -Street</b> was so called in memory of Henry Jermyn, -Lord Dover, who died in it in 1782. <b>Albemarle -Street</b> contained the residence of Christopher Monk, -second Duke of Albemarle, acquired from the Earls -of Clarendon. <b>Old Bond Street</b>, of which <b>New -Bond Street</b> is a modern continuation, received its -name from the Bond family, now extinct. The land -upon which it stands was the property of Sir Thomas -Bond, Comptroller of the Household of Henrietta -Maria, queen of Charles I. <b>Clifford Street</b> preserves -the memory of Elizabeth Clifford, who -became the wife of Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington -(died 1753), after whom <b>Old Burlington Street</b>, -and subsequently, <b>New Burlington Street</b> were designated. -In <b>Cork Street</b> resided Lord Cork, one -of the four brothers of the Boyle family advanced to -the peerage at the same time. <b>Savile Row</b> was -named after Dorothy Savile, who became Countess -of Burlington and Cork, and inherited the property. -<b>Vigo Street</b> commemorates the capture of Vigo, in -Spain, by the British on several occasions in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> -course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. -The street dates back to the year 1720. <b>Sackville -Street</b>, built in 1679, serves its purpose as perpetuating -the memory of the witty Charles Sackville, -Earl of Dorset, whose friends were unwilling -that his fame should be allowed to die. <b>Air Street</b>, -Piccadilly Circus, was at the time of its erection -in the year 1659 one of the most westerly, and -consequently, open streets of the town. <b>Swallow -Street</b> is a corruption of “Slough Street,” at one -time a miry thoroughfare much infested by footpads. -<b>Vine Street</b> recalls the ancient vineyard belonging -to the Abbey at Westminster, situated here.</p> - -<p><b>Regent Street</b> was named by John Nash, the -architect, after his royal patron, the Prince Regent. -It was commenced in 1813. <b>Conduit Street</b> received -its name from the conduit or spring-head set -up in the meadow formerly known as “Conduit -Mead,” now swallowed up by Old Bond Street. -<b>Maddox Street</b> was built by one Maddox in 1720. -<b>Brook Street</b> reminds us of the pleasant stream -that wound its way from Tyburn down to Leicester -Fields, where it was designated the Cranbourne, and -ultimately spent itself in the Thames. <b>Mill Street</b> -affords us an additional memory of the rurality of -London in bygone times. <b>George Street</b> (also -<b>St. George’s Church</b>), <b>Hanover Street</b>, and -<b>Hanover Square</b> were designations in honour of -the Hanoverian succession in the person of George -I. <b>Davies Street</b>, connecting Berkeley Square -with Oxford Street, received its name in compliment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> -to Miss Mary Davies, the heiress of Ebury Manor, -Belgravia, who carried that estate by her marriage -into the possession of the Grosvenors.</p> - -<p>Crossing Regent Street, <b>Argyll Street</b> marks the -situation of the old town mansion of the Dukes -of Argyll. <b>Marlborough Street</b>, <b>Great Marlborough -Street</b>, and <b>Blenheim Street</b> were so -called in honour of the Duke of Marlborough, the -victor of Blenheim. <b>Wardour Street</b> is in allusion -to the family seat of the ground landlord, Lord -Arundel of Wardour. <b>Nassau Street</b> was named -in compliment to the royal House of Nassau, from -which the Prince of Orange claimed his descent. -<b>Golden Square</b> is a corruption of Gelding Square, -derived from an adjacent inn sign, “The Gelding.” -<b>Shaftesbury Avenue</b> is a modern thoroughfare -named after Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh Earl of -Shaftesbury, who performed the opening ceremony -but a short time before his death, which occurred in -1885. <b>Windmill Street</b> furnishes another pleasant -reminder of green pastures and rural delights. -<b>Old Compton Street</b> was built in the reign of -Charles II. by Sir Francis Compton. <b>New Compton -Street</b> and <b>Dean Street</b> derived their names -from Bishop Compton, Dean of the Chapel Royal, -Savoy, who originally possessed the living of St. -Anne’s, Soho. <b>Gerrard Street</b> and <b>Macclesfield -Street</b> perpetuate the memory of Gerard, Earl of -Macclesfield, the owner of the site at the time when -buildings were first put up hereabouts in 1697. -<b>Greek Street</b> was so called from the Greek merchants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> -who colonized this neighbourhood, and for -whose spiritual benefit a Greek church was erected -hard by. <b>Carlisle Street</b> was designated after the -Howards, Earls of Carlisle, a branch of the ducal -house of Norfolk, whose family mansion stood on -the east side of what is now Soho Square about the -middle of the last century.</p> - -<p><b>Hanway Street</b>, situated on the north side of -Oxford Street, received its name from Jonas Hanway, -who was the first to carry an umbrella through the -London streets. This occurred in the year 1750. -<b>Rathbone Place</b>, a somewhat exclusive thoroughfare, -supporting its own police, was built by a Captain -Rathbone in 1718. <b>Newman Street</b> and -<b>Goodge Street</b> retain the names of their speculative -builders. <b>Castle Street</b> took its title from an inn -sign at the corner of Oxford Market. <b>Wells Street</b> -is properly “Well Street,” so called after Well in -Yorkshire, the seat of the Strangeways family, from -whom Lady Berners, the original ground landlady -of <b>Berners Street</b>, descended. In <b>Foley Street</b> -stood Foley House, the town-mansion of Lord Foley. -<b>Charlotte Street</b> received its name in honour of -the queen of George III. <b>Bolsover Street</b>, <b>Great -Titchfield Street</b>, <b>Titchfield Street</b>, <b>Grafton -Street</b>, <b>Cleveland Street</b>, <b>Fitzroy Square</b>, -<b>Euston Square</b>, <b>Euston Road</b>, and <b>Southampton -Street</b>, are all designated after family names of -the Fitzroys, Dukes of Grafton, Earls and Lords of -Southampton, the ground landlords. Euston is the -seat of the Earl of Euston, son of the Duke of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> -Grafton and Marquis of Titchfield, situated at -Thetford, in the county of Norfolk; while Bolsover -is the Derbyshire seat of the Graftons. <b>Tottenham -Court Road</b> anciently comprised the manor of -Totten, or Totham, held by William de Tottenhall -in the reign of Henry III. In Elizabeth’s time the -manor was described as “Tottenham Court.” The -lease fell into the possession of Charles Fitzroy, -second Duke of Grafton, by right of his mother, -Lady Isabella Bennett, who inherited it.</p> - -<p><b>Oxford Street</b>, formerly styled Oxford Road, -<b>Oxford Market</b>, <b>Mortimer Street</b>, <b>Harley Street</b>, -<b>Edward Street</b>, and <b>Wigmore Street</b>, derived -their names from Edward Harley, Earl of Oxford -and Mortimer, created Baron Harley of Wigmore -Castle in Herefordshire in 1717, the owner of the -estate. <b>Cavendish Square</b>, <b>Old Cavendish -Street</b>, <b>New Cavendish Street</b>, <b>Holles Street</b>, -and <b>Henrietta Street</b>, preserve the memory of -Henrietta Cavendish, wife of the second Lord -Harley, and only daughter and heiress of John -Holles, the last Duke of Newcastle, who by her -marriage carried all this property into the family of -the Harleys. Her daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish, -became in her turn the wife of William Bentinck, -second Duke of Portland; in honour of which -connection there have been designated the various -thoroughfares known as <b>Bentinck Street</b>, <b>Margaret -Street</b>, <b>Duke Street</b>, <b>Duchess Street</b>, -<b>Portland Place</b>, and <b>Great Portland Street</b>. -<b>Welbeck Street</b> was named after Welbeck Abbey,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> -in Northamptonshire, the seat of the Portland -family; while <b>Clipstone Street</b> and <b>Carburton -Street</b> were respectively designated after villages, -the one in Nottinghamshire, the other in Northamptonshire, -included in the ducal estate. <b>Wimpole -Street</b> repeats the name of the seat of the Harleys -situated on the borders of Herefordshire and Cambridgeshire, -and purchased by Lord Chancellor -Hardwicke in the last century. <b>Stratford Place</b> -was built in 1775 by Edward Stratford, second Lord -Aldborough, on ground leased from the Corporation -of London for the purpose. The erection of <b>Queen -Anne Street</b> dates from the reign indicated by its -name. <b>Mansfield Street</b> is all that is left to -remind us of the town residence of the Earl of -Mansfield. <b>Langham Place</b> and <b>Langham Street</b> -were named after Sir James Langham, whose -mansion and grounds occupied the site of the latter. -<b>Vere Street</b> recalls the existence of the De Veres, -who for centuries held the Earldom of Oxford previous -to the Harleys. <b>Duke Street</b>, <b>Manchester -Street</b>, and <b>Manchester Square</b>, comprise the -property of the Duke of Manchester. <b>Spanish -Place</b> was originally so called from the residence of -the Spanish Ambassador during the last century. -<b>Chandos Street</b> derived its name from the mansion -built by James Bridges, Duke of Chandos. <b>Hinde -Street</b> perpetuates the memory of James Hinde, -a speculative builder and one of the lessees of -Marylebone Park more than a hundred years ago. -<b>North Audley Street</b> and <b>South Audley Street</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> -point to the existence of Hugh Audley, a barrister -of the Middle Temple and owner of a landed estate -hereabouts worth a million of money; which, at his -death, in 1662, fell to Sir William Davies, Lord Mayor -of London, the father of Miss Mary Davies already -alluded to in connection with Davies Street and -Ebury Manor, Belgravia.</p> - -<p><b>Old Quebec Street</b> commemorates the capture -of Quebec by General Wolfe in 1759, about which -period this street was first built upon. <b>Seymour -Place</b> and <b>Upper Seymour Street</b> were designated -after the Seymours, from whom the Portmans are -descended. <b>Montague Street</b> and <b>Montague -Square</b> were so called in compliment to Mrs. -Montague of Blue Stocking fame, who, on becoming -a widow, took up her residence in Portman Square -close by. <b>Orchard Street</b> was designated in allusion -to Orchard-Portman, one of the seats of the -Portmans, in Somersetshire. <b>Portman Square</b>, -<b>Portman Street</b>, <b>Berkeley Place</b>, <b>Upper -Berkeley Street</b>, <b>Lower Berkeley Street</b>, -<b>Bryanstone Square</b>, <b>Bryanstone Street</b>, <b>Wyndham -Place</b>, <b>Wyndham Street</b>, <b>Blandford -Square</b>, <b>Blandford Street</b>, <b>Dorset Square</b>, and -<b>Dorset Street</b>, all have reference to the titles and -estate of the sole landlord of this neighbourhood, -viz., Edward Berkeley Portman, Viscount Portman -of Bryanstone, near Blandford, Dorsetshire, many -years M.P. for Dorset, and some time M.P. for -Marylebone. <b>Baker Street</b> received its name in -compliment to Sir Edward Baker of Ranston, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> -valued neighbour of the Portmans in Dorsetshire. -<b>Harewood Square</b> and <b>Harewood Street</b> mark -the position of the town mansion of the Earls of -Harewood. <b>Lisson Grove</b> stands on part of the -land formerly known as <i>Lideston Green</i>, really a corruption -of <i>Ossulton Green</i>. <i>Ossulton</i> is the name of a -Hundred mentioned in Domesday Book, and preserved -in <b>Ossulton Square</b>, close at hand, and also -in <b>Ossulton Street</b>, Euston Road.</p> - -<p><b>Regent’s Park</b> was named in honour of the -Prince Regent, for whom it was originally intended -to build a palace on the ground now utilized as the -Botanic Gardens. <b>Albany Street</b> and <b>Osnaburgh -Street</b> perpetuate the memory of Frederick, second -son of George III., nominally styled Prince-Bishop -of Osnaburgh in Hanover, and created Duke of -York and Albany, and Earl of Ulster. <b>Cumberland -Market</b>, whither the hay-market was removed -from what still bears the description of the Haymarket -in 1831, received its name in honour of -Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, one of the -sons of George III., who subsequently became King -of Hanover. <b>Munster Square</b> was so called in -compliment to the eldest son of William IV., created -Earl of Munster. <b>Park Street</b> is the direct approach -from High Street, Camden Town, to the Regent’s -Park. <b>Brecknock Road</b>, <b>Brecknock Crescent</b>, -<b>Bayham Street</b>, <b>Pratt Street</b>, <b>Jeffreys Street</b>, -<b>Henry Street</b>, <b>Charles Street</b>, <b>Frederick Street</b>, -<b>Edward Street</b>, <b>William Street</b>, and <b>Robert -Street</b>, repeat the titles, family and Christian names<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> -occurring in the family of the Earl of Brecknock, -Marquis of Camden, the owner of the estate, who died -in 1840. <b>Great College Street</b>, <b>College Place</b>, -and <b>College Street</b>, are situated within a stone’s -throw of the Royal Veterinary College. <b>Oakley -Square</b> owes its title to Oakley House, near Bedford; -and <b>Ampthill Square</b> to Ampthill Park, in -Bedfordshire, the names of two seats of the Bedfords; -while <b>Harrington Square</b> was denominated -after the Earl of Harrington, one of whose daughters -became the wife of the seventh Duke of Bedford. -<b>Mornington Crescent</b> and <b>Mornington Place</b> -were named in honour of the Earl of Mornington, -Governor-General of India, the brother of the Duke -of Wellington; and <b>Granby Street</b> after John -Manners, the popular Marquis of Granby. <b>Eden -Street</b> covers the site of the old “Adam and Eve” -Tea Gardens. <b>Skinner Street</b>, Somers Town, was -built, and is still owned by, the Skinners’ Company.</p> - -<p><b>Pancras Road</b> received its name from the parish -church of St. Pancras. <b>Battle Bridge Road</b> marks -the spot where the Romans defeated the Iceni, -under Queen Boadicea, in the year 61. <b>York -Road</b> owes its designation to the fact that the Great -Northern Railway was originally styled “The -London and York Railway.” <b>Caledonian Road</b>, -which extends northwards to <b>Caledonian Market</b>, -was so called after the Royal Caledonian Asylum, -founded for Scottish orphans in 1831. <b>Liverpool -Street</b> and <b>Sidmouth Street</b> recall the names of -two popular Lords of the Ministry, at the accession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span> -of George IV. <b>Burton Crescent</b> memorializes its -builder. <b>Judd Street</b> comprises the property bequeathed -by Sir Andrew Judd, Lord Mayor in 1551, -to the endowment of a school at Tunbridge, Kent, -his native place. <b>Great Coram Street</b> affords us a -pleasant reminder that the Foundling Hospital owes -its existence to the benevolence of Captain Thomas -Coram in the year 1739. <b>Lamb’s Conduit Street</b> -preserves the name of William Lamb, a clothworker -to whose enterprise “a faire conduit and standard,” -constructed in 1577, was due. <b>Harpur Street</b> -received its title in honour of Sir William Harpur, -Lord Mayor in 1562, whose property hereabouts, -together with that now known as <b>Bedford Row</b>, -High Holborn, was devoted at his death to the -foundation of a school and other charitable purposes -at Bedford, his native place.</p> - -<p><b>Southampton Row</b> and <b>Southampton Street</b>, -<b>Great Russell Street</b>, <b>Russell Square</b>, <b>Bedford -Square</b>, <b>Tavistock Square</b>, and <b>Tavistock Place</b>, -were named after Thomas Wriothlesley, Earl of -Southampton, Marquis of Tavistock, and Duke of -Bedford, father of Rachel, who became the wife of -Lord William Russell, the patriot, already alluded to -in connection with Southampton Street, Strand. -<b>Gordon Square</b> perpetuates the memory of Lady -Georgina Gordon, daughter of Alexander, fourth -Duke of Gordon, and wife of John, sixth Duke of -Bedford, who had had for his first wife a daughter -of the noble house of Torrington, memorialized by -<b>Torrington Square</b>. <b>Montague Street</b> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> -<b>Montague Place</b> occupy two sides of the site of Old -Montague House, the nucleus of the British -Museum. <b>Brunswick Square</b> and <b>Mecklenburgh -Square</b> were built and designated at the -time when it was considered the correct thing to -honour the Hanoverian succession in every possible -way. <b>Thurlow Place</b> was named in compliment -to Lord Chancellor Thurlow, whose house was -situated in <b>Great Ormond Street</b>, so called after -the British general and duke of that title. <b>Powis -Place</b> covers the ground formerly occupied by Powis -House, the town mansion of William Herbert, -Marquis of Powis, whose father was outlawed by -James I. <b>Bloomsbury Square</b> is properly “Lomesbury -Square,” marking the site of the manor-house -described in olden times as “Lomesbury Village.” -<b>Hart Street</b> received its name from “The White -Hart” Inn; and <b>Red Lion Square</b> and <b>Red Lion -Street</b>, from “The Red Lion,” both hostelries of -some importance in the coaching days. <b>Queen’s -Square</b> was designated in honour of Queen Anne, in -whose reign it was laid out. <b>Kingsgate Street</b> -was so styled because the King used it on his way -to Newmarket; while <b>Theobalds Road</b> led to -Theobalds, in Herefordshire, the favourite hunting -seat of James I.</p> - -<p><b>Coldbath Square</b>, Clerkenwell, marks the situation -of the celebrated Cold Bath, fed by a spring discovered -by Mr. Baynes in 1697. The surrounding -district before it was built over formerly bore the -name of <b>Coldbath Fields</b>. <b>Vinegar Yard</b> is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> -corruption of the vineyard anciently belonging to -the Priory of the Knights of St. John. <b>Ray Street</b> -preserves the memory of Miss Ray, the mistress of -Lord Sandwich, shot by her lover Hackman. <b>Rosoman -Street</b> was designated after the enterprising -Mr. Rosoman, who converted Sadler’s Musick House -into a theatre in 1765. <b>Aylesbury Street</b> in olden -times skirted the wall of the garden attached to the -town mansion of the Earls of Aylesbury. <b>Berkeley -Street</b> derived its name from Berkeley House, the -residence of Sir Maurice Berkeley, standard-bearer -to Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Elizabeth. <b>Albemarle -Street</b> was built during the period that witnessed -the popularity of General Monk, Duke of -Albemarle. In bygone times the whole of Clerkenwell -received the opprobrious title of <b>Hockley-in-the-Hole</b>, -the name of a place in Bedfordshire -noted far and wide for its impassable and sloughy -character. <b>Hockley</b> is an Anglo-Saxon term, denoting -a muddy field. <b>Myddleton Square</b> and -<b>Myddleton Street</b> perpetuate the memory of Sir -Hugh Myddleton, the founder of the New River -Waterworks, opened September 16, 1613. <b>Pentonville -Road</b> owes its title to the <i>ville</i>, or rural mansion, -occupied by Henry Penton, Esq., Lord of the -Admiralty and M.P. for Winchester, on the spot -where <b>Penton Street</b> now stands. Mr. Penton died -in 1812. <b>St. John Street Road</b> took its name from -the Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, -of which <b>St. John’s Gate</b> is an interesting relic. -<b>Windmill Street</b> marks the site of three large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> -windmills erected in Finsbury Fields, on the mound -formed by a thousand cartloads of human bones -deposited there from the Charnel House, St. Paul’s, -by order of the Lord Protector Somerset, in 1549. -<b>City Road</b> was the regular highway from the City -to the “Angel” at Islington, and thence to the north -of England, <i>viâ</i> Highbury and Highgate. <b>Shepherdess -Walk</b> was originally a pleasant path -leading through the open fields direct from Finsbury -to St. Mary’s parish church, Islington. <b>Golden -Lane</b>, St. Luke’s, received its name from the number -of goldsmiths who formerly made this neighbourhood -their residence. In <b>Curtain Road</b>, Shoreditch, -stood the Curtain Theatre, opened in 1571, -so called because it was the first playhouse to make -use of a drop-curtain. Ben Jonson’s “Every Man -in his Humour” was produced here in 1596. By -<b>Norton Folgate</b> is meant “the northern Falgate,” -the latter word being the old English description of -a four-barred gate. <span class="smcap">The Falgate</span> is a common -inn sign in the rural districts. <b>Holywell Lane</b>, -near Shoreditch Church, was so called on account -of a miraculous well discovered here in ancient times. -In <b>Nichols Square</b>, Haggerstone, lived John -Nichols, the antiquary; and in <b>Sutton Place</b>, -Hackney, Thomas Sutton, the founder of the -Charterhouse. <b>Queen Elizabeth’s Walk</b>, Stoke -Newington, marks the position of a house and -grounds occupied by the Earl of Leicester, and often -visited by Her Majesty. <b>Fleetwood Road</b> covers -the site of Fleetwood House, the residence of Charles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> -Fleetwood, the Parliamentary general, and Deputy-Governor -of Ireland.</p> - -<p><b>Seven Sisters’ Road</b>, Holloway, received its -name from seven trees, said to have been planted -by seven sisters, near Tottenham, six of which grew -erect; but the seventh presented a deformed appearance, -because the sister who had planted it was a -cripple. <b>Archway Road</b>, Highgate, is spanned by -the wonderful high arch completed in 1813. <b>Flask -Walk</b>, Hampstead, derived its name from “The -Flask,” a picturesque old inn close by. <b>Judges’ -Walk</b>, known also as <b>King’s Bench Avenue</b>, -was originally so called from a colony of judges and -gownsmen of the City, who sought refuge here in -tents during the Great Plague in 1665. <b>Fleet -Road</b>, Haverstock Hill, affords us a pleasing remembrance -of that little river, the Fleet, meandering -through the fields in this neighbourhood, and eventually -behind the older houses, on its way towards -Battle Bridge, the City, and the Thames. <b>Dale -Road</b> preserves the memory of Canon Dale, poet, -and vicar of St. Pancras. <b>Barrow Road</b> and -<b>Barrow Hill Place</b> commemorate the site of a -battle between the Britons and Romans, and the -sepulchre of the slain. The spot was formerly defined -by a farmhouse that stood upon the actual -barrow known as “Barrow Hill.” <b>Abbey Road</b>, St. -John’s Wood, points to the existence of the ancient -Abbey of the Holy Virgins of St. John the Baptist -(<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_156"><span class="smcap">St. John’s Wood</span></a>). <b>Desborough Place</b>, -Harrow Road, received its name from Desborough<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span> -House, the site of which it adjoins, and where lived -John Dessborough (or Desbrowe), the brother-in-law -of Oliver Cromwell. <b>Church Street</b>, Paddington, -was so called from the parish church of St. Mary, -situated on the open space still known as <b>Paddington -Green</b>. <b>Nottingham Place</b> was designated -after the county in which the chief landed estates of -the Duke of Portland are situated; and <b>Weymouth -Street</b>, in compliment to Lord Weymouth, son-in-law -of the same nobleman. <b>Paddington Street</b> -was formerly a narrow lane leading northwards into -Paddington Fields.</p> - -<p><b>Craven Hill Gardens</b> and <b>Craven Road</b>, Bayswater, -occupy the site of the mansion and grounds -of the Lords Craven previous to the year 1700, when -they migrated to Craven House, Drury Lane. -<b>Southwick Crescent</b> and <b>Southwick Place</b> -received their names from Southwick Park, the seat -of the Thistlewayte family, formerly the joint lessees -of Paddington Manor. <b>Orme Square</b> perpetuates -the memory of Mr. Orme, a print-seller, of Bond -Street, who bought the ground and commenced the -building of the Square in question. <b>Ladbroke -Grove</b> and <b>Ladbroke Square</b> likewise bear the -name of the Ladbroke family, who built upon the -land leased to them for the purpose. <b>Norland -Square</b>, Notting Hill, covers the site of Norland -House, a small, wooded estate, owned by one of the -Drummonds, the bankers, of Charing Cross, in the -reign of William IV. <b>Kensington Gore</b> took its -name from Gore House, the residence of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> -Countess of Blessington, long the central literary -and social attraction in the Metropolis. In <b>Ennismore -Place</b>, the second title of the Earl of Listowel, -the ground landlord, is repeated. On part of -the site of <b>Cromwell Road</b> stood the house and -grounds owned by Richard Cromwell, the son of -Oliver Cromwell. <b>Gloucester Road</b> derived its -title from Oxford Lodge, the residence of the late -Duchess of Gloucester, in the immediate vicinity. -<b>Campden Hill</b> defines the estate belonging to -Campden House, still standing in <b>Campden Square</b>, -and originally occupied by Sir Baptist Hicks, who -built <b>Hicks’ Hall</b>, Clerkenwell, in 1612, afterwards -created Viscount Campden. <b>Warwick Road</b>, -<b>Warwick Gardens</b>, <b>Holland Road</b>, and <b>Earl’s -Court Road</b> are spacious modern thoroughfares, -designated after the Earls of Warwick, the original -owners of the estate known as <b>Earl’s Court</b>, now in -the possession of the Holland family. <b>Addison Road</b> -reminds us that Joseph Addison, the poet, essayist, -and dramatist, married the Dowager Countess of -Warwick, and died in Holland House.