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diff --git a/old/53577-0.txt b/old/53577-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 27447d5..0000000 --- a/old/53577-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1344 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Saturday Magazine, No. 66, July 1833, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Saturday Magazine, No. 66, July 1833 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: November 22, 2016 [EBook #53577] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SATURDAY MAGAZINE, JULY 1833 *** - - - - -Produced by Markus Brenner, David Maranhao and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - - - - - -The Saturday Magazine. - -N^o 66. JULY 13^{th}, 1833. { PRICE - { ONE PENNY. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND -EDUCATION, APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL.] - - VOL. III. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL. - -The first authentic mention of Lichfield occurs in Bede’s Ecclesiastical -History, where it is alluded to as the See of an Anglo-Saxon Bishop. The -name is of Saxon origin, but its etymology has been much disputed. In -the Saxon Chronicle the word is written _Licetfeld_; in Bede, -_Lyccetfelth_ and _Licitfeld_. Some etymologists derive its -signification from _leccian_, to water (and it is well known to have -abounded in numerous lakes and pools); others, from the verb _licean_ or -_lician_, to like, or to be agreeable, and therefore make it to signify -Pleasant Field. It has however been more frequently allowed to be -derived from _lic_, a dead body, and consequently as signifying -_cadaverum campus_, the Field of Dead Bodies. This derivation is -supported by a prevailing tradition, of the martyrdom of a thousand -British Christians on this spot, at the time of the persecution (A. D. -303) under Dioclesian, when Maximian was governor of Britain. - -It is certain that the present diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, -anciently formed a part of the kingdom of Mercia, which, being conquered -by (the _Christian King_) Oswy, introduced the Christian faith into this -powerful kingdom of the Saxon Heptarchy. He made Lichfield an episcopal -See, by appointing Diuma, a Scotsman, the first Bishop, A. D. 656. After -a succession of three others, the famous Ceadda, or Chad, was raised to -the Bishopric A. D. 667. Bede informs us, that “he had built himself an -habitation not far removed from the church; wherein he was wont to pray, -and read with a few, that is, seven or eight, of the brethren, as often -as he had any spare time from the labour and ministry of the word.” - -From this period, little is known of the history of the See till after -the Norman Conquest, when at the National Council held in London, A. D. -1075, it was determined to remove the See of Lichfield to Chester, which -was done by Peter (the first bishop appointed by William the Conqueror), -who went by the appellation of Bishop of Chester and Lichfield. Robert -de Lymesey was his successor, and removed the See to Coventry, having -obtained from the King, the custody of that Abbey (originally founded by -Canute); this edifice having been restored and greatly enriched by -Leofric, Earl of Hereford, and his celebrated wife Lady Godiva. Robert -Peeke, chaplain to Henry the First, was consecrated to this See, A. D. -1117, and was succeeded, 1128, by Roger de Clinton, who was a liberal -benefactor both to the city and Cathedral church of Lichfield. He is -said to have rebuilt great part at the latter, to have increased the -number of Prebendaries, and to have appointed the first Canons. De -Clinton restored the See to Lichfield, and styled himself Bishop of -Lichfield and Coventry. Until the establishment of Chester as a separate -See, A. D. 1542, the succeeding bishops were indifferently called -Bishops of Lichfield, Coventry, and Chester, having an episcopal -residence at each place. Coventry and Lichfield was the usual -designation till Bishop Hacket, on the restoration of the monarchy, -placed Lichfield before Coventry, as a compliment to the loyalty of the -former place. Walter de Langton succeeded to the See in 1295, and did -much benefit to the city, forming streets, causeways, &c.; he augmented -the income of the Vicars, expended 2000_l._ on a shrine for St. Chad, -and rebuilt the Bishop’s Palace, giving the old episcopal house to the -Vicars Choral. - -In the time of Henry the Eighth, the Cathedral became a prey to -depredation; its ornaments, statues, shrines, and all other valuable -articles were converted to the use of the crown, with the exception of -the shrine of St. Ceadda; this was saved by the intercession of the -Bishop, Rowland Lea, who obtained it from the King. This prelate -earnestly endeavoured to save the monastery of Coventry, and its fine -church, from spoliation, but in this his labour was fruitless, and they -were entirely demolished. - -Little of interest occurs afterwards in the historical details of -Lichfield, till the commencement of the civil wars. In 1642, a troop was -raised for King Charles by Sir Richard Dyott, Kt.: during this time the -Close sustained three sieges, by which the Cathedral was greatly -injured. Preparations to considerable extent were made, 1643, to defend -the Close against Lord Brooke, and three thousand troops. This nobleman -was a zealous opposer of episcopacy, and had determined on the complete -destruction of the Cathedral; on his _approach_ to Lichfield he prayed -that he might be annihilated if his cause were unjust; on his _return_ -from placing his artillery, he was shot by a brace of bullets, -discharged by a deaf and dumb gentleman, of the name of Dyott, who had -watched Lord Brooke’s motions from the top of the cathedral. Lord -Brooke’s body was removed to Warwick to be buried with his ancestors; -the armour worn by him on this fatal day, and his doublet stained with -blood, are in the armoury at Warwick Castle. The gun with which he was -killed remains in possession of the Dyott family, resident near -Lichfield. - -Notwithstanding the check given to the rebels by the death of their -leader, the garrison could not long stand the siege, and were -constrained to yield to the Parliamentary forces. This was the first -cathedral