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diff --git a/old/53763-0.txt b/old/53763-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9c031a0..0000000 --- a/old/53763-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3962 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Intermediate Sex, by Edward Carpenter - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Intermediate Sex - A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women - -Author: Edward Carpenter - -Release Date: December 18, 2016 [EBook #53763] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERMEDIATE SEX *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - -The Intermediate Sex - - - - -_Works by Edward Carpenter_ - - - ANGELS’ WINGS - ART OF CREATION - CIVILIZATION: ITS CAUSE AND CURE - DAYS WITH WALT WHITMAN - DRAMA OF LOVE AND DEATH - ENGLAND’S IDEAL - FROM ADAM’S PEAK TO ELEPHANTA - HEALING OF NATIONS - INTERMEDIATE TYPES - AMONG PRIMITIVE FOLK - IOLÄUS: AN ANTHOLOGY OF FRIENDSHIP - LOVE’S COMING OF AGE - MY DAYS AND DREAMS - PAGAN AND CHRISTIAN CREEDS - PROMISED LAND - TOWARDS DEMOCRACY - TOWARDS INDUSTRIAL FREEDOM - VISIT TO A GÑANI - CHANTS OF LABOUR - - - - - The Intermediate - Sex - - _A Study of Some Transitional Types - of Men and Women_ - - BY - - EDWARD CARPENTER - - [Illustration] - - LONDON: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD. - RUSKIN HOUSE, 40 MUSEUM STREET, W.C.1 - - _First published_ _1908_ - _Reprinted_ _1909_ - ” _1912_ - ” _1916_ - ” _1918_ - ” _1921_ - - [_All rights reserved._] - - -“_There are transitional forms between the metals and non-metals; between -chemical combinations and simple mixtures, between animals and plants, -between phanerogams and cryptogams, and between mammals and birds.… The -improbability may henceforth be taken for granted of finding in Nature a -sharp cleavage between all that is masculine on the one side and all that -is feminine on the other; or that any living being is so simple in this -respect that it can be put wholly on one side, or wholly on the other, of -the line._” - - O. WEININGER. - - - - -Prefatory Note - -TO FIRST EDITION - - -The following papers, now collected in book-form, have been written--and -some of them published--on various occasions during the last twelve or -fourteen years, and in the intervals of other work; and this must be my -excuse for occasional repetitions or overlapping of matter, which may be -observable among them. I have thought it best, however, to leave them as -they stand, as in this way each is more complete in itself. The second -essay, which gives its title to the book, has already appeared in my -“Love’s Coming-of-Age” (edition 1906), but is reprinted here as belonging -more properly to this volume. - -A collection of quotations from responsible writers, who touch on various -sides of the subject, is added at the end, to form an Appendix--which the -author thinks will prove helpful, though he does not necessarily endorse -all the opinions presented. - - E. C. - - - - -Contents - - - _Page_ - - PREFATORY NOTE 7 - - I. INTRODUCTORY 9 - - II. THE INTERMEDIATE SEX 16 - - III. THE HOMOGENIC ATTACHMENT 39 - - IV. AFFECTION IN EDUCATION 83 - - V. THE PLACE OF THE URANIAN IN SOCIETY 107 - - APPENDIX 131 - - - - -I - -Introductory - - -The subject dealt with in this book is one of great, and one may say -growing, importance. Whether it is that the present period is one of -large increase in the numbers of men and women of an intermediate or -mixed temperament, or whether it merely is that it is a period in which -more than usual attention happens to be accorded to them, the fact -certainly remains that the subject has great actuality and is pressing -upon us from all sides. It is recognised that anyhow the number of -persons occupying an intermediate position between the two sexes is -very great, that they play a considerable part in general society, and -that they necessarily present and embody many problems which, both for -their own sakes and that of society, demand solution. The literature -of the question has in consequence already grown to be very extensive, -especially on the Continent, and includes a great quantity of scientific -works, medical treatises, literary essays, romances, historical novels, -poetry, etc. And it is now generally admitted that some knowledge and -enlightened understanding of the subject is greatly needed for the use -of certain classes--as, for instance, medical men, teachers, parents, -magistrates, judges, and the like. - -That there are distinctions and gradations of Soul-material in relation -to Sex--that the inner psychical affections and affinities shade off -and graduate, in a vast number of instances, most subtly from male to -female, and not always in obvious correspondence with the outer bodily -sex--is a thing evident enough to anyone who considers the subject; nor -could any good purpose well be served by ignoring this fact--even if it -were possible to do so. It is easy of course (as some do) to classify -all these mixed or intermediate types as _bad_. It is also easy (as some -do) to argue that just because they combine opposite qualities they are -likely to be _good_ and valuable. But the subtleties and complexities -of Nature cannot be despatched in this off-hand manner. The great -probability