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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e7813a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52993 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52993) diff --git a/old/52993-0.txt b/old/52993-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d67d0cc..0000000 --- a/old/52993-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6542 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's A Collection of Chirurgical Tracts, by William Beckett - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Collection of Chirurgical Tracts - -Author: William Beckett - -Release Date: September 6, 2016 [EBook #52993] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COLLECTION OF CHIRURGICAL TRACTS *** - - - - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, deaurider and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber’s notes: - -Several features of this book are unusual: it has two slightly -different lists of contents which do not correspond precisely with the -text, and there is a preface midway through the book; it has confusing -page numbering (omitted from this transcription) which restarts in -successive sections of the text using mixed arabic and roman numerals; -the text displays an unusual mixture of italics, small capitals, -full capitals, and variable letter spacing (some of which do not -display correctly on handheld reading devices); much of the spelling -is archaic, and both spelling and punctuation are inconsistent. Some -obvious typesetting errors have been corrected but the spelling and -punctuation otherwise remains true to the original text. Illustrations -are only decorative, not informative. - -In this transcription paired underscores denote _italicised text_ and -a ^ (caret) indicates superscripted text. - -Footnotes have been positioned below the relevant paragraphs. - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - - A - - COLLECTION - - OF - - _Chirurgical Tracts_. - - - I. Of WOUNDS of the HEAD and BRAIN. - - II. NEW DISCOVERIES relating to the CURE of CANCERS. - - III. CHIRURGICAL REMARKS on several curious CASES. - - IV. The HISTORY and ANTIQUITY of the VENEREAL DISEASE. - - V. A NEW METHOD of curing CONSUMPTIONS by Specific Medicines. - - Written and Collected - - By _WILLIAM BECKETT_, - - Surgeon and _F. R. S._ - - _LONDON_: - - Printed for E. CURLL, in _Rose Street, Covent-Garden_. - And Sold by C. RIVINGTON in St _Paul’s Church-Yard_, - Mess. BIRT, WARE, LONGMAN, HITCH, WOOD and Company, - in _Amen Corner, Paternoster-Row_, J. CLARK, in - _Duck-Lane_, and J. HODGES, on _London-Bridge_. 1740. - - (Price Four Shillings.) - - - - - THE - - CONTENTS. - - - I. _Some Account of Mr_ BECKETT’s Life _and_ Writings. - _Addressed to Sir_ HANS SLOANE. - - II. Chirurgical Remarks _on_ Wounds _of the_ Head _and_ Brain. - - III. New Discoveries _relating to the_ Cure _of_ Cancers. - - IV. _The Case of Dr_ Keil _by Mr_ Rushworth _of_ Northampton. - - V. _Three curious Dissections by_ John Ranby, _Esq; Surgeon - to his Majesty’s Household_. - - VI. _A New Method of curing_ Consumptions _by Specific - Medicines, by_ Thomas Nevett, _Surgeon_. - - VII. _The Natural_ Secret History _of both Sexes_. _By_ Luke - Ogle, _Esq_; - - VIII. Laws _and_ Regulations _of the_ Stews _in_ England. - - IX. _The_ History _and_ Antiquity _of the_ Venereal Disease - _in Three Letters to Dr_ Douglass, _Dr_ Wagstaffe - _and Dr_ Halley. - -[Illustration] - - - - - To the HONOURABLE - - Sir _Hans Sloane_, Bart. - - PRESIDENT - - OF THE - - _Royal Society_, and _M. D._ - -SIR, - -It is with the greatest Satisfaction that I now lay before you the -Performance of those Commands, with which you were pleased to honour -me, of collecting the _Chirurgical Pieces_ which were singly published -by Mr BECKETT in his Life time. - -This Gentleman might be said to have been begotten in his Profession, -as being the Son of Mr ISAAC BECKETT, Surgeon of _Abington_ in -_Berkshire_, where he was born in the Year 1684. - -He received his Education under Mr PLEDWELL, then Master of the -excellent Free Grammar-School belonging to that Town, served four Years -of his Apprenticeship with his Father, and the three last with Mr -_Joseph Bateman_, of St _Thomas’s Hospital_ in _Southwark_. - -Mr BECKETT died, SIR, at his Sister’s House in _Abington_, _November_ -the 25th 1738, in the 54th Year of his Age, and lies interred in St -_Hellen_’s Church there. - -Of this his Native Place, he drew up a _Brief Account of it’s History -and Antiquities_.[1] - - [1] See Mr ASHMOLE’s Antiquities of _Berkshire_, 3 Vols. 8vo. p. 111 - of Vol. 1st. - -A faithful Account of his WRITINGS is prefixed to this Volume; your -Generous Patronage of which, he would himself have looked upon as the -greatest Honour and Friendship that could be conferred on his Labours, -and for which, I most humbly request your Acceptance of the Grateful -Acknowledgments of, - - SIR, - - _Your Obedient, - And Obliged, - Humble Servant_, - - _June 29, 1740._ E. C. - - - - - - - AN - - ACCOUNT - - OF THE - - WRITINGS - - OF - - _WILLIAM BECKETT_, - - Surgeon, and _F. R. S._ - - VIZ, - - -In the Year 1709, He Published, I. _Chirurgical Remarks, Occasioned -by the Death of a_ CHILD, _whose_ CASE was _printed_ in that Year by -_Daniel Turner_, Surgeon. To these Remarks Mr _Beckett_ subjoined, _An -Account of a_ Wound _of the_ Brain _by_ a Bullet; _with Reflections -thereon_. And at the End of this TRACT, Mr _Beckett_ gave an -_Advertisement_ that He had almost ready for the Press, _Annotations -and Practical Observations on the Learned and Ingenious Monsieur_ -GENDRON’s _Enquiries into the Nature, Knowledge and Cure of_ CANCERS. - -II. _In the Year_ 1711, He published NEW DISCOVERIES _relating to the -Cure of_ CANCERS. _Wherein the painful Methods of cutting them off, -and consuming them by Caustics are rejected, and that of dissolving -the Cancerous Substance_ is recommended; _with various Instances of -his Success in_ this Practice _on Persons reputed incurable. Also a -Solution of Four curious Problems concerning_ CANCERS, viz. I. Whether -the Cancerous Juice _is corrosive or not_. II. _Whether_ Cancers _are -contagious or not_. III. _Whether if the extirpating a_ Cancerous -Breast _happens to be successful, it ought to be looked upon as a -Consequence of performing the Operation better than our Predecessors_. -IV. _Whether a_ Salivation _will Cure a_ Cancer. - -_This Treatise came to a_ Second Edition _the following Year_ 1712: -_To which, besides some Corrections_, Mr BECKETT _added_ TWO _other -Problems with their Solutions_, viz. V. Whether _Cancers_ are curable -by _Caustics_. VI. Whether _Cancers_ are curable by _Internal -Medicines_. In this Piece all that he promised relating to GENDRON is -inserted. And to the present _Third Edition_ He subjoined, by way of -_Postscript_, a very valuable _Receipt_ for the Cure of _Cancers_, -which he informs us was communicated to him by his late eminent -Brother Surgeon Mr _Dobyns_ of _Snow-Hill_. He had it from Mr _Pain_ a -Gentleman of _Northamptonshire_, in whose Family it had been, in the -highest Esteem, for above 200 Years. Mr _Beckett_ likewise adds, that -he transcribed it from the Original _Manuscript_. - -At the End of the _Second Edition_ of his _Treatise_ on _Cancers_, -Mr _Beckett_ gave an _Advertisement_ that “He was then preparing -for the Press, _Chirurgical Collections_, which would consist of -His own _Observation_ of _uncommon Cases_, also, the most curious -things relating to Surgery, taken from the Performances of the -_German Eruditi_, in their _Acta Lipsiæ_, the _Miscellanea Curiosa_, -_Philosophical Transactions_. _Memoirs for the Curious_, _Voyages_, -_Travels_, _Natural Histories of Counties_, and many other things that -would afford useful Observations. In this Collection was to be a great -number of Figures of Cases, Instruments, Machines, _&c_. all curiously -engraven on Copper Plates. This Undertaking was wholly designed for -the Improvement of the Art of Surgery; and the _Introduction_ to it -was to give an Account of our famous _English_ Writers in _Physic_ and -_Surgery_, for many hundred Years past.” - -The great and deserved Practice which attended Mr _Beckett_’s _New -Method of curing Cancers_, obliged him to postpone the Publication -of his _Chirurgical Collections_, as above recited; and which, upon -a mature Deliberation, he changed into a much more extensive and -useful Design; and, by Mr _Innys_ at the West-End of St _Paul_’s, and -Mr _Hooke_ in _Fleet-street_, Booksellers, He published _Proposals -for printing by Subscription in 2 Volumes_ 4to, An Account of the -Lives, Characters, and Writings, _both Manuscript and Printed_, of -the most eminent _British_ Authors in _Physic_, _Surgery_, _Anatomy_, -_Pharmacy_, _Botany_ and _Chemistry_, from the Conquest to the Year -1721. To which was to be added, A large Collection of Records, -principally taken from the _Tower_, containing Grants of particular -Favours and Privileges to the most noted _Physicians_ and _Surgeons_ -by the Kings of this Realm for many hundred Years; whereby, besides -other curious Affairs not to be met with elsewhere, the Time in which -they lived was to be ascertained, as to several of them, has hitherto -remained absolutely undetermined. The whole faithfully collected and -reduced to the most exact Order of Time. - -This Work was proposed at the Price of one Guinea in Sheets. - -Between the Years 1717 and 1720, Mr _Beckett_ published in the -_Philosophical Transactions_, Three Letters concerning the _History of -the Antiquity of the Venereal Disease_. I. To Dr _Douglass_. II. To -Dr _Wagstaffe_. III. To Dr _Halley_. Proving _That Disease_ to have -been _known_ and _cured_ in _England_ long before the Discovery of the -_West-Indies_. - -Of these Pieces Dr _Astruc_, a _French_ Physician, full of the Vanity -peculiar to his Countrymen, seems doubtful as to their Proof, because -he had never seen the Manuscripts, nor rare printed Authorities, cited -by Mr _Beckett_; and treating of Dr _Turner_’s _Syphilis_, speaks -slightly of that Gentleman, because he is of the same Opinion with Mr -_Beckett_. - -From the Publication of a small Pamphlet consisting but of 24 Pages, -8vo, Intituled, “A _Letter_ from a Gentleman at _Rome_, to his Friend -in _London_, giving an Account of some very surprizing _Cures_ in the -_King’s-Evil_ by the _Touch_, (of the Chevalier _De St George_) lately -effected in the Neighbourhood of that City, 1721. Wherein is contained -the compleatest History of this _miraculous Power_, formerly practiced -by the _Kings_ of _England_, ever yet made public; the _Certainty_ of -_which_ is confirmed by the most eminent Writers of this Nation, both -_Catholics_ and _Protestants_, as, _Malmsbury_, _Alured_, _Brompton_, -_Polydore Virgil_, _Harpsfield_, &c. and Drs _Tooker_, _Heylin_, Mr -_Collier_, Mr _Echard_, &c. _Translated_ out of the _Italian_.” And the -following Motto prefixed by the Catholic Translator, _viz._ - -_King_ Edward the Confessor, _was the first that cured this Distemper, -and from him it has descended as an Hereditary Miracle upon All his -Successors_. To dispute the _Matter of Fact_, is to go to the _Excess -of Scepticism_, to _deny our Senses_, and to be _incredulous_ even to -_Ridiculousness_. See _Collier_’s Ecclesiast. History Vol. I. - -Mr _Beckett_ took an immediate Occasion to explode all these Legendary -Assertions, and fully proved the Truth of Mr _Collier_’s positive -_ipse dixit_ to lye on the other side of the Question, in two Letters -which he Published, I. To Dr _Steigerthal_, intituled “A Free and -Impartial Enquiry into the Antiquity and Efficacy of _Touching_ for -the _King’s-Evil_.” II. To Sir _Hans Sloane_ in “order to a compleat -Confutation of that supposed _supernatural Power_ descending from -_Edward the Confessor_ to the succeeding _Kings_ of _England_. Also, -A Dissertation concerning the ancient Method made use of, for the -curing _Diseases_ by _Charms_, _Amulets_, &c.” To which is added, _A -Collection of Records_. - -When in the Year 1722, it was feared that we should be visited -with the _Plague_ in _England_, after it had raged so violently at -_Marseilles_ in _France_; Dr _Mead_ published his _Preservative_ -against _Pestilential Distempers_. And, among several other _New_ -Pieces written, and _Old_ ones revived upon this Occasion, Mr _Beckett_ -voluntarily lent his helping Hand for the good of his Country, by -giving his Judgment, and Publishing (Anonymously) _A Collection of -Pieces_ Written during the _Plagues_, which happened in the two last -Centuries. - -Mr BECKETT’s _Chirurgical Observations_, made at St _Thomas_’s Hospital -_Southwark_; Published last Summer, were prepared for the Press by -Himself, and Inscribed to Sir _Hans Sloane_ and the _Royal Society_. - - - TO - - Sir HANS SLOANE. - -_Honoured Sir_, - -The last Paper Mr _Beckett_ ever wrote, was an Address to you for a -private Favour; in which he says, he likewise had reason to believe -that Dr _Mead_ would be his Friend. He therein acquainted you that he -had, “contracted such a Cold by sitting to write, with his Neck against -a North-Window, as he feared would be his Death; and if so, _adds he_, -it may be said I dye a Martyr to the _Improvement_ of the History of -_Physic and Surgery_.” Thus concluded his Paper which he did not live -to sign; it was found among his _Collections_ relating to the _Lives -of the British Physicians, Surgeons_, &c. He had copied fair, for the -Press, the greatest part of his Papers; and tho’ it was an _unfinished -Work_, yet from his Character, and the great Pains he had taken, I knew -it would be very acceptable to the Public. Accordingly I put it to the -Press, and intended to have published it in two Volumes in _Octavo_. -Young Dr _B_ * * * *, was recommended to me as a proper Editor: I sent for -him and shewed him the Papers; but soon found, that he was much too -young both in Character and Ability for such an Undertaking. I printed -one Sheet, in _Octavo_, (of which there were but two Copies taken off) -upon this, Dr _Milward_ informed me, that he had been for some Years -compiling _An Universal History of Physic_. He expressed his Desire -of purchasing Mr _Beckett_’s Papers, and being fully convinced, from -his Learning and Candour, that he would do Justice to the _Author_’s -Memory, I readily let him have them. And Sir, that you, might in some -measure be apprized of Mr _Beckett_’s PLAN, I have to this Volume -prefixed his Introduction to the Work. - - _I Remain, - Honoured Sir, - Your Most Obliged, - And Obedient, - Humble Servant_, - - E. CURLL. - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - TO THE - - HISTORY - - OF - - PHYSIC and SURGERY. - - _Concerning the Antient State of Learning, and the Antiquity of the - Practice of_ Physic _and_ Surgery. - - -_Britain_ has been very happy in furnishing the World, in very early -Times, with a great Number of famous and learned Men. Of the first -Sort were the _Druydæ_, who, it is said, had their Original and Name -from _Druys Sarronius_ the fourth King of the _Celts_, who died _Anno -Mundi_ 2069. Next the _Bardi_, who celebrated the illustrious Deeds of -famous Men, who had their Name from _Bardus Druydus_ the fifth King -of the _Celts_. _Cæsar_ assures us, (and a noble Testimony it is) -that the Learning of the _Druydi_, was first invented in _Britain_, -and from thence transferred to _France_; and that, in his Time, those -of _France_ came over hither to be instructed. A celebrated _German_ -Writer, as quoted by Mr _Ashmole_ in the Prolegomena to his _Theat. -Chem._ says, that when the World was troubled with Pannonic Invasions, -_England_ flourished in the Knowledge of all good Arts, and was able -to send her learned Men into other Countries to propagate Learning: -And instances in _Boniface_, a _Devonshire_ Man, and _Willeboard_, a -_Northern_ Man, which were sent into _Germany_ for those Purposes. -Mr _John Leland_, a famous Antiquary, in the Reign of King _Henry_ -VII, who was excellently well acquainted with our _British_ Authors, -assures us, upon his own Knowledge, that we have had a great Number -of excellent Wits and learned Writers, who, besides their great -Proficiency in Languages, were well acquainted with the Liberal -Sciences. And Bishop _Nicholson_, in his Historical Library says, I -think we may without Vanity affirm, that hardly any Kingdom in the -World has out-done _England_, either in the Number or Goodness of her -Authors; and that even in the darkest Ages our Lamps shone always -as bright as any of our Neighbourhood. When School-Divinity was in -Fashion, we had our _Doctores Subtiles_, _Irrefragabiles_, _&c._ -But as the History of the Learning of this Nation in general is not -my present Design, I shall confine myself more particularly to what -relates to Physic and Surgery. An Historical Account of the Antiquity -and Progress of which Faculties, with the successive Improvements -they have received, has not hitherto been attempted by any Hand. And -indeed the Difficulty which must attend an Undertaking of this Nature, -must be very great, by reason of the little Knowledge we are able -to get, in this Kind, from those Manuscripts which yet remain among -us. The ancient _Britains_, who went without Cloaths, may be very -well presumed to live without Physic; but external Accidents they -must be liable to, as well in their Wars as from other Causes; and -History informs us, they had Methods of Cure for such Misfortunes. The -_Saxons_, while they possessed _England_, had their Leeches, a sort of -Surgeons, but very little skilled in Methodical Practice. But under -the _Normans_ that Science began to be much more improved. About this -Time the _Monks_ and _Fryars_, and others in Religious Orders, out -of a pretended Charity to their suffering Fellow-Creatures, intruded -themselves into the Practice of Physic and Surgery, and continued it -many Years, notwithstanding the Decree of the Council of _Tours_ -in 1163, where Pope _Alexander_ III. presided; which forbids any -Religious Persons going out of their Cloisters, to hear the Lectures -in Law or Physic; and that it is absolutely forbidden, that any -Sub-Deacon, Deacon, or Priest, exercise any Part of Surgery in which -actual Cauteries or Incisions are required. Most of the Physicians who -practised in _England_ about this Time, were likewise well skilled in -the Mathematics and other Parts of Philosophy; but the Surgeons of -those Times were so much addicted to Astrology, as make some Parts of -their Writings very obscure. After this both Physic and Surgery began -to flourish much more, by the public Encouragement given very early by -many of our Kings to several of the Practitioners in both Faculties, -as will appear by the List of our Kings Physicians and Surgeons, to -be inserted in it’s proper Place. _Hector Boëtius_ informs us, that -_Josina_, King of _Scotland_, who lived above a hundred Years before -our Saviour, well understood the Nature of _Scotch_ Plants, and their -Use in Physic and Chirurgery; and _John Bale_, afterwards Bishop of -_Ossory_ in _Ireland_, assures us, he wrote a Book, _de Herbarum -Viribus_. _Buchanan_ relates, the _Scotch_ Nobility were anciently -very expert in Chirurgery, and it is particularly remarked of _James_ -IV, King of _Scotland_, _Quod vulnera scientissime tractaret_. It is -said, that when _Scribonius Largus_ attended the Emperor _Claudius_ -in his Expedition to _Britany_, he wrote a _British_ Herbal, or -Description of divers Plants in this Island. And our most learned and -famous King _Alfred_, is said to have written a Book upon Aristotle -_de Plantis_. _Cinfrid_, a famous Physician, is mentioned by that -early Writer _Venerable Bede_, in his _Histor. Ecclesiasticar._ page -307, 308. And _Ernulphus_, another eminent Physician, in the Time of -_Nigellus_, the second Bishop of _Ely_, is likewise recorded in the -_Anglia Sacra_, Vol. I. p. 625. Many more Particulars might, in all -Probability, have been met with relating to my present Design, had -not one very great Misfortune attended the Suppression of the Abbies, -which was the Destruction of a prodigious Number of Manuscripts. _John -Bale_, before-mentioned, though an utter Enemy to Popery and Monastic -Institution, remonstrates against this Piece of Barbarity, in pretty -strong Terms, to King _Edward_ VI. Covetousness, says he, was at that -Time so busy about private Commodity, that public Wealth was not any -where regarded. A Number of them, which purchased those superstitious -Mansions, reserved of those Library-Books, some to serve their Jacks, -some to scour their Candlestics, and some to rub their Boots, and some -they sold to the Grocers and Soap-sellers, and some they sent over Sea -to the Book-binders, not in small Numbers, but at Times whole Ships -full. Yea, the Universities of this Realm, are not all clear in this -detestable Fact: But cursed is the Belly which seeketh to be fed with -so ungodly Gains, and so deeply shameth his natural Country. I know, -says he, a Merchantman (which shall at this time be nameless) that -bought the Contents of two noble Libraries for forty Shillings Price; -a Shame it is to be spoken. This Stuff hath he occupied instead of -gray Paper, by the Space of more than these ten Years, and yet he has -Store enough for these ten Years to come. A prodigious Example is this, -and to be abhorred of all Men, which love their Nation as they should -do. Yea, what may bring our Nation to more Shame and Rebuke, than to -have it noised abroad, that we are Despisers of Learning? I judge this -to be true, and utter it with Heaviness, that neither the _Britons_, -under the _Romans_ and _Saxons_, nor yet the _English_ People under the -_Danes_ and _Normans_, had ever such Damage of their learned Monuments, -as we have seen in our Time. Our Posterity may well curse this wicked -Fact of our Age, this unseasonable Spoil of _England’s_ most noble -Antiquities. _Bale_’s Declaration upon _Leland_’s Journal, published -1549. And Dr _Thomas Fuller_, in his Church History, speaking of the -same Thing, tells us, Divinity was prophaned, Mathematics suffered -for Correspondence with evil Spirits, Physic was maimed, and a Riot -committed on the Law itself. However, notwithstanding this Devastation -which was then made among our Manuscripts, our Colleges, and some of -our Libraries, will furnish us with a great Number relating to almost -all Parts of Learning: Some of which, more especially the most ancient -ones, I shall here first give a Catalogue of, and then some more modern -ones, confining myself to those which more especially relate to Physic -and Chirurgery. And, first, we have in the _Norfolk_ Library, belonging -to the Royal Society, - -_Libellus de Arte Medicinali in Lingua Pictica conscriptus._ And in -Cottonian Library, - -_Præcepta nonnulla Medicinalia; partim & Divina ad dierum rationem -Saxonice. Galbe. A._ 2. 3. 1. - -_Exorcismi quidam & Medicinalia; partim Latine partim Saxonice. Galbe. -A._ 2. - -_Medicinalia quædam Saxonice & Latine Vitel. B._ 3. 4. - -_Herbarium, Latine & Hibernice ordine Alphabetico. Vitel. F._ 14. 34. - -_Tractatulus de Morbis, Latine & Hibernice mutilis initio & fine._ - -_Astronomica quædam & Medica Literis Saxonicis Membr. in Corpus Christi -Coll. in Oxon._ - -_S. Dustan de Lapide Philosophorum._ In the same College. - -_Tractatus Botanicus in Lingua Cambro-Britannica._ In Jesus Coll. Oxon. - -_Medicinales Quæstiones Magistri Henrici de Wynton super Isagogen -Joannitii._ In New College Library in Oxon. - -_Liber Phlebotomiæ._ By the same Author, in the same Library. - -_Tractatus de effectibus quatuor Qualitatum, secundum magistrum -Ursonem._ In New College Library. - -_Practica Chirurgiæ. Tho. Sculling, continens quatuor partes._ In New -College Library. - -_Guilielmi Scoti Medici Watlingtoniensis celeberrimi Liber de -differenciis Urinarum._ - -_Joannis Ketham Chirurgia parva._ - -_De Virtutibus Herbarum & notabila Chirurgica._ - -_Liber rerum Medicinalium quondam spectans ad Pharmacopolam Edw. IV. -Regis Angliæ in quo continentur Medicamina quam plurima pro Rege & -Magnatibus præparata._ In Mr _Hen. Worsley_’s Library. - -_William de Pine_, his Chyrurgery. - -Receipts and Observations for curing Emrods, Fistula’s, Leprosy, Aches -in the Joints, Tetters, Worms, Cramps, and _Noli me tangere_, in a very -ancient Hand. By _Robert Williams_ of _Cockwood_. - -A Treatise containing the whole Rules of Physic and Surgery, _M. S. -Vetus_. Formerly in Dr _Tyson_’s Library. - -Medicines of Master _Willeam du Jordyne_, given to King _Henry_, Regent -and Heuter of the Reume of _Fraunce_. In Mr _Thoresby_’s Library. - -A approbat Treite for the Pestilence, studied by the grettest Doctours -of Fysick amongs Thuniversitie of Cristen Nations yn the Time of St -_Tho._ of _Canterburie_. In the same Library. - -A Book of Surgery, wrote in the Year 1392. Divided into three Parts. -The first of Anatomy. The second of Wounds, Imposthumes, Dislocations, -and Fractures of Bones. The third, the Antidotary of Surgery. Formerly -in Dr _Tyson_’s Library. - -Friar _Theodore Chalk_’s Chirurgical Receipts, on Vellum. Dedicated to -Archbishop _Valentine_. - -Here beginnen gud Medicenes for all Yevels yat any man may have yat gud -Leches have drawn out of ye Bokes yet Galien Aschipeus Ypocras hadden. -For yai were the best Leches yat were in ye World. On Vellum, in my -Possession. - -I proceed now to give an Account of some of our early Writers, besides -those already mentioned. And first of _Maugantius_, who was by Birth a -_Briton_, a famous Physician and Mathematician; who, says _Leland_, for -his eminent Learning, was made President of a noble College (in those -Days) of two hundred Philosophers; which _Geofrey_ of _Monmouth_ extols -to the Skies, under the Name of _Legionum Urbs_; which _Bale_ supposes -to be _Chester_, excelling all other _British_ Cities, at that Time, -in Wealth and _Roman_ Structures. This Place being most pleasantly -situated, Astrologers, and other Artists, settled in it to observe -the Motions of the Stars, and undertook to forewarn Mankind from the -Comets, and certain Indications of the Planets, what should come to -pass. Hence _Maugantius_, said to be superior to all others in this -Art, being questioned by King _Vortiger_, whose chief Physician he was, -about the prodigious Conception of _Ambrose Merlin_, after a Recital -of various Philosophical Reasons, did, at length, it seems, give him -Satisfaction therein. This Person, who was the most renowned Scholar of -his Country, and who is said to have composed several Books, flourished -in the Year of Christ 470, when King _Vortiger_ was much distressed -by the invading _Anglo-Saxons_. I have before observed, that there -were several Dignitaries of the Papal Communion as well as those of -inferior Orders, besides the _Monks_, who very early took upon them -to practise Physic; and that they were absolutely forbid to exercise -that Profession, by the _Roman_ Assembly, in 1139. Of this Sort was -_Frabricius_, or _Faricius_, as he is sometimes written, who practised -Physic not long before this Time. He was the eighteenth Abbot of the -Monastery of _Abington_ in _Berkshire_; to whose Care _Godfrey de Vere_ -committed himself, to be cured of a grievous Disease he then laboured -under; and, as an Acknowledgment for the Care the Abbot had taken of -him, he bequeathed to the Abbey before-mentioned, the Church belonging -to his Estate, in the Village of _Kensington_, near _London_, with 240 -Acres of Land, _&c._ which was confirmed by the King; a Copy of which -Grant will be given in the Antiquities of that Town, and the History -of it’s Abbey. This Abbot departed this Life the VIIth of the Calends -of _March_, _Anno_ 1117. Soon after him flourished _Athelardus_, a -Monk of _Bath_, who was so diligent in searching out the Mysteries and -Causes of Natural Things, that he deserves to be equalled with some of -the ancient Philosophers. Having a very promising Genius, while very -young, and continuing, as he grew up, to improve his Parts, and fit -himself for great Affairs, he left his native Soil, and, with much -Alacrity, went to visit foreign Parts. In his Travels through _Egypt_ -and _Arabia_, having found many Things he sought after, he came Home -again with good Fruit of his Labours and Improvement of his Learning. -He was, without Dispute, in Philosophy, Astronomy, Physic, Mathematics, -and Rhetoric, no ordinary Proficient. Some of his Works he Dedicated -to _Richard_, Bishop of _Bayeux_: In the first Work he treats of the -Principles, Qualities, and Effects of Natural Things, against the -vain Opinions of the old Philosophers. In the Preface it appears, he -wrote in the Year 1130, under the Reign of _Henry_ I. I might here -enlarge upon the great Fame and Merits of _John Giles_, a Native of -St _Albans_, who made such Progress in the Study of Physic, that he -was made Professor of that Faculty at _Paris_ and _Montpelier_, and -Physician to _Philip_, King of _France_. After his Return to his own -Country, he was, according to _Matthew Paris_, consulted by _Robert -Grosthead_, the learned Bishop of _Lincoln_, in his last Illness; -of which he died in 1253. He has written, _De re Medica_, and _de -Prognosticis_, and some other Things. He flourished about the Year -1230, in the Reign of King _Henry_ III. _Hugh de Eversham_, deserves -in this Place to be remembred, who was a Man of great Learning, a -Physician by Profession, and perhaps the best of his Age. He was well -known in many Countries, being a great Frequenter of the Universities. -With the severer Studies of his Art, he mingled the pleasant Science -of the Mathematics, and particularly Geometry and Astronomy. This made -him known to many in _France_ and _Italy_, and among the rest, to Pope -_Martin_ IV, who invited him, by Letters, to come to him, and solve -some Questions in Physic, which were then newly started: Accordingly -he went without Delay, and performed what was required readily and -learnedly. He published _Super Opere Febrium Isaac_. _Medicinales -Canones_. _Problemata quædam_, and some other Things. He flourished the -Year 1281; when he was created Cardinal Presbyter of St _Laurence_, -by the said Pope _Martin_, in the Reign of _Edward_ I. He is said to -have died by Poison at _Rome_, _Anno_ 1287; although _Cicæonius_, to -palliate this Matter, says he died of the Plague. - - - - - _Chirurgical Remarks_ - - ON - - A WOUND of the HEAD - - RECEIVED - - By a CHILD from the Blow of a Cat-Stick in throwing at a COCK on - Shrove Tuesday, 1709. - - - Addressed to - - Mr _WILLIAM COWPER_, Surgeon. - -_SIR_, - -I do not question but you have had the Curiosity to read over a -very _remarkable Case in Surgery_, not only upon Account of the -Recommendation the Name of the Author[2] gives it, but partly because -I know you have been for a long time of opinion, That this Age wou’d -distinguish it self by the Advances that _Medicine_ has, and will -receive; I need not observe, to a Man of your Capacity, how just, -according to my Opinion, our Author has been in relating all the -Particulars of the Case he gives us the History of: Nor need I intimate -to you how peculiarly the Prescriptions were adapted to the several -alterations that were observable in that little Patient: I will only -take the freedom to make some Remarks on a considerable Circumstance, -which perhaps we shall find obstructed so methodical a Procedure, in -order for a Cure. - - [2] This CASE was published by Mr _Daniel Turner_, Surgeon. - -Our Author is of opinion, _That his Death was owing to the effused -Blood from some Vessel upon the_ Pia Mater, _which had been ruptured -by the Concussion or Shock of the said Vessel, from the Force of the -Blow; which Blood pent in (for want of a Discharge) had formed an -Abscess, thereby deluging the Surface of the Brain with Matter: And -this, tho’ continually draining off thro’ the Orifice in the upper -Membrane, yet some part thereof lying beyond the Elastic Power of the -said Membrane to raise up, and out of the Reach of Medicine to deterge -and mundifie, was at length imbibed by the Vessels, where missing the -Salutary Crisis, sometimes observed in the Empieme and Pleuritic Cases, -it was conveyed by the Circulation to the Heart, and at length, we are -to suppose, somehow effected the Nervous System, bringing on the fatal -Spasm._ - -Thus you see, _Sir_, how plain and consequential the Account of the -Child’s Death is; but even here, I hope, I shall do no Injustice to the -Author, if I inform you, I cannot perswade my self that the Matter was -imbibed by the Vessels, purely because _some part thereof lay beyond -the Elastic Power of the_ Dura Mater _to raise up, and out of the Reach -of Medicine to deterge and mundifie_, as our Author’s Words are; but -that it is reasonable to believe, that some part of it was reassumed -by the Vessels, when it could no longer discharge it self as before; -for if you will give your self the trouble of looking back to the 32d -Page, you will find, that no sooner was the _Orifice choaked up by a -caked Matter_, but the mischievous Effects of the Suppression of the -Discharge soon began to discover themselves by the Rigours the Child -was attended with; and we find our Author soon after fearful of such a -thing. - -By this we may see how circumspect we ought always to be, lest -we interrupt the Design of Nature when she is about to expel any -morbifick Matter, the ill Effects that attend it oftentimes discovering -themselves after different Manners; We look upon a continued Discharge -of Matter to be, as it were, a natural Evacuation, and that it’s -immediate Stoppage, without other Means, being made use of to divert -and evacuate it, to be succeeded by a greater Fulness and Distention of -all the Vessels, as is observable upon the Suppression of the _Menses_, -_Hemorrhoides_, or _insensible Transpiration_, there is this Difference -to be observed that the ill Accidents that attend the Stoppage of -the Discharge of Matter are not so much owing to the Distention and -Plenitude of the Vessels, but according to the ill Quality of it, -’tis disposed to render the Patient feverish more or less, which is -generally ushered in by Rigours, and sometimes succeeded by Spasmodic -Contractions. - -For a further Illustration of this, we will take the liberty to -relate the Case of a Man of about Forty Years of Age, who was for a -considerable time incommoded in his Business, by reason of a violent -Contusion he had received on the Upper-part of his Left Arm, a -little below the Shoulder: After some time it was succeeded by an -Apostemation, upon the opening of which I was informed, a considerable -Quantity of Matter discharged, which was not of any ill Colour or -Smell, the Matter continuing to make its Exit the same way for several -Weeks, at length formed a _Sinus_, which might be easily traced to the -Upper and Fore-part of the _Os Humeri_. The external Orifice of this -was endeavoured to be dilated, but it not only put the Patient to a -great deal of Pain, but pent in the Matter, and caused the contiguous -Parts to tumifie very much. About this time the Axillary Glands began -to swell and pain him, and by their Pressure on the Limphaticks the -whole Arm became Oedematous; soon after some part of the Matter -made it’s way out under the Arm, upon which it almost ceased to flow -from the _Sinus_ on the upper-part of it. In short, upon this the -Patient found himself very much indisposed, he lost his Appetite, was -attended with Shiverings, became feverish, and at length died violently -convulsed. - -On Dissection we found the Surface of the Lungs to be interspersed -with blackish Specks, the left Lobe adhered to the _Pleura_, and the -_Pericordium_ contained a much greater Quantity of Liquor than usual, -though its Colour was natural. The Right Auricle and Ventricle of -the Heart were very much distended, and the Diameter of the _Arteria -Pulmonaris_ considerably enlarged: on the Division of the Integuments -of the Abdomen, a very large Quantity of yellowish fœtid Matter -discharged it self, which was somewhat viscid; we found that the -Intestines floated in this, for the Abdomen was full of it. In the -lower-part of the Concave Side of the Liver there was a very large -Abscess discovered, which contained a Fluid of the same Colour and -Consistence with that which we took notice of before. There was an -Orifice in the lower part of the Abscess capable of admitting the -End of one’s Finger; by which, without doubt, Matter discharged it -self into the Abdomen. The Spleen was of a very odd Figure: On it’s -convex Side there were a Multitude of Streaks, that proceeded from all -Parts of it, and centered in one Point, which proceeded only from the -Disposition of the Fibres of it’s internal Membrane. It was almost full -of Blood, which in the middle was corrupted, and stank abominably. -After it was cleared from the contiguous Parts to which it adhered, and -taken out of the Body, it weighed four Pounds and a half. - -There might have been something more observable upon the Dissection -of this Body, but the short time that was allotted for it did not -give us an Opportunity of making that strict Enquiry as seemed to be -necessary. _Blancard_. in his _Anat. Pract. Rationalis_, _p. 252_. has -much such an Observation as this which we have related. See likewise -_Schenckius_, _Lib._ 3. _Obs_ 26. But I do not doubt, _Sir_, but you -have made some curious Remarks on Cases of this Nature, tho’ I am -pretty positive you will agree with me in this, That the immediate -Cause of the Death of the Person we have been speaking of, was the -giving a sudden Check to the Discharge of the Matter. It was the Work -of Nature in this Case (and what she was endeavouring to perform) to -disburden herself of those disproportionate and offensive Particles, -which by their Continuance in the Body would but have occasioned an -irregular Motion of the Fluids, and consequently a Discomposure -of it’s whole Frame: For the animal Body being nothing else but a -Congeries of Canals, filled with different Liquors, it must necessarily -suffer very much, and it’s Actions be irregular, if any Heterogeneous -Particles become incorporated therewith. We must here allow, that in -Discharges of Matter of a long Continuance, sometimes the Diameters of -the Fibres and Vessels may be so much enlarged, that the nutritious -Juices may be thrown out with the other, and so occasion a general -Emaciation: But this may be easily rectified at the Beginning, without -Detriment to the Patient, by making use of some spirituous and -moderately astringent Remedies, to recover the natural Tone of the -too lax Fibres and Vessels, and give the Matter a proper Consistence. -It is to be observed in such Cases as these are, that the Part from -whence the Matter discharges, if it be the Leg or Thigh, first loses -it’s former Fulness and Dimensions, tho’ soon after there appears an -Emaciation of the whole Body. Such an Abscess as we discovered in the -Liver of the Person before mentioned, we are inclined to believe might -have been found in the Child, had the Abdomen been dissected; for -several Authors have assured us, it has frequently been observed to be -the Consequent of Fractures of the Skull, tho’ I am apt to believe -it never happens, but when the Matter has received a Check in it’s -Discharge. - -I shall now take the Liberty to observe, that the imprudent Application -of Repellents to some Tumours, and inconsiderate Healing of old Ulcers, -with the unhappy Method of Procedure, in order to the Cure of some -Diseases, very often discover themselves, by their being succeeded by -very ill Effects. _Non tamen in omnibus Huxionibus repellentia adhibere -licet,_ (says _Sennertus_) _Partibus ignobilibus, præcipue iis, ad quas -natura interdum humores protrudere solet, ut sunt Glandulæ post aures, -& in collo, sub axillis, in inguinibus adhibenda non sunt, ne humor ex -iis repulsus ad partes principes & nobiles feratur._ - -The same Author informs us in his _Paralipom._ _ad lib._ 5. _Pract. -Med._ of a Boy, fourteen Years of Age, that died upon the Accession -of an Epileptic Fit, which was caused by the striking in of the Scab -by the imprudent Use of Liniments. And _Baglivi_ allows, that the -irregular Cure of the same Disease may be succeeded by a Spitting of -Blood, an Apoplexy, Dropsy, lingering Fevers, _&c._ The Healing of old -Ulcers, without having a Respect to those Circumstances that ought -to precede such an Undertaking, generally lays the Foundation for a -Train of mischievous Accidents; for the Patient soon begins to be -sensible of an Unactiveness of the whole Body, is sleepy, has a weak -Digestion, Head-ach, and is feverish, which is attended with very -profuse Night-Sweats; and these we have several times observed to be -the Forerunners of the Patient’s Death, though sometimes all these ill -Accidents may be prevented by an Imposthumation in some part of the -Body or other. - -Now to account for such remarkable Alterations, in such Subjects, -we are obliged to take notice, that here is the Suppression of the -Evacuation of a Humour, that had been constantly discharged for a long -time; and this, we have before observed, will cause a greater Fulness -and Distention of all the Vessels. Now the Quantity of the Blood being -very much encreased by the Addition of this viscid Juice, the Celerity -of its Motion must be considerably abated, upon which Account it will -enlarge the Diameters of the Vessels, by relaxing their Coats, and pass -with so great a Difficulty through the Capillary Vessels, that if it -arrive at any Part where the Fibres have lost their due Tensity and -Spring, it is disposed to stagnate, and produce an Imposthumation. If -this does not happen, as the Motion of the Blood continues to be very -languid, the Quantity of Spirits filtrated in the Brain will be less -upon two Accounts: _First_, Because as the Blood moves more slowly, -all the Parts of the Body through which it circulates, will receive a -much less Quantity of it in a given Time, than they must have done, -had it moved with a greater Celerity. _Secondly_, The Viscidity of the -Blood, together with it’s Motion diminished will lessen the Quantity of -Spirits, according to the 20th and 22d of Dr _Wainright_’s Propositions -of Animal Secretion. - -Now this being so, it is no wonder to observe such an Inactivity of the -Parts, Sleepiness, weak Digestion, _&c._ to attend a Person under such -Circumstances: For the Quantity of Spirits being so much diminished, -the Parts can never be sufficiently influenced by them to perform their -respective Functions with that Force as usual. To this we may add, that -they are in a great measure deprived of their Power and Spring, and -Sensation in general is not near so strong and lively. From hence it is -evident, that when Nature has found a Passage whereby she may disburden -herself of any excrementitious Humours, we ought for a considerable -time to give proper Internals, and make use of some other Method, as by -Issues, or such like, whereby we may divert the Course of the Matter, -which, if I may so say, has been so long together determined to pass -the same way. Beside this Advantage which will accrue by that Method, -there may be near the same Quantity of Humours evacuated; and so those -unhappy Accidents, will be prevented, and the Ulcer cured. - -I am perswaded, that it is not without a great deal of Difficulty -that we can sometimes divert the Tendency of Humours to a Part; and I -can bring several Instances of Sores that have been healed, where the -suppressed Matter has discovered it self, by an Aposthume near the -Place where the Sore was, a short time after it had been healed. - -_Fælix Wurtz_, who was a very judicious Surgeon, informs us, That it -sometimes happens, that in a little time after a Patient has been -cured of a Wound of the Head, he feels violent Pains there, which -indicates that Matter is collected in the Part. He adds, That many die -of it, by reason the Cause is not understood by some Surgeons. This -Remark proves, that the Wounds were not kept open long enough, or else -that the Surgeon acted imprudently in not making use of proper Means -to divert the Tendency of the Humours to that Part; not but it will -abundantly more easily happen to those Parts that are depending, and -where the Weight of the viscid Fluid will incline it to settle. - -I knew a lusty Fellow, about twenty five Years of Age, that had an -Ulcer on the internal Ancle of his left Leg near twelve Years: It had -been cured three or four times, but he always found himself very much -indisposed after it, till it broke out again, and the Matter had a -free Discharge: At length, upon his coming from Sea, it was healed -again, upon which he was seized with a violent Pain in his Head, Loss -of Appetite, which the next Day was succeeded by a violent Fever -and Looseness. His Physician ordered, among other Things, a large -Blister-Plaister, to be applyed to the Leg on which the Ulcer had been. -The Patient recovered; but what was very observable, was, that the Sore -the Blister-Plaister had made terminated in an ugly Ulcer, which would -not heal, though various Applications were made use of. If Nature had -been in this Case compelled, as it were, and forced to a Compliance in -the healing of this Ulcer, it is probable the Matter would have been -thrown upon another Part, and so occasioned a Disease there. - -By this we may see how cautious we ought to be not to proceed in -a Method contrary to the Dictates of Nature; for if we do, we -consequently disturb her regular Motions, upon which she oftentimes -commences a new Work, which, if it does not tend to the Subversion of -the whole Oeconomy, there ensues a Permutation of the Disease, by the -Translation of the Matter from one Part to another. - -It would be impossible to recount all the obscure Motions Nature makes -use of to accomplish such Ends: We will only mention some where the -Disease has been perfectly changed from what it was before by such -Methods. _Mear_ gives us an Instance of a Dropsie of the Breast, -which succeeded an ill-cured Hydrocele. _Hildanus_ observes, that an -inveterate Ulcer of the left Leg being unhappily healed up, the Patient -died of a Pleurisy some Months after. - -To this I may add an Observation of a Man that had an old Ulcer on -each Leg, which being attempted to be cured, as the Matter gradually -lessened, he was deprived of his Sight. There was no Alteration to -be observed in the Eyes of this Person, but only a Dilatation of the -Pupils, as is generally observed in a _Gutta Serena_, which was judged -to be his Case. In short, upon the running of the Sores, though he had -been perfectly blind, he effectually recovered his Sight again. - -I will not tire you, _Sir_, with the Recital of any more Cases of this -Nature. What has been hitherto said, I hope is sufficient to incline -you to believe, that the immediate Cause of the Death of the Child I -spoke of in the former part of the Letter was the Suppression of the -Matter, which had continued to discharge in such large Quantities so -long together. And that such a sudden Stoppage of a Discharge of Matter -may procure a Patient’s Death, though the Symptoms that proceed may be -different. I have likewise shewn the Difficulty there is in Diverting -the Tendency of the Matter to a Part, and mentioned how one Disease is -sometimes converted into another: But of what Use these Remarks may -be I leave you to judge. To me it seems reasonable enough to suppose, -that as a regular Method of Practice is not the Effect of a Man’s -Sagacity, but the Product of repeated Experiences, every thing that -occurs may tend, by a proper Application, to the Illustration of the -Art. What else has made some Men so famous for their Prognosticks? Had -not our great Master _Hippocrates_ a Respect to the Suppression of the -Discharge of Matter from Ulcers, when he expressed himself thus, _Ulcus -lividum & siccum, aut cum virore pallidum lethale est?_ And this we -have known to be true in several Cases. - -Well then, does not this sufficiently prove, that where we have -Cause to fear a Suppression of the Discharge, we ought to remove any -Impediment that may embarass Nature in her Work, and advise a proper -Method to promote the precipitating the morbific Matter? For so shall -we, by joining our Forces with those of Nature, still keep her in due -Course; and that when she is grown languid, and departing from her -former Measures. - -You must excuse me, if I digress a little to take notice of an -Observation that some Authors have made, _viz._ That from a dangerous -Fracture of the Skull, after Death the Liver has been often found -impostumated. They have been likewise very sollicitous to know which -way the Matter could be conveyed to so remote a _Viscus_; but it would -be needless for me to offer what has been said in this Case, because -it seems to be evident enough, that a Part of it is reassumed by the -Vessels; which, with that should have been discharged from the Mass of -Blood, is by the Circulation deposited in that Part. But here we may -start a considerable Problem, which is, How comes it to pass that the -Morbific Matter if it’s Discharge is suppressed, is thrown upon the -Liver rather than any other Part? In order to the Solution of this, -we ought to consider, That the Spleen is subservient to the Liver in -performing its Office, by giving the Blood a Check in it’s Progress, -whereby it’s Velocity is lessened; otherwise so thick a Juice as the -Bile could not be separated from it. Now the Motion of the Blood being -rendered abundantly slower in this Part, it is no wonder that the -Morbific Particles separate themselves from it, while the Filtration is -carrying on, and by their Assemblage form an Abscess in the Part. - -You may perhaps expect, _Sir_, that I should make an Apology to excuse -the Length of my Letter; but I assure you, the Pleasure I have taken -in writing it would oblige me to make it of a larger Extent, if I -did not find I should be forced to take notice of some things, which -may perhaps have a Place elsewhere. I have only this to add, that if -through the little time I have taken to write it in, I have in any part -omitted to pay that Respect as is due to you, I shall very readily ask -your Pardon. In the mean time I must own my self to be, - - _Your very much obliged Servant_, - - _Southwark_, W^m. Beckett. - _Aug_. 22, 1709. - - - - - OF A - - Wound of the Brain - - By a _BULLET_. - - To the SAME. - - -If you remember, _Sir_, in the History of the _Child’s Case_, which -I have before mentioned, it was observed, that notwithstanding the -violent Pressure upon the Brain, by the depressed Pieces of the -fractured Skull; yet the little Patient laboured under no worse -Symptom, than a Head-ach, and was in a Condition to walk about the -Chamber. This was really very remarkable; but if you will be pleased to -give your self the Trouble of reading the following Account, I do not -question but you will meet with something much more surprizing. - -On _November_ the 4th, 1707, it happened, that during an Engagement -between a small _English_ Vessel and a _French_ Privateer, near -_Margate_, one of our Men was unfortunately wounded by a _Bullet_, -which past through the middle of the _Os Frontis_. The Surgeon aboard -the Ship immediately enlarged the Wound, by making an Incision through -the Integuments, but could not discover the Bullet; whereupon he -dressed him up, and the same Day being set ashore, he was dispatched -for _London_. On _Thursday_ the 6th Day of the same Month, he arrived, -having walked much the greater part of the way in that time, which -is about 66 Miles; the same Day his Surgeon endeavoured to extract -some Pieces of the Bone, which discovered themselves through that -Aperture which was made by the Bullet, but without Success; for they -consisted chiefly of the internal Table, which were much larger than -the Hole in the external: Upon this the Wound was immediately drest -up, and a second Attempt was made a Day or two after; but it proved -as successless as the former. In the mean time, the Patient continued -to be very hearty and well, and seemed to be no more indisposed than -if he had only received a slight Wound of the Head. The opening the -Skull with the Trepan was proposed, and which would probably have -been put in Practice in a Day or two’s time: But on the Sabbath-Day -Morning following, after he had rested well all Night, he was seized -with such violent convulsive Motions as were very surprizing; during -which he expired. The Body being laid on a Table to be dissected, all -it’s Parts appeared so prodigiously inflated, that the Person, when a -live, being one of the largest Stature, it seemed perfectly monstrous. -A Puncture being made in any Part through the Integuments, there was -nothing discharged but a subtile Matter or Air; immediately after which -the Part subsided, though before on a Compressure of the Fingers it -would receive such an Impression as is observed in Oedematous Tumours; -but it would suddenly return to it’s former State. The Surface of -several of the Parts appeared livid and vesicated. The Skull being -opened, the Bullet dropped out of the Brain, all the Fore-part of -which was corrupted, and abounded with a thick yellowish Juice, of a -very offensive Smell; there were two or three very large Pieces of the -inner Table of the Skull, with some smaller that were found among the -lacerated Membranes, and lodged in the corrupted Brain. - -This Case is so particular, that it may not be amiss if we make some -Reflections on it. - -We are very well assured, _Sir_, that it has been a Matter of very -great Surprize to several ingenious Men, to consider how the various -Operations of the Body have continued to be performed, when those Parts -which were so absolutely necessary to the Well-being of the Animal, -have been naturally or accidentally disordered to such a degree, as -to suffer a perfect Confusion of their Parts: And of this we find -Variety of Instances in those Authors, who have very obligingly applied -themselves to relate the Histories of deceased morbid Bodies. But that -the Brain it self, which is the very Source and Principle of all Animal -Functions, should, after it has undergone such a Violation as we have -observed, continue several Days without incommoding the Person in the -least respect, is really very remarkable; for if we do but consider -what an absolute Necessity there is for a constant Supply of Animal -Spirits, to empower the Parts to perform their mechanical Actions, and -at the same time reflect on the Disorder and Corruption of that Part, -whose Office it was to secrete a sufficient Quantity of those Spirits, -we might very reasonably expect a considerable Alteration in the whole -Body. One might very well think, that from the Deficiency of Spirits -that would ensue, the Parts could no longer continue to perform their -Actions, but must gradually lose their Power and Spring, and at length -become in a manner destitute of Motion: For we can scarce perswade -our selves, that Nature in this Case is so provident as to suffer -the _Cerebellum_ and _Medulla Spinalis_ to filtrate the Spirits in a -greater Quantity, that they might supply the Exigencies of the Body. - -There still remains some considerable _Phænomena_ to be accounted -for, as the convulsive Motions, the prodigious Inflation of the Body, -_&c._ As to the former, it may be perhaps accountable from the violent -Conflict we may imagine to have happened on the mutual Engagement of -the Juice that was found so plentiful in the corrupted Brain, and -that which had undergone no Alteration from it’s original Purity. Add -to this, that the Animal Spirits in the Nerves receiving some ill -Impressions by the Accession of some of those impure Particles, could -no longer sally out upon the Command of the Will to any particular -Part, but must consequently so irritate the Nerves, as to cause their -Extremities to contract themselves; upon which Account the Blood -becomes imprisoned in the muscular Fibres, which abridging their -Length by enlarging their Diameters, the Parts must necessarily suffer -involuntary Contractions: At the same time those minute Capillary -Extremities, which terminated in the Miliary Glands, were probably so -contracted, or crispt up, as perfectly to close the Orifices of the -excretory Ducts of those Glands, which are the only sudatory Pores: -By this means all that vast Quantity of Matter which is usually -discharged by insensible Transpiration, became imprisoned underneath -the Integuments of the Body, and so distended all its Parts to such -a prodigious Degree, as was observed. This Constipation of the -excretory Ducts, and crisping up of the Extremities of the Nerves, -might likewise have a considerable Effect on the small Branches of -the Arteries and Veins which accompanied them; for by this means the -Blood they contained might be obliged to stagnate in the Glands, which -must occasion an Enlargement of the Diameters of those minute Vessels; -and so the livid Colour which was extended on several Parts might be -probably procured: Besides this, the Blood being in such a comprest -State, some of its more fluid Parts might be exprest from it, which -lodging underneath the _Cuticula_, might make the Parts appear to be -vesicated; there is nothing more certain, than that Animal Bodies -perspire after Death; or that the perspirable Matter continues to pass -off as long as the Body retains any Warmth. This is confirmed by an -Experiment of Sir _Thomas Browne_, in his _Pseudodoxica Epidemica_, -where he tells us, That “upon exactly weighing and strangling a Chicken -in the Scales, upon an immediate Ponderation he could discover no -sensible Difference in Weight; but suffering it to lie 8 or 10 Hours, -till it grew perfectly cold, it weighed most sensibly lighter. The -like, says our Author, we attempted and verified in Mice, and performed -their Trials in Scales that would turn upon the 8th or 10th part of a -Grain.” - - _I am, Sir_, - - _Yours_, &c. - - W. B. - - - - - NEW - - DISCOVERIES - - CONCERNING - - CANCERS. - - ADDRESSED TO - - _Charles Bernard_, Esq; - - Serjeant-Surgeon, - - AND - - Surgeon in Ordinary, to Her Majesty Queen - - _ANNE_. - - -_SIR_, - -I look upon it as a peculiar Happiness, to live in an Age when Men of -our Profession consider, that as the Art is capable of receiving daily -Improvements; useful Discoveries, confirmed by Experiments, ought to -receive the joint Concurrence of their good Wishes; notwithstanding, -they may contradict an Opinion that has been almost universally -received. These we shall always find, are the Gentlemen who in -opposition to those Bigots whose Tempers discover them to be the -Votaries of a few opinionative Men, endeavour to guide their Judgments -by Reason, backed with judicious Observations, and whatever Arguments -are produced, will never go about to controul Matters of Fact. It is -a grand Truth that Necessity gave Being to _Physick_ and _Surgery_, -and Experience is the only Way to bring them to Perfection; but it is -much to be lamented by them that are Well-Wishers to those Arts that -the Persons which are perhaps capable of advancing them most, devote -themselves so much to speculative Fictions (the Effects of teeming -Brains) that some have pretended with a magisterial Air to dictate, -even to Experience itself. In such a Case it would be needless to go -about to offer Arguments sufficient to disengage their Inclinations, -Time only must discover to them their Error, when it makes them -sensible they have, to no Purpose, persisted in the Pursuit of -frivolous Niceties; for in reality, the Benefit of Mankind in general -is deduced from Practical Truths. The Thoughts of this are sufficient -to inspire every generous Soul with an ardent Desire of discovering -something that may be of so universal an Advantage: As for my own Part, -I was not animated to concern my self in the Undertaking I have engaged -in, by a Prospect of gaining that Honour that is often liberally -bestowed on those that mint new _Hypotheses_, or make new Discoveries; -my only Design was to inform my self, whether some of those Diseases, -which are generally reputed incureable, are not actually in themselves -curable, and by this means to wipe off a Reproach which has been cast -on Nature, when in reality it proceeds only from our own Weakness, and -the Infirmity of our Art. A diligent Application to those Distempers -which baffle us most, has been frequently recommended by very reputable -Authors, and some of those who have obliged us with the Histories of -_Diseased Persons_, have very often mentioned considerable Cures, which -have been happily performed after the Patients have been looked upon -by some as incurable. _Hippocrates_ tells us, _Lib._ 2 _Aph._ 52. _Si -Medico secundum rectam Rationem Facienti, Curatio non statim succedat, -non est tamen mutanda Methodus, quamdiu id restat quod à Principio -visum est._ I am fully persuaded that most Practitioners in _Surgery_ -have at some Time or other, by an industrious Application, been -successfull where Art could not warrant a Cure. As to the _Disease_ I -propose to make the chief Subject of this Letter, tho’ it be generally -branded with the Character of Incurable, I must freely own I never -could discover any thing essential to it in general that should make -it so; it is true, there are many _Diseases_ that are not to be cured, -where certain Circumstances are conjoined, which very much contribute -to the Misfortune; tho’ Others of the same _Class_ exempt from those -Adherents may, perhaps, be happily enough cured; Thus for Instance. In -_Cancers_ we have but little Reason to expect a Cure in a Person that -is old, if the _Cancer_ has been of many Years standing, and is firmly -fixed to the Ribs; but if the Patient be not so far advanced in Years -as to be uncapable of receiving the Benefit of Nature by the regular -Discharge of the _Menses_ and the _Cancer_ be loose; notwithstanding, -it be Ulcerated, over-spread with fungous Flesh, discharge a filthy -Matter, and smell very offensively; we do upon Experience affirm that -such a Patient may be cured. We must own we cannot be of the Opinion -of the _Paracelsians_, who affirm there is no _Disease_ but what is -curable in any Patient, for the Reason we have given; nor can we -with the _Galenists_, agree that the _Gout_, _Dead-palsie_, _Stone_, -_Cancer_, &c. are _Diseases_ absolutely incurable; because Experience -discovers the contrary. We find that Mr _Boyle_ is of the same Opinion, -and thinks it were no ill Piece of Service to Mankind, if a severe -Collection were made of the Cures of such Persons as have been judged -irrecoverable by the _Doctors_; that Men might no longer excuse their -own Ignorance by the Impotency of Nature, and bare the World in Hand, -as if the Art of _Physick_ and their Skill, were of the same Extent. -There seems to be one very effectual Way to rescue the medicinal Art -from the Aspersions of some bold Persons; and that is that of a certain -Number of regular Practitioners in _Physick_ and _Surgery_, each of -them should apply himself to the Study of one particular _Disease_: By -this means we should soon find they would be capable of surmounting -those Difficulties that have all along baffled the most Judicious of -the general Practicers. How odd, and disagreeable this Opinion may -seem to some Men I know not; but I assure you, _Sir_, I find it of -a very ancient Date; for _Herodotus_, a _Greek Historian_ informs -us, that before his Time, the _Physicians_ in _Egypt_ used to apply -themselves to the Study and Advancement of one _Disease_ in particular. -_Baricellus_, and _Lionardo di Capoa_, observe the same likewise, in -Relation to the Practice of _Physick_ in that Country. _Baglivi_, in -the Scheme he lays down for erecting of Colleges for the Improvement -of _Physick_, tells us, that every Fellow of his Literate Society -must have one _Disease_ allotted him for the Task of his whole Life; -and which elsewhere he says is not sufficient for the illustrating -the Province of one _Disease_; but that we lie under a Necessity of -taking in Materials from all Hands. But there is no Man that we know -of, has spoke more agreeably of this Matter than Dr _Harris_, in his -_Pharmacologia Anti-Empirica_, he owns that he took more than ordinary -Pains in one particular _Disease_, and assures us he verily believes if -learned Men, after a compleat Acquisition of the universal Method of -_Physick_, and a necessary Search into the Nature and Cures of those -manifold Infirmities and Diseases, which, with a kind of infinite -Variety, do afflict Mankind, would, with their utmost Vigour and -Resolution, prosecute the Knowledge of some one _Disease_ eminently -above others; they would, most certainly, find a particular Providence -attending and assisting them in so good and honest a Design. He adds, -a few Pages farther, that wherever a Man’s Thoughts are intent and -fixed, wherever his Genius does naturally incline, and all his Aims -and Application do continually tend, whether it be to pertinent or -insignificant Matters; whether it be to useful, or else meerly curious -Things; if he has but tolerable Parts, and Education corresponding, -he can hardly ever miss; it is hardly possible he should miss the -becoming Eminent, and in great Measure perfect, (I mean perfect (says -he) according to the Modulum of Human Capacity) in that one Point. -But there is one Thing to be recommended to the Consideration of -the Person, who takes upon him the Enquiry into the Nature of one -particular _Disease_, which perhaps he might be very liable to err in, -if not cautioned against; and that is, that he be not too bold and rash -in his Attempts; for, as _Galen_ says, _The_ Physician’s _Art is not -like that of an_ Artificer, _who may make what Experiments he pleases, -to satisfy his Curiosity; because if he spoils the Materials he works -on, no Body is endangered by the Miscarriage: In Corpore autem humane_ -(adds he) _ea tentare quæ non sunt Experientium comprobata Periculo -non vacat, cum temerariæ Experientiæ Finis sit totius Animantis -internecio_. I believe we shall find that one of the grand Reasons, -why Persons, generally speaking, have been so negligent in making any -Attempts on _Cancers_, has been the seeming Discouragement they have -all along met with from Authors. The Caution _Hypocrates_ has given us -in his Thirty eighth _Aphor. Sect._ 6. has scarce been omitted by any -one considerable Person that has wrote of this Subject, tho’ perhaps -the Sentence has often had an Exposition put upon it, contrary to the -Author’s Meaning; but of this, more in it’s proper Place. I proceed -now to give an Idea of _Cancers_ in the Breast from an external Cause; -and this I shall do without concerning my self with the Opinion of the -Ancients; for since we have been so happy as to live in an Age which -will be remarkable for the many surprising Discoveries which have been -made in _Anatomy_: We should be reckoned unworthy the Advantages we -enjoy, if we did not study to apply them to the Benefit of Mankind in -general. The more inquisitive and learned Part of the World, are at -this time very well assured that the Animal Body is an exquisitely -framed Machine, and that it’s Composure is little else than a Compages -of branching and winding Canals, which are kept to a moderate Degree -of Extention, by Fluids of different Natures; and that the Motions of -these were first determined by the divine Architect: Thus in a natural -State, the whole _Fabrick_ is governed by certain Laws impressed -on the Fluids; and we often find the unhappy Consequences of the -Discomposure of a Part, to discover themselves first by an Interruption -of the Motion of the animal Juices. Thus in a _Cancer_ of the Breast -which proceeds from a Blow or Bruise (as upon strict Enquiry we have -found they most commonly do) is it not probable that by such means a -Confusion of the true Order of the little Glandulous Grains and their -excretory Ducts may happen? and at the same time an extravasated -_Lympha_ may lodge in such a spungy Texture, which in time becoming -viscid, will coalesce with the Glandular Substance, and form a _Mass_ -considerably compact? Now this being so, it is reasonable to believe -that as the Lymphatic Juice continues its Motion till it arrives at -the indurated Part, its Passage must be embarrassed there; upon which, -it will soon be qualified for an Union with the remaining Part of the -glandulous Substance of the Breast; and so the whole be perfectly -changed from what it was before. This _Hypothesis_ is in a great -Measure grounded on Experiments; for if we express a Juice from some -of the _Cancerous Mass_, and hold some of it in a Spoon over a Fire, -there immediately flys off a small Vapour, and the Remainder hardens -not unlike the white of an Egg boiled; this shows it to have the -Properties of the _Lympha_; for the Chymical _Analysis_ of that Liquor -assures us it is a Composition of a great deal of fixt _Sulphur_, a -little _Volatile_, some _Phlegm_, and much _Volatile Alkalie_; to -which some add a little Earth: Now while the _Volatile Alkalie_ keeps -the Sulphur dissolved, the _Lympha_ remains in a State of Fluidity; -but when, by making the same Experiment, the _Volatile Alkalie_ is -evaporated, the Remainder hardens, and forms a pretty compact, whitish -Substance. From hence the judicious _SURGEON_ may easily deduce the -Reason why these Sort of Tumours can never be brought to Suppuration. -We shall not be so particular as to mention those _Cancers_ which -proceed from internal Causes, nor several other things which relate to -the former; for what we have here said, we look upon to be commonly -the Method of the Formation of them; and as such, we did endeavour -to calculate Remedies that should peculiarly operate on the _Mass_, -so as to dis-unite the firm Cohæsion of its Parts, and dispose them -to separate and come away, without any great Inconvenience to the -Patient; which is what we would _recommend_ with all the Earnestness -imaginable to those that are desirous of discovering a Method of curing -_Cancers_. We were before sensible that it was possible for one Body -to operate on another determinate Body, without being able to have -any such Effect on innumerable Others; as _Quicksilver_ will desolve -Gold, _Aqua-fortis_ Iron, _Vinegar_ the Shell of an Egg, _Oyl_ common -Sulphur, _&c._ which will not have any such Effect on several other -Bodies; for there is nothing more certain than that the Operations of -Dissolvents are so determined by the various Texture of the Bodies -on which they are employed, that a Liquor that is capable to corrode -a more hard and solid Body, may be unable to disunite the Parts of -one more soft and thin, if of a Texture indisposed to admit the small -Parts of the _Menstruum_. It may be expected I should say something in -relation to that which is generally looked upon to be the grand Cause -of the Incurableness of _Cancers_, I mean the acid Humour in the Blood. -But if those Gentlemen who are fond of entertaining this Opinion, do -but consider that _Cancers_ are often formed in a perfect State of -Health; and that during the Time the Cancerous Substance dissolves, -and comes away according to our Method, the Sides will run a digested -Matter, and heal by the Application of dry Lint only; they will be of -my Opinion, that neither the _Atrabile_ of the Ancients, the corrosive -_Alkalious_ Salt of the _Chymists_, nor the predominant _Acid_ of the -Rest of the Moderns, are capable of procuring those Alterations that -_Cancers_ are sometimes attended with. If we trace the Writings of our -Predecessors to their earliest Date, we shall find that many of them -have made Mention of the Roots of the _Cancer_, which they took to be -the large blew Veins that are often extended on its Surface; and the -entire Removal of these they thought to be absolutely necessary, or -the Patient could not be cured: But I believe there is no Body at this -Time that considers the _Mechanism_ of the Parts in such a Condition, -but will agree they are the necessary Consequents of it, and that -their Absence, or Presence is of no Importance; that the _Cancer_ is -sometimes attended with Adherents, or Appendices, which may very well -resemble Roots, we are assured; but these generally lay deep, and not -easily discovered; the most considerable One that ever we saw was very -near Five Inches long, and of an unequal Bigness, some Part of it did -not exceed the Largeness of a _Goose_’s Quill, but some others were -near as big as the Top of the Thumb, which resembled so many Knots in -it, it divided in the Middle, and continued separated about an Inch and -a Half, and then re-united, it was of a more tender Substance than the -Body of the _Cancerous Mass_, but of the same Colour, and was probably -the Juice that was last applied to the _Cancer_, which assumed a Form -agreeable to the Cavities it lodged it self in. Such Adherents as these -are, I am more inclined to believe, are the Cause of the unsuccessful -Attempts on _Cancers_, than any _Acid_ in the Blood; for I am of -opinion there are few Persons unacquainted with Medicines that are -capable of correcting its _Acidity_ when it happens; and had the Cure -of _Cancers_ depended on that, I am positive they would not at this -Time have had such ill Character. We have before shewed that _Cancers_ -have generally their Rise from a Blow or Bruise, and that when the Body -is in an healthful Condition, and the Blood and _Lympha_ temperate and -sweet: Now if there always is an _Acidity_ of the Blood when Persons -are afflicted with _Cancers_, the _Cancers_ must sometimes cause it, -and not the _Acid_ in the Blood the _Cancers_, as is the Opinion of -most of the Moderns. What has been hitherto said, is sufficient to -prove that if Men will be always so sluggish as to acquiesce in the -Dictates and Dogmatical Positions of their Predecessors, and not exert -their Faculties in endeavouring to undeceive themselves; we must no -longer expect our Art will receive any Advancements, but as Slaves -to their Opinions content our selves with what we know already. Were -not _Parisani_, _Riolan_ the Son, and _Plempius_, so much in the -Interest of the Ancients, that when our Country-man, the assiduous -_Harvey_, had discovered the Circulation of the Blood, they not only -opposed his plain Demonstrations, but engaged in vigorous Disputes -against him, tho’ at the last they were obliged shamefully to recant -their Follies. _Celsus_ tells us, _Vix ulla perpetua Præcepta Ars -Medicinalis recipit_; scarce any of the Precepts of the Medicinal -Art are perpetual. And shall we engage then in the List with a few -opinionative Men, that ground their Course of Practice on those Methods -only, in which they have been brought up, and implicitly assent to the -Conjectures of others. No certainly, this would be to strangle Truth, -and extinguish the Vigour of our Wits with precarious Authorities. -Consonant to this, Dr _Paxton_, in his lately published Treatise, -tells us, _Thus Men, out of a trifling Distrust of their own Parts, -will not use them; or out of Laziness of Temper, will not employ them, -chusing rather to be wise or learned, by being adorned with Others -Whimsies, than undergo any Labour, Fatigue, or Trouble of being really -so_. I believe there are some Men that would rather contradict their -Senses than deny the Authority of a darling Opinion: Of this, we have -a sufficient Proof in an Instance, related by an _Italian_ Author -before-mentioned. He tells us, _That a certain Publick Reader long -Time versed and grown Old in the Books of_ Aristotle _being one Day -present at a Dissection, and clearly seeing that the_ Vena Cava _takes -its Rise from the Liver, confessed with Astonishment what his Senses -discovered to him, but that he ought not therefore, by crediting his -Senses, to contradict his Master, who constantly affirms all the Veins -in Man’s Body to have their Original from the Heart; because, said he, -it is much more easy for our Senses to be sometimes deceived, than the -Great and Sovereign_ Aristotle. I here seriously confess, I have as -much Veneration for Antiquity as any Person whatsoever; but it would be -ridiculous, if, as One says, we should so far forego our own Judgments -as always to follow the Foot-steps of Others, and to be certain of -nothing our selves: For this would be to see with others Eyes, to hear -with others Ears, and to understand with other Men’s Intellects; so -that whenever we make Quotations from the Ancients to strengthen our -Opinions, we ought to do it judiciously, and fully consider, whether -their Notions of Things are consonant to the Experience of these Times. -To prove to you, _Sir_, that I have not proceeded to apply my self -to the Cure of so formidable a Disease, without a Precedent, I shall -instance to you that _Fuschius_, a learned _Italian Surgeon_, had such -a wonderful Reputation for it formerly, that some Authors say he was -distinguished by a particular Title, which discovered his Success. His -Method I have made use of, and tho’ by passing thro’ several Hands -(the Author being mentioned by few) it has been stampt with wonderful -Encomiums, I have not hitherto found it deserves it, notwithstanding I -did not omit the most minute Circumstance in preparing the Medicine, -or prosecuting the Directions; but in its proper Place, I shall take -particular Notice of this, and several other Remedies, that have been -recommended by some Authors, as substantial and extremely useful; -for if in One or Two Instances they have been crowned with Success, -by Degrees they are handed down as infallible in all Diseases of the -like Form. To the former Account I may add, that Monsieur _Alliot_, -_Physician_ to the Duke of _Lorrain_, has applied himself to the -Cure of this Disease very successfully, as a _Schedule_ he published -at _Paris_ some Years ago informs us; we are likewise assured by Mr -_Boyle_ that Dr _Haberfield_, one of the Principal _Physicians_ of -_Bohemia_, has had extraordinary Success in the Cure of _Cancers_; -and the Sieur _Gendron_, Doctor of _Physick_ in the University of -_Montpelier_, has done extreamly well on that Head; the latter of -these Gentlemen I cannot mention, without making an Apology for not -Publishing our Annotations on his Enquiries relating to _Cancers_ which -was promised at the latter End of our Chirurgical Remarks, Printed -above a Year ago; but I assure you, _Sir_, I was more inclined for some -Reasons to offer what is therein contained, with several Observations -made with the greatest Exactness, and to which, perhaps I may have an -Opportunity of making several Additions, in a particular Treatise, -so that the whole may conspire to finish a compleat Account of this -Disease. I had at first a Design of enlarging considerably on this -Subject in this Letter by adding various Things, but considering they -might better find a Place in what I just now mentioned, and that you -did not desire an exact History of the Disease, I resolved to omit -them. I shall now proceed to give you some Instances of the Success -of our Method, as being what you are most solicitous of, the Cases -I shall relate shall be each of them different from the other, for I -know you do not approve of that pompous Method of some Persons, that -enumerate abundance of Instances of Cures when perhaps there is no -great Difference in the Cases or the Method of treating them. - -The most considerable Case that offered it self during our first -Enquiries into the Nature of _Cancers_, was that of a Woman, who -about Four Years before received a Blow on one of her Breasts, upon -which it began to swell, grow painful, and after some time became all -over livid, and of so prodigious a Bigness and Weight, that she was -obliged to keep it suspended by a Napkin round her Neck: But in regard -our Method was not put in Practice till by other Applications it was -become ulcerated, we shall speak of it as such. The Patient, then, at -this time complained of a very violent Pain, which extended it self -to the Back and Shoulder, by the Communication of the Nerves (for -those of the Breast come from the fifth Pair of the Spine, and from a -_Plexus_ about the _Clavicels_.) To remedy this, she had taken no small -Quantity of _Hypnotic_ Medicines, which, without Doubt, destroy the -due Texture of the Blood, and so become prejudicial to the Patient, -and disadvantagious to the _Surgeon_ that proposes a Cure. But because -Persons generally find some Relief by Opiates, as they retard the -determined Motion of the Blood, straiten the Nerves, and check the -tumultuous and disorderly Influx of the Spirits; so, probably, in -these Cases, their Use will be continued. Besides the acute Pain, the -_Cancer_ was over-spread with fungous Flesh, its lower Part extreamly -hard, knotty, blackish, and its Basis seemed inclinable to fix; the -Matter which was discharged was thin, reddish, and stank abominably. -This was the Condition of this poor Woman, when we first applied our -grand Dissolvent; the Pain she was attended with the first and second -Day after was inconsiderable, nor did she complain of more afterwards, -than would have been procured by the most mild and easy Remedy the -Dispensatory affords. In four Days Time we found a very evident -Alteration for the Better; for the Consistence of the Matter was -changed, and the Surface of the _Cancerous Mass_ became somewhat soft, -we continued the Use of the same Medicine, and in a few Days more some -part of the _Cancer_ came away with the dressing. In short, in about -six Weeks time, the whole Substance was entirely gone, and nothing -remained to be done but to heal the Ulcer, which was effected in about -a Fortnight. During the time she was under Cure we gave her a proper -internal Medicine, not calculated to destroy the Acidity of the Blood, -but to dispose the whole _Cancerous Mass_, with its Appendices to come -away, which might otherwise, as the Seeds of the Disease, cause it to -spring again: Thus was this Patient, (after so great a Fatigue she had -undergone before she came to me) perfectly cured, and has continued so -to this Time, without any manner of Inconvenience as she lately told -me, it being a long time since she has been well. - -A Gentlewoman near fifty Years of Age, by some Accident received a Blow -on her left Breast, which in a few Days was succeeded by a considerable -Tumour, whereupon she applyed herself to a _Surgeon_, who immediately -let her Blood, ordered her to take the _Lap. Hibern._ in Posset-Drink, -and embrocated the Breast with _Ol. Succini_: By the use of these Means -the Swelling was much abated, a small Hardness only remaining, which -did not exceed a small Wallnut in Bigness; in this State, with very -little Pain, she continued above a Year; but being persuaded to apply -an _Emp. de Ran. cum Mer._ to it, it encreased very apparently, was -extreamly painful, and in Seven Months time became as big as a large -Egg: After this she made use of a Woman who was reputed Famous for -these Cases; but by One or Two of her Applications the Tumour became -as big again as before: In short it continued to encrease gradually -from that time, till the whole Breast, which was of a monstrous -Bigness, and which was judged not to weigh less than Eight Pound, in -time became entirely _Cancerous_. It was at this time that I saw it the -Skin was very livid, looking sleek and shining, and seemed ready to -open, as being scarce capable of longer containing such a prodigious -hard _Mass_ as laid concealed under it, and was in all Probability as -big as the Breasts of the _Ammonian_ Women, of which _Juvenal_ thus -speaks, _In Meroe, crasso majorem Infante Mamillam_. She had been with -various experienced and reputable _Surgeons_ before, among which was -One not long ago deceased, who was justly looked upon as an Ornament -of his Profession; but not one would willingly attempt a real Cure by -cutting it off, or any other Way: They only prescribed some palliating -Remedies to remove the Pain and prevent its Breaking. I was animated -by my former Successes, and prevailed with my self to undertake it, -not thinking I was at all blameable if my Success in so extraordinary -an Affair contradicted the Prognosticks of so many worthy Gentlemen; -and though it did, I shall at all times think my self obliged to pay -a Deference to them. I began the Cure by removing the Integuments -from the upper Part of the Cancerous Substance, but did not wait -for a Separation of the Slough the Escarotick made for fear of being -incommoded in my Procedure by a Fungus; For this Reason I mixed some -of our Dissolvent with a digestive Ointment, by which Means I had a -Part of the _Cancerous Mass_ came away with it, without any Trouble to -my Patient. I continued this Method of Dressing several Days longer, -with very little Alteration; but upon a Complaint of a Pain between -the Shoulders, I was obliged to change my Medicine, and foment the -_Cancer_ with an Infusion of some of those Herbs that contain many -_Volatile_ attenuating and active Particles. And here I cannot but -remark, by the by, that Applications to the pained Part would have been -of no Effect, as I have many times observed, and particularly in a -Woman which had a Cancerated Breast, that was violently afflicted with -a Pain in her Arm on the same Side, which would not be removed by any -of the Applications the Person that had the Care of her made use of -the affected Arm. To this I might subjoin a very pertinent Case from -_Galen_; but I fear I shall digress too far. The Pain of my Patient’s -Back being removed, I proceeded to apply the Dissolvent, which so -softened the Superficies of the _Cancerous Mass_ that in Three or Four -Days Time I could take off above a Quarter of a Pound of it with the -Edge or Back of my Incision Knife, and my Patient not so much as feel -me, this I continued to accustom my self to, because it would have -been more tedious to have waited for the coming away of the _Cancerous -Mass_ of it self. Sometimes I varied my Applications as I saw Occasion, -but, as my Patient confessed, I scarce put her to any more Pain during -the Time her Breast was dissolving (abating for the Pain of her Back) -than there is in the dressing of an Issue. The prodigious Bigness of -the _Cancerous Mass_ made the Cure the more tedious, for it was above -Three Months before all of it was entirely dissolved and gone; but this -being at length surprisingly and very happily effected the _Cancerous -Ulcer_ (the last Part of the _Cancer_ that came away left) was incarned -and cicatrized by an Infusion of vulnerary Herbs, to which was added -a small Quantity of Tincture of Myrrh: Thus was this Cure entirely -compleated and my Success in it confirmed that _French_ Proverb, which -says, _It is better to be condemned to die by the Doctor, than by the -Judge._ I did not make use of that internal Medicine I mentioned in the -former Case, because here I found no pressing Necessity for the Use of -it, but some other proper Physick was taken to dispose the Ulcer to -heal, as one would have done in any other Case. Upon the whole of this -Cure, I cannot say whether I had more Trouble with the _Cancer_, or -in endeavouring to oblige my Patient to a strict Observance of some of -the Non-Naturals she so often erred in. There is nothing can create a -greater Trouble to the _Surgeon_, than to find Patients negligent of -their Healths, by not endeavouring to prevent or regulate Miscarriages, -nor taking so much Care of themselves, as they expect the _Surgeon_ -should take of them. The Rules and Directions of _Physicians_ and -_Surgeons_, given to their Patients, we have Reason to believe were not -so often violated formerly; for in some Places they obliged themselves -very strictly to the Observance of them, and some Historians give us -an Account that _Selucus_ made a Law; that if any of the _Epizephyrian -Locrians_ drank Wine, contrary to the _Physician_’s Direction, though -they escaped the ill Consequents that might have attended it, Death was -their Punishment, because they did contrary to what was prescribed them. - -A Woman about Thirty Years of Age had been for a considerable Time -afflicted with a hard painful Tumour under her Tongue, for the Cure of -which she had applied her self to various Persons, but without Success. -When I saw her I found the Swelling to be hard, painful, of a livid -Appearance, and incommoded her so much in speaking, that she could -not pronounce her Words articulately. I was of the Opinion of some -Gentlemen that had seen it before me, _viz._ That it was undoubtedly -_Cancerous_, and as such I proceeded to cure it; but I met with more -Difficulties in this Case than I at first expected, for after I thought -the _Cancerous Substance_ had been entirely dissolved, and I had -reduced the Ulcer to a very narrow Compass, it began to swell again, -and in a short Time enlarged it self to almost the Bigness it was at -first: This put me upon a Necessity of making an Incision into the Body -of the Tumour, that I might commodiously come at the remaining Part, -and so dispose some little Dossels of Lint, armed with our Dissolvent, -that they might have their desired Effect, and this in every Respect -answered what we proposed; so that we proceeded immediately to incarn -the Ulcer, which we did by a Lotion prepared of an Infusion of some -vulnerary Herbs, and _Mel. Rosar_. Thus was this Woman perfectly cured, -and has continued well about a Year. - -Because I have always found greater Difficulty in treating _Cancers_ -of the Mouth and Lips than those of the Breast, I will here relate an -Instance of one upon the lower Lip that proved extreamly troublesome. -It sometimes happens that one, or more, of those Glands which are -spread on the Inside of the Cheeks and Lips, called _Buccales_ and -_Labiales_, receive some Damage by a Bite or Blow; upon which they -generally tumefy very much, become painful, and in Process of Time (if -proper Means are not made use of) may become _Cancerous_. Such was the -Case of a Woman about Thirty Years of Age, who having had a Blow on her -lower Lip, neglected it till it was considerably tumefied, grew very -painful, and became extreamly troublesome to her. The Circumference of -the Swelling when I saw it, which was many Months after the Blow was -received, was very much inflamed, and a small Quantity of _Icorous_ -Matter discharged from several small Pustules, which over-spread it; -the Middle, which was the Body of the _Cancer_, was hard, of a whitish -Colour, and moveable; it’s Sides being only connected to the contiguous -Parts by some small Filaments that were detached from it. The same -Thing Doctor _Gendron_ has discovered in an ulcerated _Cancer_ on the -Forehead of the Servant of a certain _Marquess_, as he observes in his -Third _Chapter_ of the Tract we have before mentioned. I began with my -Patient by applying cool and temperate Remedies, till the Inflammation -was considerably abated; after this I applied our Dissolvent, which -operated so mildly that my Patient was not sensible of near so much -Pain as before she was apprehensive of: In short, the Body of the -_Cancer_ was removed and a good digested Matter discharged from the -Sore. Now all the Difficulty was after what Manner we should proceed -to dispose the little _Cancerous_ Branches in the Skin to come away, -but this we effected after the following Manner; the Consistent of -the Medicine we before applyed, was such as was no way qualified for -rooting out the Cancerous Filaments, whereupon we were obliged to -procure it’s Dissolution in a proper Menstruum, though it required a -considerable Time to do it; by this means, we soon found, that what -before was ineffectual was now capable of effecting what we desired. -This being done, the Ulcer was incarned by a Sarcotick Infusion (for I -never use Ointments in these Cases) and cicatrized by the common drying -Plaisters. It is to be observed, that the Scar still continues hollow -(it having been healed near Two Years) and not like those that are the -Consequents of well ordered simple Ulcers. - -The following Observation contains an Account of one that was cured of -an incipient _Cancer_ in her Breast, by Internals. I was the rather -inclined to set down the whole Process of this Cure, because by -these, or such like Medicines, Persons under the same Circumstances -may perhaps be cured, though by some they may be thought incurable. -The Case is this; A Gentlewoman, Thirty Years of Age, of a thin -spare Habit of Body, by some Accident received a Blow upon One of her -Breasts, which put her to an immediate Pain, and that very acute; -but it lessened upon her being let Blood, and the Application of a -discutient Plaister: However, in a few Days, some of the glandulous -Grains of the Breast became indurated, and in Process of Time, by their -Increase, they were rendered painful. At this Time she sought out for -fresh Advice, and continued Two Months under the Care of a Person she -was recommended to; but Things not succeeding according to Expectation, -she became a Patient to Three or Four more. During this Time the Lump -continued to encrease but slowly, and at the Expiration of Six Months -it appeared to be a very hard painful Tumour in the Middle of the -Breast, but no bigger than a Hen-Egg; whereupon it was thought proper -to commence her Method of Cure by exhibiting the following _Pills_. ℞ -_Pill. Tartar. Quercetan._ ʒß. _Calomel_ gr. viii. _F. Pill._ N^{o.