</p> - -<p><b>Cromwell Place</b>, Putney, stands upon the site -of Mr. Champion’s house, the lodging of General -Ireton, Oliver Cromwell’s son-in-law, in 1646. -<b>King’s Road</b>, Chelsea, was named in honour of -Charles II., who caused it to be made passable, -chiefly for the benefit of the frequenters of “The -World’s End,” then a popular house of entertainment. -<b>Cheyne Row</b> and <b>Cheyne Walk</b> perpetuate -the memory of Lord Cheyne, who held the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> -Manor of Chelsea in the seventeenth century. <b>Justice -Walk</b> formerly contained the residence of a magistrate. -<b>Marlborough Square</b> and <b>Marlborough -Road</b> derived their names from a neighbouring -tavern displaying the sign of “The Duke of Marlborough”; -and <b>Keppel Street</b>, from “The Admiral -Keppel,” situated at the corner of Fulham Road. -<b>Cadogan Street</b> and <b>Cadogan Square</b> remind us -that the manor of Chelsea came into the possession -of the first Earl of Cadogan by right of his marriage -with the heiress of Sir Hans Sloane, after whom -<b>Sloane Square</b>, <b>Sloane Street</b>, and <b>Hans Place</b> -were named. <b>Danvers Street</b> was so called after -Sir John Danvers, who introduced the Italian style of -horticulture into England during the reign of Elizabeth. -The street covers the site of Danvers House -in which he lived.</p> - -<p><b>Grosvenor Place</b> and <b>Grosvenor Street</b> received -their names from Sir Thomas Grosvenor, the -ancestor of the Duke of Westminster, the ground -landlord of the district collectively known as Belgravia; -<b>Eccleston Street</b> and <b>Eccleston Square</b> -from Eccleston, in Cheshire, the county in which -the landed property of the Grosvenors chiefly lies; -and <b>Belgrave Square</b> and <b>Belgrave Street</b> from -the Viscountcy of Belgravia, the second title of the -Duke of Westminster before he was raised to his -superior titles. <b>Ebury Street</b> and <b>Ebury Square</b> -mark the site of Ebury or Eabury Farm, an ancient -manor inherited by Miss Mary Davies, already -referred to when speaking of Davies Street, Oxford<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span> -Street, and carried into the family of the Grosvenors -by her marriage. <b>Chester Square</b> reproduces the -name of the city near which Eaton Hall, which -gives its title to <b>Eaton Square</b>, the principal seat -of the Duke of Westminster, is situated. <b>Lupus -Street</b> perpetuates a favourite Christian name in -the Grosvenor family, retained in honour of Henry -Lupus, created Earl of Chester soon after the Conquest. -<b>St. George’s Square</b> was designated after -the adjacent church dedicated to St. George. -<b>Lowndes Street</b>, <b>Lowndes Square</b>, and <b>Chesham -Street</b>, Pimlico, are indebted for their title to -Lowndes of the Bury, near Chesham, Buckinghamshire, -the ground landlord, a descendant of William -Lowndes, secretary to the Treasury during the reign -of Queen Anne.</p> - -<p><b>Vauxhall Bridge Road</b> forms a connecting link -between Vauxhall Bridge and <b>Victoria Street</b>, a -gloomy modern thoroughfare named in honour of -our present sovereign. <b>Birdcage Walk</b> comprised -the place where the aviary of Charles II. was permanently -located, under the superintendence of -Master Edward Storey, the royal keeper, whose -house covered the spot now styled <b>Storey’s Gate</b> -in his memory. <b>Queen Anne’s Gate</b> derived its -name from <b>Queen Anne’s Square</b>, in whose reign -this characteristic enclosure was built. <b>York -Street</b> was designated in honour of Frederick, Duke -of York, son of George III., who lived in it for a -short time. <b>Delahay Street</b> compliments a family -of this name long resident in St. Margaret’s parish.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> -<b>Rochester Row</b> was denominated after the -Bishopric of Rochester, anciently combined with -the Deanery of Westminster, but separated in the -reign of George III. <b>New Bridge Street</b> leads to -the handsome bridge over the Thames, opened May -24, 1862. <b>Cannon Row</b> is properly “Canon Row,” -formerly the residence of the Canons of St. Stephen’s -Chapel. <b>King Street</b> received its title because it -was the direct road between the Court and the -Abbey. <b>Princes Street</b>, a modern thoroughfare, -occupying the site of Old Westminster Mews, was -so called on account of its proximity to King Street. -<b>Parker Street</b> perpetuates the memory of Archbishop -Parker, one of the principal benefactors of -Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. This street -was formerly known as Bennet Street, the old name -of the College. <b>Great George Street</b> covers the -ground originally occupied by the stable-yard of -“The George and the Dragon,” a well-known -coaching house in bygone days. The name of <b>Broad -Sanctuary</b>, Westminster, reminds us of the protection -which in olden times was afforded to criminals -of all degrees so long as they remained beneath the -shadow of a monastery or cathedral. <b>Abingdon -Street</b> contained the mansion of the Earls of Abingdon. -<b>Holywell Street</b> owes its title to the name of -an estate of the Grosvenors in Flintshire, whose town -residence was displaced by the formation of this -street. <b>Barton Street</b> and <b>Cowley Street</b> were -both built by Barton Booth, the actor; to the former -he gave his Christian name, to the latter the name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> -of his favourite poet. <b>Marsham Street</b>, <b>Earl -Street</b>, and <b>Romney Street</b> comprise the property -of Charles Marsham, Earl of Romney; while <b>Old -Pye Street</b> and <b>New Pye Street</b> commemorate -the existence of Sir Robert Pye, who lived in the -more modern portion of this neighbourhood known -as <b>The New Way</b>. <b>Great Peter Street</b> recalls -the fact that the Abbey of Westminster was dedicated -to St. Peter. <b>Vine Street</b> marks the situation -of the vineyard, and <b>Orchard Street</b> the orchard, -anciently possessed by the Abbots. <b>Tothill Street</b> -received its name from <b>Tothill Fields</b>, comprising -the old manor of Tothill, a corruption of Toothill, -or beacon hill; <i>toot</i> being derived from the Welsh -<i>twt</i>, a rising. <b>Horseferry Road</b> needs no comment. -<b>Millbank</b> derived its name from an old mansion -belonging to the Grosvenor family, that stood on the -site of an old mill which alone graced this portion of -the Thames bank.</p> - -<p>On the site of <b>Carlisle Lane</b>, Lambeth, stood -Carlisle House, the residence of the Bishops of -Rochester from the thirteenth century downwards. -<b>Marlborough Road</b>, Peckham, covers the ground -plot of a Marlborough House, the residence of John -Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. <b>Hanover Street</b> -was named in compliment to the accession of George -I. <b>Basing Yard</b>, at the rear of Hanover Street, -occupies the site of Basing House, well known -during the Restoration. <b>Rye Lane</b> leads to the -Rye, or Common. <b>Friern Place</b> and <b>Friern Road</b> -define the locality of Friern Manor; while <b>Lordship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span> -Lane</b> owes its designation to the lordship of the -manor. <b>Effra Road</b>, Camberwell, marks the course -of the little river Effra, now hidden, like the Fleet, -from public view. <b>Newington Butts</b> denotes the -archery grounds, formerly situated in the new town -in the meadow. <b>Holland Street</b>, Southwark, preserves -the name, at least in part, of an old manor, -described as “Holland’s Leaguer.” <b>Great Suffolk -Street</b> recalls the existence of Suffolk House, the -residence of George Brandon, Duke of Suffolk; -<b>Winchester Yard</b>, of Winchester House, the habitation -of the Bishops of Winchester; and <b>Sumner -Street</b>, of Dr. Sumner, Bishop of Winchester, one -of the last occupants of the house just referred to. -<b>Mill Lane</b> reminds us of an old windmill that stood -here in less prosaic times; and <b>Mint Street</b>, of the -Mint established by Henry VIII. in Suffolk House, -when that property became demised to the Crown. -<b>Stony Street</b> and <b>Stones End</b> received their -names from the stony nature of the ground; the -former having been the Roman continuation of -Watling Street, south of the Thames, in a direct -line to Dover. <b>Bear Garden</b>, situated at the -corner of Sumner Street, marks the exact position -of the old <b>Paris Garden</b>, a bear-baiting establishment, -opened by Robert de Paris in the time of -Richard I. <b>Bankside</b>, or the south strand of the -Thames, is historically interesting on account of its -theatrical associations.</p> - -<p><b>Old Kent Road</b>, which branches off at “The -Bricklayers’ Arms” into <b>Great Dover Street</b> and -<b>Kent Street</b>, forms the great Kentish highway into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span> -London. <b>Thomas Street</b> perpetuates the christian -name of the philanthropic founder of Guy’s Hospital -hard by. <b>Grange Road</b> and <b>Grange Walk</b> occupy -the site of an old mansion known as “The Grange.” -<b>Spa Road</b> derived its name from a spa, or mineral -well, discovered here in the long, long ago. <b>Russell -Street</b> preserves the memory of Richard Russell, -who, dying here in 1784, left the whole of his -estate to neighbouring charities. In <b>Tooley Street</b> -lived the three tailors who, according to tradition, -presented a petition to the House of Commons that -began with the words, “We, the people of England, -&c.” During the Commonwealth this street -figured in documents as St. Tulie Street, but it is -properly designated St. Olaff Street, after the neighbouring -church dedicated to St. Olaff or Olave, the -Scandinavian hero-prince. <b>Blue Anchor Road</b> -and <b>Blue Anchor Lane</b> received their names from -“The Blue Anchor,” an old tavern that stood in the -latter thoroughfare; while <b>Jamaica Road</b> recalls -a similar establishment, formerly situated on the -site of <b>Cherry Gardens</b>, a popular place of resort -in bygone times, known as “The Jamaica,” after -the West Indian Island whence rum was shipped -and disembarked on the exact spot where the penny -steamboats now land and take up their passengers at -<b>Cherry Gardens Pier</b>. Lastly, <b>Evelyn Street</b>, -Deptford, was designated in honour of the present -head of the Evelyn family, descendants of John -Evelyn, the diarist, viz., William J. Evelyn, of -Wotton, who built the adjacent Church of St. Luke, -in the year 1872.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INDEX.</h2> - -<ul> - -<li class="ifrst">A.</li> - -<li class="indx">Abbess, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abbey, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abbey Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abbot, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abigail, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abingdon Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abney House, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abney Park, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abraham Newlands, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abyssinia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Acre, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Acton, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adamant, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adamites, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adam Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Addison of the North, The, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Addison Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adelaide, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adelaide Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adelphi, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adelphi Terrace, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Admirable Crichton, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adonis, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Afghanistan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Africa, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Agar Town, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Agate, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Agnostic, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Air Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alabama, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albany, The, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albany Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albemarle Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albemarle Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Bridge, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Hall, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Memorial, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Palace, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albigenses, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aldermanbury, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aldersgate Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aldgate, E., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ale, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aleutian Islands, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alexandra Palace, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfred the Great, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Algiers, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Allhallows Barking, Church of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Allhallowes Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Allhallowe’en, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">All Saints’ Bay, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">All Saints’ Day, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">All Souls’ Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">All the Nations, Battle of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almanac, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almack’s Assembly Rooms, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almighty Nose, The, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alpaca, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alsatia, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Amen Corner, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">America, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">American Indians, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Amethyst, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ampthill Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anabaptist, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anacreon Moore, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angel, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angel, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angelic Doctor, The, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anglesea, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anglican Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angola, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span>Annunciation, Feast of the, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Antarctic Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apocalypse, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apocrypha, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apollinarians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apostle of Temperance, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">April, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apsley House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aquarians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arabia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arbor Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arcadian, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Archway Road, N., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arctic Ocean, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Argentina, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Argyll Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aristocracy, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arkansas, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arlington Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arminians, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arras, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Artemus Ward, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Artillery Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arundel Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arundel Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ascension Day, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ascension Island, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ascot Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ash Wednesday, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Asia, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Asia Minor, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Assumption, Feast of the, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aspasia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Astoria, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Atheist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Atlantic Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Atlas, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Audley Street, North, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Audley Street, South, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Augsburg Confession, The, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">August, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Augustin Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Austin Friars, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Australasia, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Australia, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Austria, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Authorized Version, The, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ave Maria Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aylesbury Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">B.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bacchanals, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bachelor, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bachelor of Arts, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Badminton, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baffin Land, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bag o’ Nails, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baker Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Balearic Islands, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ball, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ballad, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ballet, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ball’s Pond, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baltic Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baltimore, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baltimore-bird, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Banker Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bankers’ Clearing House, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bankside, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Banks Land, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Banquetting Hall, Whitehall, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bantam, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baptists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barb, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbadoes, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbarians, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbarossa, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbary, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barber, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barber-Surgeons, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbican, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baring Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barley Mow, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barnard’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barnsbury, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow Hill Place, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow’s Strait, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bartholomew Close, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bartholomew Fair, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bartholomew Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barry Cornwall, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barton Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Basilians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Basinghall Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Basing Yard, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span>Bassano, Il, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bath chair, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bath Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle Bridge Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of all the Nations, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of Spurs, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of the Giants, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of the Herrings, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of the Spurs of Gold, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of the Standard, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battersea, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bayeaux Tapestry, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bayham Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baynard’s Castle, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bay of Biscay, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bayswater, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bayswater Fields, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bear, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bear and Ragged Staff, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bear Garden, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beau Brummell, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beauchamp Tower, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beauclerc, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beau Fielding, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beau Nash, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beckenham, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedfordbury, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedford Row, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedfordshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedford Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedford Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedlam, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beech Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beefeaters, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beer, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beer Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belgium, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belgrave Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belgrave Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belgravia, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bell, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belleisle, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bell the Cat, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beloochistan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belvedere, The, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Benchers, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Benedictines, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bennett Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bentinck Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Place, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Square, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berlin Blue, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bermondsey, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bermuda Islands, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bernardines, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berners Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bethlehem Hospital, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bethlemites, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bethnal Green, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bevis Marks, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bible, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bidëford Postman, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Billingsgate, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Billiter Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Birchin Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Birdcage Walk, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Birds of Paradise, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bishops’ Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bishopsgate Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bishop’s Wood, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Agnes, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Bear, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackbird, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Bull, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Cloaks, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Douglas, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackfriars Bridge, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackfriars Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackguard, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackheath, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Jack, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackleg, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Posts, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Prince, Edward the, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blandford Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blandford Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blankets, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blenheim Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blind Chapel Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bloody Butcher, The, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bloody Mary, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bloody