which surrendered to them, and every species of havoc and -profanation was committed by these miscreants. The soldiers belonging to -the King’s party were imprisoned in the Cathedral three days and four -nights without food, except what could privately be obtained, and the -inclemency of the season obliged them to convert the seats and desks -into fuel. At this period the venerable pile became one scene of -desolation, the centre spire was battered down, the costly monuments -destroyed, and amongst others, that of Lord Paget, sculptured in Italy -at the enormous expense of 700_l._ Dugdale says, “courts of guard were -kept in the aisles; they broke up the pavement, every day hunted a cat -with hounds throughout the Church, delighting themselves in the echo -from the goodly vaulted roof, and to add to their wickedness, brought a -calf into it wrapt in linen, carried it to the font, sprinkled it with -water, and gave it a name in scorn and derision of that holy sacrament, -Baptism; and when Prince Rupert recovered that Church by force, Colonel -Russel, the governor, carried away the communion-plate and linen, with -whatsoever else was of value.” - -The Close was retaken by Prince Rupert in 1643, and Colonel Hawey Bagot -was appointed Governor of the garrison; he had the honour of -entertaining Charles the First, after the battle of Naseby, when his -majesty left Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and slept at Governor Bagot’s, in -Lichfield, on the 15th of June 1645; this unfortunate monarch twice -afterwards revisited this city; but short was its period of -tranquillity, for in 1646, the Close was again taken by the -Parliamentary forces, under Sir William Brereton, and its walls -dismantled. In 1651, by authority of the Rump Parliament, men were -employed to strip off the lead from the roof of the Cathedral, and break -in pieces the Bells[1]. It may not be uninteresting to remark on the -heavy afflictions, or violent deaths, suffered by many of the spoliators -of the Church of those days; among others, Colonel Danvers who stripped -the roof, and Pickings who demolished the bells, met with untimely ends. - -We find that although the building was in this dilapidated state, its -ministers did not neglect their duties, and Ashmole has the following -memorandum. “This morning Mr. Rawlings of Lichfield told me, that the -vicars of the Cathedral had entered the Chapter-house, and there said -service; that this, with the Vestry, was the only place in the church -that had a roof to shelter them.” On the Restoration, Dr. John Hacket -was happily appointed prelate: he found the church little better than a -heap of ruins, but, zealous in the cause of religion, he immediately set -to work with an activity rarely equalled. The morning after his arrival, -he employed his own coach horses to remove the rubbish, and took the -most vigorous measures to obtain assistance; petitioning from house to -house for pecuniary aid, and being himself a liberal benefactor. By his -unwearied diligence and munificence, the Cathedral in the space of eight -years had nearly regained its original splendour, and was re-consecrated -in 1669. The intrepid character of this admirable man may be shown by -the following anecdote.—Hacket was preaching in London, during the -persecution of the established Church, and although the Liturgy was -proscribed, under a severe penalty, he continued the use of it; at -length, an armed sergeant and trooper were sent to the church to compel -his obedience, but he, with a firm voice and unintimidated manner, read -the service as he was wont to do; and when the soldiers, placing a -pistol at his head, threatened him with instant death, he calmly -replied, “Soldiers, I am doing my duty, do you do yours!” then with a -voice equally composed, he resumed the prayers. The soldiers, awe-struck -by his pious courage, left the church in astonishment! - -From Bishop Hacket’s time, the Cathedral underwent little alteration -till the year 1788, when the building being acknowledged to be in a very -dilapidated state, subscriptions were raised to repair and renovate it. -Under the direction of Mr. Wyatt, the external structure was put in good -order, and the internal decorations restored and embellished. The beauty -and magnificence of the edifice has since been greatly enhanced, by the -addition of some painted windows, from the dissolved Abbey of -Herckenrode in Germany: this valuable purchase was obtained by the Dean -and Chapter, through the liberality of the late Sir Brooke Boothby, who -made the acquisition when travelling on the Continent, for the small sum -of 200_l._, and generously transferred to them his bargain, estimated at -10,000_l._ These windows were painted at the period when the art had -attained its highest degree of perfection, and are considered by -connoisseurs as very valuable and choice specimens. Several modern -windows of superior merit, have also been inserted, by the present Dean, -Dr. Woodhouse, and others interested in the embellishment of the -venerable pile. The large window at the west, which had been totally -destroyed during the civil wars, and restored by James the Second when -Duke of York, has been filled with painted glass, from a legacy of Dr. -Addenbroke, who died Dean of this Cathedral, in 1776. - -Although this Cathedral cannot compete in size and magnificence with -York and some others, in point of elegance it is inferior to none, and -its light and beautiful architecture is the theme of universal -admiration. The building is in form of a cross, having a large spire at -the intersection of the cross, and two smaller ones at the west end; the -pyramidal form of the western façade, enriched with highly wrought -decorations and tracery, is eminently beautiful; neither must the centre -porch be forgotten, being no less worthy of notice. The external length -of the church is 400 feet, and the breadth in the transept 187 feet. The -Nave and Aisles are good specimens of the simple yet exquisite taste of -the architecture of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; the -clustered columns, delicately moulded arches, and vaulted roof, impress -the beholder with a solemn and pleasing effect. Amongst the numerous -monuments, we must give the first place to that of the Cathedral’s -greatest benefactor, the good and pious Bishop Hacket: it consists of a -recumbent figure, and at the head is engraved the following appropriate -inscription; “I will not suffer mine eyes to sleep, till I have found -out a place for the temple of the Lord.” But the monument which attracts -the eager attention of all admirers of the sculptorial art, is that -erected to the memory of the two Miss Robinsons; it is considered a -_chef-d’œuvre_ of Chantrey’s, and certainly has rarely been equalled for -beauty of design and workmanship. The remains of many celebrated -characters are recorded within these walls—that colossus of literature, -Dr. Johnson, justly the pride and boast of Lichfield: Lady Mary Wortley -Montague, who so greatly benefited mankind by the introduction of the -art of Inoculation. Gilbert Walmesley, Dr. Smalbroke, Dean Addison, -David Garrick, and Andrew Newton, who founded and endowed the noble -institution in the Close, for the widows and orphans of Clergy; for this -purpose, he gave, by will and donation, the sum of forty thousand -pounds. - -The Diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, was in early times of very great -extent; it is now much more limited, but contains the whole county of -Stafford (except Brome and Clent, which belong to Worcester), all -Derbyshire, the greater part of Warwickshire, and nearly half of -Shropshire. It has the Archdeaconries of Salop, Coventry, Stafford and -Derby. In the reign of King John, permission was granted to the Bishop -of Lichfield and Coventry to build a castle at Eccleshall, and this has -generally been, as it now is, the residence of the Bishop. There is also -a palace in Lichfield belonging to the See; the present one was erected -in 1687, by Bishop Wood, on the ground occupied by the garden of -Langton’s Palace (of which there are no remains), and was built in -compliance with an order from Archbishop Sancroft, as compensation for -damage committed upon property belonging to the See. - -Lichfield being situated on the road between London and Liverpool (now -so much the line of communication with our sister country), is much -frequented by travellers; and few places are more interesting to the -lover of literature, having been either the natal spot, or home, of so -many distinguished for learned attainments. Every one capable of -appreciating the profound wisdom and moral energy of Johnson, must feel -a reverence and respect for the place where he first drew breath. Thomas -Newton, Bishop of Bristol, brother to Andrew Newton, whom we have -already mentioned, and the learned author of _Dissertations on the -Prophecies_, was a native of this city; as was also that famous -virtuoso, Elias Ashmole, the contributor of a valuable collection of -curiosities and MSS. to the University of Oxford, now assembled in the -Ashmolean Museum. Here was the paternal residence of that elegant -scholar, Addison; and in addition to the names already brought forward, -Lichfield could boast amongst its inhabitants the eccentric James Day, -author of _Sandford and Merton_, Mr. and Miss Edgeworth, Dr. Darwin, of -botanical celebrity, and several others of highly esteemed intellectual -powers. - -[Illustration: WOODCROFT HOUSE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.] - - - - - WOODCROFT HOUSE, - - -Of which we furnish a view from the pencil of Mr. Blore, is situated in -the parish of Etton, in Northamptonshire, about four miles from the city -of Peterborough. This building well deserves notice as an early and -perfect specimen of English domestic architecture. The form of the -windows is peculiar to the time of the first two Edwards, and the -character of the mouldings evidently points out that period, as the date -of its erection. The masonry is remarkably well executed, and the -mouldings beautifully worked; those forming the finish of the Tower, -over the entrance, are distinguished by a boldness rarely to be met -with. Originally, this must have been a place of some strength; it was -surrounded by water, excepting at the western approach, and the walls -are four feet in thickness. Though nothing remains of an embattled -parapet, there can be little doubt but that it possessed such provision -for defence, and that in this, as in other respects, it partook of the -character of the mansion-houses of the age. - -The round bastion at the north end, represented in the drawing, is that -portion of the building to which an interesting historical incident is -attached; one of those events, which are the melancholy, and certain -fruits of anarchy and civil war. - -Dr. Michael Hudson, who is styled by Wood, “an understanding and sober -person, and of great fidelity,” was, from his sincerity, called by King -Charles the First, his “plain-dealing Chaplain.” When the troubles of -that period commenced, Hudson, like some others of his profession, left -his benefice, under an impression that his monarch demanded his personal -aid; and King Charles having, as we are told, “an especial respect for -his signal loyalty and courage,” intrusted him with some important -secrets, as regarded his own proceedings. Hudson proved himself a -courageous soldier, but, being apprehended by the Parliamentary forces, -he suffered a tedious confinement. Escaping from his prison in London, -he joined a body of royalists, who had fled to Woodcroft House. When -attacked there by the Parliamentary forces, Hudson, with some of his -bravest soldiers, went up to the battlements, where they defended -themselves for some time. At length they yielded, upon the promise of -quarter; but when the rebels were admitted, they broke their engagement. -Hudson was forced over the battlements, and clung to one of the stone -spouts represented in the drawing. His hands being either actually cut -off, or severely hacked and bruised by the sabres of the soldiers, he -quitted his hold and fell into the moat underneath, desiring only to -reach the land and die there; but this miserable boon was denied him, -as, in attempting to reach the bank, he was knocked on the head with the -but-end of a musket, and drowned[2]. - -May we never, by God’s blessing, witness a recurrence of the scenes -which were presented at this eventful period of our history! Our great -dramatic poet, who showed his patriotism, by always giving to his -countrymen the wisest counsel, and encouraging correct sentiments -respecting justice and good government, thus beautifully describes a -kingdom, restored to the blessings of internal tranquillity. - - No more shall trenching war channel her fields, - Nor bruise her flow’rets with the armed hoofs - Of hostile paces: those opposed eyes, - Which, like the meteors of a troubled heaven, - _All of one nature, of one substance bred_, - Did lately meet in the intestine shock - And furious close of civil butchery, - Shall now, in mutual, well-beseeming ranks, - March all one way; and be no more oppos’d - _Against acquaintance, kindred, and allies_; - The edge of war, like an ill-sheathed knife, - No more shall cut his master.