} -5. These were likewise continued twice a Week during the whole Cure; -after this, was ordered the following Infusion, ℞ _Vin. Rhenan._ ℔ii. -_Milleped._ ℥ii. _Ocul. Canc._ ℥ß _Croci._ ʒii. This was not to be -taken alone, but when it had stood Four and Twenty Hours, three or -four Spoons-full of it was to be mixed with a Draught of the ensuing -Dietetick-Drink, and taken in the Morning, and at Four of the Clock in -the Afternoon. ℞ _Rad. Sarsaparill._ ℥ii. _Chinæ_ ʒvi. _Fig. Sassafr._ -℥i. _Corn. Cervi_, ℥_Sem. Correand._ ℥ß. _Sant. Rub._ ʒii. _Coq. in -aq. Font. Congiis 4 per Horæ dimidium, deinde stent Clause super -Cineres Calidos per Horas_ xii; _postea ebulliant ad tertiæ Partis -Consumptionem_. By the Continuance of these Means about two Months, -and observing a regular Method of living, the Cure of this Patient was -effected; though by some she had been looked upon as incurable, unless -she would submit the cutting it out, which is not often attended with -Success. - -Perhaps, _Sir_, here you may object, that it is acting disengenuously, -and not like a Friend, to give you an Account of those Persons only -where I have succeeded. To this I answer, that excepting one Woman, -that was emaciated almost to the last Degree by the excessive Discharge -of a fætid Icorous Matter from her Breast, and an Abscess under her -Arm, and who was carried off by a violent Loosness, I never had a -Person miscarried under my Care, where I proposed a Cure. That poor -Woman I suffered my self to be persuaded to take care of, having but -little Prospect of effecting it, yet my Endeavours succeeded so well, -that had it been in our Power to put a Stop to her Loosness, I am of -opinion she might have been cured. - -What has been hitherto said, I do not question but is sufficient to -satisfy you, that this formidable _Disease_ is not so rebellious, but -that it may be sometimes conquered by Art; and I might here relate a -Case I have at this present Writing, wherein not only a Part of the -_Cancer_ was fixed, but there were hard _Cancerous_ Knots extended -to the Arm-pit; and yet this seems to be almost well; the Ulcer that -remains, and which heals daily, not being much broader than a Crown -Piece. But in regard the Patient is not entirely cured, I shall reserve -this Relation untill another Opportunity; though I will embrace the -present to assure you that I am, - - _SIR_, - - _Your very respectful Brother, - - and Humble Servant,_ - - W^m. Beckett. - - _Hatton-Garden, - July 12, 1711._ - - - - - _A Solution of some Curious_ Problems _concerning_ Cancers. - - -PROBLEM I. - -_Whether the Cancerous Juice is Corrosive, or not._ - -[Sidenote: _Vide_ Riolanus, _Cap._ 13. _Sect._ 2.] We cannot come to a -certain Knowledge of the Principles of the Juice which is lodged in the -Cancerous Substance, although it enjoyed the very same Properties, of -that which is discharged from an ulcerated _Cancer_, from the Account -which Authors have given of the latter; for they have differed very -much in determining the Nature of the Salts, with which they suppose -it abounds. _Helmont_, _Van Horne_, and most of those Gentlemen that -were Chymically inclined, were of Opinion they belonged to the Alkaline -Family, but a far greater Number than those, have thought they are -Acid. _Riolan_, the Father, in his Chirurgical Works, without giving -his Opinion what the constituent Parts of the purulent Matter are, -affirmed it to be as strong as Poison, and that no Death could be -devised too cruel for such a One as should give it to a Man. This -brings to my Remembrance a very unhappy Accident a Gentleman informed -me of that befel Mr _Smith_, one of the _Surgeons_ of St _Thomas_’s -_Hospital_, who being so curious as to taste the Juice of a cancerated -Breast presently after it was extirpated, found himself very strangely -affected by it, in a very short Time; he washed his Mouth with various -Things, but nothing could free him from that penetrating, malignant, -and nauseous Savour, he was continually attended with; in short, he -became consumptive, and in a few Months died a Martyr to the Art of -_Surgery_. I confess when I received this Account it did not a little -surprize me, because I had several times had the Curiosity to do the -very same Thing, at the _Hospital_ where that unfortunate Genman made -the Experiment. I never found any remarkable Sharpness in it, though it -was always attended with a very unpleasant Savour. I proceeded at first -very cautiously in making this Attempt; for I deluted some Drops of the -Juice in several Spoons-full of fair Water, till at length, not finding -any Inconvenience from it, I came to the Juice it self. We cannot -imagine the Death of that Gentleman before-mentioned, was procured -by the Action of any corrosive Salts, whether _Acid_ or _Alkaline_, -which would have caused a Corrosion of the Parts, but that it is only -accountable from the extraordinary Stench and Malignity of the Matter, -which impressing its Virulency on the Animal Juices must undoubtedly -disturb their regular Motions, and cause the utmost Confusion of the -whole Oeconomy. It must certainly be a very tragical Scene, to observe -how Nature, by so inconsiderale Means, confounds and insults, over the -Animal System; but still there is nothing we are more certain of, than -that her Method of Procedure is always consistent to the Rules she -acts by. Since the writing of this, looking over a little Tract which -informs us of the Rarities in _New-England_, I met with a Relation -which discovers to us the peculiar and odd Quality of the Juice of a -cancerated Breast, or Wolf, as our Author calls it. He tells us that an -indulgent Husband, by sucking his Wife’s sore Breast to draw out the -Poison, lost all his Teeth, but was attended by no other Inconvenience. -Now this does not prove that so strange an Effect should succeed the -sucking the Ulcer, because of the Corrosiveness of the Matter; for had -it been so, such tender Parts as the Gums, Lips, and Tongue, could not -have escaped so well as to have received no Damage by it. - - -Problem II. - -_Whether_ Cancers _are contagious, or not._ - -[Sidenote: Vid. _Zacut. de Prax._ Med. admirand. _Lib._ 1. _Obs._ 15.] -There has been a very great Disagreement in the Sentiments of our -Predecessors as to this Point; but _Zacutas Lusitanus_ proposes to -prove it by Reason and Experience. His Reasons are, _First_, because -in an ulcerated _Cancer_ there is a Cadaverous Stench and Rottenness, -which infects the Neighbouring Parts with it’s Virulency. _Secondly_, -Because a _Cancer_ is the same _Disease_ as an _Elephantiasis_, and -_Leprosy_ of a particular Part. To this, _Sennertus_ in his Posthumous -Works answers, that all corrupted and fætid Substances are not -contagious; for in a _Gangrene_ and _Sphacellus_, there is the greatest -Corruption and offensive Smell, yet we do not find that a Person is -killed by it: He adds, though a _Cancer_ has some Similitude to an -_Elephantiasis_, they are different _Diseases_. _Lusitanus_ deduces -his Experience from an Observation of a poor Woman, that having an -ulcerated _Cancer_ in her Breast, and lying with three Children, they -were affected after the same Manner by the Contagion. He says that -Two of them died, but the Third, which was of a stronger [Sidenote: -_Vid_ Sennert. _Paralipom. ad Part._ 1 _Cap._ 19.] Constitution, -had the _Cancer_ cut off by a _Surgeon_ and was cured. _Sennertus_ -is of Opinion that these Children did not contract the _Disease_ by -Contagion, but that it was by Hereditary Succession. We likewise find -that _Cardan_, _Lib. de Venen. Cap._ 12. is of Opinion that _Cancers_ -are not contagious. However, we will not make any particular Enquiry -into these Authors Reasons, when they so strenuously maintain this -Point; but only relate a remarkable History, which will prove the -contrary, if the _Cancerous_ Matter comes to an immediate Contract with -a soft and glandulous Part. The Relation I had (some time ago) from a -Gentleman not long since deceased, who, out of a pious Disposition, -had devoted himself for several Years last past, to be serviceable to -the greatest Objects of Charity. He informed me that a Tradesman’s -Wife in _Nottingham_, being so unhappy as to labour under a _Cancer_ -in one of her Breasts, her Husband was of Opinion he could relieve -her by sucking it; accordingly he put this Method in Practice, in -hopes without doubt he could effect a Cure, by drawing the _Cancerous_ -Matter out of the Nipple; he continued his Attempts for some Time, -but found it did not answer his Design; for though a small Quantity -of Matter was discharged [Sidenote: _Vide_ Galen. _in_ Aph. Hip. -Com. Lib. 6 Aph. 38.] this way, the _Disease_ still became worse, and -she terminated her Life soon after. Two Months were scarce expired -before the Husband of the Deceased came up to _London_, upon Account -of a swelling he had arose on the Inside of the upper Jaw; he applied -himself to some ingenious _Surgeons_ for Advice, who assured him he -must undergo the drawing of Several Teeth on that Side of the Jaw -which was affected, and have the Swelling, and Part of the Jaw-Bone -(if necessary) cut away; he went away very much disatisfyed with so -harsh a Proposal, and became a Patient to a Person, who undertook to -cure him with _Gargels_, and such inconsiderable Remedies; however, by -the Use of these Things he was of Opinion he became much better, and -thought he should be cured. Upon this he retired into the Country to -his Business, but in less than a Month’s Time he was obliged to come up -again, and have the former Method put in Practice. But the Event was -according to that Expression of _Galen_, _Quibus item sunt Cancri in -cavitate Corporis, aut Palato, sede utero, si secentur, aut urantur, -ulcera cicatrice induci non possunt_. For the Sore could never be -brought to cicatrize, but the _Cancer_ continu’d to spread, till it -had extended in self over most of the internal Parts of the Mouth, -and to the inner Part of the Nose: In this unhappy Condition, he lived -some time, but at last became so frightful an Object, and the Stench -that continually proceeded from the Parts was so offensive, that he -retired himself from the World, and finished his miserable Life in a -Garret. Since the finishing the _Solution_ to the foregoing _Problem_, -I met with a Surgeon (a Foreigner) who giving me an Account of the -present State of the Practice of _Surgery_ in the Country where he -lived, and relating some considerable Cases which had happened within -his own Knowledge, in answer to my Desire, among other things, told -me, without any particular Intimation from me, he knew a very odd -Accident, which happened upon a Woman’s having an ulcerated _Cancer_ -in her right Breast, which was, that she being poor, for want of other -Conveniences, suffered two Children she had to lie with her in that -Condition; at length one of them, a Girl about five Years old, began -to be afflicted with a small painful Tumour in one of her Breasts, -which encreasing to near the Bigness of an Egg, became Livid, and -entirely _Cancerous_; the Mother died some time after, and the Child -did not long survive her; but the other Child continued well. Several -Surgeons gave their Sentiments of this Case; some thought it to -be an Hereditary Indisposition; but considering the Mother had no -Appearance of a _Cancer_ before or at the Birth of the Child, I cannot -but readily embrace the Opinion of those Gentlemen, that were inclined -to believe that it was contracted by Contagion, seeing the Position -of the Child’s Body was such in Bed, that that Part of it which was -affected was almost always disposed to rub against the Dressings soaked -in Matter, (for I understand the Mother took but very little Care to -change them often.) Now it is not at all probable, that the malignant -_Effluvia_, which continually pass off from the _Cancerous Mass_, and -the putrefied Matter, can dispose a Person at any little Distance to -be affected with the like _Disease_, for then the other Child would -have became a Sufferer; but it may happen in some extraordinary Cases, -where the corrupted Fluid has attained an exalted Pitch of Malignity, -to communicate some of its more active Particles to the Blood and -Spirit; and so causing a very great Disorder in their Motions produce a -violent Fever, and Confusion of the whole Oeconomy, so as to occasion -a Person’s Death. But see a remarkable Case in _Tulpius_, _Lib._ 4. -_Obs._ 8. That there are several cutaneous _Diseases_ that may be -propagated by Contagion, if a Person lies with another, is by all -allowed of; and that the lying with a Person that has a _Cancer_ may -be attended by such a _Disease_, from the Proofs we have brought, I -suppose will be agreed to be equally as certain. But this cannot happen -unless the matter be very malignant, and be suffered, by the Negligence -of the Patient, to come to an immediate Contact, with a Part of the -Body of the other Person; for then, without doubt, it may contuminate -the Fluids, and incline them to assume a Viscidity, to which the -_Effluvia_ will immediately adhere, because they are best qualifyed for -a Union with those Substances that are viscous. To this we may add, -that in those Persons that are nearly related, the Malignity may be -more easily communicable because of their Analogy to each other; for -consonant hereto, _Diemerbroeck_ says in his Treatise of _the Plague_, -that _Kindred more easily receive the Infection from one another_. But -see more in that Author’s excellent Book where you have likewise some -curious Thoughts relating to Contagion. [Sidenote: Vide _Diemerbroeck_ -de _Pest_. Page 58.] - - -PROBLEM III. - -_Whether if the extirpating a_ Cancerous Breast _happens to be -successful, it ought to be look’d upon as a Consequence of Performing -the Operation better than our Predecessors._ - -[Sidenote: Vide _Ætius Tetrab._ 4. Ser. 4. _Cap._ 44.] By the Account -we receive from Authors we cannot be positively assured, whether there -was any particular established Method in the first Ages of this Art, -for the Performance of this Operation: This we are only assured of -that there are some Circumstances which relate to it, that have been -taken Notice of; the most considerable of which is, that the actual -Cautery was to be applied immediately after the Abscision; this they -advised, not only to put a Stop to the Flux of Blood, but likewise -to correct the ill Quality of it: It is to be observed, that they -ordered always, upon such an Occasion, Defensatives to be applied -to the contiguous Parts, to prevent their being inflamed; but for -as much as they were sensible the actual Cautery would procure an -Eschar, they recommended the Use of Digestives to separate it; after -which, they proposed to heal it as [Sidenote: Vide _Arceus_, lib. 2. -Cap 3. de _Curand. Vulnerib._] a common Ulcer. The very next Advance -this Operation received, that we have met with, was by that Accurate -Writer _Franciscus Arceus_, who obliged the World with an exact and -methodical Account of the whole Method of Procedure in extirpating -a _Cancer_ in the Breast; though this Author would only venture on -those that were not Ulcerated, those that were he looked upon as -incurable. We do not find that this Method was recommended to the -World by any remarkable Histories of Cures effected by it; whether it -proceeded from the Unsuccessfulness of the Attempts, or its Disuse, we -cannot determine. _Fabritius Hildanus_ likewise made a considerable -Step towards the Encouraging the Performing this Operation; and he -assures us, he has more than once done it with Success; he did not -only influence his Cotemporaries to revive an Operation, that was, -perhaps, almost grown out of Date, by the Histories of some Cases he -recites; but obliged them with the Figure of a Pair of Forceps, which -in this Operation are very convenient to engage the Breast, and thereby -prevent the Pain the Patients are sometimes put to, by piercing the -Breast with Needles armed with Silk to suspend it. There are several -Ways of performing the Operation, mentioned by later Practitioners, -but at this Time there are few that are willing to be concerned in -it. A very considerable Author speaking of extirpating a _Cancerous -Breast_, advises us to take care we do not cut the Pectoral Muscle in -the Operation: But we have seen a very remarkable Case of this Nature, -where a Part of that Muscle was cut away, and the Cartilages of the -two of the Ribs laid bare, and the Patient happened to be cured. -Now if our Predecessors had so great a Respect to the avoiding the -wounding of this Part, as to make their Incisions too superficial, -their Operations must be in all Probability unsuccessful; for we are -very well assured by Experience, that their actual Cauteries will have -no good Effect here, nor will they consume the remaining Part of the -_Cancerous Mass_. We have elsewhere shewed, that this Substance upon -boiling becomes hard and friable; and we will here take the Liberty to -give our Opinion of the Use of Cauteries in this Case. The _Cancerous -Substance_ we take to be nothing more than a Transformation of the -small glandulous Bodies, which form the Breast, and a Lymphatick Juice, -intimately incorporated therewith, into a hard, close, whitish, and -(by common Medicines) indissolvable _Mass_. In some Cases, perhaps, it -may receive some Addition from some Juices, which may distil from the -contiguous Fibres. This being granted, what Benefit, can we reasonably -imagine, will ensue on this painful Method? Will not the Fire, by -causing the more Fluid Parts of the _Mass_ to evaporate, actually dry -up, torrefy, and harden it; and so dispose it for displaying a Train -of mischievous Effects, on the contiguous Parts? and all this without -any very apparent Decrease of it too: Nay, the very reducing of it to -such a Consistence, which very much resembles a Piece of burnt Horn, -is sufficient to procure a perpetual Pain, seeing Medicines can hardly -soften it, so as to reduce it to its first State. - - -PROBLEM IV. - -_Whether_ Salivation _will Cure a_ Cancer. - -The extraordinary Success this Method has been attended with, in some -Cases of the greatest Difficulty, has so far recommended it to the -World, that it is at this Time become of so great Repute, that there -are few Persons but what will willingly embrace it, if proposed to -them, provided they have found former Methods prove ineffectual. We -once knew a Person, who laboured under an ulcerated _Cancer_ in her -Breast, advised to it, and who had certainly under-gone it, though -contrary to the Opinion of some Persons concerned, if in three or four -Days time she had not been reduced to such a weak Condition, that it -put an End to the Controversy. That a _Salivation_ has cured the most -malign and spreading Ulcers, and those that have been of several Years -continuance, notwithstanding their Edges have been high, inverted and -assumed the Consistence of a callous Body, we have found by several -Instances; but that it should cure a _Cancerous Ulcer_, an _Ulcer_ -which is chiefly seated in a transformed animal Substance, and which -has no Correspondence with the contiguous Parts, is what we cannot -believe. One of the principal Effects of _Mercury_, if prudently given, -is, that it attenuates the Juices, clears the Canals, destroys the -ill Quality of that Fluid that has a Hand in causing any Obstruction, -and renders the Juices temperate and sweet. By effecting this, it is, -that it cures so many different Diseases, which perhaps have not so -great a Diversity in their Causes, but have different Appearances, -which depend upon the Variety of Parts, where the Cause operates. -From hence any One may judge, that a Person who discovers a certain -Method of curing _Cancers_ by Medicines only, will find that it will -not consist in a Secret for purifying the Juices, which can have no -Effect on the _Cancerous Mass_, so as to procure it’s Dissolution; and -without a Remedy for which his Method will be always unsuccessful. -_Mercklin_, in his Treatise _de Transfus Sanguinis_, page 35, tells us -we have no Reason to believe we may have Success from Transfusion in a -_Cancer_, nor indeed would Injections succeed better; though, perhaps, -by this Means, it is possible so to alter the Fluids, that _Ulcers_, -not _Cancerous_, may be cured in a short Time, as it once happened -to a certain Person, who being under Cure for an inveterate Pox, had -some _Rosin_ of _Scammony_ infused in the Essence of _Guaiacum_, -injected into his Veins, which Vomited him excessively; but his -_Ulcers_ were healed in three Days Time. From what has been hitherto -said, it is evident, that a _Salivation_ can never cure a confirmed -_Cancer_, because it is not capable of procuring a Dissolution of that -hard Substance, which is the real _Cancer_ it self. The Glands we -have observed, with the extravasated _Lympha_, and its Vessels, are -perfectly changed to a different Substance to what they were before, -all which make a _Mass_ of such a Nature, that it will be impossible -to procure it’s Dissolution by any inward Means. If the _Cancer_ was -nothing more than a Coagulation of the Juices in the Vessels, or other -Canals, or Pipes, the Cure might be much more easily effected, but as -the _Cancer_ is conjoined with such Circumstances as we have mentioned, -we may affirm the Cure will be altogether impossible without the whole -Substance with it’s Appendices or Branches (which we have found they -often have) be taken away; or a perfect Dissolution of all of it be -procured by some external Remedy, which is capable of operating on it -after such a peculiar Manner, as to dissolve the _Cancerous Substance_, -without having any such Effect on the contiguous Parts. - - -PROBLEM V. - -_Whether Cancers are Curable by Causticks._ - -The Difficulty that those of our Predecessors who had Courage enough -to attempt the Cure of _Cancers_, must unavoidably meet with, obliged -them to enter upon several Methods of Practice, in order to be capable -of surmounting it; and there have not been wanting for these several -hundred Years last past, some Gentlemen in the Republick of Medicine -that have proposed to conquer this Rebellious Disease, by the use -of some particular Causticks, they have recommended. It is foreign -to my Design, to give an Account of the Composition of the several -Remedies, they have been big with the Expectation of Success from; I -shall only take notice of one or two not very pompous Preparations, -that by some Persons I know, have been looked upon as extraordinary -as any that have been transmitted to us. _Guido_, who I think I may -justly say is one of the best Authors of so ancient a Date, has been -very lavish of his Encomiums on _Arsnick_, and after him _Fallopius_, -_Rodericus a Castro_, _Ossenius_, _Penotus_, _Faber_, _Borellus_, -and others, have recommended it in some particular Preparations. -That of _Fuschius_, who is said to have cured abundance of Persons -of _Cancers_, in _England_, _Germany_, and _Poland_, having had the -most said in it’s Commendation, required our more particular Notice; -_Hartman_ calls it _Pul Benedictus_, which whether it deserves that -Title, we will leave to the Reader to judge, after we have faithfully -recounted the Effects of it. Its Preparation is as follows: ℞ _Arsenici -albi_ ℥i _subtilissime pulverisetur per dies 15 de die tertio in -tertium affundatur Aq. vitæ, ut cooperiat pulverem, post triduum Aq. -vitæ abjiciatur, ac nova affundatur, ac misceantur. Rad Dracunouli -Major, mense julio vel Agu. collect & in taleolas scissæ ac in loco -ventis perflatili exsiccatæ_ ℥ii. _Fuliginis Camini splendidi_ ℥iii -_redigantur omnia in subtilissimum pulverem super lapidem marmoreum, -& servetur in Vase bene clauso vitreo. Ante annum vero ad usum non -erit it a commodus_. This Powder I applied to a _Cancerated_ Breast -of a Woman, under thirty Years of Age, after having made a Sore by -applying one of the milder _Causticks_; the first Night it was made -use of, it caused a great deal of pain, and the next Day, the Breast -appeared very much tumefied and inflamed, a small quantity of Gleet, -having discharged on the Bolster: in short for fifteen Days she was -not free from pain, she had a _Fever_, was attended with frequent -_Vomitings_, _Faintings_, and several other Disorders. I could afford -her but very little Relief by Internals, or the most cool and temperate -Applications to the Breast; nor was it in my Power to remove the -dressing, it adhered so fast to the Sore. There was a Discharge of -a bloody ferous Juice for twelve Days in a moderate quantity, after -which the Matter thickened, and it began to smell somewhat offensive, -at the end of fifteen Days the Dressing dropped off, and with it came -away about two Ounces of the _cancerous Mass_. The Reader may easily -imagine that making so small a Progress in such a time, and that at -the Expence of so much Pain, I could easily prevail with my self to -desist from the Undertaking, for the second Application would have -been attended with the same Inconveniencies as the first, which to any -Persons that entertains such a concern for his Patients as he ought -to do, must be very fatiguing; in short, after this I made use of -that Remedy I had elsewhere mentioned, and which from its Effect was -properly enough called a _Dissolvent_, with this by the Blessing of -God the _Cancerous_ Substance was consumed in about three Weeks, and -a perfect Cure compleated in not many Days after, the Patient which I -saw lately continuing perfectly well, it being the first Case that ever -Providence directed me to the use of the Remedy in. _Hildan_ has an -Observation very pertinent to what we have before related; he tells us, -that the _Powder_ so much celebrated by _Penotus_, and which is much -the same with that just now mentioned, being applied to a _Cancer_, was -succeeded by such ill Symptoms, that it killed the Patient in a few -Days. We are informed in the communicated Observations of _Riverius_, -that a Foreigner extirpated a Cancer, that had began to Ulcerate in the -Breast of a Woman of fifty Years of Age, by the following Application: -℞ _Arsenici_ ʒi. _Salis Armoniaci_ ℥ii. _Sublimat. crud._ ℥iiii. _Aq; -Fortis_ ℥i. _These were to be distill’d to Dryness, then an equal -Weight of distill’d Vinegar put thereto, which was to be distilled -again, till the remaining Matter, became of the Consistance of a -Paste._ The Surgeon bathed the _Cancer_ with hot Wine, and rubbed it -with Cloths for some time to _irritate_ it, then he spread some of -his Composition on a Bolster six times less than the _Tumour_, and -applied it; in twenty four Hours time, it made an _Escar_ as large -as the Swelling, so that it wholly consumed the _Cancer_; after the -Separation of the _Escar_ he incarned the _Ulcer_ and cicatrized -it. It is very observable, that he did not engage in this painful -Process, without immediately causing a Fever, which was attended with -a _Vomiting_, _Loosness_, and much Provocation of _Urine_; which -Symptoms lasted two or three Days, for Nature was disordered by the -destructive Quality of a venemous Remedy. _Paracelsus_, _Faber_, and -some others, make mention of Arsnical Preparations, that procure but -little Pain in their Operation; I had a Design of making a Trial of -some of these Remedies, had I not in my Enquiries met with what was -very satisfactory to me, though after knowing what I have related, I -should have always cautiously avoided the use of any Remedy, in which -the _Arsnick_ had not undergone such a Preparation as I should have -approved of, because I am assured it may procure very mischievious -Symptoms, though in Substance, it do not so much as touch the Skin, -witness the _Amulets_, in which it has been the chief Ingredient, and -of which there have been such direful Accidents related by _Crato_, -_Massaria_, and _Zacutus Lucitanus_. I do not think it impossible, -but that _Arsnick_ may be prepared after such a manner as may, by -the addition of some convenient Body, or depriving it of its noxious -Particles, qualify it for effecting uncommon things in the Cure of -this Disease, without causing the Surgeon to repent the use of it. I -remember that _Helmont_ somewhere says one may easily enough correct -several sorts of Poisons, so that they shall not be deprived of their -Force, when we destroy their Virulency. Many Instances of this Nature -we meet with in Mr _Boyle_, and some others; but that which makes most -for my present purpose, is, what is mentioned by the last Honourable -Gentleman, of a very ingenious Man he knew, that was famous, as well -for his Writings, as for a Remedy to cure _ulcerated Cancers_ in Womens -Breasts, without any considerable Pain. He assured our Author that his -Medicine was indolent, and mortified the ulcerated Parts as far as -they were corrupted, without disordering the Party, and this Remedy it -seems partly by the Confession of the Gentleman, was reasonably enough -supposed to be a Dulcification of _Arsnick_; one would think that -the mention of this very Remedy, with Monsieur _Alliot’s_, and that -recommended in the preceeding Letter, should be sufficient to influence -the inquisitive of our Profession to farther Enquiries, which must be -certainly an Undertaking, worthy the noblest Spirits. To conclude, we -cannot say, but there are many Cancers that may be cured by Causticks, -but the Person that is to undergo it, may very well answer, as a -certain Patient did, who’s Thigh was to be cut off, _Non est tanto -digna dolore Salus_. _The Preservation of Life would be too dear bought -at the Price of so much Pain._ This puts me in Mind of what is related -of _Galienus_ the Emperor, who it seems had for a considerable time -been very grieviously afflicted with a _Sciatica_, a certain Physician -undertaking to cure him, performed indeed his Promise, but nevertheless -made him undergo a thousand painful Experiments; whereupon, the Emperor -one Day sent for, and thus said to him, _Take_ Fabatus _two Thousand -Sesterces, but withal, be informed I give them not for curing my_ -Sciatica, _but that thou may’st never cure me again_. - - -PROBLEM VI. - -_Whether Cancers are Curable by internal Medicines._ - -Though this _Problem_ at first View may seem to be too near allied -to that which proves the Impossibility of curing cancerous Tumours, -whether ulcerated or not, by Salivation; yet in regard there are -some Persons, that tell us the Disease is superable by some internal -Remedies, which operate after a quite different Manner, to those -generally given to procure a Salivation, we shall enquire into one of -the most considerable of them, related by a Person whose Memory we have -a very great Value for. And we shall the rather take Notice of this -particular Remedy, because we have elsewhere spoke of the Success of -it. It were no very difficult Matter for me to mention several internal -Medicines, out of our Chirurgical Writers, more especially those that -have been Favourers of Chemistry; but I shall purposely decline it, -because to speak freely, I suspect that most of the Remedies, though -much has been said in the Praise, have not been sufficiently examined -by those that recommended them. To this we may add, that had the -Authors of them considered the vast Difference there is to be observed -in Cancers, they would not have so suddainly and positively determined, -that their Medicines were of use in these Cases in general; seeing we -must have regard to absolutely different Intentions, in those that are -not ulcerated, and those that are, and those that are a hard Tumour, -and those that are flat, and likewise when they are conjoined with -Circumstances, which are often enough to be met with. The Honourable Mr -_Boyle_ in his _Usefulness of experimental Philosophy_, tells us, that -he was informed by credible Persons, of a certain _English_ Woman above -sixty Years of Age, who had lain long indisposed with a Cancer in her -Breast, in an Hospital in _Zeeland_, and was by Doctor _Harberfeld_, -with one single inward Remedy perfectly cured in three Weeks; the -Relation was made by a _Doctor of Physick_, who was an Eye Witness -of the Cure, and another Person who not only saw the Cure, but knew -the Woman before, and out of Charity, carried her to him that healed -her. Our Author was informed, that the _Chemical Liquor_ the Doctor -constantly made use of, does in the Dose of about a Spoonful or two, -work suddainly and nimbly enough by Vomit, but hath very quickly ended -it’s Operation, so that within an Hour, or less, after the Patient -has taken it, he is commonly well again, and very hungry. He adds, -that having some of the Liquor presented him, he found the Taste to be -offensive enough, and not unlike that of _Vitriol_, which by the Taste -and emetick Operation, was guessed to be it’s principal Ingredient. -The Relators assured our Author they had been in _England_, as well -as elsewhere partly Eye Witnesses, and partly Performers of wonderful -Cures by the help of it alone, under God, in the _King’s Evil_; -insomuch, that an eminent Gentleman of this Nation, hath been cured by -it, when _that Distemper_ had brought his Arm to such a pass, that the -Surgeons had appointed a time to cut it off. Now, who is there, that -upon reading this Account would not think the Doctor a very happy Man, -that was Master of so valuable a Secret; but alas! How satisfactory -would it be to the World if the hundredth part of the Remedies that -have been handed down to us, had a Power of effecting those things that -are ascribed to them, without being attended with any ill Consequences. -I assure you, Reader, I have made use of this very Remedy, for since -I mentioned it as the Doctor’s having great Success from it; I met -with the true Preparation of it, as it was communicated to Sir _Kenelm -Digby_ by Doctor _Havervelt_, or _Haberfield_, for the Cure of -_Cancers_, the _King’s Evil_, and old _Ulcers_. It is as follows. ℞ -_Dantzick Vitriol, calcine it till it be yellow, then grind it with -Salt, or Salt Petre, the ordinary proportion with this Sublime Mercury, -which Sublime once again by it self, then take only the Cristaline -part of it; of this take_ ℥i, _grind it to a Subtile Powder in a Glass -Mortar with a Glass Pestle._ Put this into a Glass Bottle, and pour -upon it a Quart of Fountain Water, stop the Bottle close, and let it -stand thus for some Days, shaking it often; after it is well settled -pour off the clear, and filtre it; take a Spoonful of this Liquor, -which put into a Vial, and put to it two Spoonfuls of fair Water; shake -the Vial well, and let the Patient Drink it in the Morning Fasting: As -to the quickness of its Operation, and the making the Patient Hungry, -I found it at first to agree with what Mr _Boyle_ says of it; but upon -giving it three or four times, the Patient would afterward complain of -a Languidness, which was ushered in by a Sickness at the Stomach; after -this, they would be attended with a Heat or Soreness of the Throat, -immoderate Thirst, convulsive Motions of the Stomach, _&c._ Some of -which Inconveniencies would continue for many Hours together. It was -upon Account of the Melancholy Reflections of bringing the Patients -into such Disorder, and their Unwillingness to endure such Fatigues, -that I had never Courage enough to proceed in this Method. I cannot but -say, upon the Alteration I found in a Patient of mine, from the use of -six Doses of this Medicine, that it may as well as some other churlish -Remedies, cure some flat ulcerated Cancers, where there is no Tumour -to dissolve, in Persons that are capable of often repeating it, which -I think is sufficient to put us upon farther Enquiries, that we may be -able to accomplish such Undertakings without bringing upon the Patient -such a Train of mischievous Accidents. - - -_POSTSCRIPT._ - -What follows is taken from a Manuscript which at this time 1714–15, -belongs to one of the Family of the _Pains_, that have for a long time -pretended to cure Cancers: In the Margin is this Note, (_Used by my -Father, and Grandfather, and Brothers, and known as a thing excellent -by long Practice in our Family of the_ Pains:) The Book was lent me by -my Brother _Dobyns_, who had it from one of the Family, a Patient of -his. - - -_The Red Caustick._ - -To eat all Superfluous Cancerous and Schirrous Matters gathered hard in -the Edges or Sides of any Ulcer or Cancer, breeding upon the Mouth, -Face, Nose or Valva. Take of Bole Armoniac one Ounce, of yellow Arsnic -three Ounces, powder them and searse them fine, pare an Apple or two -and take of the Pulp and put so much of it to the Powder (beating of -it together in a Mortar) as will make it of the stiffness of Dough, -then make it up into round Balls of the bigness of a Walnut, dry them -in a Chamber-Window till they be hard enough. When you use these Balls -shave a little off from them into your Hand, and moisten the same with -a little Spittle, and rub it well about the hard Foot of the _Noli -me Tangere_, and all over the Head of the same, and after that you -have gathered him up into the Ligature and knit him hard up (for it -seems they used a Ligature smeared with the Medicine) then apply your -Preparation before-mentioned, and lay fine Holland Raggs dipt in the -following Red Water, all over the said Caustic, and so let it lye till -it fall off its self. _Note_, The Quantity of Caustic laid on, ought -not to be much, and yet sufficient to work its effect. It worketh with -great Pain for twelve Hours or more, and after that by Fits, like the -Tooth-Ach; as the Pain worketh off it causes great Inflammation and -Swelling about those Parts it is applied to, but this does not continue -above four or five Days; so meddle not with it till the Caustick comes -off. Then you may for three or four Days dress the Inflammation with -Diachylon Plaister, or the Red Water warm. - - -_The Red Water for a Cancer._ - -Quench unslacked Lime in boiling Water, which let stand six Hours, the -clear Water poured off, put to the Fire again; to a Gallon and half of -which, put _Camphir_ ℥ß _Aloes Succatrine_ ℥ß. _Common Bole_ ℥ii _White -Copperas or Allum_ ℥ii all powdered, which boil in the Liquor a little -while: He sometimes gave a Pill made of Deflograted Red Precipitate, -which sometimes made them spit a little. - - -_The Musilage Plaister to dissolve Schirrous Knots in the Breast._ - -Take of the white and inward Bark of the Witch-Hasel half a Handful, -cut it short and stamp it, then take of the Roots of Marsh Mallows, -Holy-hock Roots two or three Roots, clean them and throw away the Pith, -stamp all together, then take of Fenugreek and Linseed of each two -Ounces powdered, put all in an Earthen-pot, then take a Pint of white -Wine or Water, heat it scalding hot, put it to the Things aforesaid, -cover it close, stirring it every Day for nine Days, then strain out -the Musilage Liquor with which you make the following Plaister. Take a -Pint of Salad Oyl, Cerus finely powdered 8 Ounces, boil them together, -constantly stirring them, a sufficient time, which you may know by its -coming clear off a Pewter Dish when dropt on, let it cool a little -and put in your Musilage, which stir till it be as white as you would -have it, and until almost all the Musilage be boiled away, then remove -it from the Fire and put to it four Ounces of _yellow Wax_, probably -_Galbanum_ may be better, which when dissolved and the Plaister cold, -work up for use. This Plaister is sometimes used with equal Parts of -_Galbanum_. - - - - - THE - - CASE - - OF - - Dr _JAMES KEIL_, - - Represented by - - _JOHN RUSHWORTH_. - - -I Should not have been induced to make these Papers publick, barely -on account of the rash Censures, that are frequently cast upon -the Practice of _Surgery_, not attended with Success; tho’ that -Consideration alone, in the Case of a Person of such Value and Eminency -in _Physick_, as Dr KEIL is known to have been, may be thought -sufficient to have moved me to it: But being certainly informed, That -several _Physicians_ and _Surgeons_ have before, and since his Death, -given themselves the Liberty to reflect, not only upon me for Using, -but also upon the Deceased for submitting to the Methods that were -taken with him; I think I shall not discharge my Duty, either to my -Friend, or to my Self, or indeed to the Profession, if I do not, as far -as I am able, endeavour to set what was done in a True Light. - -In order thereunto, it may be requisite to look back to the Time He -first mentioned any Disorder in his Mouth to me, which was in _August_ -1716. He then told me, He had preceived a Fulness in his Mouth for very -many Years; but in the last Three or Four Years it was much encreased, -and by the Bulk began to be troublesome to him, tho’ not in the least -painful: Upon examining it, I found the Tumour not only large, but also -to fluctuate, and therefore told him, until I was satisfied what was -contained in it, I could not come to a Resolution, as to the manner of -treating it; but, if he pleased, I would make an Incision into it, and -then would tell him what I thought was fit to be done; He was very well -satisfied, and resolved I should proceed accordingly. - -Upon Opening it, there appeared to be nothing contained in it, but -Blood; not in the least altered in Colour, Consistence, or Smell, from -what is contained in the Vessels. The Tumour presently sunk very much, -and I dilated the Incision with my Probe-Scissers, and pressed in -some _Dossels_; and then told him, it was a fleshy Tumour, called a -_Sarcoma_, and that the Blood contained in it was only accidental; and -that the best way of extirpating it was by the actual _Cautery_; but I -let him know, that I feared it would be more troublesome to him, and -take longer Time to cure, than he seemed to expect. - -We presently sent for the best _Instrument-Maker_ the Country afforded, -and gave him Directions: But that Night: talking with him of his Case, -I desired him to consider, Whether it might not be thought a Slight, -by the Learned of both Professions, if I should Perform the Operation, -upon a Man of his Character, without a Consultation; there being no -Reason (but the Loss of his Time) to be in haste. At first he seemed -unwilling to lose so much Time, yet upon Consideration, he resolved for -_London_ the next Day, where several _Physicians_ and _Surgeons_ were -consulted; they all agreed, it was a simple _Sarcoma_, and that the -actual _Cautery_ was the properest, if not the only means of curing it. -This Account I received from the Doctor by Letter; as also, that the -_Surgeons_, upon probing, found the Bone bare, and from the ill Smell -concluded it was foul: “Which, said the Doctor it was impossible for -you to discover; because after I left _Northampton_, Two _Dossels_ of -the first Dressing dropt out.” I was very glad to hear That, for those -_Dossels_ lodging so long, in that warm Part, I was in hopes might -be the Occasion of the fœtid Smell; which the _Surgeons_, not being -acquainted with, might fairly be induced to take for that of a foul -Bone: Which I mentioned to the Doctor by the first return of the Post; -and also, that I was farther encouraged in that Hope, by considering -that the Blood, that was discharged at the first Opening, was not at -all altered, neither was any Smell perceived, until after the lodging -of those _Dossels_. - -Whether the Doctor ever mentioned this my Opinion, to the _Surgeons_ -in Town, I know not; but when he returned to me, to have the Operation -performed, he seemed discouraged by the Opinion the _Surgeons_ gave of -the Bones being foul. But I thought I might make bold to confirm him, -in my former Opinion, the ill Smell ceasing without the Assistance of -Medicines. The Consequence proved the Assertion: For when, by several -Applications of the _Cauteries_, I had removed the whole Tumor, it was -plain to me, the Bone was not affected; and the Part healed as smooth, -and with as much Ease, and in as short a Time, as ever I met any thing -of that Nature, and the Doctor continued well, without the least -Disorder or Complaint, a Year and about Eight Months. - -But then in _April_ 1718. He shewed me a small _Ulcer_, near that Part -of the Mouth that was before affected, and told me, He perceived it -began upon eating some hot Meat, that stuck to it: At first this healed -without much Trouble, but soon excoriated again; and then I could not -again perfectly skin it: For as soon as it was almost healed, it would -begin to excoriate a-fresh at the Edges, which is what is usual in -_Phagedænical Ulcers_. And tho’ I could digest it, and keep it easy, -yet it got ground of me, and spread towards the Teeth; and, near the -Root of One of the _Molares_, laid the Bone bare, which appeared to me -at the first not to be injured, but being long exposed became foul. It -not exfoliating in due Time, with the Tincture that is commonly used, -I proposed the touching of it with a small _Cautery_, I being able -very easily to come at it without making use of a _Cannula_; which, by -confining the Heat, very much injures the neighbouring Parts: The good -Effect of which Practice, of not making use of a _Cannula_, where you -can conveniently omit it, I had good Experience of in Doctor _KEIL_’s -former Case: For tho’ he had several _Cannulas_ made in _London_, by -the best Hand, yet after Twice using of them, I told the Doctor, That -if a Patient could be trusted, it would be much more easy to him, -and the Surgeon would see much better to use the _Cautery_, than when -obstructed by a _Cannula_. The Doctor was pleased with the Thought, -and pressed me, at the next making use of the _Cautery_, to do it -without the _Cannula_: The Advantage he had by it was, that it bore -four Burnings, and said, It gave him not the Pain, or Trouble he had -from but One before, and that the Parts were much less Disordered by it -afterwards. But to return: - -It will not I suppose be doubted, but that proper internal Means were -all along made use of: But the _Ulcer_ still appearing to me more -threatening, his Friends pressed him, and I more than any, that he -would go again to Town, and have the best Advice it could afford; and -I resolved to accompany Him, in the Beginning of _August_ 1718. And I -cannot forbear saying I was surprized, when, upon a Consultation, my -Brothers, _Palmer_ and _Brown_, made light of it; and, without so much -as hearing what I had to say, concluded, That it was chiefly owing to -the Bones being foul; and that by drawing a Tooth or Two which they -said were affected, and by Purging with _Mercurius dulcis_, all would -be well; and so they took their Leave. Says the Doctor to me, “What say -you to this?” I answered him, That I feared they would find themselves -again mistaken as to the _Surgery_ Part; and that as to the _Mercury_, -though a good Medicine, He knew he had taken it already several Times, -without any considerable Advantage. The Doctor smiled and said, “But -since I came so far for Advice, I will not only give them a Tooth, but -also try again what Effect _Mercury_ may have.” - -Another Meeting was ordered, and the Tooth-Drawer to be there: Upon -Drawing the Tooth, it appeared to be very sound. The First Dose he took -of _Mercury_, whether by Cold, or any other Accident, I know not, very -much disordered him. I could not conveniently be absent any longer, and -therefore the next Day returned into the Country, and do not know how -many more Doses the Doctor then took; but in a few Days I received a -Letter from him, in which he said, “I know nothing that has succeeded -right with me, since I came here: You know what State you left me in, -and I was a great deal worse for some Days afterwards; though I hope -the _Mercury_ has had no ill Effect, yet I should have been loath to -have been so swelled in those Parts, as I have been, willingly. The -old _Ulcers_ are not yet healed, they tell me indeed, there is no -Appearance of any new Ones, and that the _most effectual_ Methods, -which have been taken here, will _infallibly_ prevent every thing, -_&c_.” - -But by his next, which I soon received, I had the melancholy News -from him, That the _Ulcer_ was broke out again larger than ever, and -therefore that he would be down with me in a Day or two, and he came -accordingly, but in a worse State than ever before. And though it again -digested, and did as before near heal, yet the returns were quicker, -and upon every new Eruption it was larger and worse; and so continued -to be, notwithstanding all the good internal Methods continually used -by the concurring Advice of Dr _Mead_, Dr _Friend_, and several other -Eminent _Physicians_; which no doubt was owing to the malignant Nature -of it. - -And therefore in the Beginning of _February_ last, I could no longer -forbear expressing my Fears to the Doctor that it would terminate in a -raging _Cancer_. He was too sensible of it, and told me, “That since -I thought I could keep it within Bounds no longer, He was resolved to -try what a _Salivation_ would do:” And though I could say nothing as -to the Advantage he might expect from it, yet I frankly owned to him, -that if it was my own Case, I should be of his Opinion, that I might -make bolder with my self, than with any other Patient: But desired by -all means, he would first hear if his Friends, the _Physicians_ and -_Surgeons_ in _London_, had yet any other Method to propose, or else -would approve of that. He wrote to them, the Answer was long in coming, -which made the Doctor express himself to me with more Warmth, than I -ever knew him to do before: (For he was a Man of the greatest Command -of himself, as well as of the sweetest Temper) “What, says he, is not -their Silence enough? And will not you, whom I take for my Friend (for -fear of losing your Reputation) assist me in what I desire?” With -a great deal more to assure me of his Confidence in me, and of his -Opinion of my Ability to take Care of him in the Course. I am not so -vain, as to mention all his kind Expressions, yet if it be desired, by -any of his Friends, I will give them the Satisfaction of seeing the -Letters I had from him, when he was absent from me in _London_. - -At this Time his Brother, Doctor _John Keil_, came to him from -_Oxford_; and, as I understood afterwards, had seen Dr _Friend_ there, -who was for having him salivated at _London_: But the Doctor being -determined to the contrary, did not at that Time acquaint me with it, -but began his Course, which I desired might be in the mildest Method, -by small Doses of _Calomel_, encreased gradually, which Method pleased -him very well: But Dr _Friend_ (to whom Dr _John Keil_ constantly sent -an Account of our Proceedings) gave it as the Opinion of Mr _Palmer_ -and Mr _Brown_, that it should be done by _Unction_: I gave my Reason -to the Patient against it, but they still pressed it, notwithstanding -the ill Symptoms, that I thought, at that Time, forbad it; which -Symptoms they had been acquainted with. They still persisting, I -desired the Doctor would give me leave to write my Opinion my self to -Mr _Brown_, which I did hastily in the following manner. - - Good Brother, - - _I Have seen Dr_ Friend’s _Letter to Dr_ Keil; _and Dr_ Friend _I - understand has been so kind as to consult you, and several Others - in the Case; whose Judgments, though I have all due Regard for, - yet in the present Circumstances (though I give the Preference - to_ Unction _in some stubborn Cases) I dare not encourage it in - this: For my Reason at first, for beginning so mildly, was, that - in this uncommon Case, we might by degrees, make some Judgment of - the Effects of_ Mercury, _and then proceed accordingly: For had I - not been prevented by the Accidents you have, by Dr_ Friend, _been - acquainted with, I should have been very desirous to have gone at - least to the Heighth mentioned by Dr_ Friend. _But since I find, by - encreasing the Quantity of the Dose to a_ Scruple (_of which he has - taken four_) it has not affected the Glands at all, or made him - Spit the more; but his Stomach is much more oppressed by it, with - vast Quantity of Phlegm, viscous to a degree I have not met with, - and gives him more than common Disturbance, not to be relieved but - by often Vomiting, to which purpose the_ Turpith, _has answered - very well for the present: My great Fear is, all things considered, - that if I should proceed to_ Unction, _and it should produce the - same Effect, that it will be too many for him. If my Fears are too - great, my more than common Concern and Friendship is some Excuse - for me; as also I desire it may be to You, for this tedious Account - from_, Sir, - - Yours, _&c._ - Feb. 22d, 1718. - J. RUSHWORTH. - -I not receiving, in due Time, an Answer to this, and the Patient being -reduced to a great Weakness, and to so great a Disorder, that he could -not bear Talking to, I writ these few Lines for him to consider of. - - Dear Sir, - - _As your Case now stands, I must own my self a Coward: Though Dr_ - Friend _is much mistaken to think I am either unacquainted with, - or fear the common Accidents that often arise in Salivating: But - that irregular and uncommon Effects are, in extraordinary Cases, - produced by_ Mercury, Hale’_s Case is to me a sufficient Precedent, - of which I have formerly told you the Particulars; and though your - Friends in Town took no Notice of the unusual Disorder in your - Stomach, yet I should think myself Inexcusable if I should not. - And if, upon using an_ Unction, _any irregular Ferments should - again arise, weak as you now are, I should dread the Consequence. - In these Circumstances, I think it most prudent for me, to advise - you, to let what is already taken, go fairly off, and if you find - it not effectual, you may with much better Prospect, when you have - Strength, begin_ de Nova, _by_ Unction, _and have an Opportunity to - have it done by the_ infallible _Men_. - -Upon this the Doctor no longer, at present, pressed me to use the -_Unction_, and in a few Days, the Force of what he had taken being -somewhat spent, he began to get Strength, and the very great Slough -(which was one of the Accidents mentioned to Dr _Friend_) not only cast -off, but also healed, as did also the old malignant _Ulcer_, and all -the Parts of the Mouth looked very smooth and well; and the Doctor was -very chearful, and in great Hopes of gaining the Point. - -At this Time, it being eighteen Days since I wrote to Mr _Brown_, -I received a Letter from him, in which he mentioned nothing to the -Purpose. This, I must confess, did not a little warm me; and I the same -Night wrote to him again, but never received any Answer: Perhaps he -thought mine too hot; if so, if he desires it, both mine, and his that -occasioned it, shall be produced. - -The Doctor seeing what had been done to have so good Effect, and -hoping what was before advised by Mr _Palmer_ and Mr _Brown_, would -effectually prevent any return of his Disorder, resolved to use a -_Mercurial Unction_. He had now more Strength, and therefore I complied -with him; I began with a small Quantity, and encreased it every Time, -until I had used even a larger Quantity than had been proposed by Dr -_Friend_: But it not in the least affected the Glands, or made him -to spit near so much, as when he took the _Calomel_; neither did the -_Unction_ or _Calomel_ produce the Smell, which generally attends -_Mercurial_ Courses; and to my great Surprize and Concern, whilst he -was using the _Unction_, the _Ulcer_ broke out again. And by this we -were discouraged from proceeding any farther; and in due Time the -Doctor endeavoured to Purge this off, but he had always so untoward a -Constitution, that neither now, nor at any Time before, could he by -Purges have any regular Evacuation; which was, no doubt in his Case, -very Injurious to him. - -Now I perfectly desponded: But a Friend and Kinsman of the Doctor’s, -a _Surgeon_ of no small Reputation, assured him, that he had known, -when other Methods failed, a _Mercurial Fumigation_ had answered: And -what is it that a rational Man will not try to prevent the excruciating -Pains of a _Cancer?_ When the Doctor mentioned this to me, I confessed -I knew nothing of that Practice, and always had an ill Opinion of -the Fumes of _Mercury_: And he also owned to me, that he was wholly -unacquainted with it; but satisfied in his Friend, and therefore would -try it: He began the Course according to his Friend’s Directions; -I never pretended to order any thing afterwards; but however still -frequently visited my Good Friend, though with an aking Heart. The -Fumigation not only made him spit, whilst he was using it, but also -for some Hours afterwards; and the Patient continued to use it for -several Days, but without any good Effect upon the _Ulcer_. In about -ten Days after he had left off the Fumigation, a very hard Tumour began -to arise, upon the Muscles of the lower Part of the Face and Neck, and -increased very fast, and in a very short Time spread it self from Ear -to Ear: and, by the Bulk, in a great measure prevented his Swallowing, -and soon suffocated him. He was Chearful, and to all outward Appearance -tolerably easy to the last, and had what he now desired, a gentle -Release, _July 16, 1719_. - -And thus, to the Misfortune of Mankind, it is manifest to me, that -_Mercury_ is not adequate to this _Herculean_ Distemper: but however, -this Case, and That I mentioned before to the Doctor, gives me good -Reason to believe, that _Mercurials_ do at least blunt the Acrimony -of the Humour, and so procure Ease. For, though that Patient had -most acute Pains, before he entered into a _Mercurial_ Course, yet -afterwards he was easy all a long, as he told me; for I was called in -but a few Days before he died. These, and other melancholly Cases, -should not however, I think, wholly discourage _Surgeons_ from making -rational Attempts upon a Distemper, which I fear is more frequently -met with, than formerly, in this Part of the World: It is to be hoped, -there is in Nature a Specific that may answer; and happy will that Man -be who shall discover it. He will deserve to be placed next to the -Great _Hippocrates_, and also to be rewarded, by the Publick, equally -with him that shall find out the _Longitude_. - -I will not pretend to determine, how far the Fumigation might -contribute to the sudden growth of the Tumour mentioned, but I -should be very glad that the _Surgeon_ who recommended it, would be -so ingenuous, as to vindicate himself, by giving Instances of it’s -Innocency, and of the Advantages he has met with in the Practice of it. - -And now I heartily beg Pardon of the Friends of the Deceased, who shall -give themselves the Trouble of Reading this Account, that I could not -bring it into a narrower Compass. - - * * * * * - -Having truly related what was done, in the Case of Dr _Keil_, I hope -it may appear, that I have acted an honest, and not an unskilful Part -in it: If what was prescribed by others of greater Fame, when it came -to be tried, had not better Success, I presume I shall no longer be -blamed for it. No Man would willingly lose any Reputation, who is to -live by it. I question not, but the best _Surgeons_ in the World will -allow, there are Cases for which there is no Remedy: And he who frankly -owns thus much, no more loses any Reputation, than the Quack, that -promises greater Matters than he afterwards performs, gets any: And I -think they, who have censured me, would have done more ingenuously, if -they would rather have looked upon the present Case as incurable by any -_Surgeon_, than have thrown their Aspersions upon me, as not treating -it properly. - -_N. B._ The foregoing remarkable _Case_ of Dr _Keil_, was published -by Mr _Rushworth_ of _Northampton_, Surgeon at _Oxford_, in the Year -1719[3]. Under the _Imprimatur_ of _Robert Shippen_, Vice-Can. _Oxon._ - - [3] Mr _Rushworth_ died 1737, and it is here inserted in Justice to - his Memory. - - _Some_ curious Observations _made_ (_by my Friend_ John Ranby, - _Esq_; _Surgeon to his Majesty’s Household_, _and F. R. S._) _in - the_ Dissection _of_ Three Subjects, 1728. - -The _first_, a Man aged 70 Years, who died of a Suppression of Urine, -occasioned by a Stone stopping in the _Urethra_, just within the -_Glans_, of the bigness of a Horse Bean. This Appearance, with the -Symptoms that had attended this miserable Man, gave me reason to -expect something remarkable in the urinary Passages. The _Ureters_ and -_Pelvis_ were very much distended; which is common where great Numbers -of Stones have descended down them, from the Kidneys to the Bladder. -The Bladder contained about 60 Stones, the largest of which was about -the Size of a Walnut, the others smaller; and just within the Neck, was -a hard _Tumour_, as big as a Nutmeg, which almost closed the Orifice: -and indeed the Situation of this Tumour was such, that it not only made -the passing the _Catheter_ very difficult, and hindered our feeling the -Stones, by directing the Instrument upwards: but likewise would alone -produce the Symptoms of the Stone in the Bladder, by obstructing the -free Discharge of Urine through the _Urethra_, the inner Membrane of -which appeared as if lacerated in several Places, and the Tube filled -with a glutinous Matter tinged with Blood. On the back Part of the -_Vesiculæ Seminales_, near the _Prostata_, were several _Stones_, as -large as Peas, which closely adhered to the adjacent Membranes. - -The _second_, a Boy aged 10 Years, killed by a Blow on the Skull; whose -Spleen weighed two Pounds, and possessed almost all the left Side -of the abdominal Cavity. The Bladder, when distended to its greatest -Capacity, would not contain an _Ounce_. - -The _third_, a Man aged 25, who died of a Pocky Hectick, and some Days -before complained of a painful Swelling in the Testicle, which he said -came the Night before. I examined it, and found it to be a _Hernia -Aquosa_, and would have punctured it, if I had not felt (besides the -Water) a hard Body, which I could by no Means reduce. In a few Days -he died, which gave me an Opportunity of being satisfied. Opening -the _Scrotum_, and separating the common Membranes to the _Processus -Vaginalis_, it contained about 4 Ounces of Water, besides a great Part -of the _Omentum_; some Portions of which adhered to the Bottom of the -Cavity, and the _Albuginea_ that immediately covers the Testicle. - - * * * * * - -It has been likewise thought proper to preserve a _small Treatise_ -of curing _Consumptions_ by a new Method, of administring -_Specific-Medicines_, more especially _such_ as proceed from _Ulcers_ -of the _Lungs_. - -This excellent Piece was written by the late eminent Mr _Thomas -Nevett_, of _Fen-Church Street_, Surgeon. - - - - - A NEW - - METHOD - - Of Curing - - CONSUMPTIONS - - BY - - Specific Medicines. - - -INTRODUCTION. - -I Remember a remarkable Passage in some _Observations_ upon the -_Bermudus_ Berries, by a Doctor of Physic in the Country, addressed -to the Hon. _Robert Boyle_, Esq; who professeth he had been for 50 -Years an exact Observer of the _Methodus Medendi_; yet saith the -Doctor for my part I firmly believe, that (_Universal Evacuations_ -being premised) the greatest Cures wrought in the World, are by the -use of _Specifical Medicines_. The higher the Attainments of any have -been in Understanding, the more freely have they acknowledged that -the greatest part of those _things_ they _did know_, was the least of -those _things_ they _did not know_; such Men account it not shameful -to renounce an Errour, tho’ ever so ancient, when persuaded thereunto -by Truth and plain Demonstration: There are other narrow Spirits -(abundantly satisfied in their own Knowledge) who believe the _Art_ -of _Physic_ hath been taught by our Ancestors, in such an absolutely -perfect manner, as that nothing remains to the Industry and Diligence -of Posterity; it being too much their Humour to undervalue every -Medicine that they themselves are not Masters of, because they prefer -their private Interest to the public Good: But in the mean time where -is that cordial Love to Mankind, which is one of the Badges of true -Christianity? Nay, where is the Exercise of Reason? For how can a Man -give his Opinion against a thing that he never _heard of_ before, or at -least never _experienced_? I am sure, this unjustifiable Practice is -the way to put a stop to all useful Knowledge and Improvements: It is -therefore expected from the Ingenious and Candid Reader, that he should -adhere to the Cause of Truth, by whomsoever it is pleaded, weigh every -Invention, not in the deceitful _Balance_ of _Custom_, but in the just -and even _Scales_ of _Reason_; approve what is agreeable, and reject -what is contrary to it. - -That I who am by Profession a Surgeon, should in such a polite and -inquisitive Age, venture my Thoughts in public concerning a _Physical -Case_, may be to some matter of Admiration, and to others of severe -Censure; especially such as may think I have invaded their Province. As -for the latter, I am persuaded nothing that I can say will remove their -Prejudices; and for the former, I shall only tell them, that being -alarmed by some of the _Symptoms_ mentioned in the following Discourse, -whereby I plainly perceived the Constitution of my own Body inclined -to a _Consumptive State_, I strenuously applied my Mind to study the -Nature of this _Disease_, and to find out, if possible, some noble -Specific Medicines, which might indeed deserve that Name, and be able -to oppose the growth of so fatal a Distemper, which hath insensibly -flattered so many into the Chambers of Death. What I then laboured -for, and searched after, I have since (by the Blessing of God) found, -and with great Advantage experimented on my self and many others, and -now think fit to disclose for the good of All, not doubting but if a -more excellent Method and Medicine than hath hitherto been generally -administered, or prescribed, be treasured up in the Hands of any -Person whatsoever, he doth more faithfully perform the part of a just -Steward, by a due Improvement, than a close Concealment of it. And on -the same Account, I judge it more my Duty to serve my Native Country, -than mind the Clamours of censorious Critics; not at all questioning -but in a little time, the Efficacy of _these Medicines_ will at once -bring Health to the Patient, and Reputation to their Author: And the -World will be convinced of the _Power_ of these _Remedies_, by their -Effects; tho’ ignorant Persons may be apt to contemn and neglect, till -their Opinions be altered by _Experience_, and their Prejudices removed -by _Demonstration_. - - -_Of the Nature, Causes, and Symptoms of Consumptions._ - -I. A _Consumption_, in general, is a wasting of all the solid parts -of the Body, for want of a due Distribution, or Assimilation of the -Nutritious Juices. - -By some learned Men this is observed to be the _Endemical Distemper_ -of _England_; and indeed our _Weekly-Bills_ at once declare both the -Strength of the Disease, and the Weakness of the Medicines wherewith -it’s Cure hath been hitherto attempted. Besides, that which seems to -justify this Observation, is the pernicious Custom of the Inhabitants -of this island, who immoderately and unseasonably indulge their -Appetites with several sorts of Meats and Drinks, whereby the Tone -of the Stomach is so vitiated, as that it cannot perfectly ferment -and volatilize the Chyle, which is commonly the internal procatartic -Cause of most Distempers among us, and consequently of _Consumptions_ -from those Distempers, from whence comes a Colliquation of the Chyle -in _Lienteries_ and _Dysenteries_, tormenting _Cholic_ and _Iliac_ -Pains, hypocondriac Melancholly, hysteric Fits, scorbutic Twitches, -troublesome Catarrhs, sluggish Passage of the Chyle thro’ the milky -Veins, scrophulous Tumours and Inflammations of the mesenteric Glands, -spasmodic Contractions or Convulsions of the Nerves, preternatural -Fermentation of the Blood and Spirits, _Cachexies_, _Atrophies_, -Obstructions, Fevers hectical, inflammatory and putrid, Exulcerations -of the Lungs and _Marasmus_, with many other Diseases, whence come they -originally and for the most part, but from the Weakness, ill Habit and -Indisposition of the Stomach? - -Now the proper Action of the Stomach is Chylification; for tho’ -the Meat we take into our Mouths receives some Alteration there in -Mastication, by the fermenting Juice that flows from the salivatory -Glands, together with the acrimonious Particles, and fermentaceous -Spirits of Liquors which we drink, yet it is not turned into a thick -white Juice, ’till it hath passed down thro’ the _Oesophagus_, or -Gullet, into the Stomach, where by the help of it’s Fibres it is -closely embraced, and mixed with specific fermentaceous Juices, -separated by it’s inner Coat, and impregnated by the Saliva, then -by a convenient Heat there is made a mixture of all; for that the -fermentaceous Particles entering into the Pores of the Meat, do pass -thro’ agitate and eliquate it’s Particles, dissolving the whole -_Compages_, in which the purer parts were intimately united with the -Crass, and making them more fluid, so that they make another form of -Mixture, and unite among themselves into the resemblance of a milky -Cream, after which together with the thicker Mass with which they are -yet involved, by the Constriction of the Stomach they pass down to the -Guts, where by the Mixture of the Bile and Pancreatic Juice they are by -another manner of Fermentation quite separated from the thicker Mass, -and so are received by the Lacteal Vessels, as the thicker is ejected -by Stool. - -After the purer part of the Chyle hath been thus strained thro’ the -narrow and oblique Pores of the milky Veins, by the continual and -peristaltic Motion of the Intestines, it is yet farther attenuated -and diluted with a very thin and clear _Lympha_ from the Glands of the -Mesentery to expedite its passage thro’ those numerous Meanders into -the common Receptacle, from whence by the constant Supply of such like -_Lympha_ from the small Glands of the _Thorax_, it is safely conveyed -thro’ the _Ductus Chyliferus Thoracius_, subclavian Vein, and the _Vena -Cava_ into the Heart. - -The Chyle now mingled with the Blood, passeth with it thro’ the -Arteries of the whole Body, and returns again with the Blood by the -Veins to the Heart, undergoing many Circulations before it can be -assimilated to the Blood; for every time the new infused Chyle passeth -thro’ the Heart with the Blood, the Particles of the one are more -intimately mixed with those of the other, in it’s Ventricles, and -the Vital Spirit, and other active Principles of the Blood work upon -the Chyle, which being full of Salt, Sulphur and Spirit, as soon as -it’s _Compages_ is loosned by it’s Fermentation with the Blood, the -Principles having obtained the Liberty of Motion, do readily associate -themselves, and are assimilated with such parts of the Blood as are of -a like and suitable Nature. - -After the Chyle hath been thus elaborated, it becomes fit as well -to recruit the Mass of Blood, as to nourish the whole Body, seeing -it consists of divers Principles and Parts of a different Nature; -therefore, according to the various Use and Necessity of every part, -and also that it may conform and fashion it self to the different -Pores and Passages, it is severally appropriated; the most volatile -and subtil part is separated in the Brain, and adapted to refresh the -Animal Spirits, the glutinous to nourish the Body, and the sulphureous -to revive the native Heat: And in it’s Passage with the Blood thro’ -all the parts of the Body, all the Mass of Chyle that is capable of -being turned into Blood is sanguified; the serous and saline part -precipitated by the Kidneys, and evacuated by Sweats or insensible -Transpirations, the bilious is deposited in the Liver, and the rest of -its Excrements retire to the several Emunctories of the Body. - -Thus it comes to pass by the wonderful Sagacity of Nature, such -extraordinary Provision is made, that the purer part of the Chyle by -these ways and means is more purified; and when it is thus purified -and sublimed, it is more capable of reinforcing the Blood and Spirits, -as also of corroborating the Tone of every particular Part: Whereas -when the Chyle is sour and dispirited, the Blood necessarily becomes -vappid, the animal Spirits which reside in the System of the Nerves -are infected with a Morbid Disposition, and all parts of the Body -begin to flag and waste. For indeed there is no other way to recruit -the daily Expence of Blood and Spirits, but by a continual Influx -of laudable Chyle into the Blood-Vessels, which Chyle is made by -the Fermentative Juice of the Stomach, and this Fermentative Juice -supplied from the Mass of Blood, so that there plainly appears to -be a fixed Correspondence betwixt the Blood and the Chyle, and a -necessary Dependance all the Humours in the Habit of the Body have -on the Stomach; from whence it is reasonable to infer, That if the -Chilifying Faculty of the Stomach be depraved, the Blood and Humours -must necessarily sympathize therewith, and in a manner proportionable -to the Distemper of this part. - -II. The immediate Cause of a _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_ is store of -sharp, malignant, waterish Humours, continually distilling upon the -soft spungy Substance of the Lungs, stuffing, inflaming, impostumating, -and exulcerating them, whereby their Action, which is Respiration, or -a receiving-in and driving-out Air is depraved, as will more clearly -appear by the following Description of these Parts. It will not be -impertinent to our Discourse if we should usher in the Description of -the _Lungs_, with a short Account of the _Trachea_, _Aspera Arteria_, -or _Wind-pipe_. - -III. The _Trachea_ or _Aspera Arteria_ is a long Pipe, consisting of -Cartilages and Membranes, which beginning at the Throat or lower part -of the Jaws, and lying upon the Gullet, descends into the _Lungs_, -thro’ which it spreads into many Branchings, and is commonly divided -into two parts, the _Larynx_ and _Bronchus_; the _Larynx_ is the upper -part of the Wind-pipe, the _Bronchus_ is all the _Trachea_ besides the -_Larynx_, as well before as after it arrives at the _Lungs_. - -The Substance of the _Lungs_ is soft, spongy and rare, curiously -compacted of most thin and fine Membranes, continued with the -Ramifications of the _Trachea_ or Wind-pipe, which Membranes compose -an infinite number of little, round and hollow Vesicles, or Bladders, -so placed as that there is an open Passage from the Branches of the -_Aspera Arteria_, out of one into another, and all terminate at the -outer Membrane that investeth the whole _Lungs_: These little Bladders -by help of their muscular Fibres contract themselves in Expiration, and -are dilated in Inspiration, partly by the Pressure of the Atmosphere, -and partly by the elastic Power of the Air, insinuating it self -into these Vesicles thro’ the Windpipe and it’s several Branches: -Their Lobes are two, the right and left, parted by the _Mediastinum_, -each of which is divided into many lesser Lobules, according to the -Ramifications of the _Aspera Arteria_; they have all sorts of Vessels -that are common to them with other parts, as Arteries, Veins, Nerves, -Lympheducts, but peculiar to themselves they have their _Bronchia_, -or the Branches of the Wind-pipe, for bringing-in and carrying-out -Air so necessary to Life, that we cannot Live without it: And when we -consider their admirable Structure, (as well as the Structure of every -individual part of our Body) how ought we to adore the infinite Wisdom -of our Creator! Now when these small Vesicles or Bladders are replete -with extravasated _Serum_, or purulent Matter, the natural Tone of -the _Lungs_ is so weakned, that we cannot enjoy the Benefit of free -and full Respiration, hard, scirrhous Tumours and Tubercles are bred, -attended with a dry and troublesome Cough, Oppression of the Breast, -difficult and short Breathing, preternatural Heats, Exulcerations, and -other deplorable Symptoms, according to the Degrees of Obstruction, and -different Nature of the included Humours. - -IV. The external Procatartic Cause of a _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_ -is cold Particles of Air, constipating the Pores of the Body, whereby -the _Serum_ which ought to expedite the Motion, and temperate the Heat -of the Blood is separated from it, and thrown upon the Glands of the -_Larynx_, and the spungy Substance of the Lungs themselves: For as the -_Lympha_ helps the Motion of the _Chyle_, so the _Serum_ accelerates -the Circulation of the Blood, being carried about with it thro’ the -smallest Capillary Vessels and remotest parts of the Body, lest it -should be inflamed with a burning Heat, or stagnate by excessive -Thickness; during which circular Motion they are both called by the -same common Name, but when some Portion of _Serum_ is separated from -the Mass of Blood, and retreats to some one or more of the Emunctories; -according to their various Dispositions, it derives a Name from those -particular Parts on which it seizeth, as when it distils upon the Eyes, -we call it _Opthalmia_, when upon the Nose _Coryza_, and when upon the -_Thorax_ it goes by the proper Name of a _Catarrh_. - -Now forasmuch as there is nothing makes a Separation of the Blood -more commonly than the want of usual Transpiration, so nothing more -conduceth to the Preservation of Health, than that the Pores of the -Body should continually let out the hot Streams and Vapours that arise -from the Ebullition of the Blood; but when after taking Cold the Skin -and Habit of the Body are on a sudden stopped up, that the sulphureous -and waterish Excrements of the Blood cannot pass through the Pores, -they are again resorbed into the Mass of Blood, from whence proceeds -a feverish Disposition; unless they are carried off by Stool, or -precipitated by the Kidneys, are sometimes translated to the Glandulous -Parts of the _Lungs_, where by Degrees contracting more and more Heat -and Sharpness they inflame and exulcerate these tender Parts. - -Nevertheless tho’ a _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_ is sometimes thus -caused by taking Cold, yet this comes to pass but seldom, unless -in such Bodies whose Mass of Blood being rendered Cachectic, thro’ -frequent Influxes of dispirited Chyle, is pre-disposed to receive, -and unable to free it self from this New Influx of Catarrhous Rheum: -For suppose Two Persons in like manner deprived of the Benefit of -usual Transpiration, by some great Cold, which tho’ troublesome in -the beginning, because of a violent and continual Distillation of -Extravasated _Serum_ upon the Glandulous Coat of the Wind-pipe, -and other adjacent Glands, yet in the One of these it survives not -the accidental feverish Disposition of the Blood, occasioned by -the Stoppage of the Pores: For as soon as the Ferment ceaseth, the -separated Humours, partly for want of a new Influx of _Serum_, and -partly by the natural Heat of these Parts, are concocted into a thick -sort of Phlegm, and coughed up; after the Expectoration of which -separated _Serum_ the glandulous Parts presently recover their natural -Tone, without any Remains of a Tumour, Cough, Shortness of Breath, or -other Inconvenience; but in the other this feverish Ferment, occasioned -by taking Cold, is not transitory, but so habitually fixed by means -of some previous Indisposition, as to encrease the Effervescence and -Colliquation of the Blood and Spirits; from whence all the Glands which -are seated in the upper part of the _Larynx_, as also the glandulous -Coat of the Wind-pipe it self are overflown with a Deluge of hot -distempered Humours, the Substance of the _Lungs_ distended with hard -Tumours, the Branches of the Wind-pipe comprest, and the Wind-pipe it -self from these Swellings irritated to Cough, by a continual tickling, -which promotes a frequent spewing out of hot sharp Humours all along -the _Aspera Arteria_, till at length these Tubercles growing very -large, begin to inflame and suppurate; immediately upon the breaking -or opening of those Apostemes, sometimes such a Flood of corrupted -Matter is poured out of their Baggs or Cavities, into the Branches of -the _Trachea_, as compleatly suffocates and choaks the Patient; but at -other times this Purulent Matter, mixt with streaks of Blood, and some -thin Phlegm that is continually discharged from the glandulous Coat of -the Wind-pipe, is coughed up by degrees, and then this deplorable Case -requires Specific Medicines, to cleanse and heal these Ulcers. - -V. Such kind of _Consumptions_ whose Original is store of malignant -acrimonious Humours, which are most apt to inflame and putrify, may be -termed acute, when compared to others that proceed from Humours more -mild and benign. There may be likewise some difference made by omitting -Bleeding, and committing some egregious Errors in Diet, Exercise, -Passions of the Mind, or any other of the _Non-Naturals_: However, -all _Consumptions_ of the _Lungs_ ought to be reckoned in the Number -of Chronical Distempers, because they are contracted and augmented by -degrees, and no other way to be remedied; yet this doth not prove them -incurable in their own Nature, for Reason and Experience both teach the -contrary: And indeed I must confess, it was from the marvelous Success -of these Remedies that I first imbibed this Notion, _viz._ _Ulcers_ -of the _Lungs_ are in themselves curable. Sometimes a Fever or other -acute Distemper may be jugulated, when either Nature or Art carries -off the Morbific Matter by a sudden _Crisis_ or plentiful Evacuation, -but all hopes of dispatching a confirmed _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_ -instantly are groundless, seeing many inveterate Obstructions must be -removed, abundance of tough glutinous Humours attenuated and evacuated, -the whole Mass of Blood and Spirits rectified, the Habit of the Body -meliorated, and the Tone of several parts recovered, before we can -eradicate this fixed Distemper. - -What will be the Issue and Result of this _Consumptive-Disease_, may -rationally be prognosticated from it’s several Stages or Degrees: -For when the Mass of Blood by a continual Influx of sour dispirited -Chyle is reduced to a sharp and hectical State, and the _Serum_ which -is separated from this corrupted Blood only stuffs the Bladders and -Glandules which are dispersed thro’ the Body of the Lungs, this -Distemper may be said to be in it’s Infancy or beginning, (and if -sovereign Remedies were then presented, they might obtain an easy -Conquest) but the Increase is attended with a greater Distention of -the Glands and Bladders, as also an Inflammation of these Tubercles -tending to suppuration: For when the Animal Spirits which are necessary -to the natural Fermentation of the Blood are vitiated with unwholesome -Particles of a foggy and thick Air, and the Humour which for a long -time hath been contained in the Baggs or Cavities of the Lungs is -over-heated by some extraordinary Ebullition or Fermentation of the -Blood, with a total Suppression of Expectoration, the Cough becomes -more violent, the Fever inflammatory, and all parts more tabid. In -it’s further Progress or State all Symptoms advance apace towards -their Extremity, Suppuration now succeeds the Inflammation of these -Tubercles, for that the Purulent Matter is either breeding or already -made, the Inflammatory Hectic is changed into a putrid Intermitting -Fever, attended with an Universal Colliquation of the Nutritious Juices -and plentiful Separation of them from the Mass of Blood by all ways of -Evacuation that Nature affords; whence the Patients strength suddainly -decays, and in a short time he is reduced to the highest State of a -_Marasmus_, with an _Hippocratic_ Face. - -VI. Thus having demonstrated to the meanest Capacity the Power of this -prevailing Evil, with it’s efficient and material Causes, Reason it -self presently suggests nothing less than great and noble Medicines -can tame a Distemper so formidable. It is no less obvious to the -Understanding of every one that professeth any thing of Physic, that -the sooner the Cure is begun the better, the more moderate the Patient -is in the use of the Six _Non-Naturals_, the more likely to succeed; -the Spring-time is the best Season, Universals are to be premised, -extraordinary Symptoms and Circumstances peculiarly attended, and such -like things must run through the whole Course of Practice. - -No doubt but the Chalibeate Mineral Waters when impregnated with -the Volatile Salts and Spirits of a serene Air, pleasant Society, -delightful Recreations, Morning and Evening Walks, regular Diet, -Freedom from Business, vexatious Thoughts, Exercise[4], and the rest -may be serviceable: But if the _Jesuit_ were sentenced to perpetual -Exile, I think the Consumptive have no reason excessively to lament, -for I can tell them who hath a Febrifuge Antihectical, without a Grain -of the _Jesuit_, more excellent far than the _Peruvian_ Bark, because -it makes a safe, not a treacherous Peace, and can give a Reason of it’s -working so stupendiously, tho’ they who know not how a thing can be -done, think it impossible to be done. - - [4] Particularly that of _Riding_; relating to which, consult Mr - FULLER’s _Medicina Gymnastica_. - -For my part, I do not believe any Medicine can work a Cure in the way -of a Charm, yet they who either know or use no other (at least for the -most part) than ordinary Medicines, cannot conceive how such wonderful -Effects can be wrought, unless by Inchantment[5]. - - [5] See _Boyle_ on _Specific Medicines._ - -The common Method of Cure is by Bleeding to abate the Effervescence -or Colliquation of the Blood, and prevent the Tumour and Inflammation -of the Lungs, by Vomits to relieve the Stomach opprest with store of -ill Humours, and remove divers Obstructions of several Bowels and -small Vessels, by Stomach-Purges gently to carry down the peccant -Humours; and lastly by Diuretics and Diaphoretics with some mixture of -an Opiate, plentifully to carry off the Colliquated _Serum_ by Urine, -or the Pores of the Skin, without raising a fresh Catarrh by a new -Commotion of the Blood. After a due Administration of these universal -Evacuations, (which in their respective Seasons are highly necessary) -the frequent Use of Pectoral Apozems and Pulmonary Linctuses is next -enjoined, to retund the Acrimony of the Humours which ouze out of the -Wind-pipe, by their mucilaginous and incrassating Quality, and so -mitigate the troublesome Cough. How far serviceable to this end and -purpose the neatest Forms of such Dispensations that I ever yet saw may -be, I will not dispute, only this I must take leave to say, because to -me (as also to the unprejudiced I humbly conceive) it seems evident -that such fulsom Ingredients of which they are compounded, are more -apt to spoil a weak than recover a lost Stomach, and consequently not -the fittest Medicines Consumptive Persons may have recourse to: For -how many by woful Experience have found the constant and frequent use -of such Anti-Stomachics led them from one Degree of this Malady to -another, ’till their decaying Appetite hath been quite overthrown, (and -consequently their hectic Heat inflamed) their Bodies so emaciated, as -to render them uncapable of necessary Evacuations, and they themselves -at last given over to a Milk Diet, Asses Milk, some Chalibeate Mineral -Waters, or such like Liquids, to which the poor distressed Stomach -ecchoes aloud, _Miserable Comforters all_! If therefore I can, as I -have Reason to believe, with Medicines less offensive in Quantity, and -more useful in Quality, restore the lost Appetite, and do the same, if -not greater Service towards the Concocting and Expectorating that load -of separated _Serum_ with which the Pipes of the Lungs are stuffed, -(which will easily be perceived by the Patient in a few Weeks with due -Care and Management) I think I have gained a great Point, forasmuch as -the Recovery of the Stomach may reasonably be looked upon as an Earnest -of the Cure. - -The Medicines I do here recommend to my Countrymen as Specific -in the Cure of _Consumption_ of the _Lungs_, arising from the -fore-mentioned Causes, have a peculiar Faculty of warming, comforting -and strengthening weak Stomachs, attenuating and gently carrying off -that load of Tartareous Matter which is lodged in their rugous Coat, -depraving both Appetite and Digestion. In their Passage thro’ the -whole Circumference of the Guts, they likewise dissolve that crusted -Slime and Filth which hinders the Pressure of the Chyle into the Milky -Vessels by the Peristaltic Motion of their Spiral Fibres: Thus having -removed these Fundamental Obstructions, they hasten together with the -Chylous Mixture, which by this time is somewhat Invigorated towards the -Relief of the Sanguineous Mass, presently upon their Conjunction the -Blood revives, and by degrees becomes brisk and vigorous, able to cope -with, and give some check to the preternatural hectic Heat, stop the -Influx of the Rheum into the Glandulous Substance of the Lungs, concoct -that which is already collected, and release the Animal Spirits, -intangled with a vitious disposition of the Nervous Juice. Having -gained these Advantages, things begin to look with another manner of -Aspect, the Habit of the Body grows firmer, the Mind chearfuller, the -Countenance fresh and brisk, the emaciated Parts gather Flesh and -Strength, the Lungs and Glands of the _Larynx_ recover their natural -Tone, and the whole Constitution improves towards a State of Health. -Moreover, These _Anti-Phthisics_ are really impregnated with such -Volatile Spirits and Salts, that as Lightning they penetrate the -remotest Corners of the Body, exterminating the very Seeds and Roots -of this grievous Disease, powerfully and effectually, yet pleasantly -and securely, if plentifully taken in the manner of a Diet: For thus -in time they chear up the drooping Animal Spirits, fortify the System -of the Nerves, and so influence the whole Sanguineous Mass, as that -the Blood it self becomes the most precious of all natural Balsoms, -marvellously cleansing the putrid _Ulcers_ of the _Lungs_, and finally -reducing them to a perfect _Cicatrix_. - -Wherefore let none be deceived by the flattering Nature of this -Distemper in the beginning, nor give themselves over for lost in the -highest State, because these reviving Cordials are calculated for -the weakest Constitutions, seeing at the same time they offend the -Diseased Matter on the one Hand, they support Nature from sinking -under any Evacuations on the other. It is therefore my Advice to the -_Consumptive_, or _Consumptively-inclined_, and their Interest (by way -of Prevention) to acquaint themselves in time with these Sovereign -Antidotes. Better Counsel I cannot give to the best of my Friends, if -they are desirous to save themselves a great deal of Pain and Misery, -as well as Charges, and render their Lives comfortable to themselves -and serviceable to others. - -The Warmness of these Medicines, which is the only Objection that -ever I met with in the use of them, is so far from being a real -Discouragement, as that upon serious and judicious Considerations, -it becomes a Notable Argument to enforce the taking of them; for -otherwise they would be too weak to engage the Original Cause of -hectic, burning and putrid Fevers; whereas by this active Principle -of Heat, they work so effectually upon the whole Mass of Chyle, as -to separate the sharp and dispirited from the nutritious Particles -thereof, thoroughly insinuate themselves into all the Avenues of the -Adversary, cut and divide the tough viscous Humours which distemper -the Veins, Arteries and Nerves, destroy the Acidity of the Nervous -Juice, recover the Natural Temper of the Animal Spirits, sweeten the -Mass of Blood, by separating the Impurities thereof by the Cutaneous -Glands, gently forcing a Transpiration of the Feverish Particles of -the whole, and so banish that Preternatural Heat which is Proof to -all common Remedies. And that Diseases which carry in their outward -Appearance a shew of preternatural Heat are thus to be treated with -warm Medicines, is indeed observable to every discerning Eye: For -the most malignant Fevers are attacked and conquered by the briskest -and warmest _Alexipharmics_ and the most violent _Erysipelas_, or -St _Anthony_’s _Fire_, is discussed and breathed out by strong -and spirituous Fomentations, but are both of them exasperated by -refrigerating or cooling Medicines, and their preternatural Heat more -and more increased, till the one at length terminates in the _cold -sweats of Death_, and the other in a compleat _Mortification_. - -To multiply Encomiums of this kind is remote from my intended Brevity, -therefore take this remarkable one for all: The Efficacy of _Specific -Medicines_ may be experienced from Mr _Boyle_’s unparalelled Treatise, -herein referred to, and from the full Descriptions I have given any -Chymist of Eminence, upon consulting each respective Patient’s Case, -can effectually prepare them. But I would more particularly recommend -for this Purpose the Skilful Mr _Boyle Godfrey_, in _Covent-Garden_. - - THO. NEVETT. - - - - -[Illustration] - - A - - MODEST DEFENSE - - OF - - _PUBLICK STEWS_ - - Price 2_s._ 6_d._ - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE NATURAL - - SECRET HISTORY - - OF - - _BOTH SEXES_: - - OR, - - A Modest Defense - - OF - - _PUBLIC STEWS_. - - With an Account of the Present State - of WHORING in these Kingdoms. - - By _LUKE OGLE_, Esq; - - THE FOURTH EDITION. - - _LONDON_: - - Printed in the YEAR M.DCC.XL. - - - - -[Illustration] - - TO THE - - SOCIETIES - - FOR - - _Reformation of Manners_. - - -GENTLEMEN, - -The great Pains and Diligence You have employ’d in the Defence of -Modesty and Virtue, give You an undisputed Title to the Address of this -Treatise; tho’ it is with the utmost Concern that I find myself under a -Necessity of writing it, and that after so much Reforming, there should -be any Thing left to say upon the Subject, besides congratulating -You upon Your happy Success. It is no small Addition to my Grief to -observe, that Your Endeavours to suppress Lewdness have only serv’d -to promote it; and that this _Branch_ of _Immorality_ has _grown_ -under Your Hands, as if it was _prun’d_ instead of being _lopp’d_. But -however Your ill Success may grieve, it cannot astonish me: What else -could we hope for, from Your persecuting of poor strolling Damsels? -From your stopping up those _Drains_ and _Sluices_ we had to let out -Lewdness? From your demolishing those _Horn-works_ and _Breast-works_ -of Modesty? Those _Ramparts_ and _Ditches_ within which the Virtue -of our Wives and Daughters lay so conveniently _intrench’d_? An -Intrenchment so much the safer, by how much the Ditches were harder -to be fill’d up. Or what better could we expect from Your Carting of -Bawds, than that the Great Leviathan of Leachery, for Want of these -Tubs to play with, should, with one Whisk of his Tail, overset the -_Vessel_ of Modesty? Which, in her best Trim, we know to be somewhat -_leaky_, and to have a very unsteady _Helm_. - -An ancient Philosopher compares Lewdness to a wild, fiery, and -headstrong young Colt, which can never be broke till he is rid into a -Bog: And _Plato_, on the same Subject, has these Words; _The Gods_, -says he, _have given us one disobedient and unruly Member, which, like -a greedy and ravenous Animal that wants Food, grows wild and furious, -till having imbib’d the Fruit of the common Thirst, he has plentifully -besprinkled and bedewed the Bottom of the Womb_. - -And now I have mentioned the Philosophers, I must beg Your Patience for -a Moment, to hear a short Account of their Amours: For nothing will -convince us of the irresistible Force of Love, and the Folly of hoping -to suppress it, sooner than reflecting, that those venerable _Sages_, -those Standards of Morality, those great _Reformers_ of the World, -were so sensibly touch’d with this tender Passion. - -_Socrates_ confess’d, that, in his old Age, he felt a strange tickling -all over him for five Days, only by a Girl’s touching his Shoulder. - -_Xenophon_ made open Profession of his passionate Love to _Clineas_. - -_Aristippus_ of _Cyrene_, writ a lewd Book of ancient Delights; he -compar’d a Woman to a House or a Ship, that was the better for being -used: He asserted, that there was no Crime in Pleasure, but only in -being a Slave to it: And often used to say, I _enjoy_ Lais, _but_ Lais -_does not enjoy me_. - -_Theodorus_ openly maintain’d, that a wise Man might without Shame or -Scandal, keep Company with common Harlots. - -_Plato_, our great Pattern for chaste-Love, proposes, as the greatest -Reward for public Service, that he who has perform’d a signal Exploit, -should not be deny’d any amorous Favour. He writ a Description of the -Loves of his Time, and several amorous Sonnets upon his own Minions: -His chief Favorites were _Asterus_, _Dio_, _Phædrus_, and _Agatho_; but -he had, for Variety, his Female Darling _Archeanassa_; and was so noted -for Wantonness, that _Antisthenes_, gave him the Nick-name of _Satho_, -i. e. _Well-furnish’d_. - -_Polemo_ was prosecuted by his Wife for Male-Venery. - -_Crantor_ made no Secret of his Love to his Pupil _Arcesilaus_. - -_Arcesilaus_ made Love to _Demetrius_ and _Leocharus_; the last, he -said, he would fain have open’d: Besides, he publickly visited the two -_Elean_ Courtezans, _Theodota_ and _Philæta_, and was himself enjoy’d -by _Demochares_ and _Pythocles_: He suffer’d the last, he said, for -Patience-sake. - -_Bion_ was noted for debauching his own Scholars. - -_Aristotle_, the first _Peripatetic_, had a Son call’d _Nichomacus_, -by his Concubine _Herpilis_: He lov’d her so well, that he left her -in his Will a Talent of Silver, and the Choice of his Country-Houses; -that, as he says, the Damsel might have no Reason to complain: He -enjoy’d, besides the Eunuch _Hermias_, others say only his Concubine -_Pythais_, upon whom he writ a Hymn, call’d, _The Inside_. - -_Demetrius Phalereus_, who had 360 Statues in _Athens_, kept _Lamia_ -for his Concubine, and at the same time was himself enjoy’d by _Cleo_: -He writ a Treatise, call’d, _The Lover_, and was nick-nam’d by the -Courtezans, _Charito_, _Blespharus_, i. e. _A Charmer of Ladies_; and -_Lampetes_, i. e. _A great Boaster of his Abilities_. - -_Diogenes_, the _Cynic_, us’d to say, that Women ought to be in -common, and that Marriage was nothing but a Man’s getting a Woman in -the Mind to be lain with: He often us’d Manual Venery in the public -Market-place, with this Saying. _Oh! that I could assuage my Hunger -thus with rubbing of my Stomach!