Tower, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span>Bloomsbury, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bloomsbury Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Anchor Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Anchor Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue-bird, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Boar, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Book, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Coat School, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Lion, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Pig, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Posts, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Stocking, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Stocking Club, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bluff King Hal, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boar’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boat-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bobbies, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bock-bier, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bohemia, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bohemians, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bolingbroke, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bolivia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bolsover Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bolt Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bomba, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bond Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boniface, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bookmaker, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Deuteronomy, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Exodus, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Genesis, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Leviticus, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Numbers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bookseller, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bookstall Smith, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Borneo, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Borough, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boscobel, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bosnia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bosphorus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boss Alley, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Botany Bay, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bottle, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bourbon Island, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bow Church, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bowling Green, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bow Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bow Street Runners, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boxing Day, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boycotters, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boz, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brahma-fowl, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brahmins, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brandy, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brazil, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bread Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Break, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Breakdown, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brecknock, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brecknock Crescent, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brecknock Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Breeches Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brentford, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bricklayers’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bride Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridewell, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridge Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridge Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridgewater Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bristol-board, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bristol House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Britain, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Britannia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">British Columbia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">British Matron, The, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brittany, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brixton, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broad Church, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broadcloth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broad Sanctuary, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broadside, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broad Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broadway, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brocade, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brochure, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brook Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brooke Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brother Jonathan, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brougham, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bruce Castle, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brunswick Black, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brunswick Green, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brunswick Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brussels Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bruton Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>Bryanstone Square, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bryanstone Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buckingham Palace, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buckinghamshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buckingham Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bucklersbury, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Budge Row, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Budget, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buddhists, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buffet, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bug Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buggy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bull and Gate, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bull and Mouth, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bullion, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bully Ruffian, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bunhill Fields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burglar, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burgundy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burleigh Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burlington House, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burlington Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burmah, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burton Crescent, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bury Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buttercup, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“By Jingo!” <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">C.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cab, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cabbage-rose, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cabinet Portrait, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cabriolet, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cadogan Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cadogan Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caels, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caledonia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caledonian Market, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caledonian Road, N., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calendar, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calico, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">California, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calvinists, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cam, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camberwell, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambria, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambric, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambridge, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambridgeshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camden Town, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camellia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cameronians, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camisards, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camomile Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Campden Hill, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Campden Square, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canada, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canary, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canary Islands, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canary Wine, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Candia, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Candlemas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Candlewick Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canning, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cannon Row, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cannon Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canonbury, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canterbury Arms, The, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canterbury Music Hall, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Capability Brown, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Colony, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Horn, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Capel Court, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cape of Good Hope, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cap-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Capri, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caps, The, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Capuchin Friars, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carat, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carbonari, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carburton Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cardigan, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cardinal, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caribbean Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carlisle Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carlisle Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carlton House Terrace, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carmarthen, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carmelites, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carmine, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carnarvon, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carnation, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carolina, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caroline Islands, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carolus, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carpentaria, Gulf of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carpenter, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span>Carpenters’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carte-de-Visite, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carthusians, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cartoon, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cartridge-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cashmere, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caspian Sea, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cassius, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Castle, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Castle Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Castle Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cat and Fiddle, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cat and Wheel, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catford, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catherine Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catherine Wheel, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catholics, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cavaliers, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cavendish Square, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cavendish Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cecil Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Celestial Empire, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Century White, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ceylon, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chaffinch, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chalk Farm, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Champagne, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chancery Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chandos House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chandos Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chandos Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Change Alley, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chantilly Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chapel Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chaperon, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charing Cross, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charlemagne, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles Martel, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charlotte Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chart, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charterhouse, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chartists, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chartreuse, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheap Jack, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheapside, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Check, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Checkers, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chelsea, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chepe, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chequers, The, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cherry Gardens, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cherry Gardens Pier, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chesham Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheshire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chester, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chesterfield House, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chesterfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chester Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chevalier, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheyne Row, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheyne Walk, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chickadee, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chichester Rents, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Childermas Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chili, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chimney-swallow, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">China, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chinese Yellow, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chintz, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chiswick, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christians, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas Box, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas Dole, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas Island, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas-rose, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christ’s Hospital, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chrysanthemum, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Church of England, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Church Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cinderella Dance, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Circassia, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cistercians, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">City Golgotha, The, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">City Road, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clare Market, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clarence, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Claret, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clarges Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Claude Lorraine, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clearing House, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clement’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clerkenwell, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cleveland Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clifford’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clifford Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span>Clipstone Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cloak Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clock House, The, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cloth Fair, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clown Tavern, The, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cluniacs, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coach, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coach and Horses, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coachmakers’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cobourg, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cockney, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cœur de Leon, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cognac, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colbertine, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coldbath Fields, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coldbath Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coleman Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colleen, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colleen Bawn, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">College Hill, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">College of Arms, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">College Place, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">College Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colony, Cape, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colorado, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Columbia, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Comb’s Mass, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Compton Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conduit Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Confederates, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Confessor, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conformists, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Congregationalists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Congregational Memorial Hall, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Connecticut, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Consols, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conqueror, The, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conservative, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Convent, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conventional Friars, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Convolvulus, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Copenhagen Fields, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Copperheads, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cordeliers, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corduroy, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cordovan, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cordwain, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cordwainer, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cork Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cornhill, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corn-feds, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corn Law Rhymer, The, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cornwall, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corporal John, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corpus Christi, Feast of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corsica, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coryphée, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Costa Rica, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Costermonger, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Country Dance, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Covenanters, Scottish, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Covent Garden, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coventry Street, W., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cowley Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cowslip, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cracknut Night, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cranbourne Street, W., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crane’s-bill, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cranmer’s Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Craven Cottage, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Craven Hill Gardens, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Craven Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Craven Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Creed Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cremorne Gardens, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cricketers’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crimea, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crimson, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cripplegate, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cromwell House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cromwell Place, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cromwell Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crooked Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crosby Hall, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cross-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cross Keys, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown and Anchor, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown and Sceptre, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown-piece, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cruel, The, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crusted Port, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crutched Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crutched Friars, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crystal Palace, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span>Cuba, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cuckoo, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cumberland, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cumberland Gate, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cumberland Market, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Curlew, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cursitor, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cursitor Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Curtain Road, E.C., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Curzon Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cyprus, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">D.