—_Henry IV._, Part I. - H. M. - - - - - SYMBOLICAL WRITING. - - -It would seem that the earliest of all written language consisted of -actual drawings of the forms of animals or things; rudely sketched, -indeed, by the hands of our rude forefathers, but sufficiently plain to -mark the object designed. This mode appears the more natural, because -the representation of sounds, which express the names of things, by -certain characters or alphabets, which is the mode now most extensively -in use, must necessarily require some previous concert between two -parties, the one of whom suggests, and the other agrees, that a -particular mark or form on paper shall be the symbol for a particular -sound. But if we suppose a savage separated from his friend, and wishing -to communicate with him, without having had this previous consultation, -and supposing that he has lent his distant acquaintance some articles of -furniture, such as his bow and arrows, or his knife, which he is anxious -to have returned, without the knowledge of his messenger, it seems -highly probable, that his first impulse would be to make a rude sketch -of these articles, and transmit the impression to his friend. Were the -latter an acute man he would probably understand the allusion; and, were -he not intelligent enough for this purpose, it is clear he would not be -nearly sufficiently so to comprehend the symbols to denote sounds. So -that the simplicity of this mode of writing might suggest the -probability of its being the first resorted to, without alluding to the -hieroglyphics yet remaining on the Egyptian tombs, which, from our want -of acquaintance with the manners, customs, and general objects with -which the Egyptians were conversant, are very difficult to decipher, if -we may judge from the learning expended in explaining them. As a modern -specimen of this kind of writing, it may not be uninteresting to -describe a letter which M. Martinez received from an inhabitant of the -Caroline Islands, in the Eastern Ocean. The following is the drawing of -the letter alluded to, and the description is taken from FREYCINET and -ARAGO’S _Voyage_. - -[Illustration] - -“This was written to M. Martinez, at Rotta, who had commissioned a Tamor -of Sathoual to send him some shells, promising in exchange a few pieces -of iron. The captain gave him the sheet of paper, the original of which -is in my possession, and is in red characters. The figure at the top of -the letter was placed there as the bearer of compliments: the branch -under him is the type of peace and amity: the marks in the column on the -left hand indicate the sort of shells the Carolinian had sent to M. -Martinez. In the column on the right, are placed the objects he desired -in exchange; namely, three large fishing hooks, four small ones, two -pieces of iron of the shape of axes, and two pieces a little longer.” -This curiously-expressed request was gratified, and many handsome shells -obtained in return. - -This is, perhaps, as clear an instance as can be found, of the mode in -which an unlettered people would endeavour to convey the expression of -their wishes to their friends at a distance, and forms a striking -contrast to the elegant though complicated process of our own method of -writing. - -In the written language of the Chinese, a great proof of its having -originated in this picture-writing, may yet be seen by a little -attention to the forms of their characters, and is, perhaps, the only -language now generally in practice, in which these early symbols are -discernible, though some have attempted to explain the Hebrew language -in the same way, by maintaining that the letters composing the Alphabet -were at first characters or drawings of things. In the modern Chinese, -however, much of the early rude formation of the characters has been -altered, arising, probably, in some degree, from a greater improvement -in taste inducing the nation to alter these rough to more elegant forms, -and partly from the facility of writing requiring the scribe, in some -cases, to strike off, and in others to connect, various parts of the -original figure. Thus, the present Chinese character for ‘a man,’ is -[Illustration] which was originally drawn [Illustration] or -[Illustration] or [Illustration]; here it is plain that, by lopping -off some of the limbs of this rude representative of the human species, -we leave something like the form of the present character, though it -would appear, that a long succession of ages must have polished the -rough material to the improved shape which it now possesses. Again, the -character to denote ‘the ear,’ was formerly drawn [Illustration] which -is now softened into the present form, thus [Illustration]. ‘A range of -hills,’ or ‘mound,’ at first drawn [Illustration] has now become -[Illustration]. ‘The sun,’ [Illustration] is now [Illustration]. The -reader’s ingenuity may be exercised and amused, and he will be enabled -to see how far the preceding remarks are well-grounded, if we present -him with a few of the original drawings, placed side by side with the -characters into which they have been gradually altered, and which are -now in general use. - -The numbers one, two, three, and four, remain the same, being the -simplest form which can be devised, to maintain the connexion of the -drawing with the idea conceived. [Illustration] One, [Illustration] -Two, [Illustration] Three, [Illustration] Four. - - Ancient form. Present character. - - [Illustration] the human face. [Illustration] - - [Illustration] the moon. [Illustration] - - [Illustration] rain. [Illustration] - - [Illustration] the