_ - -But what Wonder if the old _Academics_, the _Cyrenaics_, and -_Peripatetics_, were so lewdly wanton, when the very _Stoics_, who -prided themselves in the Conquest of all their other Passions, were -forc’d to submit to this? - -_Zeno_, indeed, the Founder of that Sect, was remarkable for his -Modesty, because he rarely made Use of Boys, and took but once an -ordinary Maid-Servant to Bed, that he might not be thought to hate -the Sex; yet, in his _Commonwealth_, he was for a Community of Women; -and writ a Treatise, wherein he regulated the Motions of getting a -Maidenhead, and philosophically prov’d Action and Reaction to be equal. - -_Chrysippus_ and _Apollodorus_ agree with _Zeno_ in a Community of -Women, and say, that a wise Man may be in Love with handsome Boys. - -_Erillus_, a Scholar of _Zeno_’s, was a notorious Debauchee. - -I need not mention the _Epicureans_ who were remarkable for their -Obscenity. - -_Epicurus_ used to make a Pander of his own Brother; and his Scholar, -the Great _Metrodorus_, visited all the noted Courtezans in _Athens_, -and publicly kept the famous _Leontium_, his Master’s _Quondam_ -Mistress. Yet, if you will believe _Laertius_, he was every Way a good -Man. - -But what shall we say of our Favourite _Seneca_, who, with all his -_Morals_, could never acquire the Reputation of _Chastity_? He was -indeed somewhat Nice in his Amours, like the Famous _Flora_, who was -never enjoy’d by any Thing less than a Dictator or a Consul; for he -scorn’d to intrigue with any Thing less than the Empress. - -Now, if those Reverend School-Masters of Antiquity, were so loose in -their Seminals, shall we, of this Age, set up for Chastity? Have our -_Oxford Students_ more Command of their Passions than the _Stoics_? Are -our Young _Templars_ less Amorous than _Plato_? Or, is an _Officer_ of -the Army less Ticklish in the Shoulder than _Socrates_? - -But I need not waste any Rhetoric upon so evident a Truth; for plain -and clear Propositions, like Windows painted, are only the more Obscure -the more they are adorn’d. - -I will now suppose, that you have given up the Men as Incorrigible; -since You are convinc’d, by Experience, that even Matrimony is not able -to reclaim them. Marriage, indeed, is just such a Cure for Lewdness, -as a Surfeit is for Gluttony; it gives a Man’s Fancy a Distaste to -the particular Dish, but leaves his Palate as Luxurious as ever: for -this Reason we find so many marry’d Men, that, like _Sampson_’s Foxes, -only do more Mischief for having their Tails ty’d. But the Women, You -say, are weaker Vessels, and You are resolv’d to make them submit; -rightly judging, if You cou’d make all the Females Modest, it would -put a considerable Stop to Fornication. It is great Pity, no doubt, -so Fine a Project should Miscarry: And I would willingly entertain -Hopes of seeing one of these _Bridewell_ Converts. In the mean Time -it would not be amiss, if You chang’d somewhat your present Method of -Conversion, especially in the Article of Whipping. It is very possible, -indeed, that leaving a Poor Girl Penny-less, may put her in a Way of -living Honestly, tho’ the want of Money was the only Reason of her -living otherwise; and the stripping of her Naked, may, for aught I -know, contribute to Her Modesty, and put Her in a State of Innocence; -but surely, _Gentlemen_, You must all know, that Flogging has a quite -contrary Effect. This Project of pulling down Bawdy-houses to prevent -Uncleanness, puts me in Mind of a certain Over-nice Gentleman, who -cou’d never fancy his Garden look’d sweet, till he had demolish’d a -Bog-house that offended his Eye in one Corner of it; but it was not -long before every Nose in the Family was convinc’d of His Mistake. If -Reason fails to Convince, let us profit by Example: Observe the Policy -of a Modern Butcher, persecuted with a Swarm of Carnivorous Flies; when -all his Engines and Fly-flaps have prov’d ineffectual to defend his -Stall against the Greedy Assiduity of those Carnal Insects, he very -Judiciously cuts off a Fragment, already blown, which serves to hang -up for a Cure; and thus, by sacrifising a Small Part, already Tainted, -and not worth Keeping, he wisely secures the Safety of the Rest. Or, -let us go higher for Instruction, and take Example by the Grazier, who -far from denying his Herd the Accustom’d Privilege of Rubbing, when -their Sides are Stimulated with sharp Humours, very Industriously -fixes a Stake in the Center of the Field, not so much, you may imagine, -to Regale the Salacious Hides of his Cattle, as to preserve his Young -Trees from Suffering by the Violence of their Friction. - -I could give You more Examples of this Kind, equally full of -Instruction, but that I’m loth to detain You from the Perusal of the -following Treatise; and at the same Time Impatient to have the Honour -of Subscribing Myself - - _Your Fellow-Reformer, - - and Devoted Servant,_ - - PHIL-PORNEY. - - - - -[Illustration] - - PREFACE. - - -Lest any inquisitive Reader should puzzle his Brains to find out why -this _Foundling_ is thus clandestinely dropt at his Door, let it -suffice him, that the _Midwife_ of a Printer was unwilling to help -bring it into the World, but upon that Condition, or a much harder, -that of my openly _Fathering_ it. I could make many other reasonable -Apologies, if requisite: For, besides my having follow’d the modest -Example of several other pious _Authors_, such as that of Εικων -Βασιλικη, of the _Whole Duty of Man_, &c. who have studied rather their -Country’s Publick Good, than their own Private Fame; I think, I have -also play’d the Politick Part: for should my _Off-spring_ be defective, -why let it fall upon the Parish. On the other hand, if accidentally -it prove hopeful, ’tis certain I need be at no further Trouble. There -will then be _Parents_ enough ready to own the _Babe_, and take it upon -themselves. Adoption amongst the _Machiavellian_ Laws of the _Muses_ -is strictly kept up, and every day put in Practice: How few of our now -bright _Noblemen_ would otherwise have _Wit_? How many of our present -thriving _Poets_ would else want a _Dinner_? ’Tis a vulgar Error to -imagine Men live upon their own Wits, when generally it is upon others -Follies; a Fund that carries by much the best Interest, and is by far -upon the most certain Security of any: The _Exchequer_ has been shut -up, the _Bank_ has stopt Payment, _South-Sea_ has been demolish’d, -but _White’s_ was never known to fail; and indeed how should it, -when almost every Wind blows to _Dover_, or _Holyhead_, some fresh -_Proprietor_ amply qualified with sufficient _Stock_. - -I am in some pain for the Event of this _Scheme_, hoping the _Wicked_ -will find it too Grave, and fearing the _Godly_ will scarce venture -beyond the Title-Page: And should they, _even_, I know they’ll object, -’tis here and there interwoven with too ludicrous Expressions, not -considering that a dry Argument has occasion for the larding of Gaiety -to make it the better relish and go down. Besides, finding by the exact -Account tack’d to that most edifying _Anti-Heidegger_ Discourse,[6] -that eighty six Thousand Offenders have been lately punish’d, and -that four hundred Thousand religious Books have been distributed -about _Gratis_ (not to mention the numberless Three-penny Jobs -daily publish’d to no Ends, or Purpose, but the _Author_’s;) I say, -finding all these Measures have been taken, and that Lewdness still -so much prevails, I thought it highly proper to try this Experiment, -being fully convinc’d that opposite Methods often take place. Own, -_Preferment-Hunter_! when sailing on with the Tide avails nothing, -does not tacking about steer you sometimes into that snug Harbour, an -Employment? Speak _Hibernian Stallion_! when a meek fawning Adoration -turns to no Account, does not a pert assuming Arrogance frequently -forward, nay, gain the critical Minute? And say, [7] _Mesobin!_ where -a Purge fails, is not a Vomit an infallible _Recipe_ for a Looseness? - - [6] The Bp. of _L----n_’s Sermon against Masquerades. - - [7] An able Member of the College of Physicians. - -To conclude; when my Arguments are impartially examin’d, I doubt not -but my Readers will join with me, that as long as it is the Nature -of Man (and _Naturam expellas furca licet usque recurret_) to have a -Salt _Itch_ in the Breeches, the _Brimstone_ under the Petticoat will -be a necessary Remedy to _lay_ it; and let him be ever so sly in the -Application, it will still be found out: What avails it then to affect -to conceal that which cannot be concealed, and that which if carried -on openly and above-board, would become only less detrimental, and of -consequence more justifiable? - -Be the Success of this Treatise as it happens, the Good of Mankind is -my only Aim; nor am I less hearty or zealous in the Publick Welfare of -my Country, than that Noble Pattern of Sincerity, Bishop _B----t_, who -finishes his Preface with the following Paragraph. _And now, O my G--, -the G-- of my Life, and of all my Mercies, I offer this Work to Thee, -to whose Honour it is chiefly intended; that thereby I may awaken the -World to just Reflections on their own Errors and Follies, and call on -them to acknowledge thy Providence, to adore it, and ever to depend on -it._ - - - - -[Illustration] - - A - - _Modest Defence, &c._ - - -There is nothing more idle, or shows a greater Affectation of Wit, than -the modern Custom of treating the most grave Subjects with Burlesque -and Ridicule. The present Subject of _Whoring_, was I dispos’d, -would furnish me sufficiently in this kind, and might possibly, if -so handled, excite Mirth in those who are only capable of such low -Impressions. But, as the chief Design of this Treatise is to promote -the general Welfare and Happiness of Mankind, I hope to be excus’d, -if I make no farther Attempts to please, than are consistent with -that Design. The Practice of _Whoring_ has, of late Years, become so -universal, and its Effects so prejudicial to Mankind, that several -Attempts have been made to put a Stop to it; and a certain _Society_ -of Worthy _Gentlemen_ have undertaken that Affair with a Zeal truly -commendable, tho’ the Success does but too plainly make it appear, that -they were mistaken in their Measures, and had not rightly consider’d -the Nature of this Evil, which we are all equally sollicitous to -prevent, however we may differ in our Opinions as to the Manner. And -tho’ the Method I intend to propose, of erecting _Publick Stews_ for -that purpose, may seem at first sight somewhat ludicrous, I shall, -nevertheless, make it appear to be the only Means we have now left -for redressing this Grievance. As this Redress is the whole Scope and -Design of this Treatise, I hope to be acquitted of my Design, when -I have prov’d the following Propositions: That _publick Whoring_ is -neither so criminal in itself, nor so detrimental to the _Society_, as -_private Whoring_; and that the encouraging of _publick Whoring_, by -erecting _Stews_, will not only prevent most of the ill Consequences of -this Vice, but even lessen the _Practice_ of _Whoring_ in general, and -reduce it to the narrowest Bounds which it can possibly be contain’d -in. But before we proceed, it is requisite that we examine what those -mischievous Effects are which _Whoring_ naturally produces, that we may -the better judge whether or no they will be prevented by this Scheme. - -The greatest Evil that attends this Vice, or could well befall Mankind, -is the Propagation of that infectious Disease, called the _French-Pox_, -which in two Centuries, has made such incredible Havock all over -_Europe_. In these Kingdoms it so seldom fails to attend _Whoring_, -now-a-days mistaken for _Gallantry_ and _Politeness_, that a hale, -robust Constitution is esteem’d a Mark of Ungentility; and a healthy -young Fellow is look’d upon with the same View, as if he had spent -his Life in a Cottage. Our Gentlemen of the Army, whose unsettled way -of Life makes it inconvenient for them to marry, are hereby very much -weaken’d and enervated, and render’d unfit to undergo such Hardships -as are necessary for defending and supporting the Honour of their -Country: And our Gentry in general seem to distinguish themselves -by an ill State of Health, in all probability the Effect of this -pernicious Distemper: for the Secrecy which most People are obliged to -in this Disease, makes the Cure of it often ineffectual; and tho’ the -Infection itself may possibly be remov’d, yet for want of taking proper -Methods, it generally leaves such an ill Habit of Body as is not easily -recover’d. ’Tis to this we seem to owe the Rise of that Distemper, the -_King’s-Evil_, never known till the _French Disease_ began to prevail -here. But what makes this Mischief the more intolerable, is, that the -Innocent must suffer by it as well as the Guilty; Men give it to their -Wives, Women to their Husbands, or perhaps their Children; they to -their Nurses, and the Nurses again to other Children; so that no Age, -Sex, or Condition can be intirely safe from the Infection. - -Another ill Effect of this Vice, is, its making People profuse, and -tempting them to live beyond what their Circumstances will admit of; -for if once Men suffer their Minds to be led astray by this unruly -Passion, no worldly Consideration whatever will be able to stop it; -and Wenching as it is very expensive in itself, without the ordinary -Charges of Physic or Children, often leads Men into a thousand other -Vices to support its Extravagance: Besides, after the Mind has once got -this extravagant Turn, there naturally follows a Neglect and Contempt -of Business; and Whoring of itself disposes the Mind to such a sort of -Indolence, as is quite inconsistent with Industry, the main Support of -any, especially a trading, Nation. - -The murdering of Bastard Infants is another Consequence of this Vice, -by much worse than the Vice itself: and tho’ the Law is justly severe -in this Particular, as rightly judging that a Mind capable of divesting -itself so intirely of Humanity, is not fit to live in a civiliz’d -Nation: yet there are so many ways of evading it, either by destroying -the Infants before their Birth, or suffering them afterwards to die -by wilful Neglect, that there appears but little Hope of putting any -Stop to this Practice, which, besides the Barbarity of it, tends -very much to dispeople the Country. And since the Prosperity of any -Country is allow’d to depend, in a great measure, on the Number of its -Inhabitants, the _Government_ ought, if it were possible, to prevent -any Whoring at all, as it evidently hinders the Propagation of the -Species: How many thousand young Men in this Nation would turn their -Thoughts towards Matrimony, if they were not constantly destroying that -Passion, which is the only Foundation of it? And tho’ most of them, -sooner or later, find the Inconvenience of this irregular Life, and -think fit to confine themselves to One, yet their Bodies are so much -enervated, by the untimely or immoderate Increase of this Passion, -together with the Relics of Venereal Cures, that they beget a most -wretched, feeble, and sickly Offspring: We can attribute it to nothing -else but this, that so many of our ancient Families of Nobles are of -late extinct. - -There is one thing more we ought to consider in this Vice, and that -is the Injury it does to particular Persons and Families; either by -alienating the Affections of Wives from their Husbands, which often -proves prejudicial to both, and sometimes fatal to whole Families; or -else by debauching the Minds of young Women, to their utter Ruin and -Destruction: for the Reproach they must undergo, when a Slip of this -nature is discover’d, prevents their marrying in any Degree suitable -to their Fortune, and by degrees hardens them to all Sense of Shame; -and when they have once overcome that, the present View of Interest as -well as Pleasure, sways them to continue in the same Course, till at -length they become common Prostitutes. - -These are the several bad Effects of Whoring; and it is an unhappy -Thing, that a Practice so universal as this is, and always will be, -should be attended with such mischievous Consequences: But since few -or none of them are the necessary Effects of Whoring, consider’d in -itself, but only proceed from the Abuse and ill Management of it; our -Business is certainly to regulate this Affair in such sort as may -best prevent these Mischiefs. And I must here beg pardon of those -worthy _Gentlemen_ of the _Society_, if I can’t conceive how the -Discouragement they have given, or rather attempted to give, to publick -Whoring, could possibly have the desired Effect. If this was a Vice -acquired by Habit or Custom, or depended upon Education, as most other -Vices, there might be some Hopes of suppressing it; and then it would, -no doubt, be commendable to attack it, without Distinction, in whatever -Form or Disguise it should appear: But alas! this violent Love for -Women is born and bred with us; nay, it is absolutely necessary to our -being born at all: And however some People may pretend, that unlawful -Enjoyment is contrary to the Law of _Nature_, this is certain, that -Nature never fails to furnish us largely with this Passion, tho’ she is -often sparing to bestow upon us such a Portion of Reason and Reflection -as is necessary to curb it. - -That long Course of Experience which most of these _Gentlemen_ have had -in the World, and which is of so great Use in other Cases, may probably -occasion their Mistake in this; for Age is very liable to forget the -violence of youthful Passions, and, consequently, apt to think them -easier curb’d: whereas if we consider the true Source of Whoring, and -the strong Impulse of Nature that way, we shall find, it is a Thing not -to be too violently restrain’d; lest, like a Stream diverted out of -its proper Channel, it should break in and overflow the neighbouring -_Inclosures_. - -History affords us several Instances of this Truth; I shall mention -but one, and that is of Pope _Sixtus_ the Fifth, who was so strictly -severe in the Execution of Justice, if such Severity may be call’d -Justice, and particularly, against Offenders of this kind, that he -condemned a young Man to the Galleys, only for snatching a Kiss of a -Damsel in the Street: yet notwithstanding this his _Holiness_’s Zeal, -he never attempted once to extirpate Whoring intirely: But like a true -_Pastor_ separated the clean Sheep from the unclean, and confin’d all -the Courtezans to one Quarter of the City. It is true, he did attempt -to moderate this Vice, and banish’d as many Courtezans as he thought -exceeded the necessary Number; but he was soon convinc’d of the Error -of his Computation, for _Sodomy_, and a thousand other unnatural Vices -sprung up, which forc’d him soon to recal them, and has left us a -remarkable Instance of the Vanity of such Attempts. - -Let us now proceed to the Proof of our Proposition, in the first Part -of which, it was asserted, That publick Whoring is neither so Criminal -in itself, nor so Detrimental to the _Society_, as private Whoring. - -Publick Whoring consists in lying with a certain Set of Women, who -have shook off all Pretence to Modesty; and for such a Sum of Money, -more or less, profess themselves always in a Readiness to be enjoy’d. -The Mischief a Man does in this Case is intirely to himself; for with -respect to the Woman, he does a laudable Action, in furnishing her with -the Means of Subsistence, in the only, or at least most innocent way -that she is capable of procuring it. The Damage he does to himself, -is either with regard to his Health, or the Expence of Money, and may -be consider’d under the same View as Drinking, with this considerable -Advantage, that it restores us to that cool Exercise of our Reason, -which Drinking tends to deprive us of. Indeed was there a Probability -of a Woman’s Amendment, and of her gaining a Livelihood by some -honester Method, there might be some Crime in encouraging her to follow -such a Profession: But the Minds of Women are observ’d to be so much -corrupted by the Loss of Chastity, or rather by the Reproach they -suffer upon that Loss, that they seldom or never change that Course -of Life for the better; and if they should, they can never recover -that good Name, which is so absolutely necessary to their getting a -Maintenance in any honest Way whatever; and that nothing but meer -Necessity obliges them to continue in that Course, is plain from this, -That they themselves in Reality utterly abhor it: And indeed there -appears nothing in it so very alluring and bewitching, especially to -People who have that Inclination to Lewdness intirely extinguish’d, -which is the only thing could possibly make it supportable, - -The other Branch of Whoring, viz. _Private_, is of much worse -Consequence; and a Man’s Crime in this Case increases in proportion to -the different Degree of Mischief done, if you consider his Crime with -regard to the _Society_; for as to personal Guilt, Allowance ought to -be made for the Increase of Temptation, which is very considerable in -the Case of debauching _Married Women_; upon account of the Safety to -the Aggressor, either with Respect to his Health, or the Charge, and, -if that affects him, the Scandal of having a Bastard. On the other -hand, the Injury done, is very considerable, as such an Action tends -to corrupt a Woman’s Mind, and destroy that mutual Love and Affection -between Man and Wife, which is so necessary to both their Happiness. -Besides, the Risque run of a Discovery, which at least ruins a Woman’s -Reputation, and destroys the Husband’s Quiet; nay, where Virtue does -not intirely give way, if it warps but ever so little, the Consequence -is shockingly fatal: for tho’ the good Man, suspicious of the Wife’s -Chastity, the Wife of the Gallant’s Constancy, and the Gallant of the -Husband’s Watchfulness, by being a Check upon each other, may keep the -Gate of Virtue shut; yet then even all Parties must be attended with a -never-ceasing Misery, nor to be imagin’d, but by those who too fatally -_feel it_. - -The Crime of debauching young _Virgins_ will appear much greater, if -we consider that there is much more Mischief done, and the Temptation -to do it much lessen’d by the fear of getting Children; which, in -most Circumstances of Life, does a Man a deal of Prejudice, and keeps -at least three Parts in four of our sober Youth from gratifying this -violent Passion. Besides, the Methods that are necessary to be taken, -before a Man can have such an Action in his Power, are in themselves -Criminal; and it shows a certain Baseness of Mind to persuade a Woman, -by a thousand solemn Vows and Protestations, into such a good Opinion -of you, and Assurance of your Love to her, that she trusts you with -all that is dear and near to her; and this with no other View but the -Gratification of a present Passion, which might be otherwise vented, -than at the certain Expence of her Ruin, and putting her under the -Necessity of leading the Life of a _Publick Courtezan_. - -From this general Consideration of Whoring, it is evident, that tho’ -all the several Species of it proceed from the same Cause, our natural -Love and Passion for Women, yet they are very different in their -Natures, and fully as distinct Crimes as those which proceed from our -Love to Money, such as Murder, Shoplifting, _&c._ And I hope I have -said enough to prove, that the Publick Part of it is by far the least -Criminal, and least Detrimental to the _Society_; which of itself -is a sufficient Motive for the _Legislature_ to confine it to that -Channel. I shall now proceed farther, and show, as I before propos’d, -that the encouraging of Publick Whoring, will not only prevent most of -the mischievous Effects of this Vice, but even lessen the Practice of -Whoring in general, and reduce it to the narrowest Bounds which it can -possibly be contain’d in. - -When I talk’d of encouraging publick Whoring, I would be understood -to mean, not only the erecting _Publick Stews_, as I at first hinted, -but also the endowing them with such Privileges and Immunities, and at -the same time giving such Discouragement to private Whoring, as may be -most effectual to turn the general Stream of Lewdness into this common -Channel. - -I shall here lay down a Plan for this Purpose, which, tho’ it may well -serve to illustrate this Point, and make good the Proof of my present -Argument, would doubtless receive infinite Improvement by coming -through the Hands of a _National Senate_, whose august Body, being -compos’d of _Spirituals_ as well as _Temporals_, will, I hope, take -into Consideration this Important Affair, which so nearly concerns both. - -The Plan I would propose, is this: Let a hundred or more Houses be -provided in some convenient Quarter of the City, and proportionably -in every Country-Town, sufficient to contain two thousand Women: If a -hundred are thought sufficient, let a hundred _Matrons_ be appointed, -one to each House, of Abilities and Experience enough to take upon -them the Management of twenty Courtezans each, to see that they keep -themselves neat and decent, and entertain Gentlemen after a civil and -obliging Manner. For the encouragement of such _Matrons_, each House -must be allow’d a certain Quantity of all sorts of Liquor, Custom -and Excise free; by which Means they will be enabled to accommodate -Gentlemen handsomely, without that Imposition so frequently met with in -such Houses. Besides the hundred abovemention’d, there must be a very -large House set apart for an Infirmary, and Provision made for two able -Physicians, and four Surgeons at least. Lastly, there must be three -Commissioners appointed to superintend the whole, to hear and redress -Complaints, and to see that each House punctually observes such Rules -and Orders as shall be thought necessary for the good Government of -this Community. For the better Entertainment of all Ranks and Degrees -of Gentlemen, we shall divide the twenty Women of each House into four -Classes, who for their Beauty, or other Qualifications may justly -challenge different Prices. - -The first Class is to consist of eight, who may legally demand from -each Visitant Half a Crown. The second Class to consist of six, whose -fix’d Price may be a Crown. The third Class of four, at half a Guinea -each. The remaining two make up the fourth Class, and are design’d -for Persons of the first Rank, who can afford to pay a Guinea for the -Elegancy of their Taste. To defray the Charges of this Establishment, -will require but a very moderate Tax: For if the first Class pays but -forty Shillings Yearly, and the rest in Proportion, it will amount to -above 10,000 _l._ a Year, which will not only pay the Commissioners -Salaries, Surgeons Chests, and other Contingencies, but likewise -establish a good Fund for the Maintenance of Illegitimate Orphans and -superannuated Courtezans. - -For the better Government of this _Society_, it will be necessary that -the Mistress have an absolute Command in her own House, and that no -Woman be suffer’d to go abroad without her Leave. No Woman must be -suffer’d to lie in, within the House; nor any young Children admitted -under any Pretence. No Musick or Revelling to be allow’d in any Room, -to the Disturbance of the rest. No Gentlemen disorderly or drunk, to be -admitted at an unseasonable Hour, without the Consent of the Mistress: -And, in case of Violence, she must be empower’d to call the Civil Aid. - -For the _Society_’s Security in Point of Health, it must be order’d, -That if any Gentleman complains of receiving an Injury, and the Woman, -upon Search, be found tainted, without having discover’d it to the -Mistress, she shall be stripp’d and cashier’d. But if a Woman discovers -her Misfortune before any Complaint is made against her, she shall -be sent to the _Infirmary_, and cured at the Publick Charge. No Woman -that has been twice pox’d shall ever be re-admitted. _Note_, That three -Claps shall be reckon’d equivalent to one Pox. - -But as no _Society_ ever fram’d a compleat Body of Laws at once, till -overseen Accidents had taught them Foresight, we shall refer the -farther Regulation of these Laws, with whatever new ones shall be -thought necessary, to the _Wisdom_ of the _Legislature_, - -The _Publick Stews_ being thus erected and govern’d by good and -wholesome Laws, there remains nothing to compleat this Project, but -that proper Measures be taken effectually to discourage all other Kinds -of Whoring whatsoever. And here it is to be hoped, that those worthy -_Gentlemen_ of the _Society_, who have hitherto distinguish’d their -_Zeal_ to so little Purpose, will now exert themselves where they have -so good a Prospect of Success; for altho’ a poor Itinerant Courtezan -could not by any Means be persuaded to starve at the Instigation of -a _Reforming_ Constable, yet a little _Bridewell_ Rhetorick, or the -Terrors of a Transportation, will soon convince her that she may -live more comfortably and honestly in a _Publick Stew_. If there are -any so foolish as to love Rambling better, or who are not qualify’d -to please Gentlemen according to Law, they ought to be transported; -for _Bridewell_, as it is now manag’d, only makes them poorer, -and consequently lays them under a greater Necessity than ever of -continuing Prostitutes. - -Let us now suppose, for Brevity sake, that the _Publick Stews_ are -as much as possible favour’d and encourag’d, and that all the other -Branches of this Vice have the utmost Rigour of the Laws exerted -against them. - -It now remains for me to show what Benefit the _Nation_ would receive -thereby, and how this Project would prevent or in any Degree alleviate -those Mischiefs which I have mention’d to be the necessary Consequences -of this Vice. As for any Objections that may be rais’d against me, -either _Christian_ or _Moral_, I shall refer them to the Close of this -Discourse. - -First then, I say, the _Nation_ would receive a general Benefit by -having such a considerable Number of its most disorderly Inhabitants -brought to live after a regular civiliz’d Manner. There is, one Year -with another, a certain Number of young Women who arrive gradually, -Step by Step, at the highest Degree of Impudence and Lewdness. These -Women, besides their Incontinence, are commonly guilty of almost the -whole Catalogue of immoral Actions: The Reason is evident; They are -utterly abandon’d by their Parents, and thereby reduc’d to the last -Degree of Shifting-Poverty; if their Lewdness cannot supply their -Wants, they must have Recourse to Methods more criminal, such as -_Lying_, _Cheating_, _open Theft_, &c. Not that these are the necessary -Concomitants of Lewdness, or have the least Relation to it, as all -_lewd Men of Honour_ can testify; but the Treatment such Women meet -with in the World, is the Occasion of it. - -Those Females, who either by the Frigidity of their Constitutions, -a lucky Want of Temptation, or any other Cause, have preserv’d -their Chastity; and the Men, in general, Chaste or Unchaste, are so -outrageous against these Delinquents, that they make no Distinction: -all of them are branded with the same opprobrious Title, they are all -treated with the same Contempt, all equally despis’d; so that let -them be guilty of what other Crimes they please, they cannot add one -Jot to the Shame they already undergo. Having thus remov’d the Fear -of worldly Reproach, which is justly esteem’d the greatest _Bulwark_ -of _Morality_, it is no wonder if these Women, insensible of Shame, -and prick’d on by Want, commit any Crimes, where they are not deter’d -by the Fear of corporal Punishments. But the Case now will be quite -alter’d; these Women, as soon as they have attain’d a competent -Share of Assurance, and before they are pinch’d with the Extreme of -Poverty, will enter themselves in some of the abovementioned Classes of -profess’d Courtezans; where, instead of being necessarily dishonest, -they will have more Inducements to Honesty than any other Profession -whatsoever. The same Money defends, as well as it corrupts a _Prime -Minister_: A _Churchman_ takes Sanctuary in a Gown, and who dare accuse -a Mitre of _Simony_? Accuse a _Colonel_ of Injustice, he is try’d by -his Board of _Officers_, and your Information is false, scandalous, -and malicious. A _Lawyer_ cheats you according to Law; and you may -thank the _Physician_, if you live to complain of him. _Over-reaching_ -in Trade, is _prudent Dealing_; and _Mechanick Cunning_, is stiled -_Handicraft_. Not so fares the poor Courtezan; if she commits but one -ill Action, if, for Instance, she should circumvent a Gentleman of a -_Snuff-Box_, she can hardly escape Detection; and the first Discovery -ruins her; she is banish’d the _Publick Stews_, mark’d out for Infamy, -and can have no better Prospect than a Transportation. On the other -hand, the Motives to Honesty will be as great here as any where: It -is natural for Mankind to regard chiefly the good Opinion of those -with whom they converse, and to neglect that of Strangers: Now in -this Community, Lewdness not being esteem’d a Reproach, but rather a -Commendation, they will set a Value on their good Name, and stand as -much upon the Puncto of Honour, as the rest of Mankind; being mov’d by -the same commendable Emulation, and deter’d by greater, or at least -more certain Punishments. Besides this Reformation in Point of Honesty, -the Publick will receive another Benefit in being freed from those -nocturnal Disorders, Quarrels and Brawlings, which are occasion’d by -vagrant Punks, and the Number of private Brothels dispers’d throughout -the City, to the great Disturbance of its sober Inhabitants. - -We have already mention’d the _French Disease_ as one of the worst -Attendants upon Lewdness, and with good Reason; for in the Enjoyment -of this Life, Health is the _sine qua non_: _i. e._ the greatest -Happiness. And this Distemper has one Thing in it peculiarly -inveterate, as if it came out of _Pandora’s_ worst Box; there is -no other Disorder, but what at some Age, or in some particular -Constitution, will abate of itself without the Application of -Medicines; but this is such a busy restless Enemy, that unless -resisted, he is never at a Stand, but gathers Strength every Day, -to the utter Disquiet of the Patient. Now it is so evident that the -_Publick Stews_, when well regulated, will prevent the Spreading of -this Plague, that a prolix and tedious Proof of it would look like -Declaiming. As this Disease has its Spring and Source entirely from -publick Whoring, and from thence creeps into private Families; so -it likewise receives continual Supplies and Recruits thro’ the same -Channel: When this Source is once dry’d up the Nation will naturally -recover its pristine Health and Vigour: And this cannot fail to happen, -if due Care be taken to keep the _Stews_ free from Infection; for what -young Fellow will be so industriously mad, as to take Pains to run -his Head into an Apothecary’s Shop, when he may with so much Ease and -Conveniency, and without the Fear of a _Reforming Officer_, both secure -his Health and gratify his Fancy with such a Variety of Mistresses. - -’Tis true, the keeping of the _Publick Stews_ so very safe, will appear -a difficult Task, at first Sight; but not so if we consider the Case -a little nearer. This Disease is propagated reciprocally from the -Woman to the Man, and from the Man to the Woman; but the first is the -most common for several Reasons: We are not like Cocks or Town-Bulls, -who have a whole Seraglia of Females entirely and solely at their -Devotion; on the contrary, one industrious Pains-taking Woman, who lays -herself out that Way, is capable of satisfying several rampant Males; -insomuch, that a select Number of Women get a handsome Livelihood by -being able to oblige such a Number of Customers. Now, if but a few of -these Women are unsound, they can infect a great many Men; whereas -these Men have neither Power nor Inclination to infect the like Number -of Women. I say, Inclination; for a Woman, to raise Money for the -Surgeon’s Fee, may counterfeit Pleasure when she really receives Pain; -nay, she may even venture to complain of being hurt: for the Man will -attribute the Pain he gives her, either to her Chastity, or his own -Vigour; not dreaming, perhaps, that he has molested a _Shanker_. This -a Female may do, as being only passive in the Affair, but a Man must -have real Fancy and Inclination before he is qualify’d to enter upon -Action: And how far this Fancy to Woman may be cool’d by a stinging -_Gonorrhœa_, I leave the experienc’d Reader to judge; and whether a Man -won’t rather employ his Thoughts upon his _round Diet_, _i. e._ Pills, -how to digest 2 at Night, and 3 in the Morning; what Conveyance to find -out when poach’d Eggs grow nauseous, and how to preserve his Linnen -from being speckled; with a Thousand other Particulars that occur to a -Man in this Distress: but these are sufficient, with the Assistance of -a _Cordee_, to _bridle_ any moderate Passion. So that from the whole -we may safely draw this Conclusion; That since the Men are so seldom -guilty of transgressing in this Kind, the spreading of this Distemper -must be owing to the Neglect of Cure in the Women. Now the _Publick -Stews_ will be so regulated, that a Woman cannot possibly conceal -her Misfortune long; nay, it will be highly her Interest to make the -first Discovery; so that whatever Damage the _Society_ may sustain at -first, when Claps are most current, it will be soon repair’d, and this -Distemper, in Time, entirely rooted out. But of this enough. - - * * * * * - -The next Thing that comes to be consider’d in this Vice, is the Expence -it occasions, and the Neglect of worldly Business, by employing so much -of our Time and Thoughts; for let a Man have ever so much Business, -it can’t stop the Circulation of his Blood, or prevent the Seminal -Secretion: for Sleeping or Waking, the _Spermaticks_ will do their -Office, tho’ a Man’s Thoughts may be so much employ’d about other -Affairs, that he cannot attend to every minute Titillation. A Man of -Pleasure, indeed, may make this copulative Science his whole Study; -and, by Idleness and Luxury, may prompt Nature that Way, and spur up -the Spirits to Wantonness: but then his Constitution will be the sooner -tired; for the Animal Spirits being exhausted by this Anticipation, -his Body must be weaken’d, and his Nerves relax’d; neither will his -irregular effeminate Life assist them in recovering their former Force. -Besides, those Parts which more particularly suffer the Violence of -this Exercise, are liable to many Accidents; and Men of Pleasure, -though otherwise pretty healthy, are often troubled with Gleets and -Weaknesses, either by a former Ulceration of the _Prostrates_, or -else some violent Over-straining, which occasions this Relaxation. -These Men, ’tis true, will talk very lusciously of Women; but, -pretend what they please, they can never have that burning Desire -which they had formerly, when their Vessels were in full Vigour. The -Truth is, their Lust lies chiefly in their Brain, kept alive by the -Impression of former Ideas, which are not so easily rubb’d out as -the Titillation which created them; and this Passion comes to be so -diminished, that, in Time, it changes its Residence from the _Glans -Penis_ to the _Glandula Penealis_. A Man of Business, on the contrary, -or one who leads a sober regular Life, will seldomer be attack’d by -these wanton Fits, but then they will come with double the Violence; -for though it is a common received Opinion, that the longer a Man -refrains, the better he is able to refrain, yet it is only true in -one Sense, and amounts to no more than this: That if a Man has been -able, for such and such Reasons, to curb this Passion, for Instance, -a Month, he will, if the same Reasons hold, and without an additional -Temptation, be able to curb it a Month longer; but, nevertheless, -he may have Desires much stronger than a Man who, for want of these -Motives to Abstinence, gratifies them every Day. If there are some -Men of a particular Constitution, whose puny Desires may be easily -block’d up with the Assistance of _three small Buttons_: or else -endow’d with such an extraordinary Strength of Reason, that they can -master the most _rampant_ Sallies of this raging Passion; I heartily -congratulate their happy Conquest, but have nothing more to do with -them at present, the _Publick Stews_ not being design’d for such: I -am here speaking of those Men of Business, who, notwithstanding their -Abstinence or the Regularity of their Lives, are sometimes prevailed -upon to quench these amorous Heats; and, I say, in such Men the Passion -is much stronger than in Men of Pleasure, and that their Abstinence -contributes to heighten the Violence of the Desire, and make it the -more irresistible: for the Fancy not being cloy’d with too frequent -Enjoyment, presently takes fire; and the _Spermaticks_, not being -weaken’d with forc’d Evacuations, are in their full Vigour, and give -the Nerves a most exquisite Sensation: so that upon the least toying -with an alluring Wench, the Blood-Vessels are ready to start; and to -use _Othello_’s Words, _The very Sense aches at her._ - -Now, what shall this Man do, when he has once taken the Resolution to -make himself easy? He must either venture upon the Publick, where, -it is Odds, he may meet with a Mischance that will either drain his -Pocket, and make him unfit for any Business, at least without Doors; -or else he must employ both his Time and Rhetoric, and perhaps too his -Purse, in deluding some modest Girl; which, besides the Loss of Time in -carrying on such an Intrigue, is apt to give the Head such an amorous -Turn as is quite inconsistent with Business, and may probably lead a -Man into After-Expences, which at first he never dreamt of. - -Now to remedy all these Inconveniences, the _Publick Stews_ will be -always ready and open, where a Man may regulate his Expences according -to his Ability, from Half a Crown to a Guinea; and that too without -endangering his Health: And besides, which is chiefly to be consider’d, -if a Man should be overtaken with a sudden Gust of Lechery, it will be -no Hindrance to him even in the greatest Hurry of Business, for a ready -and willing Mistress will ease him in the twinkling of an Eye, and he -may prosecute his Affairs with more Attention than ever, by having his -Mind entirely freed and disengag’d from those troublesome Ideas which -always accompany a wanton Disposition of the Body. But to proceed: - -Another ill Consequence of Whoring, is the Tendency it has to dispeople -a Nation; and that both by the Destruction of Illegitimate Infants, and -by ruining young Men’s Constitutions so much, that, when they marry, -they either beget no Children, or such as are sickly and short-liv’d. -The first of these, indeed, is almost unavoidable, especially in modest -Women, who will be guilty of this Cruelty as long as Female Chastity -carries that high Reputation along with it, which it really deserves: -However, in common Women, it may and will be, in a great measure, -prevented by this Scheme; for every profess’d Courtezan, that is -legally licens’d, will have an Apartment allotted her in the Infirmary -when she is ready to lie in, and will be obliged to take Care of her -Child; by which means a considerable Number of Infants will be reared -up, that otherwise might probably have perish’d. Besides, there are -a great many ordinary Girls, such as Servant-Maids, who are chiefly -mov’d to this Action, by the fear of losing their Services, and wanting -Bread. Now this handsome Provision that is made for them, will be a -great Inducement for such to enter themselves in the _Stews_, rather -than commit such an unnatural Action, especially when the Discovery is -Death. - -Let us now consider the Affair of Matrimony. Since the World is now -no longer in a State of Nature, but form’d into several Societies -independent of one another, and these Societies again divided into -several Ranks and Degrees of Men, distinguish’d by their Titles and -Possessions, which descend from Father to Son; it is very certain that -Marriage is absolutely necessary, not only for the regular Propagation -of the _Species_, and their careful Education, but likewise for -preserving that Distinction of Rank among Mankind, which otherwise -would be utterly lost and confounded by doubtful Successions. And -it is no less certain and indisputable, that all Sorts and Kinds of -Debauchery whatever are Enemies to this State, in so far as they impair -the natural Vigour of the Constitution, and weaken the very Springs of -Love. - -This necessary Passion is, indeed, of such a ticklish Nature, that -either too much or too little of it is equally prejudicial, and the -_Medium_ is so hard to hit, that we are apt to fall into one of the -Extremes. We are naturally _furnish_’d with an extraordinary _Stock_ -of Love; and, by the _Largeness_ of the Provision, it looks as if -Nature had made some Allowance for _Wear and Tear_. If young Men were -to live intirely chaste and sober, without blunting the Edge of their -Passions, the first Fit of Love would turn their Brains Topsy-turvy, -and we should have the Nation pestered with Love-Adventures and Feats -of Chivalry: By the time a _Peer’s_ Son came to be Sixteen, he would be -in danger of turning Knight-Errant, and might possibly take a Cobler’s -Daughter for his _Dulcinea_; and who knows but a sprightly young -_Taylor_ might turn an _Orlando Furioso_, and venture his Neck to carry -off a Lady of Birth and Fortune. In short, there are so many Instances -every day of these ruinous disproportion’d Matches, notwithstanding our -present Intemperance, that we may justly conclude, if the Nation was in -a State of perfect Sobriety, no Man could answer for the Conduct of his -Children. - -It must, indeed, be confess’d, as Matters now stand, the Excess of -Chastity is not so much to be fear’d as the other Extreme of Lewdness, -tho’ there are Instances of both; and many Fathers, now living, would -gladly have seen their Sons fifty times in a _Stew_, rather than see -them so unfortunately married. The other Extreme is equally, or rather -more dangerous, as it is more common; for most young Men give too great -a Loose to their Passions, and either quite destroy their Inclination -to Matrimony, or make their Constitutions incapable of answering the -Ends of that State. - -To avoid therefore these two dangerous Extremes, we have erected the -_Publick Stews_, which every considerate Man must allow to be that -Golden Mean so much desired: For, in the first Place, we avoid the -Inconvenience of too strict a Chastity. When a Man has gained some -Experience by his Commerce in the _Stews_, he is able to form a pretty -good comparative Judgment of what he may expect from the highest -Gratifications of Love; he finds his Ideas of Beauty strangely alter’d -after Enjoyment, and will not be hurry’d into an unsuitable Match by -those romantick chimerical Notions of Love, which possess the Minds of -unexperienced Youth, and make them fancy that Love alone can compleat -the Happiness of a married State. But this will be so readily granted, -that I shan’t insist upon it farther. - -In the next Place, the _Publick Stews_ will prevent the ill Effects -of excessive Lewdness, by preserving Men’s Constitutions so well, -that although they may defer Matrimony some time for their special -Advantage, yet they will have a sufficient Stock of Desire left to -perswade them, one time or other, to quit the Gaiety of a Single Life: -and when they do marry, they will be able to answer all the Ends and -Purposes of that State as well, and rather better, than if they had -lived perfectly chaste. - -This may seem a bold Proposition, but the Proof of it is nevertheless -obvious. However, to proceed methodically, there are three Ways -by which lewd young Men destroy their natural Vigour, and render -themselves Impotent: First, By Manufriction, _alias_ Masturbation. -Secondly, By too frequent and immoderate Enjoyment. And, Lastly, By -contracting Venereal Disorders, as Claps or Poxes. - -The first lewd Trick that Boys learn, is this Manual Diversion; and -when they have once got the knack of it, they seldom quit it till -they come to have actual Commerce with Women: The Safety, Privacy, -Convenience, and Cheapness of this Gratification are very strong -Motives, and chiefly persuade young Men to continue the Practice of it. - -If these Pollutionists were so abstemious as to wait the ordinary -Calls of Nature, this Action, however unnatural, would be no more -prejudicial, when prudently managed, than common Copulation; but, -instead of this, they are every Day committing _Rapes_ upon their own -Bodies; and though they have neither real Inclination nor Ability to -attack a Woman, yet they can attack themselves, and supply all these -Defects by the Agility of their Wrists; by which means they so weaken -their Genitals, and accustom them to this violent Friction, that, tho’ -they have frequently Evacuations without an Erection, yet the common -and ordinary Sensation which Females afford to those Parts, is not able -of itself to promote this Evacuation: so that they are impotent to all -Intents and Purposes of Generation. - -To put a Stop therefore to these clandestine Practices, and prevent -young Men from laying _violent Hands_ upon themselves, we must have -Recourse to the _Publick Stews_, which cannot fail to have the desired -Effect: For which of these private Practitioners can be so brutish, as -to prefer this boyish solitary Amusement before the actual Embraces of -a fine Woman, when they can proceed with the same Convenience, Safety, -and Privacy in the one, as well as the other. - -In the next Place, Men are often weaken’d, and sometimes contract -almost incurable Gleets by too frequent and immoderate Enjoyment. This -seldom or never happens but in private Whoring, when some particular -Mistress has made such a strong Impression upon a Man’s Fancy, that he -exerts himself in an extraordinary Manner beyond his natural Ability, -and thereby contracts a Seminal Weakness, which is generally more -difficult to cure than a virulent Running. Now this Danger will be -pretty well remov’d by the Encouragement given to _Publick Whoring_, -which, as I shall show more particularly hereafter, will divert Men’s -Minds, and turn their Thoughts very much from private Intrigues: And -it will be readily granted me, that no such Excess is to be fear’d in -_Publick Stews_; where a Man only acting out of a general Principle of -Love to the whole Sex, will be in no Danger of proceeding any farther -than he is prompted by Nature, and the particular Disposition of his -Body at that Time. - -As for the third Cause of Impotency, the Venereal Disease, we have -already prov’d that this Institution of the _Stews_ is the best and -surest Remedy against it; and shall only observe here how happily -this Project provides against the various ill Effects of Lewdness, in -whatever Light we consider them. - -Thus, I think, the first Part of my Proposition pretty well clear’d, -_viz._ That the _Publick Stews_ will preserve Mens Constitutions so -well, that they will have a sufficient Stock of corporal Ability, and -consequently Inclination left to persuade them, sooner or later, to -enter into the Marriage-State. - - * * * * * - -I say farther, that these Men, having thus preserv’d their -Constitution, will answer all the Intents and Purposes of that State, -rather better than if they had lived perfectly chaste. - -When a Man and a Woman select one another out of the whole Species, -it is not merely for Propagation; nay, that is generally the least -in their Thoughts: What they chiefly have in View, is to pass the -Remainder of their Lives happily together, to enjoy the soft Embraces -and mutual Endearments of Love; to divide their Joys and Griefs; to -share their Pleasures and Afflictions; and, in short, to make one -another as happy as possible. As for Children, they come of Course, and -of Course are educated according to their Parents Abilities. - -Now all these Enjoyments depending upon the mutual Affection of these -two, Man and Wife; whenever this Affection fails, either in the Woman -or the Man, that Marriage is unhappy, and all the good Ends and Designs -of this State entirely frustrated. To give the Women their Due, they -must have the Preference in Point of Constancy; their Passions are not -so easily rais’d, nor so suddenly fix’d upon any particular Object: -but when this Passion is once rooted in Women, it is much stronger and -more durable than in Men, and rather increases than diminishes, by -enjoying the Person beloved. Whether it is that Women receive as much -Love as they part with, and that the Love they receive is not entirely -lost, but takes Root again by Conception; whereas what a Man parts with -never affects him further, than just the Pleasure he receives at the -time of parting with it: or whether this Difference is owing to the -different Turn of Mens Fancies, which are more susceptible of fresh -Impressions from every handsome Face they meet, or perhaps that their -Heads are so much employ’d in worldly Affairs, that they only take Love -_en passant_ to get rid of a present Uneasiness, whereas Women make it -the whole Business of their Lives: Whatever the Reason is, I say, it is -experimentally true, that a Woman has but a very _slippery Hold_ of a -Man’s Affections after Enjoyment. Let us see therefore which of these -two, the chaste or the experienc’d Man, will be least liable to this -Failure of Affection, and consequently which of the two will make the -best married Man. - -The first great Cooler of a Man’s Affections after Marriage, is the -Disparity of the Match. When a Man has married entirely for Love, -and to the apparent Detriment of his worldly Affairs, as soon as the -first Flash of it is over, he can’t help reflecting upon the Woman as -the Cause, and, in some Sense, the Author of his Misfortunes; This -naturally begets a Coldness and Indifference, which, by Degrees, turns -to an open Dislike. Now it is these sorts of Marriages that chaste Men -are always in danger of falling into, as I have already proved; neither -is there any effectual Way to convince a Man of this Folly, and secure -him against it, but by giving him some Experience in Love-Affairs. -Again, as chaste Men seldom marry for any thing but sheer Love, so they -have framed to themselves such high extravagant Notions of the Raptures -they expect to possess in the Marriage-Bed, that they are mightily -shocked at the Disappointment. A chaste unexperienc’d Man is strangely -surprized, that those bewitching Charms should make such a faint -Impression upon him after a thorow Perusal; he can scarce believe that -the Woman is still possessed of the same Charms which transported him -formerly; he fancies he has discover’d abundance of little Faults and -Imperfections, and attributes his growing Dislike to this Discovery, -not dreaming that this Alteration is entirely in himself, and not in -the Object of Desire, which remains still the same. The Truth is, when -a Man is full fraught with Love, and that his Pulse beats high for -Enjoyment, this peccant Love-Humour falls down upon the Eye, which may -be observ’d at such a time to be full brisk and sparkling: ’Tis then -the Beauty of every Feature is magnified. and _Parthenope_ is no less -than a Goddess. But when this dazzling Humour is drawn downwards by -a Revulsion, as in the Case of Marriage, a Man’s Eyes are perfectly -open’d; and though they may look languid, sunk, and environ’d with -blueish Circles, yet he actually sees much better than before; for -_Parthenope_ will now appear to him a Mortal, such as she really is, -divested of all those false Glosses and Appearances. - -The chaste Man is surprized at this Change; he is apt to lay the Fault -upon the Woman, and generally fixes his Affections on some other -Female, who, he imagines, is free from those Faults: then farewel happy -Wedlock. The experienc’d Man, on the contrary, has try’d several Women; -he finds they all agree in one Particular, and that after a Storm of -Love there always succeeds a Calm: When he enters into Matrimony, he is -prepar’d against any Disappointments of that Nature, and is ready to -make Allowance for those Faults and Imperfections which are inseparable -from Human Kind. This is so true, that Women have establish’d a Maxim, -that Rakes make the best Husbands; for they are very sensible how -difficult it is to monopolize a Man’s Affections; that he will have -his Curiosity about those Affairs satisfied one time or other: And -tho’ this Experience is useful before Marriage, it is very dangerous -afterwards. - -Besides, to compleat the Happiness of the Marriage-State, or indeed to -make it tolerably easy, there must be some Agreement in the Temper, -Humour, and Disposition of the two Parties concern’d. If, for Instance, -the Man can’t endure the Sight of a _Metropolis_, and the Woman can’t -enjoy herself out of it; if the Man is grave, serious, and an Enemy -to all jocular Merriment, when his Wife is a profess’d Lover of Mirth -and Gaiety, these two can never agree: Differences will arise every -Day, and Differences in Wedlock are as hard to reconcile as those in -Religion: We may guess at the Reason from a parallel Instance. - -After the Revocation of the Edict of _Nantz_, several Protestant -Gentlemen were shut up in the _Bastile_ at _Paris_, where they liv’d -constantly together for a considerable Time: They made an Observation, -during their Stay there, That whenever the least Difference or Dispute -happen’d amongst them, it was never reconciled till some time after -their Enlargement; because, said they, altho’ we were Yoke-Fellows -in Affliction, yet never being out of one another’s Company, our -Animosities were always kept up warm, for want of a little Absence to -cool them. It is the same Case with Matrimony; and People ought to be -particularly careful to chuse a Wife as nearly of their own Temper as -possible. - -Now this Consideration never enters into the Head of a chaste -unexperienc’d Man, he is so infatuated with personal Love, that he -imagines his whole future Happiness depends upon the Possession of such -a Shape, or such a Composition of Features; when he is disappointed -in this, how much will it add to his Chagrin, to find himself yoked -for Life to a Woman whose Temper is quite opposite to his own, and -consequently whose Satisfaction is quite inconsistent with his? We -may guess the Sequel; separate Beds, separate Maintenance, and all -the whole Train of Conjugal Misfortunes. In short, let us consider -Matrimony under what View we please, we shall still find that the -experienc’d Man will make the best Husband, and answer all the Ends -of Marriage much better than a Man who lives perfectly chaste to his -Wedding-Day. - -Thus, we see, by this happy Regulation of the _Publick Stews_, that -Whoring, instead of being an Enemy to Matrimony, will advance and -promote the Interest of it as much as possible. - - * * * * * - -We come to the last great Point propos’d, _viz_. that this Project of -the _Publick Stews_ will prevent, as much a possible, the debauching -of modest Women, and thereby reduce Whoring to the narrowest Bounds in -which it can possibly be contain’d. - -To illustrate this Matter, we must step a little back to consider the -Constitution of Females, while they are in a State of Innocence; and -when we have taken a View of the Fortifications which Nature has made -to preserve their Chastity, we shall find out the Reason why it is so -often surrender’d, and be the better able to provide for its Defence. - -Every Woman, who is capable of Conception, must have those Parts -which officiate so framed, that they may be able to perform whatever -is necessary at that Juncture. Now, to have those Parts so rightly -adapted for the Use which Nature design’d them, it is requisite that -they should have a very quick Sensation, and, upon the Application of -the _Male-Organ_, afford the Woman an exquisite Pleasure; for without -this extravagant Pleasure in Fruition, the recipient Organs could never -exert themselves to promote Conception as they now do, in such an -extraordinary Manner: The whole _Vagina_, as one continu’d _Sphincter_, -contracting and embracing the _Penis_, while the _Nymphæ_ and adjacent -Islands have their particular Emissions at that critical Minute, -either as a Vehicle to lubricate the Passage, or else to incorporate -with the Masculine Injection: Add to this, that the _Fallopian Tubes_ -put themselves in a proper Posture to receive the impregnating Fluid, -and convey it, as is suppos’d, to the _Ovaria_. Now it is hard to -imagine, that so many alert Members, which can exert themselves in such -a lively Manner on this Occasion, should be at all other Times in a -State of perfect Tranquillity; for, besides that Experience teaches us -the contrary, this handsome Disposition would be entirely useless, if -Nature had not provided a prior Titillation, to provoke Women at first -to enter upon Action; and all our late Discoveries, in Anatomy, can -find out no other Use for the _Clitoris_, but to whet the Female Desire -by its frequent Erections; which are, doubtless, as provoking as those -of the _Penis_, of which it is a perfect Copy, tho’ in Miniature. - -In short, there requires no more to convince us of the Violence of -Female Desire, when raised to a proper height, but only to consider, -what a terrible Risque a Woman runs to gratify it. Shame and Poverty -are look’d upon as Trifles, when they come in Competition with -this predominating Passion. But altho’ it must be allow’d, that -all Women are liable to these amorous Desires, yet, the Variety of -Constitutions will make a considerable Difference; for as in some Men -the _Olfactory_, _Auditory_, or _Optick_ Nerves, are not so brisk and -lively as in others, so there are some Women who have the Nerves of -their _Pudenda_ more lively, and endow’d with a much quicker Sensation -than others. Now, whether this Difference is owing to the Formation -of the Nerves, or to the different Velocity of the Blood circulating -thro’ those Parts, or whether it is owing to the different Quantity, or -perhaps Acrimony, of that Fluid which is separated from the Blood by -the _Nymphæ_, and other titillating Glands: I say, from whencesoever -this Difference proceeds, according to the Degree of this Sensation, -we may venture to pronounce a Woman more or less in their own Nature -Chaste. - -To counterballance this violent natural Desire, all young Women have -strong Notions of Honour carefully inculcated into them from their -Infancy. Young Girls are taught to hate a _Whore_, before they know -what the Word means; and when they grow up, they find their worldly -Interest entirely depending upon the Reputation of their Chastity. This -Sense of Honour and Interest, is what we may call artificial Chastity; -and it is upon this Compound of natural and artificial Chastity, that -every Woman’s real actual Chastity depends. - -As for Instance, some Women are naturally more Chaste, or rather, to -speak properly, less Amorous than others, and at the same time have -very strict Notions of Honour. Such Women are almost impregnable, and -may be compar’d to Towns strongly fortify’d both by Art and Nature, -which, without Treachery, are safe from any sudden Attacks, and must be -reduc’d by long and regular Sieges, such as few Men have the Patience -or Resolution to go thro’ with. - -Other Women, again, have the same Value for their Reputation, and -stand as much upon the Puncto of Honour; but then they are naturally -of a very sanguine amorous Disposition. A Woman of this Class may not -unjustly be compar’d to a Town well garrison’d, but whose mutinous -unruly _Inhabitants_ are strongly inclin’d to revolt and _let in_ the -Enemy. Such Women, it’s true, by extraordinary Care and Vigilance -may suppress these Mutinies; and Honour may for a long while keep -Inclination under, but yet they are never perfectly safe; there are -certain Times and Seasons, certain unguarded Hours, when Honour and -Interest are lull’d asleep, and Love has got the entire Ascendant. -Besides, altho’ we allow Love and Honour to be pretty equal Combatants, -nay even granting, that in a _Pitch’d Battle_, when they have muster’d -up all their Forces, Honour will have the Advantage, and quell -Inclination; yet, in the Course of a long _Civil War_, it is Odds but -Love one Time or other obtains a Victory, which is sure to be decisive: -for Inclination has this unlucky Advantage over Honour, that, -instead of being weaken’d, it grows stronger by Subjection; and, like -_Camomile_, the more it is press’d down and kept under, the sturdier it -grows; or, like _Antæus_, it receives fresh Vigour from every Defeat, -and rises the brisker the oftener it is thrown. Whereas Honour once -routed never rallies; nay, the least _Breach_ in Female Reputation is -irreparable; and a _Gap_ in Chastity, like a _Chasm_ in a young Tree, -is every Day a _Widening_. Besides, Honour and Interest require a -long Chain of solid Reasoning before they can be set in Battle-Array: -Whereas Inclination is presently under Arms, the Moment Love has -pitch’d his _Standard_: For, as we find that the least wanton Glance -of a Lady’s Eye quickly alarms a Man’s Animal Spirits, and puts the -whole Body Corporate into an unruly Ferment; so, doubtless, the Female -Imagination is at least equally alert: and in such a sudden Scuffle -betwixt Love and Honour, it is ten to one but the Enemy _enters_; for -the _Gate_ of Chastity, like the _Temple_ of _Janus_, always stands -_open_ during these Conflicts. It must indeed be granted, that if the -Loss of Honour was immediately to succeed the Loss of Chastity, the -Virtue of these Women would be much stronger than it is; but they -flatter themselves with the Hopes of Secrecy, and fancy that they have -found out an Expedient to purchase Pleasure without the Expence of -Reputation; by this Means Honour is reconciled to Inclination, or at -best made to stand Neuter; and then the Consequence is very obvious. -In short, a wanton Woman of Honour may withstand a great many Attacks, -and possibly defend her Chastity to the very last; but yet she is every -Day in danger of being surpriz’d, and at best will make but a very -precarious Defence. - -A third Sort of Women, the very Reverse of the preceding, have neither -Honour nor Inclination; that is to say, they have neither the one nor -the other to an equal Degree with the rest of the Sex. These Kinds of -Women, who put a slighter Value than ordinary upon their Characters, -are generally, in their Circumstances, either above the World or below -it; for when a Woman has her Interest and Fortune depending upon her -Reputation, as all the middle Rank of Womankind have, she is a Woman of -Honour of course. Interest, indeed, is inseparable from Female Honour, -nay, it is the very Foundation of it; and Honour and Interest, when -they are consider’d as Guardians to Chastity, are synonimous Terms. The -bare Puncto of Honour, when abstracted from Interest, would prove but -a small Rub to Women in their eager Pursuit of Pleasure: Thus we see -the Conduct of a Maiden Lady, how much more circumspect it is whilst -her Fortune in Marriage is depending, than afterwards, when that Point -of Interest is secured by a Husband; for all marry’d Women are above -the World, in so far as they are out of the Reach of any Suspicions or -Surmises, or even a Probability of Incontinence; and since they are not -liable to be detected by Pregnancy, there’s no other Sort of Conviction -able to prejudice them, but downright ocular Demonstration: Which seems -to be the Reason why so many of them take such Liberties, as if they -were of _Falstaff_’s Opinion, when he said, _Nothing but Eyes confutes -me_. Female Honour, therefore, being so nearly ally’d and closely -annex’d to worldly Interest, we must confine this Class of Women to -two Sorts: First, those whose Fortunes are independent, and above -being influenc’d by the Censure of the World; and, secondly, those -who are far below the World, that they either escape its Censure, or -else are incapable of being hurt by it. The first Sort lie under this -Disadvantage, that let their natural Chastity be ever so great, the -smallest Spark of Desire is capable of being blown up and rais’d to a -considerable Pitch; whereas, when a Woman is once arriv’d to Maturity, -that Portion of Honour which she has acquir’d, is with Difficulty -preserv’d, and at best is incapable of any Improvement. The second Sort -are equally liable to have their Passions rais’d, however low they may -be naturally, and besides lie under this farther Disadvantage, that -tho’ they cannot promote their Interest by preserving their Chastity, -yet, if they have the least Spark of Beauty, they will find their -Account sufficiently in parting with it. The Virtue, indeed, of this -Class of Women, seems chiefly to depend upon the Degree of Beauty which -they stand possess’d of; for if they have Charms sufficient to provoke -young Men to be at any tolerable Pains and Cost, their Chastity can -never hold out long, but must infallibly surrender. - -The fourth and last Kind of Women we shall mention, are those who have -a very moderate Share of Honour, join’d to a very amorous Constitution. - -The Virtue of these Women is entirely defenceless; and, as soon as -a Man has removed that little timorous Coyness, which is natural to -young Women in their first Attempts, he may proceed with Confidence, -and conclude the Breach to be practicable; for whatever Resistance he -meets with afterwards, will only enhance the Pleasure of Conquest. Most -Women, indeed, let them be ever so fully resolv’d to comply, make as -great a Shew of Resistance as they can conveniently counterfeit; and -this the Sex would pass upon the World for a kind of innate Modesty: -but it is very easily accounted for. - -As soon as Women have entertain’d any Degree of Love, they make it -their whole Study to raise and maintain an equal Degree of Passion in -the Men; and they are very sensible how far the bare Appearance of -Modesty will prevail to render them amiable. The Pain they suffer in -smothering their Desires, is fully recompenced by that secret Pleasure -which a Lover’s Eagerness gives them, because they esteem it a Proof -both of the Sincerity and Violence of his Passion. A Woman is not, -without some Reason, afraid, lest a Man’s Love should diminish after -Enjoyment, and would gladly bribe his After-Love, by the great Value -she seems to put upon her Chastity before she makes him a Present of it. - -Besides, not to mention the actual Pleasure a Woman receives in -Struggling, it is a Justification of her in the Eye of the Man, and a -kind of _Salvo_ to her Honour and Conscience, that she never did fully -comply, but was in a manner forced into it. This is the plain natural -Reason why most Women refuse to _surrender_ upon _Treaty_, and why -they delight so much in being _storm’d_. - -Having thus taken a cursory View of the Sex, in their several Classes, -and according to their several Circumstances, we may conclude, -preferring Truth to Complaisance, that by far the greater Part of -Womenkind hold their Virtue very precariously; and that Female Chastity -is, in its own Nature, built upon a very _ticklish_ Foundation. - -_Hudibras_ has ludicrously plac’d the Seat of Male-Honour, in the -Posteriors, whereby it is secur’d from any Attack in Front; but Female -Honour, notwithstanding the apparent Safety of the Situation, like a -Debtor’s House upon the Verge of two Counties, is liable to be attack’d -both Ways; _à parte_ ante, & _à parte_ post, - -That the Seat of Honour in Females has this double Aspect, like _Janus -bifrons_, and consequently that it is two Ways accessible, has already -been taken Notice of by almost all the _Writers_ upon this Subject; but -it is worth remarking here, that _Lycurgus_ had an Eye to it when he -modelled the _Spartan_ Petticoat; for tho’ the Warmth of the Climate -obliged the Women to be very open in that Part of their Dress, insomuch -that, if we believe _Plutarch_, in his Comparison of _Numa_ and -_Lycurgus_, the Habit which the Maidens of _Laconia_ wore came but to -their Knees, and was open on both Sides, so that as they walked their -Thighs appear’d bare; yet this wise _Law-giver_ would not permit them -to make the least Aperture, either in the fore or hind Part of that -Garment; rightly judging, that those two sacred _Avenues_ to a Maid’s -Honour ought to be guarded with the utmost Caution. - -For this same Reason the upright Posture of the Body has always -been esteem’d the most decent; and it has ever been the Mode, in -all Countries, for Ladies to cursey instead of bowing: for, tho’ a -Female-Bow, might seem a modest and coy Reclension of the Body, with -regard to the Person saluted, yet it would occasion a very indecent -Projection to those who should happen to be behind; especially since -that dangerous Fashion of _Postern-Plackets_ has crept into the -_European_ Petticoat. - - * * * * * - -But to return to our present Argument, the Design of which was to prove -the following _Syllogism_. - -The only way to preserve Female Chastity, is to prevent the Men from -laying Siege to it: And this Project of the _Publick Stews_ is the only -Way to prevent Mens laying Siege to it: Therefore this Project is the -only Way to preserve Female Chastity. - -The former Part of the Proposition is, I hope, sufficiently proved. -It is, indeed, evident, from the bare Consideration of the Nature of -Females, that if the Men are suffer’d to go on, as they now do, in -the Pursuit of Pleasure, there is no possible Way can be found out, -effectually, to secure the Virtue of any one Woman of any Rank, or in -any Station of Life. If a Woman is handsome, she has the more Tryals to -undergo; if homely, and for that Reason seldom attack’d, the Novelty of -the Address makes the greater Impression: If she is married, it is odds -but there’s a Failure at home, and habitual Pleasures are not easily -foregone, especially when they may be enjoy’d with Safety: If a Maid, -her unexperienc’d Virgin-Heart is capable of any Impression: If she is -rich, Ease and Luxury make the Blood run mad; and Love, if high-dieted, -is ungovernable: If poor, she will be the easier bribed, when Love and -Avarice jointly must be gratified. - -In short, to sum up all, there is in the Passion of Love a certain -fatal _Crisis_, to which all Womenkind are capable of being wrought-up: -The Difference of Virtue consisting only in this, that it is very hard -to work a virtuous Woman up to this _Crisis_, and requires a very -unlucky Concurrence of Circumstances: Whereas a Woman without a good -Stock of Virtue, must have an unaccountable Series of good Fortune if -she escapes. But, virtuous or not virtuous, when this Passion is once -rais’d to the _critical_ Height, it is absolutely irresistible. - -Since therefore Female Virtue cannot effectually be secured, but by -preventing the Men from laying Siege to it, it remains for us to -examine, if this Prevention can be effected by any other Method than -that of erecting the _Publick Stews_, and whether or no when erected, -they will have the desired Effect. - -That young Men, in a good State of Health, have their Desires towards -Women much stronger, and more violent, than for the Enjoyment of any -thing else in this Life, is a Truth not to be contested. And it is -likewise as certain, that young Men will gratify these Desires, unless -the _Legislature_ can affix such a Penalty to the Commission of the -Fact, that the Apprehension of the Penalty may give their Minds more -Uneasiness, than refraining from the Gratification. - -Now there are but three Things which Men fear in this Life, _viz._ -Shame, Poverty, and Bodily Pain, and consequently but three Sorts of -Punishments, which the _Legislature_ can inflict. The first of these, -indeed, might be omitted; for Shame is so very little in the Power -of the Laws, that it hardly deserves the Name of a Penalty. If the -Pillory, and such like infamous Punishments, are more terrible for the -Shame that attends them, than for the bodily Pain, it is not because -such a Posture of a Man’s Body, with his Neck through a Hole, is in -itself ignominious, or that any Law can make it so; but because it -publishes to the World, that a Man has been prov’d to commit such a -certain Action, in its own Nature scandalous, which he is asham’d to -have thus publickly made known. The truth is, “Honour and Dishonour -being only the different Opinions of Mankind, as to the Good or Evil -of any Action; and these Opinions in the Mind arising, as Dr. _Clarke_ -well observes, from the natural Fitness or Unfitness of the Actions -themselves, cannot be alter’d or determin’d by any _Secular Force_.” -And that they are entirely out of the Power of the _Legislature_, is -evident in the Instance of _Duelling_; where a Man often receives -Honour for a _Breach_ of the Law, nay is forced to _break_ it in -_Defence_ of his Honour. - -The utmost Scandal, therefore, which the Laws can affix to any -Action, is to make a full and open Publication of the Fact: Now it is -evident that this Publication cannot have a sufficient Influence over -Mens Minds to deter them from Wenching, a Crime which meets with so -favourable a Reception in the Eye of the World, that young Men are not -asham’d to boast of it. - -We must have Recourse then to a Fine, or Corporal Punishment, or -perhaps both. If it is a Fine, it must be one of these three sorts; -either a certain determinate Sum for every Offence, or, to make it -fall more equally, such a certain Portion of a Man’s whole Substance, -or else it must be such a Sum as the Jury shall think sufficient to -repair the Woman’s Damages. The first is impracticable because of its -Inequality, with regard to Mens different Fortunes. The second would -punish none but Men of Fortune. And the third, in many Cases, would -be impossible; for Women are often ruin’d by such as have it not in -their power to make them amends. But granting that a Fine could be -so happily contriv’d as to affect all Men equally in their several -Stations of Life; and let us suppose this Fine considerable enough, for -so it must be, to deter any moderate-spirited Man: yet still we lie -under a manifest Dilemma as to the Point of Proof; for if the Proof -is to depend upon the Evidence of Eye-Witnesses, none but Fools will -be convicted; and let a Man be ever so indiscreet, he that swears to -_rem in re_ must have good Eyes, and be a good Swearer withal. If, on -the other hand, a Man is to be convicted upon the sole Evidence of the -Woman, we run into greater Inconveniences: for either a Woman is to -be recompenced for the Injury she has received, or not; if not, there -is no modest Woman of common Sense, but will chuse much rather to -conceal her Weakness, than expose it in publick Court so much to her -own Prejudice; and this too upon the sole Motive of doing Prejudice to -a Man, for whom, in all Probability, she still retains an Affection: So -that no Man would be accus’d but by such sort of Women as the Law can -never intend to favour or countenance. - -And if the Woman is to receive this Fine, either in Part or the Whole, -by way of Reparation, not to mention its being an actual Encouragement -to transgress, this Recompence would only be a Means to promote a -Multitude of false Accusations; for what Man could live with so much -Circumspection, that a Woman might not often have an Opportunity to -accuse him of such a Fact, with very probable Circumstances, when there -is no Opportunity of detecting the Fallacy. This Difficulty, indeed, -is not to be got over; and the Objection lies equally strong against -all sorts of Corporal Punishment, Death itself not excepted. For if -there are so many false Indictments for _Rapes_, where a Woman receives -no Benefit by the Prosecution, where she is liable to such cross -Examinations, and where the Possibility of the Fact is so much doubted, -that a Woman is generally discountenanc’d, and must bring a Number of -probable concurrent Circumstances before she can gain Credit: I say, -if notwithstanding these Discouragements, there are so many malicious -Prosecutions for _Rapes_, that the Benefit of the Law in general is -much disputed, what may we expect in the present Case, where a Woman -has nothing to do but acknowledge that she was over-persuaded, and -then all Difficulties vanish? Besides, if such a Law was made, setting -aside that the Remedy would be worse than the Disease, it is much to be -question’d if it prov’d any Remedy at all: For what Fine can we propose -as sufficient to deter Men, when there are so many that squander away -their whole Fortunes upon this sole Gratification? And what Corporal -Punishment, on this side Death, can we find out equivalent to a _Pox_, -which they every day run the Risque of? - -But no such Law, as yet, has been so much as propos’d, altho’ Whoring -has been a very obvious Mischief ever since Laws were in Being; -therefore, without farther Argument, considering the Wisdom of our -_Legislature_, that such a Law never has been made, ought to be -sufficient Reason for us to judge it impracticable. - -Since the Torrent of Lewdness, then, is too strong to be opposed by -open Force, let us see if we can find out an Expedient to divert it by -Policy, and prevent the Mischief tho’ we can’t prevent the Crime. - -Most _Authors_, who have writ of Government, have chose to express -their Sentiments by comparing the Public Body with the Body Natural; -and Mr. _Hobbes_, in his _Leviathan_, has carry’d the _Allegory_ as far -as it will go. To make Use of it in the present Instance, we may look -upon _Whoring_ as a Kind of Peccant Humour in the Body-Politic, which, -in order to its Discharge, naturally seizes upon such external Members -as are most liable to Infection, and at the same time most proper to -carry off the Malignity. If this Discharge is promoted by a Licence for -_Publick Stews_, which is a Kind of legal Evacuative, the Constitution -will certainly be preserv’d: Whereas, if we apply Penal Laws, like -violent Astringents, they will only drive the Disease back into the -Blood; where, gathering Strength, and at last assimilating the whole -Mass, it will break out with the utmost Virulence, to the apparent -Hazard of those sound Members, which otherwise might have escaped the -Contagion. As we may observe in a _Clap_, where Nature of her own -Accord expels the noxious Humour thro’ the same Passages by which it -was at first receiv’d; but if we resist Nature in this Discharge, and -repel the Venom by too hasty an Application of _Styptics_, the Disease -then turns to a _Pox_, seizes the Vitals, and, to use _Solomon_’s -Words, _like a Dart, strikes thro’ the Liver_. But, leaving _Allegory_ -as more proper for _Rhetoric_ or _Poetry_, than such serious Debates, -since this Project of the _Public Stews_ is the only Expedient now left -for the Preservation of Female Chastity, the Question is, Whether or no -this Expedient will really answer the End propos’d? - -To prove the Affirmative, requires no more but that we look into -ourselves, and examine our own Passions; for Love ever was and will -be the same in all Men, and in all Ages. The first amorous Emotions -that young Men feel, are violent; they are plagued with a Stimulation, -which raises a vehement Desire: The Passion is strong, but then it is -general; it is Lust, not Love: And therefore the natural Impatience -of _Lust_ will prompt them to take the speediest way for present -Gratification, and make them prefer the ready and willing Embraces -of a Courtezan, before the doubtful and distant Prospect of enjoying -a modest Damsel, whose Coyness will cost so much Pains, as well as -Time, to overcome; and, when overcome, may probably occasion a future -Uneasiness, and give them more Trouble after Enjoyment than they had -before. - -Besides this, if their first Affections should happen to be engaged -to a particular Object, which is very rare; and that this particular -Object was in their Power to compass, which is still rarer; yet there -is naturally in Young-Men a certain secret Shame, which attends -their first Sallies, and prevents their declaring a private Passion, -’till it grows so violent, that they are forced to give it Vent upon -the Publick; and by that means, get into a regular Method of making -themselves easy, without doing their Modesty any Violence. - -But tho’ the natural Bent of Men’s Minds inclines them to an easy -Purchase of Pleasure in their first Amours, yet publick Whoring lies -at present under so many Disadvantages; the Publick Women, for want of -good Regulation, are so infamous in their Principles and Practice; the -Places of Resort so vile, and so scandalously imposing in the common -Expence, and lying under the Lash of the _Civil_ Power, so pester’d -with the mercenary Officiousness of _Reforming Constables_; and which -is worst of all, the Plague of _Claps_ and _Poxes_ is so inevitable, -that Men contrary to their Inclinations are often forc’d to enter upon -private Intrigues, either without trying the Publick, or after meeting -with some Misfortunes in the Tryal. - -Now if we see daily so many Young Men, who prefer the publick Commerce -under all these Disadvantages, what Success may we not expect from this -happy Establishment of the _Stews_, when the Young Women’s Behaviour -will be regulated after a civil decent Manner; when