</li> - -<li class="indx">Daffodil, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Daguerreotype, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dahlia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Daisy, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dale Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dalston, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Damask, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Damask-rose, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Damassin, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dancing Chancellor, The, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dandy, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dane’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Danvers Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dardanelles, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Davies Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“D.D. Cellars,” The, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dead Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dean Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">De Beauvoir Town, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">December, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Defender of the Faith, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Deist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Delahay Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Delaware, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Del Salviati, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Democrats, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Denbigh, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Denmark, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Denzil Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Deptford, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Derby Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Derbyshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Desborough Place, W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Desolation Island, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Deuteronomy, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devereaux Court, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devil, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devonshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devonshire House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devonshire Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dimity, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dirty Dick, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dissenters, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Distaff’s Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Diver, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dizzy, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Doctors’ Commons, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dog and Duck, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dog-cart, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dog-rose, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dollar, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dolphin, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dominica Island, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dominicans, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Donatists, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Doncaster St. Leger, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Buildings, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Gardens Theatre, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorsetshire, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Douay Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Douglas, Bell the Cat, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dover House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dover Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dowager, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dowgate, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Drury Lane, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dry Wine, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ducat, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duchess Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duck-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duck’s Foot Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dudley Diamond, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duenna, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke of Cambridge, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke of Connaught, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke of Edinburgh, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke’s Place, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dulwich, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span>Dun, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duodecimo, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Durham, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dutchman, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dye, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dyers’ Buildings, E.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">E.</li> - -<li class="indx">Eagle, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Earl of March, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Earl Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Earls’ Court Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Earls’ Court, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eastcheap, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Easter, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Easter Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eaton Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ebury Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ebury Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eccleston Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eccleston Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ecuador, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eden Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edgar Atheling, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edmonton, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edmund Ironsides, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward Longshanks, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward the Black Prince, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward the Confessor, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward the Martyr, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Effra Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Egalité Philippe, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Egypt, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Egyptian Hall, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Elephant-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Elephant and Castle, The, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Elia, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eltham, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ely Place, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ember Days, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ember Weeks, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Embroidery, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Emerald, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Emerald Green, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Emerald Isle, The, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Emergency Men, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">England, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Engrosser, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ennismore Place, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Entire, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Epiphany, Feast of the, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Epsom Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Erie, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Erskine House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Essex, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Essex House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Essex Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ethelred the Unready, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ethiopia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ettrick Shepherd, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Europe, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Euston Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Euston Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Evacuation Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Evelyn Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exaltation of the Cross, Feast of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exchange, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exeter ’Change, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exeter Hall, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exeter Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exodus, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">F.</li> - -<li class="indx">Factory King, The, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Faith Healers, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fair Helen, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fair Maiden Lilliard, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fair Maid of Kent, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fair Rosamond, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Falcon Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Falernian Wine, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Falgate, The, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farm Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farringdon Road, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farringdon Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farthing, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farthing Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Father of Believers, The, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">February, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Federals, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fenchurch Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fenians, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ferdinand Bomba, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span>Ferriertype, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fetter Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fifth Monarchy Men, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fighting Fitzgerald, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finality John, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finch, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finch Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fingal’s Cave, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finland, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finsbury, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fire Worshippers, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fitzroy Square, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flamingo, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flask Walk, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet Prison, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet River, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleetwood Road, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flint, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Florence, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Florence Wine, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Florida, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Florin, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">F. M. Allen, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foley Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Folio, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foolscap, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fop, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forest Hill, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forefathers’ Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Formosa, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foster Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foul-Weather Jack, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Four Hundred, The, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fox in the Hole, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franc, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">France, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franciscans, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franconia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frankfort Black, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frankincense, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franks, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frederick Barbarossa, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frederick Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Free Church of Scotland, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Freemasons’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friar, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friar Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friar Tuck, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friday Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friendly Islands, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friern Place, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friern Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frieze, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frognal, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fuchsia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fulham, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fulham Bridge, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Funeral, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Furnival’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Furnival Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fustian, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fye Foot Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">G.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gabrielites, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gaels, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gallican Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gamboge, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Garnet, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Garrotters, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Garter, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gaul, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gavotte, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Geneva Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Genesis, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gentleman Jack, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gentleman Smith, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George and Dragon, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George-Noble, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Ranger, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Sand, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Yard, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Georgia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Geranium, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">German Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Germany, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gerrard Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ghibellines, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Giants, Battle of the, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>Gibraltar, Straits of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gig, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gildas the Wise, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gilly-flower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Giltspur Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gin, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gingham, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gipsies, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Girondists, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glenlivet Whisky, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gloucester Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gloucestershire, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Globe, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gnostics, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goat and Compasses, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gobelin Tapestry, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gold Coast, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golden Cross, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golden Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golden Square, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goldfinch, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goldylocks, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golgotha, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Friday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goodge Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Hope, Cape of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goodman’s Fields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Queen Bess, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Templars, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goodwood Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gordon Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gospellers, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gospel Oak, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gothland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Government Stock, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gracechurch Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grafton Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Granby Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grand Old Man, The, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grange Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grange Walk, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grapes, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grass-cloth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grass Widow, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gray’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gray’s Inn Road, W.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Bear Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great College Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Coram Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Dover Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great George Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Marlborough Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Ormond Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Peter Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Portland Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Queen Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Russell Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great St. Helen’s, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Salt Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Stanhope Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Suffolk Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Titchfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Turnstile, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Winchester Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Windmill Street, W., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greece, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greek Church, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greek Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenbacks, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Dragon, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenfinch, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greengrocer, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenhorn, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenland, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Lanes, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenlet, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Man, The, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Man and Still, The, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Park, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenwich, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gresham College, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gresham House, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gresham Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greville Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grey Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greyhound, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grisette, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grizzly Bear, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grocer, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grog, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grogram, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grosvenor Gate, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grosvenor Place, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grosvenor Square, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span>Grosvenor Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grosvenor Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grouse Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guild, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guildhall, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guelphs, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guinea, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guinea-fowl, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guinea-piece, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gulf of Carpentaria, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gulf of St. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gulf Stream, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gunnersbury, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gutter Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guy Fawkes Day, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guy’s Hospital, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">H.</li> - -<li class="indx">Haberdasher, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hackney, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hackney-coach, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Haggerstone, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Half-and-Half, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Half-Moon, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Half-Moon Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Halfpenny, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hallelujah Victory, The, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hamburg Lake, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hamilton Place, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hammer and Scourge of England, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hammer-cloth, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hammersmith, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hampshire, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hampstead, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hand-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Handsel Monday, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hangbird, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover Square, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hansards, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hansom Cab, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hans Place, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hants, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanway Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hare and Hounds, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harefoot, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harewood Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harewood Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harley Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harold Harefoot, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harpur Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harrington Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hart Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hats, The, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hatton Garden, W.