is that, as in any other class of human beings, there will be -among these too, good and bad, high and low, worthy and unworthy--some -perhaps exhibiting through their double temperament a rare and beautiful -flower of humanity, others a perverse and tangled ruin. - -Before the facts of Nature we have to preserve a certain humility and -reverence; nor rush in with our preconceived and obstinate assumptions. -Though these gradations of human type have always, and among all peoples, -been more or less known and recognised, yet their frequency to-day, or -even the concentration of attention on them, may be the indication of -some important change actually in progress. We do _not_ know, in fact, -what possible evolutions are to come, or what new forms, of permanent -place and value, are being already slowly differentiated from the -surrounding mass of humanity. It may be that, as at some past period of -evolution the worker-bee was without doubt differentiated from the two -ordinary bee-sexes, so at the present time certain new types of human -kind may be emerging, which will have an important part to play in the -societies of the future--even though for the moment their appearance is -attended by a good deal of confusion and misapprehension. It may be so; -or it may not. We do not know; and the best attitude we can adopt is one -of sincere and dispassionate observation of facts. - -Of course wherever this subject touches on the domain of love we may -expect difficult queries to arise. Yet it is here probably that the -noblest work of the intermediate sex or sexes will be accomplished, -as well as the greatest errors committed. It seems almost a law of -Nature that new and important movements should be misunderstood and -vilified--even though afterwards they may be widely approved or admitted -to honour. Such movements are always envisaged first from whatever aspect -they may possibly present, of ludicrous or contemptible. The early -Christians, in the eyes of Romans, were chiefly known as the perpetrators -of obscure rites and crimes in the darkness of the catacombs. Modern -Socialism was for a long time supposed to be an affair of daggers and -dynamite; and even now there are thousands of good people ignorant enough -to believe that it simply means “divide up all round, and each take his -threepenny bit.” Vegetarians were supposed to be a feeble and brainless -set of cabbage-eaters. The Women’s movement, so vast in its scope and -importance, was nothing but an absurd attempt to make women “the apes -of men.” And so on without end; the accusation in each case being some -tag or last fag-end of fact, caught up by ignorance, and coloured by -prejudice. So commonplace is it to misunderstand, so easy to misrepresent. - -That the Uranian temperament, especially in regard to its affectional -side, is not without faults must naturally be allowed; but that it has -been grossly and absurdly misunderstood is certain. With a good deal of -experience in the matter, I think one may safely say that the defect -of the male Uranian, or Urning,[1] is _not_ sensuality--but rather -_sentimentality_. The lower, more ordinary types of Urning are often -terribly sentimental; the superior types strangely, almost incredibly -emotional; but neither _as a rule_ (though of course there must be -exceptions) are so sensual as the average normal man. - -This immense capacity of emotional love represents of course a great -driving force. Whether in the individual or in society, love is eminently -creative. It is their great genius for attachment which gives to the best -Uranian types their penetrating influence and activity, and which often -makes them beloved and accepted far and wide even by those who know -nothing of their inner mind. How many so-called philanthropists of the -best kind (we need not mention names) have been inspired by the Uranian -temperament, the world will probably never know. And in all walks of -life the great number and influence of folk of this disposition, and the -distinguished place they already occupy, is only realised by those who -are more or less behind the scenes. It is probable also that it is this -genius for emotional love which gives to the Uranians their remarkable -_youthfulness_. - -Anyhow, with their extraordinary gift for, and experience in, affairs -of the heart--from the double point of view, both of the man and of the -woman--it is not difficult to see that these people have a special work -to do as reconcilers and interpreters of the two sexes to each other. -Of this I have spoken at more length below (chaps. ii. and v.). It is -probable that the superior Urnings will become, in affairs of the heart, -to a large extent the teachers of future society; and if so that their -influence will tend to the realisation and expression of an attachment -less exclusively sensual than the average of to-day, and to the diffusion -of this in all directions. - -While at any rate not presuming to speak with authority on so difficult -a subject, I plead for the necessity of a patient consideration of it, -for the due recognition of the types of character concerned, and for some -endeavour to give them their fitting place and sphere of usefulness in -the general scheme of society. - -One thing more by way of introductory explanation. The word Love