the Houses of -Entertainment will be so Commodious, and the Expence of Accomodation -so reasonable; when the horrid Dread of _Claps_ is entirely remov’d; -and when the Laws, instead of disturbing such Assemblies, will be -employ’d in their Protection, to give them the greater Countenance and -Encouragement; surely we may hope for a thorough Reformation. - -But if these Considerations should not prove fully effectual, and -some Men should be so obstinate as to persist in private Whoring, -notwithstanding these Inducements to the contrary; we must then have -Recourse to _Legal_ Force, and drive those who are too resty to be led: -For tho’ the Laws can’t prevent Whoring, they may yet regulate it; the -_Quid_ is not in their Power, but the _Quomodo_ is. A Man must eat, -but he may be directed how to eat. The strongest Curb can’t stop an -unruly Horse, but the weakest will serve to turn him: And the smallest -Stream is not to be obstructed, tho’ we can change the Course of the -greatest River. So Love, tho’ ever so unruly and headstrong in the -general, changes the particular Object of its Passion with the smallest -Circumstance; and legal Penalties are no trifling Dissuasives, when the -Laws don’t command Impossibilities. - -This Argument indeed, of Compulsion, is in a manner supernumerary, and -thrown in, as it were, _ex abundanti_: For _the Publick Stews_ under -this regular Oeconomy, will have so much the Advantage of private -Whoring, whether we regard the Ease and Conveniency of Enjoyment, or -the Beauty and Variety of Mistresses, that Men’s natural Inclinations -will sway them sufficiently without this superfluous Constraint. If -there is any Fear of Success, the Danger lies on the other Side; and -indeed we have some Colour of Reason to apprehend, lest the whole -Body of Lewdness being turn’d upon the Publick, there should want a -sufficient Supply of young Women to recruit the _Stews_; which, by that -Means, may run into a sudden Dis-repute, and lose a Character that will -be difficult to retrieve. But however plausible this Objection may seem -at first Sight, we shall find, upon a nearer View, that it only serves -to make the Excellence of this Scheme the more manifest. - -As there is constantly in the Nation, a certain Number of young Men, -whose Passions are too strong to brook any Opposition: Our Business is -to contrive a Method how they may be gratify’d, with as little Expence -of Female Virtue as possible. But the Difficulty lies in adjusting this -Matter, and gaging our young Men’s Affections so exactly, that the -Modesty of one Woman may not be sacrifis’d, more than is absolutely -necessary for the Preservation of the rest. - -The Gallants of this Age, indeed, are not quite so sturdy as that -rampant _Roman_ Emperor who deflower’d ten _Sarmatian_ Virgins in one -Night; but what we want in Constitution, we make up in the Niceity of -our Palates; as a squeamish Stomach requires the greatest Variety of -Dishes: And some of our Youth are grown such perfect _Epicures_ in -Venery, that they can relish nothing but _Virgins_: They destroy, it is -true, a great deal of Beauty, by browsing only upon the Buds. - -But we ought not to judge of these Men’s Abilities by the Number of -Women they debauch, no more than we should measure the Goodness of a -certain curious Gentleman’s Appetite by his bespeaking several Dozen -of young Pigeons, when he only regal’d upon the Rumps: Neither is it -intirely from a Wantonness of Fancy, or a luxurious Taste of Pleasure, -that Men indulge themselves in making this Havock, but chiefly for -their own personal Safety. Young Girls are so giddy, thoughtless, and -unexperienc’d, and withal so fond of the Sport, at their first setting -out, that they seldom escape a Taint; and a Man is not safe in being -constant: Nay, some Men are afraid of venturing even after themselves. -By this Means several likely Women, that might do the Publick signal -Service, are in a short Time render’d useless: And, by a modest -Computation, we are put to the Expence of as many virtuous Women in one -Year, as might reasonably serve the Nation six. - -Now, the _Publick Stews_ will regulate this Affair so precisely, and -with such critical Exactness, that one Year with another, we shall not -have one Woman employ’d in the Publick Service more than is absolutely -necessary, nor one less than is fully sufficient. - -When this Project is first set on foot, the vast Choice and Variety -there is at present of these Women, will give us an Opportunity of -making a very beautiful Collection; and will, doubtless, for some -Time, occasion a considerable Run upon the Publick; so that _Private -Whoring_, the only Nursery of our Courtezans, may probably remain too -long neglected: For the whole Body of our incontinent Youth, like a -standing Army, being employ’d in constant Action, there cannot well be -spar’d a sufficient Detachment to raise the necessary Recruits. - -But however true this may be, we shall thereby suffer no Inconvenience; -for if the Supplies of young Women, which we may reasonably expect from -the Northern and Western Parts of these Kingdoms, or from such Places -as are remote and out of the Influence of this _Scheme_: I say, if -these Supplies should not prove sufficient to answer the Greatness of -the Demand, and that the Reputation of the _Stews_ upon this Account, -should begin to flag, why then the worst Accident that can befal, is a -gradual Relapse into our former State of _Private Whoring_; and this -no farther than is just necessary and to recruit the _Stews_, and -thereby make them retrieve their former Character: For every Woman -who is debauch’d more than is barely necessary, only brings so much -additional Credit and Reputation to the _Stews_, and in some measure -atones for the Loss of her own Chastity, by being a Means to preserve -that of others; so that whenever the Tide of private Lewdness runs too -high, and exceeds the just and ordinary Bounds, it must of Course, by -encouraging the _Publick Stews_, immediately suffer a proportionable -Ebb: That is to say, it must be reduced again so low, that there will -remain but just a sufficient Quantity to supply the _Stews_; which is -as low, as in the Nature of the Thing is possible. - -I might here lavish out Encomiums, and take Occasion to dwell upon -those many Advantages that will accrue to the _Nation_ by this -admirable Scheme; but shall only take Notice of this peculiar -Excellence, which it has above all other Schemes, that it necessarily -executes itself. - -But since the Necessity of debauching a certain Number of young Women, -is entirely owing to the Necessity of supplying the _Public Stews_; a -Question may very reasonably arise, whether this Project might not be -vastly improv’d, even to the total Extirpation of _Private Whoring_, -by an Act _for encouraging the Importation of foreign Women_. This, I -must confess, deserves a serious Debate: for, besides the Honour of our -Females, which would be preserv’d by such an Act, it might bring this -farther Advantage; That whereas most of our estated Youth spend a great -Part of their Time and Fortunes in travelling Abroad, for no other End, -as it seems by most of them, but to be inform’d in the _French_ and -_Italian_ Gallantry; they would then have an Opportunity of satisfying -their Curiosity in Foreign Amours, without stirring out of _London_. -But I shall leave the Decision of this Matter to abler Pens, well -knowing, that a Truth of this Nature, which carries so much the Air of -Novelty, will require much better Authority than mine to warrant it. - -Let it suffice for the present, that I have fully prov’d what I at -first propos’d in this Treatise: That _Public Whoring_ is neither so -criminal in itself, nor so detrimental to the _Society_, as _Private -Whoring_; and that the encouraging of _Publick Whoring_, by erecting -_Stews_ for that Purpose, will not only prevent most of the mischievous -Consequences of this Vice, but even lessen the Quantity of _Whoring_ in -general, and reduce it to the narrowest Bounds which it can possibly be -contain’d in. - -After what has been said, it may, perhaps, appear somewhat odd to -talk of Religious Objections, as if either Christianity or Morality -could possibly object against a _Scheme_, which is entirely calculated -for the Welfare and Happiness of Mankind. But since a great many Men -amongst us have entertained such whimsical Notions of Religion, as to -imagine, that in some Cases, a Law may be unjust and wicked, tho’ it -evidently promotes the Publick Good: as if the right Enjoyment of this -Life was inconsistent with our Happiness in the next: I say, since many -Men of Understanding have suffer’d themselves to be possess’d with -this mistaken Principle, I shall, as briefly as may be, answer such -Objections as can, with any Colour of Reason, be offer’d. - -First then, I expect to be attack’d with that old moral Precept, of -_Not doing Evil that Good may come of it_. This may be answer’d with -another old Saying, equally authentic, and more applicable to the -present Purpose, that _of two Evils we ought to chuse the least_. The -Case is this: A private Member of a _Society_, may, doubtless, commit -a Crime with a Design to promote the Good of that _Society_, which was -partly the Case of _Felton_ against the Duke of _Buckingham_; and this -evil Action may possibly answer the Goodness of the Intention, but -is universally condemn’d as an unwarrantable Presumption; and falls -justly under the Censure of doing a certain Evil, for the Prospect -of an uncertain Good. But as to the _Legislature_, there is a wide -Difference; for they, and they only, are intrusted with the Welfare of -the _Society_: This Publick Welfare is, or ought to be, the whole End -and Scope of their Actions; and they are fully impower’d to do whatever -they judge conducive to that End. If their Intentions come up to this, -they are certainly in their Consciences acquitted: But as to the World, -their Actions, that is, their Laws, are judg’d good or bad, just or -unjust, according as they actually prove beneficial or detrimental to -the _Society_ in general: And therefore it is the grossest Absurdity, -and a perfect Contradiction in Terms, to assert, That a _Government_ -may not commit Evil that Good may come of it; for, if a Publick Act, -taking in all its Consequences, really produces a greater Quantity of -Good, it must, and ought to be term’d a good Act; altho’ the bare Act, -consider’d in itself, without the consequent Good, should be in the -highest Degree wicked and unjust. - -As for Instance: A Ship performing Quarantine, and known to be -infected, is sunk by a Storm; some of the Crew, half drown’d, recover -the Shore; but the Moment they land, the _Government_ orders them to -be shot to Death. This Action, in itself, is no less than a downright -unchristian and inhuman Murther; but since the Health and Safety of the -Nation is secured by this severe Precaution, it is no Wonder, if we -allow the Action to be not only justifiable, but in the strictest Sense -of Morality Just. - -Another Objection, or rather the same set in a stronger Light, is, That -altho’ the Welfare and Happiness of the Community is, or ought to be, -the only End of all Law and Government, yet since our spiritual Welfare -is the _Summum Bonum_ which all Christians should aim at, no Christian -Government ought to authorize the Commission of the least known Sin, -tho’ for the greatest temporal Advantage. - -To this Objection, I answer, That it is universally allow’d as one of -the greatest Perfections of the Christian Religion, that its Precepts -are calculated to promote the Happiness of Mankind in this World -as well as the next; if so, then it is a direct Arraignment of the -Lawgiver’s infinite Wisdom, _i. e._ a Contradiction to assert, that, in -Matters of Law and Government, the Publick Breach of any Gospel Precept -can possibly be for the temporal Good of any _Society_ whatever: And -therefore we may with Confidence affirm, that no sinful Laws can be -beneficial, and _vice versa_, that no beneficial Laws can be sinful. -Now we have already given sufficient Proof of the Benefit the _Public_ -would receive by licensing the _Stews_, and therefore ought to conclude -such Licence lawful; but lest the apparent Wickedness of the _Stews_, -should be objected against this general Reasoning, it is fit that we -examine this Matter a little nearer. - -_Fornication_ is, no doubt, a direct Breach of a _Gospel_-Precept, -and is therefore a Sin; but this Sin, barely as such, concerns the -_Government_ no more than the Eating of _Black-puddings_, equally -prohibited in the same[8] Text. The Reason is this: The Sin consists -in a full Intention to gratify a Lustful Desire; which Intention the -_Legislature_ cannot possibly prevent: Penalties indeed may deter Men -from gratifying their Desires, at the Expence of the Public, but will -rather increase than lessen the Desires themselves. If it is argu’d, -that the Sin of the Intention is aggravated by being put in Execution, -so much the better for our Purpose; for then the Argument stands thus: - - [8] Acts, c. 15. v. 29. _That ye abstain from Meats offered to Idols, - and from Blood, and from Things strangled, and from Fornication: from - which if ye keep yourselves, ye do well. Fare ye well._ - -Since the Sin of the Intention is entirely out of the _Legislature_’s -Power, the utmost they can do, with regard to this Sin, is, to prevent -its being aggravated by actual Commission. - -But the _Public Stews_, as we have already prov’d, will prevent as much -as possible this actual Commission. - -Therefore the _Publick Stews_ will prevent as much as possible this SIN. - -Another Branch of this Objection, without which the Objection itself -would be of no Force, is, that the authorizing of _Public Stews_ is a -Public Encouragement for People to Whore. - -If by People are meant those in the _Stews_, I hope it will be thought -no Crime to encourage such People, rather to confine themselves to the -Practice of one Vice, than live by committing a Thousand; especially -when that one Vice is what they would really practise, whether they -were encourag’d or not. - -But if any imagine that this particular Licence would be a general -Encouragement to the whole _Nation_, they are certainly mistaken. For, -as to the Men, they are already as bad as they can be; if any Thing -cures them, it must be _Satiety_: Let them have full and free Leave to -take a Surfeit of unlawful Love, and they will soon learn to prefer -the Chaste Embraces of Innocence before the bought Smile of Harlots -loveless, joyless, unindear’d casual Fruition. - -It is a right Observation, that Restraint does but whet a Man’s -Passions instead of curing them. - -_Exuperat magis, ægrescitque medendo._ Æn. 12. And a late ingenious -_Author_, who study’d Mankind, speaking on this Subject, has these -Words: _To put down_ Publick Stews, _is not only to disperse -Fornication into all Parts, but, by the Difficulty, to excite wild and -wanton People to this Vice._ - -It was observ’d at _Rome_, that in the full Liberty of Divorces, there -was not a single Instance of one in fifty Years: And that _Cato_ long’d -for his Wife again as soon as she was in another’s Possession. - -The Master of Love says positively, - - _Quod licet ingratum est, quod non licet acrius urit_. - -And _Martial_ speaking to a married Rake, _B_. 3. _Ep_. 68. says, - - _Cur aliena placet tibi, quæ tua non placet uxor? - Nunquid Securus non potes arrigere?_ - - I pr’ythee tell me why a Wife - Thy am’rous Fancy never warms? - What! without Danger o’thy Life, - Cannot thy Cod-pice stand to Arms? - -And again, _B_. 1. _Ep_. 74. - - _Nullus in urbe fuit tota, qui tangere vellet - Uxorem gratis, Cæciliane, tuam - Dum licuit: sed nunc, positis custodibus, ingens - Turba fututorum est. Ingeniosus Homo es._ - - There’s no Man, _Cæcil_, in the Town, - Would, _gratis_, have enjoy’d thy Spouse; - But how thou art so jealous grown, - Lord! what a Croud about the House! - You’ve lock’d her up, t’increase her Value; - In short, you are a cunning Fellow. - -The _Public Stews_ will not encourage Men to be lewd, but they will -encourage them to exercise their Lewdness in a proper Place, without -disturbing the Peace of the _Society_, and with as little Detriment to -themselves as possible. And, as to the Women, there’s not the least -Shadow of Encouragement: For no modest Woman ever lost her Maiden-head -with the dismal Prospect of becoming a _Public Courtezan_: And if a -Woman is not modest, the licensing of the _Public Stews_ is no more an -Encouragement for her to practise, than the allowing a certain Number -of Hackney-Coaches every _Sunday_ is an Encouragement for the rest to -ply; when the very Licence, to some, expresly implies a Prohibition of -the rest. - -Having now sufficiently proved the Institution of the _Public Stews_ -to be a Political Good, and answer’d all the religious Objections -against it; I shall conclude with observing, That I have the Authority -of _Italy_, the most Politic Nation in the World, to back me in the -first Part of my Argument; and the Opinion of _Holland_, one of the -strictest Reformed Churches, to vindicate me in the second; and that -we ourselves enjoy’d the Benefit of this Institution till we were -depriv’d of it by the over-hasty Zeal of our first Reformers in the -sixteenth Century. - -The _Public Stews_ were antiently kept in _Southwark_, by an express -Licence from the Government, and open Permission both Civil and -Ecclesiastical, for they paid regular Taxes to the _Lord-Mayor_ of the -_City_, and to the Bishop of the _See_. - -We do not find that they were ever molested ’till the 25th of _Edward_ -the Third, when, in the Parliament at _Westminster_, at the Request -of the _Londoners_, says _Daniel_, an Act passed, obliging all Common -Whores to distinguish themselves, by wearing Hoods striped with divers -Colours, or Furs, and their Gowns turn’d _inside_ out. - -This, indeed, was but a Trifle to what they suffer’d thirty Years after -by _Wat Tyler_’s Rebellion. - -In the fifth of _Richard_ the Second, _Wat_ marched up from -_Dartworth_, with a true Spirit of Reformation, fully resolv’d to -burn and destroy every thing that oppos’d him: If the Archbishop’s -Palace at _Lambeth_ could not escape, there was little Mercy to be -expected for the _Stews_[9]; besides, Whoring was not the least of -_Wat_’s Grievances: He began his Rebellion by killing a Collector of -the Poll-Tax for being a little too brisk upon his Daughter; and his -Antipathy to the _Stews_ was still increased, by the _Lord-Mayor_’s -shutting the City-Gates, and denying him Entrance; for he could not -revenge the Affront more effectually, than by _cutting off so large a -Branch of his Lordship’s Revenue_. - - [9] On the Feast of _Corpus Christi_, or the 13th of _June_, the - Commons of _Kent_ brake down the STEW-HOUSES near _London-Bridge_, - at that Time in the hands of the Frowes of _Flanders_, who had farmed - them of the Mayor of _London_. STOW’s Chron. p. 285. - -In short, every thing concurred to the Destruction of the _Stews_, and -demolish’d they were. - -This Action, however, lost _Tyler_ his Life; for _William Walworth_, -then Lord-Mayor, was the very Man who struck him first off his Horse -in _Smithfield_: For which the King knighted him, gave him 100 _l._ -Pension, and added the Dagger to the City-Arms. - -Whilst Whoring was in this unsettled Condition, the _Bishop_ thought it -a good Opportunity to ingross the whole Profit of licensing Courtezans, -which occasion’d them fresh Trouble; for _John Northampton_, who -succeeded _Walworth_, either piqued at the Bishop’s invading his -Right, or out of a real Reforming Principle, for he was a Follower -of _Wickliff_, commenced a severe Persecution. He had his Spies and -Constables in every Street, to apprehend Strollers; and such Women -as were neither handsome nor rich enough to bribe his Officers, were -carried through the Streets in great Pomp, with their Hair shorn, and -Trumpets and Pipes playing before them. All this he did contrary to the -express Commands of the Bishop, who had several Bickerings with him -upon that Head. - -This great Reformer _John Northampton_ was, from his troublesome -Temper, nick-nam’d _Cumber-Town_; and as he succeeded _Tyler_ in the -Work of Reformation, so he had like to have met with as bad a Fate: For -two Years after he was found guilty of High Treason, without making -the least Defence; had his Goods confiscated, and was condemned to -perpetual Imprisonment 100 Miles from _London_: Accordingly he was sent -to _Tentagil-Castle_ in _Cornwall_. - -This dreadful _Cumber-Town_ being removed, the _Stews_ had Leisure to -re-settle themselves under the Protection of the Church; and enjoyed an -almost uninterrupted Tranquillity for 150 Years. - -We find, indeed, an Act passed at _Westminster_, in the 11th of _Hen._ -VI. that no Keepers of _Stews_, or _Whore-Houses_ in _Southwark_, -should be impannelled upon any Jury, or keep a Tavern in any other -Place. - -But the most sensible Blow they ever felt, was the Invasion of -the _French-Pox_. The _Spaniards_ had brought it from the Islands -of _Florida_ to _Naples_, and the Army of _Charles_ VIII. when he -conquer’d that Kingdom in the Year 1495, transmitted it into _France_, -from whence it had a very quick Passage into _England_; for there was -an Act passed in the latter end of _Henry_ VII’s Reign, for expelling -out of the _Stews_ all such Women as had the Faculty of _Burning_ Men. - -However, we find they still continued in good Repute in the Reign of -_Henry_ VIII.[10] and yielded a considerable Revenue to the _Bishop_ of -_London_; for _Bucer_, in one of his Books against _Gardiner_, taxes -him with it as _an heinous Crime, that he should receive most of his -Rents out of the Public Stews_. - - [10] In the latter end of _March_ (Anno Reg. _Hen._ VIII. 36) “the - _Stewes_ on the Bank-side of the _Thames_, in _Southwark_, was put - down, by the King’s Commandment, which was proclaimed by sound of - Trumpets, no more to be privileged, or used as a common Bordell, but - the Inhabitants of those Houses, to keep good and honest Rule, as in - all other Places of the Realm. STOW’s Chron. p. 591. - -After this terrible Accusation, we may easily guess what Quarter our -_Stews_ met with at the Reformation. But now _Bucer_ has got his Ends; -the _Stews_ are destroy’d; those public Nusances are demolish’d; -Whoring is attack’d on all hands without Mercy; and what then? Why, -truly, by mere Dint of _Reforming_, we have reduced Lewdness to that -pass, that hardly one Bachelor in the Kingdom will lie with a Woman, if -he is sure that she’s not found; and very few modest Women will suffer -a Man to get them with Child, unless he makes a Promise to marry. - -In short, the Truth is, we are at this present Writing as _bad_ as we -can be; and I hope I have fairly shown how we may be _better_. - - - - -[Illustration] - - APPENDIX. - - -NUMBER I. - -_RICHARD RAWLINSON_, L. L. D. and R. S. S. in his Account of -_Southwark_,[11] informs us, that next to the _Bear-Garden_ on the -Bank-Side was formerly the BORDELLO, or STEWES, so called from several -Licensed Houses for the Entertainment of Lewd Persons, in which were -Women prepared for all Comers. They were subject to several Laws and -Regulations, and their Manner of Life and Privileged Places, received -several Confirmations from the Crown. - - [11] See _Aubrey’s_ Natural History and Antiquities of _Surrey_, - _8vo._ Vol. v. p. 221. - -In 1162, King _Henry_ II, in a _Parliament_ held at _Westminster_, -passed an Act, confirming several Ordinances, Statutes, and old Customs -observed in that Place, amongst which the following are remarkable: - - * * * * * - -That no _Stew-Holder_ or his Wife, should lett or stay any single Woman -to go and come freely at all Times when she listed. - -No _Stewholder_ to keep any Woman to board, but she to board abroad at -her Pleasure. - -To take no more for the Woman’s Chamber than _fourteen_ Pence. - -Not to keep open his Doors upon the Holy-days. - -Not to keep any single Woman in his House on the Holy-days, but the -_Bailiff_ to see them voided out of the Lordship. - -No single Woman to be kept against her Will, that would leave her Sin. - -No _Stew-Holder_ to receive any Woman of Religion, or any Mans Wife. - -No single Woman to take Money to lie with any Man, except she lye with -him all Night, till the Morrow. - -No Man to be drawn or enticed into any _Stew-House_. - -The _Constables_, _Bailiffs_, and others, were every Week to search -every _Stew-House_. - -No _Stew-Holder_ to keep any Woman that hath the perillous Infirmity of -_Burning_, nor to sell Bread, Ale, Flesh, Fish, Wood, Coal, or any sort -of Victuals. - - * * * * * - -Anno 1345, Stews were licenced by King _Edward_ III. Anno 1381, these -Stew-Houses belonged to _William Walworth_, Lord-Mayor of _London_, -who let them out to some _Flemish_ Women, and soon after they were -plundered by _Walter Tyler_, and the rebellious _Kentishmen_, when -probably they were put down, and again suffered, and afterwards -confirmed by _Henry_ VI. In 1506, King _Henry_ VII. for some Time shut -up these Houses, which were in Number _Eighteen_, and not long after -renewed their Licence, and reduced them to _Twelve_; at which Number -they continued till their final Suppression by Sound of Trumpet, in -1546, by King _Henry_ VIII, whose tender Conscience startled at such -scandalous and open Lewdness. The single Women who were Retainers to, -or Inmates in, these Houses, were excommunicated, not suffered to -enter the Church while alive, or if not reconciled before their Death, -prohibited Christian Burial, and were interred in a Piece of Ground -called the _Single-Women’s Church-Yard_, set a-part for their Use only. -These Houses were distinguished by several Signs painted on their -Fronts, as, a _Boar’s-Head_, the _Crane_, the _Cardinal’s Hat_, the -_Swan_, the _Bell_, the _Castle_, the _Cross-Keys_, and the _Gun_. - -[Illustration] - - -[Illustration] - -NUMBER II. - - _An Attempt to prove the Antiquity of the_ Venereal Disease, - _long before the Discovery of the_ West-Indies; _in a Letter to - Dr._ JAMES DOUGLASS, _M. D._ - -_SIR_, - -The Undertaking I am at present engaged in, is to prove that the -_Venereal Disease_ was known among us, much earlier than the _Æra_, -which has been generally assign’d for its Rise by modern Authors; for -it is believed it was not known, at least in _Europe_, till about the -Year 1494. Notwithstanding which, I determine to make it evident, that -it was frequent among us some Hundreds of Years before that Date. I -could mention several Physicians and Surgeons of Eminence, who have -been of the same Sentiments, particularly, the Learned Dr. _Charles -Patin_, who has written a curious Dissertation to prove the _Antiquity -of this Disease_, which is sufficient to excuse me from the Imputation -of having started a Novelty, or being at the trouble of quoting -antient Authorities before taken notice of, from the most ancient -Writers of Medicine; as _Hippocrates_, _Galen_, _Avicen_, _Celsus_, -&c. and even the _Holy Scriptures_. I shall therefore lay aside all -those foreign Aids and Assistances, and trace out the Symptoms of the -Disease, as they naturally arise, from the _first_ Infection to the -_last_ destructive Period, and shew that, by searching into our own -Antiquities, we may be furnished with Instances of the Frequency of -the Distemper among us, in all its respective Stages, before ever our -Modern Authors dream it had its Appearance in _Europe_, - -I shall begin with the _first_ Degree of this Disease, and prove -from authentic Evidences, it was anciently call’d the _Brenning_ or -_Burning_; and that this Word has been successively continu’d for many -Hundreds of Years, to signify the same Disease we now call a _Clap_; -and that it was not discontinu’d till that Appellation first began to -have its Rise. The most likely Method to accomplish my Design, will be -first to examine those Records that relate to the _Stews_, which were -by Authority allowed to be kept on the _Bank-Side_ in _Southwark_, -under the Jurisdiction of the Bp. of _Winchester_, and which were -suppressed the _37th_ of _Hen._ VIII. For it is impossible but, if -there were any such Distemper in being at that Time, it must be pretty -common among those lewd Women who had a Licence for entertaining -their Paramours, notwithstanding any Rules or Orders which might be -establish’d to prevent its Increase: But if we shall find that there -were Orders establish’d to prevent the Spreading of such a Disease, -that Persons might be secure from any contagious Malady after their -Entertainment at those Houses (which were anciently 18 in Number, but -in the Reign of _Hen._ VII. reduced to 12) we may then securely depend -upon it, that it was the Frequency of the Disease that put those who -had the Authority, under a necessity of making such Rules and Orders. -For the same Powers, who granted a Liberty for keeping open such lewd -Houses, must find it their Interest to secure, as much as possible, -all Persons from receiving any Injury there; lest the Frequency of -such Misfortunes should deter others from frequenting them, and so the -original Design of their Institution cease; from the entire sinking -of the Revenues. Now I find that, as early as the Year 1162, divers -Constitutions relating to the Lordship of _Winchester_, (being also -confirmed by the King) were to be kept for ever, according to the old -Customs that had been Time out of Mind. Among which these were some, -_viz._ 1. _No Stew-holder to take more for a Woman’s Chamber in the -Week than 14 d._ 2. _Not to keep open his Doors upon Holy Days._ 3. -_No single Woman to be kept against her Will, that would leave her -Sin._ 4. _No single Woman to take Money to be with any Man, except -she lie with him all Night till the Morning._ 5. _No Stew-holder to -keep any Woman that hath the perilous Infirmity of Burning._ These and -many more Orders were to be strictly observed, or the Offenders to be -severely punished. Now we are assured, there is no other Disease that -can be communicated by _Carnal-Conversation_ with Women, but that which -is _Venereal_, by reason that only is contagious; and its evident the -_Burning_ was certainly so: For, had it been nothing else but some -simple Ulceration, Heat, or Inflammation, there would have been no -Contagion; and that affecting only the Woman, could not be communicated -by any _Venereal Congress_, and so not infer a Necessity of her being -comprehended under the restraining Article. These Orders likewise -prove the Disease was much more ancient than the Date above-mentioned; -because they were only a Renewal of such as had been before established -Time out of Mind. - -But to confirm this farther, I find that in the Custody of the Bp. -of _Winchester_, whose Palace was situate on the _Bank-side_, near -the _Stews_, was a Book written upon Vellum, the Title of which runs -thus: _Here begynne the Ordinances, Rules, and Customs, as well for -the Salvation of Mannes Life, as for to aschew many Mischiefs and -Inconvenients that daily be lik there for to fall out, to be rightfully -kept, and due Execution of them to be done unto any Person within -the same._ One of the Articles begins thus: _De his qui custodiunt -Mulieres habentes Nephandam infirmitatem._ It goes on, _Item, That no -Stew-holder keep noo Woman wythin his House, that hath any Sickness -of_ BRENNING, _but that she be put out upon the peyne of makeit a -fine unto the Lord of a hundred Shillings_. This is taken from the -Original Manuscript, which was preserv’d in the Bishop’s Court, -suppos’d to be written about the Year 1430. From these Orders we may -observe the Frequency of the Distemper at that Time; which, with -other Inconveniences, was _dayly like there for to fall out_: and the -Greatness of the Penalty, as the Value of Money then was, that is laid -on it, proves it was no trifling or insignificant thing. - -But the bare Proof of there having been anciently such a Disease as was -called the _Burning_, may be thought to be insufficient, unless we were -perfectly assured what it was, and how it was in those Times described: -I shall therefore do it from an unquestionable Authority, which is that -of _John Arden_, Esq; who was one of the Surgeons to King _Richard_ II. -and likewise to King _Henry_ IV. In a curious Manuscript of his upon -Vellum, he defines it to be, a certain inward Heat and Excoriation of -the _Urethra_; which Description gives us a perfect Idea of what we now -call a _Clap_; for frequent Dissections of those who laboured under -that Disease, have made it evident, that their _Urethra_ is excoriated -by the Virulency of the Matter they receive from the infected Woman; -and this Excoriation or Ulceration is not confined to the _Ostiola_ or -Mouths of the _Glandulæ Muscosæ_ as has been lately thought, but may -equally alike attack any Part of the _Urethra_ not beyond the reach of -the impelled malignant Matter. The Heat before described, which these -Persons are sensible of, as well now as formerly, is a Consequent of -the excoriated _Urethra_; for the Salts contained in the Urine must -necessarily prick and irritate the nervous _Fibrillæ_, and excite a -Heat in those Parts of the _Urethra_ which are divested of its natural -Membrane; which Heat will always be observed to be more or less, as the -Salts are diluted with a greater or less Quantity of Urine; a thing I -have often observed in Persons who have laboured under this Infirmity -in hot Weather, when the perspirable Matter being thrown off in greater -Quantities, the Salts bear a greater Proportion to the Quantity of -Urine, and thereby make its Discharge at that Time so much the more -painful and troublesome. - -Thus we see this very early and plain Description of this Disease among -us, to be entirely conformable to the latest and most exact Anatomical -Discoveries. Here is no Tone of the _Testicles_ depraved, according to -_Trajanus Petronius_; no Exulceration of the _Parastatæ_, according -to _Rondeletius_; no Ulceration of the _Seminal Vessels_, according -to _Platerus_; no Seat of the Disease in the _Vesiculæ Seminales_, -or _Prostatæ_, according to _Bartholin_; nor in those Parts and the -Testicles at the same Time, according to our Countryman _Wharton_ and -others, who have falsly fixed the Seat of this Disease, and whose -Notions, in this respect, are now justly exploded; but a single and -true Description of it, and its Situation, about 150 Years before any -of those Gentlemen obliged the World with their learned Labours. - -Having, I hope, sufficiently made it appear, the _Burning_ was a -Disease very early among us, and given the Description of it, I shall -proceed to say something of the ancient Method that was made use of -to cure it. We are not to expect the Measures our Predecessors, in -those early Times, made use of, should be calculated for the removing -any Malignity in the Mass of Blood, or other Juices, according to the -Practice in Venereal Cases at this Time; because they looked upon the -Disease to be entirely local, and the Whole of the Cure to depend -upon the Removal of the Symptoms: Hence it was they recommended such -Remedies as were accommodated to the taking off the inward Heat of -the Part, and cure the Excoriations or Ulcerations of the _Urethra_. -The Process for the accomplishing of this, I shall set down from the -before-mentioned _John Arden_, who wrote about the Year 1380, His -Words are as follow: _Contra Incendium. Item contra Incendium Virgæ -Virilis interius ex calore & excoriatione, fiat talis Syringa (i. e. -_Injectio_) _lenitiva. Accipe Lac mulieris masculum nutrientis, & -parum zucarium, Oleum violæ & ptisanæ, quibus commixtis per Syringam -infundator, & si prædictis admiscueris lac Amigdalarum melior erit -medicina._ There is no doubt but this Remedy, being used to our -Patients at this Time, would infallibly take off the inward Heat of -the Part, and cure the Excoriations or Ulcerations of the _Urethra_, -by which means what issued from thence would be entirely stopt: and -this was all they expected from their Medicines, forasmuch as they were -entirely unacquainted with the Nature of the Distemper; and did not in -the least imagine, but if the Symptoms that first attack’d the Part -were removed, the Patient was entirely cured. - -I shall now, as a farther Confirmation of what I have advanced, -proceed to prove, that by this _Brenning_ or _Burning_ is meant the -_Venereal Disease_, by demonstrating that succeeding Historians, -Physical and Chirurgical Writers, and others, have all along with -us in _England_ used the very same Word to signify the Venereal -Malady. In an old Manuscript, I have, written about the Year 1390. is -a Receipt for _Brenning of the Pyntyl, yat Men clepe ye Apegalle; -Galle_ being an old English Word for a running Sore. They who know -the _Etymology_ of the Word _Apron_, cannot be ignorant of this. And -in another Manuscript, written about 50 Years after, is a Receipt for -_Burning_ in that Part by a Woman. _Simon Fish_, a zealous Promoter -of the _Reformation_ in the Reign of _Hen._ VIII. in his Supplication -of Beggars, presented to the King, in 1530, says as follows, _These -be they_ (speaking of the _Romish Priests_) _that corrupt the whole -Generation of Mankind in your Realm, that catch the Pockes of one -Woman and bear them to another; that be_ Burnt _with one Woman and -bear it to another; that catch the Lepry of one Woman and bare it -unto another_. But to make this Matter still more evident, I am to -observe, that _Andrew Boord, M. D._ and Romish Priest, in the same -Reign, in a Book he wrote, entitl’d _The Breviary of Health_, printed -in 1546, speaks very particularly of this sort of _Burning_; one of his -Chapters beginneth thus, _The 19th Chapiter doth shew of_ BURNING _of -an Harlot_; where his Notion of communicating the _Burning_ is very -particular. He adds, that if a Man be _Burnt_ with an _Harlot_, and do -meddle with another Woman within a Day, he shall _Burn_ her; and as an -immediate Remedy against the _Burning_, he recommends the washing the -_Pudenda_ 2 or 3 times with White Wine, or else with Sack and Water; -but if the Matter have continued long, to go to an expert Surgeon for -Help. In his 82d _Chapter_, he speaks of _two_ sorts of _Burning_, the -_One_ by _Fire_, and the _Other_ by a _Woman_ thro’ carnal Copulation, -and refers the Person that is _Burnt_ of a _Harlot_ to another Chapter -of his for Advice, what to do, _yf he get a Dorser or two_, so called -from its Protuberancy or bunching out: For I find about that Time the -Word _Bubo_ was mostly made use of, to signify that sort of Swelling -which usually happens in pestilential Diseases. - -From hence it appears, the _Burning_, by its Consequents, was -_Venereal_; since every Day’s Experience makes it evident, that the ill -Treatment of the first Symptoms of the Disease, either by astringent -Medicines, or the removing them by cooling and healing the excoriated -Parts, will generally be attended with such Swellings in the Groin, -which we rarely observe to happen from any other Cause whatsoever. - -I shall give a few more Instances of this Disease being call’d the -_Burning_, and conclude. In a Manuscript I have of the Vocation of -_John Bale_ to the Bishoprick of _Ossory_ in _Ireland_, written by -himself, he speaks of Dr. _Hugh Weston_ (who was Dean of _Windsor_ -in 1556. but deprived by Cardinal _Pole_ for Adultery) as follows; -“At this Day is lecherous _Weston_, who is more practised in the Art -of _Brech-Burning_ than all the _Whores_ of the _Stews_. And again, -speaking of the same Person, he says, “He not long ago _brent_ a -_Beggar_ in St. _Botolph_’s Parish. The same Author says of him -elsewhere, “He had ben _sore Bitten_ with a _Winchester Goose_, and -was not yet healed thereof; which was a common Phrase for the Pox at -that Time, because the _Stews_ were under the Jurisdiction of the -Bishop of _Winchester_. _Mich. Wood_, in his _Epistle_ before _Stephen -Gardiner_’s Oration _de vera Obedientia_, printed at _Rhoan_, 1553. -gives another Evidence of the _Burning_. And _William Bullein_, a -Physician in the Reign of Queen _Eliz._ in a Book he publish’d, call’d -_The Bulwark of Defence, &c._ printed in 1562. bringing in _Sickness_ -demanding of _Health_ what he should do with a Disease call’d the -_French Pockes_, _Health_ answers, “_He would not that any should fishe -for this Disease, or to be bold when he is bitten to thynke thereby -to be helped, but rather to eschewe the Cause of thys Infirmity, and -filthy rotten Burning of Harlots._ - - _London_, Feb. 4. WILLIAM BECKETT, - 1717–18. - -[Illustration] - - -[Illustration] - -NUMBER III. - - _A Second Letter on the same Subject to_ WILLIAM WAGSTAFFE, M. D. - -_SIR_, - -Before I engage farther, in proving that the _Venereal Disease_, when -it came to be confirmed, was frequently known among us some hundreds -of Years before the Siege of _Naples_: I shall endeavour to refute -the Opinion of those Persons, who believe it to have had its Rise -there, if any such shall remain. True indeed it is, that there have -not been wanting several modern Authors, who have asserted it; but I -determine to make it appear to be an Error as inconsiderately, and -hastily received, as started by some Chimerical Author; who, because -several Writers about that time, observing the Disease to begin in -the _Pudenda_, separated it from another, with which it was before -confounded, must likewise take upon him to assert its being a _new_ -Distemper, and to assign a certain Time and Place for its Rise. Now -one might with all the Reason in the World expect, that if the Disease -had its Original there, it must have been so certainly and infallibly -known, that there could have been no doubtful or uncertain Opinions -about it, but that the Physicians, who resided _in_ or _near_ the -Place, and those more especially, who interested themselves so far -as to write of it, must have, all of them to a Man, agreed upon the -Certainty of a thing, the Knowledge of the Truth of which was so easily -attainable. But on the contrary, _Nicholas Leonicenus_, who was the -first _Italian_ Physician, that wrote of this Disease, and who lived at -the very time, when _Naples_ was besieged, is so far from acknowledging -it to have had its Rise there, from the _French_ Soldiers Conversation -with the _Italian_ Women, and so little did he know of its true Cause, -that he does not allow it to be the Consequent of impure Embraces. -About this time it was likewise, that Pope _Alexander_ the VIth engaged -_Gaspar Torella_ to write of this Distemper. This Pope was in League -with _Alphonsus_ King of _Naples_, against _Charles_ VIII. King of -_France_, to prevent his passing thro’ _Italy_, when he went to besiege -_Naples_; yet this Author is so far from allowing it to have had its -Original there, that he tells us, the Astrologers were of opinion, that -it proceeded from I know not what particular Constellations. Nor does -_Sebastianus Aquilanus_, who lived at that time, allow it to be any -other than an ancient Disease; or _Antonius Scanarolius_, who wrote in -1498, which was but 4 or 5 Years after that Siege. Nor do several other -Authors, then living, say one Word about this _Neapolitan_ Story. But -it seems _Ulricus de Hutten_, a _German_ Kt. no Physician, positively -affirms this Disease to have had its Rise there; but how he should come -to know this, who lived at such a distance from the Place, and they, -who were Physicians residing as it were upon the Spot, be ignorant of -it, will be as much credited, as his following inconsistent Relation, -which will sufficiently prove, how little care he took to be apprised -of the Truth of what he wrote. This very Author tells us, the Disease -was unknown till the Year 1493, or thereabouts; that he himself had -it, when he was a Child, and so consequently that it was hereditary, -or from the Nurse. He Wrote his Book of this Distemper at _Mentz_, -where it was printed by _John Scheffer_ in 4_to_, 1519. Now if we -allow him to be but 27 Years of Age, when he wrote, (for he cannot be -suppos’d to be less, who before this took upon him to cure his Father -of the _Venereal Disease_, without the Assistance of any Physician or -Surgeon,) he must have had the Distemper upon him, according to his own -Account, before ever it was in being. Thus we may see, how Persons may -be impos’d upon by a hasty and inconsistent Writer, no way qualified -for such an Undertaking, and greedily receive in Falshoods instead of -Truths, if they will not be at the Pains of consulting the Original -Writings of our Predecessors, the only sure Method of overthrowing such -chimerical and imaginary Notions. - -I have in my former Letters, to Dr. DOUGLASS, sufficiently I think -proved that the _first_ Degree of the _Venereal Disease_ was very -common among us some hundreds of Years before it is commonly said to -have been known in _Europe_; there will be no Reason for any body to -conceive we were at that time in any measure Strangers to it, when it -came to be confirmed; more especially, when we consider the Methods -of Treatment in those Times, which consisting principally in topical -Applications, many of their Patients could not possibly escape having -it confirmed on them. Now when it was in this confirmed State, the -Writers of those early times looked upon it as an _entirely new_ -Disease, and not a Consequent of any Evil before contracted, because -they were not apprised, that the _first_ Symptoms being removed, and -the Disease to Appearance cured, it should afterwards discover it self -in such a manner, as should not seem to have the least Analogy with the -Symptoms, that first attack’d a part which had been for a considerable -time free from any Misfortune. But because the Symptoms are the only -true Characteristicks, whereby we are infallibly able to know one -Disease from another, it may be expected, that I produce sufficient -Authorities to demonstrate they were all of them known and described by -ancient Physical and Chirurgical Writers, just as they appear to be in -the _Venereal Disease_ at this Day, if I would prove that _Disease_ to -be of a much more ancient Date, than is generally thought; and if I do -this, I cannot but think it will be satisfactory, since we can have no -other way of coming to a Knowledge of any one Distemper, than by its -Symptoms. The Method of laying down the exact Succession of them, will -be impossible to be reduced to any certain and infallible Rule, there -being so great a Variety of Causes, that obstruct such a Regularity; -for which Reason, I shall take notice of them in such Order as they -most generally appear, which was upon no account to be expected from -our antient Writers, insomuch as they mention every particular Symptom -by it self, not knowing but that they were independent of each other, -and that each of them was a distinct Disease. However, the proving -these Symptoms were in being in these _early_ times, will be as strong -an Argument to prove the Antiquity of this Distemper, as if they had -been register’d in the most exact Order of Succession, because we -shall, upon the strictest Examination, find they are peculiar to the -_Venereal Malady_ only. I have, I hope, sufficiently made it appear -in my former Letter, that the _first Degree_ of this _Disease_ was -anciently known among us by the name of _Brening_, or _Burning_; -and that it was the same Thing with what we now call a _Clap_, The -Symptoms, which are usually its Concomitants, are the _Phymosis_, -and _Parahphymosis_, both which are accurately described, and proper -Remedies, for them set down by _John Arden_, Esq; in another Manuscript -of his, curiously written upon Vellum, and beautifully illuminated. -The imprudent Method of Cure of this _first Degree_ of the _Venereal -Malady_, is sometimes attended with a Caruncle in the _Urethra_, which -was a Disease very common among us anciently: For not to mention other -_early_ writers, _Arden_ gives us the Case of a certain Rector, who had -such a _Substance_, like a Wart, growing in the _Penis_, which he says -_frequently happens_, and of another which had such an _Excrescence_ -as big as a _small Strawberry_, which (says he) _proceeded from the -corrupted Matter remaining in the_ Urethra. And indeed there is not any -Symptom of the _Venereal Disease_, that I find so often mentioned as -this of the _Caruncle_, insomuch that it seems to have been more common -in those _early Times_, than at _this Day_. But this must be certainly -owing to the smooth and oily Remedies they were continually injecting, -which, by their relaxing and softning the Fibres of the Part, must -necessarily dispose the Contexture of small Blood Vessels, lodged at -the bottom of the little Ulcerations, to fill with nutritious Juices, -and to extend themselves so, as to form such fungous Excrescences; -and so solicitous were they for removing these Inconveniences, that -they made use of several Ways by Corrosives and other Methods, to -accomplish this end; and a very early Writer among us, has given a very -methodical and curious Tract on this Subject, wherein he recommends the -removing them by the _medicated-Candle_, which we use at this Day, and -lays down divers other Instructions, in relation to it, which makes it -probably the best Discourse on this Subject, that was ever yet written. -He takes notice of those _contumacious-Ulcers_, which happen upon the -_Glans_ and the neighbouring Parts, which we now call _Shankers_; and -the great Trouble our ancient Authors found in attempting their Cure, -sufficiently discover them to have had their Original from a Venereal -Infection. These several Symptoms of the _Venereal-Malady_ our _early_ -Writers are very full in their Accounts of, and others, when the -_Disease_ was in a more confirmed State, to which they appropriated -particular Names, perhaps more significant and expressive than those -imposed by _modern_ Authors. Thus the _Buboes_ in the _Groin_ they -called _Dorsers_, which I have given a Reason for before; and the -_Venereal-Nodes_ on the _Shin-Bones_ they termed the _Boon-haw_, which -gives us a perfect Idea, not only of the Part affected, but after what -manner it was diseased; for the old English Word _Hawe_, signified -a Swelling of any Part. Thus for instance, a little Swelling upon -the _Cornea_, was anciently called the _Hawe_ in the _Eye_; and the -Swelling that frequently happens on the Finger, on one side the Nail, -was called the _White-Hawe_, and afterwards _Whitflaw_. The _Process_ -this Author recommends, for the Cure of the _Boon_ or _Bone-Hawe_, -is by making use of a Plaister, which had a Hole cut in the midst, -to circumscribe it; and applying a _Caustic_ of unslacked Lime, and -black Soap incorporated together; which Plaister and Bandage were to -be secured on the part 4 Hours, and longer, if that was not found -sufficient: After this he proceeds to the separating the _Slough, -&c._ This Practice of his seems to have been found out by accident. -For he tells us, when he was a young Practitioner, he having applyed -both the Natural and Artificial _Arsenic_ to the Leg of a Man, who -was his Patient, it so mortified the Flesh, as surprized him; but by -proper Digestives, the _Eschar_ coming off, and leaving the Bone bare, -he scraped it with an Instrument for several Days, and drest it with -Incarnatives, designing to have ingendred Flesh on it; but this proving -unsuccessful, he continued to scrape it, till he observed it move under -the Instrument; after which having separated it, he found the Sore -covered with new Flesh, and that the Bone was 4 Inches in length, 2 in -breadth, and very thick, upon the Removal of which the Patient was -soon cured. Thus it’s probable this Observation of this great Man led -our Predecessors to practice the very same Method; and we do at _this -Day_ in our Hospitals treat the _Venereal Nodes_ on the _Shins_ exactly -as is here described, where we observe the same Appearances, he so -long before took notice of; and it is not in the least to be doubted, -but the _Boon-Haw_ and our _Venereal Nodes_ are the same _Disease_. By -the Appearance of some of the last of these Symptoms, we infallibly -judge the Patient has had the Infection upon him a considerable -time, and that the _Disease_ is making its gradual Advances, to the -corrupting and destroying the whole Frame of the Body. That this was -the Conclusion of the Miseries of those Persons, who gave themselves up -to the deceitful-Delights and Entertainments of lewd-Women, in those -_early-times_ as well as _now_, I cannot better prove than by those -remarkable Instances you quoted from a MS. in _Lincoln_-Colledge, in -_Oxon_, Viz. _Novi enim ego Magister_ Thomas Gascoigne, _licet -indignus sacræ Theologiæ Doctor, qui hæc scripsi & collegi, diversos -viros, qui mortui fuerunt ex putrefactione membrorum suorum genitalium -& corporis sui; quœ corruptio & putrefactio, ut ipsi dixerunt, causata -fuit per exercitium copulæ carnalis cum mulieribus. Magnus enim dux in -Anglia, scil._ J. de Gaunt, _mortuus est ex tali putrefactione -membrorum genitalium, & corporis sui, causatâ per frequentationem -mulierum. Magnus enim fornicator fuit, ut in toto Regno Angliæ -divulgabatur, & ante mortem suam jacens sic infirmus in lecto, eandem -putrefactionem Regi; Angliæ Ricardo secundo ostendit, cum idem Rex -eundem Ducem in suâ infirmitate visitavit; & dixit mihi qui ista novit -unus fidelis sacræ Theologiæ Baccalaureus. Willus etiam longe vir -maturæ ætatis & de civitat. Londonii, mortuus est ex tali putrefactione -membrorum suorum genitalium, & corporis sui, causatâ per copulam -carnalem cum Mulieribus, ut ipsemet pluries confessus est ante mortem -suam, quum manu sua propria eleemosynas distribuit, ut ego novi, anno -Dni. 1430._ Now what those Instances mentioned from _Arden_, or these -from _Gascoigne_, who was then Chancellor of _Oxford_, could possibly -be, but _Venereal-Cases_, I would be obliged to any body to inform me. -Certain it is, no _Disease_ was ever known to be gotten by the carnal -Conversation of Women, which first attacked the _Genitals_, causing a -Corruption and Putrefaction of them, and afterward of the whole Frame -of the Body, but that which is _Venereal_. For nothing is more commonly -known at this Day, than that after the Venereal-Engagement with an -impure Woman, the _Penis_ is the Part where the Scene is first laid for -the succeeding Tragical Appearances; and there, and in the Neighbouring -Parts, do the Symptoms of the Disease, as its Retainers, always first -assemble, till the malignant Poison taint the Blood and other Juices; -which being convey’d over the whole Frame of the human Fabric, if not -check’d, soon brings about its total Corruption. - -We do not indeed find the _Disease_ mentioned by _Gascoigne_, -was distinguish’d by any particular Name: But great Numbers must -unavoidably die of the _Venereal-Malady_ at that time, from the -imperfect Knowledge of those who had the Treatment of the first Degrees -of it. It must necessarily follow, therefore, that when the whole -Frame of the Body had receiv’d a Taint from the _Venereal-Poison_, -so as to occasion its breaking-out in Scabs and Ulcers, almost all -over its Surface, it must generally be called by the Name of some -particular Disease, whose Appearances had somewhat of an Affinity to -it. Now if we examine the Nature of all the Diseases, that attack the -Human Body, we shall not find the _Venereal-Malady_, when it arrives -at this State, to bear a greater Similitude to any than the Leprosy, -as it is described by the Ancients: Nay, so great was the Analogy -betwixt these Diseases supposed to be, that _Sebastianus Aquilanus_ -has endeavoured to prove from _Galen_, _Avicen_, _Pliny_, &c. that the -_Pox_ is only one Species of the _Leprosy_; and _Jacobus Cataneus_, -a Writer almost as early as the Rise of the Name of the _Pox_, tells -us, ’tis not only possible there may be a Transition from one of these -Diseases into the other; but that he saw _two_ Persons in whom the -_Pox_ was changed into the _Leprosy_: That is, from having great -_Pocks_ or _Pustules_ on the Surface of their Bodies, from whence -the _Pox_ is denominated, to have become Ulcerous or Scabby. This -particular State of the Disease anciently put the Surgeons to a great -deal of Trouble: For they finding that these Ulcers were of a very -contumacious and rebellious Nature, were obliged to make use of great -Numbers of Remedies, in order to conquer the evil Disposition of -them. But they observed that all of them were useless, unless Mercury -was joined with them. Now the dressing each particular Ulcer being -so very tedious, they ordered the Patients to daub the Ointments -over the Parts which were ulcerated; which done, they were wrapt in -Linnen Cloths till the next dressing: But after a few Days they were -extreamly surprised, to find their Mouths began to be sore, and that -they spit very profusely; but they tell us to their Astonishment, -that in a little time the Sores became healed, and the Patients -cured. And by this Accident it was the Method of _Salivating_ by -_Unction_ was first discover’d, which is in so much use among us at -this Day. From these and some other Instances I have given of the -Industry and Application of our Predecessors, and with what Sagacity -they applied every accidental Hint, to the relieving their distressed -Fellow-Creatures from the Misfortunes they laboured under; we ought -to be led to the highest Esteem and Veneration of them; and so much -the more most certainly forasmuch as they were principally our own -Country-Men, who, I can prove, not only from several Persons coming -from _Foreign-Parts_ to be cured of their Diseases _here_, but for -other Reasons, that they excelled most of their Cotemporaries in the -Divine Art of Healing. Now altho’ those _Foreign-Authorities_, I -before mentioned, might be looked upon as sufficient to convince any -one, how our Ancestors blended these _two_ Diseases together; yet -I shall prove from our own Writers, long before those, that altho’ -the _Pox_ was not only among us, but in distant Nations, anciently -confounded with the _Leprosy_; yet, so exact were our Writers in their -Observations of the Infectious Nature of one Species of that Disease, -and describing the Symptoms, as was sufficient to lead any Person -to the distinguishing between them, so as to separate _one_ Disease -from the _other_. I shall therefore _first_ enquire into the manner -how the _Leprosy_ was sometimes said to be gotten in those early -Times, and then examine the Symptoms of the Disease, that attacked -the Patient. _John Gadisden_, a very learned and famous _English_ -Physician, who flourished about 1340, in an excellent Work of his, he -entitles _Rosa Anglica_, speaking _de Infectione ex Coitu Leprosi, -vel Leprosæ_, says as follows, _Primo notandum quod ille qui timet de -excoriatione & arsura Virgæ post coitum statim lavet Virgam cum aqua -mixta aceto, vel cum urina propria, & nihil mali habebit_; and in -another Place speaking _de Ulcere Virgæ_, he says, _Sed si quis vult -membrum ab omni corruptione servare, cum a Muliere recedit, quam forte -habet suspectam de immunditie, lavet illud cum aqua frigida mixta cum -aceto, vel urina propria, intra vel extra preputium_. He likewise -speaking still of the _Leprosy_, recommends a Decoction of Plantain -and Roses in Wine, to be made use of by the Woman immediately after -the _Venereal-Encounter_; upon which he tells us she will be secure. -From hence it is evident some of their _Leprous Women_ (as they call’d -them) were capable of communicating an infectious Malady to those that -had carnal Conversation with them; which proves, the _Pudenda_ of -the Women must be diseased, for as much as we are absolutely assured -Infections of that Nature only happen when a sound Part comes to an -immediate Contact with a diseased one; for the Symptoms always first -display themselves in those Parts, thro’ which the Virulency is first -conveyed. Now in a true _Leprosy_ we never meet with the mention of any -Disorder in those Parts, which, if there be not, must absolutely secure -the Person from having that Disease communicated to him by Coition with -_Leprous-Women_; but it proves there was a Disease among them, which -was not the _Leprosy_ altho’ it went by that Name; and that this could -be no other than _Venereal_, because it was infectious; for there is -no other Disease that is capable of being communicated this way but the -_Venereal-Disease_, seeing the _Pudenda_ are only in that Distemper so -diseased as to become capable of communicating their Contagion. I find -the learned _Gilbertus Anglicus_, who flourished about 1360, reasoning -concerning the manner how it is possible a Man should be infected by a -_Leprous-Woman_; where if we allow him to call the _Malignant Matter_, -which is lodged in the _Vagina_ [_the Womans seed_] we shall find he -acurately describes the very first _Venereal-Infection_, by part of -the virulent Matters being received into the _Urethra_; from whence by -the Communication of the _Veins_ and _Arteries_, it is conveyed into -the whole Body, after which (_says he_) ensues its total Corruption. -Let us now examine the Symptoms of one sort of their Leprosy, for -it must be necessarily divided into different Species, when another -Distemper was blended with it, in which we observe such a _diversity_ -of _appearances_; and this I shall the rather do in this Place, because -it will furnish us with the next Succession of Symptoms after those -already mentioned, as the _Venereal-Ozænas_, the Ulcers of the Throat, -the Hoarsness, the proof of its being communicable from the Nurse to -the Child, by _Hereditary-succession, &c._ All which we find to be true -in the _Venereal-Disease_ at this Day. Our Country-Man _Bartholomew -Glanvile_, who flourished about 1360, in his Book _de Proprietatibus -Rerum_, translated by _John Trevisa_ Vicar of _Barkley_ in 1398, tells -_us, some_ Leprous-Persons _have redde Pymples and Whelkes in the -Face, out of whom oftene runne Blood and Matter: In such the Noses -swellen and ben grete, the virtue of smellynge falyth, and the Brethe -stynkyth ryght fowle_. In another place he speaks of _unclene spotyd -glemy and quyttery, the Nose-thrilles ben stopyl, the wason of the -Voys is rough, and the Voys is horse and the Heere falls_. Among the -Causes of this sort of _Leprosy_, he reckons lying in the Sheets after -them, easing Nature after them; and others which the first Writers on -the _Pox_ looked upon to be capable of communicating that Contagion: -Also, _says he, it comyth of fleshly lykeng by a Woman, after that a_ -Leprous-Man _hathe laye by her; also it comyth of Fader and Moder; -ann so thys Contagyon passyth into the Chylde as it ware by Lawe of -Herytage. And also when a Chylde is fedde wyth corrupt Mylke of a -Leprous Nouryce._ He adds, _by what ever Cause it comes, you are not -to hope for Cure if it be confyrmyd; but it may be somewhat hidde and -lett that it distroye so soone._ Thus we see how our Author, under -the Name of _one_ Species of the _Leprosy_, gives a Summary of the -Symptoms of the _Pox_, and the several ways whereby it is at this time -communicated. Now when these _two_ Diseases were anciently blended -together, and passed under the Name of the _Leprosy_ only, it must -be the real Cause why that _Disease_ seemed to be so _rife_ formerly; -for _two_ Distempers passing under _one_ Name must necessarily make -it more taken notice of and much more frequent; not but that much the -greater Number of those who were formerly said to be _Leprous_ were -really _Venereal_, seems to be very evident; for since that _Disease_ -has been separated from the _Leprosy_, it has drawn off such vast -Numbers, that the _Leprosy_ is become as it were a perfect Stranger -to us. Those who are acquainted with our English History well know -the great Provision which was anciently made throughout all _England_ -for _Leprous-Persons_, insomuch that there was scarce a considerable -Town among us but had a _Lazar-House_ for such diseased. In a Register -which belonged to one of these Houses, I find there were in _Hen._ the -VIIIth’s time 6 of them near _London_, (_viz_,) at _Knight’s-Bridge_, -_Hammersmith_, _Highgate_, _Kingsland_, the _Lock_, and at _Mile-end_, -but about 40 Years before I find but 4 mentioned: and in 1452 in the -Will of _Ralph Holland_, Merchant-Taylor, registred in the Prerogative -Office, mention is made but of 3, which, with his Legacies to them, -are as follow. _Item lego Leprosis de Lokes, extra Barram Sti Georgii -20s. Item lego Leprosis de Hackenay_ (which is that at _Kingsland_) -_20s. Item lego Leprosis Sti Egidii extra Barram de Holborn 40s_, -from which it is worth while to note, that the _Lock_ beyond St. -_Georges_ Church, and that at _Kingsland_, are at this time applyed -to no other use than for the Entertainment and Cure of such as have -the _Venereal-Malady_. Some of our learned Antiquaries have been much -concerned to know the Cause why the _Leprosy_ shou’d be so common in -those early times, and so little known among us now: But I believe the -Reason will be impossible to be assigned, unless we allow, according to -the Proofs which I have already brought, that the _Venereal-Disease_ -was so blended with it, as to make up the Number of the diseased. It -seems to have been the same thing with them in _France_ as with us: For -_Mezeray_ tells us, that the House of the _Fathers_ of the _Mission_ -of St. _Lazarus_, was formerly an _Hospital_ for _Leprous-People_, but -that Disease being ceased in this last Age (since the _Pox_ has been -separated from it) these _Lazar-Houses_ have been converted to other -Uses; and it may not be perhaps foreign to my purpose to take notice -that the Writ _de Leproso amovendo_ contained in the _Register of -Writs_ was (according to _Coke_ upon _Littleton_) to prevent Leprous -Persons associating themselves with their Neighbours, who appear to be -so by their Voice and their Sores; and the Putrefaction of their Flesh; -and by the Smell of them. Well then, let us examine what Method was to -be taken to prevent this noysom and filthy Distemper, the Leprosy; -why truly that which would infallibly prevent their getting the _Pox_ -after the usual Method, and that was Castration. It is certain that -_Eunuchs_ are rarely or never troubled with the Leprosy, according to -_Monsieur le Prestre_, a Councellor in the Parliament of _Paris_, who -has these Words, _Antipathia vero Elephantiasis veneno resistit: Hinc -Eunuchi & quicunque sunt mollis, frigidæ & effeminatæ naturæ nunquam -aut raro Lepra corripiuntur, & quidem quibus imminet Lepræ periculum -de consilio medicorum sibi virilia amputare permittitur_. (Cent. I. -Cap. 6. de Separatione ex causa Luis Venerea.) And _Mezeray_ says, he -has read in the Life of _Philip_ the _August_, that some Men had such -Apprehensions of the _Leprosy_, (that shameful and nasty Distemper) -that to preserve themselves from it, they made themselves _Eunuchs_. -Now it is highly probable that those Persons who submitted to such -a painful Operation, having before observed, that those who gave -themselves up to a free and unrestrained use of Women, fell at length -under such unhappy circumstances; and so found the only measures to -preserve themselves from it was to be disabled for such engagements, -which sufficiently proves this Species of the _Leprosy_ was infectious; -and for the reasons before assigned could be no other than _Venereal_; -for how the true _Leprosy_ should be prevented by such means will be, -I believe, impossible for any Person to determine. There yet remains -one very considerable Symptom of the _Venereal-Malady_ for me to -take notice of, because it is looked upon to be the most remarkable -in that Disease, which, is the falling of the Nose; but since it has -been already proved, that this Disease when it had arrived to such -a pitch as to discover it self by those direful Symptoms, as are -the immediate forerunners of this, was by the Ancients confounded -with the _Leprosy_, and called by that Name, it must be among the -Symptoms of that _Disease_ we are the most likely to meet with it, -if any such thing as the falling of the Nose was known among them. -Now the most likely Method of coming to a certain Knowledge of the -Infallible Symptoms of the _Leprosy_ of the Ancients in its more -confirmed State, is to consult the Examinations those unhappy Persons -were obliged to undergo, before they were debarred the Conversation -of Human Society, and committed to close confinement: But this being -a thing some Ages since laid aside, no Author that I know of having -the particular History of it, I shall do it as briefly as I can from -what Remains I have met with in Records, and other scattered Papers. -First then, after the Persons appointed to examine the Diseased had -comforted them, by telling them this Distemper might prove a Spiritual -Advantage; and if they were found to be _Leprous_, it was to be looked -upon as their Purgatory in this World; and altho’ they were denied -the World, they were chosen of God: the Person was then to swear to -answer truly to all such Questions as they should be asked; but the -Examiners were very cautious in their Inquiries, lest a Person who was -not really _Leprous_ should be committed, which they looked upon to be -an almost unpardonable Crime: They considered the Signs as _Univocal_, -which properly belonged to that Disease, or _Equivocal_, which might -belong to another, and did not, upon the appearance of _one_ or -_two_ Signs, determine the Person to be a _Lazar_; and this I find -to be the Case of the Wife of _John Nightingale_ Esq; of _Brentwood_ -in _Essex_, who in the Reign of _Edw._ the IVth, _An._ 1468, being -reported to be a _Lazare_, and that she did converse and communicate -with Persons in public and private Places, and not (according to -custom) retire herself, but refused so to do, was accordingly examined -by _William Hattecliff_, _Roger Marcall_, and _Dominicus de Serego_ -the Kings Physicians; but they upon strict Inquiry adjudged her not -to be _Leprous_, by reason the Appearances of the Disease were not -sufficient: Some of the Questions put to the _Leprous-Persons_, which -will more fully confirm what I have before advanced, I shall now give -as I transcribed them from an Ancient Book of Surgery, _yf there were -any of his lygnage that he knew to be_ Lazares _and especially their -Faders and Moders; for by any other of their Kynred they ought not to -be_ Lazares, _then ought ye to enquire yf he hath had the Company of -any lepress Woman, and yf any_ Lazare _had medled with her afore him; -and lately because of the infect matter and contagyous filth, that she -had received of him. Also his nostrils be wyde outward, narrow within -and gnawn. Also yf his lips and gummes are foul stynking and coroded, -Also yf his voice be horse, and as he speaketh in the nose._ Now the -Signs which are here mentioned, were looked upon to be _Univocal_: -And these were they who made the _Examiners_ principally determine -the Persons to be _Leprous_; but what Determinations any one would -immediately give from such Symptoms now, no Person is surely ignorant -of. But even these certain appearances would not always satisfy some -Persons, if we may believe _Fælix Platenus_ in his _Medicinal_ and -_Chirurgical_ Observations, _Lib._ 3. who tells us, some did not look -upon them to be so, till they had an horrible aspect, were _hoarse_ and -_Noses_ fell. Likewise in the _Examen Leprosorum_ printed in the _De -Chirurgia Scriptores Optimi_, the Author speaking of the _Signs_ of -the _Leprosy_ relating to the _Nose_, begins thus, _Si nares exterius -secundum exteriorem partem ingrossentur, & interius constringantur, -& coarctentur, secundo si appareat cartilaginis in medio corosio, et -casus ejus significat Lepram incurabilem_. And the before mentioned -_John Gadisden_ in his Chapter _de Lepra_ says as follows, _Signa -confirmationis etiam incurabiliter sunt corrosio cartilaginis quæ est -inter foramina & casus ejusdem_. Thus, Sir, have I proved we had a -Distemper amongus some hundreds of Years before the _Venereal-Disease_ -is said to have been known in _Europe_, which was called the _Burning_; -that this _Burning_ was _Infectious_, and that it was the _first -Degree_ of the _Venereal Disease_; that this being common at that -time, from their Method of Treatment; the _Pox_ must be unavoidable: -That it had exactly the same Appearances it has now, altho’ they were -generally called by _different_ Names, that the Ancients confounded it -with the _Leprosy_; that the vast Numbers of _Leprous-Persons_ among -us, before the _Venereal-Disease_ was separated from it, and the small -Number we observe at this Time, is a flagrant Proof of the former; that -in describing the _Symptoms_ of the _Leprosy_, they give us those of -the _Venereal Malady_; and, by mentioning how it is communicated, they -describe the Ways by which the _Pox_ is gotten at this Day; that such -Remedies were by them recommended to prevent the _first_ Attack of the -_Leprosy_, as are at this Time in Use to prevent the _first_ Symptoms -of the _Pox_; and that the falling of the _Nose_, which has been look’d -upon to be the most remarkable Symptom of the _Venereal-Disease_, was -commonly observed in what they called the _Leprosy_ in former Ages. - - _I am, Sir, - Yours_, &c, - WILLIAM BECKETT. - - - - - _New BOOKS_, - - Printed for E. 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- font-family: sans-serif, serif; -} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's A Collection of Chirurgical Tracts, by William Beckett - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Collection of Chirurgical Tracts - -Author: William Beckett - -Release Date: September 6, 2016 [EBook #52993] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COLLECTION OF CHIRURGICAL TRACTS *** - - - - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, deaurider and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<p><b><a id="Transcribers_notes"></a>Transcriber’s notes</b>:</p> - -<p>Several features of this book are unusual: it has two slightly -different lists of contents which do not correspond precisely with -the text, and there is a preface midway through the book; it has -confusing page numbering (omitted from this transcription) which -restarts in successive sections of the text using mixed arabic and -roman numerals; the text displays an unusual mixture of italics, -small capitals, full capitals, and variable letter spacing<span class="epubonly"> (some of -which do not display correctly on handheld reading devices)</span>; much -of the spelling is archaic, and both spelling and punctuation are -inconsistent. Some obvious typesetting errors have been corrected -(<a href="#Spelling_corrections">see list</a>) but the spelling and -punctuation otherwise remains true to the original text.</p> - -<p>In this transcription a black dotted underline marks a hyperlink to -a section of text or to a footnote (links are also highlighted when the mouse -pointer hovers over them).</p> - -<p class="epubonly">A title has been added to the original blank -cover.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<img src="images/i_001.jpg" width="400" height="576" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<h1><span class="t1">A</span> - -<span class="t2">COLLECTION</span> - -<span class="t1">OF</span> - -<span class="t3"><i>Chirurgical Tracts</i>.</span></h1> - - - -<div class="center"> -<table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="table of contents"> -<tr><td class="toc">I. Of <span class="smcap">Wounds</span> of the <span class="smcap">Head</span> and <span class="smcap">Brain</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc">II. <span class="smcap">New Discoveries</span> relating to the <span class="smcap">Cure</span> of <span class="smcap">Cancers</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc">III. <span class="smcap">Chirurgical Remarks</span> on several curious <span class="smcap">Cases</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc">IV. The <span class="smcap">History</span> and <span class="smcap">Antiquity</span> of the <span class="smcap">Venereal Disease</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc">V. A <span class="smcap">New Method</span> of curing <span class="smcap">Consumptions</span> by Specific Medicines.</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<p class="tac">Written and Collected</p> - -<p class="tac">By <em class="gesperrt fs120"><i>WILLIAM BECKETT</i></em>,</p> - -<p class="tac">Surgeon and <i>F. R. S.</i></p> - -<hr class="r65" /> - -<p class="tac"><i>LONDON</i>:</p> - -<p class="hang mrl20pc">Printed for <span class="smcap">E. Curll</span>, in <i>Rose Street, Covent-Garden</i>. -And Sold by <span class="smcap">C. Rivington</span> in St <i>Paul’s Church-Yard</i>, -Mess. <span class="smcap">Birt, Ware, Longman, Hitch, -Wood</span> and Company, in <i>Amen Corner, Paternoster-Row</i>, -<span class="smcap">J. Clark</span>, in <i>Duck-Lane</i>, and -<span class="smcap">J. Hodges</span>, on <i>London-Bridge</i>. 1740.</p> - -<p class="tac">(Price Four Shillings.)</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="tac ls01em mb2em"><em class="gesperrt">THE</em><br /><br /><br /> -<span class="fs300">CONTENTS</span></p> - - - -<div class="center"> -<table width="60%" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="table of contents"> -<tr><td class="toc2">I. <em class="gesperrt"><i>SOME</i></em> <a href="#writings"><i>Account of Mr</i> <span class="smcap">Beckett</span>’s Life <i>and</i> Writings</a>. <i>Addressed to Sir</i> <span class="smcap">Hans Sloane</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc2">II. Chirurgical Remarks <i>on</i> <a href="#brain">Wounds <i>of the</i> Head <i>and</i> Brain</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc2">III. <a href="#cancer">New Discoveries <i>relating to the</i> Cure <i>of</i> Cancers</a>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc2">IV. <a href="#keil"><i>The Case of Dr</i> Keil</a> <i>by Mr</i> Rushworth <i>of</i> Northampton.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc2">V. <a href="#keil"><i>Three curious Dissections by</i> John Ranby</a>, <i>Esq; Surgeon to his Majesty’s Household</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc2">VI. <a href="#consumption"><i>A New Method of curing</i> Consumptions</a> <i>by Specific Medicines, by</i> Thomas Nevett, <i>Surgeon</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc2">VII. <a href="#history"><i>The Natural</i> Secret History <i>of both Sexes</i></a>. <i>By</i> Luke Ogle, <i>Esq</i>;</td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc2">VIII. <a href="#laws">Laws <i>and</i> Regulations <i>of the</i> Stews <i>in</i> England.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="toc2">IX. <a href="#letters"><i>The</i> History <i>and</i> Antiquity <i>of the</i> Venereal Disease</a> <i>in Three Letters to Dr</i> Douglass, <i>Dr</i> Wagstaffe <i>and Dr</i> Halley.</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="figcenter2" style="width: 180px;"> -<img src="images/i_005.jpg" width="180" height="114" alt="" /> -</div> - - - - -<p class="tac"> -To the <span class="smcap">Honourable</span><br /><br /> -<span class="fs200">Sir <i>Hans Sloane</i>, Bart.</span><br /><br /> -<span class="fs180"><em class="gesperrt">PRESIDENT</em></span><br /><br /> -<em class="gesperrt">OF THE</em><br /><br /> -<span class="fs140"><i>Royal Society</i>, and <i>M. D.</i></span></p> - -<p class="ml1em"><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p> - -<p class="dropcap">IT is with the greatest -Satisfaction that I now lay -before you the Performance -of those Commands, with -which you were pleased to -honour me, of collecting -the <i>Chirurgical Pieces</i> which -were singly published by -Mr <span class="smcap">Beckett</span> in his Life time.</p> - -<p>This Gentleman might be -said to have been begotten in -his Profession, as being the Son -of Mr <span class="smcap">Isaac Beckett</span>, Surgeon -of <i>Abington</i> in <i>Berkshire</i>, -where he was born in -the Year 1684.</p> - -<p>He received his Education -under Mr <span class="smcap">Pledwell</span>, then -Master of the excellent Free -Grammar-School belonging -to that Town, served four -Years of his Apprenticeship -with his Father, and the -three last with Mr <i>Joseph Bateman</i>, -of St <i>Thomas’s Hospital</i> -in <i>Southwark</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr <span class="smcap">Beckett</span> died, <span class="smcap">Sir</span>, -at his Sister’s House in <i>Abington</i>, -<i>November</i> the 25th 1738, -in the 54th Year of his Age, -and lies interred in St <i>Hellen</i>’s -Church there.</p> - -<p>Of this his Native Place, -he drew up a <i>Brief Account -of it’s History and Antiquities</i><span class="nowrap">.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a></span></p> - -<p>A faithful Account of -his <span class="smcap">Writings</span> is prefixed to -this Volume; your Generous -Patronage of which, he would -himself have looked upon as -the greatest Honour and -Friendship that could be conferred -on his Labours, and -for which, I most humbly -request your Acceptance of -the Grateful Acknowledgments -of,</p> - -<p class="ml1em"> -<span class="smcap">Sir</span>,<br /> -<br /> -  <i>Your Obedient,<br /> -<br /> -    And Obliged,<br /> -<br /> -      Humble Servant</i>,<br /> -<br /> -<i>June 29,</i>        E. C.<br /> -<i>1740.</i></p> - -<hr class="r50" /> - -<h2> - -<a id="writings"></a> -<span class="hd1s">AN</span> - -<span class="hd2s">ACCOUNT</span> - -<span class="hd1s">OF THE</span> - -<span class="hd3s">WRITINGS</span> - -<span class="hd1s">OF</span> - -<span class="hd4"><i>WILLIAM BECKETT</i>,</span> - -<span class="hd5">Surgeon, and <i>F. R. S.</i></span> - -<span class="hd1s">VIZ,</span> -</h2> - -<p class="dropcap">IN the Year 1709, He Published, -I. <i>Chirurgical Remarks, Occasioned by the -Death of a</i> <span class="smcap">Child</span>, <i>whose</i> <span class="smcap">Case</span> was -<i>printed</i> in that Year by <i>Daniel Turner</i>, -Surgeon. To these Remarks Mr <i>Beckett</i> -subjoined, <i>An Account of a</i> Wound <i>of -the</i> Brain <i>by</i> a Bullet; <i>with Reflections -thereon</i>. And at the End of this <span class="smcap">Tract</span>, -Mr <i>Beckett</i> gave an <i>Advertisement</i> that He -had almost ready for the Press, <i>Annotations -and Practical Observations on the -Learned and Ingenious Monsieur</i> <span class="smcap">Gendron</span>’s -<i>Enquiries into the Nature, Knowledge and -Cure of</i> <span class="smcap">Cancers</span>.</p> - -<p>II. <i>In the Year</i> 1711, He published <span class="smcap">New -Discoveries</span> <i>relating to the Cure of</i> <span class="smcap">Cancers</span>. -<i>Wherein the painful Methods of cutting -them off, and consuming them by Caustics -are rejected, and that of dissolving the -Cancerous Substance</i> is recommended; <i>with -various Instances of his Success in</i> this -Practice <i>on Persons reputed incurable. -Also a Solution of Four curious Problems concerning</i> -<span class="smcap">Cancers</span>, viz. I. Whether the -Cancerous Juice <i>is corrosive or not</i>. II. <i>Whether</i> -Cancers <i>are contagious or not</i>. III. <i>Whether -if the extirpating a</i> Cancerous Breast -<i>happens to be successful, it ought to be looked -upon as a Consequence of performing the -Operation better than our Predecessors</i>. -IV. <i>Whether a</i> Salivation <i>will Cure a</i> Cancer.</p> - -<p><i>This Treatise came to a</i> Second Edition -<i>the following Year</i> 1712: <i>To which, besides -some Corrections</i>, Mr <span class="smcap">Beckett</span> <i>added</i> <span class="smcap">Two</span> -<i>other Problems with their Solutions</i>, viz. -V. Whether <i>Cancers</i> are curable by <i>Caustics</i>. -VI. Whether <i>Cancers</i> are curable by -<i>Internal Medicines</i>. In this Piece all that -he promised relating to <span class="smcap">Gendron</span> is inserted. -And to the present <i>Third Edition</i> He -subjoined, by way of <i>Postscript</i>, a very -valuable <i>Receipt</i> for the Cure of <i>Cancers</i>, -which he informs us was communicated to -him by his late eminent Brother Surgeon -Mr <i>Dobyns</i> of <i>Snow-Hill</i>. He had it from -Mr <i>Pain</i> a Gentleman of <i>Northamptonshire</i>, -in whose Family it had been, in the -highest Esteem, for above 200 Years. -Mr <i>Beckett</i> likewise adds, that he transcribed -it from the Original <i>Manuscript</i>.</p> - -<p>At the End of the <i>Second Edition</i> of his -<i>Treatise</i> on <i>Cancers</i>, Mr <i>Beckett</i> gave an -<i>Advertisement</i> that “He was then preparing -for the Press, <i>Chirurgical Collections</i>, -which would consist of His own <i>Observation</i> -of <i>uncommon Cases</i>, also, the most -curious things relating to Surgery, taken -from the Performances of the <i>German -Eruditi</i>, in their <i>Acta Lipsiæ</i>, the <i>Miscellanea -Curiosa</i>, <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. -<i>Memoirs for the Curious</i>, <i>Voyages</i>, <i>Travels</i>, -<i>Natural Histories of Counties</i>, and -many other things that would afford -useful Observations. In this Collection -was to be a great number of Figures of -Cases, Instruments, Machines, <i>&c</i>. all -curiously engraven on Copper Plates. -This Undertaking was wholly designed -for the Improvement of the Art of -Surgery; and the <i>Introduction</i> to it was -to give an Account of our famous <i>English</i> -Writers in <i>Physic</i> and <i>Surgery</i>, for -many hundred Years past.”</p> - -<p>The great and deserved Practice which -attended Mr <i>Beckett</i>’s <i>New Method of curing -Cancers</i>, obliged him to postpone the Publication -of his <i>Chirurgical Collections</i>, as above -recited; and which, upon a mature Deliberation, -he changed into a much more extensive -and useful Design; and, by Mr <i>Innys</i> at the -West-End of St <i>Paul</i>’s, and Mr <i>Hooke</i> in -<i>Fleet-street</i>, Booksellers, He published <i>Proposals -for printing by Subscription in 2 Volumes</i> -4to, An Account of the Lives, Characters, -and Writings, <i>both Manuscript and Printed</i>, -of the most eminent <i>British</i> Authors in -<i>Physic</i>, <i>Surgery</i>, <i>Anatomy</i>, <i>Pharmacy</i>, <i>Botany</i> -and <i>Chemistry</i>, from the Conquest to -the Year 1721. To which was to be added, -A large Collection of Records, principally -taken from the <i>Tower</i>, containing Grants of -particular Favours and Privileges to the most -noted <i>Physicians</i> and <i>Surgeons</i> by the Kings -of this Realm for many hundred Years; -whereby, besides other curious Affairs not -to be met with elsewhere, the Time in -which they lived was to be ascertained, -as to several of them, has hitherto remained -absolutely undetermined. The whole -faithfully collected and reduced to the most -exact Order of Time.</p> - -<p>This Work was proposed at the Price of -one Guinea in Sheets.</p> - -<p>Between the Years 1717 and 1720, Mr -<i>Beckett</i> published in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>, -Three Letters concerning the <i>History -of the Antiquity of the Venereal Disease</i>. -I. To Dr <i>Douglass</i>. II. To Dr <i>Wagstaffe</i>. -III. To Dr <i>Halley</i>. Proving <i>That Disease</i> to -have been <i>known</i> and <i>cured</i> in <i>England</i> long -before the Discovery of the <i>West-Indies</i>.</p> - -<p>Of these Pieces Dr <i>Astruc</i>, a <i>French</i> -Physician, full of the Vanity peculiar to his -Countrymen, seems doubtful as to their -Proof, because he had never seen the Manuscripts, -nor rare printed Authorities, cited by -Mr <i>Beckett</i>; and treating of Dr <i>Turner</i>’s -<i>Syphilis</i>, speaks slightly of that Gentleman, -because he is of the same Opinion with -Mr <i>Beckett</i>.</p> - -<p>From the Publication of a small Pamphlet -consisting but of 24 Pages, 8vo, Intituled, -“A <i>Letter</i> from a Gentleman at <i>Rome</i>, to -his Friend in <i>London</i>, giving an Account -of some very surprizing <i>Cures</i> in the -<i>King’s-Evil</i> by the <i>Touch</i>, (of the Chevalier -<i>De St George</i>) lately effected in the -Neighbourhood of that City, 1721. -Wherein is contained the compleatest -History of this <i>miraculous Power</i>, formerly -practiced by the <i>Kings</i> of <i>England</i>, -ever yet made public; the <i>Certainty</i> of -<i>which</i> is confirmed by the most eminent -Writers of this Nation, both <i>Catholics</i> -and <i>Protestants</i>, as, <i>Malmsbury</i>, <i>Alured</i>, -<i>Brompton</i>, <i>Polydore Virgil</i>, <i>Harpsfield</i>, -&c. and Drs <i>Tooker</i>, <i>Heylin</i>, Mr -<i>Collier</i>, Mr <i>Echard</i>, &c. <i>Translated</i> out -of the <i>Italian</i>.” And the following Motto -prefixed by the Catholic Translator, <i>viz.</i></p> - -<p><i>King</i> Edward the Confessor, <i>was the first -that cured this Distemper, and from him it -has descended as an Hereditary Miracle upon -All his Successors</i>. To dispute the <i>Matter -of Fact</i>, is to go to the <i>Excess of Scepticism</i>, -to <i>deny our Senses</i>, and to be <i>incredulous</i> -even to <i>Ridiculousness</i>. See <i>Collier</i>’s -Ecclesiast. History Vol. I.</p> - -<p>Mr <i>Beckett</i> took an immediate Occasion -to explode all these Legendary Assertions, -and fully proved the Truth of Mr <i>Collier</i>’s -positive <i>ipse dixit</i> to lye on the other -side of the Question, in two Letters which -he Published, I. To Dr <i>Steigerthal</i>, intituled -“A Free and Impartial Enquiry into the Antiquity -and Efficacy of <i>Touching</i> for the -<i>King’s-Evil</i>.” II. To Sir <i>Hans Sloane</i> in -“order to a compleat Confutation of that -supposed <i>supernatural Power</i> descending -from <i>Edward the Confessor</i> to the succeeding -<i>Kings</i> of <i>England</i>. Also, A -Dissertation concerning the ancient Method -made use of, for the curing <i>Diseases</i> -by <i>Charms</i>, <i>Amulets</i>, &c.” To which is -added, <i>A Collection of Records</i>.</p> - -<p>When in the Year 1722, it was feared -that we should be visited with the -<i>Plague</i> in <i>England</i>, after it had raged so -violently at <i>Marseilles</i> in <i>France</i>; Dr <i>Mead</i> -published his <i>Preservative</i> against <i>Pestilential -Distempers</i>. And, among several other -<i>New</i> Pieces written, and <i>Old</i> ones revived -upon this Occasion, Mr <i>Beckett</i> voluntarily -lent his helping Hand for the good of his -Country, by giving his Judgment, and Publishing -(Anonymously) <i>A Collection of Pieces</i> -Written during the <i>Plagues</i>, which happened -in the two last Centuries.</p> - -<p>Mr <span class="smcap">Beckett</span>’s <i>Chirurgical Observations</i>, -made at St <i>Thomas</i>’s Hospital <i>Southwark</i>; -Published last Summer, were prepared for -the Press by Himself, and Inscribed to Sir -<i>Hans Sloane</i> and the <i>Royal Society</i>.</p> - -<p class="tac ls02em mt2em">TO</p> - -<p class="tac ls02em fs180">Sir HANS SLOANE.</p> - -<p class="ml1em"><i>Honoured Sir</i>,</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">THE</em> last Paper Mr <i>Beckett</i> ever wrote, -was an Address to you for a private -Favour; in which he says, he likewise had -reason to believe that Dr <i>Mead</i> would be -his Friend. He therein acquainted you -that he had, “contracted such a Cold by sitting -to write, with his Neck against a -North-Window, as he feared would be -his Death; and if so, <i>adds he</i>, it may be -said I dye a Martyr to the <i>Improvement</i> -of the History of <i>Physic and Surgery</i>.” -Thus concluded his Paper which he did not -live to sign; it was found among his <i>Collections</i> -relating to the <i>Lives of the British -Physicians, Surgeons</i>, &c. He had copied -fair, for the Press, the greatest part of his -Papers; and tho’ it was an <i>unfinished Work</i>, -yet from his Character, and the great -Pains he had taken, I knew it would be -very acceptable to the Public. Accordingly -I put it to the Press, and intended to have -published it in two Volumes in <i>Octavo</i>. Young -Dr <i>B</i> * * * *, was recommended to me as -a proper Editor: I sent for him and shewed -him the Papers; but soon found, that he -was much too young both in Character and -Ability for such an Undertaking. I printed -one Sheet, in <i>Octavo</i>, (of which there -were but two Copies taken off) upon this, -Dr <i>Milward</i> informed me, that he had been -for some Years compiling <i>An Universal -History of Physic</i>. He expressed his Desire -of purchasing Mr <i>Beckett</i>’s Papers, and being -fully convinced, from his Learning and -Candour, that he would do Justice to the -<i>Author</i>’s Memory, I readily let him have -them. And Sir, that you, might in some -measure be apprized of Mr <i>Beckett</i>’s <span class="smcap">Plan</span>, -I have to this Volume prefixed his Introduction -to the Work.