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hawker, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hay Hill, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Haymarket, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hayti, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hearse, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heaven-sent Minister, The, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“He” Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hebrides, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heligoland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Helmuth the Taciturn, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henrietta Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henrietta Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henry Beauclerc, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henry Bolingbroke, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henry Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heralds’ College, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hereford, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Herrings, Battle of the, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hertfordshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hickory, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hicks’ Hall, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Highbury, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Highbury Barn, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">High Church, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Highgate, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hill Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hinde Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hindustan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hippocras, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hispania, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hock, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hockley, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hockley-in-the-Hole, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hog Lane, N., <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hog’s-back, N., <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holborn, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span>Holborn Bars, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holiday, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland-cloth, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland House, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hollands, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holles Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holles Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holloway, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hollyhock, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holly Village, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Cross Day, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Land, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Maid of Kent, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Rood Day, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Saturday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Thursday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Week, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holywell Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holywell Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holywell Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Honduras, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Honiton Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Honor Oak, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hopkinsians, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horn, Cape, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horn-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hornpipe, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horseferry Road, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hornsey, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horse Guards, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horse Latitudes, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horse Shoe, The, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horselydown, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hospice, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hospital, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hospitality, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hostelry, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hotel, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hotspur, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Houndsditch, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Howard Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hoxton, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hudson’s Bay, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hudson’s Strait, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huguenots, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Humanitarians, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Humbug, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Humming-bird, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hummuns’ Hotel, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hungary, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huns, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huntingdonshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hurdle Race, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huron, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hurons, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hussites, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hyacinth, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hyde Park, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hyde Park Corner, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">I.</li> - -<li class="indx">Iberia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iceland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Idol, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Idolater, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Il Bassano, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Il Furioso, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Illinois, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Il Perugino, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Independence Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Independents, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">India, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indiana, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indian Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indians, American, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">India-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indigo, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Infant Roscius, The, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Inn, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Innocents’ Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Inns of Court, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iowa, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ireland, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ireton House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Irish Invincibles, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Irish Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iron Chancellor, The, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iron Devil, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iron Duke, The, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ironmonger Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ironsides, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Irvingites, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isabel, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>Isis, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Islam, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Island of Desolation, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Bourbon, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Dogs, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Man, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of St. Helena, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Trinidad, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Wight, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isleworth, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Islington, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Italy, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ivan the Terrible, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ivory Black, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ivy Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">J.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jacket, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jack Ketch, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jack Straw’s Castle, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jack Tar, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacobins, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacobite, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacobites, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacobus, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jamaica, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jamaica Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">James’ Bay, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">James’ Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jansenists, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">January, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Japan, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jaunting Car, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Java, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jay, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jeffreys Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jehu, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jermyn Street, W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jerry Builder, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jersey, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jersey Lily, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jesuits, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jewin Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jig, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jingo, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jingoes, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jingo Party, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Joachim’s Thaler, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Johannisberg, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Bull, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Chinaman, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Lackland, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John of Gaunt, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Johnson’s Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Joiner, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Journeyman, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juan Fernandez, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jubilee Plunger, The, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Judaism, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Judd Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Judges’ Walk, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juggler, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">June, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">July, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Justice Walk, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jutland, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">K.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kaffraria, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kansas, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kennington, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kensington, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kensington Gore, S.W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kent, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kentish Town, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kent Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kentucky, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Keppel Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kersey, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kew, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Keystone State, The, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kilburn, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King Edward Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kingfisher, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King James’s Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King Maker, The, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King of Bath, The, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Bench Avenue, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Cross, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kingsgate Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kingsland, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Road, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kingston, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span>King Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King William Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King William Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kit-Kat Canvas, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kit-Kat Club, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kit-Kat Portrait, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knickerbocker, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knife-board, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knight of the Swan, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knightrider Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knightsbridge, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Know-Nothings, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kohinoor Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Koordistan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Koran, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Krems White, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kreuzer, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kurdestan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">L.</li> - -<li class="indx">Labadists, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">La Belle Sauvage Inn, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - -<li class="indx">La Belle Sauvage Yard, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Labrador, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lackland, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ladbroke Grove, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ladbroke Square, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lad Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ladrone Islands, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lady Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lady Freemason, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lager-bier, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Huron, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Michigan, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Ontario, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Superior, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Winnipeg, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lambeth, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lamb’s Conduit Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lammas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lammastide, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lamp Black, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lancashire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lancaster, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lancers, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Landau, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Langham Place, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Langham Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lapwing, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Latin Vulgate, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Latitudinarianism, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lauderdale House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Laughing Philosopher, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lavender, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lawn, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lawrence Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lazar-house, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lazzari, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lazzaroni, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leadenhall Market, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leadenhall Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leaf, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">League of the Cross, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leather Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leek, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leg and Star, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leicester Fields, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leicestershire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leicester Square, W., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lent, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Levellers, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leviticus, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lewisham, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Liberal, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Liberator, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Libertines, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Library, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Liguorians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lilac, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lilliard’s Edge, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln’s Inn Fields, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Linen, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lion, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lion and Key, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lisle Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lisson Grove, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little Britain, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little Corporal, The, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little John, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little Turnstile, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Liverpool Landseer, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span>Liverpool Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lloyd’s Rooms, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">LL. Whisky, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lollards, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lombard Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">London, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">London Bridge, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">London Stone, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">London Wall, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long Acre, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long Friday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long Island, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long Peter, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Longshanks, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Longshoreman, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lord Protector, The, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lord’s Cricket Ground, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lordship Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lo Spagnoletto, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lothbury, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis d’or, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louisiana, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Love Birds, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Low Church, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lower Berkeley Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lowndes Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lowndes Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Low Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Luciferians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ludgate Hill, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lunatic, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lupus Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lutheran Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lutherans, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lyre-bird, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">M.</li> - -<li class="indx">Macaronies, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Macedonians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Macclesfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Macmillanites, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Madagascar, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Madame Tussaud’s, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mad Cavalier, The, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Madeira, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Madeira Wine, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maddox Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mad Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Magdalen Hospital, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Magdalen Smith, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Magenta, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mahommedans, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maida Vale, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maiden Lane, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maid Marian, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maid of Orleans, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maid of Saragossa, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maine, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Majorca, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malaga, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malmsey, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malta, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malvasia, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manchester Square, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manchester Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manitoba, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manlius Torquatus, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Man of Ross, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Man of Straw, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mansfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mansion House, The, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Map, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marble Arch, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">March, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Margaret Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marigold, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Market Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mark Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mark Twain, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough Road, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marmora, Sea of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marquis of Granby, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marshal Forward, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marshalsea Prison, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marsham Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martel, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martin, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martinmas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martlemas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martyr, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maryland, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marylebone, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Masaccio, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Masher, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span>Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Master of Arts, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Materialism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mattan Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maunday Thursday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mauritius, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">May, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mayfair, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mayflower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mazarin Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mazarine, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mazourka, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mecklenburgh Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mediterranean Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Memorial Hall, Congregational, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Memory-Corner Thompson, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Memory Woodfall, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mentor, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merino, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merioneth, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merry Andrew, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merry Monarch, The, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Methodists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mexico, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Michaelmas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Michigan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Michigan, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Middlesex, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Midsummer Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mignonette, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mildmay House, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mildmay Park, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milford Lane, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milk Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Millbank, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milliner, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mill Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mill Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mincing Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minims, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Miniatori, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Miniature, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minnesota, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minorca, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minoresses, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minories, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minstrel of the Border, The, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mint, The, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mint Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minuet, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Missionary Friars, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mississippi, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Missouri, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mitre, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mitre Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mocking-bird, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moet and Chandon, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mohair, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mohocks, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moire Antique, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moldavia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moleskin, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mona Island, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monastery, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Money, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monger, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monk, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monkey-board, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monk Lewis, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monmouthshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monotheism, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montague Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montague Square, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montague Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montague Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montepulciano, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montenegro, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montgomery, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moorfields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moorgate Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moravia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moravians, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morisonians, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mormons, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mornington Crescent, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mornington Place, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morocco, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morris Dance, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mortimer Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mosaism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moselle, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moslem, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mosquito, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mosquito Coast, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mothering Cakes, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mothering Sunday, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mother of Believers, The, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span>Mother Red Cap, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mother Shipton, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mountain, The, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mountain Dew, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mount Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mrs. Grundy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muggletonians, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mugwump, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mulatto, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mumm, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Munster House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Munster Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muscovy Duck, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Musical Small-coal Man, The, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muslin, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mussulmans, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muswell Hill, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Myddleton Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Myddleton Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mythologists, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mythology, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">N.