eye. [Illustration] - - [Illustration] an arrow. [Illustration] - - [Illustration] the mouth. [Illustration] - - [Illustration] the tongue in the [Illustration] - midst of the mouth. - - [Illustration] the teeth. [Illustration] - -In order to save a multiplicity of characters, a single one is often -placed in various positions, to convey ideas which it would be very -difficult, and often impossible, to express by a simple drawing of the -object: for instance, how could the idea of ‘a corpse’ be represented on -paper; the figure of a man, it is easily seen, is not sufficient, since -we cannot tell, from looking at a picture so unfinished as the rapidity -of writing would demand, whether the breath be in or out of the body; -they, therefore, take the figure for man we have before seen, and lay it -prostrate, thus [Illustration]. The figure to represent a rock -[Illustration] is supposed to imply a rock jutting over, and affording -shelter, and from this was formed the following to denote ‘a stone,’ -[Illustration], that is, as it were, a portion cut out of the rock; -hence, to imply a heap of stones, the form [Illustration] would readily -suggest itself. On the same principle it would be very difficult to -describe hail in a sketch; but, by considering it (if we may be allowed -the term) as hardened water, they add to the character denoting rain the -appearance of solid drops falling; thus, ‘rain’ is expressed by -[Illustration] and ‘hail’ thus [Illustration]. In representing the -forms of animals, or things, no further accomplishment was necessary -than accuracy of eye, and skill in delineating the various shapes; but -much greater ingenuity is required in order to represent intangible or -invisible substances, such as light, air, &c., or the qualities of -things which we call by the term adjectives, such as those implying -strength, weakness, or various actions, as to walk, to stop, to eat, to -desire, &c., in fact, all kinds of verbs. This difficult matter is -generally accomplished by the union of two or more simple forms, placed -together in such a way, that their combination may suggest the idea -required. To express brightness, the figures of the ‘sun’ and ‘moon’ are -placed together [Illustration]. In the character which they employ to -denote the adjective ‘aspiring,’ a man’s breath is represented as going -out of the body and ascending [Illustration]. To hanker after or desire -earnestly, is represented by this character of breath combined with -water, corresponding, in fact, with our somewhat common phrase -‘mouth-watering’ [Illustration]. The rather difficult character of a -king is described by ‘one,’ [Illustration]; and the character for land -[Illustration], or united [Illustration], implying the feudal idea of -sovereignty, all the land belonging to one. The adverbs ‘above’ and -‘below’ are very simply expressed, the former being [Illustration], and -the latter [Illustration]. Crafty and intriguing finds its -corresponding character in the little crooked symbol [Illustration]. -The idea of a family is very happily and prettily expressed by the -symbol of a ‘house,’ under which three human beings are sheltered -[Illustration]. Many more instances, and some very remarkable ones, -might be adduced of this mode of representing complex ideas, by the -union of two or more characters for simple objects. In fact, most of the -words, perhaps, in common use in Chinese writing, might be divided, and -subdivided, till the original simple ideas had been traced out, and the -reason of their formation distinctly shown; but the progress of time and -refinement, has so moulded and altered even the most simple characters -in the language, that considerable research would be required to perform -such a task so many ages after their original formation. The inventor of -this species of writing amongst this singular nation is said to be -Tsang-hëĕ, of whom tradition or invention has preserved the portrait; -and, in order to convey to the mind of the spectator some idea of his -depth of intellect, and extent of mental vision, they have expressly -chosen to represent him as enjoying the privilege of _four_ eyes, -instead of the number possessed by ordinary mortals. - - S. B. - - - - - INTEMPERANCE. - - -The histories of all nations show that, in the infancy of society, man -has few wants. Food for the sustenance of life, clothing for the -covering of his person, and a habitation to shelter him from the wind -and the storm, form the chief objects of his desire; and these he is -easily enabled to supply from the rich storehouse of nature, which the -bountiful Creator has furnished for his use. The earth has never ceased -to reward the industry of man; and his daily necessities being thus -provided for, his future worldly wants occupy but a small share of his -thoughts. - -As mankind multiply and associate together in cities and towns, their -attention is directed to other means of procuring the necessaries of -life. Trade, manufactures, and commerce offer ample opportunities for -the exercise of talent and industry; and the simplicity and contentment -of rural life are exchanged for a more artificial state of society. The -accumulation of property henceforth becomes an object of general -pursuit, and the busy mind of man is occupied in forming and digesting -plans to ensure such a result. Should prosperity attend his -undertakings, and crown his labours with increase, he will not be slow -in acquiring a taste for additional comfort and enjoyment, which his -improved circumstances have placed within his reach. Thus the wants of -man increase with his means of satisfying them. They are no longer -confined to the simple necessaries of life, but embrace those elegancies -and luxuries which owe their origin to the increase of wealth, the -refinement of education, and the intercourse of society. Surplus capital -thus finds ample and ready means of occupation in ministering to the -growing wants of the community. Various trades, arts and professions are -introduced, which open up new sources of employment; a stimulus is given -to industry, and the powers of the mind are brought into operation to -diffuse information and instruction through the land. Thus national -wealth, education, and refinement advance together; and the