</p> - -<p class="ml30pc"> -<i>I Remain,<br /> -<br /> -  Honoured Sir,<br /> -<br /> -    Your Most Obliged,<br /> -<br /> -      And Obedient,<br /> -<br /> -        Humble Servant</i>,<br /> -<br /> -          <span class="smcap">E. Curll</span>.</p> - - - - -<p class="tac ls02em fs180 mt2em">INTRODUCTION</p> - -<p class="tac ls02em">TO THE</p> - -<p class="tac ls02em fs240">HISTORY</p> - -<p class="tac ls02em">OF</p> - -<p class="tac ls02em fs140"><span class="smcap">Physic</span> and <span class="smcap">Surgery</span>.</p> - -<p class="tac mrl5pc"><i>Concerning the Antient State of Learning, -and the Antiquity of the Practice of</i> Physic -<i>and</i> Surgery.</p> - - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt"><i>BRITAIN</i></em> has been very happy in -furnishing the World, in very early -Times, with a great Number of famous -and learned Men. Of the first Sort were -the <i>Druydæ</i>, who, it is said, had their -Original and Name from <i>Druys Sarronius</i> -the fourth King of the <i>Celts</i>, who died -<i>Anno Mundi</i> 2069. Next the <i>Bardi</i>, who -celebrated the illustrious Deeds of famous -Men, who had their Name from <i>Bardus -Druydus</i> the fifth King of the <i>Celts</i>. <i>Cæsar</i> -assures us, (and a noble Testimony it is) -that the Learning of the <i>Druydi</i>, was first -invented in <i>Britain</i>, and from thence transferred -to <i>France</i>; and that, in his Time, -those of <i>France</i> came over hither to be instructed. -A celebrated <i>German</i> Writer, as -quoted by Mr <i>Ashmole</i> in the Prolegomena -to his <i>Theat. Chem.</i> says, that when the -World was troubled with Pannonic Invasions, -<i>England</i> flourished in the Knowledge of all -good Arts, and was able to send her learned -Men into other Countries to propagate Learning: -And instances in <i>Boniface</i>, a <i>Devonshire</i> -Man, and <i>Willeboard</i>, a <i>Northern</i> -Man, which were sent into <i>Germany</i> for -those Purposes. Mr <i>John Leland</i>, a famous -Antiquary, in the Reign of King -<i>Henry</i> VII, who was excellently well acquainted -with our <i>British</i> Authors, assures -us, upon his own Knowledge, that we -have had a great Number of excellent Wits -and learned Writers, who, besides their -great Proficiency in Languages, were well -acquainted with the Liberal Sciences. And -Bishop <i>Nicholson</i>, in his Historical Library -says, I think we may without Vanity affirm, -that hardly any Kingdom in the -World has out-done <i>England</i>, either in the -Number or Goodness of her Authors; and -that even in the darkest Ages our Lamps -shone always as bright as any of our Neighbourhood. -When School-Divinity was in -Fashion, we had our <i>Doctores Subtiles</i>, <i>Irrefragabiles</i>, -<i>&c.</i> But as the History of -the Learning of this Nation in general is -not my present Design, I shall confine myself -more particularly to what relates to -Physic and Surgery. An Historical Account -of the Antiquity and Progress of -which Faculties, with the successive Improvements -they have received, has not -hitherto been attempted by any Hand. -And indeed the Difficulty which must attend -an Undertaking of this Nature, must -be very great, by reason of the little Knowledge -we are able to get, in this Kind, from -those Manuscripts which yet remain among -us. The ancient <i>Britains</i>, who went without -Cloaths, may be very well presumed to -live without Physic; but external Accidents -they must be liable to, as well in their Wars -as from other Causes; and History informs -us, they had Methods of Cure for such Misfortunes. -The <i>Saxons</i>, while they possessed -<i>England</i>, had their Leeches, a sort of Surgeons, -but very little skilled in Methodical -Practice. But under the <i>Normans</i> that -Science began to be much more improved. -About this Time the <i>Monks</i> and <i>Fryars</i>, -and others in Religious Orders, out of a pretended -Charity to their suffering Fellow-Creatures, -intruded themselves into the -Practice of Physic and Surgery, and continued -it many Years, notwithstanding the -Decree of the Council of <i>Tours</i> in 1163, -where Pope <i>Alexander</i> III. presided; which -forbids any Religious Persons going out of -their Cloisters, to hear the Lectures in Law -or Physic; and that it is absolutely forbidden, -that any Sub-Deacon, Deacon, or -Priest, exercise any Part of Surgery in which -actual Cauteries or Incisions are required. -Most of the Physicians who practised in -<i>England</i> about this Time, were likewise -well skilled in the Mathematics and other -Parts of Philosophy; but the Surgeons of -those Times were so much addicted to Astrology, -as make some Parts of their Writings -very obscure. After this both Physic -and Surgery began to flourish much more, -by the public Encouragement given very -early by many of our Kings to several of -the Practitioners in both Faculties, as will -appear by the List of our Kings Physicians -and Surgeons, to be inserted in it’s proper -Place. <i>Hector Boëtius</i> informs us, that -<i>Josina</i>, King of <i>Scotland</i>, who lived above -a hundred Years before our Saviour, well -understood the Nature of <i>Scotch</i> Plants, and -their Use in Physic and Chirurgery; and -<i>John Bale</i>, afterwards Bishop of <i>Ossory</i> in -<i>Ireland</i>, assures us, he wrote a Book, <i>de -Herbarum Viribus</i>. <i>Buchanan</i> relates, the -<i>Scotch</i> Nobility were anciently very expert -in Chirurgery, and it is particularly remarked -of <i>James</i> IV, King of <i>Scotland</i>, <i>Quod -vulnera scientissime tractaret</i>. It is said, -that when <i>Scribonius Largus</i> attended the -Emperor <i>Claudius</i> in his Expedition to <i>Britany</i>, -he wrote a <i>British</i> Herbal, or Description -of divers Plants in this Island. -And our most learned and famous King <i>Alfred</i>, -is said to have written a Book upon -Aristotle <i>de Plantis</i>. <i>Cinfrid</i>, a famous -Physician, is mentioned by that early Writer -<i>Venerable Bede</i>, in his <i>Histor. Ecclesiasticar.</i> -page 307, 308. And <i>Ernulphus</i>, another -eminent Physician, in the Time of <i>Nigellus</i>, -the second Bishop of <i>Ely</i>, is likewise recorded -in the <i>Anglia Sacra</i>, Vol. I. p. 625. -Many more Particulars might, in all Probability, -have been met with relating to -my present Design, had not one very great -Misfortune attended the Suppression of the -Abbies, which was the Destruction of a -prodigious Number of Manuscripts. <i>John -Bale</i>, before-mentioned, though an utter -Enemy to Popery and Monastic Institution, -remonstrates against this Piece of Barbarity, -in pretty strong Terms, to King <i>Edward</i> VI. -Covetousness, says he, was at that Time so -busy about private Commodity, that public -Wealth was not any where regarded. A -Number of them, which purchased those -superstitious Mansions, reserved of those -Library-Books, some to serve their Jacks, -some to scour their Candlestics, and some -to rub their Boots, and some they sold to -the Grocers and Soap-sellers, and some they -sent over Sea to the Book-binders, not in -small Numbers, but at Times whole Ships -full. Yea, the Universities of this Realm, -are not all clear in this detestable Fact: But -cursed is the Belly which seeketh to be fed -with so ungodly Gains, and so deeply -shameth his natural Country. I know, says -he, a Merchantman (which shall at this -time be nameless) that bought the Contents -of two noble Libraries for forty Shillings -Price; a Shame it is to be spoken. This -Stuff hath he occupied instead of gray Paper, -by the Space of more than these ten Years, -and yet he has Store enough for these ten -Years to come. A prodigious Example is -this, and to be abhorred of all Men, which -love their Nation as they should do. Yea, -what may bring our Nation to more Shame -and Rebuke, than to have it noised abroad, -that we are Despisers of Learning? I judge -this to be true, and utter it with Heaviness, -that neither the <i>Britons</i>, under the <i>Romans</i> -and <i>Saxons</i>, nor yet the <i>English</i> People under -the <i>Danes</i> and <i>Normans</i>, had ever such -Damage of their learned Monuments, as we -have seen in our Time. Our Posterity may -well curse this wicked Fact of our Age, this -unseasonable Spoil of <i>England’s</i> most noble -Antiquities. <i>Bale</i>’s Declaration upon <i>Leland</i>’s -Journal, published 1549. And Dr -<i>Thomas Fuller</i>, in his Church History, speaking -of the same Thing, tells us, Divinity -was prophaned, Mathematics suffered for -Correspondence with evil Spirits, Physic was -maimed, and a Riot committed on the Law -itself. However, notwithstanding this Devastation -which was then made among our -Manuscripts, our Colleges, and some of -our Libraries, will furnish us with a great -Number relating to almost all Parts of Learning: -Some of which, more especially the -most ancient ones, I shall here first give a -Catalogue of, and then some more modern -ones, confining myself to those which more -especially relate to Physic and Chirurgery. -And, first, we have in the <i>Norfolk</i> Library, -belonging to the Royal Society,</p> - -<p><i>Libellus de Arte Medicinali in Lingua -Pictica conscriptus</i>. And in Cottonian Library,</p> - -<p><i>Præcepta nonnulla Medicinalia; partim -& Divina ad dierum rationem Saxonice. -Galbe. A.</i> 2. 3. 1.</p> - -<p><i>Exorcismi quidam & Medicinalia; partim -Latine partim Saxonice. Galbe. A.</i> 2.</p> - -<p><i>Medicinalia quædam Saxonice & Latine -Vitel. B.</i> 3. 4.</p> - -<p><i>Herbarium, Latine & Hibernice ordine -Alphabetico. Vitel. F.</i> 14. 34.</p> - -<p><i>Tractatulus de Morbis, Latine & Hibernice -mutilis initio & fine</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Astronomica quædam & Medica Literis -Saxonicis Membr. in Corpus Christi Coll. in -Oxon.</i></p> - -<p><i>S. Dustan de Lapide Philosophorum.</i> In -the same College.</p> - -<p><i>Tractatus Botanicus in Lingua Cambro-Britannica.</i> -In Jesus Coll. Oxon.</p> - -<p><i>Medicinales Quæstiones Magistri Henrici -de Wynton super Isagogen Joannitii.</i> In -New College Library in Oxon.</p> - -<p><i>Liber Phlebotomiæ.</i> By the same Author, -in the same Library.</p> - -<p><i>Tractatus de effectibus quatuor Qualitatum, -secundum magistrum Ursonem.</i> In New -College Library.</p> - -<p><i>Practica Chirurgiæ. Tho. Sculling, continens -quatuor partes.</i> In New College -Library.</p> - -<p><i>Guilielmi Scoti Medici Watlingtoniensis -celeberrimi Liber de differenciis Urinarum.</i></p> - -<p><i>Joannis Ketham Chirurgia parva.</i></p> - -<p><i>De Virtutibus Herbarum & notabila -Chirurgica.</i></p> - -<p><i>Liber rerum Medicinalium quondam spectans -ad Pharmacopolam Edw. IV. Regis -Angliæ in quo continentur Medicamina quam -plurima pro Rege & Magnatibus præparata.</i> -In Mr <i>Hen. Worsley</i>’s Library.</p> - -<p><i>William de Pine</i>, his Chyrurgery.</p> - -<p>Receipts and Observations for curing Emrods, -Fistula’s, Leprosy, Aches in the -Joints, Tetters, Worms, Cramps, and <i>Noli -me tangere</i>, in a very ancient Hand. By -<i>Robert Williams</i> of <i>Cockwood</i>.</p> - -<p>A Treatise containing the whole Rules of -Physic and Surgery, <i>M. S. Vetus</i>. Formerly -in Dr <i>Tyson</i>’s Library.</p> - -<p>Medicines of Master <i>Willeam du Jordyne</i>, -given to King <i>Henry</i>, Regent and -Heuter of the Reume of <i>Fraunce</i>. In Mr -<i>Thoresby</i>’s Library.</p> - -<p>A approbat Treite for the Pestilence, -studied by the grettest Doctours of Fysick -amongs Thuniversitie of Cristen Nations yn -the Time of St <i>Tho.</i> of <i>Canterburie</i>. In -the same Library.</p> - -<p>A Book of Surgery, wrote in the Year -1392. Divided into three Parts. The first -of Anatomy. The second of Wounds, -Imposthumes, Dislocations, and Fractures -of Bones. The third, the Antidotary of -Surgery. Formerly in Dr <i>Tyson</i>’s Library.</p> - -<p>Friar <i>Theodore Chalk</i>’s Chirurgical Receipts, -on Vellum. Dedicated to Archbishop -<i>Valentine</i>.</p> - -<p>Here beginnen gud Medicenes for all -Yevels yat any man may have yat gud Leches -have drawn out of ye Bokes yet Galien -Aschipeus Ypocras hadden. For yai were -the best Leches yat were in ye World. On -Vellum, in my Possession.</p> - -<p>I proceed now to give an Account of some -of our early Writers, besides those already -mentioned. And first of <i>Maugantius</i>, who -was by Birth a <i>Briton</i>, a famous Physician -and Mathematician; who, says <i>Leland</i>, for -his eminent Learning, was made President -of a noble College (in those Days) of two -hundred Philosophers; which <i>Geofrey</i> of -<i>Monmouth</i> extols to the Skies, under the -Name of <i>Legionum Urbs</i>; which <i>Bale</i> supposes -to be <i>Chester</i>, excelling all other <i>British</i> -Cities, at that Time, in Wealth and -<i>Roman</i> Structures. This Place being most -pleasantly situated, Astrologers, and other -Artists, settled in it to observe the Motions -of the Stars, and undertook to forewarn -Mankind from the Comets, and certain Indications -of the Planets, what should -come to pass. Hence <i>Maugantius</i>, said to -be superior to all others in this Art, being -questioned by King <i>Vortiger</i>, whose chief -Physician he was, about the prodigious -Conception of <i>Ambrose Merlin</i>, after a Recital -of various Philosophical Reasons, did, -at length, it seems, give him Satisfaction -therein. This Person, who was the most -renowned Scholar of his Country, and who -is said to have composed several Books, -flourished in the Year of Christ 470, when -King <i>Vortiger</i> was much distressed by the -invading <i>Anglo-Saxons</i>. I have before observed, -that there were several Dignitaries -of the Papal Communion as well as those -of inferior Orders, besides the <i>Monks</i>, who -very early took upon them to practise Physic; -and that they were absolutely forbid to -exercise that Profession, by the <i>Roman</i> Assembly, -in 1139. Of this Sort was <i>Frabricius</i>, -or <i>Faricius</i>, as he is sometimes -written, who practised Physic not long before -this Time. He was the eighteenth -Abbot of the Monastery of <i>Abington</i> in -<i>Berkshire</i>; to whose Care <i>Godfrey de Vere</i> -committed himself, to be cured of a grievous -Disease he then laboured under; and, -as an Acknowledgment for the Care the -Abbot had taken of him, he bequeathed -to the Abbey before-mentioned, the Church -belonging to his Estate, in the Village of -<i>Kensington</i>, near <i>London</i>, with 240 Acres -of Land, <i>&c.</i> which was confirmed by -the King; a Copy of which Grant will be -given in the Antiquities of that Town, and -the History of it’s Abbey. This Abbot departed -this Life the VIIth of the Calends -of <i>March</i>, <i>Anno</i> 1117. Soon after him -flourished <i>Athelardus</i>, a Monk of <i>Bath</i>, -who was so diligent in searching out the -Mysteries and Causes of Natural Things, -that he deserves to be equalled with some -of the ancient Philosophers. Having a -very promising Genius, while very young, -and continuing, as he grew up, to improve -his Parts, and fit himself for great Affairs, -he left his native Soil, and, with much Alacrity, -went to visit foreign Parts. In his -Travels through <i>Egypt</i> and <i>Arabia</i>, having -found many Things he sought after, he -came Home again with good Fruit of his -Labours and Improvement of his Learning. -He was, without Dispute, in Philosophy, -Astronomy, Physic, Mathematics, and -Rhetoric, no ordinary Proficient. Some -of his Works he Dedicated to <i>Richard</i>, -Bishop of <i>Bayeux</i>: In the first Work he -treats of the Principles, Qualities, and Effects -of Natural Things, against the vain -Opinions of the old Philosophers. In the -Preface it appears, he wrote in the Year -1130, under the Reign of <i>Henry</i> I. I -might here enlarge upon the great Fame -and Merits of <i>John Giles</i>, a Native of St -<i>Albans</i>, who made such Progress in the -Study of Physic, that he was made Professor -of that Faculty at <i>Paris</i> and <i>Montpelier</i>, -and Physician to <i>Philip</i>, King of <i>France</i>. -After his Return to his own Country, he -was, according to <i>Matthew Paris</i>, consulted -by <i>Robert Grosthead</i>, the learned Bishop -of <i>Lincoln</i>, in his last Illness; of which he -died in 1253. He has written, <i>De re Medica</i>, -and <i>de Prognosticis</i>, and some other -Things. He flourished about the Year 1230, -in the Reign of King <i>Henry</i> III. <i>Hugh de -Eversham</i>, deserves in this Place to be remembred, -who was a Man of great Learning, -a Physician by Profession, and perhaps -the best of his Age. He was well -known in many Countries, being a great -Frequenter of the Universities. With the -severer Studies of his Art, he mingled the -pleasant Science of the Mathematics, and particularly -Geometry and Astronomy. This -made him known to many in <i>France</i> and -<i>Italy</i>, and among the rest, to Pope <i>Martin</i> -IV, who invited him, by Letters, to come -to him, and solve some Questions in Physic, -which were then newly started: Accordingly -he went without Delay, and performed -what was required readily and learnedly. He -published <i>Super Opere Febrium Isaac</i>. <i>Medicinales -Canones</i>. <i>Problemata quædam</i>, and -some other Things. He flourished the -Year 1281; when he was created Cardinal -Presbyter of St <i>Laurence</i>, by the said Pope -<i>Martin</i>, in the Reign of <i>Edward</i> I. He -is said to have died by Poison at <i>Rome</i>, <i>Anno</i> -1287; although <i>Cicæonius</i>, to palliate -this Matter, says he died of the Plague.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2> - -<a id="brain"></a> -<span class="hd6"><i>Chirurgical Remarks</i></span> - -<span class="hd1s">ON</span> - -<span class="hd4"><span class="smcap">A Wound</span> of the <span class="smcap">Head</span></span> - -<span class="hd1s"><em class="gesperrt">RECEIVED</em></span> -</h2> - - -<p class="tac mrl5pc">By a <span class="smcap">Child</span> from the Blow of a Cat-Stick -in throwing at a <span class="smcap">Cock</span> on Shrove Tuesday, -1709.</p> - - -<p class="tac">Addressed to <br /> -Mr <em class="gesperrt"><i>WILLIAM COWPER</i></em>, Surgeon.</p> - -<p class="ml1em"><em class="gesperrt"><i>SIR</i></em>,</p> - -<p class="dropcap1">I do not question but you have had the -Curiosity to read over a very <i>remarkable -Case in Surgery</i>, not only upon Account of -the Recommendation the Name of the <span class="nowrap">Author<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a></span> -gives it, but partly because I know you -have been for a long time of opinion, That -this Age wou’d distinguish it self by the Advances -that <i>Medicine</i> has, and will receive; -I need not observe, to a Man of your Capacity, -how just, according to my Opinion, -our Author has been in relating all the Particulars -of the Case he gives us the History -of: Nor need I intimate to you how peculiarly -the Prescriptions were adapted to the several -alterations that were observable in that little -Patient: I will only take the freedom to -make some Remarks on a considerable Circumstance, -which perhaps we shall find obstructed -so methodical a Procedure, in order -for a Cure.</p> - -<p>Our Author is of opinion, <i>That his Death -was owing to the effused Blood from some Vessel -upon the</i> Pia Mater, <i>which had been ruptured -by the Concussion or Shock of the said -Vessel, from the Force of the Blow; which -Blood pent in (for want of a Discharge) had -formed an Abscess, thereby deluging the Surface -of the Brain with Matter: And this, -tho’ continually draining off thro’ the Orifice -in the upper Membrane, yet some part thereof -lying beyond the Elastic Power of the said -Membrane to raise up, and out of the Reach -of Medicine to deterge and mundifie, was at -length imbibed by the Vessels, where missing the -Salutary Crisis, sometimes observed in the -Empieme and Pleuritic Cases, it was conveyed -by the Circulation to the Heart, and at length, -we are to suppose, somehow effected the Nervous -System, bringing on the fatal Spasm.</i></p> - -<p>Thus you see, <i>Sir</i>, how plain and consequential -the Account of the Child’s Death -is; but even here, I hope, I shall do no Injustice -to the Author, if I inform you, I -cannot perswade my self that the Matter was -imbibed by the Vessels, purely because <i>some -part thereof lay beyond the Elastic Power of -the</i> Dura Mater <i>to raise up, and out of the -Reach of Medicine to deterge and mundifie</i>, -as our Author’s Words are; but that it is -reasonable to believe, that some part of it -was reassumed by the Vessels, when it could -no longer discharge it self as before; for if -you will give your self the trouble of looking -back to the 32d Page, you will find, -that no sooner was the <i>Orifice choaked up by -a caked Matter</i>, but the mischievous Effects -of the Suppression of the Discharge soon began -to discover themselves by the Rigours -the Child was attended with; and we find -our Author soon after fearful of such a thing.</p> - -<p>By this we may see how circumspect we -ought always to be, lest we interrupt the -Design of Nature when she is about to expel -any morbifick Matter, the ill Effects that -attend it oftentimes discovering themselves -after different Manners; We look upon a -continued Discharge of Matter to be, as it -were, a natural Evacuation, and that it’s immediate -Stoppage, without other Means, being -made use of to divert and evacuate it, to -be succeeded by a greater Fulness and Distention -of all the Vessels, as is observable upon -the Suppression of the <i>Menses</i>, <i>Hemorrhoides</i>, -or <i>insensible Transpiration</i>, there is -this Difference to be observed that the ill Accidents -that attend the Stoppage of the Discharge -of Matter are not so much owing to -the Distention and Plenitude of the Vessels, -but according to the ill Quality of it, ’tis -disposed to render the Patient feverish more -or less, which is generally ushered in by Rigours, -and sometimes succeeded by Spasmodic -Contractions.</p> - -<p>For a further Illustration of this, we will -take the liberty to relate the Case of a Man -of about Forty Years of Age, who was for -a considerable time incommoded in his Business, -by reason of a violent Contusion he -had received on the Upper-part of his Left -Arm, a little below the Shoulder: After -some time it was succeeded by an Apostemation, -upon the opening of which I was -informed, a considerable Quantity of Matter -discharged, which was not of any ill Colour -or Smell, the Matter continuing to make -its Exit the same way for several Weeks, at -length formed a <i>Sinus</i>, which might be -easily traced to the Upper and Fore-part of -the <i>Os Humeri</i>. The external Orifice of -this was endeavoured to be dilated, but it -not only put the Patient to a great deal of -Pain, but pent in the Matter, and caused -the contiguous Parts to tumifie very much. -About this time the Axillary Glands began -to swell and pain him, and by their Pressure -on the Limphaticks the whole Arm became -Oedematous; soon after some part of the -Matter made it’s way out under the Arm, -upon which it almost ceased to flow from the -<i>Sinus</i> on the upper-part of it. In short, upon -this the Patient found himself very much -indisposed, he lost his Appetite, was attended -with Shiverings, became feverish, and at -length died violently convulsed.</p> - -<p>On Dissection we found the Surface of -the Lungs to be interspersed with blackish -Specks, the left Lobe adhered to the <i>Pleura</i>, -and the <i>Pericordium</i> contained a much -greater Quantity of Liquor than usual, -though its Colour was natural. The Right -Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart were -very much distended, and the Diameter of -the <i>Arteria Pulmonaris</i> considerably enlarged: -on the Division of the Integuments of -the Abdomen, a very large Quantity of yellowish -fœtid Matter discharged it self, -which was somewhat viscid; we found that -the Intestines floated in this, for the Abdomen -was full of it. In the lower-part of the -Concave Side of the Liver there was a very -large Abscess discovered, which contained a -Fluid of the same Colour and Consistence -with that which we took notice of before. -There was an Orifice in the lower part of -the Abscess capable of admitting the End of -one’s Finger; by which, without doubt, -Matter discharged it self into the Abdomen. -The Spleen was of a very odd Figure: On -it’s convex Side there were a Multitude of -Streaks, that proceeded from all Parts of it, -and centered in one Point, which proceeded -only from the Disposition of the Fibres -of it’s internal Membrane. It was almost -full of Blood, which in the middle was corrupted, -and stank abominably. After it -was cleared from the contiguous Parts to -which it adhered, and taken out of the -Body, it weighed four Pounds and a half.</p> - -<p>There might have been something more -observable upon the Dissection of this Body, -but the short time that was allotted for it -did not give us an Opportunity of making -that strict Enquiry as seemed to be necessary. -<i>Blancard</i>. in his <i>Anat. Pract. Rationalis</i>, -<i>p. 252</i>. has much such an Observation as -this which we have related. See likewise -<i>Schenckius</i>, <i>Lib.</i> 3. <i>Obs</i> 26. But I do not -doubt, <i>Sir</i>, but you have made some curious -Remarks on Cases of this Nature, tho’ -I am pretty positive you will agree with me -in this, That the immediate Cause of the -Death of the Person we have been speaking -of, was the giving a sudden Check to the -Discharge of the Matter. It was the Work -of Nature in this Case (and what she was -endeavouring to perform) to disburden herself -of those disproportionate and offensive -Particles, which by their Continuance in -the Body would but have occasioned an irregular -Motion of the Fluids, and consequently -a Discomposure of it’s whole Frame: -For the animal Body being nothing else but -a Congeries of Canals, filled with different -Liquors, it must necessarily suffer very much, -and it’s Actions be irregular, if any Heterogeneous -Particles become incorporated therewith. -We must here allow, that in Discharges -of Matter of a long Continuance, -sometimes the Diameters of the Fibres and -Vessels may be so much enlarged, that the -nutritious Juices may be thrown out with -the other, and so occasion a general Emaciation: -But this may be easily rectified at the -Beginning, without Detriment to the Patient, -by making use of some spirituous and -moderately astringent Remedies, to recover -the natural Tone of the too lax Fibres and -Vessels, and give the Matter a proper Consistence. -It is to be observed in such Cases as -these are, that the Part from whence the -Matter discharges, if it be the Leg or -Thigh, first loses it’s former Fulness and -Dimensions, tho’ soon after there appears an -Emaciation of the whole Body. Such an -Abscess as we discovered in the Liver of the -Person before mentioned, we are inclined to -believe might have been found in the Child, -had the Abdomen been dissected; for several -Authors have assured us, it has frequently -been observed to be the Consequent of Fractures -of the Skull, tho’ I am apt to believe -it never happens, but when the Matter has -received a Check in it’s Discharge.</p> - -<p>I shall now take the Liberty to observe, -that the imprudent Application of Repellents -to some Tumours, and inconsiderate -Healing of old Ulcers, with the unhappy -Method of Procedure, in order to the Cure -of some Diseases, very often discover themselves, -by their being succeeded by very ill -Effects. <i>Non tamen in omnibus Huxionibus -repellentia adhibere licet,</i> (says <i>Sennertus</i>) -<i>Partibus ignobilibus, præcipue iis, ad quas -natura interdum humores protrudere solet, ut -sunt Glandulæ post aures, & in collo, sub -axillis, in inguinibus adhibenda non sunt, ne -humor ex iis repulsus ad partes principes & -nobiles feratur.</i></p> - -<p>The same Author informs us in his <i>Paralipom.</i> -<i>ad lib.</i> 5. <i>Pract. Med.</i> of a Boy, -fourteen Years of Age, that died upon the -Accession of an Epileptic Fit, which was -caused by the striking in of the Scab by the -imprudent Use of Liniments. And <i>Baglivi</i> -allows, that the irregular Cure of the same -Disease may be succeeded by a Spitting of -Blood, an Apoplexy, Dropsy, lingering Fevers, -<i>&c.</i> The Healing of old Ulcers, without -having a Respect to those Circumstances -that ought to precede such an Undertaking, -generally lays the Foundation for a Train -of mischievous Accidents; for the Patient -soon begins to be sensible of an Unactiveness -of the whole Body, is sleepy, has a -weak Digestion, Head-ach, and is feverish, -which is attended with very profuse Night-Sweats; -and these we have several times -observed to be the Forerunners of the Patient’s -Death, though sometimes all these ill -Accidents may be prevented by an Imposthumation -in some part of the Body or other.</p> - -<p>Now to account for such remarkable Alterations, -in such Subjects, we are obliged -to take notice, that here is the Suppression of -the Evacuation of a Humour, that had been -constantly discharged for a long time; and -this, we have before observed, will cause a -greater Fulness and Distention of all the Vessels. -Now the Quantity of the Blood being -very much encreased by the Addition of -this viscid Juice, the Celerity of its Motion -must be considerably abated, upon which -Account it will enlarge the Diameters of the -Vessels, by relaxing their Coats, and pass -with so great a Difficulty through the Capillary -Vessels, that if it arrive at any Part -where the Fibres have lost their due Tensity -and Spring, it is disposed to stagnate, and -produce an Imposthumation. If this does -not happen, as the Motion of the Blood -continues to be very languid, the Quantity -of Spirits filtrated in the Brain will be less -upon two Accounts: <i>First</i>, Because as the -Blood moves more slowly, all the Parts of -the Body through which it circulates, will -receive a much less Quantity of it in a given -Time, than they must have done, had it -moved with a greater Celerity. <i>Secondly</i>, -The Viscidity of the Blood, together with -it’s Motion diminished will lessen the Quantity -of Spirits, according to the 20th and 22d -of Dr <i>Wainright</i>’s Propositions of Animal -Secretion.</p> - -<p>Now this being so, it is no wonder to observe -such an Inactivity of the Parts, Sleepiness, -weak Digestion, <i>&c.</i> to attend a Person -under such Circumstances: For the -Quantity of Spirits being so much diminished, -the Parts can never be sufficiently -influenced by them to perform their respective -Functions with that Force as usual. To -this we may add, that they are in a great -measure deprived of their Power and Spring, -and Sensation in general is not near so strong -and lively. From hence it is evident, that -when Nature has found a Passage whereby -she may disburden herself of any excrementitious -Humours, we ought for a considerable -time to give proper Internals, and make -use of some other Method, as by Issues, or -such like, whereby we may divert the -Course of the Matter, which, if I may so -say, has been so long together determined -to pass the same way. Beside this Advantage -which will accrue by that Method, there may -be near the same Quantity of Humours evacuated; -and so those unhappy Accidents, -will be prevented, and the Ulcer cured.</p> - -<p>I am perswaded, that it is not without a -great deal of Difficulty that we can sometimes -divert the Tendency of Humours to a -Part; and I can bring several Instances of -Sores that have been healed, where the suppressed -Matter has discovered it self, by an -Aposthume near the Place where the Sore -was, a short time after it had been healed.</p> - -<p><i>Fælix Wurtz</i>, who was a very judicious -Surgeon, informs us, That it sometimes -happens, that in a little time after a Patient -has been cured of a Wound of the -Head, he feels violent Pains there, which -indicates that Matter is collected in the -Part. He adds, That many die of it, by -reason the Cause is not understood by some -Surgeons. This Remark proves, that the -Wounds were not kept open long enough, -or else that the Surgeon acted imprudently -in not making use of proper Means to divert -the Tendency of the Humours to that Part; -not but it will abundantly more easily happen -to those Parts that are depending, and -where the Weight of the viscid Fluid will -incline it to settle.</p> - -<p>I knew a lusty Fellow, about twenty five -Years of Age, that had an Ulcer on the internal -Ancle of his left Leg near twelve -Years: It had been cured three or four -times, but he always found himself very -much indisposed after it, till it broke out -again, and the Matter had a free Discharge: -At length, upon his coming from Sea, it was -healed again, upon which he was seized -with a violent Pain in his Head, Loss of -Appetite, which the next Day was succeeded -by a violent Fever and Looseness. His -Physician ordered, among other Things, a -large Blister-Plaister, to be applyed to the -Leg on which the Ulcer had been. The -Patient recovered; but what was very observable, -was, that the Sore the Blister-Plaister -had made terminated in an ugly Ulcer, -which would not heal, though various Applications -were made use of. If Nature had -been in this Case compelled, as it were, and -forced to a Compliance in the healing of this -Ulcer, it is probable the Matter would have -been thrown upon another Part, and so occasioned -a Disease there.</p> - -<p>By this we may see how cautious we -ought to be not to proceed in a Method contrary -to the Dictates of Nature; for if we -do, we consequently disturb her regular -Motions, upon which she oftentimes commences -a new Work, which, if it does not -tend to the Subversion of the whole Oeconomy, -there ensues a Permutation of the -Disease, by the Translation of the Matter -from one Part to another.</p> - -<p>It would be impossible to recount all the -obscure Motions Nature makes use of to -accomplish such Ends: We will only mention -some where the Disease has been perfectly -changed from what it was before by -such Methods. <i>Mear</i> gives us an Instance -of a Dropsie of the Breast, which succeeded -an ill-cured Hydrocele. <i>Hildanus</i> observes, -that an inveterate Ulcer of the left -Leg being unhappily healed up, the Patient -died of a Pleurisy some Months after.</p> - -<p>To this I may add an Observation of a -Man that had an old Ulcer on each Leg, -which being attempted to be cured, as the -Matter gradually lessened, he was deprived -of his Sight. There was no Alteration to -be observed in the Eyes of this Person, but -only a Dilatation of the Pupils, as is generally -observed in a <i>Gutta Serena</i>, which was -judged to be his Case. In short, upon the -running of the Sores, though he had been -perfectly blind, he effectually recovered his -Sight again.</p> - -<p>I will not tire you, <i>Sir</i>, with the Recital -of any more Cases of this Nature. What -has been hitherto said, I hope is sufficient to -incline you to believe, that the immediate -Cause of the Death of the Child I spoke of -in the former part of the Letter was the -Suppression of the Matter, which had continued -to discharge in such large Quantities -so long together. And that such a sudden -Stoppage of a Discharge of Matter may procure -a Patient’s Death, though the Symptoms -that proceed may be different. I have -likewise shewn the Difficulty there is in Diverting -the Tendency of the Matter to a -Part, and mentioned how one Disease is -sometimes converted into another: But of -what Use these Remarks may be I leave -you to judge. To me it seems reasonable -enough to suppose, that as a regular Method -of Practice is not the Effect of a Man’s Sagacity, -but the Product of repeated Experiences, -every thing that occurs may tend, by -a proper Application, to the Illustration of -the Art. What else has made some Men so -famous for their Prognosticks? Had not our -great Master <i>Hippocrates</i> a Respect to the -Suppression of the Discharge of Matter -from Ulcers, when he expressed himself -thus, <i>Ulcus lividum & siccum, aut cum -virore pallidum lethale est?</i> And this we -have known to be true in several Cases.</p> - -<p>Well then, does not this sufficiently -prove, that where we have Cause to fear a -Suppression of the Discharge, we ought to -remove any Impediment that may embarass -Nature in her Work, and advise a proper -Method to promote the precipitating the -morbific Matter? For so shall we, by joining -our Forces with those of Nature, still -keep her in due Course; and that when she -is grown languid, and departing from her -former Measures.</p> - -<p>You must excuse me, if I digress a little -to take notice of an Observation that some -Authors have made, <i>viz.</i> That from a dangerous -Fracture of the Skull, after Death -the Liver has been often found impostumated. -They have been likewise very sollicitous -to know which way the Matter could -be conveyed to so remote a <i>Viscus</i>; but it -would be needless for me to offer what has -been said in this Case, because it seems to -be evident enough, that a Part of it is reassumed -by the Vessels; which, with that -should have been discharged from the Mass -of Blood, is by the Circulation deposited in -that Part. But here we may start a considerable -Problem, which is, How comes it -to pass that the Morbific Matter if it’s Discharge -is suppressed, is thrown upon the -Liver rather than any other Part? In order -to the Solution of this, we ought to consider, -That the Spleen is subservient to the Liver -in performing its Office, by giving the Blood -a Check in it’s Progress, whereby it’s Velocity -is lessened; otherwise so thick a Juice as -the Bile could not be separated from it. Now -the Motion of the Blood being rendered -abundantly slower in this Part, it is no wonder -that the Morbific Particles separate themselves -from it, while the Filtration is carrying -on, and by their Assemblage form an -Abscess in the Part.</p> - -<p>You may perhaps expect, <i>Sir</i>, that I -should make an Apology to excuse the -Length of my Letter; but I assure you, the -Pleasure I have taken in writing it would -oblige me to make it of a larger Extent, if -I did not find I should be forced to take notice -of some things, which may perhaps -have a Place elsewhere. I have only this to -add, that if through the little time I have -taken to write it in, I have in any part -omitted to pay that Respect as is due to you, -I shall very readily ask your Pardon. In -the mean time I must own my self to -be,</p> - -<p class="tar"><i>Your very much obliged Servant</i>,</p> - -<p class="tar fs140">W<sup>m</sup>. Beckett.</p> - -<p><i>Southwark</i>,<br /> -<i>Aug</i>. 22, 1709.</p> - - - -<hr class="r30" /> - -<p class="tac fs140 ls02em">OF A</p> - -<p class="tac fs280">Wound of the Brain</p> - -<p class="tac fs240">By a <em class="gesperrt"><i>BULLET</i></em>.</p> - -<p class="tac fs160">To the <span class="smcap">Same</span>.</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">IF</em> you remember, <i>Sir</i>, in the History -of the <i>Child’s Case</i>, which I have before -mentioned, it was observed, that notwithstanding -the violent Pressure upon the -Brain, by the depressed Pieces of the fractured -Skull; yet the little Patient laboured -under no worse Symptom, than a Head-ach, -and was in a Condition to walk about the -Chamber. This was really very remarkable; -but if you will be pleased to give your self -the Trouble of reading the following Account, -I do not question but you will meet -with something much more surprizing.</p> - -<p>On <i>November</i> the 4th, 1707, it happened, -that during an Engagement between -a small <i>English</i> Vessel and a <i>French</i> Privateer, -near <i>Margate</i>, one of our Men was -unfortunately wounded by a <i>Bullet</i>, which -past through the middle of the <i>Os Frontis</i>. -The Surgeon aboard the Ship immediately -enlarged the Wound, by making an Incision -through the Integuments, but could -not discover the Bullet; whereupon he dressed -him up, and the same Day being set -ashore, he was dispatched for <i>London</i>. On -<i>Thursday</i> the 6th Day of the same Month, -he arrived, having walked much the greater -part of the way in that time, which is about -66 Miles; the same Day his Surgeon endeavoured -to extract some Pieces of the -Bone, which discovered themselves through -that Aperture which was made by the Bullet, -but without Success; for they consisted -chiefly of the internal Table, which were -much larger than the Hole in the external: -Upon this the Wound was immediately -drest up, and a second Attempt was made a -Day or two after; but it proved as successless -as the former. In the mean time, the -Patient continued to be very hearty and -well, and seemed to be no more indisposed -than if he had only received a slight Wound -of the Head. The opening the Skull with -the Trepan was proposed, and which would -probably have been put in Practice in a Day -or two’s time: But on the Sabbath-Day -Morning following, after he had rested well -all Night, he was seized with such violent -convulsive Motions as were very surprizing; -during which he expired. The Body being -laid on a Table to be dissected, all it’s Parts -appeared so prodigiously inflated, that the -Person, when a live, being one of the largest -Stature, it seemed perfectly monstrous. A -Puncture being made in any Part through -the Integuments, there was nothing discharged -but a subtile Matter or Air; immediately -after which the Part subsided, -though before on a Compressure of the Fingers -it would receive such an Impression as -is observed in Oedematous Tumours; but -it would suddenly return to it’s former State. -The Surface of several of the Parts appeared -livid and vesicated. The Skull being -opened, the Bullet dropped out of the Brain, -all the Fore-part of which was corrupted, -and abounded with a thick yellowish Juice, -of a very offensive Smell; there were two -or three very large Pieces of the inner Table -of the Skull, with some smaller that were -found among the lacerated Membranes, and -lodged in the corrupted Brain.</p> - -<p>This Case is so particular, that it may not -be amiss if we make some Reflections on -it.</p> - -<p>We are very well assured, <i>Sir</i>, that it -has been a Matter of very great Surprize to -several ingenious Men, to consider how the -various Operations of the Body have continued -to be performed, when those Parts -which were so absolutely necessary to the -Well-being of the Animal, have been naturally -or accidentally disordered to such a degree, -as to suffer a perfect Confusion of their -Parts: And of this we find Variety of Instances -in those Authors, who have very -obligingly applied themselves to relate the -Histories of deceased morbid Bodies. But -that the Brain it self, which is the very -Source and Principle of all Animal Functions, -should, after it has undergone such a Violation -as we have observed, continue several -Days without incommoding the Person in -the least respect, is really very remarkable; -for if we do but consider what an absolute -Necessity there is for a constant Supply of -Animal Spirits, to empower the Parts to -perform their mechanical Actions, and at -the same time reflect on the Disorder and -Corruption of that Part, whose Office it was -to secrete a sufficient Quantity of those -Spirits, we might very reasonably expect a -considerable Alteration in the whole Body. -One might very well think, that from the -Deficiency of Spirits that would ensue, the -Parts could no longer continue to perform -their Actions, but must gradually lose their -Power and Spring, and at length become in -a manner destitute of Motion: For we can -scarce perswade our selves, that Nature in -this Case is so provident as to suffer the -<i>Cerebellum</i> and <i>Medulla Spinalis</i> to filtrate -the Spirits in a greater Quantity, that -they might supply the Exigencies of the -Body.</p> - -<p>There still remains some considerable <i>Phænomena</i> -to be accounted for, as the convulsive -Motions, the prodigious Inflation of the -Body, <i>&c.</i> As to the former, it may be -perhaps accountable from the violent Conflict -we may imagine to have happened on -the mutual Engagement of the Juice that -was found so plentiful in the corrupted -Brain, and that which had undergone no -Alteration from it’s original Purity. Add to -this, that the Animal Spirits in the Nerves -receiving some ill Impressions by the Accession -of some of those impure Particles, -could no longer sally out upon the Command -of the Will to any particular Part, but must -consequently so irritate the Nerves, as to -cause their Extremities to contract themselves; -upon which Account the Blood becomes -imprisoned in the muscular Fibres, -which abridging their Length by enlarging -their Diameters, the Parts must necessarily -suffer involuntary Contractions: At the same -time those minute Capillary Extremities, -which terminated in the Miliary Glands, -were probably so contracted, or crispt up, -as perfectly to close the Orifices of the excretory -Ducts of those Glands, which are -the only sudatory Pores: By this means all -that vast Quantity of Matter which is usually -discharged by insensible Transpiration, became -imprisoned underneath the Integuments -of the Body, and so distended all its -Parts to such a prodigious Degree, as was -observed. This Constipation of the excretory -Ducts, and crisping up of the Extremities -of the Nerves, might likewise have a -considerable Effect on the small Branches of -the Arteries and Veins which accompanied -them; for by this means the Blood they -contained might be obliged to stagnate in -the Glands, which must occasion an Enlargement -of the Diameters of those minute -Vessels; and so the livid Colour which -was extended on several Parts might be probably -procured: Besides this, the Blood being -in such a comprest State, some of its -more fluid Parts might be exprest from it, -which lodging underneath the <i>Cuticula</i>, -might make the Parts appear to be vesicated; -there is nothing more certain, than -that Animal Bodies perspire after Death; or -that the perspirable Matter continues to pass -off as long as the Body retains any Warmth. -This is confirmed by an Experiment of Sir -<i>Thomas Browne</i>, in his <i>Pseudodoxica Epidemica</i>, -where he tells us, That “upon exactly -weighing and strangling a Chicken in -the Scales, upon an immediate Ponderation -he could discover no sensible Difference -in Weight; but suffering it to lie 8 -or 10 Hours, till it grew perfectly cold, -it weighed most sensibly lighter. The -like, says our Author, we attempted and -verified in Mice, and performed their -Trials in Scales that would turn upon the -8th or 10th part of a Grain.”</p> - -<p class="ml60pc"> -<i>I am, Sir</i>,<br /> -<br /> -<i>  Yours</i>, &c.<br /> -<br /> -    W. B. -</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2> - -<a id="cancer"></a> -<span class="hd1s">NEW</span> - -<span class="hd3s">DISCOVERIES</span> - -<span class="hd1s">CONCERNING</span> - -<span class="hd2s">CANCERS.</span> -</h2> - -<p class="tac fs120"><em class="gesperrt">ADDRESSED TO</em></p> - -<p class="tac fs260"><i>Charles Bernard</i>, Esq;</p> - -<p class="tac fs180">Serjeant-Surgeon,</p> - -<p class="tac fs120"><em class="gesperrt">AND</em></p> - -<p class="tac fs140">Surgeon in Ordinary, to Her Majesty Queen</p> - -<p class="tac fs140"><em class="gesperrt"><i>ANNE</i></em>.</p> - -<p class="ml1em"><em class="gesperrt"><i>SIR</i></em>,</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">I LOOK</em> upon it as a peculiar Happiness, -to live in an Age when Men of our -Profession consider, that as the Art is -capable of receiving daily Improvements; -useful Discoveries, confirmed by Experiments, -ought to receive the joint Concurrence of their -good Wishes; notwithstanding, they may -contradict an Opinion that has been almost -universally received. These we shall always -find, are the Gentlemen who in opposition -to those Bigots whose Tempers discover them -to be the Votaries of a few opinionative Men, -endeavour to guide their Judgments by Reason, -backed with judicious Observations, and -whatever Arguments are produced, will -never go about to controul Matters of Fact. -It is a grand Truth that Necessity gave Being -to <i>Physick</i> and <i>Surgery</i>, and Experience is the -only Way to bring them to Perfection; but -it is much to be lamented by them that are -Well-Wishers to those Arts that the Persons -which are perhaps capable of advancing -them most, devote themselves so much to -speculative Fictions (the Effects of teeming -Brains) that some have pretended with a magisterial -Air to dictate, even to Experience itself. -In such a Case it would be needless to -go about to offer Arguments sufficient to disengage -their Inclinations, Time only must -discover to them their Error, when it makes -them sensible they have, to no Purpose, persisted -in the Pursuit of frivolous Niceties; -for in reality, the Benefit of Mankind in -general is deduced from Practical Truths. -The Thoughts of this are sufficient to inspire -every generous Soul with an ardent Desire -of discovering something that may be of so -universal an Advantage: As for my own -Part, I was not animated to concern my self -in the Undertaking I have engaged in, by a -Prospect of gaining that Honour that is often -liberally bestowed on those that mint new -<i>Hypotheses</i>, or make new Discoveries; my -only Design was to inform my self, whether -some of those Diseases, which are generally -reputed incureable, are not actually in themselves -curable, and by this means to wipe off -a Reproach which has been cast on Nature, -when in reality it proceeds only from our -own Weakness, and the Infirmity of our -Art. A diligent Application to those Distempers -which baffle us most, has been frequently -recommended by very reputable Authors, -and some of those who have obliged -us with the Histories of <i>Diseased Persons</i>, -have very often mentioned considerable Cures, -which have been happily performed after the -Patients have been looked upon by some as incurable. -<i>Hippocrates</i> tells us, <i>Lib.</i> 2 <i>Aph.</i> -52. <i>Si Medico secundum rectam Rationem -Facienti, Curatio non statim succedat, non est -tamen mutanda Methodus, quamdiu id restat -quod à Principio visum est.</i> I am fully persuaded -that most Practitioners in <i>Surgery</i> -have at some Time or other, by an industrious -Application, been successfull where -Art could not warrant a Cure. As to the -<i>Disease</i> I propose to make the chief Subject -of this Letter, tho’ it be generally branded -with the Character of Incurable, I must -freely own I never could discover any thing -essential to it in general that should make it -so; it is true, there are many <i>Diseases</i> that -are not to be cured, where certain Circumstances -are conjoined, which very much contribute -to the Misfortune; tho’ Others of -the same <i>Class</i> exempt from those Adherents -may, perhaps, be happily enough cured; -Thus for Instance. In <i>Cancers</i> we have but -little Reason to expect a Cure in a Person -that is old, if the <i>Cancer</i> has been of many -Years standing, and is firmly fixed to the -Ribs; but if the Patient be not so far advanced -in Years as to be uncapable of receiving -the Benefit of Nature by the regular -Discharge of the <i>Menses</i> and the <i>Cancer</i> be loose; -notwithstanding, it be Ulcerated, over-spread -with fungous Flesh, discharge a filthy Matter, -and smell very offensively; we do upon -Experience affirm that such a Patient may -be cured. We must own we cannot be of -the Opinion of the <i>Paracelsians</i>, who affirm -there is no <i>Disease</i> but what is curable in any -Patient, for the Reason we have given; nor -can we with the <i>Galenists</i>, agree that the -<i>Gout</i>, <i>Dead-palsie</i>, <i>Stone</i>, <i>Cancer</i>, &c. are -<i>Diseases</i> absolutely incurable; because Experience -discovers the contrary. We find -that Mr <i>Boyle</i> is of the same Opinion, and -thinks it were no ill Piece of Service to Mankind, -if a severe Collection were made of -the Cures of such Persons as have been judged -irrecoverable by the <i>Doctors</i>; that Men might -no longer excuse their own Ignorance by the -Impotency of Nature, and bare the World in -Hand, as if the Art of <i>Physick</i> and their Skill, -were of the same Extent. There seems to -be one very effectual Way to rescue the medicinal -Art from the Aspersions of some bold -Persons; and that is that of a certain Number -of regular Practitioners in <i>Physick</i> and <i>Surgery</i>, -each of them should apply himself to the -Study of one particular <i>Disease</i>: By this means -we should soon find they would be capable -of surmounting those Difficulties that have -all along baffled the most Judicious of the -general Practicers. How odd, and disagreeable -this Opinion may seem to some Men I -know not; but I assure you, <i>Sir</i>, I find it of -a very ancient Date; for <i>Herodotus</i>, a <i>Greek -Historian</i> informs us, that before his Time, -the <i>Physicians</i> in <i>Egypt</i> used to apply themselves -to the Study and Advancement of one -<i>Disease</i> in particular. <i>Baricellus</i>, and <i>Lionardo -di Capoa</i>, observe the same likewise, in -Relation to the Practice of <i>Physick</i> in that -Country. <i>Baglivi</i>, in the Scheme he lays -down for erecting of Colleges for the Improvement -of <i>Physick</i>, tells us, that every Fellow -of his Literate Society must have one <i>Disease</i> -allotted him for the Task of his whole Life; -and which elsewhere he says is not sufficient -for the illustrating the Province of one <i>Disease</i>; -but that we lie under a Necessity of -taking in Materials from all Hands. But there -is no Man that we know of, has spoke more -agreeably of this Matter than Dr <i>Harris</i>, -in his <i>Pharmacologia Anti-Empirica</i>, he -owns that he took more than ordinary Pains -in one particular <i>Disease</i>, and assures us he -verily believes if learned Men, after a compleat -Acquisition of the universal Method of -<i>Physick</i>, and a necessary Search into the Nature -and Cures of those manifold Infirmities -and Diseases, which, with a kind of infinite -Variety, do afflict Mankind, would, with -their utmost Vigour and Resolution, prosecute -the Knowledge of some one <i>Disease</i> -eminently above others; they would, most -certainly, find a particular Providence attending -and assisting them in so good and -honest a Design. He adds, a few Pages farther, -that wherever a Man’s Thoughts are -intent and fixed, wherever his Genius does -naturally incline, and all his Aims and Application -do continually tend, whether it be -to pertinent or insignificant Matters; -whether it be to useful, or else meerly curious -Things; if he has but tolerable Parts, -and Education corresponding, he can hardly -ever miss; it is hardly possible he should miss -the becoming Eminent, and in great Measure -perfect, (I mean perfect (says he) according -to the Modulum of Human Capacity) -in that one Point. But there is one -Thing to be recommended to the Consideration -of the Person, who takes upon him -the Enquiry into the Nature of one particular -<i>Disease</i>, which perhaps he might be very -liable to err in, if not cautioned against; -and that is, that he be not too bold and rash -in his Attempts; for, as <i>Galen</i> says, <i>The</i> Physician’s -<i>Art is not like that of an</i> Artificer, <i>who -may make what Experiments he pleases, to satisfy -his Curiosity; because if he spoils the Materials -he works on, no Body is endangered by -the Miscarriage: In Corpore autem humane</i> -(adds he) <i>ea tentare quæ non sunt Experientium -comprobata Periculo non vacat, cum temerariæ -Experientiæ Finis sit totius Animantis internecio</i>. -I believe we shall find that one of the -grand Reasons, why Persons, generally -speaking, have been so negligent in making -any Attempts on <i>Cancers</i>, has been the seeming -Discouragement they have all along met with -from Authors. The Caution <i>Hypocrates</i> has -given us in his Thirty eighth <i>Aphor. Sect.</i> 6. -has scarce been omitted by any one considerable -Person that has wrote of this Subject, tho’ -perhaps the Sentence has often had an Exposition -put upon it, contrary to the Author’s -Meaning; but of this, more in it’s proper -Place. I proceed now to give an Idea of <i>Cancers</i> -in the Breast from an external Cause; -and this I shall do without concerning my -self with the Opinion of the Ancients; for -since we have been so happy as to live in an -Age which will be remarkable for the many -surprising Discoveries which have been made -in <i>Anatomy</i>: We should be reckoned unworthy -the Advantages we enjoy, if we did not -study to apply them to the Benefit of Mankind -in general. The more inquisitive and -learned Part of the World, are at this time -very well assured that the Animal Body is an -exquisitely framed Machine, and that it’s -Composure is little else than a Compages of -branching and winding Canals, which are -kept to a moderate Degree of Extention, -by Fluids of different Natures; and that the -Motions of these were first determined by the -divine Architect: Thus in a natural State, -the whole <i>Fabrick</i> is governed by certain Laws -impressed on the Fluids; and we often find -the unhappy Consequences of the Discomposure -of a Part, to discover themselves first -by an Interruption of the Motion of the animal -Juices. Thus in a <i>Cancer</i> of the Breast -which proceeds from a Blow or Bruise (as -upon strict Enquiry we have found they most -commonly do) is it not probable that by such -means a Confusion of the true Order of the -little Glandulous Grains and their excretory -Ducts may happen? and at the same time an -extravasated <i>Lympha</i> may lodge in such a spungy -Texture, which in time becoming viscid, -will coalesce with the Glandular Substance, -and form a <i>Mass</i> considerably compact? Now -this being so, it is reasonable to believe that as the -Lymphatic Juice continues its Motion till it -arrives at the indurated Part, its Passage must -be embarrassed there; upon which, it will soon -be qualified for an Union with the remaining -Part of the glandulous Substance of the -Breast; and so the whole be perfectly changed -from what it was before. This <i>Hypothesis</i> -is in a great Measure grounded on Experiments; -for if we express a Juice from some -of the <i>Cancerous Mass</i>, and hold some of it -in a Spoon over a Fire, there immediately -flys off a small Vapour, and the Remainder -hardens not unlike the white of an Egg boiled; -this shows it to have the Properties of the -<i>Lympha</i>; for the Chymical <i>Analysis</i> of that -Liquor assures us it is a Composition of a great -deal of fixt <i>Sulphur</i>, a little <i>Volatile</i>, some -<i>Phlegm</i>, and much <i>Volatile Alkalie</i>; to which -some add a little Earth: Now while the <i>Volatile -Alkalie</i> keeps the Sulphur dissolved, the -<i>Lympha</i> remains in a State of Fluidity; but -when, by making the same Experiment, the -<i>Volatile Alkalie</i> is evaporated, the Remainder -hardens, and forms a pretty compact, -whitish Substance. From hence the judicious -<em class="gesperrt"><i>SURGEON</i></em> may easily deduce -the Reason why these Sort of Tumours can -never be brought to Suppuration. We shall not -be so particular as to mention those <i>Cancers</i> -which proceed from internal Causes, nor several -other things which relate to the former; -for what we have here said, we look upon -to be commonly the Method of the Formation -of them; and as such, we did endeavour -to calculate Remedies that should peculiarly -operate on the <i>Mass</i>, so as to dis-unite the -firm Cohæsion of its Parts, and dispose them -to separate and come away, without any -great Inconvenience to the Patient; which is -what we would <i>recommend</i> with all the Earnestness -imaginable to those that are desirous -of discovering a Method of curing <i>Cancers</i>. -We were before sensible that it was possible -for one Body to operate on another determinate -Body, without being able to have any -such Effect on innumerable Others; as <i>Quicksilver</i> -will desolve Gold, <i>Aqua-fortis</i> Iron, -<i>Vinegar</i> the Shell of an Egg, <i>Oyl</i> common -Sulphur, <i>&c.</i> which will not have any such Effect -on several other Bodies; for there is nothing -more certain than that the Operations -of Dissolvents are so determined by the various -Texture of the Bodies on which they are -employed, that a Liquor that is capable to -corrode a more hard and solid Body, may be -unable to disunite the Parts of one more soft -and thin, if of a Texture indisposed to admit -the small Parts of the <i>Menstruum</i>. It may be -expected I should say something in relation -to that which is generally looked upon to be the -grand Cause of the Incurableness of <i>Cancers</i>, -I mean the acid Humour in the Blood. But -if those Gentlemen who are fond of entertaining -this Opinion, do but consider that -<i>Cancers</i> are often formed in a perfect State of -Health; and that during the Time the Cancerous -Substance dissolves, and comes away -according to our Method, the Sides will run -a digested Matter, and heal by the Application -of dry Lint only; they will be of my -Opinion, that neither the <i>Atrabile</i> of the -Ancients, the corrosive <i>Alkalious</i> Salt of the -<i>Chymists</i>, nor the predominant <i>Acid</i> of the -Rest of the Moderns, are capable of procuring -those Alterations that <i>Cancers</i> are sometimes -attended with. If we trace the Writings -of our Predecessors to their earliest Date, -we shall find that many of them have made -Mention of the Roots of the <i>Cancer</i>, which -they took to be the large blew Veins that are -often extended on its Surface; and the entire -Removal of these they thought to be absolutely -necessary, or the Patient could not be -cured: But I believe there is no Body at this -Time that considers the <i>Mechanism</i> of the -Parts in such a Condition, but will agree -they are the necessary Consequents of it, and that -their Absence, or Presence is of no Importance; -that the <i>Cancer</i> is sometimes attended -with Adherents, or Appendices, which may -very well resemble Roots, we are assured; -but these generally lay deep, and not easily -discovered; the most considerable One that -ever we saw was very near Five Inches long, -and of an unequal Bigness, some Part of it -did not exceed the Largeness of a <i>Goose</i>’s -Quill, but some others were near as big as -the Top of the Thumb, which resembled so -many Knots in it, it divided in the Middle, -and continued separated about an Inch and a -Half, and then re-united, it was of a more -tender Substance than the Body of the <i>Cancerous -Mass</i>, but of the same Colour, and was -probably the Juice that was last applied to -the <i>Cancer</i>, which assumed a Form agreeable -to the Cavities it lodged it self in. Such Adherents -as these are, I am more inclined to -believe, are the Cause of the unsuccessful -Attempts on <i>Cancers</i>, than any <i>Acid</i> in the -Blood; for I am of opinion there are few -Persons unacquainted with Medicines that -are capable of correcting its <i>Acidity</i> when it -happens; and had the Cure of <i>Cancers</i> depended -on that, I am positive they would -not at this Time have had such ill Character. -We have before shewed that <i>Cancers</i> have -generally their Rise from a Blow or Bruise, -and that when the Body is in an healthful -Condition, and the Blood and <i>Lympha</i> temperate -and sweet: Now if there always is an -<i>Acidity</i> of the Blood when Persons are afflicted -with <i>Cancers</i>, the <i>Cancers</i> must sometimes -cause it, and not the <i>Acid</i> in the Blood -the <i>Cancers</i>, as is the Opinion of most of the -Moderns. What has been hitherto said, is -sufficient to prove that if Men will be always -so sluggish as to acquiesce in the Dictates and -Dogmatical Positions of their Predecessors, -and not exert their Faculties in endeavouring -to undeceive themselves; we must no longer -expect our Art will receive any Advancements, -but as Slaves to their Opinions content -our selves with what we know already. -Were not <i>Parisani</i>, <i>Riolan</i> the Son, and -<i>Plempius</i>, so much in the Interest of the Ancients, -that when our Country-man, the assiduous -<i>Harvey</i>, had discovered the Circulation -of the Blood, they not only opposed his -plain Demonstrations, but engaged in vigorous -Disputes against him, tho’ at the last they -were obliged shamefully to recant their Follies. -<i>Celsus</i> tells us, <i>Vix ulla perpetua Præcepta -Ars Medicinalis recipit</i>; scarce any -of the Precepts of the Medicinal Art are perpetual. -And shall we engage then in the -List with a few opinionative Men, that ground -their Course of Practice on those Methods -only, in which they have been brought up, -and implicitly assent to the Conjectures of -others. No certainly, this would be to strangle -Truth, and extinguish the Vigour of our -Wits with precarious Authorities. Consonant -to this, Dr <i>Paxton</i>, in his lately published -Treatise, tells us, <i>Thus Men, out of a trifling -Distrust of their own Parts, will not use -them; or out of Laziness of Temper, will not -employ them, chusing rather to be wise or learned, -by being adorned with Others Whimsies, than undergo -any Labour, Fatigue, or Trouble of being -really so</i>. I believe there are some Men -that would rather contradict their Senses than -deny the Authority of a darling Opinion: -Of this, we have a sufficient Proof in an -Instance, related by an <i>Italian</i> Author before-mentioned. -He tells us, <i>That a certain -Publick Reader long Time versed and grown -Old in the Books of</i> Aristotle <i>being one Day -present at a Dissection, and clearly seeing that -the</i> Vena Cava <i>takes its Rise from the Liver, -confessed with Astonishment what his Senses discovered -to him, but that he ought not therefore, -by crediting his Senses, to contradict his Master, -who constantly affirms all the Veins in -Man’s Body to have their Original from the -Heart; because, said he, it is much more easy -for our Senses to be sometimes deceived, than -the Great and Sovereign</i> Aristotle. I here -seriously confess, I have as much Veneration -for Antiquity as any Person whatsoever; but -it would be ridiculous, if, as One says, we -should so far forego our own Judgments -as always to follow the Foot-steps of Others, -and to be certain of nothing our selves: For -this would be to see with others Eyes, to hear -with others Ears, and to understand with -other Men’s Intellects; so that whenever we -make Quotations from the Ancients to -strengthen our Opinions, we ought to do it -judiciously, and fully consider, whether their -Notions of Things are consonant to the Experience -of these Times. To prove to you, -<i>Sir</i>, that I have not proceeded to apply my -self to the Cure of so formidable a Disease, -without a Precedent, I shall instance to you -that <i>Fuschius</i>, a learned <i>Italian Surgeon</i>, had -such a wonderful Reputation for it formerly, -that some Authors say he was distinguished -by a particular Title, which discovered his -Success. His Method I have made use of, -and tho’ by passing thro’ several Hands (the -Author being mentioned by few) it has been -stampt with wonderful Encomiums, I have -not hitherto found it deserves it, notwithstanding -I did not omit the most minute -Circumstance in preparing the Medicine, or -prosecuting the Directions; but in its proper -Place, I shall take particular Notice of this, -and several other Remedies, that have been -recommended by some Authors, as substantial -and extremely useful; for if in One or -Two Instances they have been crowned with -Success, by Degrees they are handed down as -infallible in all Diseases of the like Form. -To the former Account I may add, that -Monsieur <i>Alliot</i>, <i>Physician</i> to the Duke of -<i>Lorrain</i>, has applied himself to the Cure of -this Disease very successfully, as a <i>Schedule</i> -he published at <i>Paris</i> some Years ago informs -us; we are likewise assured by Mr <i>Boyle</i> -that Dr <i>Haberfield</i>, one of the Principal -<i>Physicians</i> of <i>Bohemia</i>, has had extraordinary -Success in the Cure of <i>Cancers</i>; and the Sieur -<i>Gendron</i>, Doctor of <i>Physick</i> in the University -of <i>Montpelier</i>, has done extreamly well -on that Head; the latter of these Gentlemen -I cannot mention, without making an -Apology for not Publishing our Annotations -on his Enquiries relating to <i>Cancers</i> which -was promised at the latter End of our Chirurgical -Remarks, Printed above a Year ago; -but I assure you, <i>Sir</i>, I was more inclined for -some Reasons to offer what is therein contained, -with several Observations made with -the greatest Exactness, and to which, perhaps -I may have an Opportunity of making -several Additions, in a particular Treatise, -so that the whole may conspire to finish a -compleat Account of this Disease. I had at -first a Design of enlarging considerably on this -Subject in this Letter by adding various -Things, but considering they might better -find a Place in what I just now mentioned, -and that you did not desire an exact History -of the Disease, I resolved to omit them. I -shall now proceed to give you some Instances -of the Success of our Method, as being what -you are most solicitous of, the Cases I shall -relate shall be each of them different from -the other, for I know you do not approve of -that pompous Method of some Persons, that -enumerate abundance of Instances of Cures -when perhaps there is no great Difference -in the Cases or the Method of treating them.</p> - -<p>The most considerable Case that offered it -self during our first Enquiries into the Nature -of <i>Cancers</i>, was that of a Woman, who -about Four Years before received a Blow on -one of her Breasts, upon which it began to -swell, grow painful, and after some time -became all over livid, and of so prodigious a -Bigness and Weight, that she was obliged -to keep it suspended by a Napkin round her -Neck: But in regard our Method was not -put in Practice till by other Applications it -was become ulcerated, we shall speak of it -as such. The Patient, then, at this time -complained of a very violent Pain, which -extended it self to the Back and Shoulder, by -the Communication of the Nerves (for those -of the Breast come from the fifth Pair of the -Spine, and from a <i>Plexus</i> about the <i>Clavicels</i>.) -To remedy this, she had taken no -small Quantity of <i>Hypnotic</i> Medicines, which, -without Doubt, destroy the due Texture of -the Blood, and so become prejudicial to the -Patient, and disadvantagious to the <i>Surgeon</i> -that proposes a Cure. But because Persons -generally find some Relief by Opiates, as -they retard the determined Motion of the -Blood, straiten the Nerves, and check the -tumultuous and disorderly Influx of the Spirits; -so, probably, in these Cases, their Use -will be continued. Besides the acute Pain, -the <i>Cancer</i> was over-spread with fungous -Flesh, its lower Part extreamly hard, knotty, -blackish, and its Basis seemed inclinable -to fix; the Matter which was discharged -was thin, reddish, and stank abominably. -This was the Condition of this poor Woman, -when we first applied our grand Dissolvent; -the Pain she was attended with the first and -second Day after was inconsiderable, nor did -she complain of more afterwards, than would -have been procured by the most mild and -easy Remedy the Dispensatory affords. In -four Days Time we found a very evident Alteration -for the Better; for the Consistence -of the Matter was changed, and the Surface -of the <i>Cancerous Mass</i> became somewhat -soft, we continued the Use of the same -Medicine, and in a few Days more some -part of the <i>Cancer</i> came away with the -dressing. In short, in about six Weeks time, -the whole Substance was entirely gone, and -nothing remained to be done but to heal the -Ulcer, which was effected in about a Fortnight. -During the time she was under Cure -we gave her a proper internal Medicine, not -calculated to destroy the Acidity of the -Blood, but to dispose the whole <i>Cancerous -Mass</i>, with its Appendices to come away, -which might otherwise, as the Seeds of the -Disease, cause it to spring again: Thus was -this Patient, (after so great a Fatigue she -had undergone before she came to me) perfectly -cured, and has continued so to this -Time, without any manner of Inconvenience -as she lately told me, it being a long -time since she has been well.</p> - -<p>A Gentlewoman near fifty Years of Age, -by some Accident received a Blow on her -left Breast, which in a few Days was succeeded -by a considerable Tumour, whereupon -she applyed herself to a <i>Surgeon</i>, who -immediately let her Blood, ordered her to -take the <i>Lap. Hibern.</i> in Posset-Drink, and -embrocated the Breast with <i>Ol. Succini</i>: -By the use of these Means the Swelling was -much abated, a small Hardness only remaining, -which did not exceed a small Wallnut -in Bigness; in this State, with very little -Pain, she continued above a Year; but being -persuaded to apply an <i>Emp. de Ran. cum -Mer.</i> to it, it encreased very apparently, was -extreamly painful, and in Seven Months time -became as big as a large Egg: After this -she made use of a Woman who was reputed -Famous for these Cases; but by One or -Two of her Applications the Tumour became -as big again as before: In short it continued -to encrease gradually from that time, till the -whole Breast, which was of a monstrous Bigness, -and which was judged not to weigh less -than Eight Pound, in time became entirely -<i>Cancerous</i>. It was at this time that I saw it -the Skin was very livid, looking sleek and -shining, and seemed ready to open, as being -scarce capable of longer containing such -a prodigious hard <i>Mass</i> as laid concealed under -it, and was in all Probability as big as -the Breasts of the <i>Ammonian</i> Women, of which -<i>Juvenal</i> thus speaks, <i>In Meroe, crasso majorem -Infante Mamillam</i>. She had been with -various experienced and reputable <i>Surgeons</i> -before, among which was One not long ago -deceased, who was justly looked upon as an -Ornament of his Profession; but not one -would willingly attempt a real Cure by cutting -it off, or any other Way: They only -prescribed some palliating Remedies to remove -the Pain and prevent its Breaking. -I was animated by my former Successes, -and prevailed with my self to undertake it, -not thinking I was at all blameable if my -Success in so extraordinary an Affair contradicted -the Prognosticks of so many worthy -Gentlemen; and though it did, I shall at -all times think my self obliged to pay a Deference -to them. I began the Cure by removing -the Integuments from the upper -Part of the Cancerous Substance, but did not -wait for a Separation of the Slough the Escarotick -made for fear of being incommoded -in my Procedure by a Fungus; For this -Reason I mixed some of our Dissolvent with -a digestive Ointment, by which Means I had -a Part of the <i>Cancerous Mass</i> came away with -it, without any Trouble to my Patient. I -continued this Method of Dressing several -Days longer, with very little Alteration; but -upon a Complaint of a Pain between the -Shoulders, I was obliged to change my Medicine, -and foment the <i>Cancer</i> with an Infusion -of some of those Herbs that contain -many <i>Volatile</i> attenuating and active Particles. -And here I cannot but remark, by the -by, that Applications to the pained Part -would have been of no Effect, as I have -many times observed, and particularly in a -Woman which had a Cancerated Breast, that -was violently afflicted with a Pain in her Arm -on the same Side, which would not be removed -by any of the Applications the Person -that had the Care of her made use of -the affected Arm. To this I might subjoin -a very pertinent Case from <i>Galen</i>; but I fear -I shall digress too far. The Pain of my Patient’s -Back being removed, I proceeded to -apply the Dissolvent, which so softened the -Superficies of the <i>Cancerous Mass</i> that in -Three or Four Days Time I could take off -above a Quarter of a Pound of it with the -Edge or Back of my Incision Knife, and my -Patient not so much as feel me, this I continued -to accustom my self to, because it would -have been more tedious to have waited for the -coming away of the <i>Cancerous Mass</i> of it self. -Sometimes I varied my Applications as I saw -Occasion, but, as my Patient confessed, I scarce -put her to any more Pain during the Time her -Breast was dissolving (abating for the Pain of -her Back) than there is in the dressing of an -Issue. The prodigious Bigness of the <i>Cancerous -Mass</i> made the Cure the more tedious, for it -was above Three Months before all of it was -entirely dissolved and gone; but this being at -length surprisingly and very happily effected -the <i>Cancerous Ulcer</i> (the last Part of the <i>Cancer</i> -that came away left) was incarned and -cicatrized by an Infusion of vulnerary Herbs, -to which was added a small Quantity of -Tincture of Myrrh: Thus was this Cure entirely -compleated and my Success in it confirmed -that <i>French</i> Proverb, which says, <i>It -is better to be condemned to die by the Doctor, -than by the Judge.</i> I did not make use of that -internal Medicine I mentioned in the former -Case, because here I found no pressing Necessity -for the Use of it, but some other proper -Physick was taken to dispose the Ulcer -to heal, as one would have done in any other -Case. Upon the whole of this Cure, I cannot -say whether I had more Trouble with -the <i>Cancer</i>, or in endeavouring to oblige my -Patient to a strict Observance of some of the -Non-Naturals she so often erred in. There -is nothing can create a greater Trouble to -the <i>Surgeon</i>, than to find Patients negligent -of their Healths, by not endeavouring to -prevent or regulate Miscarriages, nor taking -so much Care of themselves, as they expect -the <i>Surgeon</i> should take of them. The -Rules and Directions of <i>Physicians</i> and <i>Surgeons</i>, -given to their Patients, we have Reason -to believe were not so often violated formerly; -for in some Places they obliged themselves -very strictly to the Observance of them, -and some Historians give us an Account that -<i>Selucus</i> made a Law; that if any of the <i>Epizephyrian -Locrians</i> drank Wine, contrary to -the <i>Physician</i>’s Direction, though they escaped -the ill Consequents that might have attended -it, Death was their Punishment, because they -did contrary to what was prescribed them.</p> - -<p>A Woman about Thirty Years of Age had -been for a considerable Time afflicted with -a hard painful Tumour under her Tongue, -for the Cure of which she had applied her -self to various Persons, but without Success. -When I saw her I found the Swelling to be -hard, painful, of a livid Appearance, and -incommoded her so much in speaking, that -she could not pronounce her Words articulately. -I was of the Opinion of some Gentlemen -that had seen it before me, <i>viz.</i> That -it was undoubtedly <i>Cancerous</i>, and as such I -proceeded to cure it; but I met with more -Difficulties in this Case than I at first expected, -for after I thought the <i>Cancerous Substance</i> -had been entirely dissolved, and I had -reduced the Ulcer to a very narrow Compass, -it began to swell again, and in a short Time -enlarged it self to almost the Bigness it was -at first: This put me upon a Necessity of -making an Incision into the Body of the Tumour, -that I might commodiously come at -the remaining Part, and so dispose some little -Dossels of Lint, armed with our Dissolvent, -that they might have their desired Effect, -and this in every Respect answered -what we proposed; so that we proceeded -immediately to incarn the Ulcer, which we -did by a Lotion prepared of an Infusion of -some vulnerary Herbs, and <i>Mel. Rosar</i>. Thus -was this Woman perfectly cured, and has -continued well about a Year.</p> - -<p>Because I have always found greater Difficulty -in treating <i>Cancers</i> of the Mouth and Lips -than those of the Breast, I will here relate -an Instance of one upon the lower Lip that -proved extreamly troublesome. It sometimes -happens that one, or more, of those Glands -which are spread on the Inside of the Cheeks -and Lips, called <i>Buccales</i> and <i>Labiales</i>, receive -some Damage by a Bite or Blow; upon -which they generally tumefy very much, become -painful, and in Process of Time (if proper -Means are not made use of) may become -<i>Cancerous</i>. Such was the Case of a Woman about -Thirty Years of Age, who having had -a Blow on her lower Lip, neglected it till it -was considerably tumefied, grew very painful, -and became extreamly troublesome to her. -The Circumference of the Swelling when -I saw it, which was many Months after the -Blow was received, was very much inflamed, -and a small Quantity of <i>Icorous</i> Matter discharged -from several small Pustules, which -over-spread it; the Middle, which was the -Body of the <i>Cancer</i>, was hard, of a whitish -Colour, and moveable; it’s Sides being only -connected to the contiguous Parts by some -small Filaments that were detached from it. -The same Thing Doctor <i>Gendron</i> has discovered -in an ulcerated <i>Cancer</i> on the Forehead -of the Servant of a certain <i>Marquess</i>, -as he observes in his Third <i>Chapter</i> of the -Tract we have before mentioned. I began -with my Patient by applying cool and temperate -Remedies, till the Inflammation was -considerably abated; after this I applied our -Dissolvent, which operated so mildly that -my Patient was not sensible of near so much -Pain as before she was apprehensive of: In -short, the Body of the <i>Cancer</i> was removed -and a good digested Matter discharged from -the Sore. Now all the Difficulty was after -what Manner we should proceed to dispose -the little <i>Cancerous</i> Branches in the Skin to -come away, but this we effected after the -following Manner; the Consistent of the -Medicine we before applyed, was such as was -no way qualified for rooting out the Cancerous -Filaments, whereupon we were obliged -to procure it’s Dissolution in a proper Menstruum, -though it required a considerable -Time to do it; by this means, we soon found, -that what before was ineffectual was now -capable of effecting what we desired. This -being done, the Ulcer was incarned by a -Sarcotick Infusion (for I never use Ointments -in these Cases) and cicatrized by the common -drying Plaisters. It is to be observed, that -the Scar still continues hollow (it having been -healed near Two Years) and not like those -that are the Consequents of well ordered -simple Ulcers.</p> - -<p>The following Observation contains an -Account of one that was cured of an incipient -<i>Cancer</i> in her Breast, by Internals. I -was the rather inclined to set down the whole -Process of this Cure, because by these, or -such like Medicines, Persons under the same -Circumstances may perhaps be cured, though -by some they may be thought incurable. -The Case is this; A Gentlewoman, Thirty -Years of Age, of a thin spare Habit of Body, -by some Accident received a Blow upon One -of her Breasts, which put her to an immediate -Pain, and that very acute; but it lessened -upon her being let Blood, and the Application -of a discutient Plaister: However, in a -few Days, some of the glandulous Grains of -the Breast became indurated, and in Process -of Time, by their Increase, they were rendered -painful. At this Time she sought out -for fresh Advice, and continued Two Months -under the Care of a Person she was recommended -to; but Things not succeeding according -to Expectation, she became a Patient -to Three or Four more. During this -Time the Lump continued to encrease but -slowly, and at the Expiration of Six Months -it appeared to be a very hard painful Tumour -in the Middle of the Breast, but no bigger -than a Hen-Egg; whereupon it was thought -proper to commence her Method of Cure by -exhibiting the following <i>Pills</i>. ℞ <i>Pill. Tartar. -Quercetan.</i> ʒß. <i>Calomel</i> gr. viii. <i>F. Pill.</i> -N<sup>o.</sup> 5. These were likewise continued twice -a Week during the whole Cure; after this, -was ordered the following Infusion, ℞ <i>Vin. -Rhenan.</i> ℔ii. <i>Milleped.</i> ℥ii. <i>Ocul. Canc.</i> ℥ß -<i>Croci.</i> ʒii. This was not to be taken alone, -but when it had stood Four and Twenty -Hours, three or four Spoons-full of it was to -be mixed with a Draught of the ensuing -Dietetick-Drink, and taken in the Morning, -and at Four of the Clock in the Afternoon. -℞ <i>Rad. Sarsaparill.</i> ℥ii. <i>Chinæ</i> ʒvi. <i>Fig. -Sassafr.</i> ℥i. <i>Corn. Cervi</i>, ℥<i>Sem. Correand.</i> -℥ß. <i>Sant. Rub.</i> ʒii. <i>Coq. in aq. Font. Congiis -4 per Horæ dimidium, deinde stent Clause -super Cineres Calidos per Horas</i> xii; <i>postea -ebulliant ad tertiæ Partis Consumptionem</i>. -By the Continuance of these Means about -two Months, and observing a regular Method -of living, the Cure of this Patient was -effected; though by some she had been looked -upon as incurable, unless she would submit -the cutting it out, which is not often attended -with Success.</p> - -<p>Perhaps, <i>Sir</i>, here you may object, that -it is acting disengenuously, and not like a -Friend, to give you an Account of those Persons -only where I have succeeded. To this -I answer, that excepting one Woman, that -was emaciated almost to the last Degree by -the excessive Discharge of a fætid Icorous -Matter from her Breast, and an Abscess under -her Arm, and who was carried off by a -violent Loosness, I never had a Person miscarried -under my Care, where I proposed a -Cure. That poor Woman I suffered my -self to be persuaded to take care of, having -but little Prospect of effecting it, yet my -Endeavours succeeded so well, that had it -been in our Power to put a Stop to her -Loosness, I am of opinion she might have -been cured.</p> - -<p>What has been hitherto said, I do not -question but is sufficient to satisfy you, that -this formidable <i>Disease</i> is not so rebellious, -but that it may be sometimes conquered by -Art; and I might here relate a Case I have -at this present Writing, wherein not only a -Part of the <i>Cancer</i> was fixed, but there were -hard <i>Cancerous</i> Knots extended to the Arm-pit; -and yet this seems to be almost well; -the Ulcer that remains, and which heals -daily, not being much broader than a Crown -Piece. But in regard the Patient is not entirely -cured, I shall reserve this Relation untill -another Opportunity; though I will embrace -the present to assure you that I am,</p> - -<p class="ml30pc"> -<em class="gesperrt"><i>SIR</i></em>,<br /> -<br /> -  <i>Your very respectful Brother,<br /> -<br /> -    and Humble Servant,</i><br /> -<br /> -      <span class="fs160">W<sup>m</sup>. Beckett.</span></p> - -<p><i>Hatton-Garden,<br /> -July 12, 1711.</i></p> - -<hr class="r30" /> - -<p class="tac fs160 mt2em"><i>A Solution of some Curious</i> Problems -<i>concerning</i> Cancers.</p> - - -<p class="tac fs140"><em class="gesperrt">PROBLEM I.</em></p> - -<p class="tac fs120"><i>Whether the Cancerous Juice is Corrosive, or -not.</i></p> - - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">WE</em> cannot come to a certain Knowledge -of the Principles of the Juice -which is lodged in the Cancerous Substance, -although it enjoyed the very same Properties, -of that which is discharged from an ulcerated -<i>Cancer</i>, from the Account which Authors -have given of the latter; for they have differed -very much in determining the Nature -of the Salts, with which they suppose it -abounds. <i>Helmont</i>, <i>Van Horne</i>, and most -of those Gentlemen that were Chymically -inclined, were of Opinion they belonged to -the Alkaline Family, but a far greater Number -than those, have thought they are Acid. -<i>Riolan</i>, the Father, <span class="sidenote-r"><i>Vide</i> Riolanus, <i>Cap.</i> 13. <i>Sect.</i> 2.</span> in his Chirurgical -Works, without giving his -Opinion what the constituent Parts -of the purulent Matter are, affirmed it to be -as strong as Poison, and that no Death could -be devised too cruel for such a One as should -give it to a Man. This brings to my Remembrance -a very unhappy Accident a -Gentleman informed me of that befel -Mr <i>Smith</i>, one of the <i>Surgeons</i> of St <i>Thomas</i>’s -<i>Hospital</i>, who being so curious as to taste -the Juice of a cancerated Breast presently -after it was extirpated, found himself very -strangely affected by it, in a very short Time; -he washed his Mouth with various Things, -but nothing could free him from that penetrating, -malignant, and nauseous Savour, he -was continually attended with; in short, -he became consumptive, and in a few Months -died a Martyr to the Art of <i>Surgery</i>. I confess -when I received this Account it did not a -little surprize me, because I had several times -had the Curiosity to do the very same Thing, -at the <i>Hospital</i> where that unfortunate Genman -made the Experiment. I never found -any remarkable Sharpness in it, though it -was always attended with a very unpleasant -Savour. I proceeded at first very cautiously -in making this Attempt; for I deluted some -Drops of the Juice in several Spoons-full of -fair Water, till at length, not finding any -Inconvenience from it, I came to the Juice -it self. We cannot imagine the Death of -that Gentleman before-mentioned, was procured -by the Action of any corrosive Salts, -whether <i>Acid</i> or <i>Alkaline</i>, which would have -caused a Corrosion of the Parts, but that it -is only accountable from the extraordinary -Stench and Malignity of the Matter, which -impressing its Virulency on the Animal Juices -must undoubtedly disturb their regular Motions, -and cause the utmost Confusion of the -whole Oeconomy. It must certainly be a -very tragical Scene, to observe how Nature, -by so inconsiderale Means, confounds and -insults, over the Animal System; but still -there is nothing we are more certain of, than -that her Method of Procedure is always consistent -to the Rules she acts by. Since the -writing of this, looking over a little Tract -which informs us of the Rarities in <i>New-England</i>, -I met with a Relation which discovers -to us the peculiar and odd Quality of -the Juice of a cancerated Breast, or Wolf, -as our Author calls it. He tells us that an -indulgent Husband, by sucking his Wife’s -sore Breast to draw out the Poison, lost all -his Teeth, but was attended by no other -Inconvenience. Now this does not prove that -so strange an Effect should succeed the sucking -the Ulcer, because of the Corrosiveness of -the Matter; for had it been so, such tender -Parts as the Gums, Lips, and Tongue, -could not have escaped so well as to have received -no Damage by it.</p> - - -<p class="tac fs140 mt2em"><em class="gesperrt">Problem II.</em></p> - -<p class="tac fs120"><i>Whether</i> Cancers <i>are contagious, or not.</i></p> - - - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">THERE</em> has been a very great Disagreement -in the Sentiments of our -Predecessors as to this Point; -but <i>Zacutas Lusitanus</i> proposes -to prove it by Reason and Experience. -His Reasons are, <i>First</i>, -because in an ulcerated <i>Cancer</i> there is a Cadaverous - -<span class="sidenote-l">Vid. <i>Zacut. de Prax.</i> -Med. admirand. <i>Lib.</i> 1. <i>Obs.</i> 15.</span> - -Stench and Rottenness, which infects -the Neighbouring Parts with it’s Virulency. -<i>Secondly</i>, Because a <i>Cancer</i> is the -same <i>Disease</i> as an <i>Elephantiasis</i>, and <i>Leprosy</i> -of a particular Part. To this, <i>Sennertus</i> in -his Posthumous Works answers, that all corrupted -and fætid Substances are not contagious; -for in a <i>Gangrene</i> and <i>Sphacellus</i>, -there is the greatest Corruption and offensive -Smell, yet we do not find that a Person is -killed by it: He adds, though a <i>Cancer</i> has -some Similitude to an <i>Elephantiasis</i>, they are -different <i>Diseases</i>. <i>Lusitanus</i> deduces his -Experience from an Observation of a poor -Woman, that having an ulcerated <i>Cancer</i> in -her Breast, and lying with three Children, -they were affected after the same Manner by -the Contagion. He says that Two of them -died, but the Third, which was of a stronger - -<span class="sidenote-r"><i>Vid</i> Sennert. -<i>Paralipom. -ad Part.