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nankeen, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nantes, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Napoleon, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Naso, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nassau Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Natal, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Navvy, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nazarenes, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nebraska, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Negro, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Negus, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nelson, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nepaul-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Netherlands, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nevada, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Bond Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Bridge Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Bridge Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Brunswick, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Burlington Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Cavendish Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Christians, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Compton Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Cross, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newfoundland, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newgate Prison, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newgate Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Holland, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newington, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newington Butts, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Jersey, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newman Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Orleans, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Pye Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Way, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Year’s Day, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New York, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Zealand, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Niagara, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nicaragua, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nicholas Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nichols Square, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nigger, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nightingale, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Night-jar, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nihilists, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nimrod, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nincompoop, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Niphon, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nitrate King, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noble, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noddy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nonconformists, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noon-flower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noon-tide, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norfolk, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norfolk Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norland Square, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Normandy, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northamptonshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">North Audley Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">North Pole, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northumberland, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northumberland Avenue, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northumberland Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">North Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norton Folgate, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norway, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norwood, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nosey, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nottinghamshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nottingham Place, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Notting Hill, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nova Scotia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span>Nova Zembla, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">November, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Numbers, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nun, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nunhead, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nuns of St. Clare, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">O.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oakley Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oaks Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Observant Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Octavo, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">October, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ohio, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Ale, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Bailey, The, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Bailey, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Bond Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Broad Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Burlington Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Catholics, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Cavendish Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Change, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Charlies, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Compton Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Grog, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Hat, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Hickory, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Jewry, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Kent Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Marshalsea Prison, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Pye Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Quebec Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Tom, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Olympia, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Omnibus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ontario, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ontario, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Opal, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orange Free States, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orangemen, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orange Peel, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orange Street, W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orator Henley, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orchard Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orchard Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orchid, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oregon, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oriole, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orion House, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orleans House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orkney Islands, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orloff Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orme Square, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Osnaburg Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ossulton Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ossulton Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ostler, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ottoman Empire, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ouida, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ovidius Naso, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford Market, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford Movement, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxfordshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford Tracts, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">P.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pacific Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pack Horse, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paddy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paddington, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paddington Green, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paddington Street, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pagan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Painted Hall, Greenwich, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pale Faces, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palestine, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pall Mall, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palmerston, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palm Sunday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palsgrave Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pamphlet, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Panama, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pancake Tuesday, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pancras Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pansy, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pantechnicon, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pantheist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Panton Street, W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Panyer Alley, E.C. <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paper King, The, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Papua, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Para, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paraguay, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parchment, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>Paris Garden, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parker Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parnellites, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Park Lane, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Park Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parry Islands, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parliamentarians, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parsees, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parson’s Green, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Partridge Day, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passenger-pigeon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passion-flower, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passionists, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passion Sunday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passion Week, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passover, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pat, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Patagonia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paternoster Row, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pathfinder, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paul’s Chain, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paul Veronese, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peacock, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pearl, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pearl Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peckham, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peckham Rye, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peculiar People, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedlar, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro the Cruel, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peelers, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peep o’ Day Boys, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peewit, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pembroke, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Penny, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pentateuch, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pentecost, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Penton Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pentonville Road, N., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">People’s Friend, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Percy Cross, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Perfectionists, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pernambuco, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Persia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peru, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Perugino, Il, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peterborough House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peter Street, Great, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Petrel, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Petticoat Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Phaeton, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pharisees, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pheasant, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pfennig, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Philippic, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Philippe Egalité, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Philippine Islands, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Photograph, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Phyrric Dance, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Piccadilly, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Piccadilly Lace, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Picts, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pie Corner, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pig and Whistle, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pigment, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pigott Diamond, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pigtails, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pillow Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pimlico, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pimlico Walk, N., <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pina-cloth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pink, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pitcairn’s Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pitt Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plaid, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plain, The, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plantagenet, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Playhouse Yard, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plough Monday, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plume and Feathers, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plunger, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plush, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plymouth Brethren, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Point Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Poland, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Police, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Polka, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Polytechnic Institution, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Polytheists, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pommery, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pompadour, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pontac, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Port, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Porter, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portland Place, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portland Street, Great, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portman Square, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span>Portman Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portobello Arms, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Porto Rico, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portrait, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portugal, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portugal Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portugal Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Poster, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Post-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pot-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Poultry, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pouter-pigeon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Powis Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Praise-God Barebones, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pratt Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Presbyterians, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Press Yard, Newgate, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primitive Methodists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primrose, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primrose Day, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primrose Hill, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince Albert, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince of Wales, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince of Wales’ Feathers, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince of Wales’ Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince’s Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Princes Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Printer’s Devil, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Printing House Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prior, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prioress, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Priory, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Profile, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Protectionist, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Protestantism, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Protestants, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prussian Blue, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prussian Red, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Public-house, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Punch, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Purification, Feast of the, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puritans, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puseyites, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Putney, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pye Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Q.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quack, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quack Doctor, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quadragesima Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quadrille, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quaker Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quakers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quarto, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quatemala, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quebec, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quebec Street, Old, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Anne’s Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Anne Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Charlotte Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Elizabeth’s Walk, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queenhithe, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Victoria Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quinquagesima Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">R.