is -commonly used in so general and almost indiscriminate a fashion as -to denote sometimes physical instincts and acts, and sometimes the -most intimate and profound feelings; and in this way a good deal of -misunderstanding is caused. In this book (unless there be exceptions in -the Appendix) the word is used to denote the inner devotion of one person -to another; and when anything else is meant--as, for instance, sexual -relations and actions--this is clearly stated and expressed. - - - - -II - -The Intermediate Sex. - - “Urning men and women, on whose book of life Nature has written her - new word which sounds so strange to us, bear such storm and stress - within them, such ferment and fluctuation, so much complex material - having its outlet only towards the future; their individualities - are so rich and many-sided, and withal so little understood, - that it is impossible to characterise them adequately in a few - sentences.”--_Otto de Joux._ - - -In late years (and since the arrival of the New Woman amongst us) many -things in the relation of men and women to each other have altered, or -at any rate become clearer. The growing sense of equality in habits -and customs--university studies, art, music, politics, the bicycle, -etc.--all these things have brought about a _rapprochement_ between the -sexes. If the modern woman is a little more masculine in some ways than -her predecessor, the modern man (it is to be hoped), while by no means -effeminate, is a little more sensitive in temperament and artistic in -feeling than the original John Bull. It is beginning to be recognised -that the sexes do not or should not normally form two groups hopelessly -isolated in habit and feeling from each other, but that they rather -represent the two poles of _one_ group--which is the human race; so -that while certainly the extreme specimens at either pole are vastly -divergent, there are great numbers in the middle region who (though -differing corporeally as men and women) are by emotion and temperament -very near to each other.[2] We all know women with a strong dash of -the masculine temperament, and we all know men whose almost feminine -sensibility and intuition seem to belie their bodily form. Nature, it -might appear, in mixing the elements which go to compose each individual, -does not always keep her two groups of ingredients--which represent -the two sexes--properly apart, but often throws them crosswise in a -somewhat baffling manner, now this way and now that; yet wisely, we must -think--for if a severe distinction of elements were always maintained -the two sexes would soon drift into far latitudes and absolutely cease -to understand each other. As it is, there are some remarkable and (we -think) indispensable types of character in whom there is such a union or -balance of the feminine and masculine qualities that these people become -to a great extent the interpreters of men and women to each other. - -There is another point which has become clearer of late. For as people -are beginning to see that the sexes form in a certain sense a continuous -group, so they are beginning to see that Love and Friendship--which -have been so often set apart from each other as things distinct--are in -reality closely related and shade imperceptibly into each other. Women -are beginning to demand that Marriage shall mean Friendship as well as -Passion; that a comrade-like Equality shall be included in the word Love; -and it is recognised that from the one extreme of a ‘Platonic’ friendship -(generally between persons of the same sex) up to the other extreme of -passionate love (generally between persons of opposite sex) no hard and -fast line can at any point be drawn effectively separating the different -kinds of attachment. We know, in fact, of Friendships so romantic in -sentiment that they verge into love; we know of Loves so intellectual and -spiritual that they hardly dwell in the sphere of Passion. - -A moment’s thought will show that the general conceptions indicated -above--if anywhere near the truth--point to an immense diversity of human -temperament and character in matters relating to sex and love; but though -such diversity has probably always existed, it has only in comparatively -recent times become a subject of study. - -More than thirty years ago, however, an Austrian writer, K. H. Ulrichs, -drew attention in a series of pamphlets (_Memnon_, _Ara Spei_, _Inclusa_, -etc.) to the existence of a class of people who strongly illustrate -the above remarks, and with whom specially this paper is concerned. He -pointed out that there were people born in such a position--as it were on -the dividing line between the sexes--that while belonging distinctly to -one sex as far as their bodies are concerned they may be said to belong -_mentally_ and _emotionally_ to the other; that there were men, for -instance, who might be described as of feminine soul enclosed in a male -body (_anima muliebris in corpore virili inclusa_), or in other cases, -women whose definition would be just the reverse. And he maintained that -this doubleness of nature was to a great extent proved by the special -direction of their love-sentiment. For in such cases, as indeed might -be expected, the (apparently) masculine person instead of forming a -love-union with a female tended to contract romantic friendships with one -of his own sex; while the apparently feminine would, instead of marrying -in the usual way, devote herself to the love of another feminine. - -People of this kind (_i.e._, having this special variation of the -love-sentiment) he called Urnings;[3] and though we are not obliged -to accept his theory about the crosswise connexion between ‘soul’ and -‘body,’ since at best these words are somewhat vague and indefinite; -yet his work was important because it was one of the first attempts, -in modern times, to recognise the existence of what might be called an -Intermediate sex, and to give at any rate _some_ explanation of it.