</i> 1 -<i>Cap.</i> 19.</span> - -Constitution, had the <i>Cancer</i> cut -off by a <i>Surgeon</i> and was cured. -<i>Sennertus</i> is of Opinion that -these Children did not contract -the <i>Disease</i> by Contagion, but -that it was by Hereditary Succession. We -likewise find that <i>Cardan</i>, <i>Lib. de Venen. -Cap.</i> 12. is of Opinion that <i>Cancers</i> are not -contagious. However, we will not make -any particular Enquiry into these Authors -Reasons, when they so strenuously maintain -this Point; but only relate a remarkable -History, which will prove the contrary, if -the <i>Cancerous</i> Matter comes to an immediate -Contract with a soft and glandulous Part. -The Relation I had (some time ago) from a -Gentleman not long since deceased, who, -out of a pious Disposition, had devoted himself -for several Years last past, to be serviceable -to the greatest Objects of Charity. He -informed me that a Tradesman’s Wife in -<i>Nottingham</i>, being so unhappy as to labour -under a <i>Cancer</i> in one of her Breasts, her -Husband was of Opinion he could relieve her -by sucking it; accordingly he put this Method -in Practice, in hopes without doubt he -could effect a Cure, by drawing the <i>Cancerous</i> -Matter out of the Nipple; he continued -his Attempts for some Time, but found it -did not answer his Design; for though a -small Quantity of Matter was discharged - -<span class="sidenote-l"><i>Vide</i> Galen. -<i>in</i> Aph. Hip. -Com. Lib. 6 -Aph. 38.</span> - -this way, the <i>Disease</i> still became worse, -and she terminated her Life soon after. -Two Months were scarce expired before the -Husband of the Deceased came up to <i>London</i>, -upon Account of a swelling he had -arose on the Inside of the upper Jaw; he -applied himself to some ingenious <i>Surgeons</i> -for Advice, who assured him he must undergo -the drawing of Several Teeth on that -Side of the Jaw which was affected, and -have the Swelling, and Part of the Jaw-Bone -(if necessary) cut away; he went away very -much disatisfyed with so harsh a Proposal, -and became a Patient to a Person, who undertook -to cure him with <i>Gargels</i>, and such -inconsiderable Remedies; however, by the -Use of these Things he was of Opinion he -became much better, and thought he should -be cured. Upon this he retired into the -Country to his Business, but in less than a -Month’s Time he was obliged to come up again, -and have the former Method put in -Practice. But the Event was according to -that Expression of <i>Galen</i>, <i>Quibus -item sunt Cancri in cavitate Corporis, -aut Palato, sede utero, si -secentur, aut urantur, ulcera cicatrice -induci non possunt</i>. For the -Sore could never be brought to cicatrize, but -the <i>Cancer</i> continu’d to spread, till it had extended -in self over most of the internal Parts -of the Mouth, and to the inner Part of the -Nose: In this unhappy Condition, he lived -some time, but at last became so frightful -an Object, and the Stench that continually -proceeded from the Parts was so offensive, -that he retired himself from the World, -and finished his miserable Life in a Garret. -Since the finishing the <i>Solution</i> to the foregoing -<i>Problem</i>, I met with a Surgeon (a Foreigner) -who giving me an Account of the -present State of the Practice of <i>Surgery</i> in -the Country where he lived, and relating -some considerable Cases which had happened -within his own Knowledge, in answer -to my Desire, among other things, told me, -without any particular Intimation from me, -he knew a very odd Accident, which happened -upon a Woman’s having an ulcerated -<i>Cancer</i> in her right Breast, which was, that -she being poor, for want of other Conveniences, -suffered two Children she had to lie -with her in that Condition; at length one -of them, a Girl about five Years old, began -to be afflicted with a small painful Tumour -in one of her Breasts, which encreasing -to near the Bigness of an Egg, became -Livid, and entirely <i>Cancerous</i>; the Mother -died some time after, and the Child did not -long survive her; but the other Child continued -well. Several Surgeons gave their -Sentiments of this Case; some thought it -to be an Hereditary Indisposition; but considering -the Mother had no Appearance of a -<i>Cancer</i> before or at the Birth of the Child, -I cannot but readily embrace the Opinion of -those Gentlemen, that were inclined to believe -that it was contracted by Contagion, -seeing the Position of the Child’s Body was -such in Bed, that that Part of it which was -affected was almost always disposed to rub -against the Dressings soaked in Matter, (for -I understand the Mother took but very little -Care to change them often.) Now it is not -at all probable, that the malignant <i>Effluvia</i>, -which continually pass off from the <i>Cancerous -Mass</i>, and the putrefied Matter, can -dispose a Person at any little Distance to be -affected with the like <i>Disease</i>, for then the -other Child would have became a Sufferer; -but it may happen in some extraordinary -Cases, where the corrupted Fluid has attained -an exalted Pitch of Malignity, to -communicate some of its more active Particles -to the Blood and Spirit; and so causing -a very great Disorder in their Motions produce -a violent Fever, and Confusion of the -whole Oeconomy, so as to occasion a Person’s -Death. But see a remarkable Case in -<i>Tulpius</i>, <i>Lib.</i> 4. <i>Obs.</i> 8. That there are -several cutaneous <i>Diseases</i> that may be propagated -by Contagion, if a Person lies with -another, is by all allowed of; and that the -lying with a Person that has a <i>Cancer</i> may be -attended by such a <i>Disease</i>, from the Proofs -we have brought, I suppose will be agreed -to be equally as certain. But this cannot -happen unless the matter be very malignant, -and be suffered, by the Negligence of -the Patient, to come to an immediate Contact, -with a Part of the Body of the other -Person; for then, without doubt, it may -contuminate the Fluids, and incline them to -assume a Viscidity, to which the <i>Effluvia</i> -will immediately adhere, because they are -best qualifyed for a Union with those Substances -that are viscous. To this we may -add, that in those Persons that are nearly -related, the Malignity may be more easily -communicable because of their Analogy to -each other; for consonant hereto, <i>Diemerbroeck</i> - -<span class="sidenote-l">Vide <i>Diemerbroeck</i> de <i>Pest</i>. Page 58.</span> - -says in his Treatise of <i>the Plague</i>, that -<i>Kindred more easily receive the Infection from -one another</i>. But see more in -that Author’s excellent Book -where you have likewise some -curious Thoughts relating to -Contagion.</p> - - - - -<p class="tac fs140 mt2em"><em class="gesperrt">PROBLEM III.</em></p> - -<p class="tac fs120"><i>Whether if the extirpating a</i> Cancerous -Breast <i>happens to be successful, it ought -to be look’d upon as a Consequence of Performing -the Operation better than our Predecessors.</i></p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">BY</em> the Account we receive from Authors -we cannot be positively assured, -whether there was any particular established -Method in the first Ages of this Art, -for the Performance of this Operation: -This we are only assured of that there are -some Circumstances which - -<span class="sidenote-r">Vide <i>Ætius Tetrab.</i> 4. Ser. 4. <i>Cap.</i> 44.</span> - -relate to it, that have been -taken Notice of; the most -considerable of which is, -that the actual Cautery was to be applied -immediately after the Abscision; this they -advised, not only to put a Stop to the Flux -of Blood, but likewise to correct the ill -Quality of it: It is to be observed, that they -ordered always, upon such an Occasion, Defensatives -to be applied to the contiguous -Parts, to prevent their being inflamed; but -for as much as they were sensible the actual -Cautery would procure an Eschar, they recommended -the Use of Digestives to separate -it; after which, they proposed to heal it as - -<span class="sidenote-r">Vide <i>Arceus</i>, lib. 2. -Cap 3. de <i>Curand. -Vulnerib.</i></span> - -a common Ulcer. The very next Advance -this Operation received, that we have met -with, was by that Accurate -Writer <i>Franciscus -Arceus</i>, who obliged the -World with an exact -and methodical Account of the whole Method -of Procedure in extirpating a <i>Cancer</i> in -the Breast; though this Author would only -venture on those that were not Ulcerated, -those that were he looked upon as incurable. -We do not find that this Method was recommended -to the World by any remarkable -Histories of Cures effected by it; whether -it proceeded from the Unsuccessfulness of the -Attempts, or its Disuse, we cannot determine. -<i>Fabritius Hildanus</i> likewise made a -considerable Step towards the Encouraging -the Performing this Operation; and he -assures us, he has more than once done it -with Success; he did not only influence his -Cotemporaries to revive an Operation, that -was, perhaps, almost grown out of Date, -by the Histories of some Cases he recites; -but obliged them with the Figure of a Pair -of Forceps, which in this Operation are -very convenient to engage the Breast, and -thereby prevent the Pain the Patients are -sometimes put to, by piercing the Breast -with Needles armed with Silk to suspend it. -There are several Ways of performing the -Operation, mentioned by later Practitioners, -but at this Time there are few that are -willing to be concerned in it. A very considerable -Author speaking of extirpating a -<i>Cancerous Breast</i>, advises us to take care we -do not cut the Pectoral Muscle in the Operation: -But we have seen a very remarkable -Case of this Nature, where a Part of that -Muscle was cut away, and the Cartilages of -the two of the Ribs laid bare, and the Patient -happened to be cured. Now if our Predecessors -had so great a Respect to the avoiding -the wounding of this Part, as to make -their Incisions too superficial, their Operations -must be in all Probability unsuccessful; -for we are very well assured by Experience, -that their actual Cauteries will have -no good Effect here, nor will they consume -the remaining Part of the <i>Cancerous Mass</i>. -We have elsewhere shewed, that this Substance -upon boiling becomes hard and friable; -and we will here take the Liberty to -give our Opinion of the Use of Cauteries in -this Case. The <i>Cancerous Substance</i> we take -to be nothing more than a Transformation -of the small glandulous Bodies, which form -the Breast, and a Lymphatick Juice, intimately -incorporated therewith, into a hard, -close, whitish, and (by common Medicines) -indissolvable <i>Mass</i>. In some Cases, -perhaps, it may receive some Addition from -some Juices, which may distil from the -contiguous Fibres. This being granted, -what Benefit, can we reasonably imagine, -will ensue on this painful Method? Will -not the Fire, by causing the more Fluid -Parts of the <i>Mass</i> to evaporate, actually dry -up, torrefy, and harden it; and so dispose -it for displaying a Train of mischievous Effects, -on the contiguous Parts? and all this -without any very apparent Decrease of it -too: Nay, the very reducing of it to such -a Consistence, which very much resembles a -Piece of burnt Horn, is sufficient to procure -a perpetual Pain, seeing Medicines can -hardly soften it, so as to reduce it to its first -State.</p> - - -<p class="tac fs140 mt2em"><em class="gesperrt">PROBLEM IV.</em></p> - -<p class="tac fs120"><i>Whether</i> Salivation <i>will Cure a</i> Cancer.</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">THE</em> extraordinary Success this Method -has been attended with, in some Cases -of the greatest Difficulty, has so far recommended -it to the World, that it is at this -Time become of so great Repute, that there -are few Persons but what will willingly embrace -it, if proposed to them, provided they -have found former Methods prove ineffectual. -We once knew a Person, who laboured -under an ulcerated <i>Cancer</i> in her -Breast, advised to it, and who had certainly -under-gone it, though contrary to the -Opinion of some Persons concerned, if in -three or four Days time she had not been -reduced to such a weak Condition, that it -put an End to the Controversy. That a -<i>Salivation</i> has cured the most malign and -spreading Ulcers, and those that have been -of several Years continuance, notwithstanding -their Edges have been high, inverted and -assumed the Consistence of a callous Body, -we have found by several Instances; but -that it should cure a <i>Cancerous Ulcer</i>, an -<i>Ulcer</i> which is chiefly seated in a transformed -animal Substance, and which has no -Correspondence with the contiguous Parts, -is what we cannot believe. One of the -principal Effects of <i>Mercury</i>, if prudently -given, is, that it attenuates the Juices, clears -the Canals, destroys the ill Quality of that -Fluid that has a Hand in causing any Obstruction, -and renders the Juices temperate -and sweet. By effecting this, it is, that it -cures so many different Diseases, which perhaps -have not so great a Diversity in their -Causes, but have different Appearances, -which depend upon the Variety of Parts, -where the Cause operates. From hence any -One may judge, that a Person who discovers -a certain Method of curing <i>Cancers</i> by Medicines -only, will find that it will not consist -in a Secret for purifying the Juices, -which can have no Effect on the <i>Cancerous -Mass</i>, so as to procure it’s Dissolution; and -without a Remedy for which his Method -will be always unsuccessful. <i>Mercklin</i>, in -his Treatise <i>de Transfus Sanguinis</i>, page 35, -tells us we have no Reason to believe we -may have Success from Transfusion in a -<i>Cancer</i>, nor indeed would Injections succeed -better; though, perhaps, by this Means, -it is possible so to alter the Fluids, that <i>Ulcers</i>, -not <i>Cancerous</i>, may be cured in a short -Time, as it once happened to a certain Person, -who being under Cure for an inveterate -Pox, had some <i>Rosin</i> of <i>Scammony</i> infused -in the Essence of <i>Guaiacum</i>, injected into -his Veins, which Vomited him excessively; -but his <i>Ulcers</i> were healed in three Days -Time. From what has been hitherto said, -it is evident, that a <i>Salivation</i> can never -cure a confirmed <i>Cancer</i>, because it is not -capable of procuring a Dissolution of that -hard Substance, which is the real <i>Cancer</i> it -self. The Glands we have observed, with -the extravasated <i>Lympha</i>, and its Vessels, -are perfectly changed to a different Substance -to what they were before, all which make a -<i>Mass</i> of such a Nature, that it will be impossible -to procure it’s Dissolution by any inward -Means. If the <i>Cancer</i> was nothing -more than a Coagulation of the Juices in -the Vessels, or other Canals, or Pipes, the -Cure might be much more easily effected, -but as the <i>Cancer</i> is conjoined with such -Circumstances as we have mentioned, we -may affirm the Cure will be altogether impossible -without the whole Substance with -it’s Appendices or Branches (which we have -found they often have) be taken away; or -a perfect Dissolution of all of it be procured -by some external Remedy, which is capable -of operating on it after such a peculiar -Manner, as to dissolve the <i>Cancerous Substance</i>, -without having any such Effect on -the contiguous Parts.</p> - - -<p class="tac fs140 mt2em"><em class="gesperrt">PROBLEM V.</em></p> - -<p class="tac fs120"><i>Whether Cancers are Curable by Causticks.</i></p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">THE</em> Difficulty that those of our Predecessors -who had Courage enough -to attempt the Cure of <i>Cancers</i>, must unavoidably -meet with, obliged them to enter -upon several Methods of Practice, in order to -be capable of surmounting it; and there have -not been wanting for these several hundred -Years last past, some Gentlemen in the Republick -of Medicine that have proposed to -conquer this Rebellious Disease, by the use -of some particular Causticks, they have recommended. -It is foreign to my Design, -to give an Account of the Composition of -the several Remedies, they have been big -with the Expectation of Success from; I -shall only take notice of one or two not -very pompous Preparations, that by some -Persons I know, have been looked upon as -extraordinary as any that have been transmitted -to us. <i>Guido</i>, who I think I may -justly say is one of the best Authors of so -ancient a Date, has been very lavish of his -Encomiums on <i>Arsnick</i>, and after him -<i>Fallopius</i>, <i>Rodericus a Castro</i>, <i>Ossenius</i>, <i>Penotus</i>, -<i>Faber</i>, <i>Borellus</i>, and others, have recommended -it in some particular Preparations. -That of <i>Fuschius</i>, who is said to -have cured abundance of Persons of <i>Cancers</i>, -in <i>England</i>, <i>Germany</i>, and <i>Poland</i>, having -had the most said in it’s Commendation, required -our more particular Notice; <i>Hartman</i> -calls it <i>Pul Benedictus</i>, which whether -it deserves that Title, we will leave to the -Reader to judge, after we have faithfully recounted -the Effects of it. Its Preparation -is as follows: ℞ <i>Arsenici albi</i> ℥i <i>subtilissime -pulverisetur per dies 15 de die tertio in -tertium affundatur Aq. vitæ, ut cooperiat -pulverem, post triduum Aq. vitæ abjiciatur, -ac nova affundatur, ac misceantur. Rad -Dracunouli Major, mense julio vel Agu. collect -& in taleolas scissæ ac in loco ventis perflatili -exsiccatæ</i> ℥ii. <i>Fuliginis Camini splendidi</i> -℥iii <i>redigantur omnia in subtilissimum pulverem -super lapidem marmoreum, & servetur -in Vase bene clauso vitreo. Ante annum -vero ad usum non erit it a commodus</i>. This -Powder I applied to a <i>Cancerated</i> Breast of -a Woman, under thirty Years of Age, after -having made a Sore by applying one of -the milder <i>Causticks</i>; the first Night it was -made use of, it caused a great deal of pain, -and the next Day, the Breast appeared very -much tumefied and inflamed, a small quantity -of Gleet, having discharged on the -Bolster: in short for fifteen Days she was -not free from pain, she had a <i>Fever</i>, was attended -with frequent <i>Vomitings</i>, <i>Faintings</i>, -and several other Disorders. I could afford -her but very little Relief by Internals, or -the most cool and temperate Applications to -the Breast; nor was it in my Power to remove -the dressing, it adhered so fast to the -Sore. There was a Discharge of a bloody -ferous Juice for twelve Days in a moderate -quantity, after which the Matter thickened, -and it began to smell somewhat offensive, -at the end of fifteen Days the Dressing -dropped off, and with it came away about -two Ounces of the <i>cancerous Mass</i>. The -Reader may easily imagine that making so -small a Progress in such a time, and that at -the Expence of so much Pain, I could easily -prevail with my self to desist from the -Undertaking, for the second Application -would have been attended with the same -Inconveniencies as the first, which to any -Persons that entertains such a concern for -his Patients as he ought to do, must be very -fatiguing; in short, after this I made use -of that Remedy I had elsewhere mentioned, -and which from its Effect was properly -enough called a <i>Dissolvent</i>, with this by the -Blessing of God the <i>Cancerous</i> Substance was -consumed in about three Weeks, and a perfect -Cure compleated in not many Days -after, the Patient which I saw lately continuing -perfectly well, it being the first Case -that ever Providence directed me to the use -of the Remedy in. <i>Hildan</i> has an Observation -very pertinent to what we have -before related; he tells us, that the <i>Powder</i> -so much celebrated by <i>Penotus</i>, and which -is much the same with that just now mentioned, -being applied to a <i>Cancer</i>, was succeeded -by such ill Symptoms, that it killed -the Patient in a few Days. We are informed -in the communicated Observations of -<i>Riverius</i>, that a Foreigner extirpated a Cancer, -that had began to Ulcerate in the Breast -of a Woman of fifty Years of Age, by the -following Application: ℞ <i>Arsenici</i> ʒi. <i>Salis -Armoniaci</i> ℥ii. <i>Sublimat. crud.</i> ℥iiii. <i>Aq; Fortis</i> -℥i. <i>These were to be distill’d to Dryness, then -an equal Weight of distill’d Vinegar put -thereto, which was to be distilled again, till -the remaining Matter, became of the Consistance -of a Paste.</i> The Surgeon bathed the -<i>Cancer</i> with hot Wine, and rubbed it with -Cloths for some time to <i>irritate</i> it, then -he spread some of his Composition on a -Bolster six times less than the <i>Tumour</i>, and -applied it; in twenty four Hours time, -it made an <i>Escar</i> as large as the Swelling, so -that it wholly consumed the <i>Cancer</i>; after -the Separation of the <i>Escar</i> he incarned the -<i>Ulcer</i> and cicatrized it. It is very observable, -that he did not engage in this painful Process, -without immediately causing a Fever, -which was attended with a <i>Vomiting</i>, <i>Loosness</i>, -and much Provocation of <i>Urine</i>; which -Symptoms lasted two or three Days, for -Nature was disordered by the destructive -Quality of a venemous Remedy. <i>Paracelsus</i>, -<i>Faber</i>, and some others, make mention -of Arsnical Preparations, that procure but -little Pain in their Operation; I had a Design -of making a Trial of some of these -Remedies, had I not in my Enquiries met -with what was very satisfactory to me, -though after knowing what I have related, -I should have always cautiously avoided the -use of any Remedy, in which the <i>Arsnick</i> -had not undergone such a Preparation as I -should have approved of, because I am assured -it may procure very mischievious Symptoms, -though in Substance, it do not so -much as touch the Skin, witness the <i>Amulets</i>, -in which it has been the chief Ingredient, -and of which there have been such -direful Accidents related by <i>Crato</i>, <i>Massaria</i>, -and <i>Zacutus Lucitanus</i>. I do not think it -impossible, but that <i>Arsnick</i> may be prepared -after such a manner as may, by the addition -of some convenient Body, or depriving -it of its noxious Particles, qualify it for -effecting uncommon things in the Cure of -this Disease, without causing the Surgeon to -repent the use of it. I remember that <i>Helmont</i> -somewhere says one may easily enough -correct several sorts of Poisons, so that they -shall not be deprived of their Force, when -we destroy their Virulency. Many Instances -of this Nature we meet with in Mr -<i>Boyle</i>, and some others; but that which -makes most for my present purpose, is, -what is mentioned by the last Honourable -Gentleman, of a very ingenious Man he -knew, that was famous, as well for his -Writings, as for a Remedy to cure <i>ulcerated -Cancers</i> in Womens Breasts, without any -considerable Pain. He assured our Author -that his Medicine was indolent, and mortified -the ulcerated Parts as far as they were -corrupted, without disordering the Party, -and this Remedy it seems partly by the -Confession of the Gentleman, was reasonably -enough supposed to be a Dulcification -of <i>Arsnick</i>; one would think that the mention -of this very Remedy, with Monsieur -<i>Alliot’s</i>, and that recommended in the preceeding -Letter, should be sufficient to influence -the inquisitive of our Profession to -farther Enquiries, which must be certainly -an Undertaking, worthy the noblest Spirits. -To conclude, we cannot say, but there are -many Cancers that may be cured by Causticks, -but the Person that is to undergo it, -may very well answer, as a certain Patient -did, who’s Thigh was to be cut off, <i>Non -est tanto digna dolore Salus</i>. <i>The Preservation -of Life would be too dear bought at the -Price of so much Pain.</i> This puts me in -Mind of what is related of <i>Galienus</i> the -Emperor, who it seems had for a considerable -time been very grieviously afflicted with -a <i>Sciatica</i>, a certain Physician undertaking -to cure him, performed indeed his Promise, -but nevertheless made him undergo a thousand -painful Experiments; whereupon, the -Emperor one Day sent for, and thus said to -him, <i>Take</i> Fabatus <i>two Thousand Sesterces, -but withal, be informed I give them not for -curing my</i> Sciatica, <i>but that thou may’st never -cure me again</i>.</p> - - -<p class="tac fs140 mt2em"><em class="gesperrt">PROBLEM VI.</em></p> - -<p class="tac fs120"><i>Whether Cancers are Curable by internal -Medicines.</i></p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">THOUGH</em> this <i>Problem</i> at first View -may seem to be too near allied to -that which proves the Impossibility of curing -cancerous Tumours, whether ulcerated -or not, by Salivation; yet in regard there -are some Persons, that tell us the Disease is -superable by some internal Remedies, which -operate after a quite different Manner, to -those generally given to procure a Salivation, -we shall enquire into one of the most considerable -of them, related by a Person -whose Memory we have a very great Value -for. And we shall the rather take Notice -of this particular Remedy, because we have -elsewhere spoke of the Success of it. It -were no very difficult Matter for me to -mention several internal Medicines, out of -our Chirurgical Writers, more especially -those that have been Favourers of Chemistry; -but I shall purposely decline it, because -to speak freely, I suspect that most of -the Remedies, though much has been said -in the Praise, have not been sufficiently -examined by those that recommended them. -To this we may add, that had the Authors -of them considered the vast Difference -there is to be observed in Cancers, they -would not have so suddainly and positively -determined, that their Medicines were of -use in these Cases in general; seeing we -must have regard to absolutely different Intentions, -in those that are not ulcerated, and -those that are, and those that are a hard -Tumour, and those that are flat, and likewise -when they are conjoined with Circumstances, -which are often enough to be met -with. The Honourable Mr <i>Boyle</i> in his -<i>Usefulness of experimental Philosophy</i>, tells -us, that he was informed by credible Persons, -of a certain <i>English</i> Woman above -sixty Years of Age, who had lain long indisposed -with a Cancer in her Breast, in an -Hospital in <i>Zeeland</i>, and was by Doctor -<i>Harberfeld</i>, with one single inward Remedy -perfectly cured in three Weeks; the Relation -was made by a <i>Doctor of Physick</i>, -who was an Eye Witness of the Cure, and -another Person who not only saw the Cure, -but knew the Woman before, and out of -Charity, carried her to him that healed her. -Our Author was informed, that the <i>Chemical -Liquor</i> the Doctor constantly made use -of, does in the Dose of about a Spoonful or -two, work suddainly and nimbly enough by -Vomit, but hath very quickly ended it’s -Operation, so that within an Hour, or less, -after the Patient has taken it, he is commonly -well again, and very hungry. He -adds, that having some of the Liquor presented -him, he found the Taste to be offensive -enough, and not unlike that of <i>Vitriol</i>, -which by the Taste and emetick Operation, -was guessed to be it’s principal Ingredient. -The Relators assured our Author they had -been in <i>England</i>, as well as elsewhere partly -Eye Witnesses, and partly Performers of -wonderful Cures by the help of it alone, -under God, in the <i>King’s Evil</i>; insomuch, -that an eminent Gentleman of this Nation, -hath been cured by it, when <i>that Distemper</i> -had brought his Arm to such a pass, that the -Surgeons had appointed a time to cut it off. -Now, who is there, that upon reading this -Account would not think the Doctor a very -happy Man, that was Master of so valuable -a Secret; but alas! How satisfactory would -it be to the World if the hundredth part of -the Remedies that have been handed down -to us, had a Power of effecting those things -that are ascribed to them, without being attended -with any ill Consequences. I assure -you, Reader, I have made use of this very -Remedy, for since I mentioned it as the -Doctor’s having great Success from it; I -met with the true Preparation of it, as it -was communicated to Sir <i>Kenelm Digby</i> by -Doctor <i>Havervelt</i>, or <i>Haberfield</i>, for the -Cure of <i>Cancers</i>, the <i>King’s Evil</i>, and old -<i>Ulcers</i>. It is as follows. ℞ <i>Dantzick Vitriol, -calcine it till it be yellow, then grind it -with Salt, or Salt Petre, the ordinary proportion -with this Sublime Mercury, which Sublime -once again by it self, then take only the -Cristaline part of it; of this take</i> ℥i, <i>grind it -to a Subtile Powder in a Glass Mortar with -a Glass Pestle.</i> Put this into a Glass Bottle, -and pour upon it a Quart of Fountain -Water, stop the Bottle close, and let it -stand thus for some Days, shaking it often; -after it is well settled pour off the clear, -and filtre it; take a Spoonful of this Liquor, -which put into a Vial, and put to it two -Spoonfuls of fair Water; shake the Vial -well, and let the Patient Drink it in the -Morning Fasting: As to the quickness of -its Operation, and the making the Patient -Hungry, I found it at first to agree with -what Mr <i>Boyle</i> says of it; but upon giving -it three or four times, the Patient would -afterward complain of a Languidness, which -was ushered in by a Sickness at the Stomach; -after this, they would be attended with a -Heat or Soreness of the Throat, immoderate -Thirst, convulsive Motions of the Stomach, -<i>&c.</i> Some of which Inconveniencies -would continue for many Hours together. -It was upon Account of the Melancholy -Reflections of bringing the Patients -into such Disorder, and their Unwillingness -to endure such Fatigues, that I had never -Courage enough to proceed in this Method. -I cannot but say, upon the Alteration I -found in a Patient of mine, from the use of -six Doses of this Medicine, that it may as -well as some other churlish Remedies, cure -some flat ulcerated Cancers, where there is no -Tumour to dissolve, in Persons that are capable -of often repeating it, which I think -is sufficient to put us upon farther Enquiries, -that we may be able to accomplish such -Undertakings without bringing upon the -Patient such a Train of mischievous Accidents.</p> - - -<p class="tac fs140 mt2em"><em class="gesperrt"><i>POSTSCRIPT.</i></em></p> - -<p>What follows is taken from a Manuscript -which at this time 1714–15, belongs to one -of the Family of the <i>Pains</i>, that have for a -long time pretended to cure Cancers: In the -Margin is this Note, (<i>Used by my Father, -and Grandfather, and Brothers, and known -as a thing excellent by long Practice in our -Family of the</i> Pains:) The Book was lent -me by my Brother <i>Dobyns</i>, who had it from -one of the Family, a Patient of his.</p> - - -<p class="tac"><i>The Red Caustick.</i></p> - -<p>To eat all Superfluous Cancerous and -Schirrous Matters gathered hard in the Edges -or Sides of any Ulcer or Cancer, breeding -upon the Mouth, Face, Nose or Valva. Take -of Bole Armoniac one Ounce, of yellow -Arsnic three Ounces, powder them and -searse them fine, pare an Apple or two and -take of the Pulp and put so much of it -to the Powder (beating of it together in a -Mortar) as will make it of the stiffness of -Dough, then make it up into round Balls -of the bigness of a Walnut, dry them in -a Chamber-Window till they be hard enough. -When you use these Balls shave a little off -from them into your Hand, and moisten the -same with a little Spittle, and rub it well -about the hard Foot of the <i>Noli me Tangere</i>, -and all over the Head of the same, and after -that you have gathered him up into the Ligature -and knit him hard up (for it seems -they used a Ligature smeared with the Medicine) -then apply your Preparation before-mentioned, -and lay fine Holland Raggs dipt -in the following Red Water, all over the -said Caustic, and so let it lye till it fall off -its self. <i>Note</i>, The Quantity of Caustic -laid on, ought not to be much, and yet -sufficient to work its effect. It worketh with -great Pain for twelve Hours or more, and -after that by Fits, like the Tooth-Ach; as the -Pain worketh off it causes great Inflammation -and Swelling about those Parts it is applied -to, but this does not continue above -four or five Days; so meddle not with it till -the Caustick comes off. Then you may for -three or four Days dress the Inflammation -with Diachylon Plaister, or the Red Water -warm.</p> - - -<p class="tac"><i>The Red Water for a Cancer.</i></p> - -<p>Quench unslacked Lime in boiling Water, -which let stand six Hours, the clear -Water poured off, put to the Fire again; to -a Gallon and half of which, put <i>Camphir</i> -℥ß <i>Aloes Succatrine</i> ℥ß. <i>Common Bole</i> ℥ii -<i>White Copperas or Allum</i> ℥ii all powdered, -which boil in the Liquor a little while: He -sometimes gave a Pill made of Deflograted -Red Precipitate, which sometimes made -them spit a little.</p> - - -<p class="tac"><i>The Musilage Plaister to dissolve Schirrous -Knots in the Breast.</i></p> - -<p>Take of the white and inward Bark of -the Witch-Hasel half a Handful, cut it short -and stamp it, then take of the Roots of -Marsh Mallows, Holy-hock Roots two or -three Roots, clean them and throw away -the Pith, stamp all together, then take of -Fenugreek and Linseed of each two Ounces -powdered, put all in an Earthen-pot, then -take a Pint of white Wine or Water, heat -it scalding hot, put it to the Things aforesaid, -cover it close, stirring it every Day for -nine Days, then strain out the Musilage Liquor -with which you make the following -Plaister. Take a Pint of Salad Oyl, Cerus -finely powdered 8 Ounces, boil them together, -constantly stirring them, a sufficient -time, which you may know by its coming -clear off a Pewter Dish when dropt on, let -it cool a little and put in your Musilage, -which stir till it be as white as you would -have it, and until almost all the Musilage -be boiled away, then remove it from the -Fire and put to it four Ounces of <i>yellow -Wax</i>, probably <i>Galbanum</i> may be better, -which when dissolved and the Plaister cold, -work up for use. This Plaister is sometimes -used with equal Parts of <i>Galbanum</i>.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2> - -<a id="keil"></a> -<span class="hd1s">THE</span> - -<span class="hd2s">CASE</span> - -<span class="hd1s">OF</span> - -<span class="hd3">Dr <em class="gesperrt"><i>JAMES KEIL</i></em>,</span> - -<span class="hd1">Represented by</span> - -<span class="hd4"><i>JOHN RUSHWORTH</i>.</span> -</h2> - -<p class="dropcap1"><em class="gesperrt">I</em> Should not have been induced to make -these Papers publick, barely on account -of the rash Censures, that are frequently -cast upon the Practice of <i>Surgery</i>, -not attended with Success; tho’ that Consideration -alone, in the Case of a Person of -such Value and Eminency in <i>Physick</i>, as -Dr <em class="gesperrt">KEIL</em> is known to have been, may -be thought sufficient to have moved me to -it: But being certainly informed, That -several <i>Physicians</i> and <i>Surgeons</i> have before, -and since his Death, given themselves the -Liberty to reflect, not only upon me for -Using, but also upon the Deceased for submitting -to the Methods that were taken with -him; I think I shall not discharge my Duty, -either to my Friend, or to my Self, or indeed -to the Profession, if I do not, as far as -I am able, endeavour to set what was done -in a True Light.</p> - -<p>In order thereunto, it may be requisite to -look back to the Time He first mentioned -any Disorder in his Mouth to me, which -was in <i>August</i> 1716. He then told me, He -had preceived a Fulness in his Mouth for -very many Years; but in the last Three or -Four Years it was much encreased, and by -the Bulk began to be troublesome to him, -tho’ not in the least painful: Upon examining -it, I found the Tumour not only large, -but also to fluctuate, and therefore told him, -until I was satisfied what was contained in -it, I could not come to a Resolution, as to -the manner of treating it; but, if he pleased, -I would make an Incision into it, and -then would tell him what I thought was fit -to be done; He was very well satisfied, -and resolved I should proceed accordingly.</p> - -<p>Upon Opening it, there appeared to be -nothing contained in it, but Blood; not in -the least altered in Colour, Consistence, or -Smell, from what is contained in the Vessels. -The Tumour presently sunk very much, -and I dilated the Incision with my Probe-Scissers, -and pressed in some <i>Dossels</i>; and -then told him, it was a fleshy Tumour, called -a <i>Sarcoma</i>, and that the Blood contained -in it was only accidental; and that the -best way of extirpating it was by the actual -<i>Cautery</i>; but I let him know, that I feared -it would be more troublesome to him, and -take longer Time to cure, than he seemed -to expect.</p> - -<p>We presently sent for the best <i>Instrument-Maker</i> -the Country afforded, and gave him -Directions: But that Night: talking with -him of his Case, I desired him to consider, -Whether it might not be thought a Slight, -by the Learned of both Professions, if I -should Perform the Operation, upon a Man -of his Character, without a Consultation; -there being no Reason (but the Loss of his -Time) to be in haste. At first he seemed unwilling -to lose so much Time, yet upon -Consideration, he resolved for <i>London</i> the -next Day, where several <i>Physicians</i> and <i>Surgeons</i> -were consulted; they all agreed, it -was a simple <i>Sarcoma</i>, and that the actual -<i>Cautery</i> was the properest, if not the only -means of curing it. This Account I received -from the Doctor by Letter; as also, that -the <i>Surgeons</i>, upon probing, found the Bone -bare, and from the ill Smell concluded it -was foul: “Which, said the Doctor it was -impossible for you to discover; because -after I left <i>Northampton</i>, Two <i>Dossels</i> of -the first Dressing dropt out.” I was very -glad to hear That, for those <i>Dossels</i> lodging -so long, in that warm Part, I was in hopes -might be the Occasion of the fœtid Smell; -which the <i>Surgeons</i>, not being acquainted -with, might fairly be induced to take for -that of a foul Bone: Which I mentioned -to the Doctor by the first return of the Post; -and also, that I was farther encouraged in -that Hope, by considering that the Blood, -that was discharged at the first Opening, -was not at all altered, neither was any Smell -perceived, until after the lodging of those -<i>Dossels</i>.</p> - -<p>Whether the Doctor ever mentioned this -my Opinion, to the <i>Surgeons</i> in Town, I -know not; but when he returned to me, -to have the Operation performed, he seemed -discouraged by the Opinion the <i>Surgeons</i> -gave of the Bones being foul. But I -thought I might make bold to confirm him, -in my former Opinion, the ill Smell ceasing -without the Assistance of Medicines. The -Consequence proved the Assertion: For -when, by several Applications of the <i>Cauteries</i>, -I had removed the whole Tumor, -it was plain to me, the Bone was not affected; -and the Part healed as smooth, and -with as much Ease, and in as short a Time, -as ever I met any thing of that Nature, -and the Doctor continued well, without -the least Disorder or Complaint, a Year -and about Eight Months.</p> - -<p>But then in <i>April</i> 1718. He shewed me -a small <i>Ulcer</i>, near that Part of the Mouth -that was before affected, and told me, He -perceived it began upon eating some hot -Meat, that stuck to it: At first this healed -without much Trouble, but soon excoriated -again; and then I could not again perfectly -skin it: For as soon as it was almost -healed, it would begin to excoriate a-fresh -at the Edges, which is what is usual in -<i>Phagedænical Ulcers</i>. And tho’ I could digest -it, and keep it easy, yet it got ground -of me, and spread towards the Teeth; and, -near the Root of One of the <i>Molares</i>, laid -the Bone bare, which appeared to me at the -first not to be injured, but being long exposed -became foul. It not exfoliating in -due Time, with the Tincture that is commonly -used, I proposed the touching of -it with a small <i>Cautery</i>, I being able very -easily to come at it without making use of a -<i>Cannula</i>; which, by confining the Heat, -very much injures the neighbouring Parts: -The good Effect of which Practice, of not -making use of a <i>Cannula</i>, where you can -conveniently omit it, I had good Experience -of in Doctor <i>KEIL</i>’s former Case: For -tho’ he had several <i>Cannulas</i> made in <i>London</i>, -by the best Hand, yet after Twice -using of them, I told the Doctor, That if a -Patient could be trusted, it would be much -more easy to him, and the Surgeon would -see much better to use the <i>Cautery</i>, than -when obstructed by a <i>Cannula</i>. The Doctor -was pleased with the Thought, and pressed -me, at the next making use of the <i>Cautery</i>, -to do it without the <i>Cannula</i>: The Advantage -he had by it was, that it bore four -Burnings, and said, It gave him not the -Pain, or Trouble he had from but One before, -and that the Parts were much less Disordered -by it afterwards. But to return:</p> - -<p>It will not I suppose be doubted, but that -proper internal Means were all along made -use of: But the <i>Ulcer</i> still appearing to me -more threatening, his Friends pressed him, -and I more than any, that he would go again -to Town, and have the best Advice it -could afford; and I resolved to accompany -Him, in the Beginning of <i>August</i> 1718. -And I cannot forbear saying I was surprized, -when, upon a Consultation, my -Brothers, <i>Palmer</i> and <i>Brown</i>, made light of -it; and, without so much as hearing what -I had to say, concluded, That it was chiefly -owing to the Bones being foul; and that -by drawing a Tooth or Two which they -said were affected, and by Purging with -<i>Mercurius dulcis</i>, all would be well; and -so they took their Leave. Says the Doctor -to me, “What say you to this?” I answered -him, That I feared they would find themselves -again mistaken as to the <i>Surgery</i> -Part; and that as to the <i>Mercury</i>, though -a good Medicine, He knew he had taken -it already several Times, without any considerable -Advantage. The Doctor smiled -and said, “But since I came so far for Advice, -I will not only give them a Tooth, -but also try again what Effect <i>Mercury</i> -may have.”</p> - -<p>Another Meeting was ordered, and the -Tooth-Drawer to be there: Upon Drawing -the Tooth, it appeared to be very sound. -The First Dose he took of <i>Mercury</i>, whether -by Cold, or any other Accident, I -know not, very much disordered him. I -could not conveniently be absent any longer, -and therefore the next Day returned into -the Country, and do not know how many -more Doses the Doctor then took; but in a -few Days I received a Letter from him, in -which he said, “I know nothing that has -succeeded right with me, since I came -here: You know what State you left me -in, and I was a great deal worse for some -Days afterwards; though I hope the -<i>Mercury</i> has had no ill Effect, yet I should -have been loath to have been so swelled -in those Parts, as I have been, willingly. -The old <i>Ulcers</i> are not yet healed, they tell -me indeed, there is no Appearance of any -new Ones, and that the <i>most effectual</i> Methods, -which have been taken here, will -<i>infallibly</i> prevent every thing, <i>&c</i>.”</p> - -<p>But by his next, which I soon received, -I had the melancholy News from him, -That the <i>Ulcer</i> was broke out again larger -than ever, and therefore that he would be -down with me in a Day or two, and he -came accordingly, but in a worse State than -ever before. And though it again digested, -and did as before near heal, yet the returns -were quicker, and upon every new Eruption -it was larger and worse; and so continued -to be, notwithstanding all the good -internal Methods continually used by the -concurring Advice of Dr <i>Mead</i>, Dr <i>Friend</i>, -and several other Eminent <i>Physicians</i>; -which no doubt was owing to the malignant -Nature of it.</p> - -<p>And therefore in the Beginning of <i>February</i> -last, I could no longer forbear expressing -my Fears to the Doctor that it -would terminate in a raging <i>Cancer</i>. He -was too sensible of it, and told me, “That -since I thought I could keep it within -Bounds no longer, He was resolved to try -what a <i>Salivation</i> would do:” And though -I could say nothing as to the Advantage he -might expect from it, yet I frankly owned -to him, that if it was my own Case, I -should be of his Opinion, that I might -make bolder with my self, than with any -other Patient: But desired by all means, he -would first hear if his Friends, the <i>Physicians</i> -and <i>Surgeons</i> in <i>London</i>, had yet any -other Method to propose, or else would approve -of that. He wrote to them, the -Answer was long in coming, which made -the Doctor express himself to me with more -Warmth, than I ever knew him to do before: -(For he was a Man of the greatest -Command of himself, as well as of the -sweetest Temper) “What, says he, is not -their Silence enough? And will not you, -whom I take for my Friend (for fear of -losing your Reputation) assist me in what -I desire?” With a great deal more to assure -me of his Confidence in me, and of -his Opinion of my Ability to take Care of -him in the Course. I am not so vain, as to -mention all his kind Expressions, yet if it -be desired, by any of his Friends, I will -give them the Satisfaction of seeing the Letters -I had from him, when he was absent -from me in <i>London</i>.</p> - -<p>At this Time his Brother, Doctor <i>John -Keil</i>, came to him from <i>Oxford</i>; and, as I -understood afterwards, had seen Dr <i>Friend</i> -there, who was for having him salivated at -<i>London</i>: But the Doctor being determined -to the contrary, did not at that Time acquaint -me with it, but began his Course, -which I desired might be in the mildest -Method, by small Doses of <i>Calomel</i>, encreased -gradually, which Method pleased -him very well: But Dr <i>Friend</i> (to whom Dr -<i>John Keil</i> constantly sent an Account of our -Proceedings) gave it as the Opinion of Mr -<i>Palmer</i> and Mr <i>Brown</i>, that it should be -done by <i>Unction</i>: I gave my Reason to the -Patient against it, but they still pressed it, -notwithstanding the ill Symptoms, that I -thought, at that Time, forbad it; which -Symptoms they had been acquainted with. -They still persisting, I desired the Doctor -would give me leave to write my Opinion -my self to Mr <i>Brown</i>, which I did hastily -in the following manner.</p> - -<p>Good Brother,</p> - -<p class="dropcap1"><i>I Have seen Dr</i> Friend’s <i>Letter to Dr</i> -Keil; <i>and Dr</i> Friend <i>I understand has -been so kind as to consult you, and several -Others in the Case; whose Judgments, though -I have all due Regard for, yet in the present -Circumstances (though I give the Preference -to</i> Unction <i>in some stubborn Cases) I dare not -encourage it in this: For my Reason at first, -for beginning so mildly, was, that in this -uncommon Case, we might by degrees, make -some Judgment of the Effects of</i> Mercury, -<i>and then proceed accordingly: For had I not -been prevented by the Accidents you have, by -Dr</i> Friend, <i>been acquainted with, I should -have been very desirous to have gone at least to -the Heighth mentioned by Dr</i> Friend. <i>But -since I find, by encreasing the Quantity of -the Dose to a</i> Scruple <i>(of which he has taken -four) it has not affected the Glands at all, -or made him Spit the more; but his Stomach -is much more oppressed by it, with vast Quantity -of Phlegm, viscous to a degree I have not -met with, and gives him more than common -Disturbance, not to be relieved but by often -Vomiting, to which purpose the</i> Turpith, -<i>has answered very well for the present: My -great Fear is, all things considered, that if I -should proceed to</i> Unction, <i>and it should produce -the same Effect, that it will be too many -for him. If my Fears are too great, my -more than common Concern and Friendship is -some Excuse for me; as also I desire it may -be to You, for this tedious Account from</i>, -Sir,</p> - -<p class="ml60pc">Yours, <i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>Feb. 22d, 1718.</p> - -<p class="ml60pc mb1em"><span class="smcap">J. Rushworth</span>.</p> - -<p>I not receiving, in due Time, an Answer -to this, and the Patient being reduced to a -great Weakness, and to so great a Disorder, -that he could not bear Talking to, I writ -these few Lines for him to consider of.</p> - - -<p>Dear Sir,</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><i>AS your Case now stands, I must own my -self a Coward: Though Dr</i> Friend <i>is much -mistaken to think I am either unacquainted -with, or fear the common Accidents that -often arise in Salivating: But that irregular -and uncommon Effects are, in extraordinary -Cases, produced by</i> Mercury, Hale’<i>s Case is -to me a sufficient Precedent, of which I have -formerly told you the Particulars; and though -your Friends in Town took no Notice of the -unusual Disorder in your Stomach, yet I -should think myself Inexcusable if I should -not. And if, upon using an</i> Unction, <i>any -irregular Ferments should again arise, weak -as you now are, I should dread the Consequence. -In these Circumstances, I think -it most prudent for me, to advise you, to let -what is already taken, go fairly off, and -if you find it not effectual, you may with -much better Prospect, when you have Strength, -begin</i> de Nova, <i>by</i> Unction, <i>and have an -Opportunity to have it done by the</i> infallible -<i>Men</i>.</p> - -<p>Upon this the Doctor no longer, at present, -pressed me to use the <i>Unction</i>, and in -a few Days, the Force of what he had -taken being somewhat spent, he began to -get Strength, and the very great Slough -(which was one of the Accidents mentioned -to Dr <i>Friend</i>) not only cast off, but also -healed, as did also the old malignant <i>Ulcer</i>, -and all the Parts of the Mouth looked very -smooth and well; and the Doctor was -very chearful, and in great Hopes of gaining -the Point.</p> - -<p>At this Time, it being eighteen Days -since I wrote to Mr <i>Brown</i>, I received a -Letter from him, in which he mentioned -nothing to the Purpose. This, I must confess, -did not a little warm me; and I the -same Night wrote to him again, but never -received any Answer: Perhaps he thought -mine too hot; if so, if he desires it, both -mine, and his that occasioned it, shall be -produced.</p> - -<p>The Doctor seeing what had been done -to have so good Effect, and hoping what -was before advised by Mr <i>Palmer</i> and -Mr <i>Brown</i>, would effectually prevent any -return of his Disorder, resolved to use a -<i>Mercurial Unction</i>. He had now more -Strength, and therefore I complied with -him; I began with a small Quantity, and -encreased it every Time, until I had used -even a larger Quantity than had been proposed -by Dr <i>Friend</i>: But it not in the least -affected the Glands, or made him to spit -near so much, as when he took the <i>Calomel</i>; -neither did the <i>Unction</i> or <i>Calomel</i> -produce the Smell, which generally attends -<i>Mercurial</i> Courses; and to my great Surprize -and Concern, whilst he was using the -<i>Unction</i>, the <i>Ulcer</i> broke out again. And -by this we were discouraged from proceeding -any farther; and in due Time the Doctor -endeavoured to Purge this off, but he -had always so untoward a Constitution, that -neither now, nor at any Time before, could -he by Purges have any regular Evacuation; -which was, no doubt in his Case, very Injurious -to him.</p> - -<p>Now I perfectly desponded: But a Friend -and Kinsman of the Doctor’s, a <i>Surgeon</i> -of no small Reputation, assured him, that -he had known, when other Methods failed, -a <i>Mercurial Fumigation</i> had answered: -And what is it that a rational Man will not -try to prevent the excruciating Pains of a -<i>Cancer?</i> When the Doctor mentioned this -to me, I confessed I knew nothing of that -Practice, and always had an ill Opinion of -the Fumes of <i>Mercury</i>: And he also owned -to me, that he was wholly unacquainted with -it; but satisfied in his Friend, and therefore -would try it: He began the Course according -to his Friend’s Directions; I never -pretended to order any thing afterwards; -but however still frequently visited my Good -Friend, though with an aking Heart. The -Fumigation not only made him spit, whilst -he was using it, but also for some Hours -afterwards; and the Patient continued to -use it for several Days, but without any good -Effect upon the <i>Ulcer</i>. In about ten Days -after he had left off the Fumigation, a very -hard Tumour began to arise, upon the -Muscles of the lower Part of the Face and -Neck, and increased very fast, and in a very -short Time spread it self from Ear to Ear: -and, by the Bulk, in a great measure prevented -his Swallowing, and soon suffocated -him. He was Chearful, and to all outward -Appearance tolerably easy to the last, -and had what he now desired, a gentle Release, -<i>July 16, 1719</i>.</p> - -<p>And thus, to the Misfortune of Mankind, -it is manifest to me, that <i>Mercury</i> is not -adequate to this <i>Herculean</i> Distemper: but -however, this Case, and That I mentioned -before to the Doctor, gives me good Reason -to believe, that <i>Mercurials</i> do at least blunt -the Acrimony of the Humour, and so procure -Ease. For, though that Patient had -most acute Pains, before he entered into a -<i>Mercurial</i> Course, yet afterwards he was -easy all a long, as he told me; for I was -called in but a few Days before he died. -These, and other melancholly Cases, should -not however, I think, wholly discourage -<i>Surgeons</i> from making rational Attempts -upon a Distemper, which I fear is more -frequently met with, than formerly, in -this Part of the World: It is to be hoped, -there is in Nature a Specific that may -answer; and happy will that Man be who -shall discover it. He will deserve to be -placed next to the Great <i>Hippocrates</i>, and -also to be rewarded, by the Publick, equally -with him that shall find out the -<i>Longitude</i>.</p> - -<p>I will not pretend to determine, how far -the Fumigation might contribute to the -sudden growth of the Tumour mentioned, -but I should be very glad that the <i>Surgeon</i> -who recommended it, would be so ingenuous, -as to vindicate himself, by giving -Instances of it’s Innocency, and of the -Advantages he has met with in the Practice -of it.</p> - -<p>And now I heartily beg Pardon of the -Friends of the Deceased, who shall give -themselves the Trouble of Reading this -Account, that I could not bring it into a -narrower Compass.</p> - -<p class="mt2em">Having truly related what was done, in -the Case of Dr <i>Keil</i>, I hope it may appear, -that I have acted an honest, and not an -unskilful Part in it: If what was prescribed -by others of greater Fame, when it came -to be tried, had not better Success, I presume -I shall no longer be blamed for it. -No Man would willingly lose any Reputation, -who is to live by it. I question not, but -the best <i>Surgeons</i> in the World will allow, -there are Cases for which there is no Remedy: -And he who frankly owns thus much, -no more loses any Reputation, than the -Quack, that promises greater Matters than -he afterwards performs, gets any: And I -think they, who have censured me, would -have done more ingenuously, if they would -rather have looked upon the present Case as -incurable by any <i>Surgeon</i>, than have thrown -their Aspersions upon me, as not treating it -properly.</p> - -<p><i>N. B.</i> The foregoing remarkable <i>Case</i> -of Dr <i>Keil</i>, was published by Mr <i>Rushworth</i> -of <i>Northampton</i>, Surgeon at <i>Oxford</i>, in the -Year <span class="nowrap">1719<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a></span>. Under the <i>Imprimatur</i> of -<i>Robert Shippen</i>, Vice-Can. <i>Oxon.</i></p> - -<p><a id="dissection"></a></p> -<p class="hang mt2em"><i>Some</i> curious Observations <i>made</i> (<i>by my -Friend</i> John Ranby, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Surgeon to his -Majesty’s Household</i>, <i>and F. R. S.</i>) <i>in the</i> -Dissection <i>of</i> Three Subjects, 1728.</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">THE</em> <i>first</i>, a Man aged 70 Years, who -died of a Suppression of Urine, occasioned -by a Stone stopping in the <i>Urethra</i>, just -within the <i>Glans</i>, of the bigness of a Horse -Bean. This Appearance, with the Symptoms -that had attended this miserable Man, -gave me reason to expect something remarkable -in the urinary Passages. The <i>Ureters</i> -and <i>Pelvis</i> were very much distended; -which is common where great Numbers of -Stones have descended down them, from -the Kidneys to the Bladder. The Bladder -contained about 60 Stones, the largest of -which was about the Size of a Walnut, -the others smaller; and just within the -Neck, was a hard <i>Tumour</i>, as big as a Nutmeg, -which almost closed the Orifice: -and indeed the Situation of this Tumour -was such, that it not only made the passing -the <i>Catheter</i> very difficult, and hindered our -feeling the Stones, by directing the Instrument -upwards: but likewise would alone produce -the Symptoms of the Stone in the -Bladder, by obstructing the free Discharge -of Urine through the <i>Urethra</i>, the inner -Membrane of which appeared as if lacerated -in several Places, and the Tube filled with -a glutinous Matter tinged with Blood. On -the back Part of the <i>Vesiculæ Seminales</i>, -near the <i>Prostata</i>, were several <i>Stones</i>, as -large as Peas, which closely adhered to the -adjacent Membranes.</p> - -<p>The <i>second</i>, a Boy aged 10 Years, killed -by a Blow on the Skull; whose Spleen -weighed two Pounds, and possessed almost -all the left Side of the abdominal Cavity. -The Bladder, when distended to its greatest -Capacity, would not contain an <i>Ounce</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>third</i>, a Man aged 25, who died of -a Pocky Hectick, and some Days before -complained of a painful Swelling in the -Testicle, which he said came the Night -before. I examined it, and found it to -be a <i>Hernia Aquosa</i>, and would have punctured -it, if I had not felt (besides the -Water) a hard Body, which I could by no -Means reduce. In a few Days he died, -which gave me an Opportunity of being -satisfied. Opening the <i>Scrotum</i>, and separating -the common Membranes to the -<i>Processus Vaginalis</i>, it contained about 4 -Ounces of Water, besides a great Part of -the <i>Omentum</i>; some Portions of which adhered -to the Bottom of the Cavity, and the -<i>Albuginea</i> that immediately covers the -Testicle.</p> - -<p class="mt2em">It has been likewise thought proper to -preserve a <i>small Treatise</i> of curing <i>Consumptions</i> -by a new Method, of administring -<i>Specific-Medicines</i>, more especially <i>such</i> as -proceed from <i>Ulcers</i> of the <i>Lungs</i>.</p> - -<p>This excellent Piece was written by the -late eminent Mr <i>Thomas Nevett</i>, of <i>Fen-Church -Street</i>, Surgeon.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2> - -<a id="consumption"></a> -<span class="hd1s">A NEW</span> - -<span class="hd3s">M E T H O D</span> - -<span class="hd1">Of Curing</span> - -<span class="hd3s">CONSUMPTIONS</span> - -<span class="hd1s">BY</span> - -<span class="hd4 mb1em">Specific Medicines.</span> - -<span class="hd1s">INTRODUCTION.</span> -</h2> - -<p class="dropcap1">I Remember a remarkable Passage in some -<i>Observations</i> upon the <i>Bermudus</i> Berries, -by a Doctor of Physic in the Country, -addressed to the Hon. <i>Robert Boyle</i>, Esq; -who professeth he had been for 50 Years -an exact Observer of the <i>Methodus Medendi</i>; -yet saith the Doctor for my part I firmly -believe, that (<i>Universal Evacuations</i> being -premised) the greatest Cures wrought in -the World, are by the use of <i>Specifical -Medicines</i>. The higher the Attainments of -any have been in Understanding, the more -freely have they acknowledged that the -greatest part of those <i>things</i> they <i>did know</i>, -was the least of those <i>things</i> they <i>did not -know</i>; such Men account it not shameful -to renounce an Errour, tho’ ever so ancient, -when persuaded thereunto by Truth -and plain Demonstration: There are other -narrow Spirits (abundantly satisfied in their -own Knowledge) who believe the <i>Art</i> of -<i>Physic</i> hath been taught by our Ancestors, -in such an absolutely perfect manner, as -that nothing remains to the Industry and -Diligence of Posterity; it being too much -their Humour to undervalue every Medicine -that they themselves are not Masters of, because -they prefer their private Interest to the -public Good: But in the mean time -where is that cordial Love to Mankind, -which is one of the Badges of true Christianity? -Nay, where is the Exercise of Reason? -For how can a Man give his Opinion -against a thing that he never <i>heard of</i> before, -or at least never <i>experienced</i>? I am sure, this -unjustifiable Practice is the way to put a stop -to all useful Knowledge and Improvements: -It is therefore expected from the Ingenious -and Candid Reader, that he should adhere -to the Cause of Truth, by whomsoever it -is pleaded, weigh every Invention, not in -the deceitful <i>Balance</i> of <i>Custom</i>, but in -the just and even <i>Scales</i> of <i>Reason</i>; approve -what is agreeable, and reject what is contrary -to it.</p> - -<p>That I who am by Profession a Surgeon, -should in such a polite and inquisitive Age, -venture my Thoughts in public concerning -a <i>Physical Case</i>, may be to some matter of -Admiration, and to others of severe Censure; -especially such as may think I have invaded -their Province. As for the latter, I am -persuaded nothing that I can say will remove -their Prejudices; and for the former, -I shall only tell them, that being alarmed -by some of the <i>Symptoms</i> mentioned in the -following Discourse, whereby I plainly -perceived the Constitution of my own Body -inclined to a <i>Consumptive State</i>, I strenuously -applied my Mind to study the Nature of -this <i>Disease</i>, and to find out, if possible, -some noble Specific Medicines, which might -indeed deserve that Name, and be able to -oppose the growth of so fatal a Distemper, -which hath insensibly flattered so many into -the Chambers of Death. What I then -laboured for, and searched after, I have -since (by the Blessing of God) found, and -with great Advantage experimented on my -self and many others, and now think fit to -disclose for the good of All, not doubting -but if a more excellent Method and Medicine -than hath hitherto been generally administered, -or prescribed, be treasured up -in the Hands of any Person whatsoever, he -doth more faithfully perform the part of a -just Steward, by a due Improvement, than -a close Concealment of it. And on the -same Account, I judge it more my Duty to -serve my Native Country, than mind the -Clamours of censorious Critics; not at all -questioning but in a little time, the Efficacy -of <i>these Medicines</i> will at once bring Health -to the Patient, and Reputation to their -Author: And the World will be convinced -of the <i>Power</i> of these <i>Remedies</i>, by their -Effects; tho’ ignorant Persons may be apt -to contemn and neglect, till their Opinions -be altered by <i>Experience</i>, and their Prejudices -removed by <i>Demonstration</i>.</p> - - -<p class="tac mtb1em"><i>Of the Nature, Causes, and Symptoms of -Consumptions.</i></p> - -<p>I. A <i>Consumption</i>, in general, is a wasting -of all the solid parts of the -Body, for want of a due Distribution, or -Assimilation of the Nutritious Juices.</p> - -<p>By some learned Men this is observed to -be the <i>Endemical Distemper</i> of <i>England</i>; -and indeed our <i>Weekly-Bills</i> at once declare -both the Strength of the Disease, and the -Weakness of the Medicines wherewith it’s -Cure hath been hitherto attempted. Besides, -that which seems to justify this Observation, -is the pernicious Custom of the -Inhabitants of this island, who immoderately -and unseasonably indulge their Appetites -with several sorts of Meats and Drinks, -whereby the Tone of the Stomach is so -vitiated, as that it cannot perfectly ferment -and volatilize the Chyle, which is commonly -the internal procatartic Cause of most -Distempers among us, and consequently of -<i>Consumptions</i> from those Distempers, from -whence comes a Colliquation of the Chyle -in <i>Lienteries</i> and <i>Dysenteries</i>, tormenting -<i>Cholic</i> and <i>Iliac</i> Pains, hypocondriac Melancholly, -hysteric Fits, scorbutic Twitches, -troublesome Catarrhs, sluggish Passage of -the Chyle thro’ the milky Veins, scrophulous -Tumours and Inflammations of the -mesenteric Glands, spasmodic Contractions -or Convulsions of the Nerves, preternatural -Fermentation of the Blood and Spirits, <i>Cachexies</i>, -<i>Atrophies</i>, Obstructions, Fevers hectical, -inflammatory and putrid, Exulcerations -of the Lungs and <i>Marasmus</i>, with -many other Diseases, whence come they -originally and for the most part, but from -the Weakness, ill Habit and Indisposition of -the Stomach?</p> - -<p>Now the proper Action of the Stomach -is Chylification; for tho’ the Meat we take -into our Mouths receives some Alteration -there in Mastication, by the fermenting -Juice that flows from the salivatory Glands, -together with the acrimonious Particles, -and fermentaceous Spirits of Liquors which -we drink, yet it is not turned into a thick -white Juice, ’till it hath passed down thro’ -the <i>Oesophagus</i>, or Gullet, into the Stomach, -where by the help of it’s Fibres it is -closely embraced, and mixed with specific -fermentaceous Juices, separated by it’s inner -Coat, and impregnated by the Saliva, then -by a convenient Heat there is made a mixture -of all; for that the fermentaceous Particles -entering into the Pores of the Meat, -do pass thro’ agitate and eliquate it’s Particles, -dissolving the whole <i>Compages</i>, in -which the purer parts were intimately united -with the Crass, and making them more -fluid, so that they make another form of -Mixture, and unite among themselves into -the resemblance of a milky Cream, after -which together with the thicker Mass with -which they are yet involved, by the Constriction -of the Stomach they pass down to -the Guts, where by the Mixture of the -Bile and Pancreatic Juice they are by another -manner of Fermentation quite separated -from the thicker Mass, and so are received -by the Lacteal Vessels, as the thicker -is ejected by Stool.</p> - -<p>After the purer part of the Chyle hath -been thus strained thro’ the narrow and oblique -Pores of the milky Veins, by the continual -and peristaltic Motion of the Intestines, -it is yet farther attenuated and diluted with -a very thin and clear <i>Lympha</i> from the -Glands of the Mesentery to expedite its -passage thro’ those numerous Meanders into -the common Receptacle, from whence -by the constant Supply of such like <i>Lympha</i> -from the small Glands of the <i>Thorax</i>, -it is safely conveyed thro’ the <i>Ductus Chyliferus -Thoracius</i>, subclavian Vein, and the -<i>Vena Cava</i> into the Heart.</p> - -<p>The Chyle now mingled with the Blood, -passeth with it thro’ the Arteries of the whole -Body, and returns again with the Blood by -the Veins to the Heart, undergoing many -Circulations before it can be assimilated to -the Blood; for every time the new infused -Chyle passeth thro’ the Heart with the -Blood, the Particles of the one are more intimately -mixed with those of the other, in -it’s Ventricles, and the Vital Spirit, and -other active Principles of the Blood work -upon the Chyle, which being full of Salt, -Sulphur and Spirit, as soon as it’s <i>Compages</i> -is loosned by it’s Fermentation with the -Blood, the Principles having obtained the -Liberty of Motion, do readily associate -themselves, and are assimilated with such -parts of the Blood as are of a like and -suitable Nature.</p> - -<p>After the Chyle hath been thus elaborated, -it becomes fit as well to recruit the -Mass of Blood, as to nourish the whole -Body, seeing it consists of divers Principles -and Parts of a different Nature; therefore, according -to the various Use and Necessity of -every part, and also that it may conform -and fashion it self to the different Pores and -Passages, it is severally appropriated; the -most volatile and subtil part is separated in -the Brain, and adapted to refresh the Animal -Spirits, the glutinous to nourish the -Body, and the sulphureous to revive the -native Heat: And in it’s Passage with the -Blood thro’ all the parts of the Body, all -the Mass of Chyle that is capable of being -turned into Blood is sanguified; the serous -and saline part precipitated by the Kidneys, -and evacuated by Sweats or insensible Transpirations, -the bilious is deposited in the -Liver, and the rest of its Excrements retire -to the several Emunctories of the Body.</p> - -<p>Thus it comes to pass by the wonderful -Sagacity of Nature, such extraordinary Provision -is made, that the purer part of the -Chyle by these ways and means is more -purified; and when it is thus purified and -sublimed, it is more capable of reinforcing -the Blood and Spirits, as also of corroborating -the Tone of every particular Part: -Whereas when the Chyle is sour and dispirited, -the Blood necessarily becomes vappid, -the animal Spirits which reside in the -System of the Nerves are infected with a -Morbid Disposition, and all parts of the -Body begin to flag and waste. For indeed -there is no other way to recruit the daily -Expence of Blood and Spirits, but by a -continual Influx of laudable Chyle into the -Blood-Vessels, which Chyle is made by the -Fermentative Juice of the Stomach, and -this Fermentative Juice supplied from the -Mass of Blood, so that there plainly appears -to be a fixed Correspondence betwixt -the Blood and the Chyle, and a necessary -Dependance all the Humours in the Habit -of the Body have on the Stomach; from -whence it is reasonable to infer, That if the -Chilifying Faculty of the Stomach be depraved, -the Blood and Humours must necessarily -sympathize therewith, and in a -manner proportionable to the Distemper of -this part.</p> - -<p>II. The immediate Cause of a <i>Consumption</i> -of the <i>Lungs</i> is store of sharp, malignant, -waterish Humours, continually distilling -upon the soft spungy Substance of -the Lungs, stuffing, inflaming, impostumating, -and exulcerating them, whereby their -Action, which is Respiration, or a receiving-in -and driving-out Air is depraved, as -will more clearly appear by the following -Description of these Parts. It will not be -impertinent to our Discourse if we should -usher in the Description of the <i>Lungs</i>, with -a short Account of the <i>Trachea</i>, <i>Aspera -Arteria</i>, or <i>Wind-pipe</i>.</p> - -<p>III. The <i>Trachea</i> or <i>Aspera Arteria</i> is a -long Pipe, consisting of Cartilages and -Membranes, which beginning at the Throat -or lower part of the Jaws, and lying upon -the Gullet, descends into the <i>Lungs</i>, thro’ -which it spreads into many Branchings, and -is commonly divided into two parts, the -<i>Larynx</i> and <i>Bronchus</i>; the <i>Larynx</i> is the -upper part of the Wind-pipe, the <i>Bronchus</i> -is all the <i>Trachea</i> besides the <i>Larynx</i>, -as well before as after it arrives at the -<i>Lungs</i>.</p> - -<p>The Substance of the <i>Lungs</i> is soft, -spongy and rare, curiously compacted of -most thin and fine Membranes, continued -with the Ramifications of the <i>Trachea</i> or -Wind-pipe, which Membranes compose an -infinite number of little, round and hollow -Vesicles, or Bladders, so placed as that there -is an open Passage from the Branches of the -<i>Aspera Arteria</i>, out of one into another, -and all terminate at the outer Membrane -that investeth the whole <i>Lungs</i>: These little -Bladders by help of their muscular Fibres -contract themselves in Expiration, and -are dilated in Inspiration, partly by the -Pressure of the Atmosphere, and partly by -the elastic Power of the Air, insinuating -it self into these Vesicles thro’ the Windpipe -and it’s several Branches: Their Lobes -are two, the right and left, parted by the -<i>Mediastinum</i>, each of which is divided into -many lesser Lobules, according to the Ramifications -of the <i>Aspera Arteria</i>; they -have all sorts of Vessels that are common -to them with other parts, as Arteries, Veins, -Nerves, Lympheducts, but peculiar to -themselves they have their <i>Bronchia</i>, or the -Branches of the Wind-pipe, for bringing-in -and carrying-out Air so necessary to Life, -that we cannot Live without it: And when -we consider their admirable Structure, (as -well as the Structure of every individual -part of our Body) how ought we to adore -the infinite Wisdom of our Creator! Now -when these small Vesicles or Bladders are -replete with extravasated <i>Serum</i>, or purulent -Matter, the natural Tone of the <i>Lungs</i> -is so weakned, that we cannot enjoy the -Benefit of free and full Respiration, hard, -scirrhous Tumours and Tubercles are bred, -attended with a dry and troublesome Cough, -Oppression of the Breast, difficult and short -Breathing, preternatural Heats, Exulcerations, -and other deplorable Symptoms, -according to the Degrees of Obstruction, -and different Nature of the included Humours.</p> - -<p>IV. The external Procatartic Cause of a -<i>Consumption</i> of the <i>Lungs</i> is cold Particles -of Air, constipating the Pores of the Body, -whereby the <i>Serum</i> which ought to expedite -the Motion, and temperate the Heat of -the Blood is separated from it, and thrown -upon the Glands of the <i>Larynx</i>, and the -spungy Substance of the Lungs themselves: -For as the <i>Lympha</i> helps the Motion of the -<i>Chyle</i>, so the <i>Serum</i> accelerates the Circulation -of the Blood, being carried about with -it thro’ the smallest Capillary Vessels and -remotest parts of the Body, lest it should -be inflamed with a burning Heat, or stagnate -by excessive Thickness; during which -circular Motion they are both called by the -same common Name, but when some Portion -of <i>Serum</i> is separated from the Mass of -Blood, and retreats to some one or more of -the Emunctories; according to their various -Dispositions, it derives a Name from those -particular Parts on which it seizeth, as when -it distils upon the Eyes, we call it <i>Opthalmia</i>, -when upon the Nose <i>Coryza</i>, and -when upon the <i>Thorax</i> it goes by the proper -Name of a <i>Catarrh</i>.</p> - -<p>Now forasmuch as there is nothing -makes a Separation of the Blood more -commonly than the want of usual Transpiration, -so nothing more conduceth to the -Preservation of Health, than that the -Pores of the Body should continually let out -the hot Streams and Vapours that arise from -the Ebullition of the Blood; but when -after taking Cold the Skin and Habit of the -Body are on a sudden stopped up, that -the sulphureous and waterish Excrements of -the Blood cannot pass through the Pores, -they are again resorbed into the Mass of -Blood, from whence proceeds a feverish -Disposition; unless they are carried off by -Stool, or precipitated by the Kidneys, are -sometimes translated to the Glandulous Parts -of the <i>Lungs</i>, where by Degrees contracting -more and more Heat and Sharpness they -inflame and exulcerate these tender Parts.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless tho’ a <i>Consumption</i> of the -<i>Lungs</i> is sometimes thus caused by taking -Cold, yet this comes to pass but seldom, -unless in such Bodies whose Mass of Blood -being rendered Cachectic, thro’ frequent Influxes -of dispirited Chyle, is pre-disposed -to receive, and unable to free it self from -this New Influx of Catarrhous Rheum: -For suppose Two Persons in like manner -deprived of the Benefit of usual Transpiration, -by some great Cold, which tho’ troublesome -in the beginning, because of a violent -and continual Distillation of Extravasated -<i>Serum</i> upon the Glandulous Coat of -the Wind-pipe, and other adjacent Glands, -yet in the One of these it survives not the -accidental feverish Disposition of the Blood, -occasioned by the Stoppage of the Pores: -For as soon as the Ferment ceaseth, the -separated Humours, partly for want of a -new Influx of <i>Serum</i>, and partly by the -natural Heat of these Parts, are concocted -into a thick sort of Phlegm, and coughed -up; after the Expectoration of which separated -<i>Serum</i> the glandulous Parts presently -recover their natural Tone, without any -Remains of a Tumour, Cough, Shortness -of Breath, or other Inconvenience; but in -the other this feverish Ferment, occasioned -by taking Cold, is not transitory, but so -habitually fixed by means of some previous -Indisposition, as to encrease the Effervescence -and Colliquation of the Blood and -Spirits; from whence all the Glands which -are seated in the upper part of the <i>Larynx</i>, -as also the glandulous Coat of the Wind-pipe -it self are overflown with a Deluge of -hot distempered Humours, the Substance of -the <i>Lungs</i> distended with hard Tumours, -the Branches of the Wind-pipe comprest, -and the Wind-pipe it self from these Swellings -irritated to Cough, by a continual tickling, -which promotes a frequent spewing -out of hot sharp Humours all along the -<i>Aspera Arteria</i>, till at length these Tubercles -growing very large, begin to inflame -and suppurate; immediately upon the breaking -or opening of those Apostemes, sometimes -such a Flood of corrupted Matter is -poured out of their Baggs or Cavities, into -the Branches of the <i>Trachea</i>, as compleatly -suffocates and choaks the Patient; but at -other times this Purulent Matter, mixt -with streaks of Blood, and some thin Phlegm -that is continually discharged from the -glandulous Coat of the Wind-pipe, is -coughed up by degrees, and then this deplorable -Case requires Specific Medicines, to -cleanse and heal these Ulcers.</p> - -<p>V. Such kind of <i>Consumptions</i> whose -Original is store of malignant acrimonious -Humours, which are most apt to inflame -and putrify, may be termed acute, when -compared to others that proceed from Humours -more mild and benign. There may -be likewise some difference made by omitting -Bleeding, and committing some egregious -Errors in Diet, Exercise, Passions of -the Mind, or any other of the <i>Non-Naturals</i>: -However, all <i>Consumptions</i> of the -<i>Lungs</i> ought to be reckoned in the Number -of Chronical Distempers, because they are -contracted and augmented by degrees, and -no other way to be remedied; yet this doth -not prove them incurable in their own Nature, -for Reason and Experience both teach -the contrary: And indeed I must confess, -it was from the marvelous Success of these -Remedies that I first imbibed this Notion, -<i>viz.</i> <i>Ulcers</i> of the <i>Lungs</i> are in themselves -curable. Sometimes a Fever or other acute -Distemper may be jugulated, when either -Nature or Art carries off the Morbific Matter -by a sudden <i>Crisis</i> or plentiful Evacuation, -but all hopes of dispatching a confirmed -<i>Consumption</i> of the <i>Lungs</i> instantly -are groundless, seeing many inveterate Obstructions -must be removed, abundance of -tough glutinous Humours attenuated and -evacuated, the whole Mass of Blood and -Spirits rectified, the Habit of the Body meliorated, -and the Tone of several parts recovered, -before we can eradicate this fixed -Distemper.</p> - -<p>What will be the Issue and Result of -this <i>Consumptive-Disease</i>, may rationally be -prognosticated from it’s several Stages or -Degrees: For when the Mass of Blood by -a continual Influx of sour dispirited Chyle -is reduced to a sharp and hectical State, and -the <i>Serum</i> which is separated from this corrupted -Blood only stuffs the Bladders and -Glandules which are dispersed thro’ the -Body of the Lungs, this Distemper may -be said to be in it’s Infancy or beginning, -(and if sovereign Remedies were then presented, -they might obtain an easy Conquest) -but the Increase is attended with a greater -Distention of the Glands and Bladders, as -also an Inflammation of these Tubercles -tending to suppuration: For when the Animal -Spirits which are necessary to the natural -Fermentation of the Blood are vitiated -with unwholesome Particles of a foggy and -thick Air, and the Humour which for a -long time hath been contained in the Baggs -or Cavities of the Lungs is over-heated by -some extraordinary Ebullition or Fermentation -of the Blood, with a total Suppression -of Expectoration, the Cough becomes more -violent, the Fever inflammatory, and all -parts more tabid. In it’s further Progress or -State all Symptoms advance apace towards -their Extremity, Suppuration now succeeds -the Inflammation of these Tubercles, for -that the Purulent Matter is either breeding -or already made, the Inflammatory Hectic -is changed into a putrid Intermitting Fever, -attended with an Universal Colliquation of -the Nutritious Juices and plentiful Separation -of them from the Mass of Blood by all -ways of Evacuation that Nature affords; -whence the Patients strength suddainly decays, -and in a short time he is reduced to -the highest State of a <i>Marasmus</i>, with an -<i>Hippocratic</i> Face.</p> - -<p>VI. Thus having demonstrated to the -meanest Capacity the Power of this prevailing -Evil, with it’s efficient and material -Causes, Reason it self presently suggests -nothing less than great and noble Medicines -can tame a Distemper so formidable. It is -no less obvious to the Understanding of -every one that professeth any thing of Physic, -that the sooner the Cure is begun the -better, the more moderate the Patient is in -the use of the Six <i>Non-Naturals</i>, the more -likely to succeed; the Spring-time is the -best Season, Universals are to be premised, -extraordinary Symptoms and Circumstances -peculiarly attended, and such like things -must run through the whole Course of -Practice.</p> - -<p>No doubt but the Chalibeate Mineral -Waters when impregnated with the Volatile -Salts and Spirits of a serene Air, pleasant -Society, delightful Recreations, Morning -and Evening Walks, regular Diet, -Freedom from Business, vexatious Thoughts, -<span class="nowrap">Exercise<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></span>, and the rest may be serviceable: -But if the <i>Jesuit</i> were sentenced to perpetual -Exile, I think the Consumptive have -no reason excessively to lament, for I can -tell them who hath a Febrifuge Antihectical, -without a Grain of the <i>Jesuit</i>, more -excellent far than the <i>Peruvian</i> Bark, because -it makes a safe, not a treacherous -Peace, and can give a Reason of it’s working -so stupendiously, tho’ they who know -not how a thing can be done, think it -impossible to be done.</p> - -<p>For my part, I do not believe any Medicine -can work a Cure in the way of a -Charm, yet they who either know or use -no other (at least for the most part) than -ordinary Medicines, cannot conceive how -such wonderful Effects can be wrought, unless -by <span class="nowrap">Inchantment<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a></span>.</p> - -<p>The common Method of Cure is by -Bleeding to abate the Effervescence or Colliquation -of the Blood, and prevent the -Tumour and Inflammation of the Lungs, -by Vomits to relieve the Stomach opprest -with store of ill Humours, and remove divers -Obstructions of several Bowels and -small Vessels, by Stomach-Purges gently -to carry down the peccant Humours; and -lastly by Diuretics and Diaphoretics with -some mixture of an Opiate, plentifully to -carry off the Colliquated <i>Serum</i> by Urine, -or the Pores of the Skin, without raising a -fresh Catarrh by a new Commotion of the -Blood. After a due Administration of these -universal Evacuations, (which in their respective -Seasons are highly necessary) the frequent -Use of Pectoral Apozems and Pulmonary -Linctuses is next enjoined, to retund -the Acrimony of the Humours which -ouze out of the Wind-pipe, by their mucilaginous -and incrassating Quality, and so -mitigate the troublesome Cough. How far -serviceable to this end and purpose the neatest -Forms of such Dispensations that I ever -yet saw may be, I will not dispute, only -this I must take leave to say, because to me -(as also to the unprejudiced I humbly conceive) -it seems evident that such fulsom Ingredients -of which they are compounded, -are more apt to spoil a weak than recover -a lost Stomach, and consequently not the -fittest Medicines Consumptive Persons may -have recourse to: For how many by woful -Experience have found the constant and -frequent use of such Anti-Stomachics led -them from one Degree of this Malady to -another, ’till their decaying Appetite hath -been quite overthrown, (and consequently -their hectic Heat inflamed) their Bodies so -emaciated, as to render them uncapable of -necessary Evacuations, and they themselves -at last given over to a Milk Diet, Asses -Milk, some Chalibeate Mineral Waters, or -such like Liquids, to which the poor distressed -Stomach ecchoes aloud, <i>Miserable -Comforters all</i>! If therefore I can, as I -have Reason to believe, with Medicines less -offensive in Quantity, and more useful in -Quality, restore the lost Appetite, and do -the same, if not greater Service towards -the Concocting and Expectorating that load -of separated <i>Serum</i> with which the Pipes -of the Lungs are stuffed, (which will easily -be perceived by the Patient in a few Weeks -with due Care and Management) I think I -have gained a great Point, forasmuch as -the Recovery of the Stomach may reasonably -be looked upon as an Earnest of the -Cure.</p> - -<p>The Medicines I do here recommend -to my Countrymen as Specific in the Cure -of <i>Consumption</i> of the <i>Lungs</i>, arising from -the fore-mentioned Causes, have a peculiar -Faculty of warming, comforting and -strengthening weak Stomachs, attenuating -and gently carrying off that load of Tartareous -Matter which is lodged in their rugous -Coat, depraving both Appetite and -Digestion. In their Passage thro’ the whole -Circumference of the Guts, they likewise -dissolve that crusted Slime and Filth which -hinders the Pressure of the Chyle into the -Milky Vessels by the Peristaltic Motion of -their Spiral Fibres: Thus having removed -these Fundamental Obstructions, they hasten -together with the Chylous Mixture, which -by this time is somewhat Invigorated towards -the Relief of the Sanguineous Mass, -presently upon their Conjunction the Blood -revives, and by degrees becomes brisk and -vigorous, able to cope with, and give some -check to the preternatural hectic Heat, stop -the Influx of the Rheum into the Glandulous -Substance of the Lungs, concoct that -which is already collected, and release the -Animal Spirits, intangled with a vitious -disposition of the Nervous Juice. Having -gained these Advantages, things begin to -look with another manner of Aspect, the -Habit of the Body grows firmer, the Mind -chearfuller, the Countenance fresh and -brisk, the emaciated Parts gather Flesh and -Strength, the Lungs and Glands of the -<i>Larynx</i> recover their natural Tone, and the -whole Constitution improves towards a State -of Health. Moreover, These <i>Anti-Phthisics</i> -are really impregnated with such Volatile -Spirits and Salts, that as Lightning they -penetrate the remotest Corners of the Body, -exterminating the very Seeds and Roots of -this grievous Disease, powerfully and effectually, -yet pleasantly and securely, if plentifully -taken in the manner of a Diet: For -thus in time they chear up the drooping -Animal Spirits, fortify the System of the -Nerves, and so influence the whole Sanguineous -Mass, as that the Blood it self becomes -the most precious of all natural Balsoms, -marvellously cleansing the putrid <i>Ulcers</i> -of the <i>Lungs</i>, and finally reducing them -to a perfect <i>Cicatrix</i>.</p> - -<p>Wherefore let none be deceived by the -flattering Nature of this Distemper in the -beginning, nor give themselves over for lost -in the highest State, because these reviving -Cordials are calculated for the weakest Constitutions, -seeing at the same time they offend -the Diseased Matter on the one Hand, -they support Nature from sinking under -any Evacuations on the other. It is therefore -my Advice to the <i>Consumptive</i>, or <i>Consumptively-inclined</i>, -and their Interest (by -way of Prevention) to acquaint themselves -in time with these Sovereign Antidotes. Better -Counsel I cannot give to the best of my -Friends, if they are desirous to save themselves -a great deal of Pain and Misery, as -well as Charges, and render their Lives -comfortable to themselves and serviceable to -others.</p> - -<p>The Warmness of these Medicines, which -is the only Objection that ever I met with -in the use of them, is so far from being a -real Discouragement, as that upon serious -and judicious Considerations, it becomes a -Notable Argument to enforce the taking of -them; for otherwise they would be too weak -to engage the Original Cause of hectic, -burning and putrid Fevers; whereas by this -active Principle of Heat, they work so effectually -upon the whole Mass of Chyle, as -to separate the sharp and dispirited from the -nutritious Particles thereof, thoroughly insinuate -themselves into all the Avenues of -the Adversary, cut and divide the tough viscous -Humours which distemper the Veins, -Arteries and Nerves, destroy the Acidity of -the Nervous Juice, recover the Natural -Temper of the Animal Spirits, sweeten the -Mass of Blood, by separating the Impurities -thereof by the Cutaneous Glands, gently -forcing a Transpiration of the Feverish Particles -of the whole, and so banish that Preternatural -Heat which is Proof to all common -Remedies. And that Diseases which -carry in their outward Appearance a shew of -preternatural Heat are thus to be treated -with warm Medicines, is indeed observable -to every discerning Eye: For the most malignant -Fevers are attacked and conquered by -the briskest and warmest <i>Alexipharmics</i> and -the most violent <i>Erysipelas</i>, or St <i>Anthony</i>’s -<i>Fire</i>, is discussed and breathed out by strong -and spirituous Fomentations, but are both -of them exasperated by refrigerating or cooling -Medicines, and their preternatural Heat -more and more increased, till the one at -length terminates in the <i>cold sweats of Death</i>, -and the other in a compleat <i>Mortification</i>.</p> - -<p>To multiply Encomiums of this kind is -remote from my intended Brevity, therefore -take this remarkable one for all: The -Efficacy of <i>Specific Medicines</i> may be experienced -from Mr <i>Boyle</i>’s unparalelled -Treatise, herein referred to, and from the -full Descriptions I have given any Chymist -of Eminence, upon consulting each respective -Patient’s Case, can effectually prepare -them. But I would more particularly recommend -for this Purpose the Skilful Mr -<i>Boyle Godfrey</i>, in <i>Covent-Garden</i>.</p> - -<p class="tar"><span class="smcap">Tho. Nevett.</span></p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> -<img src="images/i_162a.jpg" width="320" height="34" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="tac fs120 ls02em">A</p> - -<p class="tac fs200 ls02em">MODEST DEFENSE</p> - -<p class="tac fs120 ls02em">OF</p> - -<p class="tac fs200 ls02em"><i>PUBLICK STEWS</i></p> - -<p class="tac fs120">Price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> -<img src="images/i_162b.jpg" width="320" height="35" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2> - -<a id="history"></a> -<span class="hd1s">THE NATURAL</span> - -<span class="hd3s">SECRET HISTORY</span> - -<span class="hd1s">OF</span> - -<span class="hd3s"><i>BOTH SEXES</i>:</span> - -<span class="hd1s">OR,</span> - -<span class="hd6">A Modest Defense</span> - -<span class="hd1s">OF</span> - -<span class="hd3s"><i>PUBLIC STEWS</i>.</span> -</h2> - -<p class="tac fs140">With an Account of the Present State<br /> -of <span class="smcap">Whoring</span> in these Kingdoms.</p> - -<hr class="r50" /> - -<p class="tac fs140">By <em class="gesperrt"><i>LUKE OGLE</i></em>, Esq;</p> -<hr class="r50" /> - -<p class="tac fs120 ls01em">THE FOURTH EDITION.