</li> - -<li class="indx">Radical Reformers, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Radicals, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Radnor, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rag Fair, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Railway Clearing House, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Railway King, The, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rainy-Day Smith, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ram and Teazle, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ranelagh Gardens, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ranters, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ratcliffe Highway, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rathbone Place, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rationalism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ray Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rechabites, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Cross Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Dragon, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Redemptorists, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Letter Day, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Lion, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Lion Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Lion Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Lion Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Redowa, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red-poll, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Republicans, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span>Red Rose, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Skins, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Reel, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Reformed Presbytery, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Regent Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Regent’s Park, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Regent Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Religion, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rheims Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rhodes, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rhododendron, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ribbonmen, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Richard Cœur de Leon, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Richmond, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ring-dove, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ritualists, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert le Diable, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert the Devil, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robin Hood, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rock Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rochester Row, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rogation Days, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rogation Sunday, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roger de Coverley, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rolls Chapel, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roman Catholic Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Romeo Coates, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Romney Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rood Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rose, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rose and Crown, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rose-Noble, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rosoman Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rosslyn Hill Park, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rosslyn House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rotherhithe, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rotten Row, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roumania, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roundheads, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Royal Exchange, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Royalists, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Royal Oak, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Royal Oak Day, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ruby, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rufus, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rum, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Running Footman, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russell Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russell Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russell Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russia, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rutland, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rutland Gate, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rye, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rye House, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rye Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">S.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sabbatarians, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sack, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sackville Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sacramentarians, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saddlers’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sadler’s Wells, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saffron Hill, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sahara, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sailor King, The, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Andrew Undershaft, Church of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Bride’s Church, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Bride Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Catherine Coleman, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Catherine Cree, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Clement-Danes, Church of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. David’s Day, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Ethelburga’s Church, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George and Dragon, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Channel, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Church, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Fields, S.E., <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Hall, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Grouse’s Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Helena, Isle of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Helen’s, Great, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Helen’s Church, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. James’s Hall, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. James’s Palace, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. James’s Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. James’s Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. John’s Gate, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span>St. John Street Road, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. John’s Wood, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Katherine’s Docks, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Kitt’s Island, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Lawrence, Gulf of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Lawrence, River, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Leger Stakes, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Margaret Pattens, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Martin’s Lane, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Martin’s-le-Grand, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary-Axe, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary-Axe, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary-le-Bow, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary Woolnoth, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Michael’s Alley, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Olave’s Church, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Pancras, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Partridge’s Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Paul of the Cross, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Sepulchre’s Church, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Swithin’s Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Valentine’s Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salisbury Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salisbury Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salop, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salt Lake, Great, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salutation, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salviati, Del, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sambo, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandbaggers, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandford House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandpiper, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandwich, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandwiches, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandwich Islands, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">San Salvador, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sansculottes, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sap Green, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saraband, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saracen’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sardinia, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sardinia Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sardinian Chapel, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sarsanet, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Satin, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saturday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sauci Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saunders Blue, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Savile Row, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Savoy Chapel, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Savoy Palace, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Savoy Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sawney, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saxons, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saxony, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scarlet, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Schottische, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scissors-tail, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotists, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotland, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotland Yard, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scots, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scottish Covenanters, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scottish Hogarth, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scottish Presbyterians, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scratched Horse, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scourers, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scriptures, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scullery, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scullery Maid, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scullion, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sea of Marmora, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Secretary-bird, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sectarians, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Secularist, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sedan chair, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seekers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seething Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Selkirk’s Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Senegambia, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Separists, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sepia, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">September, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Septuagint, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Serjeants’ Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Serle Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sermon Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Serpentine, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Servia, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Servites, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seven Dials, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seven Sisters’ Road, N., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seventh-Day Baptists, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sexagesima Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seymour Place, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shadwell, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span>Shaftesbury Avenue, W.C., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shah Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shakers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shalloon, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shamrock, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“She” Bible, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sheen, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepherdess Walk, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepherd’s Bush, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepherd’s Market, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepherd Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepperton, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sherry, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shetland Isles, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">She-Wolf of France, The, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shilling, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ship, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shire, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shoe Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shoreditch, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shrove Tuesday, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shropshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shrewsbury, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Siberia, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sicily, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sidmouth Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sienna, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silhouette, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silk, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sillery, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver Captain, The, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver-tongued Sylvester, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sinking Fund, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sinner-saved Huntingdon, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sinner’s Friend, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Single-Speech Hamilton, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sixteen-string Jack, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skagerrack, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skinner Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skittles, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skylark, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sloane Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sloane Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Small Beer, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Smithfield, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Smith of Antwerp, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Snow Hill, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soane Museum, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sociable, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Socialists, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Society Islands, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Society of Friends, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Society of Jesus, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Socinians, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soho, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Somersetshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Somerset House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Somers Town, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soudan, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Buildings, W.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Row, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">South Audley Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">South Australian, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southgate, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southwark, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southwick Crescent, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southwick Place, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sovereign, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spain, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spa Fields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spagnoletto, Lo, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spaniards, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish Main, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish Place, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spa Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spinster, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spiritualism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spitalfields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spitzbergen, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spoon-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sprat Day, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spread Eagle, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spring Gardens, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spring-Heel Jack, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spurs, Battle of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spurs of Gold, Battle of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Staffordshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stage-coach, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Staines, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Standard, Battle of the, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stanhope, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stanhope Gate, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span>Staple Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Star, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Star and Garter, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Starling, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Star of the South Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Starvation Dundas, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stationer, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stationery, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Steeplechase, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Steelyard, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Steelyard Merchants, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stepney, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sterling Money, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stingo, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stock, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stock, Government, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stock Exchange, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stocks Market, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stockwell, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stoke Newington, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stones End, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stonewall Jackson, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stony Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Storey’s Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stout, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Strait of Gibraltar, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Strand, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stratford Place, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stratton Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Strawberry Hill, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stuart, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stump Orator, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stump Speech, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Subtle Doctor, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Suffolk, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Suffolk Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Suffolk Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sulky, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sumatra, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sumner Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sun, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sunday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sunflower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Superior, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sussex, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sussex House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Surrey, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Surrey Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sutton Place, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swallow Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swan Alley, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swan, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swan with Two Necks, The, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swedish Nightingale, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sweepstake, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sweetbriar, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Switzerland, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sydenham, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">T.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tabard, The, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taffeta, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taffety, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taffy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tailor, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tailor-bird, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Talbot, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Talbotype, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tally, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tally Ho! The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tallyman, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tammany Ring, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tankard, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tapestry, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tarantella, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tarantula Spider, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tarlatan, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tasmania, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tattersall’s, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tavern, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tavistock Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tavistock Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tavistock Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taylor, the Water Poet, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">T-cloth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tearless Victory, The, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Teetotaler, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Temple, The, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Temple Bar, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tennessee, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tent Wine, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Terpsichorean Art, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Texas, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thaler, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thanet Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thames, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thavie’s Inn, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Theist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>Theobald’s Road, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Theocracy, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thomas Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thomists, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thirteen Cantons, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thistle, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thistle-crown, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Threadneedle Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Chairmen, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Kings, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Men Wine, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Nuns, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Suns, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three-thirds, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Throgmorton Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thundering Legion, The, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thurlow Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thursday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tierra del Fuego, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tiger-flower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tilbury, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tintoretto, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Titchfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Titchfield Street, Great, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tobacco, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tobago Island, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Toddy, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tokay, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tom Folio, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tommy Atkins, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tontine, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tooley Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Topaz, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torquatus Manlius, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torres Strait, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torrington Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tory, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tothill Fields, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tothill Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tottenham Court Road, W.C., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tractarians, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trafalgar, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trafalgar Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Traitors’ Gate, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Transvaal, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Transylvania, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trappists, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Treacle Bible, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinidad Island, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinitarians, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinity House, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinity Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tristan d’Acunha, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trumpeter-bird, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tudor, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tuesday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tulle, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tunis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Turkey, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Turkestan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Turquois, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tweed, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twelfth Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twelfth Night, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twickenham, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twill, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twin Diamonds, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twopenny, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tyburn, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">U.