riches which -found entrance in one direction, find their way, through various -channels, to every ramification of society, as the blood which flows -from the heart circulates through every part of the human system. - -So long as surplus wealth thus extends, and promotes a nation’s -prosperity, it is legitimately employed. But there are certain limits -within which it ought to be confined. The morality, intelligence, and -industry of the people are the bulwarks of national greatness; and if, -by the introduction of any article of luxury or common diet, these -barriers are weakened or thrown down, and the flood-gates of immorality, -ignorance, and idleness opened, their dark tide will begin to flow, and -threaten the best interests of the country. This result is shown by the -histories of all those nations which reached the summit of wealth and -power by the exercise of temperance, and whose downfall was hastened by -their intemperance, producing idle and licentious habits, discord, -effeminacy, and a spirit of dependence. Such were the Persians, the -Greeks, and the Romans. - -Though there are distinctions of rank and station in society, there is a -mutual dependence throughout the community at large, similar to the -connexion existing among the members of the human body. “The eye cannot -say unto the hand, I have no need of thee; nor the head to the feet, I -have no need of you.” The man whom wealth has exempted from the common -lot of humanity, “in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread,” is as -dependent on the cultivator of the soil, the manufacturer, and the -mechanic, as they are upon him. Hence all in their several stations are -equally the guardians of the peace, happiness, and prosperity of the -nation to which they belong; and it becomes both their duty and their -interest, either to prevent the introduction of any traffic of an -injurious character, or to expel that from the land which may have been -found to have such a tendency. - -The facility with which ardent spirits are obtained in this country, -cannot but be regarded as the cause of those habits of intemperance -which deface the fair page of our moral history. Drunkenness prevails to -a lamentable extent throughout the land, and is the fruitful source of -idleness, poverty, immorality, and crime. So far from being diminished, -it seems rather on the increase; and the fearful change which it has -wrought in the character of our artisans and labouring population, calls -for the adoption of some measure to arrest its course. - -Ardent spirits are destructive of health, property, and morals; unfit to -be used by persons in health, being destitute of any nutritious quality; -and the traffic in them is injurious to the prosperity of the country. -Besides the misery which the use of them inflicts on individuals and -families, it greatly augments the national expenditure. It increases the -poor’s rates by increasing pauperism; it enhances the expense of -judicial proceedings by promoting crime; and our hospitals and lunatic -asylums are indebted to the same cause for by far the greater proportion -of their wretched inmates. If the money wasted in the purchase of this -worse than useless superfluity, were spent on articles of real utility, -a stimulus would be given to trade, manufactures, and commerce. - -Such being the consequences of the traffic in ardent spirits, as proved -by incontrovertible evidence, the welfare of the nation calls for its -suppression. This must be accomplished, not by an appeal to the -legislature for an Act of Parliament to abolish the trade, but by -enlightened public opinion. If the community be convinced of the noxious -qualities of ardent spirit, and the vicious and immoral consequences to -which habits of drinking lead, they will cease to buy, and the traffic -must come to an end. But this object cannot be attained till the nation -rise as one man to crush this enemy to its happiness. This is the result -which the institutions called TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES aim to accomplish. -The means they employ is simply the diffusion of information through the -land, with a view to correct public opinion, and unite men and women in -the practice of total abstinence from distilled spirits as an article of -ordinary use. They act upon the well-established maxim that prevention -is better than cure; and their first solicitation is to gain the -countenance and support of the sober, temperate, respectable, and -influential classes of the community, whose combined example may operate -upon the mass of the population. Such being their principle and object, -they deserve the support and assistance of every friend to humanity and -every lover of his country. - - * * * * * - -In most quarrels there is a fault on both sides.—A quarrel may be -compared to a spark, which cannot be produced without a flint, as well -as a steel; either of them may hammer on wood for ever, no fire will -follow. - - * * * * * - - Learn of the little Nautilus to sail, - Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale.—POPE. - -To this little fish we are said to be indebted for one of the grandest -and most useful inventions since the world began. It is thus -described:—It swims on the surface of the sea, on the back of its shell, -which exactly resembles the hull of a ship; it raises two feet like -masts, and extends a membrane between, which serves as a sail; the other -two feet are employed as oars. This fish is usually found in the -Mediterranean. - - - - - A DEVONSHIRE SKETCH. - BY THE LATE REV. JOHN MARRIOTT, OF BROADCLYST - - - Ye green hills of Devon! I love to look o’er ye; - The glow of your verdure refreshes my sight! - In the wild and majestic let Westmoreland glory; - But yours is the palm of more tranquil delight. - - Not that robes of rich beauty, in which Nature dresses - Her features of boldness, your limits disown; - To him who could deem so, deep Lymouth’s recesses, - And Dart’s rocky borders, must all be unknown. - - But your own proper boast is the Combe, neatly rounded, - Which preserves through all seasons its emerald hue; - Whilst the dews, o’er the uplands by which it is bounded, - Impart, in soft contrast, the mist’s tender blue; - - Not deserted, though lonely: the vale in its centre, - Girt with Barn