[4] - -Since that time the subject has been widely studied and written about -by scientific men and others, especially on the Continent (though in -England it is still comparatively unknown), and by means of an extended -observation of present-day cases, as well as the indirect testimony -of the history and literature of past times, quite a body of general -conclusions has been arrived at--of which I propose in the following -pages to give some slight account. - -Contrary to the general impression, one of the first points that emerges -from this study is that ‘Urnings,’ or Uranians, are by no means so -very rare; but that they form, beneath the surface of society, a large -class. It remains difficult, however, to get an exact statement of their -numbers; and this for more than one reason: partly because, owing to -the want of any general understanding of their case, these folk tend to -conceal their true feelings from all but their own kind, and indeed often -deliberately act in such a manner as to lead the world astray--(whence it -arises that a normal man living in a certain society will often refuse to -believe that there is a single Urning in the circle of his acquaintance, -while one of the latter, or one that understands the nature, living in -the same society, can count perhaps a score or more)--and partly because -it is indubitable that the numbers do vary very greatly, not only in -different countries but even in different classes in the same country. -The consequence of all this being that we have estimates differing very -widely from each other. Dr. Grabowsky, a well-known writer in Germany, -quotes figures (which we think must be exaggerated) as high as one man -in every 22, while Dr. Albert Moll (_Die Conträre Sexualempfindung_, -chap. 3) gives estimates varying from 1 in every 50 to as low as 1 in -every 500.[5] These figures apply to such as are exclusively of the said -nature, _i.e._, to those whose deepest feelings of love and friendship -go out only to persons of their own sex. Of course, if in addition are -included those double-natured people (of whom there is a great number) -who experience the normal attachment, with the homogenic tendency in less -or greater degree superadded, the estimates must be greatly higher. - -In the second place it emerges (also contrary to the general impression) -that men and women of the exclusively Uranian type are by no means -necessarily morbid in any way--unless, indeed, their peculiar temperament -be pronounced in itself morbid. Formerly it was assumed as a matter of -course, that the type was merely a result of disease and degeneration; -but now with the examination of the actual facts it appears that, on the -contrary, many are fine, healthy specimens of their sex, muscular and -well-developed in body, of powerful brain, high standard of conduct, and -with nothing abnormal or morbid of any kind observable in their physical -structure or constitution. This is of course not true of all, and there -still remain a certain number of cases of weakly type to support the -neuropathic view. Yet it is very noticeable that this view is much less -insisted on by the later writers than by the earlier. It is also worth -noticing that it is now acknowledged that even in the most healthy cases -the special affectional temperament of the ‘Intermediate’ is, as a rule, -ineradicable; so much so that when (as in not a few instances) such men -and women, from social or other considerations, have forced themselves to -marry and even have children, they have still not been able to overcome -their own bias, or the leaning after all of their life-attachment to some -friend of their own sex. - -This subject, though obviously one of considerable interest and -importance, has been hitherto, as I have pointed out, but little -discussed in this country, partly owing to a certain amount of doubt -and distrust which has, not unnaturally perhaps, surrounded it. And -certainly if the men and women born with the tendency in question were -only exceedingly rare, though it would not be fair on that account to -ignore them, yet it would hardly be necessary to dwell at great length on -their case. But as the class is really, on any computation, numerous, it -becomes a duty for society not only to understand them but to help them -to understand themselves. - -For there is no doubt that in many cases people of this kind suffer a -great deal from their own temperament--and yet, after all, it is possible -that they may have an important part to play in the evolution of the -race. Anyone who realises what Love is, the dedication of the heart, so -profound, so absorbing, so mysterious, so imperative, and always just -in the noblest natures so strong, cannot fail to see how difficult, how -tragic even, must often be the fate of those whose deepest feelings are -destined from the earliest days to be a riddle and a stumbling-block, -unexplained to themselves, passed over in silence by others.