</p> -<hr class="r50" /> - -<p class="tac fs140"><em class="gesperrt"><i>LONDON</i></em>:</p> - -<p class="tac fs120">Printed in the <span class="smcap">Year</span> M.DCC.XL.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter3" style="width: 330px;"> -<img src="images/i_166.jpg" width="330" height="58" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<p class="tac fs120 ls02em">TO THE</p> - -<p class="tac fs240 ls02em"><b>SOCIETIES</b></p> - -<p class="tac fs120 ls02em">FOR</p> - -<p class="tac fs160"><i>Reformation of Manners</i>.</p> - -<p class="ml1em"><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">THE</em> great Pains and Diligence -You have employ’d in the Defence -of Modesty and Virtue, give You -an undisputed Title to the Address of -this Treatise; tho’ it is with the utmost -Concern that I find myself under a Necessity -of writing it, and that after so -much Reforming, there should be any -Thing left to say upon the Subject, besides -congratulating You upon Your -happy Success. It is no small Addition -to my Grief to observe, that Your Endeavours -to suppress Lewdness have -only serv’d to promote it; and that this -<i>Branch</i> of <i>Immorality</i> has <i>grown</i> under -Your Hands, as if it was <i>prun’d</i> instead -of being <i>lopp’d</i>. But however Your -ill Success may grieve, it cannot astonish -me: What else could we hope for, -from Your persecuting of poor strolling -Damsels? From your stopping up those -<i>Drains</i> and <i>Sluices</i> we had to let out -Lewdness? From your demolishing -those <i>Horn-works</i> and <i>Breast-works</i> of -Modesty? Those <i>Ramparts</i> and <i>Ditches</i> -within which the Virtue of our Wives -and Daughters lay so conveniently <i>intrench’d</i>? -An Intrenchment so much the -safer, by how much the Ditches were -harder to be fill’d up. Or what better -could we expect from Your Carting of -Bawds, than that the Great Leviathan -of Leachery, for Want of these Tubs -to play with, should, with one Whisk -of his Tail, overset the <i>Vessel</i> of Modesty? -Which, in her best Trim, we -know to be somewhat <i>leaky</i>, and to have -a very unsteady <i>Helm</i>.</p> - -<p>An ancient Philosopher compares -Lewdness to a wild, fiery, and headstrong -young Colt, which can never be -broke till he is rid into a Bog: And -<i>Plato</i>, on the same Subject, has these -Words; <i>The Gods</i>, says he, <i>have given -us one disobedient and unruly Member, -which, like a greedy and ravenous Animal -that wants Food, grows wild and -furious, till having imbib’d the Fruit of -the common Thirst, he has plentifully -besprinkled and bedewed the Bottom of -the Womb</i>.</p> - -<p>And now I have mentioned the Philosophers, -I must beg Your Patience for -a Moment, to hear a short Account of -their Amours: For nothing will convince -us of the irresistible Force of -Love, and the Folly of hoping to suppress -it, sooner than reflecting, that those -venerable <i>Sages</i>, those Standards of Morality, -those great <i>Reformers</i> of the -World, were so sensibly touch’d with -this tender Passion.</p> - -<p><i>Socrates</i> confess’d, that, in his old -Age, he felt a strange tickling all over -him for five Days, only by a Girl’s -touching his Shoulder.</p> - -<p><i>Xenophon</i> made open Profession of -his passionate Love to <i>Clineas</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Aristippus</i> of <i>Cyrene</i>, writ a lewd -Book of ancient Delights; he compar’d -a Woman to a House or a Ship, that -was the better for being used: He asserted, -that there was no Crime in Pleasure, -but only in being a Slave to it: -And often used to say, I <i>enjoy</i> Lais, <i>but</i> -Lais <i>does not enjoy me</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Theodorus</i> openly maintain’d, that a -wise Man might without Shame or -Scandal, keep Company with common -Harlots.</p> - -<p><i>Plato</i>, our great Pattern for chaste-Love, -proposes, as the greatest Reward -for public Service, that he who has perform’d -a signal Exploit, should not be -deny’d any amorous Favour. He writ -a Description of the Loves of his Time, -and several amorous Sonnets upon his -own Minions: His chief Favorites were -<i>Asterus</i>, <i>Dio</i>, <i>Phædrus</i>, and <i>Agatho</i>; -but he had, for Variety, his Female -Darling <i>Archeanassa</i>; and was so noted -for Wantonness, that <i>Antisthenes</i>, gave -him the Nick-name of <i>Satho</i>, i. e. <i>Well-furnish’d</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Polemo</i> was prosecuted by his Wife -for Male-Venery.</p> - -<p><i>Crantor</i> made no Secret of his Love -to his Pupil <i>Arcesilaus</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Arcesilaus</i> made Love to <i>Demetrius</i> -and <i>Leocharus</i>; the last, he said, he -would fain have open’d: Besides, he -publickly visited the two <i>Elean</i> Courtezans, -<i>Theodota</i> and <i>Philæta</i>, and was -himself enjoy’d by <i>Demochares</i> and -<i>Pythocles</i>: He suffer’d the last, he said, -for Patience-sake.</p> - -<p><i>Bion</i> was noted for debauching his -own Scholars.</p> - -<p><i>Aristotle</i>, the first <i>Peripatetic</i>, had -a Son call’d <i>Nichomacus</i>, by his Concubine -<i>Herpilis</i>: He lov’d her so well, -that he left her in his Will a Talent of -Silver, and the Choice of his Country-Houses; -that, as he says, the Damsel -might have no Reason to complain: He -enjoy’d, besides the Eunuch <i>Hermias</i>, -others say only his Concubine <i>Pythais</i>, -upon whom he writ a Hymn, call’d, -<i>The Inside</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Demetrius Phalereus</i>, who had 360 -Statues in <i>Athens</i>, kept <i>Lamia</i> for his -Concubine, and at the same time was -himself enjoy’d by <i>Cleo</i>: He writ a -Treatise, call’d, <i>The Lover</i>, and was -nick-nam’d by the Courtezans, <i>Charito</i>, -<i>Blespharus</i>, i. e. <i>A Charmer of Ladies</i>; -and <i>Lampetes</i>, i. e. <i>A great Boaster -of his Abilities</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Diogenes</i>, the <i>Cynic</i>, us’d to say, -that Women ought to be in common, -and that Marriage was nothing but a -Man’s getting a Woman in the Mind -to be lain with: He often us’d Manual -Venery in the public Market-place, -with this Saying. <i>Oh! that I could -assuage my Hunger thus with rubbing -of my Stomach!</i></p> - -<p>But what Wonder if the old <i>Academics</i>, -the <i>Cyrenaics</i>, and <i>Peripatetics</i>, -were so lewdly wanton, when -the very <i>Stoics</i>, who prided themselves -in the Conquest of all their other -Passions, were forc’d to submit to this?</p> - -<p><i>Zeno</i>, indeed, the Founder of that -Sect, was remarkable for his Modesty, -because he rarely made Use of Boys, -and took but once an ordinary Maid-Servant -to Bed, that he might not be -thought to hate the Sex; yet, in his -<i>Commonwealth</i>, he was for a Community -of Women; and writ a Treatise, -wherein he regulated the Motions of -getting a Maidenhead, and philosophically -prov’d Action and Reaction to -be equal.</p> - -<p><i>Chrysippus</i> and <i>Apollodorus</i> agree -with <i>Zeno</i> in a Community of Women, -and say, that a wise Man may be in -Love with handsome Boys.</p> - -<p><i>Erillus</i>, a Scholar of <i>Zeno</i>’s, was a -notorious Debauchee.</p> - -<p>I need not mention the <i>Epicureans</i> -who were remarkable for their Obscenity.</p> - -<p><i>Epicurus</i> used to make a Pander of -his own Brother; and his Scholar, the -Great <i>Metrodorus</i>, visited all the noted -Courtezans in <i>Athens</i>, and publicly -kept the famous <i>Leontium</i>, his Master’s -<i>Quondam</i> Mistress. Yet, if you will -believe <i>Laertius</i>, he was every Way a -good Man.</p> - -<p>But what shall we say of our Favourite -<i>Seneca</i>, who, with all his <i>Morals</i>, -could never acquire the Reputation -of <i>Chastity</i>? He was indeed -somewhat Nice in his Amours, like -the Famous <i>Flora</i>, who was never -enjoy’d by any Thing less than a Dictator -or a Consul; for he scorn’d to -intrigue with any Thing less than the -Empress.</p> - -<p>Now, if those Reverend School-Masters -of Antiquity, were so loose in -their Seminals, shall we, of this Age, -set up for Chastity? Have our <i>Oxford -Students</i> more Command of their Passions -than the <i>Stoics</i>? Are our Young -<i>Templars</i> less Amorous than <i>Plato</i>? -Or, is an <i>Officer</i> of the Army less -Ticklish in the Shoulder than <i>Socrates</i>?</p> - -<p>But I need not waste any Rhetoric -upon so evident a Truth; for plain -and clear Propositions, like Windows -painted, are only the more Obscure -the more they are adorn’d.</p> - -<p>I will now suppose, that you have -given up the Men as Incorrigible; -since You are convinc’d, by Experience, -that even Matrimony is not able -to reclaim them. Marriage, indeed, is -just such a Cure for Lewdness, as a -Surfeit is for Gluttony; it gives a -Man’s Fancy a Distaste to the particular -Dish, but leaves his Palate as Luxurious -as ever: for this Reason we find so -many marry’d Men, that, like <i>Sampson</i>’s -Foxes, only do more Mischief for -having their Tails ty’d. But the -Women, You say, are weaker Vessels, -and You are resolv’d to make them -submit; rightly judging, if You cou’d -make all the Females Modest, it would -put a considerable Stop to Fornication. -It is great Pity, no doubt, so Fine a -Project should Miscarry: And I would -willingly entertain Hopes of seeing -one of these <i>Bridewell</i> Converts. In -the mean Time it would not be amiss, -if You chang’d somewhat your present -Method of Conversion, especially in -the Article of Whipping. It is very -possible, indeed, that leaving a Poor -Girl Penny-less, may put her in a Way -of living Honestly, tho’ the want of -Money was the only Reason of her -living otherwise; and the stripping -of her Naked, may, for aught I know, -contribute to Her Modesty, and put -Her in a State of Innocence; but surely, -<i>Gentlemen</i>, You must all know, that -Flogging has a quite contrary Effect. -This Project of pulling down Bawdy-houses -to prevent Uncleanness, puts -me in Mind of a certain Over-nice -Gentleman, who cou’d never fancy -his Garden look’d sweet, till he had -demolish’d a Bog-house that offended -his Eye in one Corner of it; but it -was not long before every Nose in the -Family was convinc’d of His Mistake. -If Reason fails to Convince, let us -profit by Example: Observe the Policy -of a Modern Butcher, persecuted with -a Swarm of Carnivorous Flies; when -all his Engines and Fly-flaps have -prov’d ineffectual to defend his Stall -against the Greedy Assiduity of those -Carnal Insects, he very Judiciously cuts -off a Fragment, already blown, which -serves to hang up for a Cure; and -thus, by sacrifising a Small Part, already -Tainted, and not worth Keeping, -he wisely secures the Safety of the -Rest. Or, let us go higher for Instruction, -and take Example by the -Grazier, who far from denying his Herd -the Accustom’d Privilege of Rubbing, -when their Sides are Stimulated -with sharp Humours, very Industriously -fixes a Stake in the Center of the Field, -not so much, you may imagine, to -Regale the Salacious Hides of his -Cattle, as to preserve his Young Trees -from Suffering by the Violence of their -Friction.</p> - -<p>I could give You more Examples of -this Kind, equally full of Instruction, -but that I’m loth to detain You from -the Perusal of the following Treatise; -and at the same Time Impatient to -have the Honour of Subscribing Myself</p> - -<p class="ml30pc"> -<i>Your Fellow-Reformer,<br /> -<br /> -  and Devoted Servant,</i><br /> -<br /> -    <span class="smcap">Phil-Porney.</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter3" style="width: 330px;"> -<img src="images/i_178.jpg" width="330" height="47" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<p class="tac fs280 ls02em">PREFACE.</p> - - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">LEST</em> any inquisitive Reader should puzzle -his Brains to find out why this <i>Foundling</i> is -thus clandestinely dropt at his Door, let it suffice -him, that the <i>Midwife</i> of a Printer was unwilling -to help bring it into the World, but upon -that Condition, or a much harder, that of my -openly <i>Fathering</i> it. I could make many other -reasonable Apologies, if requisite: For, besides my -having follow’d the modest Example of several other -pious <i>Authors</i>, such as that of Εικων Βασιλικη, of -the <i>Whole Duty of Man</i>, &c. who have studied rather -their Country’s Publick Good, than their own -Private Fame; I think, I have also play’d the -Politick Part: for should my <i>Off-spring</i> be defective, -why let it fall upon the Parish. On the -other hand, if accidentally it prove hopeful, ’tis -certain I need be at no further Trouble. There -will then be <i>Parents</i> enough ready to own the <i>Babe</i>, -and take it upon themselves. Adoption amongst -the <i>Machiavellian</i> Laws of the <i>Muses</i> is strictly kept -up, and every day put in Practice: How few of -our now bright <i>Noblemen</i> would otherwise have -<i>Wit</i>? How many of our present thriving <i>Poets</i> -would else want a <i>Dinner</i>? ’Tis a vulgar Error to -imagine Men live upon their own Wits, when -generally it is upon others Follies; a Fund that -carries by much the best Interest, and is by far upon -the most certain Security of any: The <i>Exchequer</i> -has been shut up, the <i>Bank</i> has stopt Payment, -<i>South-Sea</i> has been demolish’d, but <i>White’s</i> was -never known to fail; and indeed how should it, -when almost every Wind blows to <i>Dover</i>, or -<i>Holyhead</i>, some fresh <i>Proprietor</i> amply qualified -with sufficient <i>Stock</i>.</p> - -<p>I am in some pain for the Event of this <i>Scheme</i>, -hoping the <i>Wicked</i> will find it too Grave, and -fearing the <i>Godly</i> will scarce venture beyond the -Title-Page: And should they, <i>even</i>, I know they’ll -object, ’tis here and there interwoven with too ludicrous -Expressions, not considering that a dry Argument -has occasion for the larding of Gaiety -to make it the better relish and go down. Besides, -finding by the exact Account tack’d to that most -edifying <i>Anti-Heidegger</i> Discourse<span class="nowrap">,<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a></span> that eighty -six Thousand Offenders have been lately punish’d, -and that four hundred Thousand religious Books -have been distributed about <i>Gratis</i> (not to mention -the numberless Three-penny Jobs daily publish’d -to no Ends, or Purpose, but the <i>Author</i>’s;) -I say, finding all these Measures have been taken, -and that Lewdness still so much prevails, I thought -it highly proper to try this Experiment, being fully -convinc’d that opposite Methods often take place. -Own, <i>Preferment-Hunter</i>! when sailing on with the -Tide avails nothing, does not tacking about steer -you sometimes into that snug Harbour, an Employment? -Speak <i>Hibernian Stallion</i>! when a meek -fawning Adoration turns to no Account, does not -a pert assuming Arrogance frequently forward, nay, -gain the critical Minute? And say<span class="nowrap">,<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> <i>Mesobin!</i></span> -where a Purge fails, is not a Vomit an infallible -<i>Recipe</i> for a Looseness?</p> - -<p>To conclude; when my Arguments are impartially -examin’d, I doubt not but my Readers will -join with me, that as long as it is the Nature of -Man (and <i>Naturam expellas furca licet usque recurret</i>) -to have a Salt <i>Itch</i> in the Breeches, the -<i>Brimstone</i> under the Petticoat will be a necessary -Remedy to <i>lay</i> it; and let him be ever so sly in -the Application, it will still be found out: What -avails it then to affect to conceal that which cannot -be concealed, and that which if carried on openly -and above-board, would become only less detrimental, -and of consequence more justifiable?</p> - -<p>Be the Success of this Treatise as it happens, the -Good of Mankind is my only Aim; nor am I -less hearty or zealous in the Publick Welfare of my -Country, than that Noble Pattern of Sincerity, -Bishop <i>B——t</i>, who finishes his Preface with the -following Paragraph. <i>And now, O my <span class="nowrap">G—</span>, the <span class="nowrap">G—</span> -of my Life, and of all my Mercies, I offer this Work -to Thee, to whose Honour it is chiefly intended; that -thereby I may awaken the World to just Reflections on -their own Errors and Follies, and call on them to -acknowledge thy Providence, to adore it, and ever -to depend on it.</i></p> - - -<div class="figcenter3" style="width: 330px;"> -<img src="images/i_182.jpg" width="330" height="52" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<p class="tac fs120 ls02em">A</p> - -<p class="tac fs240"><i>Modest Defence, &c.</i></p> - -<div> - <img class="dropcap" src="images/i_182b.jpg" width="75" height="75" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap2"><em class="gesperrt">THERE</em> is nothing more idle, or -shows a greater Affectation of Wit, -than the modern Custom of treating -the most grave Subjects with -Burlesque and Ridicule. The present -Subject of <i>Whoring</i>, was I dispos’d, would -furnish me sufficiently in this kind, and might -possibly, if so handled, excite Mirth in those who -are only capable of such low Impressions. But, -as the chief Design of this Treatise is to -promote the general Welfare and Happiness -of Mankind, I hope to be excus’d, if I make -no farther Attempts to please, than are consistent -with that Design. The Practice of -<i>Whoring</i> has, of late Years, become so universal, -and its Effects so prejudicial to Mankind, -that several Attempts have been made -to put a Stop to it; and a certain <i>Society</i> of -Worthy <i>Gentlemen</i> have undertaken that Affair -with a Zeal truly commendable, tho’ -the Success does but too plainly make it appear, -that they were mistaken in their Measures, -and had not rightly consider’d the Nature -of this Evil, which we are all equally -sollicitous to prevent, however we may differ -in our Opinions as to the Manner. And tho’ -the Method I intend to propose, of erecting -<i>Publick Stews</i> for that purpose, may seem at -first sight somewhat ludicrous, I shall, nevertheless, -make it appear to be the only Means -we have now left for redressing this Grievance. -As this Redress is the whole Scope -and Design of this Treatise, I hope to be acquitted -of my Design, when I have prov’d -the following Propositions: That <i>publick -Whoring</i> is neither so criminal in itself, nor so -detrimental to the <i>Society</i>, as <i>private Whoring</i>; -and that the encouraging of <i>publick Whoring</i>, -by erecting <i>Stews</i>, will not only prevent -most of the ill Consequences of this Vice, but -even lessen the <i>Practice</i> of <i>Whoring</i> in general, -and reduce it to the narrowest Bounds -which it can possibly be contain’d in. But -before we proceed, it is requisite that we examine -what those mischievous Effects are -which <i>Whoring</i> naturally produces, that we -may the better judge whether or no they -will be prevented by this Scheme.</p> - -<p>The greatest Evil that attends this Vice, -or could well befall Mankind, is the Propagation -of that infectious Disease, called the -<i>French-Pox</i>, which in two Centuries, has -made such incredible Havock all over <i>Europe</i>. -In these Kingdoms it so seldom fails to attend -<i>Whoring</i>, now-a-days mistaken for <i>Gallantry</i> -and <i>Politeness</i>, that a hale, robust Constitution -is esteem’d a Mark of Ungentility; and -a healthy young Fellow is look’d upon with -the same View, as if he had spent his Life in -a Cottage. Our Gentlemen of the Army, -whose unsettled way of Life makes it inconvenient -for them to marry, are hereby very -much weaken’d and enervated, and render’d -unfit to undergo such Hardships as are necessary -for defending and supporting the Honour -of their Country: And our Gentry in general -seem to distinguish themselves by an ill State -of Health, in all probability the Effect of this -pernicious Distemper: for the Secrecy which -most People are obliged to in this Disease, -makes the Cure of it often ineffectual; and -tho’ the Infection itself may possibly be remov’d, -yet for want of taking proper Methods, -it generally leaves such an ill Habit of Body as -is not easily recover’d. ’Tis to this we seem -to owe the Rise of that Distemper, the <i>King’s-Evil</i>, -never known till the <i>French Disease</i> -began to prevail here. But what makes this -Mischief the more intolerable, is, that the -Innocent must suffer by it as well as the -Guilty; Men give it to their Wives, Women -to their Husbands, or perhaps their -Children; they to their Nurses, and the Nurses -again to other Children; so that no Age, -Sex, or Condition can be intirely safe from -the Infection.</p> - -<p>Another ill Effect of this Vice, is, its making -People profuse, and tempting them to live beyond -what their Circumstances will admit of; -for if once Men suffer their Minds to be led -astray by this unruly Passion, no worldly Consideration -whatever will be able to stop it; -and Wenching as it is very expensive in itself, -without the ordinary Charges of Physic or -Children, often leads Men into a thousand other -Vices to support its Extravagance: Besides, after -the Mind has once got this extravagant -Turn, there naturally follows a Neglect and -Contempt of Business; and Whoring of itself -disposes the Mind to such a sort of Indolence, -as is quite inconsistent with Industry, the main -Support of any, especially a trading, Nation.</p> - -<p>The murdering of Bastard Infants is another -Consequence of this Vice, by much -worse than the Vice itself: and tho’ the Law -is justly severe in this Particular, as rightly -judging that a Mind capable of divesting itself -so intirely of Humanity, is not fit to live -in a civiliz’d Nation: yet there are so many -ways of evading it, either by destroying the -Infants before their Birth, or suffering them -afterwards to die by wilful Neglect, that -there appears but little Hope of putting any -Stop to this Practice, which, besides the Barbarity -of it, tends very much to dispeople the -Country. And since the Prosperity of any -Country is allow’d to depend, in a great measure, -on the Number of its Inhabitants, the -<i>Government</i> ought, if it were possible, to prevent -any Whoring at all, as it evidently hinders -the Propagation of the Species: How -many thousand young Men in this Nation -would turn their Thoughts towards Matrimony, -if they were not constantly destroying -that Passion, which is the only Foundation of -it? And tho’ most of them, sooner or later, -find the Inconvenience of this irregular Life, -and think fit to confine themselves to One, yet -their Bodies are so much enervated, by the -untimely or immoderate Increase of this Passion, -together with the Relics of Venereal -Cures, that they beget a most wretched, feeble, -and sickly Offspring: We can attribute it -to nothing else but this, that so many of our -ancient Families of Nobles are of late extinct.</p> - -<p>There is one thing more we ought to consider -in this Vice, and that is the Injury it -does to particular Persons and Families; either -by alienating the Affections of Wives -from their Husbands, which often proves prejudicial -to both, and sometimes fatal to whole -Families; or else by debauching the Minds -of young Women, to their utter Ruin and -Destruction: for the Reproach they must undergo, -when a Slip of this nature is discover’d, -prevents their marrying in any Degree -suitable to their Fortune, and by degrees -hardens them to all Sense of Shame; and -when they have once overcome that, the present -View of Interest as well as Pleasure, -sways them to continue in the same Course, -till at length they become common Prostitutes.</p> - -<p>These are the several bad Effects of Whoring; -and it is an unhappy Thing, that a -Practice so universal as this is, and always -will be, should be attended with such mischievous -Consequences: But since few or -none of them are the necessary Effects of Whoring, -consider’d in itself, but only proceed -from the Abuse and ill Management of it; -our Business is certainly to regulate this Affair -in such sort as may best prevent these -Mischiefs. And I must here beg pardon of -those worthy <i>Gentlemen</i> of the <i>Society</i>, if I -can’t conceive how the Discouragement they -have given, or rather attempted to give, to -publick Whoring, could possibly have the -desired Effect. If this was a Vice acquired -by Habit or Custom, or depended upon Education, -as most other Vices, there might be -some Hopes of suppressing it; and then it -would, no doubt, be commendable to attack -it, without Distinction, in whatever -Form or Disguise it should appear: But alas! -this violent Love for Women is born and -bred with us; nay, it is absolutely necessary -to our being born at all: And however -some People may pretend, that unlawful Enjoyment -is contrary to the Law of <i>Nature</i>, -this is certain, that Nature never fails to furnish -us largely with this Passion, tho’ she is often -sparing to bestow upon us such a Portion of -Reason and Reflection as is necessary to curb it.</p> - -<p>That long Course of Experience which -most of these <i>Gentlemen</i> have had in the -World, and which is of so great Use in other -Cases, may probably occasion their Mistake -in this; for Age is very liable to forget -the violence of youthful Passions, and, consequently, -apt to think them easier curb’d: -whereas if we consider the true Source of Whoring, -and the strong Impulse of Nature that -way, we shall find, it is a Thing not to be -too violently restrain’d; lest, like a Stream -diverted out of its proper Channel, it should -break in and overflow the neighbouring -<i>Inclosures</i>.</p> - -<p>History affords us several Instances of this -Truth; I shall mention but one, and that -is of Pope <i>Sixtus</i> the Fifth, who was so -strictly severe in the Execution of Justice, if -such Severity may be call’d Justice, and particularly, -against Offenders of this kind, that he -condemned a young Man to the Galleys, only -for snatching a Kiss of a Damsel in the Street: -yet notwithstanding this his <i>Holiness</i>’s Zeal, -he never attempted once to extirpate Whoring -intirely: But like a true <i>Pastor</i> separated the -clean Sheep from the unclean, and confin’d all -the Courtezans to one Quarter of the City. It is -true, he did attempt to moderate this Vice, and -banish’d as many Courtezans as he thought -exceeded the necessary Number; but he was -soon convinc’d of the Error of his Computation, -for <i>Sodomy</i>, and a thousand other unnatural -Vices sprung up, which forc’d him soon -to recal them, and has left us a remarkable -Instance of the Vanity of such Attempts.</p> - -<p>Let us now proceed to the Proof of our -Proposition, in the first Part of which, it was -asserted, That publick Whoring is neither so -Criminal in itself, nor so Detrimental to the -<i>Society</i>, as private Whoring.</p> - -<p>Publick Whoring consists in lying with a -certain Set of Women, who have shook off -all Pretence to Modesty; and for such a Sum -of Money, more or less, profess themselves -always in a Readiness to be enjoy’d. The -Mischief a Man does in this Case is intirely -to himself; for with respect to the Woman, he -does a laudable Action, in furnishing her -with the Means of Subsistence, in the only, or -at least most innocent way that she is capable -of procuring it. The Damage he does -to himself, is either with regard to his Health, -or the Expence of Money, and may be consider’d -under the same View as Drinking, -with this considerable Advantage, that it -restores us to that cool Exercise of our Reason, -which Drinking tends to deprive us of. Indeed -was there a Probability of a Woman’s -Amendment, and of her gaining a Livelihood -by some honester Method, there might be some -Crime in encouraging her to follow such a -Profession: But the Minds of Women are -observ’d to be so much corrupted by the Loss -of Chastity, or rather by the Reproach they -suffer upon that Loss, that they seldom or never -change that Course of Life for the better; -and if they should, they can never recover -that good Name, which is so absolutely -necessary to their getting a Maintenance in -any honest Way whatever; and that nothing -but meer Necessity obliges them to continue -in that Course, is plain from this, That they -themselves in Reality utterly abhor it: And -indeed there appears nothing in it so very alluring -and bewitching, especially to People -who have that Inclination to Lewdness intirely -extinguish’d, which is the only thing -could possibly make it supportable,</p> - -<p>The other Branch of Whoring, viz. <i>Private</i>, -is of much worse Consequence; and a -Man’s Crime in this Case increases in proportion -to the different Degree of Mischief -done, if you consider his Crime with regard -to the <i>Society</i>; for as to personal Guilt, Allowance -ought to be made for the Increase of -Temptation, which is very considerable in -the Case of debauching <i>Married Women</i>; -upon account of the Safety to the Aggressor, -either with Respect to his Health, or the -Charge, and, if that affects him, the Scandal -of having a Bastard. On the other hand, -the Injury done, is very considerable, as such -an Action tends to corrupt a Woman’s Mind, -and destroy that mutual Love and Affection -between Man and Wife, which is so necessary -to both their Happiness. Besides, the Risque -run of a Discovery, which at least ruins a -Woman’s Reputation, and destroys the Husband’s -Quiet; nay, where Virtue does not -intirely give way, if it warps but ever so -little, the Consequence is shockingly fatal: -for tho’ the good Man, suspicious of the -Wife’s Chastity, the Wife of the Gallant’s -Constancy, and the Gallant of the Husband’s -Watchfulness, by being a Check upon each -other, may keep the Gate of Virtue shut; yet -then even all Parties must be attended with a -never-ceasing Misery, nor to be imagin’d, but -by those who too fatally <i>feel it</i>.</p> - -<p>The Crime of debauching young <i>Virgins</i> -will appear much greater, if we consider that -there is much more Mischief done, and the -Temptation to do it much lessen’d by the fear -of getting Children; which, in most Circumstances -of Life, does a Man a deal of Prejudice, -and keeps at least three Parts in four of our -sober Youth from gratifying this violent Passion. -Besides, the Methods that are necessary -to be taken, before a Man can have such -an Action in his Power, are in themselves -Criminal; and it shows a certain Baseness of -Mind to persuade a Woman, by a thousand -solemn Vows and Protestations, into such a -good Opinion of you, and Assurance of your -Love to her, that she trusts you with all that -is dear and near to her; and this with no -other View but the Gratification of a present -Passion, which might be otherwise vented, -than at the certain Expence of her Ruin, and -putting her under the Necessity of leading -the Life of a <i>Publick Courtezan</i>.</p> - -<p>From this general Consideration of Whoring, -it is evident, that tho’ all the several Species -of it proceed from the same Cause, our -natural Love and Passion for Women, yet -they are very different in their Natures, and -fully as distinct Crimes as those which proceed -from our Love to Money, such as Murder, -Shoplifting, <i>&c.</i> And I hope I have said -enough to prove, that the Publick Part of it -is by far the least Criminal, and least Detrimental -to the <i>Society</i>; which of itself is a sufficient -Motive for the <i>Legislature</i> to confine -it to that Channel. I shall now proceed -farther, and show, as I before propos’d, that -the encouraging of Publick Whoring, will -not only prevent most of the mischievous -Effects of this Vice, but even lessen the Practice -of Whoring in general, and reduce it to -the narrowest Bounds which it can possibly be -contain’d in.</p> - -<p>When I talk’d of encouraging publick -Whoring, I would be understood to mean, -not only the erecting <i>Publick Stews</i>, as -I at first hinted, but also the endowing -them with such Privileges and Immunities, -and at the same time giving such Discouragement -to private Whoring, as may be most -effectual to turn the general Stream of Lewdness -into this common Channel.</p> - -<p>I shall here lay down a Plan for this Purpose, -which, tho’ it may well serve to illustrate -this Point, and make good the Proof of -my present Argument, would doubtless -receive infinite Improvement by coming -through the Hands of a <i>National Senate</i>, -whose august Body, being compos’d of <i>Spirituals</i> -as well as <i>Temporals</i>, will, I hope, take -into Consideration this Important Affair, which -so nearly concerns both.</p> - -<p>The Plan I would propose, is this: Let a -hundred or more Houses be provided in some -convenient Quarter of the City, and proportionably -in every Country-Town, sufficient -to contain two thousand Women: If a hundred -are thought sufficient, let a hundred -<i>Matrons</i> be appointed, one to each House, of -Abilities and Experience enough to take upon -them the Management of twenty Courtezans -each, to see that they keep themselves neat -and decent, and entertain Gentlemen after a -civil and obliging Manner. For the encouragement -of such <i>Matrons</i>, each House must -be allow’d a certain Quantity of all sorts of -Liquor, Custom and Excise free; by which -Means they will be enabled to accommodate -Gentlemen handsomely, without that Imposition -so frequently met with in such Houses. -Besides the hundred abovemention’d, there -must be a very large House set apart for an -Infirmary, and Provision made for two able -Physicians, and four Surgeons at least. Lastly, -there must be three Commissioners appointed -to superintend the whole, to hear and -redress Complaints, and to see that each -House punctually observes such Rules and Orders -as shall be thought necessary for the -good Government of this Community. For -the better Entertainment of all Ranks and -Degrees of Gentlemen, we shall divide the -twenty Women of each House into four Classes, -who for their Beauty, or other Qualifications -may justly challenge different Prices.</p> - -<p>The first Class is to consist of eight, who -may legally demand from each Visitant Half -a Crown. The second Class to consist of six, -whose fix’d Price may be a Crown. The third -Class of four, at half a Guinea each. The remaining -two make up the fourth Class, and are -design’d for Persons of the first Rank, who can -afford to pay a Guinea for the Elegancy of their -Taste. To defray the Charges of this Establishment, -will require but a very moderate -Tax: For if the first Class pays but forty -Shillings Yearly, and the rest in Proportion, -it will amount to above 10,000 <i>l.</i> -a Year, which will not only pay the Commissioners -Salaries, Surgeons Chests, and other -Contingencies, but likewise establish a good -Fund for the Maintenance of Illegitimate Orphans -and superannuated Courtezans.</p> - -<p>For the better Government of this <i>Society</i>, -it will be necessary that the Mistress have an -absolute Command in her own House, and -that no Woman be suffer’d to go abroad -without her Leave. No Woman must be -suffer’d to lie in, within the House; nor any -young Children admitted under any Pretence. -No Musick or Revelling to be allow’d in any -Room, to the Disturbance of the rest. No -Gentlemen disorderly or drunk, to be admitted -at an unseasonable Hour, without the -Consent of the Mistress: And, in case of Violence, -she must be empower’d to call the Civil -Aid.</p> - -<p>For the <i>Society</i>’s Security in Point of Health, -it must be order’d, That if any Gentleman -complains of receiving an Injury, and the -Woman, upon Search, be found tainted, without -having discover’d it to the Mistress, she -shall be stripp’d and cashier’d. But if a Woman -discovers her Misfortune before any Complaint -is made against her, she shall be sent -to the <i>Infirmary</i>, and cured at the Publick -Charge. No Woman that has been twice pox’d -shall ever be re-admitted. <i>Note</i>, That three -Claps shall be reckon’d equivalent to one Pox.</p> - -<p>But as no <i>Society</i> ever fram’d a compleat -Body of Laws at once, till overseen Accidents -had taught them Foresight, we shall -refer the farther Regulation of these Laws, -with whatever new ones shall be thought -necessary, to the <i>Wisdom</i> of the <i>Legislature</i>,</p> - -<p>The <i>Publick Stews</i> being thus erected and -govern’d by good and wholesome Laws, there -remains nothing to compleat this Project, but -that proper Measures be taken effectually to -discourage all other Kinds of Whoring whatsoever. -And here it is to be hoped, that those -worthy <i>Gentlemen</i> of the <i>Society</i>, who have -hitherto distinguish’d their <i>Zeal</i> to so little -Purpose, will now exert themselves where -they have so good a Prospect of Success; for -altho’ a poor Itinerant Courtezan could not -by any Means be persuaded to starve at the -Instigation of a <i>Reforming</i> Constable, yet a -little <i>Bridewell</i> Rhetorick, or the Terrors of -a Transportation, will soon convince her that -she may live more comfortably and honestly in -a <i>Publick Stew</i>. If there are any so foolish as -to love Rambling better, or who are not qualify’d -to please Gentlemen according to Law, -they ought to be transported; for <i>Bridewell</i>, -as it is now manag’d, only makes them poorer, -and consequently lays them under a greater -Necessity than ever of continuing Prostitutes.</p> - -<p>Let us now suppose, for Brevity sake, -that the <i>Publick Stews</i> are as much as -possible favour’d and encourag’d, and that -all the other Branches of this Vice have the -utmost Rigour of the Laws exerted against -them.</p> - -<p>It now remains for me to show what Benefit -the <i>Nation</i> would receive thereby, -and how this Project would prevent or in -any Degree alleviate those Mischiefs which -I have mention’d to be the necessary Consequences -of this Vice. As for any Objections -that may be rais’d against me, either <i>Christian</i> -or <i>Moral</i>, I shall refer them to the Close -of this Discourse.</p> - -<p>First then, I say, the <i>Nation</i> would receive -a general Benefit by having such a considerable -Number of its most disorderly Inhabitants -brought to live after a regular -civiliz’d Manner. There is, one Year with -another, a certain Number of young Women -who arrive gradually, Step by Step, at the highest -Degree of Impudence and Lewdness. These -Women, besides their Incontinence, are commonly -guilty of almost the whole Catalogue of -immoral Actions: The Reason is evident; -They are utterly abandon’d by their Parents, -and thereby reduc’d to the last Degree -of Shifting-Poverty; if their Lewdness -cannot supply their Wants, they must have -Recourse to Methods more criminal, such as -<i>Lying</i>, <i>Cheating</i>, <i>open Theft</i>, &c. Not that -these are the necessary Concomitants of Lewdness, -or have the least Relation to it, as all -<i>lewd Men of Honour</i> can testify; but the -Treatment such Women meet with in the -World, is the Occasion of it.</p> - -<p>Those Females, who either by the Frigidity -of their Constitutions, a lucky Want of -Temptation, or any other Cause, have preserv’d -their Chastity; and the Men, in general, -Chaste or Unchaste, are so outrageous -against these Delinquents, that they make -no Distinction: all of them are branded -with the same opprobrious Title, they are -all treated with the same Contempt, all -equally despis’d; so that let them be guilty -of what other Crimes they please, they -cannot add one Jot to the Shame they already -undergo. Having thus remov’d the Fear of -worldly Reproach, which is justly esteem’d -the greatest <i>Bulwark</i> of <i>Morality</i>, it is no -wonder if these Women, insensible of Shame, -and prick’d on by Want, commit any Crimes, -where they are not deter’d by the Fear of -corporal Punishments. But the Case now -will be quite alter’d; these Women, as soon -as they have attain’d a competent Share of -Assurance, and before they are pinch’d with -the Extreme of Poverty, will enter themselves -in some of the abovementioned Classes -of profess’d Courtezans; where, instead of -being necessarily dishonest, they will have -more Inducements to Honesty than any other -Profession whatsoever. The same Money -defends, as well as it corrupts a <i>Prime -Minister</i>: A <i>Churchman</i> takes Sanctuary -in a Gown, and who dare accuse a Mitre -of <i>Simony</i>? Accuse a <i>Colonel</i> of Injustice, -he is try’d by his Board of <i>Officers</i>, and your -Information is false, scandalous, and malicious. -A <i>Lawyer</i> cheats you according to -Law; and you may thank the <i>Physician</i>, if -you live to complain of him. <i>Over-reaching</i> -in Trade, is <i>prudent Dealing</i>; and <i>Mechanick -Cunning</i>, is stiled <i>Handicraft</i>. Not -so fares the poor Courtezan; if she commits -but one ill Action, if, for Instance, she -should circumvent a Gentleman of a <i>Snuff-Box</i>, -she can hardly escape Detection; and -the first Discovery ruins her; she is banish’d -the <i>Publick Stews</i>, mark’d out for Infamy, -and can have no better Prospect than a Transportation. -On the other hand, the Motives -to Honesty will be as great here as any -where: It is natural for Mankind to regard -chiefly the good Opinion of those with whom -they converse, and to neglect that of Strangers: -Now in this Community, Lewdness -not being esteem’d a Reproach, but rather a -Commendation, they will set a Value on -their good Name, and stand as much upon -the Puncto of Honour, as the rest of Mankind; -being mov’d by the same commendable -Emulation, and deter’d by greater, or -at least more certain Punishments. Besides -this Reformation in Point of Honesty, the -Publick will receive another Benefit in being -freed from those nocturnal Disorders, Quarrels -and Brawlings, which are occasion’d -by vagrant Punks, and the Number of private -Brothels dispers’d throughout the City, -to the great Disturbance of its sober Inhabitants.</p> - -<p>We have already mention’d the <i>French -Disease</i> as one of the worst Attendants upon -Lewdness, and with good Reason; for in -the Enjoyment of this Life, Health is the -<i>sine qua non</i>: <i>i. e.</i> the greatest Happiness. And -this Distemper has one Thing in it peculiarly -inveterate, as if it came out of <i>Pandora’s</i> worst -Box; there is no other Disorder, but what at -some Age, or in some particular Constitution, -will abate of itself without the Application of -Medicines; but this is such a busy restless Enemy, -that unless resisted, he is never at a -Stand, but gathers Strength every Day, to -the utter Disquiet of the Patient. Now it is -so evident that the <i>Publick Stews</i>, when -well regulated, will prevent the Spreading -of this Plague, that a prolix and tedious -Proof of it would look like Declaiming. -As this Disease has its Spring and Source entirely -from publick Whoring, and from -thence creeps into private Families; so it -likewise receives continual Supplies and Recruits -thro’ the same Channel: When this -Source is once dry’d up the Nation will naturally -recover its pristine Health and Vigour: -And this cannot fail to happen, if -due Care be taken to keep the <i>Stews</i> free -from Infection; for what young Fellow -will be so industriously mad, as to take -Pains to run his Head into an Apothecary’s -Shop, when he may with so much Ease -and Conveniency, and without the Fear -of a <i>Reforming Officer</i>, both secure his -Health and gratify his Fancy with such a -Variety of Mistresses.</p> - -<p>’Tis true, the keeping of the <i>Publick -Stews</i> so very safe, will appear a difficult -Task, at first Sight; but not so if we consider -the Case a little nearer. This Disease -is propagated reciprocally from the Woman -to the Man, and from the Man to the -Woman; but the first is the most common -for several Reasons: We are not like Cocks -or Town-Bulls, who have a whole Seraglia -of Females entirely and solely at their Devotion; -on the contrary, one industrious -Pains-taking Woman, who lays herself out -that Way, is capable of satisfying several -rampant Males; insomuch, that a select -Number of Women get a handsome Livelihood -by being able to oblige such a Number -of Customers. Now, if but a few of -these Women are unsound, they can infect -a great many Men; whereas these Men -have neither Power nor Inclination to infect -the like Number of Women. I say, Inclination; -for a Woman, to raise Money -for the Surgeon’s Fee, may counterfeit Pleasure -when she really receives Pain; nay, she -may even venture to complain of being hurt: -for the Man will attribute the Pain he gives -her, either to her Chastity, or his own Vigour; -not dreaming, perhaps, that he has -molested a <i>Shanker</i>. This a Female may -do, as being only passive in the Affair, -but a Man must have real Fancy and Inclination -before he is qualify’d to enter upon -Action: And how far this Fancy to -Woman may be cool’d by a stinging <i>Gonorrhœa</i>, -I leave the experienc’d Reader to -judge; and whether a Man won’t rather -employ his Thoughts upon his <i>round Diet</i>, <i>i. e.</i> -Pills, how to digest 2 at Night, and 3 in -the Morning; what Conveyance to find -out when poach’d Eggs grow nauseous, -and how to preserve his Linnen from being -speckled; with a Thousand other Particulars -that occur to a Man in this Distress: but -these are sufficient, with the Assistance of -a <i>Cordee</i>, to <i>bridle</i> any moderate Passion. -So that from the whole we may safely draw -this Conclusion; That since the Men are -so seldom guilty of transgressing in this Kind, -the spreading of this Distemper must be -owing to the Neglect of Cure in the Women. -Now the <i>Publick Stews</i> will be so -regulated, that a Woman cannot possibly -conceal her Misfortune long; nay, it will -be highly her Interest to make the first -Discovery; so that whatever Damage the <i>Society</i> -may sustain at first, when Claps are -most current, it will be soon repair’d, and this -Distemper, in Time, entirely rooted out. But -of this enough.</p> - -<p class="mt2em">The next Thing that comes to be consider’d -in this Vice, is the Expence it occasions, -and the Neglect of worldly Business, -by employing so much of our Time and -Thoughts; for let a Man have ever so much -Business, it can’t stop the Circulation of his -Blood, or prevent the Seminal Secretion: -for Sleeping or Waking, the <i>Spermaticks</i> -will do their Office, tho’ a Man’s Thoughts -may be so much employ’d about other -Affairs, that he cannot attend to every minute -Titillation. A Man of Pleasure, indeed, -may make this copulative Science his -whole Study; and, by Idleness and Luxury, -may prompt Nature that Way, and spur up -the Spirits to Wantonness: but then his -Constitution will be the sooner tired; for -the Animal Spirits being exhausted by this -Anticipation, his Body must be weaken’d, -and his Nerves relax’d; neither will his irregular -effeminate Life assist them in recovering -their former Force. Besides, those Parts -which more particularly suffer the Violence -of this Exercise, are liable to many Accidents; -and Men of Pleasure, though otherwise -pretty healthy, are often troubled with -Gleets and Weaknesses, either by a former -Ulceration of the <i>Prostrates</i>, or else some -violent Over-straining, which occasions this -Relaxation. These Men, ’tis true, will talk -very lusciously of Women; but, pretend -what they please, they can never have -that burning Desire which they had formerly, -when their Vessels were in full Vigour. -The Truth is, their Lust lies chiefly -in their Brain, kept alive by the Impression -of former Ideas, which are not so easily -rubb’d out as the Titillation which created -them; and this Passion comes to be so diminished, -that, in Time, it changes its Residence -from the <i>Glans Penis</i> to the <i>Glandula -Penealis</i>. A Man of Business, on -the contrary, or one who leads a sober regular -Life, will seldomer be attack’d by -these wanton Fits, but then they will come -with double the Violence; for though it is a -common received Opinion, that the longer -a Man refrains, the better he is able to -refrain, yet it is only true in one Sense, -and amounts to no more than this: That -if a Man has been able, for such and such -Reasons, to curb this Passion, for Instance, -a Month, he will, if the same Reasons hold, -and without an additional Temptation, be -able to curb it a Month longer; but, nevertheless, -he may have Desires much stronger -than a Man who, for want of these -Motives to Abstinence, gratifies them every -Day. If there are some Men of a particular -Constitution, whose puny Desires may -be easily block’d up with the Assistance -of <i>three small Buttons</i>: or else endow’d -with such an extraordinary Strength of Reason, -that they can master the most <i>rampant</i> -Sallies of this raging Passion; I heartily -congratulate their happy Conquest, but -have nothing more to do with them at -present, the <i>Publick Stews</i> not being design’d -for such: I am here speaking of those -Men of Business, who, notwithstanding their -Abstinence or the Regularity of their Lives, -are sometimes prevailed upon to quench these -amorous Heats; and, I say, in such Men the -Passion is much stronger than in Men of -Pleasure, and that their Abstinence contributes -to heighten the Violence of the Desire, -and make it the more irresistible: -for the Fancy not being cloy’d with too -frequent Enjoyment, presently takes fire; and -the <i>Spermaticks</i>, not being weaken’d with -forc’d Evacuations, are in their full Vigour, -and give the Nerves a most exquisite Sensation: -so that upon the least toying with -an alluring Wench, the Blood-Vessels are -ready to start; and to use <i>Othello</i>’s Words, -<i>The very Sense aches at her.</i></p> - -<p>Now, what shall this Man do, when he -has once taken the Resolution to make himself -easy? He must either venture upon the -Publick, where, it is Odds, he may meet -with a Mischance that will either drain his -Pocket, and make him unfit for any Business, -at least without Doors; or else he must -employ both his Time and Rhetoric, and -perhaps too his Purse, in deluding some modest -Girl; which, besides the Loss of Time -in carrying on such an Intrigue, is apt to give -the Head such an amorous Turn as is quite -inconsistent with Business, and may probably -lead a Man into After-Expences, which at first -he never dreamt of.</p> - -<p>Now to remedy all these Inconveniences, -the <i>Publick Stews</i> will be always ready -and open, where a Man may regulate his -Expences according to his Ability, from -Half a Crown to a Guinea; and that too -without endangering his Health: And besides, -which is chiefly to be consider’d, if -a Man should be overtaken with a sudden -Gust of Lechery, it will be no Hindrance -to him even in the greatest Hurry of Business, -for a ready and willing Mistress will -ease him in the twinkling of an Eye, and -he may prosecute his Affairs with more Attention -than ever, by having his Mind entirely -freed and disengag’d from those troublesome -Ideas which always accompany a -wanton Disposition of the Body. But to proceed:</p> - -<p>Another ill Consequence of Whoring, is -the Tendency it has to dispeople a Nation; -and that both by the Destruction of Illegitimate -Infants, and by ruining young Men’s Constitutions -so much, that, when they marry, -they either beget no Children, or such as are -sickly and short-liv’d. The first of these, -indeed, is almost unavoidable, especially in -modest Women, who will be guilty of this -Cruelty as long as Female Chastity carries -that high Reputation along with it, which -it really deserves: However, in common -Women, it may and will be, in a great -measure, prevented by this Scheme; for -every profess’d Courtezan, that is legally -licens’d, will have an Apartment allotted -her in the Infirmary when she is ready to -lie in, and will be obliged to take Care of -her Child; by which means a considerable -Number of Infants will be reared up, that -otherwise might probably have perish’d. Besides, -there are a great many ordinary Girls, -such as Servant-Maids, who are chiefly mov’d -to this Action, by the fear of losing their -Services, and wanting Bread. Now this -handsome Provision that is made for them, -will be a great Inducement for such to enter -themselves in the <i>Stews</i>, rather than commit -such an unnatural Action, especially when the -Discovery is Death.</p> - -<p>Let us now consider the Affair of Matrimony. -Since the World is now no longer -in a State of Nature, but form’d into several -Societies independent of one another, and -these Societies again divided into several -Ranks and Degrees of Men, distinguish’d -by their Titles and Possessions, which descend -from Father to Son; it is very certain -that Marriage is absolutely necessary, not only -for the regular Propagation of the <i>Species</i>, -and their careful Education, but likewise -for preserving that Distinction of Rank -among Mankind, which otherwise would be -utterly lost and confounded by doubtful Successions. -And it is no less certain and indisputable, -that all Sorts and Kinds of Debauchery -whatever are Enemies to this State, in -so far as they impair the natural Vigour of -the Constitution, and weaken the very Springs -of Love.</p> - -<p>This necessary Passion is, indeed, of such -a ticklish Nature, that either too much or -too little of it is equally prejudicial, and -the <i>Medium</i> is so hard to hit, that we are -apt to fall into one of the Extremes. We -are naturally <i>furnish</i>’d with an extraordinary -<i>Stock</i> of Love; and, by the <i>Largeness</i> of -the Provision, it looks as if Nature had -made some Allowance for <i>Wear and Tear</i>. -If young Men were to live intirely chaste -and sober, without blunting the Edge of -their Passions, the first Fit of Love would -turn their Brains Topsy-turvy, and we should -have the Nation pestered with Love-Adventures -and Feats of Chivalry: By the -time a <i>Peer’s</i> Son came to be Sixteen, he -would be in danger of turning Knight-Errant, -and might possibly take a Cobler’s -Daughter for his <i>Dulcinea</i>; and who knows -but a sprightly young <i>Taylor</i> might turn -an <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, and venture his Neck -to carry off a Lady of Birth and Fortune. -In short, there are so many Instances every -day of these ruinous disproportion’d Matches, -notwithstanding our present Intemperance, -that we may justly conclude, if the -Nation was in a State of perfect Sobriety, -no Man could answer for the Conduct of his -Children.</p> - -<p>It must, indeed, be confess’d, as Matters -now stand, the Excess of Chastity is not so -much to be fear’d as the other Extreme of -Lewdness, tho’ there are Instances of both; -and many Fathers, now living, would gladly -have seen their Sons fifty times in a -<i>Stew</i>, rather than see them so unfortunately -married. The other Extreme is equally, or -rather more dangerous, as it is more common; -for most young Men give too great a -Loose to their Passions, and either quite destroy -their Inclination to Matrimony, or -make their Constitutions incapable of answering -the Ends of that State.</p> - -<p>To avoid therefore these two dangerous -Extremes, we have erected the <i>Publick -Stews</i>, which every considerate Man must -allow to be that Golden Mean so much desired: -For, in the first Place, we avoid the -Inconvenience of too strict a Chastity. -When a Man has gained some Experience -by his Commerce in the <i>Stews</i>, he is -able to form a pretty good comparative -Judgment of what he may expect from -the highest Gratifications of Love; he finds -his Ideas of Beauty strangely alter’d after -Enjoyment, and will not be hurry’d into -an unsuitable Match by those romantick chimerical -Notions of Love, which possess the -Minds of unexperienced Youth, and make -them fancy that Love alone can compleat -the Happiness of a married State. But this -will be so readily granted, that I shan’t insist -upon it farther.</p> - -<p>In the next Place, the <i>Publick Stews</i> will -prevent the ill Effects of excessive Lewdness, -by preserving Men’s Constitutions so well, -that although they may defer Matrimony -some time for their special Advantage, yet -they will have a sufficient Stock of Desire -left to perswade them, one time or other, to -quit the Gaiety of a Single Life: and when -they do marry, they will be able to answer -all the Ends and Purposes of that State as -well, and rather better, than if they had lived -perfectly chaste.</p> - -<p>This may seem a bold Proposition, but -the Proof of it is nevertheless obvious. However, -to proceed methodically, there are -three Ways by which lewd young Men destroy -their natural Vigour, and render themselves -Impotent: First, By Manufriction, -<i>alias</i> Masturbation. Secondly, By too frequent -and immoderate Enjoyment. And, -Lastly, By contracting Venereal Disorders, -as Claps or Poxes.</p> - -<p>The first lewd Trick that Boys learn, is -this Manual Diversion; and when they have -once got the knack of it, they seldom quit -it till they come to have actual Commerce -with Women: The Safety, Privacy, Convenience, -and Cheapness of this Gratification -are very strong Motives, and chiefly -persuade young Men to continue the Practice -of it.</p> - -<p>If these Pollutionists were so abstemious as -to wait the ordinary Calls of Nature, this -Action, however unnatural, would be no -more prejudicial, when prudently managed, -than common Copulation; but, instead of -this, they are every Day committing <i>Rapes</i> -upon their own Bodies; and though they -have neither real Inclination nor Ability to -attack a Woman, yet they can attack themselves, -and supply all these Defects by the -Agility of their Wrists; by which means -they so weaken their Genitals, and accustom -them to this violent Friction, that, -tho’ they have frequently Evacuations without -an Erection, yet the common and ordinary -Sensation which Females afford to -those Parts, is not able of itself to promote -this Evacuation: so that they are impotent -to all Intents and Purposes of Generation.</p> - -<p>To put a Stop therefore to these clandestine -Practices, and prevent young Men from -laying <i>violent Hands</i> upon themselves, we -must have Recourse to the <i>Publick Stews</i>, -which cannot fail to have the desired Effect: -For which of these private Practitioners -can be so brutish, as to prefer this boyish -solitary Amusement before the actual Embraces -of a fine Woman, when they can -proceed with the same Convenience, Safety, -and Privacy in the one, as well as the -other.</p> - -<p>In the next Place, Men are often weaken’d, -and sometimes contract almost incurable -Gleets by too frequent and immoderate -Enjoyment. This seldom or never -happens but in private Whoring, when some -particular Mistress has made such a strong -Impression upon a Man’s Fancy, that he -exerts himself in an extraordinary Manner -beyond his natural Ability, and thereby -contracts a Seminal Weakness, which is -generally more difficult to cure than a virulent -Running. Now this Danger will -be pretty well remov’d by the Encouragement -given to <i>Publick Whoring</i>, which, as -I shall show more particularly hereafter, -will divert Men’s Minds, and turn their -Thoughts very much from private Intrigues: -And it will be readily granted me, that no -such Excess is to be fear’d in <i>Publick Stews</i>; -where a Man only acting out of a general -Principle of Love to the whole Sex, -will be in no Danger of proceeding any -farther than he is prompted by Nature, and -the particular Disposition of his Body at -that Time.</p> - -<p>As for the third Cause of Impotency, -the Venereal Disease, we have already -prov’d that this Institution of the <i>Stews</i> -is the best and surest Remedy against it; -and shall only observe here how happily -this Project provides against the various ill -Effects of Lewdness, in whatever Light we -consider them.</p> - -<p>Thus, I think, the first Part of my Proposition -pretty well clear’d, <i>viz.</i> That the -<i>Publick Stews</i> will preserve Mens Constitutions -so well, that they will have a -sufficient Stock of corporal Ability, and consequently -Inclination left to persuade them, -sooner or later, to enter into the Marriage-State.</p> - -<p class="mt2em">I say farther, that these Men, having thus -preserv’d their Constitution, will answer all -the Intents and Purposes of that State, rather -better than if they had lived perfectly -chaste.</p> - -<p>When a Man and a Woman select one -another out of the whole Species, it is -not merely for Propagation; nay, that is -generally the least in their Thoughts: What -they chiefly have in View, is to pass the -Remainder of their Lives happily together, -to enjoy the soft Embraces and mutual -Endearments of Love; to divide their Joys -and Griefs; to share their Pleasures and -Afflictions; and, in short, to make one -another as happy as possible. As for Children, -they come of Course, and of Course -are educated according to their Parents -Abilities.</p> - -<p>Now all these Enjoyments depending -upon the mutual Affection of these two, -Man and Wife; whenever this Affection -fails, either in the Woman or the Man, -that Marriage is unhappy, and all the good -Ends and Designs of this State entirely -frustrated. To give the Women their Due, -they must have the Preference in Point of -Constancy; their Passions are not so easily -rais’d, nor so suddenly fix’d upon any particular -Object: but when this Passion is -once rooted in Women, it is much stronger -and more durable than in Men, and rather -increases than diminishes, by enjoying the -Person beloved. Whether it is that Women -receive as much Love as they part -with, and that the Love they receive is -not entirely lost, but takes Root again by -Conception; whereas what a Man parts -with never affects him further, than just the -Pleasure he receives at the time of parting -with it: or whether this Difference is -owing to the different Turn of Mens Fancies, -which are more susceptible of fresh -Impressions from every handsome Face they -meet, or perhaps that their Heads are so -much employ’d in worldly Affairs, that -they only take Love <i>en passant</i> to get rid -of a present Uneasiness, whereas Women -make it the whole Business of their Lives: -Whatever the Reason is, I say, it is experimentally -true, that a Woman has but a very -<i>slippery Hold</i> of a Man’s Affections after -Enjoyment. Let us see therefore which of -these two, the chaste or the experienc’d Man, -will be least liable to this Failure of Affection, -and consequently which of the two -will make the best married Man.</p> - -<p>The first great Cooler of a Man’s Affections -after Marriage, is the Disparity of the -Match. When a Man has married entirely -for Love, and to the apparent Detriment -of his worldly Affairs, as soon as the first -Flash of it is over, he can’t help reflecting -upon the Woman as the Cause, and, in -some Sense, the Author of his Misfortunes; -This naturally begets a Coldness and Indifference, -which, by Degrees, turns to an -open Dislike. Now it is these sorts of Marriages -that chaste Men are always in danger -of falling into, as I have already proved; -neither is there any effectual Way to convince -a Man of this Folly, and secure him -against it, but by giving him some Experience -in Love-Affairs. Again, as chaste -Men seldom marry for any thing but sheer -Love, so they have framed to themselves -such high extravagant Notions of the Raptures -they expect to possess in the Marriage-Bed, -that they are mightily shocked at -the Disappointment. A chaste unexperienc’d -Man is strangely surprized, that those bewitching -Charms should make such a faint -Impression upon him after a thorow Perusal; -he can scarce believe that the Woman is still -possessed of the same Charms which transported -him formerly; he fancies he has discover’d -abundance of little Faults and Imperfections, -and attributes his growing Dislike -to this Discovery, not dreaming that -this Alteration is entirely in himself, and -not in the Object of Desire, which remains -still the same. The Truth is, when a Man is -full fraught with Love, and that his Pulse -beats high for Enjoyment, this peccant Love-Humour -falls down upon the Eye, which -may be observ’d at such a time to be full -brisk and sparkling: ’Tis then the Beauty -of every Feature is magnified. and <i>Parthenope</i> -is no less than a Goddess. But when -this dazzling Humour is drawn downwards -by a Revulsion, as in the Case of Marriage, -a Man’s Eyes are perfectly open’d; -and though they may look languid, sunk, and -environ’d with blueish Circles, yet he actually -sees much better than before; for <i>Parthenope</i> -will now appear to him a Mortal, such -as she really is, divested of all those false Glosses -and Appearances.</p> - -<p>The chaste Man is surprized at this -Change; he is apt to lay the Fault upon the -Woman, and generally fixes his Affections -on some other Female, who, he imagines, -is free from those Faults: then farewel happy -Wedlock. The experienc’d Man, on the -contrary, has try’d several Women; he -finds they all agree in one Particular, and -that after a Storm of Love there always succeeds -a Calm: When he enters into Matrimony, -he is prepar’d against any Disappointments -of that Nature, and is ready to make -Allowance for those Faults and Imperfections -which are inseparable from Human -Kind. This is so true, that Women have -establish’d a Maxim, that Rakes make the -best Husbands; for they are very sensible -how difficult it is to monopolize a Man’s -Affections; that he will have his Curiosity -about those Affairs satisfied one time or -other: And tho’ this Experience is useful -before Marriage, it is very dangerous afterwards.</p> - -<p>Besides, to compleat the Happiness of the -Marriage-State, or indeed to make it tolerably -easy, there must be some Agreement -in the Temper, Humour, and Disposition of -the two Parties concern’d. If, for Instance, -the Man can’t endure the Sight of a <i>Metropolis</i>, -and the Woman can’t enjoy herself -out of it; if the Man is grave, serious, and -an Enemy to all jocular Merriment, when -his Wife is a profess’d Lover of Mirth and -Gaiety, these two can never agree: Differences -will arise every Day, and Differences -in Wedlock are as hard to reconcile as those -in Religion: We may guess at the Reason -from a parallel Instance.</p> - -<p>After the Revocation of the Edict of -<i>Nantz</i>, several Protestant Gentlemen were -shut up in the <i>Bastile</i> at <i>Paris</i>, where they -liv’d constantly together for a considerable -Time: They made an Observation, during -their Stay there, That whenever the least -Difference or Dispute happen’d amongst them, -it was never reconciled till some time after -their Enlargement; because, said they, altho’ -we were Yoke-Fellows in Affliction, yet -never being out of one another’s Company, -our Animosities were always kept up warm, -for want of a little Absence to cool them. -It is the same Case with Matrimony; and -People ought to be particularly careful to -chuse a Wife as nearly of their own Temper -as possible.</p> - -<p>Now this Consideration never enters into -the Head of a chaste unexperienc’d Man, -he is so infatuated with personal Love, that -he imagines his whole future Happiness depends -upon the Possession of such a Shape, -or such a Composition of Features; when -he is disappointed in this, how much will it -add to his Chagrin, to find himself yoked -for Life to a Woman whose Temper is quite -opposite to his own, and consequently whose -Satisfaction is quite inconsistent with his? -We may guess the Sequel; separate Beds, separate -Maintenance, and all the whole Train -of Conjugal Misfortunes. In short, let us -consider Matrimony under what View we -please, we shall still find that the experienc’d -Man will make the best Husband, and answer -all the Ends of Marriage much better -than a Man who lives perfectly chaste to his -Wedding-Day.</p> - -<p>Thus, we see, by this happy Regulation -of the <i>Publick Stews</i>, that Whoring, instead -of being an Enemy to Matrimony, will advance -and promote the Interest of it as much -as possible.</p> - -<p class="mt2em">We come to the last great Point propos’d, -<i>viz</i>. that this Project of the <i>Publick -Stews</i> will prevent, as much a possible, the -debauching of modest Women, and thereby -reduce Whoring to the narrowest Bounds in -which it can possibly be contain’d.</p> - -<p>To illustrate this Matter, we must step a -little back to consider the Constitution of -Females, while they are in a State of Innocence; -and when we have taken a View of -the Fortifications which Nature has made to -preserve their Chastity, we shall find out -the Reason why it is so often surrender’d, -and be the better able to provide for its -Defence.</p> - -<p>Every Woman, who is capable of Conception, -must have those Parts which officiate -so framed, that they may be able -to perform whatever is necessary at that -Juncture. Now, to have those Parts so -rightly adapted for the Use which Nature -design’d them, it is requisite that they should -have a very quick Sensation, and, upon -the Application of the <i>Male-Organ</i>, afford -the Woman an exquisite Pleasure; for -without this extravagant Pleasure in Fruition, -the recipient Organs could never exert -themselves to promote Conception as -they now do, in such an extraordinary -Manner: The whole <i>Vagina</i>, as one continu’d -<i>Sphincter</i>, contracting and embracing -the <i>Penis</i>, while the <i>Nymphæ</i> and adjacent -Islands have their particular Emissions at -that critical Minute, either as a Vehicle -to lubricate the Passage, or else to incorporate -with the Masculine Injection: Add to -this, that the <i>Fallopian Tubes</i> put themselves -in a proper Posture to receive the impregnating -Fluid, and convey it, as is suppos’d, -to the <i>Ovaria</i>. Now it is hard to imagine, -that so many alert Members, which -can exert themselves in such a lively Manner -on this Occasion, should be at all -other Times in a State of perfect Tranquillity; -for, besides that Experience teaches -us the contrary, this handsome Disposition -would be entirely useless, if Nature had not -provided a prior Titillation, to provoke Women -at first to enter upon Action; and all -our late Discoveries, in Anatomy, can find -out no other Use for the <i>Clitoris</i>, but to -whet the Female Desire by its frequent -Erections; which are, doubtless, as provoking -as those of the <i>Penis</i>, of which it is a -perfect Copy, tho’ in Miniature.</p> - -<p>In short, there requires no more to convince -us of the Violence of Female Desire, -when raised to a proper height, but only to -consider, what a terrible Risque a Woman -runs to gratify it. Shame and Poverty -are look’d upon as Trifles, when they -come in Competition with this predominating -Passion. But altho’ it must be allow’d, -that all Women are liable to these -amorous Desires, yet, the Variety of Constitutions -will make a considerable Difference; -for as in some Men the <i>Olfactory</i>, <i>Auditory</i>, -or <i>Optick</i> Nerves, are not so brisk -and lively as in others, so there are some -Women who have the Nerves of their <i>Pudenda</i> -more lively, and endow’d with a -much quicker Sensation than others. Now, -whether this Difference is owing to the -Formation of the Nerves, or to the different -Velocity of the Blood circulating thro’ -those Parts, or whether it is owing to the -different Quantity, or perhaps Acrimony, of -that Fluid which is separated from the Blood -by the <i>Nymphæ</i>, and other titillating Glands: -I say, from whencesoever this Difference -proceeds, according to the Degree of this -Sensation, we may venture to pronounce a -Woman more or less in their own Nature -Chaste.</p> - -<p>To counterballance this violent natural -Desire, all young Women have strong Notions -of Honour carefully inculcated into -them from their Infancy. Young Girls -are taught to hate a <i>Whore</i>, before they -know what the Word means; and when -they grow up, they find their worldly -Interest entirely depending upon the Reputation -of their Chastity. This Sense of -Honour and Interest, is what we may call -artificial Chastity; and it is upon this -Compound of natural and artificial Chastity, -that every Woman’s real actual Chastity -depends.</p> - -<p>As for Instance, some Women are naturally -more Chaste, or rather, to speak properly, -less Amorous than others, and at -the same time have very strict Notions of -Honour. Such Women are almost impregnable, -and may be compar’d to Towns -strongly fortify’d both by Art and Nature, -which, without Treachery, are safe from -any sudden Attacks, and must be reduc’d -by long and regular Sieges, such as few -Men have the Patience or Resolution to go -thro’ with.</p> - -<p>Other Women, again, have the same Value -for their Reputation, and stand as much -upon the Puncto of Honour; but then they -are naturally of a very sanguine amorous -Disposition. A Woman of this Class may -not unjustly be compar’d to a Town well -garrison’d, but whose mutinous unruly <i>Inhabitants</i> -are strongly inclin’d to revolt and -<i>let in</i> the Enemy. Such Women, it’s true, -by extraordinary Care and Vigilance may -suppress these Mutinies; and Honour may -for a long while keep Inclination under, -but yet they are never perfectly safe; there -are certain Times and Seasons, certain unguarded -Hours, when Honour and Interest -are lull’d asleep, and Love has got the entire -Ascendant. Besides, altho’ we allow -Love and Honour to be pretty equal Combatants, -nay even granting, that in a <i>Pitch’d -Battle</i>, when they have muster’d up all -their Forces, Honour will have the Advantage, -and quell Inclination; yet, in the -Course of a long <i>Civil War</i>, it is Odds -but Love one Time or other obtains a Victory, -which is sure to be decisive: for Inclination -has this unlucky Advantage over -Honour, that, instead of being weaken’d, -it grows stronger by Subjection; and, like -<i>Camomile</i>, the more it is press’d down and -kept under, the sturdier it grows; or, like -<i>Antæus</i>, it receives fresh Vigour from every -Defeat, and rises the brisker the oftener it is -thrown. Whereas Honour once routed never -rallies; nay, the least <i>Breach</i> in Female -Reputation is irreparable; and a <i>Gap</i> in -Chastity, like a <i>Chasm</i> in a young Tree, is -every Day a <i>Widening</i>. Besides, Honour -and Interest require a long Chain of solid -Reasoning before they can be set in Battle-Array: -Whereas Inclination is presently under -Arms, the Moment Love has pitch’d his -<i>Standard</i>: For, as we find that the least -wanton Glance of a Lady’s Eye quickly -alarms a Man’s Animal Spirits, and puts the -whole Body Corporate into an unruly Ferment; -so, doubtless, the Female Imagination -is at least equally alert: and in such a -sudden Scuffle betwixt Love and Honour, -it is ten to one but the Enemy <i>enters</i>; for -the <i>Gate</i> of Chastity, like the <i>Temple</i> of -<i>Janus</i>, always stands <i>open</i> during these -Conflicts. It must indeed be granted, that -if the Loss of Honour was immediately to -succeed the Loss of Chastity, the Virtue of -these Women would be much stronger than -it is; but they flatter themselves with the -Hopes of Secrecy, and fancy that they have -found out an Expedient to purchase Pleasure -without the Expence of Reputation; by -this Means Honour is reconciled to Inclination, -or at best made to stand Neuter; and -then the Consequence is very obvious. In -short, a wanton Woman of Honour may -withstand a great many Attacks, and possibly -defend her Chastity to the very last; but -yet she is every Day in danger of being surpriz’d, -and at best will make but a very precarious -Defence.</p> - -<p>A third Sort of Women, the very Reverse -of the preceding, have neither Honour -nor Inclination; that is to say, they have -neither the one nor the other to an equal -Degree with the rest of the Sex. These -Kinds of Women, who put a slighter Value -than ordinary upon their Characters, are generally, -in their Circumstances, either above -the World or below it; for when a Woman -has her Interest and Fortune depending -upon her Reputation, as all the middle -Rank of Womankind have, she is a Woman -of Honour of course. Interest, indeed, -is inseparable from Female Honour, nay, it -is the very Foundation of it; and Honour -and Interest, when they are consider’d -as Guardians to Chastity, are synonimous -Terms. The bare Puncto of Honour, when -abstracted from Interest, would prove but a -small Rub to Women in their eager Pursuit -of Pleasure: Thus we see the Conduct -of a Maiden Lady, how much more circumspect -it is whilst her Fortune in Marriage -is depending, than afterwards, when that -Point of Interest is secured by a Husband; -for all marry’d Women are above the -World, in so far as they are out of the -Reach of any Suspicions or Surmises, or -even a Probability of Incontinence; and -since they are not liable to be detected by -Pregnancy, there’s no other Sort of Conviction -able to prejudice them, but downright -ocular Demonstration: Which seems -to be the Reason why so many of them -take such Liberties, as if they were of -<i>Falstaff</i>’s Opinion, when he said, <i>Nothing -but Eyes confutes me</i>. Female Honour, -therefore, being so nearly ally’d and closely -annex’d to worldly Interest, we must -confine this Class of Women to two Sorts: -First, those whose Fortunes are independent, -and above being influenc’d by the -Censure of the World; and, secondly, those -who are far below the World, that they -either escape its Censure, or else are incapable -of being hurt by it. The first Sort lie -under this Disadvantage, that let their natural -Chastity be ever so great, the smallest -Spark of Desire is capable of being blown -up and rais’d to a considerable Pitch; whereas, -when a Woman is once arriv’d to Maturity, -that Portion of Honour which she -has acquir’d, is with Difficulty preserv’d, and -at best is incapable of any Improvement. -The second Sort are equally liable to have -their Passions rais’d, however low they may -be naturally, and besides lie under this farther -Disadvantage, that tho’ they cannot promote -their Interest by preserving their Chastity, -yet, if they have the least Spark of -Beauty, they will find their Account sufficiently -in parting with it. The Virtue, indeed, -of this Class of Women, seems chiefly -to depend upon the Degree of Beauty which -they stand possess’d of; for if they have -Charms sufficient to provoke young Men to -be at any tolerable Pains and Cost, their -Chastity can never hold out long, but must -infallibly surrender.</p> - -<p>The fourth and last Kind of Women we -shall mention, are those who have a very -moderate Share of Honour, join’d to a very -amorous Constitution.</p> - -<p>The Virtue of these Women is entirely -defenceless; and, as soon as a Man has removed -that little timorous Coyness, which -is natural to young Women in their first -Attempts, he may proceed with Confidence, -and conclude the Breach to be practicable; -for whatever Resistance he meets with afterwards, -will only enhance the Pleasure of -Conquest. Most Women, indeed, let them -be ever so fully resolv’d to comply, make -as great a Shew of Resistance as they can -conveniently counterfeit; and this the Sex -would pass upon the World for a kind of -innate Modesty: but it is very easily accounted -for.</p> - -<p>As soon as Women have entertain’d any -Degree of Love, they make it their whole -Study to raise and maintain an equal Degree -of Passion in the Men; and they are very -sensible how far the bare Appearance of -Modesty will prevail to render them amiable. -The Pain they suffer in smothering -their Desires, is fully recompenced by that -secret Pleasure which a Lover’s Eagerness -gives them, because they esteem it a Proof -both of the Sincerity and Violence of his -Passion. A Woman is not, without some -Reason, afraid, lest a Man’s Love should diminish -after Enjoyment, and would gladly -bribe his After-Love, by the great Value she -seems to put upon her Chastity before she -makes him a Present of it.</p> - -<p>Besides, not to mention the actual Pleasure -a Woman receives in Struggling, it is -a Justification of her in the Eye of the -Man, and a kind of <i>Salvo</i> to her Honour -and Conscience, that she never did fully -comply, but was in a manner forced into -it. This is the plain natural Reason why -most Women refuse to <i>surrender</i> upon <i>Treaty</i>, -and why they delight so much in being -<i>storm’d</i>.</p> - -<p>Having thus taken a cursory View of the -Sex, in their several Classes, and according -to their several Circumstances, we may -conclude, preferring Truth to Complaisance, -that by far the greater Part of Womenkind -hold their Virtue very precariously; -and that Female Chastity is, in its own -Nature, built upon a very <i>ticklish</i> Foundation.</p> - -<p><i>Hudibras</i> has ludicrously plac’d the Seat -of Male-Honour, in the Posteriors, whereby -it is secur’d from any Attack in Front; but -Female Honour, notwithstanding the apparent -Safety of the Situation, like a Debtor’s -House upon the Verge of two Counties, is -liable to be attack’d both Ways; <i>à parte</i> -ante, & <i>à parte</i> post,</p> - -<p>That the Seat of Honour in Females has -this double Aspect, like <i>Janus bifrons</i>, and -consequently that it is two Ways accessible, -has already been taken Notice of by almost -all the <i>Writers</i> upon this Subject; -but it is worth remarking here, that <i>Lycurgus</i> -had an Eye to it when he modelled -the <i>Spartan</i> Petticoat; for tho’ the Warmth -of the Climate obliged the Women to be -very open in that Part of their Dress, insomuch -that, if we believe <i>Plutarch</i>, in his -Comparison of <i>Numa</i> and <i>Lycurgus</i>, the -Habit which the Maidens of <i>Laconia</i> wore -came but to their Knees, and was open on -both Sides, so that as they walked their -Thighs appear’d bare; yet this wise <i>Law-giver</i> -would not permit them to make the -least Aperture, either in the fore or hind -Part of that Garment; rightly judging, that -those two sacred <i>Avenues</i> to a Maid’s Honour -ought to be guarded with the utmost -Caution.</p> - -<p>For this same Reason the upright Posture -of the Body has always been esteem’d -the most decent; and it has ever been -the Mode, in all Countries, for Ladies to -cursey instead of bowing: for, tho’ a Female-Bow, -might seem a modest and coy Reclension -of the Body, with regard to the Person saluted, -yet it would occasion a very indecent Projection -to those who should happen to be -behind; especially since that dangerous Fashion -of <i>Postern-Plackets</i> has crept into the <i>European</i> -Petticoat.</p> - -<p class="mt2em">But to return to our present Argument, -the Design of which was to prove the following -<i>Syllogism</i>.</p> - -<p>The only way to preserve Female Chastity, -is to prevent the Men from laying -Siege to it: And this Project of the <i>Publick -Stews</i> is the only Way to prevent Mens -laying Siege to it: Therefore this Project -is the only Way to preserve Female -Chastity.</p> - -<p>The former Part of the Proposition is, I -hope, sufficiently proved. It is, indeed, evident, -from the bare Consideration of the -Nature of Females, that if the Men are -suffer’d to go on, as they now do, in the -Pursuit of Pleasure, there is no possible Way -can be found out, effectually, to secure the -Virtue of any one Woman of any Rank, or -in any Station of Life. If a Woman is -handsome, she has the more Tryals to undergo; -if homely, and for that Reason seldom -attack’d, the Novelty of the Address -makes the greater Impression: If she is married, -it is odds but there’s a Failure at -home, and habitual Pleasures are not easily -foregone, especially when they may be enjoy’d -with Safety: If a Maid, her unexperienc’d -Virgin-Heart is capable of any Impression: -If she is rich, Ease and Luxury -make the Blood run mad; and Love, if -high-dieted, is ungovernable: If poor, she -will be the easier bribed, when Love and -Avarice jointly must be gratified.</p> - -<p>In short, to sum up all, there is in the -Passion of Love a certain fatal <i>Crisis</i>, to -which all Womenkind are capable of being -wrought-up: The Difference of Virtue -consisting only in this, that it is very -hard to work a virtuous Woman up to this -<i>Crisis</i>, and requires a very unlucky Concurrence -of Circumstances: Whereas a Woman -without a good Stock of Virtue, must -have an unaccountable Series of good Fortune -if she escapes. But, virtuous or not -virtuous, when this Passion is once rais’d -to the <i>critical</i> Height, it is absolutely irresistible.</p> - -<p>Since therefore Female Virtue cannot effectually -be secured, but by preventing the -Men from laying Siege to it, it remains for -us to examine, if this Prevention can be effected -by any other Method than that of erecting -the <i>Publick Stews</i>, and whether or no -when erected, they will have the desired -Effect.</p> - -<p>That young Men, in a good State of -Health, have their Desires towards Women -much stronger, and more violent, than for -the Enjoyment of any thing else in this -Life, is a Truth not to be contested. And -it is likewise as certain, that young Men -will gratify these Desires, unless the <i>Legislature</i> -can affix such a Penalty to the Commission -of the Fact, that the Apprehension -of the Penalty may give their Minds more -Uneasiness, than refraining from the Gratification.</p> - -<p>Now there are but three Things which -Men fear in this Life, <i>viz.</i> Shame, Poverty, -and Bodily Pain, and consequently but three -Sorts of Punishments, which the <i>Legislature</i> -can inflict. The first of these, indeed, -might be omitted; for Shame is so -very little in the Power of the Laws, that -it hardly deserves the Name of a Penalty. -If the Pillory, and such like infamous Punishments, -are more terrible for the Shame -that attends them, than for the bodily Pain, -it is not because such a Posture of a -Man’s Body, with his Neck through a -Hole, is in itself ignominious, or that -any Law can make it so; but because it -publishes to the World, that a Man has -been prov’d to commit such a certain Action, -in its own Nature scandalous, which -he is asham’d to have thus publickly made -known. The truth is, “Honour and Dishonour -being only the different Opinions of -Mankind, as to the Good or Evil of any -Action; and these Opinions in the Mind -arising, as Dr. <i>Clarke</i> well observes, -from the natural Fitness or Unfitness of -the Actions themselves, cannot be alter’d -or determin’d by any <i>Secular Force</i>.” And -that they are entirely out of the Power -of the <i>Legislature</i>, is evident in the Instance -of <i>Duelling</i>; where a Man often receives -Honour for a <i>Breach</i> of the Law, nay -is forced to <i>break</i> it in <i>Defence</i> of his -Honour.</p> - -<p>The utmost Scandal, therefore, which the -Laws can affix to any Action, is to make a -full and open Publication of the Fact: Now -it is evident that this Publication cannot -have a sufficient Influence over Mens Minds -to deter them from Wenching, a Crime -which meets with so favourable a Reception -in the Eye of the World, that young Men -are not asham’d to boast of it.</p> - -<p>We must have Recourse then to a Fine, or -Corporal Punishment, or perhaps both. If -it is a Fine, it must be one of these three -sorts; either a certain determinate Sum for -every Offence, or, to make it fall more -equally, such a certain Portion of a Man’s -whole Substance, or else it must be such a -Sum as the Jury shall think sufficient to repair -the Woman’s Damages. The first is -impracticable because of its Inequality, with -regard to Mens different Fortunes. The second -would punish none but Men of Fortune. -And the third, in many Cases, would -be impossible; for Women are often ruin’d -by such as have it not in their power to -make them amends. But granting that a -Fine could be so happily contriv’d as to affect -all Men equally in their several Stations -of Life; and let us suppose this Fine considerable -enough, for so it must be, to deter any -moderate-spirited Man: yet still we lie under -a manifest Dilemma as to the Point of -Proof; for if the Proof is to depend upon -the Evidence of Eye-Witnesses, none but -Fools will be convicted; and let a Man be -ever so indiscreet, he that swears to <i>rem in -re</i> must have good Eyes, and be a good -Swearer withal. If, on the other hand, a -Man is to be convicted upon the sole Evidence -of the Woman, we run into greater -Inconveniences: for either a Woman is to -be recompenced for the Injury she has received, -or not; if not, there is no modest -Woman of common Sense, but will chuse -much rather to conceal her Weakness, than -expose it in publick Court so much to her -own Prejudice; and this too upon the sole -Motive of doing Prejudice to a Man, for -whom, in all Probability, she still retains an -Affection: So that no Man would be accus’d -but by such sort of Women as the Law can -never intend to favour or countenance.</p> - -<p>And if the Woman is to receive this Fine, -either in Part or the Whole, by way of Reparation, -not to mention its being an actual -Encouragement to transgress, this Recompence -would only be a Means to promote -a Multitude of false Accusations; for what -Man could live with so much Circumspection, -that a Woman might not often have an -Opportunity to accuse him of such a Fact, -with very probable Circumstances, when there -is no Opportunity of detecting the Fallacy. -This Difficulty, indeed, is not to be got -over; and the Objection lies equally strong -against all sorts of Corporal Punishment, -Death itself not excepted. For if there are -so many false Indictments for <i>Rapes</i>, where -a Woman receives no Benefit by the Prosecution, -where she is liable to such cross Examinations, -and where the Possibility of the -Fact is so much doubted, that a Woman is -generally discountenanc’d, and must bring a -Number of probable concurrent Circumstances -before she can gain Credit: I say, if notwithstanding -these Discouragements, there -are so many malicious Prosecutions for -<i>Rapes</i>, that the Benefit of the Law in general -is much disputed, what may we expect -in the present Case, where a Woman has -nothing to do but acknowledge that she was -over-persuaded, and then all Difficulties vanish? -Besides, if such a Law was made, -setting aside that the Remedy would be -worse than the Disease, it is much to be -question’d if it prov’d any Remedy at all: -For what Fine can we propose as sufficient -to deter Men, when there are so many that -squander away their whole Fortunes upon -this sole Gratification? And what Corporal -Punishment, on this side Death, can we -find out equivalent to a <i>Pox</i>, which they -every day run the Risque of?</p> - -<p>But no such Law, as yet, has been so -much as propos’d, altho’ Whoring has been -a very obvious Mischief ever since Laws were -in Being; therefore, without farther Argument, -considering the Wisdom of our <i>Legislature</i>, -that such a Law never has been -made, ought to be sufficient Reason for us to -judge it impracticable.</p> - -<p>Since the Torrent of Lewdness, then, is -too strong to be opposed by open Force, let -us see if we can find out an Expedient to -divert it by Policy, and prevent the Mischief -tho’ we can’t prevent the Crime.</p> - -<p>Most <i>Authors</i>, who have writ of Government, -have chose to express their Sentiments -by comparing the Public Body with the -Body Natural; and Mr. <i>Hobbes</i>, in his <i>Leviathan</i>, -has carry’d the <i>Allegory</i> as far as -it will go. To make Use of it in the present -Instance, we may look upon <i>Whoring</i> -as a Kind of Peccant Humour in the Body-Politic, -which, in order to its Discharge, -naturally seizes upon such external Members -as are most liable to Infection, and at the -same time most proper to carry off the Malignity. -If this Discharge is promoted by a -Licence for <i>Publick Stews</i>, which is a Kind -of legal Evacuative, the Constitution will -certainly be preserv’d: Whereas, if we apply -Penal Laws, like violent Astringents, -they will only drive the Disease back into -the Blood; where, gathering Strength, and -at last assimilating the whole Mass, it will -break out with the utmost Virulence, to the -apparent Hazard of those sound Members, -which otherwise might have escaped the -Contagion. As we may observe in a <i>Clap</i>, -where Nature of her own Accord expels the -noxious Humour thro’ the same Passages by -which it was at first receiv’d; but if we resist -Nature in this Discharge, and repel the -Venom by too hasty an Application of -<i>Styptics</i>, the Disease then turns to a <i>Pox</i>, -seizes the Vitals, and, to use <i>Solomon</i>’s -Words, <i>like a Dart, strikes thro’ the Liver</i>. -But, leaving <i>Allegory</i> as more proper -for <i>Rhetoric</i> or <i>Poetry</i>, than such serious -Debates, since this Project of the <i>Public -Stews</i> is the only Expedient now left for the -Preservation of Female Chastity, the Question -is, Whether or no this Expedient will really -answer the End propos’d?