and rough Linhay, encloses a farm; - And o’er the warm nook of its deepest indenture, - The orchard’s fair bloom sheds its fugitive charm. - - An eye little used to such leafy profusion, - Might fancy yon hedge-row one wide-waving wood; - And furze and plumed fern, as to aid the illusion, - Here and there on the tameness of culture intrude. - - But wildest the mixture of shrub, bush, and bramble, - And sweetest the scent which the wild flowers breathe, - Where the birchen-banks mark the stream’s devious ramble, - And the ear drinks its musical murmurs beneath. - - How soothing the sense of serenity stealing - O’er the mind, whilst on plenty and peace thus we gaze! - Less grateful, perhaps, though more lively, the feeling - Awaken’d by prospects that awe and amaze. - - If in those we acknowledge the symbols of greatness; - If earth’s pillars its Maker’s omnipotence prove; - In these let us hail Him, “whose clouds distil fatness,” - And who crowneth the year with his goodness and love. - - - - - THE MOCKING-BIRD. (_Turdus polyglottus._) - - -The Mocking-bird is a species of thrush, not uncommon in many parts both -of North and South America and the West India Islands. In size, it does -not exceed the European song-bird, and perhaps is not equal to it in the -beauty of its plumage; it is, however, far from being an inelegant -creature, but it is better known for the peculiarity and amazing power -of its voice. Although not gifted with any powerful weapons of -self-defence, these birds display extraordinary courage in defence of -their eggs and young, and will fearlessly attack any animal which may -approach their haunts, even their greatest enemy, a species of black -snake. - -“To these qualities” (says Wilson, the American author), “we may add -that of a voice full, strong, and musical, and capable of almost every -modulation, from the clear mellow tones of the wood-thrush, to the -savage scream of the bald-eagle. In measure and accent, he faithfully -follows his originals. In force and sweetness of expression, he greatly -exceeds them. In his native groves, mounted on the top of a tall bush, -or half-grown tree, in the dawn of dewy morning, while the woods are -already vocal with a multitude of warblers, his admirable song rises -pre-eminent over every competitor. The ear can listen to his music -alone, to which that of all the others seems a mere accompaniment. -Neither is this strain altogether imitative. His own native notes, which -are easily distinguishable by such as are well acquainted with those of -our various song-birds, are bold and full, and varied seemingly beyond -all limits. His expanded wings and tail, glistening with white, and the -buoyant gaiety of his action, arresting the eye as his song most -irresistibly does the ear, he sweeps round with enthusiastic ecstacy. He -mounts or descends as his song swells or dies away. While thus exerting -himself, a bystander, destitute of sight, would suppose that the whole -feathered tribes, had assembled together on a trial of skill, each -striving to produce his utmost effect; so perfect are his imitations. He -many times deceives the sportsman, and sends him in search of birds that -perhaps are not within miles of him, but whose notes he exactly -imitates; even birds themselves are frequently imposed on by this -admirable mimic, and are decoyed by the fancied calls of their mates, or -dive with precipitation into the depths of thickets, at the scream of -what they suppose to be the sparrow-hawk. - -[Illustration: THE MOCKING BIRD.] - -“The mocking-bird loses little of the power and energy of his song by -confinement. In his domesticated state, when he commences his career of -song, it is impossible to stand by uninterested. He whistles for the -dog—Cæsar starts up, wags his tail, and runs to meet his master; he -squeaks out like a hurt chicken—and the hen hurries about, with hanging -wings and bristled feathers, clucking to protect its injured brood. The -barking of the dog, the mewing of the cat, the creaking of a passing -wheelbarrow, follow, with great truth and rapidity. He repeats the tune -taught him by his master, though of considerable length, fully and -faithfully. He runs over the quiverings of the canary and the clear -whistlings of the Virginia nightingale, or the redbird, with such -superior execution and effect, that the mortified songsters feel their -own inferiority and become altogether silent, while he seems to triumph -in their defeat by redoubling his exertions. - -“Both in his native and domesticated state, during the solemn stillness -of night, as soon as the moon rises in silent majesty, he begins his -delightful solo; and serenades us the livelong night, with a full -display of his vocal powers, making the whole neighbourhood ring with -his inimitable melody.” - - * * * * * - -A lover of natural history cannot I think be a bad man, as the very -study of it tends to promote a calmness and serenity of mind, favourable -to the reception of grateful and holy thoughts of the great and good -Parent of the universe. He cannot be a cruel man, because he will be -unwilling wantonly to destroy even an insect, when he perceives how -exquisitively each of them is contrived, and how curiously it is made -for the station it is destined to fill in the animal world.—JESSE. - - * * * * * - -Many methods have been suggested for saving life in cases of accidents -on the water: the following was stated to me as an experiment actually -made by the relater; he had thus supported himself in the sea, at -Plymouth, for twenty minutes, and could have done it much longer. As -danger of overturning or of sinking appears, have your hat in readiness, -and place it under your chin, holding it with your hands in the same -position upon the water as on the head. The air in the crown will -prevent the water from rising, and is sufficient to keep the whole head -above water. - - _Homerton._ JAMES EDMESTON. - - - - - _ANNIVERSARIES IN JULY._ - - - MONDAY, 15th. - - ST. SWITHIN’S DAY.