[6] To call -people of such temperament ‘morbid,’ and so forth, is of no use. Such a -term is, in fact, absurdly inapplicable to many, who are among the most -active, the most amiable and accepted members of society; besides, it -forms no solution of the problem in question, and only amounts to marking -down for disparagement a fellow-creature who has already considerable -difficulties to contend with. Says Dr. Moll, “Anyone who has seen many -Urnings will probably admit that they form a by no means enervated -human group; on the contrary, one finds powerful, healthy-looking folk -among them;” but in the very next sentence he says that they “suffer -severely” from the way they are regarded; and in the manifesto of a -considerable community of such people in Germany occur these words, “The -rays of sunshine in the night of our existence are so rare, that we are -responsive and deeply grateful for the least movement, for every single -voice that speaks in our favour in the forum of mankind.”[7] - -In dealing with this class of folk, then, while I do not deny that they -present a difficult problem, I think that just for that very reason -their case needs discussion. It would be a great mistake to suppose -that their attachments are necessarily sexual, or connected with sexual -acts. On the contrary (as abundant evidence shows), they are often purely -emotional in their character; and to confuse Uranians (as is so often -done) with libertines having no law but curiosity in self-indulgence is -to do them a great wrong. At the same time, it is evident that their -special temperament may sometimes cause them difficulty in regard to -their sexual relations. Into this subject we need not just now enter. But -we may point out how hard it is, especially for the young among them, -that a veil of complete silence should be drawn over the subject, leading -to the most painful misunderstandings, and perversions and confusions of -mind; and that there should be no hint of guidance; nor any recognition -of the solitary and really serious inner struggles they may have to face! -If the problem is a difficult one--as it undoubtedly is--the fate of -those people is already hard who have to meet it in their own persons, -without their suffering in addition from the refusal of society to give -them any help. It is partly for these reasons, and to throw a little -light where it may be needed, that I have thought it might be advisable -in this paper simply to give a few general characteristics of the -Intermediate types. - -As indicated then already, in bodily structure there is, as a rule, -nothing to distinguish the subjects of our discussion from ordinary -men and women; but if we take the general mental characteristics it -appears from almost universal testimony that the male tends to be of a -rather gentle, emotional disposition--with defects, if such exist, in -the direction of subtlety, evasiveness, timidity, vanity, etc.; while -the female is just the opposite, fiery, active, bold and truthful, with -defects running to brusqueness and coarseness. Moreover, the mind of the -former is generally intuitive and instinctive in its perceptions, with -more or less of artistic feeling; while the mind of the latter is more -logical, scientific, and precise than usual with the normal woman. So -marked indeed are these general characteristics that sometimes by means -of them (though not an infallible guide) the nature of the boy or girl -can be detected in childhood, before full development has taken place; -and needless to say it may often be very important to be able to do this. - -It was no doubt in consequence of the observation of these signs that -K. H. Ulrichs proposed his theory; and though the theory, as we have -said, does not by any means meet _all_ the facts, still it is perhaps not -without merit, and may be worth bearing in mind. - -In the case, for instance, of a woman of this temperament (defined -we suppose as “a male soul in a female body”) the theory helps us to -understand how it might be possible for her to fall _bonâ fide_ in love -with another woman. Krafft-Ebing gives[8] the case of a lady (A.), 28 -years of age, who fell deeply in love with a younger one (B.). “I loved -her divinely,” she said. They lived together, and the union lasted -four years, but was then broken by the marriage of B. A. suffered in -consequence from frightful depression; but in the end--though without -real love--got married herself. Her depression however only increased and -deepened into illness. The doctors, when consulted, said that all would -be well if she could only have a child. The husband, who loved his wife -sincerely, could not understand her enigmatic behaviour. She was friendly -to him, suffered his caresses, but for days afterwards remained “dull, -exhausted, plagued with irritation of the spine, and nervous.” Presently -a journey of the married pair led to another meeting with the female -friend--who had now been wedded (but also unhappily) for three years. - -“Both ladies trembled with joy and excitement as they fell into each -other’s arms, and were thenceforth inseparable. The man found that this -friendship relation was a singular one, and hastened the departure. When -the opportunity occurred, he convinced himself from the correspondence -between his wife and her ‘friend’ that their letters were exactly like -those of two lovers.” - -It appears that the loves of such women are often very intense, and -(as also in the case of male Urnings) life-long.