</p> - -<p>To prove the Affirmative, requires no more -but that we look into ourselves, and examine -our own Passions; for Love ever was and -will be the same in all Men, and in all Ages. -The first amorous Emotions that young Men -feel, are violent; they are plagued with a -Stimulation, which raises a vehement Desire: -The Passion is strong, but then it is general; -it is Lust, not Love: And therefore the natural -Impatience of <i>Lust</i> will prompt them -to take the speediest way for present Gratification, -and make them prefer the ready and -willing Embraces of a Courtezan, before the -doubtful and distant Prospect of enjoying a -modest Damsel, whose Coyness will cost -so much Pains, as well as Time, to overcome; -and, when overcome, may probably occasion -a future Uneasiness, and give them more -Trouble after Enjoyment than they had before.</p> - -<p>Besides this, if their first Affections should -happen to be engaged to a particular Object, -which is very rare; and that this particular -Object was in their Power to compass, which -is still rarer; yet there is naturally in Young-Men -a certain secret Shame, which attends -their first Sallies, and prevents their declaring -a private Passion, ’till it grows so violent, that -they are forced to give it Vent upon the Publick; -and by that means, get into a regular -Method of making themselves easy, without -doing their Modesty any Violence.</p> - -<p>But tho’ the natural Bent of Men’s Minds -inclines them to an easy Purchase of Pleasure -in their first Amours, yet publick Whoring -lies at present under so many Disadvantages; -the Publick Women, for want of good Regulation, -are so infamous in their Principles and -Practice; the Places of Resort so vile, and -so scandalously imposing in the common Expence, -and lying under the Lash of the -<i>Civil</i> Power, so pester’d with the mercenary -Officiousness of <i>Reforming Constables</i>; and -which is worst of all, the Plague of <i>Claps</i> -and <i>Poxes</i> is so inevitable, that Men contrary -to their Inclinations are often forc’d to enter -upon private Intrigues, either without trying -the Publick, or after meeting with some Misfortunes -in the Tryal.</p> - -<p>Now if we see daily so many Young Men, -who prefer the publick Commerce under all -these Disadvantages, what Success may we -not expect from this happy Establishment of -the <i>Stews</i>, when the Young Women’s Behaviour -will be regulated after a civil decent -Manner; when the Houses of Entertainment -will be so Commodious, and the Expence of -Accomodation so reasonable; when the horrid -Dread of <i>Claps</i> is entirely remov’d; and -when the Laws, instead of disturbing such -Assemblies, will be employ’d in their Protection, -to give them the greater Countenance -and Encouragement; surely we may hope for -a thorough Reformation.</p> - -<p>But if these Considerations should not prove -fully effectual, and some Men should be so -obstinate as to persist in private Whoring, notwithstanding -these Inducements to the contrary; -we must then have Recourse to <i>Legal</i> -Force, and drive those who are too resty to be -led: For tho’ the Laws can’t prevent Whoring, -they may yet regulate it; the <i>Quid</i> is not in -their Power, but the <i>Quomodo</i> is. A Man must -eat, but he may be directed how to eat. The -strongest Curb can’t stop an unruly Horse, but -the weakest will serve to turn him: And the -smallest Stream is not to be obstructed, tho’ we -can change the Course of the greatest River. -So Love, tho’ ever so unruly and headstrong in -the general, changes the particular Object of -its Passion with the smallest Circumstance; -and legal Penalties are no trifling Dissuasives, -when the Laws don’t command Impossibilities.</p> - -<p>This Argument indeed, of Compulsion, is -in a manner supernumerary, and thrown in, -as it were, <i>ex abundanti</i>: For <i>the Publick Stews</i> -under this regular Oeconomy, will have so -much the Advantage of private Whoring, -whether we regard the Ease and Conveniency -of Enjoyment, or the Beauty and Variety of -Mistresses, that Men’s natural Inclinations will -sway them sufficiently without this superfluous -Constraint. If there is any Fear of Success, -the Danger lies on the other Side; and indeed -we have some Colour of Reason to apprehend, -lest the whole Body of Lewdness being turn’d -upon the Publick, there should want a sufficient -Supply of young Women to recruit the <i>Stews</i>; -which, by that Means, may run into a sudden -Dis-repute, and lose a Character that will be -difficult to retrieve. But however plausible -this Objection may seem at first Sight, we shall -find, upon a nearer View, that it only serves to -make the Excellence of this Scheme the more -manifest.</p> - -<p>As there is constantly in the Nation, a certain -Number of young Men, whose Passions -are too strong to brook any Opposition: Our -Business is to contrive a Method how they may -be gratify’d, with as little Expence of Female -Virtue as possible. But the Difficulty lies in -adjusting this Matter, and gaging our young -Men’s Affections so exactly, that the Modesty -of one Woman may not be sacrifis’d, more -than is absolutely necessary for the Preservation -of the rest.</p> - -<p>The Gallants of this Age, indeed, are not -quite so sturdy as that rampant <i>Roman</i> Emperor -who deflower’d ten <i>Sarmatian</i> Virgins in one -Night; but what we want in Constitution, we -make up in the Niceity of our Palates; as a -squeamish Stomach requires the greatest Variety -of Dishes: And some of our Youth are grown -such perfect <i>Epicures</i> in Venery, that they can -relish nothing but <i>Virgins</i>: They destroy, it is -true, a great deal of Beauty, by browsing only -upon the Buds.</p> - -<p>But we ought not to judge of these Men’s -Abilities by the Number of Women they debauch, -no more than we should measure the -Goodness of a certain curious Gentleman’s Appetite -by his bespeaking several Dozen of young -Pigeons, when he only regal’d upon the Rumps: -Neither is it intirely from a Wantonness of -Fancy, or a luxurious Taste of Pleasure, that -Men indulge themselves in making this Havock, -but chiefly for their own personal Safety. Young -Girls are so giddy, thoughtless, and unexperienc’d, -and withal so fond of the Sport, at their first -setting out, that they seldom escape a Taint; -and a Man is not safe in being constant: Nay, -some Men are afraid of venturing even after -themselves. By this Means several likely -Women, that might do the Publick signal -Service, are in a short Time render’d useless: -And, by a modest Computation, we are put to -the Expence of as many virtuous Women in one -Year, as might reasonably serve the Nation six.</p> - -<p>Now, the <i>Publick Stews</i> will regulate this -Affair so precisely, and with such critical Exactness, -that one Year with another, we shall not -have one Woman employ’d in the Publick -Service more than is absolutely necessary, nor -one less than is fully sufficient.</p> - -<p>When this Project is first set on foot, the -vast Choice and Variety there is at present of -these Women, will give us an Opportunity of -making a very beautiful Collection; and will, -doubtless, for some Time, occasion a considerable -Run upon the Publick; so that <i>Private Whoring</i>, -the only Nursery of our Courtezans, may probably -remain too long neglected: For the whole -Body of our incontinent Youth, like a standing -Army, being employ’d in constant Action, -there cannot well be spar’d a sufficient Detachment -to raise the necessary Recruits.</p> - -<p>But however true this may be, we shall -thereby suffer no Inconvenience; for if the -Supplies of young Women, which we may -reasonably expect from the Northern and -Western Parts of these Kingdoms, or from such -Places as are remote and out of the Influence -of this <i>Scheme</i>: I say, if these Supplies should -not prove sufficient to answer the Greatness of -the Demand, and that the Reputation of the -<i>Stews</i> upon this Account, should begin to flag, -why then the worst Accident that can befal, -is a gradual Relapse into our former State of -<i>Private Whoring</i>; and this no farther than is -just necessary and to recruit the <i>Stews</i>, and -thereby make them retrieve their former Character: -For every Woman who is debauch’d -more than is barely necessary, only brings so -much additional Credit and Reputation to the -<i>Stews</i>, and in some measure atones for the Loss -of her own Chastity, by being a Means to preserve -that of others; so that whenever the Tide -of private Lewdness runs too high, and exceeds -the just and ordinary Bounds, it must of Course, -by encouraging the <i>Publick Stews</i>, immediately -suffer a proportionable Ebb: That is to say, -it must be reduced again so low, that there will -remain but just a sufficient Quantity to supply -the <i>Stews</i>; which is as low, as in the Nature of -the Thing is possible.</p> - -<p>I might here lavish out Encomiums, and -take Occasion to dwell upon those many Advantages -that will accrue to the <i>Nation</i> by this -admirable Scheme; but shall only take Notice -of this peculiar Excellence, which it has above all -other Schemes, that it necessarily executes itself.</p> - -<p>But since the Necessity of debauching a -certain Number of young Women, is entirely -owing to the Necessity of supplying the <i>Public -Stews</i>; a Question may very reasonably arise, -whether this Project might not be vastly improv’d, -even to the total Extirpation of <i>Private -Whoring</i>, by an Act <i>for encouraging the Importation -of foreign Women</i>. This, I must confess, -deserves a serious Debate: for, besides the Honour -of our Females, which would be preserv’d -by such an Act, it might bring this farther -Advantage; That whereas most of our estated -Youth spend a great Part of their Time and -Fortunes in travelling Abroad, for no other End, -as it seems by most of them, but to be inform’d -in the <i>French</i> and <i>Italian</i> Gallantry; they -would then have an Opportunity of satisfying -their Curiosity in Foreign Amours, without -stirring out of <i>London</i>. But I shall leave the -Decision of this Matter to abler Pens, well -knowing, that a Truth of this Nature, which -carries so much the Air of Novelty, will require -much better Authority than mine to warrant it.</p> - -<p>Let it suffice for the present, that I have fully -prov’d what I at first propos’d in this Treatise: -That <i>Public Whoring</i> is neither so criminal in -itself, nor so detrimental to the <i>Society</i>, as <i>Private -Whoring</i>; and that the encouraging of -<i>Publick Whoring</i>, by erecting <i>Stews</i> for that -Purpose, will not only prevent most of the -mischievous Consequences of this Vice, but -even lessen the Quantity of <i>Whoring</i> in general, -and reduce it to the narrowest Bounds which it -can possibly be contain’d in.</p> - -<p>After what has been said, it may, perhaps, -appear somewhat odd to talk of Religious -Objections, as if either Christianity or Morality -could possibly object against a <i>Scheme</i>, which is -entirely calculated for the Welfare and Happiness -of Mankind. But since a great many -Men amongst us have entertained such whimsical -Notions of Religion, as to imagine, that in some -Cases, a Law may be unjust and wicked, tho’ -it evidently promotes the Publick Good: as if -the right Enjoyment of this Life was inconsistent -with our Happiness in the next: I say, -since many Men of Understanding have suffer’d -themselves to be possess’d with this mistaken -Principle, I shall, as briefly as may be, answer -such Objections as can, with any Colour of -Reason, be offer’d.</p> - -<p>First then, I expect to be attack’d with that -old moral Precept, of <i>Not doing Evil that Good -may come of it</i>. This may be answer’d with -another old Saying, equally authentic, and -more applicable to the present Purpose, that -<i>of two Evils we ought to chuse the least</i>. The -Case is this: A private Member of a <i>Society</i>, -may, doubtless, commit a Crime with a Design -to promote the Good of that <i>Society</i>, which was -partly the Case of <i>Felton</i> against the Duke of -<i>Buckingham</i>; and this evil Action may possibly -answer the Goodness of the Intention, but is -universally condemn’d as an unwarrantable Presumption; -and falls justly under the Censure of -doing a certain Evil, for the Prospect of an uncertain -Good. But as to the <i>Legislature</i>, there -is a wide Difference; for they, and they only, -are intrusted with the Welfare of the <i>Society</i>: -This Publick Welfare is, or ought to be, the -whole End and Scope of their Actions; and -they are fully impower’d to do whatever they -judge conducive to that End. If their Intentions -come up to this, they are certainly in their -Consciences acquitted: But as to the World, -their Actions, that is, their Laws, are judg’d -good or bad, just or unjust, according as they -actually prove beneficial or detrimental to the -<i>Society</i> in general: And therefore it is the -grossest Absurdity, and a perfect Contradiction -in Terms, to assert, That a <i>Government</i> may -not commit Evil that Good may come of it; -for, if a Publick Act, taking in all its Consequences, -really produces a greater Quantity of -Good, it must, and ought to be term’d a good -Act; altho’ the bare Act, consider’d in itself, -without the consequent Good, should be in the -highest Degree wicked and unjust.</p> - -<p>As for Instance: A Ship performing Quarantine, -and known to be infected, is sunk by a -Storm; some of the Crew, half drown’d, recover -the Shore; but the Moment they land, the <i>Government</i> -orders them to be shot to Death. -This Action, in itself, is no less than a downright -unchristian and inhuman Murther; but -since the Health and Safety of the Nation is -secured by this severe Precaution, it is no Wonder, -if we allow the Action to be not only justifiable, -but in the strictest Sense of Morality Just.</p> - -<p>Another Objection, or rather the same set -in a stronger Light, is, That altho’ the Welfare -and Happiness of the Community is, or ought -to be, the only End of all Law and Government, -yet since our spiritual Welfare is the -<i>Summum Bonum</i> which all Christians should aim -at, no Christian Government ought to authorize -the Commission of the least known Sin, tho’ -for the greatest temporal Advantage.</p> - -<p>To this Objection, I answer, That it is universally -allow’d as one of the greatest Perfections -of the Christian Religion, that its Precepts are -calculated to promote the Happiness of Mankind -in this World as well as the next; if so, -then it is a direct Arraignment of the Lawgiver’s -infinite Wisdom, <i>i. e.</i> a Contradiction to -assert, that, in Matters of Law and Government, -the Publick Breach of any Gospel Precept can -possibly be for the temporal Good of any <i>Society</i> -whatever: And therefore we may with Confidence -affirm, that no sinful Laws can be beneficial, -and <i>vice versa</i>, that no beneficial Laws -can be sinful. Now we have already given -sufficient Proof of the Benefit the <i>Public</i> would -receive by licensing the <i>Stews</i>, and therefore -ought to conclude such Licence lawful; but -lest the apparent Wickedness of the <i>Stews</i>, -should be objected against this general Reasoning, -it is fit that we examine this Matter a -little nearer.</p> - -<p><i>Fornication</i> is, no doubt, a direct Breach of -a <i>Gospel</i>-Precept, and is therefore a Sin; but -this Sin, barely as such, concerns the <i>Government</i> -no more than the Eating of <i>Black-puddings</i>, -equally prohibited in the <span class="nowrap">same <a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a></span> Text. The -Reason is this: The Sin consists in a full Intention -to gratify a Lustful Desire; which Intention -the <i>Legislature</i> cannot possibly prevent: -Penalties indeed may deter Men from gratifying -their Desires, at the Expence of the Public, but -will rather increase than lessen the Desires themselves. -If it is argu’d, that the Sin of the -Intention is aggravated by being put in Execution, -so much the better for our Purpose; for -then the Argument stands thus:</p> - -<p>Since the Sin of the Intention is entirely out -of the <i>Legislature</i>’s Power, the utmost they -can do, with regard to this Sin, is, to prevent -its being aggravated by actual Commission.</p> - -<p>But the <i>Public Stews</i>, as we have already -prov’d, will prevent as much as possible this -actual Commission.</p> - -<p>Therefore the <i>Publick Stews</i> will prevent as -much as possible this <span class="smcap">Sin</span>.</p> - -<p>Another Branch of this Objection, without -which the Objection itself would be of no -Force, is, that the authorizing of <i>Public Stews</i> -is a Public Encouragement for People to Whore.</p> - -<p>If by People are meant those in the <i>Stews</i>, -I hope it will be thought no Crime to encourage -such People, rather to confine themselves to -the Practice of one Vice, than live by committing -a Thousand; especially when that one Vice -is what they would really practise, whether -they were encourag’d or not.</p> - -<p>But if any imagine that this particular -Licence would be a general Encouragement to -the whole <i>Nation</i>, they are certainly mistaken. -For, as to the Men, they are already as bad as -they can be; if any Thing cures them, it must -be <i>Satiety</i>: Let them have full and free Leave -to take a Surfeit of unlawful Love, and they -will soon learn to prefer the Chaste Embraces -of Innocence before the bought Smile of -Harlots loveless, joyless, unindear’d casual -Fruition.</p> - -<p>It is a right Observation, that Restraint does -but whet a Man’s Passions instead of curing -them.</p> - -<p><i>Exuperat magis, ægrescitque medendo.</i> Æn. 12. -And a late ingenious <i>Author</i>, who study’d Mankind, -speaking on this Subject, has these Words: -<i>To put down</i> Publick Stews, <i>is not only to disperse -Fornication into all Parts, but, by the -Difficulty, to excite wild and wanton People to -this Vice.</i></p> - -<p>It was observ’d at <i>Rome</i>, that in the full -Liberty of Divorces, there was not a single -Instance of one in fifty Years: And that <i>Cato</i> -long’d for his Wife again as soon as she was in -another’s Possession.</p> - -<p>The Master of Love says positively,</p> - -<p> -<i>Quod licet ingratum est, quod non licet acrius urit</i>. -</p> - -<p>And <i>Martial</i> speaking to a married Rake, -<i>B</i>. 3. <i>Ep</i>. 68. says,</p> - -<p> -<i>Cur aliena placet tibi, quæ tua non placet uxor? -Nunquid Securus non potes arrigere?</i><br /> -</p> - -<p> -I pr’ythee tell me why a Wife<br /> - Thy am’rous Fancy never warms?<br /> -What! without Danger o’thy Life,<br /> - Cannot thy Cod-pice stand to Arms?<br /> -</p> - -<p>  And again, <i>B</i>. 1. <i>Ep</i>. 74.</p> - -<p> -<i>Nullus in urbe fuit tota, qui tangere vellet<br /> -Uxorem gratis, Cæciliane, tuam<br /> -Dum licuit: sed nunc, positis custodibus, ingens<br /> -Turba fututorum est. Ingeniosus Homo es.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p> -There’s no Man, <i>Cæcil</i>, in the Town,<br /> - Would, <i>gratis</i>, have enjoy’d thy Spouse;<br /> -But how thou art so jealous grown,<br /> - Lord! what a Croud about the House!<br /> -You’ve lock’d her up, t’increase her Value;<br /> -In short, you are a cunning Fellow.<br /> -</p> - -<p>The <i>Public Stews</i> will not encourage Men to -be lewd, but they will encourage them to exercise -their Lewdness in a proper Place, without -disturbing the Peace of the <i>Society</i>, and with -as little Detriment to themselves as possible. -And, as to the Women, there’s not the least -Shadow of Encouragement: For no modest -Woman ever lost her Maiden-head with the dismal -Prospect of becoming a <i>Public Courtezan</i>: -And if a Woman is not modest, the licensing -of the <i>Public Stews</i> is no more an Encouragement -for her to practise, than the allowing a -certain Number of Hackney-Coaches every -<i>Sunday</i> is an Encouragement for the rest to ply; -when the very Licence, to some, expresly implies -a Prohibition of the rest.</p> - -<p>Having now sufficiently proved the Institution -of the <i>Public Stews</i> to be a Political Good, -and answer’d all the religious Objections against -it; I shall conclude with observing, That I -have the Authority of <i>Italy</i>, the most Politic -Nation in the World, to back me in the first -Part of my Argument; and the Opinion of -<i>Holland</i>, one of the strictest Reformed Churches, -to vindicate me in the second; and that we -ourselves enjoy’d the Benefit of this Institution -till we were depriv’d of it by the over-hasty Zeal -of our first Reformers in the sixteenth Century.</p> - -<p>The <i>Public Stews</i> were antiently kept in <i>Southwark</i>, -by an express Licence from the Government, -and open Permission both Civil and Ecclesiastical, -for they paid regular Taxes to the <i>Lord-Mayor</i> -of the <i>City</i>, and to the Bishop of the <i>See</i>.</p> - -<p>We do not find that they were ever molested -’till the 25th of <i>Edward</i> the Third, when, in -the Parliament at <i>Westminster</i>, at the Request of -the <i>Londoners</i>, says <i>Daniel</i>, an Act passed, obliging -all Common Whores to distinguish themselves, -by wearing Hoods striped with divers Colours, -or Furs, and their Gowns turn’d <i>inside</i> out.</p> - -<p>This, indeed, was but a Trifle to what they -suffer’d thirty Years after by <i>Wat Tyler</i>’s Rebellion.</p> - -<p>In the fifth of <i>Richard</i> the Second, <i>Wat</i> -marched up from <i>Dartworth</i>, with a true Spirit -of Reformation, fully resolv’d to burn and -destroy every thing that oppos’d him: If the -Archbishop’s Palace at <i>Lambeth</i> could not escape, -there was little Mercy to be expected for the -<span class="nowrap"><i>Stews</i> <a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a></span>; besides, Whoring was not the least of -<i>Wat</i>’s Grievances: He began his Rebellion by -killing a Collector of the Poll-Tax for being -a little too brisk upon his Daughter; and his -Antipathy to the <i>Stews</i> was still increased, by -the <i>Lord-Mayor</i>’s shutting the City-Gates, and -denying him Entrance; for he could not revenge -the Affront more effectually, than by <i>cutting -off so large a Branch of his Lordship’s Revenue</i>.</p> - -<p>In short, every thing concurred to the Destruction -of the <i>Stews</i>, and demolish’d they -were.</p> - -<p>This Action, however, lost <i>Tyler</i> his Life; -for <i>William Walworth</i>, then Lord-Mayor, was -the very Man who struck him first off his -Horse in <i>Smithfield</i>: For which the King -knighted him, gave him 100<i> l.</i> Pension, and -added the Dagger to the City-Arms.</p> - -<p>Whilst Whoring was in this unsettled Condition, -the <i>Bishop</i> thought it a good Opportunity -to ingross the whole Profit of licensing -Courtezans, which occasion’d them fresh Trouble; -for <i>John Northampton</i>, who succeeded -<i>Walworth</i>, either piqued at the Bishop’s invading -his Right, or out of a real Reforming Principle, -for he was a Follower of <i>Wickliff</i>, commenced -a severe Persecution. He had his Spies and -Constables in every Street, to apprehend Strollers; -and such Women as were neither handsome nor -rich enough to bribe his Officers, were carried -through the Streets in great Pomp, with their -Hair shorn, and Trumpets and Pipes playing -before them. All this he did contrary to the -express Commands of the Bishop, who had -several Bickerings with him upon that Head.</p> - -<p>This great Reformer <i>John Northampton</i> was, -from his troublesome Temper, nick-nam’d -<i>Cumber-Town</i>; and as he succeeded <i>Tyler</i> in -the Work of Reformation, so he had like to -have met with as bad a Fate: For two Years -after he was found guilty of High Treason, -without making the least Defence; had his -Goods confiscated, and was condemned to -perpetual Imprisonment 100 Miles from <i>London</i>: -Accordingly he was sent to <i>Tentagil-Castle</i> in -<i>Cornwall</i>.</p> - -<p>This dreadful <i>Cumber-Town</i> being removed, -the <i>Stews</i> had Leisure to re-settle themselves under -the Protection of the Church; and enjoyed -an almost uninterrupted Tranquillity for 150 -Years.</p> - -<p>We find, indeed, an Act passed at <i>Westminster</i>, -in the 11th of <i>Hen.</i> VI. that no Keepers -of <i>Stews</i>, or <i>Whore-Houses</i> in <i>Southwark</i>, should -be impannelled upon any Jury, or keep a Tavern -in any other Place.</p> - -<p>But the most sensible Blow they ever felt, -was the Invasion of the <i>French-Pox</i>. The -<i>Spaniards</i> had brought it from the Islands of -<i>Florida</i> to <i>Naples</i>, and the Army of <i>Charles</i> -VIII. when he conquer’d that Kingdom in -the Year 1495, transmitted it into <i>France</i>, from -whence it had a very quick Passage into <i>England</i>; -for there was an Act passed in the latter -end of <i>Henry</i> VII’s Reign, for expelling out -of the <i>Stews</i> all such Women as had the Faculty -of <i>Burning</i> Men.</p> - -<p>However, we find they still continued in -good Repute in the Reign of <i>Henry</i> VIII<span class="nowrap">.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></span> -and yielded a considerable Revenue to the -<i>Bishop</i> of <i>London</i>; for <i>Bucer</i>, in one of his -Books against <i>Gardiner</i>, taxes him with it as -<i>an heinous Crime, that he should receive most of -his Rents out of the Public Stews</i>.</p> - -<p>After this terrible Accusation, we may easily -guess what Quarter our <i>Stews</i> met with at the -Reformation. But now <i>Bucer</i> has got his Ends; -the <i>Stews</i> are destroy’d; those public Nusances are -demolish’d; Whoring is attack’d on all hands -without Mercy; and what then? Why, truly, -by mere Dint of <i>Reforming</i>, we have reduced -Lewdness to that pass, that hardly one Bachelor -in the Kingdom will lie with a Woman, if he -is sure that she’s not found; and very few modest -Women will suffer a Man to get them -with Child, unless he makes a Promise to marry.</p> - -<p>In short, the Truth is, we are at this present -Writing as <i>bad</i> as we can be; and I hope I -have fairly shown how we may be <i>better</i>.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><a id="laws"></a></p> - -<div class="figcenter3" style="width: 330px;"> -<img src="images/i_258.jpg" width="330" height="54" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="tac fs240 ls02em">APPENDIX.</p> - - -<p class="tac fs140 ls02em">NUMBER I.</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt"><i>RICHARD RAWLINSON</i></em>, L. L. D. -and R. S. S. in his Account of <i>Southwark</i><span class="nowrap">, <a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></span> -informs us, that next to the <i>Bear-Garden</i> -on the Bank-Side was formerly the -<span class="smcap">Bordello</span>, or <span class="smcap">Stewes</span>, so called from several -Licensed Houses for the Entertainment of -Lewd Persons, in which were Women prepared -for all Comers. They were subject to -several Laws and Regulations, and their Manner -of Life and Privileged Places, received -several Confirmations from the Crown.</p> - -<p>In 1162, King <i>Henry</i> II, in a <i>Parliament</i> -held at <i>Westminster</i>, passed an Act, confirming -several Ordinances, Statutes, and old Customs -observed in that Place, amongst which the -following are remarkable:</p> - -<p class="mt2em">That no <i>Stew-Holder</i> or his Wife, should -lett or stay any single Woman to go and come -freely at all Times when she listed.</p> - -<p>No <i>Stewholder</i> to keep any Woman to board, -but she to board abroad at her Pleasure.</p> - -<p>To take no more for the Woman’s Chamber -than <i>fourteen</i> Pence.</p> - -<p>Not to keep open his Doors upon the Holy-days.</p> - -<p>Not to keep any single Woman in his House -on the Holy-days, but the <i>Bailiff</i> to see them -voided out of the Lordship.</p> - -<p>No single Woman to be kept against her -Will, that would leave her Sin.</p> - -<p>No <i>Stew-Holder</i> to receive any Woman of -Religion, or any Mans Wife.</p> - -<p>No single Woman to take Money to lie with -any Man, except she lye with him all Night, -till the Morrow.</p> - -<p>No Man to be drawn or enticed into any -<i>Stew-House</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Constables</i>, <i>Bailiffs</i>, and others, were -every Week to search every <i>Stew-House</i>.</p> - -<p>No <i>Stew-Holder</i> to keep any Woman that -hath the perillous Infirmity of <i>Burning</i>, nor to -sell Bread, Ale, Flesh, Fish, Wood, Coal, or -any sort of Victuals.</p> - -<p class="mt2em">Anno 1345, Stews were licenced by King -<i>Edward</i> III. Anno 1381, these Stew-Houses -belonged to <i>William Walworth</i>, Lord-Mayor of -<i>London</i>, who let them out to some <i>Flemish</i> Women, -and soon after they were plundered by <i>Walter -Tyler</i>, and the rebellious <i>Kentishmen</i>, when probably -they were put down, and again suffered, and -afterwards confirmed by <i>Henry</i> VI. In 1506, -King <i>Henry</i> VII. for some Time shut up these -Houses, which were in Number <i>Eighteen</i>, and -not long after renewed their Licence, and reduced -them to <i>Twelve</i>; at which Number they -continued till their final Suppression by Sound -of Trumpet, in 1546, by King <i>Henry</i> VIII, -whose tender Conscience startled at such scandalous -and open Lewdness. The single Women -who were Retainers to, or Inmates in, these -Houses, were excommunicated, not suffered to -enter the Church while alive, or if not reconciled -before their Death, prohibited Christian -Burial, and were interred in a Piece of Ground -called the <i>Single-Women’s Church-Yard</i>, set -a-part for their Use only. These Houses were -distinguished by several Signs painted on their -Fronts, as, a <i>Boar’s-Head</i>, the <i>Crane</i>, the -<i>Cardinal’s Hat</i>, the <i>Swan</i>, the <i>Bell</i>, the <i>Castle</i>, -the <i>Cross-Keys</i>, and the <i>Gun</i>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter2" style="width: 110px;"> -<img src="images/i_260.jpg" width="110" height="107" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p><a id="letters"></a></p> -<div class="figcenter3" style="width: 330px;"> -<img src="images/i_261.jpg" width="330" height="47" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="tac fs140 ls02em">NUMBER II.</p> - -<p class="tac"><i>An Attempt to prove the Antiquity of the</i> -Venereal Disease, <i>long before the Discovery -of the</i> West-Indies; <i>in a Letter -to Dr.</i> <span class="smcap">James Douglass</span>, <i>M. D.</i></p> - - -<p class="ml1em"><em class="gesperrt"><i>SIR</i></em>,</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">THE</em> Undertaking I am at present engaged -in, is to prove that the <i>Venereal Disease</i> -was known among us, much earlier than the -<i>Æra</i>, which has been generally assign’d for its -Rise by modern Authors; for it is believed it -was not known, at least in <i>Europe</i>, till about the -Year 1494. Notwithstanding which, I determine -to make it evident, that it was frequent -among us some Hundreds of Years before that -Date. I could mention several Physicians and -Surgeons of Eminence, who have been of the -same Sentiments, particularly, the Learned -Dr. <i>Charles Patin</i>, who has written a curious -Dissertation to prove the <i>Antiquity of this -Disease</i>, which is sufficient to excuse me from -the Imputation of having started a Novelty, -or being at the trouble of quoting antient Authorities -before taken notice of, from the most -ancient Writers of Medicine; as <i>Hippocrates</i>, -<i>Galen</i>, <i>Avicen</i>, <i>Celsus</i>, &c. and even the -<i>Holy Scriptures</i>. I shall therefore lay aside all -those foreign Aids and Assistances, and trace out -the Symptoms of the Disease, as they naturally -arise, from the <i>first</i> Infection to the <i>last</i> destructive -Period, and shew that, by searching -into our own Antiquities, we may be furnished -with Instances of the Frequency of the Distemper -among us, in all its respective Stages, before -ever our Modern Authors dream it had its Appearance -in <i>Europe</i>,</p> - -<p>I shall begin with the <i>first</i> Degree of this -Disease, and prove from authentic Evidences, it -was anciently call’d the <i>Brenning</i> or <i>Burning</i>; -and that this Word has been successively continu’d -for many Hundreds of Years, to signify -the same Disease we now call a <i>Clap</i>; and -that it was not discontinu’d till that Appellation -first began to have its Rise. The most likely -Method to accomplish my Design, will be first -to examine those Records that relate to the -<i>Stews</i>, which were by Authority allowed to be -kept on the <i>Bank-Side</i> in <i>Southwark</i>, under the -Jurisdiction of the Bp. of <i>Winchester</i>, and -which were suppressed the <i>37th</i> of <i>Hen.</i> VIII. -For it is impossible but, if there were any such -Distemper in being at that Time, it must be -pretty common among those lewd Women who -had a Licence for entertaining their Paramours, -notwithstanding any Rules or Orders which -might be establish’d to prevent its Increase: -But if we shall find that there were Orders -establish’d to prevent the Spreading of such a -Disease, that Persons might be secure from any -contagious Malady after their Entertainment at -those Houses (which were anciently 18 in -Number, but in the Reign of <i>Hen.</i> VII. reduced -to 12) we may then securely depend -upon it, that it was the Frequency of the Disease -that put those who had the Authority, under -a necessity of making such Rules and Orders. -For the same Powers, who granted a Liberty for -keeping open such lewd Houses, must find it -their Interest to secure, as much as possible, all -Persons from receiving any Injury there; lest -the Frequency of such Misfortunes should deter -others from frequenting them, and so the original -Design of their Institution cease; from the -entire sinking of the Revenues. Now I find -that, as early as the Year 1162, divers Constitutions -relating to the Lordship of <i>Winchester</i>, -(being also confirmed by the King) were to be -kept for ever, according to the old Customs that -had been Time out of Mind. Among which -these were some, <i>viz.</i> 1. <i>No Stew-holder to -take more for a Woman’s Chamber in the Week -than 14 d.</i> 2. <i>Not to keep open his Doors upon -Holy Days.</i> 3. <i>No single Woman to be kept -against her Will, that would leave her Sin.</i> 4. -<i>No single Woman to take Money to be with any -Man, except she lie with him all Night till the -Morning.</i> 5. <i>No Stew-holder to keep any Woman -that hath the perilous Infirmity of Burning.</i> -These and many more Orders were to be strictly -observed, or the Offenders to be severely punished. -Now we are assured, there is no other Disease -that can be communicated by <i>Carnal-Conversation</i> -with Women, but that which is <i>Venereal</i>, -by reason that only is contagious; and its evident -the <i>Burning</i> was certainly so: For, had -it been nothing else but some simple Ulceration, -Heat, or Inflammation, there would have been -no Contagion; and that affecting only the Woman, -could not be communicated by any <i>Venereal -Congress</i>, and so not infer a Necessity of -her being comprehended under the restraining -Article. These Orders likewise prove the Disease -was much more ancient than the Date -above-mentioned; because they were only a -Renewal of such as had been before established -Time out of Mind.</p> - - -<p>But to confirm this farther, I find that in the -Custody of the Bp. of <i>Winchester</i>, whose Palace -was situate on the <i>Bank-side</i>, near the <i>Stews</i>, -was a Book written upon Vellum, the Title of -which runs thus: <i>Here begynne the Ordinances, -Rules, and Customs, as well for the Salvation of -Mannes Life, as for to aschew many Mischiefs -and Inconvenients that daily be lik there for to fall -out, to be rightfully kept, and due Execution of them -to be done unto any Person within the same.</i> One -of the Articles begins thus: <i>De his qui custodiunt -Mulieres habentes Nephandam infirmitatem.</i> -It goes on, <i>Item, That no Stew-holder keep noo -Woman wythin his House, that hath any Sickness of</i> -BRENNING, <i>but that she be put out upon the peyne -of makeit a fine unto the Lord of a hundred Shillings</i>. -This is taken from the Original Manuscript, -which was preserv’d in the Bishop’s -Court, suppos’d to be written about the Year -1430. From these Orders we may observe the -Frequency of the Distemper at that Time; -which, with other Inconveniences, was <i>dayly -like there for to fall out</i>: and the Greatness of -the Penalty, as the Value of Money then was, -that is laid on it, proves it was no trifling or -insignificant thing.</p> - -<p>But the bare Proof of there having been -anciently such a Disease as was called the <i>Burning</i>, -may be thought to be insufficient, unless we -were perfectly assured what it was, and how it -was in those Times described: I shall therefore -do it from an unquestionable Authority, which -is that of <i>John Arden</i>, Esq; who was one of -the Surgeons to King <i>Richard</i> II. and likewise -to King <i>Henry</i> IV. In a curious Manuscript -of his upon Vellum, he defines it to be, -a certain inward Heat and Excoriation of the -<i>Urethra</i>; which Description gives us a perfect -Idea of what we now call a <i>Clap</i>; for frequent -Dissections of those who laboured under that -Disease, have made it evident, that their <i>Urethra</i> -is excoriated by the Virulency of the Matter -they receive from the infected Woman; and -this Excoriation or Ulceration is not confined -to the <i>Ostiola</i> or Mouths of the <i>Glandulæ -Muscosæ</i> as has been lately thought, but may -equally alike attack any Part of the <i>Urethra</i> -not beyond the reach of the impelled malignant -Matter. The Heat before described, which -these Persons are sensible of, as well now as formerly, -is a Consequent of the excoriated <i>Urethra</i>; -for the Salts contained in the Urine must -necessarily prick and irritate the nervous <i>Fibrillæ</i>, -and excite a Heat in those Parts of the <i>Urethra</i> -which are divested of its natural Membrane; -which Heat will always be observed to be more -or less, as the Salts are diluted with a greater or -less Quantity of Urine; a thing I have often observed -in Persons who have laboured under this -Infirmity in hot Weather, when the perspirable -Matter being thrown off in greater Quantities, -the Salts bear a greater Proportion to the Quantity -of Urine, and thereby make its Discharge at that -Time so much the more painful and troublesome.</p> - -<p>Thus we see this very early and plain Description -of this Disease among us, to be entirely -conformable to the latest and most exact Anatomical -Discoveries. Here is no Tone of the -<i>Testicles</i> depraved, according to <i>Trajanus Petronius</i>; -no Exulceration of the <i>Parastatæ</i>, according -to <i>Rondeletius</i>; no Ulceration of the -<i>Seminal Vessels</i>, according to <i>Platerus</i>; no Seat -of the Disease in the <i>Vesiculæ Seminales</i>, or -<i>Prostatæ</i>, according to <i>Bartholin</i>; nor in those -Parts and the Testicles at the same Time, according -to our Countryman <i>Wharton</i> and others, -who have falsly fixed the Seat of this Disease, -and whose Notions, in this respect, are now -justly exploded; but a single and true Description -of it, and its Situation, about 150 -Years before any of those Gentlemen obliged -the World with their learned Labours.</p> - -<p>Having, I hope, sufficiently made it appear, -the <i>Burning</i> was a Disease very early among us, -and given the Description of it, I shall proceed -to say something of the ancient Method that -was made use of to cure it. We are not to -expect the Measures our Predecessors, in those -early Times, made use of, should be calculated -for the removing any Malignity in the Mass -of Blood, or other Juices, according to the Practice -in Venereal Cases at this Time; because -they looked upon the Disease to be entirely -local, and the Whole of the Cure to depend -upon the Removal of the Symptoms: Hence -it was they recommended such Remedies as -were accommodated to the taking off the inward -Heat of the Part, and cure the Excoriations or -Ulcerations of the <i>Urethra</i>. The Process for -the accomplishing of this, I shall set down from -the before-mentioned <i>John Arden</i>, who wrote -about the Year 1380, His Words are as follow: -<i>Contra Incendium. Item contra Incendium Virgæ -Virilis interius ex calore & excoriatione, fiat talis -Syringa</i> (i. e. <i>Injectio</i>) <i>lenitiva. Accipe Lac -mulieris masculum nutrientis, & parum zucarium, -Oleum violæ & ptisanæ, quibus commixtis -per Syringam infundator, & si prædictis admiscueris -lac Amigdalarum melior erit medicina.</i> -There is no doubt but this Remedy, being used -to our Patients at this Time, would infallibly -take off the inward Heat of the Part, and cure -the Excoriations or Ulcerations of the <i>Urethra</i>, -by which means what issued from thence would -be entirely stopt: and this was all they expected -from their Medicines, forasmuch as they were -entirely unacquainted with the Nature of the -Distemper; and did not in the least imagine, -but if the Symptoms that first attack’d the Part -were removed, the Patient was entirely cured.</p> - -<p>I shall now, as a farther Confirmation of -what I have advanced, proceed to prove, that by -this <i>Brenning</i> or <i>Burning</i> is meant the <i>Venereal -Disease</i>, by demonstrating that succeeding -Historians, Physical and Chirurgical Writers, -and others, have all along with us in <i>England</i> -used the very same Word to signify the Venereal -Malady. In an old Manuscript, I have, -written about the Year 1390. is a Receipt for -<i>Brenning of the Pyntyl, yat Men clepe ye -Apegalle</i>; <i>Galle</i> being an old English Word for -a running Sore. They who know the <i>Etymology</i> -of the Word <i>Apron</i>, cannot be ignorant -of this. And in another Manuscript, written -about 50 Years after, is a Receipt for <i>Burning</i> -in that Part by a Woman. <i>Simon Fish</i>, a -zealous Promoter of the <i>Reformation</i> in the -Reign of <i>Hen.</i> VIII. in his Supplication of -Beggars, presented to the King, in 1530, says -as follows, <i>These be they</i> (speaking of the <i>Romish -Priests</i>) <i>that corrupt the whole Generation of -Mankind in your Realm, that catch the Pockes -of one Woman and bear them to another; that -be</i> Burnt <i>with one Woman and bear it to another; -that catch the Lepry of one Woman and bare it -unto another</i>. But to make this Matter still -more evident, I am to observe, that <i>Andrew -Boord, M. D.</i> and Romish Priest, in the same -Reign, in a Book he wrote, entitl’d <i>The Breviary -of Health</i>, printed in 1546, speaks very particularly -of this sort of <i>Burning</i>; one of his -Chapters beginneth thus, <i>The 19th Chapiter doth -shew of</i> BURNING <i>of an Harlot</i>; where his -Notion of communicating the <i>Burning</i> is very -particular. He adds, that if a Man be <i>Burnt</i> -with an <i>Harlot</i>, and do meddle with another -Woman within a Day, he shall <i>Burn</i> her; and -as an immediate Remedy against the <i>Burning</i>, he -recommends the washing the <i>Pudenda</i> 2 or 3 -times with White Wine, or else with Sack and -Water; but if the Matter have continued long, -to go to an expert Surgeon for Help. In his -82d <i>Chapter</i>, he speaks of <i>two</i> sorts of <i>Burning</i>, -the <i>One</i> by <i>Fire</i>, and the <i>Other</i> by a <i>Woman</i> -thro’ carnal Copulation, and refers the Person -that is <i>Burnt</i> of a <i>Harlot</i> to another Chapter -of his for Advice, what to do, <i>yf he get a -Dorser or two</i>, so called from its Protuberancy -or bunching out: For I find about that Time -the Word <i>Bubo</i> was mostly made use of, to -signify that sort of Swelling which usually happens -in pestilential Diseases.</p> - -<p>From hence it appears, the <i>Burning</i>, by its -Consequents, was <i>Venereal</i>; since every Day’s -Experience makes it evident, that the ill Treatment -of the first Symptoms of the Disease, -either by astringent Medicines, or the removing -them by cooling and healing the excoriated -Parts, will generally be attended with such -Swellings in the Groin, which we rarely observe -to happen from any other Cause whatsoever.</p> - -<p>I shall give a few more Instances of this -Disease being call’d the <i>Burning</i>, and conclude. -In a Manuscript I have of the Vocation of -<i>John Bale</i> to the Bishoprick of <i>Ossory</i> in -<i>Ireland</i>, written by himself, he speaks of Dr. -<i>Hugh Weston</i> (who was Dean of <i>Windsor</i> in -1556. but deprived by Cardinal <i>Pole</i> for Adultery) -as follows; “At this Day is lecherous -<i>Weston</i>, who is more practised in the Art of -<i>Brech-Burning</i> than all the <i>Whores</i> of the -<i>Stews</i>. And again, speaking of the same -Person, he says, “He not long ago <i>brent</i> a -<i>Beggar</i> in St. <i>Botolph</i>’s Parish. The same -Author says of him elsewhere, “He had ben -<i>sore Bitten</i> with a <i>Winchester Goose</i>, and was -not yet healed thereof; which was a common -Phrase for the Pox at that Time, because the <i>Stews</i> -were under the Jurisdiction of the Bishop of -<i>Winchester</i>. <i>Mich. Wood</i>, in his <i>Epistle</i> before -<i>Stephen Gardiner</i>’s Oration <i>de vera Obedientia</i>, -printed at <i>Rhoan</i>, 1553. gives another Evidence -of the <i>Burning</i>. And <i>William Bullein</i>, a -Physician in the Reign of Queen <i>Eliz.</i> in a Book -he publish’d, call’d <i>The Bulwark of Defence, &c.</i> -printed in 1562. bringing in <i>Sickness</i> demanding -of <i>Health</i> what he should do with a Disease -call’d the <i>French Pockes</i>, <i>Health</i> answers, “<i>He -would not that any should fishe for this Disease, -or to be bold when he is bitten to thynke thereby -to be helped, but rather to eschewe the Cause of -thys Infirmity, and filthy rotten Burning of -Harlots.</i></p> - -<p><span class="l-align"><i>London</i>, Feb. 4.<br /> 1717–18.</span><span class="r-align"><span class="smcap">William Beckett</span>,</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter2" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_271.jpg" width="100" height="97" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter3" style="width: 330px;"> -<img src="images/i_272.jpg" width="330" height="52" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="tac fs140 ls02em">NUMBER III.</p> - -<p class="tac"><i>A Second Letter on the same Subject -to</i> <span class="smcap">William Wagstaffe</span>, M. D.</p> - -<p class="ml1em"><em class="gesperrt"><i>SIR</i></em>,</p> - -<p class="dropcap"><em class="gesperrt">BEFORE</em> I engage farther, in proving -that the <i>Venereal Disease</i>, when it came -to be confirmed, was frequently known among -us some hundreds of Years before the Siege of -<i>Naples</i>: I shall endeavour to refute the Opinion -of those Persons, who believe it to have had -its Rise there, if any such shall remain. True -indeed it is, that there have not been wanting -several modern Authors, who have asserted it; -but I determine to make it appear to be an Error -as inconsiderately, and hastily received, as started -by some Chimerical Author; who, because -several Writers about that time, observing the -Disease to begin in the <i>Pudenda</i>, separated it -from another, with which it was before confounded, -must likewise take upon him to assert -its being a <i>new</i> Distemper, and to assign a certain -Time and Place for its Rise. Now one might -with all the Reason in the World expect, that -if the Disease had its Original there, it must -have been so certainly and infallibly known, -that there could have been no doubtful or uncertain -Opinions about it, but that the Physicians, -who resided <i>in</i> or <i>near</i> the Place, and those -more especially, who interested themselves so -far as to write of it, must have, all of them to -a Man, agreed upon the Certainty of a thing, -the Knowledge of the Truth of which was -so easily attainable. But on the contrary, -<i>Nicholas Leonicenus</i>, who was the first <i>Italian</i> -Physician, that wrote of this Disease, and who -lived at the very time, when <i>Naples</i> was besieged, -is so far from acknowledging it to have had its -Rise there, from the <i>French</i> Soldiers Conversation -with the <i>Italian</i> Women, and so little did he -know of its true Cause, that he does not allow -it to be the Consequent of impure Embraces. -About this time it was likewise, that Pope -<i>Alexander</i> the VIth engaged <i>Gaspar Torella</i> to -write of this Distemper. This Pope was in -League with <i>Alphonsus</i> King of <i>Naples</i>, against -<i>Charles</i> VIII. King of <i>France</i>, to prevent his -passing thro’ <i>Italy</i>, when he went to besiege -<i>Naples</i>; yet this Author is so far from allowing -it to have had its Original there, that he tells us, -the Astrologers were of opinion, that it proceeded -from I know not what particular Constellations. -Nor does <i>Sebastianus Aquilanus</i>, who lived at -that time, allow it to be any other than an ancient -Disease; or <i>Antonius Scanarolius</i>, who wrote -in 1498, which was but 4 or 5 Years after that -Siege. Nor do several other Authors, then -living, say one Word about this <i>Neapolitan</i> -Story. But it seems <i>Ulricus de Hutten</i>, a -<i>German</i> Kt. no Physician, positively affirms -this Disease to have had its Rise there; but how -he should come to know this, who lived at -such a distance from the Place, and they, who -were Physicians residing as it were upon the -Spot, be ignorant of it, will be as much credited, -as his following inconsistent Relation, which -will sufficiently prove, how little care he took -to be apprised of the Truth of what he wrote. -This very Author tells us, the Disease was unknown -till the Year 1493, or thereabouts; that -he himself had it, when he was a Child, and so -consequently that it was hereditary, or from the -Nurse. He Wrote his Book of this Distemper at -<i>Mentz</i>, where it was printed by <i>John Scheffer</i> in -4<i>to</i>, 1519. Now if we allow him to be but 27 -Years of Age, when he wrote, (for he cannot be -suppos’d to be less, who before this took upon him -to cure his Father of the <i>Venereal Disease</i>, without -the Assistance of any Physician or Surgeon,) -he must have had the Distemper upon him, -according to his own Account, before ever it -was in being. Thus we may see, how Persons -may be impos’d upon by a hasty and inconsistent -Writer, no way qualified for such an Undertaking, -and greedily receive in Falshoods instead -of Truths, if they will not be at the Pains of -consulting the Original Writings of our Predecessors, -the only sure Method of overthrowing -such chimerical and imaginary Notions.</p> - -<p>I have in my former Letters, to Dr. <span class="smcap">Douglass</span>, -sufficiently I think proved that the <i>first</i> -Degree of the <i>Venereal Disease</i> was very common -among us some hundreds of Years before it -is commonly said to have been known in <i>Europe</i>; -there will be no Reason for any body to conceive -we were at that time in any measure Strangers -to it, when it came to be confirmed; -more especially, when we consider the Methods -of Treatment in those Times, which consisting -principally in topical Applications, many of -their Patients could not possibly escape having -it confirmed on them. Now when it was in -this confirmed State, the Writers of those early -times looked upon it as an <i>entirely new</i> Disease, -and not a Consequent of any Evil before contracted, -because they were not apprised, that the -<i>first</i> Symptoms being removed, and the Disease -to Appearance cured, it should afterwards discover -it self in such a manner, as should not seem -to have the least Analogy with the Symptoms, -that first attack’d a part which had been for a -considerable time free from any Misfortune. -But because the Symptoms are the only true -Characteristicks, whereby we are infallibly able -to know one Disease from another, it may be -expected, that I produce sufficient Authorities -to demonstrate they were all of them known -and described by ancient Physical and Chirurgical -Writers, just as they appear to be in the -<i>Venereal Disease</i> at this Day, if I would prove -that <i>Disease</i> to be of a much more ancient -Date, than is generally thought; and if I do -this, I cannot but think it will be satisfactory, -since we can have no other way of coming to a -Knowledge of any one Distemper, than by its -Symptoms. The Method of laying down the -exact Succession of them, will be impossible to -be reduced to any certain and infallible Rule, -there being so great a Variety of Causes, that -obstruct such a Regularity; for which Reason, -I shall take notice of them in such Order as they -most generally appear, which was upon no account -to be expected from our antient Writers, -insomuch as they mention every particular -Symptom by it self, not knowing but that they -were independent of each other, and that each -of them was a distinct Disease. However, the -proving these Symptoms were in being in these -<i>early</i> times, will be as strong an Argument to -prove the Antiquity of this Distemper, as if -they had been register’d in the most exact Order -of Succession, because we shall, upon the strictest -Examination, find they are peculiar to the -<i>Venereal Malady</i> only. I have, I hope, sufficiently -made it appear in my former Letter, that -the <i>first Degree</i> of this <i>Disease</i> was anciently -known among us by the name of <i>Brening</i>, or -<i>Burning</i>; and that it was the same Thing with -what we now call a <i>Clap</i>, The Symptoms, -which are usually its Concomitants, are the -<i>Phymosis</i>, and <i>Parahphymosis</i>, both which are -accurately described, and proper Remedies, for -them set down by <i>John Arden</i>, Esq; in another -Manuscript of his, curiously written upon -Vellum, and beautifully illuminated. The -imprudent Method of Cure of this <i>first Degree</i> -of the <i>Venereal Malady</i>, is sometimes attended -with a Caruncle in the <i>Urethra</i>, which was a -Disease very common among us anciently: For -not to mention other <i>early</i> writers, <i>Arden</i> gives -us the Case of a certain Rector, who had such a -<i>Substance</i>, like a Wart, growing in the <i>Penis</i>, -which he says <i>frequently happens</i>, and of another -which had such an <i>Excrescence</i> as big as a <i>small -Strawberry</i>, which (says he) <i>proceeded from the -corrupted Matter remaining in the</i> Urethra. -And indeed there is not any Symptom of the -<i>Venereal Disease</i>, that I find so often mentioned -as this of the <i>Caruncle</i>, insomuch that it seems -to have been more common in those <i>early Times</i>, -than at <i>this Day</i>. But this must be certainly -owing to the smooth and oily Remedies they -were continually injecting, which, by their -relaxing and softning the Fibres of the Part, -must necessarily dispose the Contexture of small -Blood Vessels, lodged at the bottom of the little -Ulcerations, to fill with nutritious Juices, and -to extend themselves so, as to form such fungous -Excrescences; and so solicitous were they for -removing these Inconveniences, that they made -use of several Ways by Corrosives and other -Methods, to accomplish this end; and a very -early Writer among us, has given a very methodical -and curious Tract on this Subject, -wherein he recommends the removing them by -the <i>medicated-Candle</i>, which we use at this Day, -and lays down divers other Instructions, in -relation to it, which makes it probably the best -Discourse on this Subject, that was ever yet -written. He takes notice of those <i>contumacious-Ulcers</i>, -which happen upon the <i>Glans</i> and the -neighbouring Parts, which we now call <i>Shankers</i>; -and the great Trouble our ancient Authors -found in attempting their Cure, sufficiently discover -them to have had their Original from a -Venereal Infection. These several Symptoms -of the <i>Venereal-Malady</i> our <i>early</i> Writers are -very full in their Accounts of, and others, when -the <i>Disease</i> was in a more confirmed State, to -which they appropriated particular Names, -perhaps more significant and expressive than -those imposed by <i>modern</i> Authors. Thus the -<i>Buboes</i> in the <i>Groin</i> they called <i>Dorsers</i>, which -I have given a Reason for before; and the <i>Venereal-Nodes</i> -on the <i>Shin-Bones</i> they termed the -<i>Boon-haw</i>, which gives us a perfect Idea, not only -of the Part affected, but after what manner it -was diseased; for the old English Word <i>Hawe</i>, -signified a Swelling of any Part. Thus for -instance, a little Swelling upon the <i>Cornea</i>, was -anciently called the <i>Hawe</i> in the <i>Eye</i>; and the -Swelling that frequently happens on the Finger, -on one side the Nail, was called the <i>White-Hawe</i>, -and afterwards <i>Whitflaw</i>. The <i>Process</i> this -Author recommends, for the Cure of the <i>Boon</i> -or <i>Bone-Hawe</i>, is by making use of a Plaister, -which had a Hole cut in the midst, to circumscribe -it; and applying a <i>Caustic</i> of unslacked -Lime, and black Soap incorporated together; -which Plaister and Bandage were to be secured -on the part 4 Hours, and longer, if that was -not found sufficient: After this he proceeds to -the separating the <i>Slough, &c.</i> This Practice -of his seems to have been found out by accident. -For he tells us, when he was a young -Practitioner, he having applyed both the Natural -and Artificial <i>Arsenic</i> to the Leg of a Man, -who was his Patient, it so mortified the Flesh, -as surprized him; but by proper Digestives, the -<i>Eschar</i> coming off, and leaving the Bone bare, -he scraped it with an Instrument for several -Days, and drest it with Incarnatives, designing -to have ingendred Flesh on it; but this proving -unsuccessful, he continued to scrape it, till he -observed it move under the Instrument; after -which having separated it, he found the Sore -covered with new Flesh, and that the Bone was -4 Inches in length, 2 in breadth, and very thick, -upon the Removal of which the Patient was -soon cured. Thus it’s probable this Observation -of this great Man led our Predecessors to practice -the very same Method; and we do at <i>this -Day</i> in our Hospitals treat the <i>Venereal Nodes</i> on -the <i>Shins</i> exactly as is here described, where we -observe the same Appearances, he so long before -took notice of; and it is not in the least to be -doubted, but the <i>Boon-Haw</i> and our <i>Venereal -Nodes</i> are the same <i>Disease</i>. By the Appearance -of some of the last of these Symptoms, we -infallibly judge the Patient has had the Infection -upon him a considerable time, and that -the <i>Disease</i> is making its gradual Advances, to -the corrupting and destroying the whole Frame -of the Body. That this was the Conclusion of -the Miseries of those Persons, who gave themselves -up to the deceitful-Delights and Entertainments -of lewd-Women, in those <i>early-times</i> -as well as <i>now</i>, I cannot better prove than by -those remarkable Instances you quoted from a -MS. in <i>Lincoln</i>-Colledge, in <i>Oxon</i>, Viz. <i>Novi -enim ego Magister</i> Thomas Gascoigne, <i>licet -indignus sacræ Theologiæ Doctor, qui hæc scripsi -& collegi, diversos viros, qui mortui fuerunt ex -putrefactione membrorum suorum genitalium & -corporis sui; quœ corruptio & putrefactio, ut -ipsi dixerunt, causata fuit per exercitium copulæ -carnalis cum mulieribus. Magnus enim dux in -Anglia, scil.</i> J. de Gaunt, <i>mortuus est ex tali -putrefactione membrorum genitalium, & corporis -sui, causatâ per frequentationem mulierum. -Magnus enim fornicator fuit, ut in toto Regno -Angliæ divulgabatur, & ante mortem suam jacens -sic infirmus in lecto, eandem putrefactionem Regi; -Angliæ Ricardo secundo ostendit, cum idem Rex -eundem Ducem in suâ infirmitate visitavit; & -dixit mihi qui ista novit unus fidelis sacræ Theologiæ -Baccalaureus. Willus etiam longe vir maturæ -ætatis & de civitat. Londonii, mortuus est ex tali -putrefactione membrorum suorum genitalium, & -corporis sui, causatâ per copulam carnalem cum -Mulieribus, ut ipsemet pluries confessus est ante -mortem suam, quum manu sua propria eleemosynas -distribuit, ut ego novi, anno Dni. 1430.</i> Now -what those Instances mentioned from <i>Arden</i>, -or these from <i>Gascoigne</i>, who was then Chancellor -of <i>Oxford</i>, could possibly be, but <i>Venereal-Cases</i>, -I would be obliged to any body to inform -me. Certain it is, no <i>Disease</i> was ever known -to be gotten by the carnal Conversation of Women, -which first attacked the <i>Genitals</i>, causing -a Corruption and Putrefaction of them, and -afterward of the whole Frame of the Body, -but that which is <i>Venereal</i>. For nothing is -more commonly known at this Day, than that -after the Venereal-Engagement with an impure -Woman, the <i>Penis</i> is the Part where the Scene -is first laid for the succeeding Tragical Appearances; -and there, and in the Neighbouring Parts, -do the Symptoms of the Disease, as its Retainers, -always first assemble, till the malignant Poison -taint the Blood and other Juices; which being -convey’d over the whole Frame of the human -Fabric, if not check’d, soon brings about its -total Corruption.</p> - -<p>We do not indeed find the <i>Disease</i> mentioned -by <i>Gascoigne</i>, was distinguish’d by any particular -Name: But great Numbers must unavoidably -die of the <i>Venereal-Malady</i> at that time, -from the imperfect Knowledge of those who -had the Treatment of the first Degrees of it. It -must necessarily follow, therefore, that when the -whole Frame of the Body had receiv’d a Taint -from the <i>Venereal-Poison</i>, so as to occasion its -breaking-out in Scabs and Ulcers, almost all over -its Surface, it must generally be called by the -Name of some particular Disease, whose Appearances -had somewhat of an Affinity to it. -Now if we examine the Nature of all the -Diseases, that attack the Human Body, we -shall not find the <i>Venereal-Malady</i>, when it -arrives at this State, to bear a greater Similitude -to any than the Leprosy, as it is described by -the Ancients: Nay, so great was the Analogy -betwixt these Diseases supposed to be, that -<i>Sebastianus Aquilanus</i> has endeavoured to prove -from <i>Galen</i>, <i>Avicen</i>, <i>Pliny</i>, &c. that the <i>Pox</i> -is only one Species of the <i>Leprosy</i>; and <i>Jacobus -Cataneus</i>, a Writer almost as early as the Rise -of the Name of the <i>Pox</i>, tells us, ’tis not only -possible there may be a Transition from one of -these Diseases into the other; but that he saw -<i>two</i> Persons in whom the <i>Pox</i> was changed into -the <i>Leprosy</i>: That is, from having great <i>Pocks</i> -or <i>Pustules</i> on the Surface of their Bodies, from -whence the <i>Pox</i> is denominated, to have become -Ulcerous or Scabby. This particular State -of the Disease anciently put the Surgeons to a -great deal of Trouble: For they finding that -these Ulcers were of a very contumacious and -rebellious Nature, were obliged to make use of -great Numbers of Remedies, in order to conquer -the evil Disposition of them. But they -observed that all of them were useless, unless -Mercury was joined with them. Now the -dressing each particular Ulcer being so very -tedious, they ordered the Patients to daub the -Ointments over the Parts which were ulcerated; -which done, they were wrapt in Linnen Cloths -till the next dressing: But after a few Days they -were extreamly surprised, to find their Mouths -began to be sore, and that they spit very profusely; -but they tell us to their Astonishment, -that in a little time the Sores became healed, -and the Patients cured. And by this Accident -it was the Method of <i>Salivating</i> by <i>Unction</i> -was first discover’d, which is in so much use -among us at this Day. From these and some -other Instances I have given of the Industry and -Application of our Predecessors, and with what -Sagacity they applied every accidental Hint, -to the relieving their distressed Fellow-Creatures -from the Misfortunes they laboured under; we -ought to be led to the highest Esteem and Veneration -of them; and so much the more most -certainly forasmuch as they were principally -our own Country-Men, who, I can prove, not -only from several Persons coming from <i>Foreign-Parts</i> -to be cured of their Diseases <i>here</i>, but for -other Reasons, that they excelled most of their -Cotemporaries in the Divine Art of Healing. -Now altho’ those <i>Foreign-Authorities</i>, I before -mentioned, might be looked upon as sufficient -to convince any one, how our Ancestors blended -these <i>two</i> Diseases together; yet I shall prove -from our own Writers, long before those, that -altho’ the <i>Pox</i> was not only among us, but in -distant Nations, anciently confounded with the -<i>Leprosy</i>; yet, so exact were our Writers in their -Observations of the Infectious Nature of one -Species of that Disease, and describing the -Symptoms, as was sufficient to lead any Person -to the distinguishing between them, so as to -separate <i>one</i> Disease from the <i>other</i>. I shall -therefore <i>first</i> enquire into the manner how the -<i>Leprosy</i> was sometimes said to be gotten in those -early Times, and then examine the Symptoms -of the Disease, that attacked the Patient. <i>John -Gadisden</i>, a very learned and famous <i>English</i> -Physician, who flourished about 1340, in an -excellent Work of his, he entitles <i>Rosa Anglica</i>, -speaking <i>de Infectione ex Coitu Leprosi, vel Leprosæ</i>, -says as follows, <i>Primo notandum quod ille qui -timet de excoriatione & arsura Virgæ post coitum -statim lavet Virgam cum aqua mixta aceto, vel -cum urina propria, & nihil mali habebit</i>; and in -another Place speaking <i>de Ulcere Virgæ</i>, he says, -<i>Sed si quis vult membrum ab omni corruptione -servare, cum a Muliere recedit, quam forte habet -suspectam de immunditie, lavet illud cum aqua -frigida mixta cum aceto, vel urina propria, intra -vel extra preputium</i>. He likewise speaking still of -the <i>Leprosy</i>, recommends a Decoction of Plantain -and Roses in Wine, to be made use of by the -Woman immediately after the <i>Venereal-Encounter</i>; -upon which he tells us she will be secure. -From hence it is evident some of their <i>Leprous -Women</i> (as they call’d them) were capable of -communicating an infectious Malady to those -that had carnal Conversation with them; which -proves, the <i>Pudenda</i> of the Women must be -diseased, for as much as we are absolutely assured -Infections of that Nature only happen -when a sound Part comes to an immediate -Contact with a diseased one; for the Symptoms -always first display themselves in those Parts, -thro’ which the Virulency is first conveyed. -Now in a true <i>Leprosy</i> we never meet with the -mention of any Disorder in those Parts, -which, if there be not, must absolutely secure -the Person from having that Disease communicated -to him by Coition with <i>Leprous-Women</i>; -but it proves there was a Disease among -them, which was not the <i>Leprosy</i> altho’ it went -by that Name; and that this could be no other -than <i>Venereal</i>, because it was infectious; for -there is no other Disease that is capable of -being communicated this way but the <i>Venereal-Disease</i>, -seeing the <i>Pudenda</i> are only in that -Distemper so diseased as to become capable of -communicating their Contagion. I find the -learned <i>Gilbertus Anglicus</i>, who flourished about -1360, reasoning concerning the manner how -it is possible a Man should be infected by a -<i>Leprous-Woman</i>; where if we allow him to -call the <i>Malignant Matter</i>, which is lodged -in the <i>Vagina</i> [<i>the Womans seed</i>] we shall find -he acurately describes the very first <i>Venereal-Infection</i>, -by part of the virulent Matters being -received into the <i>Urethra</i>; from whence by the -Communication of the <i>Veins</i> and <i>Arteries</i>, it is -conveyed into the whole Body, after which -(<i>says he</i>) ensues its total Corruption. Let us -now examine the Symptoms of one sort of -their Leprosy, for it must be necessarily divided -into different Species, when another Distemper -was blended with it, in which we observe such -a <i>diversity</i> of <i>appearances</i>; and this I shall the -rather do in this Place, because it will furnish us -with the next Succession of Symptoms after -those already mentioned, as the <i>Venereal-Ozænas</i>, -the Ulcers of the Throat, the Hoarsness, the -proof of its being communicable from the Nurse -to the Child, by <i>Hereditary-succession, &c.</i> All -which we find to be true in the <i>Venereal-Disease</i> -at this Day. Our Country-Man <i>Bartholomew -Glanvile</i>, who flourished about 1360, -in his Book <i>de Proprietatibus Rerum</i>, translated -by <i>John Trevisa</i> Vicar of <i>Barkley</i> in 1398, tells -<i>us, some</i> Leprous-Persons <i>have redde Pymples and -Whelkes in the Face, out of whom oftene runne -Blood and Matter: In such the Noses swellen and -ben grete, the virtue of smellynge falyth, and the -Brethe stynkyth ryght fowle</i>. In another place he -speaks of <i>unclene spotyd glemy and quyttery, the Nose-thrilles -ben stopyl, the wason of the Voys is rough, -and the Voys is horse and the Heere falls</i>. Among -the Causes of this sort of <i>Leprosy</i>, he reckons -lying in the Sheets after them, easing Nature -after them; and others which the first Writers -on the <i>Pox</i> looked upon to be capable of communicating -that Contagion: Also, <i>says he, it -comyth of fleshly lykeng by a Woman, after that -a</i> Leprous-Man <i>hathe laye by her; also it -comyth of Fader and Moder; ann so thys Contagyon -passyth into the Chylde as it ware -by Lawe of Herytage. And also when -a Chylde is fedde wyth corrupt Mylke -of a Leprous Nouryce.</i> He adds, <i>by what -ever Cause it comes, you are not to hope for Cure -if it be confyrmyd; but it may be somewhat hidde -and lett that it distroye so soone.</i> Thus we see -how our Author, under the Name of <i>one</i> Species -of the <i>Leprosy</i>, gives a Summary of the Symptoms -of the <i>Pox</i>, and the several ways whereby -it is at this time communicated. Now when -these <i>two</i> Diseases were anciently blended -together, and passed under the Name of the -<i>Leprosy</i> only, it must be the real Cause why -that <i>Disease</i> seemed to be so <i>rife</i> formerly; for -<i>two</i> Distempers passing under <i>one</i> Name must -necessarily make it more taken notice of and -much more frequent; not but that much the -greater Number of those who were formerly -said to be <i>Leprous</i> were really <i>Venereal</i>, seems -to be very evident; for since that <i>Disease</i> has -been separated from the <i>Leprosy</i>, it has drawn -off such vast Numbers, that the <i>Leprosy</i> is -become as it were a perfect Stranger to us. -Those who are acquainted with our English History -well know the great Provision which was -anciently made throughout all <i>England</i> for -<i>Leprous-Persons</i>, insomuch that there was -scarce a considerable Town among us but had -a <i>Lazar-House</i> for such diseased. In a Register -which belonged to one of these Houses, -I find there were in <i>Hen.</i> the VIIIth’s time -6 of them near <i>London</i>, (<i>viz</i>,) at <i>Knight’s-Bridge</i>, -<i>Hammersmith</i>, <i>Highgate</i>, <i>Kingsland</i>, the <i>Lock</i>, -and at <i>Mile-end</i>, but about 40 Years before I -find but 4 mentioned: and in 1452 in the -Will of <i>Ralph Holland</i>, Merchant-Taylor, -registred in the Prerogative Office, mention is -made but of 3, which, with his Legacies to -them, are as follow. <i>Item lego Leprosis de Lokes, -extra Barram Sti Georgii 20s. Item lego -Leprosis de Hackenay</i> (which is that at <i>Kingsland</i>) -<i>20s. Item lego Leprosis Sti Egidii extra Barram -de Holborn 40s</i>, from which it is worth while -to note, that the <i>Lock</i> beyond St. <i>Georges</i> -Church, and that at <i>Kingsland</i>, are at this time -applyed to no other use than for the Entertainment -and Cure of such as have the <i>Venereal-Malady</i>. -Some of our learned Antiquaries -have been much concerned to know the Cause -why the <i>Leprosy</i> shou’d be so common in those -early times, and so little known among us now: -But I believe the Reason will be impossible to -be assigned, unless we allow, according to the -Proofs which I have already brought, that the -<i>Venereal-Disease</i> was so blended with it, as to -make up the Number of the diseased. It seems -to have been the same thing with them in -<i>France</i> as with us: For <i>Mezeray</i> tells us, that -the House of the <i>Fathers</i> of the <i>Mission</i> of -St. <i>Lazarus</i>, was formerly an <i>Hospital</i> for -<i>Leprous-People</i>, but that Disease being ceased -in this last Age (since the <i>Pox</i> has been separated -from it) these <i>Lazar-Houses</i> have been converted -to other Uses; and it may not be perhaps -foreign to my purpose to take notice that the -Writ <i>de Leproso amovendo</i> contained in the -<i>Register of Writs</i> was (according to <i>Coke</i> upon -<i>Littleton</i>) to prevent Leprous Persons associating -themselves with their Neighbours, who appear -to be so by their Voice and their Sores; and -the Putrefaction of their Flesh; and by the -Smell of them. Well then, let us examine -what Method was to be taken to prevent this -noysom and filthy Distemper, the Leprosy; -why truly that which would infallibly prevent -their getting the <i>Pox</i> after the usual Method, -and that was Castration. It is certain that -<i>Eunuchs</i> are rarely or never troubled with the -Leprosy, according to <i>Monsieur le Prestre</i>, a -Councellor in the Parliament of <i>Paris</i>, who -has these Words, <i>Antipathia vero Elephantiasis -veneno resistit: Hinc Eunuchi & quicunque sunt -mollis, frigidæ & effeminatæ naturæ nunquam -aut raro Lepra corripiuntur, & quidem quibus -imminet Lepræ periculum de consilio medicorum -sibi virilia amputare permittitur</i>. (Cent. I. Cap. -6. de Separatione ex causa Luis Venerea.) And -<i>Mezeray</i> says, he has read in the Life of <i>Philip</i> -the <i>August</i>, that some Men had such Apprehensions -of the <i>Leprosy</i>, (that shameful and -nasty Distemper) that to preserve themselves -from it, they made themselves <i>Eunuchs</i>. Now -it is highly probable that those Persons who -submitted to such a painful Operation, having -before observed, that those who gave themselves -up to a free and unrestrained use of Women, -fell at length under such unhappy circumstances; -and so found the only measures to preserve -themselves from it was to be disabled for such -engagements, which sufficiently proves this -Species of the <i>Leprosy</i> was infectious; and for -the reasons before assigned could be no other -than <i>Venereal</i>; for how the true <i>Leprosy</i> should -be prevented by such means will be, I believe, -impossible for any Person to determine. There -yet remains one very considerable Symptom of -the <i>Venereal-Malady</i> for me to take notice of, -because it is looked upon to be the most remarkable -in that Disease, which, is the falling -of the Nose; but since it has been already -proved, that this Disease when it had arrived to -such a pitch as to discover it self by those direful -Symptoms, as are the immediate forerunners of -this, was by the Ancients confounded with the -<i>Leprosy</i>, and called by that Name, it must be -among the Symptoms of that <i>Disease</i> we are -the most likely to meet with it, if any such -thing as the falling of the Nose was known -among them. Now the most likely Method -of coming to a certain Knowledge of the -Infallible Symptoms of the <i>Leprosy</i> of the -Ancients in its more confirmed State, is to consult -the Examinations those unhappy Persons -were obliged to undergo, before they were debarred -the Conversation of Human Society, and -committed to close confinement: But this being -a thing some Ages since laid aside, no Author -that I know of having the particular History of -it, I shall do it as briefly as I can from what -Remains I have met with in Records, and other -scattered Papers. First then, after the Persons -appointed to examine the Diseased had comforted -them, by telling them this Distemper -might prove a Spiritual Advantage; and if -they were found to be <i>Leprous</i>, it was to be -looked upon as their Purgatory in this World; -and altho’ they were denied the World, they -were chosen of God: the Person was then to -swear to answer truly to all such Questions as -they should be asked; but the Examiners were -very cautious in their Inquiries, lest a Person who -was not really <i>Leprous</i> should be committed, -which they looked upon to be an almost unpardonable -Crime: They considered the Signs -as <i>Univocal</i>, which properly belonged to that -Disease, or <i>Equivocal</i>, which might belong to -another, and did not, upon the appearance of -<i>one</i> or <i>two</i> Signs, determine the Person to be a -<i>Lazar</i>; and this I find to be the Case of the -Wife of <i>John Nightingale</i> Esq; of <i>Brentwood</i> -in <i>Essex</i>, who in the Reign of <i>Edw.</i> the IVth, -<i>An.</i> 1468, being reported to be a <i>Lazare</i>, and -that she did converse and communicate -with Persons in public and private Places, and -not (according to custom) retire herself, but -refused so to do, was accordingly examined by -<i>William Hattecliff</i>, <i>Roger Marcall</i>, and <i>Dominicus -de Serego</i> the Kings Physicians; but they -upon strict Inquiry adjudged her not to be <i>Leprous</i>, -by reason the Appearances of the Disease -were not sufficient: Some of the Questions put -to the <i>Leprous-Persons</i>, which will more fully -confirm what I have before advanced, I shall -now give as I transcribed them from an Ancient -Book of Surgery, <i>yf there were any of his lygnage -that he knew to be</i> Lazares <i>and especially their -Faders and Moders; for by any other of their -Kynred they ought not to be</i> Lazares, <i>then ought -ye to enquire yf he hath had the Company of any -lepress Woman, and yf any</i> Lazare <i>had medled -with her afore him; and lately because of the -infect matter and contagyous filth, that she had -received of him. Also his nostrils be wyde outward, -narrow within and gnawn. Also yf his -lips and gummes are foul stynking and coroded, -Also yf his voice be horse, and as he speaketh in -the nose.</i> Now the Signs which are here mentioned, -were looked upon to be <i>Univocal</i>: And -these were they who made the <i>Examiners</i> principally -determine the Persons to be <i>Leprous</i>; -but what Determinations any one would immediately -give from such Symptoms now, no -Person is surely ignorant of. But even these -certain appearances would not always satisfy -some Persons, if we may believe <i>Fælix Platenus</i> -in his <i>Medicinal</i> and <i>Chirurgical</i> Observations, -<i>Lib.</i> 3. who tells us, some did not look upon -them to be so, till they had an horrible aspect, -were <i>hoarse</i> and <i>Noses</i> fell. Likewise in the -<i>Examen Leprosorum</i> printed in the <i>De Chirurgia -Scriptores Optimi</i>, the Author speaking of -the <i>Signs</i> of the <i>Leprosy</i> relating to the <i>Nose</i>, -begins thus, <i>Si nares exterius secundum exteriorem -partem ingrossentur, & interius constringantur, -& coarctentur, secundo si appareat cartilaginis in -medio corosio, et casus ejus significat Lepram -incurabilem</i>. And the before mentioned <i>John -Gadisden</i> in his Chapter <i>de Lepra</i> says as follows, -<i>Signa confirmationis etiam incurabiliter sunt -corrosio cartilaginis quæ est inter foramina & -casus ejusdem</i>. Thus, Sir, have I proved we had -a Distemper amongus some hundreds of Years -before the <i>Venereal-Disease</i> is said to have been -known in <i>Europe</i>, which was called the <i>Burning</i>; -that this <i>Burning</i> was <i>Infectious</i>, and that it -was the <i>first Degree</i> of the <i>Venereal Disease</i>; -that this being common at that time, from their -Method of Treatment; the <i>Pox</i> must be -unavoidable: That it had exactly the same Appearances -it has now, altho’ they were generally -called by <i>different</i> Names, that the Ancients confounded -it with the <i>Leprosy</i>; that the vast -Numbers of <i>Leprous-Persons</i> among us, before -the <i>Venereal-Disease</i> was separated from it, -and the small Number we observe at this Time, -is a flagrant Proof of the former; that in describing -the <i>Symptoms</i> of the <i>Leprosy</i>, they give -us those of the <i>Venereal Malady</i>; and, by mentioning -how it is communicated, they describe -the Ways by which the <i>Pox</i> is gotten at this -Day; that such Remedies were by them -recommended to prevent the <i>first</i> Attack -of the <i>Leprosy</i>, as are at this Time in -Use to prevent the <i>first</i> Symptoms of the <i>Pox</i>; -and that the falling of the <i>Nose</i>, which has been -look’d upon to be the most remarkable Symptom -of the <i>Venereal-Disease</i>, was commonly observed -in what they called the <i>Leprosy</i> in former Ages.</p> - -<p class="ml60pc"> -<i>I am, Sir,<br /> -  Yours</i>, &c.,<br /> -    <span class="smcap">William Beckett</span>.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="tac fs160"><i>New B O O K S</i>,</p> - -<p class="tac fs120">Printed for <span class="smcap">E. 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Publish’d by <i>Anthony Hammond</i>, Esq; written -by the most eminent Hands, <i>viz.</i> Mr <i>Prior</i>, Mr <i>Hughes</i>, Mr -<i>Pope</i>, Lady <i>Mary Wortley Montague</i>, Mrs <i>Manley</i>, Mrs <i>Fouke</i>, -Mrs <i>Centlivre</i>, Mr <i>Amhurst</i>, &c. Price 5 <i>s.</i></p> - -<p>IV. The <span class="smcap">Works</span> of the justly celebrated <span class="smcap">William Walsh</span>, -Esq; in Prose and Verse. With some Account of the Author -and his Writings; and his Character by Mr <i>Pope</i>. Price 4 <i>s.</i></p> - -<p>V. <span class="smcap">Court Tales</span>: Or, <span class="smcap">Modern Amours</span>. Being the -<em class="gesperrt">ADVENTURES</em> of some Persons of the First Rank. -Faithfully related from the <span class="smcap">Author</span>’s own Knowledge of each -Transaction. Written by Mrs <i>Grainger</i>.</p> - -<p class="ml2em">When Am’rous <span class="smcap">Charles</span> <i>Britannia</i>’s Scepter bore,<br /> -Such were our Pleasures in the Days of yore,<br /> -The Nightly Scene of Joy the <i>Park</i> was made,<br /> -And Love, in Couples, peopled ev’ry Shade:<br /> -But since at <span class="smcap">Court</span> the <i>Rural-Taste</i> is lost,<br /> -What mighty Sums have <i>Velvet-Couches</i> cost?   <span class="smcap">Gay.</span><br /></p> - -<p>The Second Edition. Price 2 <i>s.</i> 6 <i>d.</i></p> - -<p>VI. Select <span class="smcap">Tales</span> and <span class="smcap">Novels</span> in Verse. Translated from -the <i>French</i> of <i>La Fontaine</i>. By Mr <i>Congreve</i>, Mr. <i>Topham</i>, Mr -<i>Harrison</i>, Mr <i>Fenton</i>, Mr <i>Rowe</i>, Mr <i>Prior</i>, Mr <i>Cobb</i>, Mr <i>Humphreys</i>. -Adorn’d with Cuts. The Second Edition. Price 5 <i>s.</i></p> - -<p>VII. The <span class="smcap">Works</span> of Monsieur <span class="smcap">Voiture</span>, Addressed to -Mrs. <i>Blount</i>, by Mr. <i>Pope</i>. Containing, I. Letters and -Characters of the most eminent Persons in the Court <i>France</i>. -With explanatory Notes by Monsieur <i>Richelieu</i>. II. <i>Alcidalis</i> -and <i>Zelida</i>: A Romance written for the Entertainment of -<i>Mademoiselle De Rambouillet</i>. III. The <i>Metamorphoses</i> of -<i>Ladies</i> into various <i>Flowers</i>. IV. Poems on several Occasions. -Translated by the most eminent Hands. 2 Volumes <i>Duodecimo</i>.  -Price 6 <i>s.</i> sewed up in Blue Paper: or, 7 <i>s.</i> neatly Bound.</p> - -<p class="mt2em">Major <em class="gesperrt">PACK</em>’s Character of <span class="smcap">Voiture</span> and his Writings, viz.</p> - -<p>Monsieur <span class="smcap">Voiture</span> is, I own, the only Author in the -World who can <i>always</i> put me into <i>good Humour</i>. The -inimitable Turns of his Wit, even upon the most Barren -Subjects; his Droll-Mirth, his Quotations so happily -applied, free from any of that Pedantry so offensive in most -Others, who mingle the learned Languages with their own; -his Skill in that hardest Part of Good-Breeding, <i>Complimenting -the Ladies</i>, (where he never runs into <i>Common Place</i>;) -and <i>Flattering the Great</i> (where he never descends into <i>Servility</i> -or <i>Meanness</i>.) In short, the <i>Generosity</i> as well as <i>Gaiety of his</i> -<span class="smcap">Soul</span>, runs through all he writes, and makes one not only -read him with <i>Admiration</i> but Affection.]</p> - -<p><i>Essay</i> on <i>Study</i>; Pag. 106. of <i>the Second Edition</i>. 8 vo.</p> - -<p><i>Lettres Muscovites</i>: or, <i>Muscovian Letters</i>. Containing an -Account of the <i>Form</i> of <i>Government</i>, <i>Customs</i>, and <i>Manners</i> -of that <i>Great Empire</i>. Written by a Person of Distinction, and -Printed at <i>Paris</i> 1735. Translated by <i>William Musgrave</i>, -Esq; Price 5 <i>s.</i></p> - -<p>VIII. The <i>Northern Worthies</i>, or, the <span class="smcap">Lives</span> of <em class="gesperrt">PETER</em> -the Great, Father of his Country, and Emperor of All <i>Russia</i>; -and of his Illustrious Empress <em class="gesperrt">CATHARINE</em>, the late -<span class="smcap">Czarina</span>. Likewise of <em class="gesperrt">PETER</em> II, and of the Accession -and Conduct of the present <span class="smcap">Czarina</span>. Translated from -the <i>French</i> Original of Monsieur <i>Fontenelle</i>. Price 2 <i>s</i> 6 <i>d.</i></p> - -<p>IX. <i>Post-Office-Intelligence</i>: or, <i>Universal Galantry</i>. Being a -Collection of <i>Love-Letters</i>, written by Persons in all Stations, -from most Parts of the Kingdom. Publish’d from their -Originals return’d into <i>the General Post-Office in London</i>, the -Parties to whom they where directed being either dead or -remov’d from their usual Places of Abode. Price 3 <i>s.</i></p> - -<p>X. The Works of the justly celebrated <i>William Walsh</i>, -Esq; in Verse and Prose. Consisting of his Defence of the -Female Sex. Letters amorous and gallant, Satires, Pastorals, -Epigrams, &c. With some Account of his Life and Character -by Mr. <i>Dryden</i> and Mr. <i>Pope</i>. Price 4 s:</p> - -<p>XI. Philomela; or, The Poetical Works of Mrs. <i>Elizabeth -Rowe</i> late of <i>Frome</i> in <i>Somersetshire</i>. With some Account of -her Life, Writings, Last Will and Testament. Letters to Lady -<i>Hartford, &c.</i> with her Character by Dr. <i>Watts</i>. Price 4 <i>s.</i></p> - -<p>XII. The whole Works of Major <i>Richardson Pack</i>, (late -of <i>Bury St. Edmonds</i> in <i>Suffolk</i>) together with his Remains, -Life, Last Will, and Testament. Price 9 s.</p> - -<p>XIII. A New Miscellany of Original Poems, Translations, -and Imitations. By the most eminent Hands. Collected and -published by <i>Anthony Hammond</i> Esq; Price 5 s.</p> - -<p>XIV. The Poetical Works of the late ingenious Mr. -<i>William Pattison</i> of <i>Sidney College, Cambridge</i>. Two Vols.  -Price 12 s.</p> - -<p>XV. The Poetical Works of <i>Nicholas Rowe</i>, Esq; (including -his Translation of <i>Calipædia</i>) Price 4 s.</p> - -<p>XVI. Poems on several Occasions, by Mr. <i>Addison</i>. -With his <i>Dissertation</i> on the Roman Poets. Price 5 s.</p> - -<p>XVII. Mr. <i>Philip</i>’s Poems, viz. 1 Blenheim. 2. The -Splendid Shilling. 3. Ode to Lord <i>Bolingbroke</i>. 1 s. 6 d.</p> - -<p>XVIII. 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Archbishop’s <i>Tillotson</i>’s Life, (in <i>Folio</i> to perfect his -Works,) Written by Dr. <i>Young</i>, Dean, and Dr. <i>Burnet</i>, Bishop -of <i>Salisbury</i>. Price 3 <i>s.</i></p> - -<p>XXIII. The Life of Mrs. <i>Manley</i> (Author of the <i>Atalantis</i>) -Written by herself. With a Key. Price 1 <i>s</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - - -<p class="tac fs120"><em class="gesperrt"><i>FINIS.</i></em></p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><p class="tac fs160">FOOTNOTES:</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a> -See Mr <span class="smcap">Ashmole</span>’s Antiquities of <i>Berkshire</i>, -3 Vols. 8vo. p. 111 of Vol. 1st.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a> -This <span class="smcap">Case</span> was published by Mr <i>Daniel Turner</i>, -Surgeon.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a> -Mr <i>Rushworth</i> died 1737, and it is here inserted -in Justice to his Memory.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a> - Particularly that of <i>Riding</i>; relating to which, -consult Mr <span class="smcap">Fuller’s</span> <i>Medicina Gymnastica</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">5</a> -See <i>Boyle</i> on <i>Specific Medicines.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">6</a> -The Bp. of <i>L——n</i>’s Sermon against Masquerades.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">7</a> -An able Member of the College of Physicians.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">8</a> -Acts, c. 15. v. 29. <i>That ye abstain from Meats offered to -Idols, and from Blood, and from Things strangled, and from Fornication: -from which if ye keep yourselves, ye do well. Fare ye well.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">9</a> -On the Feast of <i>Corpus Christi</i>, or the 13th of <i>June</i>, -the Commons of <i>Kent</i> brake down the <span class="smcap">Stew-Houses</span> near -<i>London-Bridge</i>, at that Time in the hands of the Frowes of -<i>Flanders</i>, who had farmed them of the Mayor of <i>London</i>.  <span class="smcap">Stow</span>’s Chron. p. 285.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">10</a> -In the latter end of <i>March</i> (Anno Reg. <i>Hen.</i> VIII. 36) -“the <i>Stewes</i> on the Bank-side of the <i>Thames</i>, in <i>Southwark</i>, -was put down, by the King’s Commandment, which was -proclaimed by sound of Trumpets, no more to be privileged, -or used as a common Bordell, but the Inhabitants of those -Houses, to keep good and honest Rule, as in all other Places -of the Realm.  <span class="smcap">Stow</span>’s Chron. p. 591.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">11</a> -See <i>Aubrey’s</i> Natural History and Antiquities of <i>Surrey</i>, -<i>8vo.</i> Vol. v. p. 221.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="transnote mt3em"> -<a id="Spelling_corrections"></a> -<p><b>Return to <a href="#Transcribers_notes">transcriber’s notes</a></b></p> - -<p><b>Corrections</b>:<br /> - Opporunity —> Opportunity<br /> - dedeparted —> departed<br /> - Subscripton —> Subscription<br /> - cosiderable —> considerable<br /> - themseves —> themselves<br /> - Releif —> Relief<br /> - Contract —> Contact<br /> - the to —> to the<br /> - thickned —> thickened<br /> - swell —> smell<br /> - Sypmtoms —> Symptoms<br /> - lacreated —> lacerated<br /> - apppears —> appears<br /> - Dictinction —> Distinction<br /> - accont —> account<br /> - Risqne —> Risque<br /> - Mischeif —> Mischief<br /> - abstemions —> abstemious<br /> - Speices —> Species<br /> - Expence —> Experience<br /> - Circnmstances —> Circumstances<br /> - disconntenanc'd —> discountenanc'd<br /> - accure —> accrue<br /> - hereditay —> hereditary<br /> - Iches —> Inches<br /> - ovt —> out<br /> - ths —> the<br /> - Farnce —> France<br /> - Hnmour —> Humour<br /> - Liqour —> Liquor<br /> - articutately —> articulately<br /> - recieve —> receive<br /> - Mischeifs —> Mischiefs -</p> -</div> - - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Collection of Chirurgical Tracts, by -William Beckett - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COLLECTION OF CHIRURGICAL TRACTS *** - -***** This file should be named 52993-h.htm or 52993-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/9/9/52993/ - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, deaurider and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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