—See _Saturday Magazine_, vol. i., p. 14. - -1685 Execution of _Duke of Monmouth_, after his defeat at Sedgemoor. - -1815 _Napoleon_ went on board the British ship Bellerephon, Captain - Maitland, after his defeat at Waterloo. - -1817 Died, at Paris, the _Baroness de Staël_, the daughter of M. Necker, - and author of several political works, which enjoyed considerable - popularity while the events of the French Revolution, with which - the name of M. Necker is so intimately connected, were recent. Her - works evince much knowledge of the human heart. - - TUESDAY, 16th. - - 622 On this day the _flight_ of the impostor, Mohammed, from Mecca, - took place, and from it his followers date the events of their - history. This epoch is called, from the Arabic word, which - signifies _to fly_, or _to leave one’s country_, the _Hegira_. - -1377 _Richard II._, only child of Edward the Black Prince, was crowned - at Westminster. He did not inherit the warlike genius or the - talents of his father and grandfather, but seems to have been of a - mild, amiable disposition, and may truly be said, in the words of - Shakspeare, to have been “a man more sinned against than sinning.” - -1546 _Ann Askew_, a young lady of great merit and beauty, (connected - with most of the ladies of the court, and with the Queen, Catharine - Parr,) was burned at Smithfield, for denying the doctrine of the - real presence. - -1800 Died, at his seat near Southampton, _Bryan Edwards_, the Author of - the _History of the West Indies_. - - WEDNESDAY, 17th. - -1674 The remains of the two Princes, _Edward V. and his Brother_, were - discovered in the Tower, and, by order of Charles II., removed to - Westminster Abbey. - -1761 _Peter III._, husband of Catherine II., was murdered. The - unfortunate Emperor was strangled with a towel, and the next day - his body was exposed to the populace, and his death attributed to - that disease we now call cholera. - - THURSDAY, 18th. - - 371 B. C. The Battle of Leuctra, in which the Lacedemonians were - defeated, and their general, Cleombrotus, slain. - -1100 Death of _Godfrey de Bouillon_, the most celebrated leader among - the princes and nobles who went on the first crusade: when - Jerusalem was taken, he was unanimously chosen king. - -1374 _Petrarch_, one of the earliest, as well as the most elegant, among - the Italian poets, whose romantic attachment to the beautiful Laura - has rendered his name familiar, even to those who are wholly - ignorant of Italian literature, was found dead in his library on - the seventieth anniversary of his birth. - -1796 _Louis XVIII._ compelled to leave the army of the emigrants, and - place himself in the hands of the Austrians. - -1812 A Treaty of Peace between England and Sweden was signed at Ærebo. - - FRIDAY, 19th. - - 365 B. C. Rome was taken and pillaged by the Gauls, who put to the - sword the senators and old men, who alone remained in the city. - - 64 _Nero_, for his amusement, caused Rome to be set on fire in various - places. This conflagration was attributed by him to the Christians, - and all who could not escape or conceal themselves, were put to - death with the most cruel torments, among others, St. Peter and St. - Paul suffered martyrdom. - -1333 The Battle of Halidown Hill, in which the Scots were defeated by - Edward III. - -1588 The Spanish Armada arrived in the British Channel. This formidable - fleet consisted of 130 vessels, carrying 2630 pieces of brass - cannon. It was fitted out by Philip II. of Spain, and blessed by a - special nuncio from the Pope. Its approach spread terror and - dismay; but Elizabeth took advantage of the panic to excite her - subjects to defend their country without draining her exchequer, - and while nobles and citizens fitted out ships at their own charge, - the lower orders flocked to man the vessels and defend the coasts. - The armada, however was dispersed by a tempest, and, while still in - disorder, attacked by the English under Lord Effingham, and - compelled to seek safety in flight. - - SATURDAY, 20th. - -1620 A massacre of the Protestants in the Valteline, a fertile valley of - Switzerland. - -1819 Died, at Edinburgh, _John Playfair_, a celebrated mathematician and - geographer. - - SUNDAY, 21st. - - SEVENTH SUNDAY AFTER TRINITY. - -1403 Battle of Shrewsbury. In this engagement the Prince of Wales, - afterwards Henry V., made his first essay in arms. The death of - Henry Percy, bettor known as Hotspur, made this battle still more - memorable. - -1683 The execution of Lord Russell, for high treason, took place in - Lincoln’s Inn Fields. - -1704 Taking of Gibraltar by the English. - -1796 Died, at Dumfries, in his thirty-eighth year, _Robert Burns_, the - poet. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - LONDON: - JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND. - - PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, PRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MONTHLY PARTS, - PRICE SIXPENCE, AND - - Sold by all Booksellers and Newsvenders in the Kingdom. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - FOOTNOTES: - - -Footnote 1: - - For the History of Bells, see this Magazine, vol. i., p. 20. - -Footnote 2: - - Sir Walter Scott, in his novel of _Woodstock_, has skilfully worked - this incident into the narrative, but has departed from historical - accuracy, both in fixing the scene in Shropshire, and restoring to - life the sufferer, whom he calls Albany Rochecliffe. - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: - - - • Footnotes were renumbered and moved to the end of the book - • Superscript text is presented with a ^ in front of it - - • Page 10: Colonel Russel, the governor carried away → Colonel Russel, - the governor, carried away - • Page 11: calmly replied "Soldiers, → calmly replied, "Soldiers, - • Page 13: character for 'a man, is → character for 'a man,' is - • Page 14: together.[Illustration] In → together [Illustration]. In - • Page 14: adjective 'aspiring', → adjective 'aspiring,' - • Page 14: goodness and love → goodness and love. - • Page 16: the solemn stilness → the solemn stillness - • Page 16: Richard II. only → Richard II., only - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Saturday Magazine, No. 66, July -1833, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SATURDAY MAGAZINE, JULY 1833 *** - -***** This file should be named 53577-0.txt or 53577-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/5/7/53577/ - -Produced by Markus Brenner, David Maranhao and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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