</li> - -<li class="indx">Uisquebaugh, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ultramarine, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Umber, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Uncle,” <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Uncle Sam, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Unitarians, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">United Brethren, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Unready, The, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Upper Berkeley Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Upper Seymour Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Upper Ten, The, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Uraguay, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Usher, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Utilitarianism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">V.</li> - -<li class="indx">Valence, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valenciennes, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valentine, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valentine’s Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vanburgh Castle, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vancouver Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Van Dieman’s Land, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vandyke Brown, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span>Vauxhall Gardens, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Velvet, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Velveteen, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Venerable Bede, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Venetian Red, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Venezuela, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vere Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vermont, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Verulam Buildings, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria Regia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vignette, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vigo Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Viking, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Villiers Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vinegar Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vinegar Yard, E.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vine Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vine Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Virginia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Virginia Bible, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Voltaire, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Volume, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">W.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wagtail, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walbrook, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walcheren, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waldenses, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wales, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walham Green, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wallachia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walloon, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waltz, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walworth, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wandsworth, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wardour Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wars of the Roses, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick Gardens, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick, the King Maker, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Water Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waterloo, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waterloo Bridge, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waterlow Park, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Water Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Watling Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Weaver-bird, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wednesday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Weeping Philosopher, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Welbeck Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wellington, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wellington Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wells Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Welsher, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wesleyan Methodists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wesleyans, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wessex, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westbourne Park, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">West Indies, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westminster, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westmoreland, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westwood, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Weymouth Street, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wheelwright, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whig, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whigamore Raid, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whig Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whip-poor-Will, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whisky, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Boys, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitechapel, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Conduit House, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Conduit Tavern, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitecross Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitefriars Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitehall, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Hart, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Hart Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Lion, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Quakers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Queen, The, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Sunday, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Swan, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Swan and Antelope, The, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Tower, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whit Sunday, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitsuntide, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whittington Stone, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wicked Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span>Widow, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Widow-bird, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wife, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wigmore Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">William Rufus, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">William Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">William the Lion, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Willis’s Rooms, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Will Scarlet, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wilton, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wiltshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wimbledon, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wimpole Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Winchester House, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Winchester Yard, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Windmill Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Windmill Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wine, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wine Office Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Winnipeg, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Witanagemotes, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wizard of the North, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Woodcock, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wood Green, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Woodpecker, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wood’s Halfpence, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wood Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Woolwich, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Worcestershire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">World’s End, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wormwood Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Worsted, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wryneck, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wych Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wyndham Place, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wyndham Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">X.</li> - -<li class="indx">X Ale, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">XX Ale, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Y.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yank, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yankee, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yankee Jonathan, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yellow Book, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yellow Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yendys, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York and Albany, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York Road, N., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yorkshire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yorkshire Stingo, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yorkshire Stingo, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yutacan, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Z.</li> - -<li class="indx">Zadkiel, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zanzibar, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zealand, New, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zeeland, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zoroastrianism, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zululand, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zuyder Zee, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -</ul> - -<p class="titlepage">UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, CHILWORTH AND LONDON.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="300" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Select Books PUBLISHED BY Mr. <span class="smcap">T. Fisher Unwin</span> -London: <span class="smcap">Paternoster Square.</span> MDCCCXCII.</p> -</div> - -<h2><i>Catalogue of Select Books in Belles Lettres, -History, Biography, Theology, Travel, -Miscellaneous, and Books for Children.</i></h2> - -<p class="center larger">Belles Lettres.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Pablo de Ségovie.</span> By <span class="smcap">Francesco de Quevedo</span>. -Illustrated with Sixty Drawings -by <span class="smcap">Daniel Vierge</span>. With an Introduction on <span class="smcap">Vierge</span> and -his Art by <span class="smcap">Joseph Pennell</span>, and a Critical Essay on <span class="smcap">Quevedo</span> -and his Writings by <span class="smcap">W. E. Watts</span>. Limited Edition only. -Three Guineas nett. 1892.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">A French Ambassador at the Court of -Charles II.</span> (<span class="smcap">Le Comte de Cominges</span>, 1662-1665). With -many Portraits. By <span class="smcap">J. J. Jusserand</span>. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt. 1892.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Jules Bastien Lepage and his Art.</span> A Memoir, -by <span class="smcap">André -Theuriet</span>. With which is included Bastien Lepage as -Artist, by <span class="smcap">George Clausen</span>, A.R.W.S.; An Essay on Modern -Realism in Painting, by <span class="smcap">Walter Sickert</span>, N.E.A.C.; and -a Study of Marie Bashkirtseff, by <span class="smcap">Mathilde Blind</span>. -Illustrated by Reproductions of Bastien Lepage’s Works. -Royal 8vo., cloth, gilt tops, 10s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Women of the French Salons.</span> -A Series of Articles on the French Salons of the Seventeenth -and Eighteenth Centuries. By <span class="smcap">Amelia G. Mason</span>. -Profusely Illustrated. Foolscap folio, cloth, 25s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">These papers treat of the literary, political, and social influence of the women in -France, during the two centuries following the foundation of the salons; including -pen-portraits of many noted leaders of famous coteries, and giving numerous -glimpses of the Society of this brilliant period.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Real Japan.</span> Studies of Contemporary Japanese -Manners, Morals, Administrations, -and Politics. By <span class="smcap">Henry Norman</span>. Illustrated with about 50 -Photographs taken by the Author. Crown 8vo., cloth, 10s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Extract from Preface.</span>—These essays constitute an attempt, <i>faute de mieux</i>, -to place before the readers of the countries whence Japan is deriving her incentives -and her ideas, an account of some of the chief aspects and institutions of Japanese -life as it really is to-day.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Stream of Pleasure.</span> A Narrative of a Journey -on the Thames from -Oxford to London. By <span class="smcap">Joseph</span> and <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Robins -Pennell</span>. Profusely Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Joseph Pennell</span>. Small -Crown 4to., cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“Mrs. Pennell is bright and amusing. Mr. Pennell’s sketches of river-side bits -and nooks are charming; and a useful practical chapter has been written by Mr. -J. G. Legge. The book is an artistic treat.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling.</span> -Illustrated by numerous Incantations, Specimens of Medical -Magic, Anecdotes and Tales, by <span class="smcap">Charles Godfrey Leland</span> -(“Hans Breitmann”). Illustrations by the Author. Small -4to., cloth, 16s. Limited Edition of 150 Copies, price -£1 11s. 6d. nett.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“The student of folk-lore will welcome it as one of the most valuable additions -recently made to the literature of popular beliefs.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Esther Pentreath, the Miller’s Daughter:</span> -A Cornish Romance. By <span class="smcap">J. H. Pearce</span>, Author of -“Bernice,” &c. 6s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">Mr. <span class="smcap">Leonard Courtney</span>, M.P., in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i> for May, says it is -“an idyll that captivates us by its tenderness, its grace, and its beauty … In -truth, the special distinction of ‘Esther Pentreath’ may be said to lie in the poetic -gift of its author.”</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Main-travelled Roads.</span> Six Mississippi-Valley -Stories. By <span class="smcap">Hamlin -Garland</span>. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“Main-travelled Roads” depicts the hard life of the average American Farmer -and the farm hands. The author has lived the life he tells of, and he may be called -a true realist in his art.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The English Novel in the Time of -Shakespeare.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. J. Jusserand</span>, Author of “English -Wayfaring Life.” Translated by <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Lee</span>, Revised and -Enlarged by the Author. Illustrated. Demy 8vo., cloth, 21s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“M. Jusserand’s fascinating volume.”—<i>Quarterly Review.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">English Wayfaring Life in the Middle -Ages (XIVth Century).</span> By <span class="smcap">J. J. Jusserand</span>. Translated -from the French by <span class="smcap">Lucy A. Toulmin Smith</span>. Illustrated. -Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“This is an extremely fascinating book, and it is surprising that several years -should have elapsed before it was brought out in an English dress. However, we -have lost nothing by waiting.”—<i>Times.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Dreams.</span> By <span class="smcap">Olive Schreiner</span>, Author of “The Story of -an African Farm.” With Portrait. Third Edition. -Fcap. 8vo., buckram, gilt, 6s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“They can be compared only with the painted allegories of Mr. Watts … -The book is like nothing else in English. Probably it will have no successors as it -has had no forerunners.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Gottfried Keller:</span> A Selection of his Tales. Translated, -with a Memoir, by <span class="smcap">Kate -Freiligrath Kroeker</span>, Translator of “Brentano’s Fairy -Tales.” With Portrait. Crown 8vo., cloth, 6s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“The English reader could not have a more representative collection of Keller’s -admirable stories.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Trials of a Country Parson:</span> Some -Fugitive -Papers by Rev. <span class="smcap">A. Jessopp</span>, D.D., Author of “Arcady,” -“The Coming of the Friars,” &c. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“Sparkles with fresh and unforced humour, and abounds in genial common-sense.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Coming of the Friars,</span> And other Mediæval -Sketches. By the Rev. -<span class="smcap">Augustus Jessopp</span>, D.D., Author of “Arcady: For Better, -For Worse,” &c. Third Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“Always interesting and frequently fascinating.”—<i>St. James’s Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Arcady:</span> For Better, For Worse. By <span class="smcap">Augustus Jessopp</span>, D.D., -Author of “One Generation of a Norfolk House.” -Portrait. Popular Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“A volume which is, to our minds, one of the most delightful ever published in -English.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Robert Browning: Personal Notes.</span> -Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo., parchment, 4s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“Every lover of Browning will wish to possess this exquisitely-printed and as -exquisitely-bound little volume.”—<i>Yorkshire Daily Post.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Old Chelsea.</span> A Summer-Day’s Stroll. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Benjamin -Ellis Martin</span>. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Joseph -Pennell</span>. Third and Cheaper Edition. Square imperial -16mo., cloth, 3s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“Dr. Martin has produced an interesting account of old Chelsea, and he has -been well seconded by his coadjutor.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Euphorion:</span> Studies of the Antique and the Mediæval in the -Renaissance. By <span class="smcap">Vernon Lee</span>. Cheap Edition, -in one volume. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“It is the fruit, as every page testifies, of singularly wide reading and independent -thought, and the style combines with much picturesqueness a certain largeness -of volume, that reminds us more of our earlier writers than those of our own time.”—<i>Contemporary -Review.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Studies of the Eighteenth Century in -Italy.</span> By <span class="smcap">Vernon Lee</span>. Demy 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“These studies show a wide range of knowledge of the subject, precise investigation, -abundant power of illustration, and hearty enthusiasm … The style -of writing is cultivated, neatly adjusted, and markedly clever.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Belcaro:</span> Being Essays on Sundry Æsthetical Questions. By -<span class="smcap">Vernon Lee</span>. Crown 8vo., cloth, 5s.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Juvenilia:</span> A Second Series of Essays on Sundry Æsthetical -Questions. By <span class="smcap">Vernon Lee</span>. Two vols. Small -crown 8vo., cloth, 12s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“To discuss it properly would require more space than a single number of ‘The -Academy’ could afford.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Baldwin:</span> Dialogues on Views and Aspirations. By <span class="smcap">Vernon -Lee</span>. Demy 8vo., cloth, 12s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“The dialogues are written with … an intellectual courage which shrinks -from no logical conclusion.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Ottilie:</span> An Eighteenth Century Idyl. By <span class="smcap">Vernon Lee</span>. -Square 8vo., cloth extra, 3s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“A graceful little sketch … Drawn with full insight into the period -described.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Introductory Studies in Greek Art.</span> -Delivered in the British Museum by <span class="smcap">Jane E. Harrison</span>. -With Illustrations. Second Edition. Square imperial -16mo., 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“The best work of its kind in English.”—<i>Oxford Magazine.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Fleet:</span> Its River, Prison, and Marriages. By <span class="smcap">John -Ashton</span>, Author of “Social Life in the Reign -of Queen Anne,” &c. With 70 Drawings by the Author -from Original Pictures. Second and Cheaper Edition, -cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Romances of Chivalry:</span> Told and Illustrated in -Fac-simile by <span class="smcap">John Ashton</span>. -Forty-six Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown -8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“The result (of the reproduction of the wood blocks) is as creditable to his -artistic, as the text is to his literary, ability.”—<i>Guardian.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Dawn of the Nineteenth Century in -England:</span> A Social Sketch of the Times. By <span class="smcap">John Ashton</span>. -Cheaper Edition, in one vol. Illustrated. Large crown -8vo., 10s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“The book is one continued source of pleasure and interest, and opens up a -wide field for speculation and comment, and many of us will look upon it as an -important contribution to contemporary history, not easily available to others than -close students.”—<i>Antiquary.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Temple:</span> Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. -By Mr. <span class="smcap">George Herbert</span>. New and -Fourth Edition, with Introductory Essay by <span class="smcap">J. Henry -Shorthouse</span>. Small crown, sheep, 5s. <i>A fac-simile reprint of the Original Edition of 1633.</i></p> - -<p class="smaller">“This charming reprint has a fresh value added to it by the Introductory Essay -of the Author of ‘John Inglesant.’”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Songs, Ballads, and A Garden Play.</span> -By <span class="smcap">A. Mary F. Robinson</span>, Author of “An Italian Garden.” -With Frontispiece of Dürer’s “Melancholia.” Small crown -8vo., half bound, vellum, 5s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“The romantic ballads have grace, movement, passion and strength.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> - -<p class="smaller">“Marked by sweetness of melody and truth of colour.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Lazy Minstrel.</span> By <span class="smcap">J. Ashby-Sterry</span>, Author of -“Boudoir Ballads.” Fourth and -Popular Edition. Frontispiece by <span class="smcap">E. A. Abbey</span>. Fcap. -8vo., cloth, 2s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“One of the lightest and brightest writers of vers de société”—<i>St. James’s Gazette.</i></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Names: and Their Meaning, by Leopold Wagner - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NAMES: AND THEIR MEANING *** - -***** This file should be named 52930-h.htm or 52930-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/9/3/52930/ - -Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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