[9] Both classes feel -themselves blessed when they love happily. Nevertheless, to many of -them it is a painful fact that--in consequence of their peculiar -temperament--they are, though fond of children, not in the position to -found a family. - -We have so far limited ourselves to some very general characteristics -of the Intermediate race. It may help to clear and fix our ideas if we -now describe more in detail, first, what may be called the extreme and -exaggerated types of the race, and then the more normal and perfect -types. By doing so we shall get a more definite and concrete view of our -subject. - -In the first place, then, the extreme specimens--as in most cases -of extremes--are not particularly attractive, sometimes quite the -reverse. In the male of this kind we have a distinctly effeminate type, -sentimental, lackadaisical, mincing in gait and manners, something of a -chatterbox, skilful at the needle and in woman’s work, sometimes taking -pleasure in dressing in woman’s clothes; his figure not unfrequently -betraying a tendency towards the feminine, large at the hips, supple, -not muscular, the face wanting in hair, the voice inclining to be -high-pitched, etc.; while his dwelling-room is orderly in the extreme, -even natty, and choice of decoration and perfume. His affection, too, is -often feminine in character, clinging, dependent and jealous, as of one -desiring to be loved almost more than to love.[10] - -On the other hand, as the extreme type of the homogenic female, we have a -rather markedly aggressive person, of strong passions, masculine manners -and movements, practical in the conduct of life, sensuous rather than -sentimental in love, often untidy, and _outré_ in attire;[11] her figure -muscular, her voice rather low in pitch; her dwelling-room decorated -with sporting-scenes, pistols, etc., and not without a suspicion of the -fragrant weed in the atmosphere; while her love (generally to rather soft -and feminine specimens of her own sex) is often a sort of furor, similar -to the ordinary masculine love, and at times almost uncontrollable. - -These are types which, on account of their salience, everyone will -recognise more or less. Naturally, when they occur they excite a good -deal of attention, and it is not an uncommon impression that most persons -of the homogenic nature belong to either one or other of these classes. -But in reality, of course, these extreme developments are rare, and for -the most part the temperament in question is embodied in men and women -of quite normal and unsensational exterior. Speaking of this subject -and the connection between effeminateness and the homogenic nature in -men, Dr. Moll says: “It is, however, as well to point out at the outset -that effeminacy does not by any means show itself in all Urnings. Though -one may find this or that indication in a great number of cases, yet -it cannot be denied that a very large percentage, perhaps by far the -majority of them, do _not_ exhibit pronounced Effeminacy.” And it may be -supposed that we may draw the same conclusion with regard to women of -this class--namely, that the majority of them do not exhibit pronounced -masculine habits. In fact, while these extreme cases are of the greatest -value from a scientific point of view as marking tendencies and limits of -development in certain directions, it would be a serious mistake to look -upon them as representative cases of the whole phases of human evolution -concerned. - -If now we come to what may be called the more normal type of the -Uranian man, we find a man who, while possessing thoroughly masculine -powers of mind and body, combines with them the tenderer and more -emotional soul-nature of the woman--and sometimes to a remarkable -degree. Such men, as said, are often muscular and well-built, and not -distinguishable in exterior structure and the carriage of body from -others of their own sex; but emotionally they are extremely complex, -tender, sensitive, pitiful and loving, “full of storm and stress, of -ferment and fluctuation” of the heart; the logical faculty may or may -not, in their case, be well-developed, but intuition is always strong; -like women they read characters at a glance, and know, without knowing -how, what is passing in the minds of others; for nursing and waiting on -the needs of others they have often a peculiar gift; at the bottom lies -the artist-nature, with the artist’s sensibility and perception. Such an -one is often a dreamer, of brooding, reserved habits, often a musician, -or a man of culture, courted in society, which nevertheless does not -understand him--though sometimes a child of the people, without any -culture, but almost always with a peculiar inborn refinement. De Joux, -who speaks on the whole favourably of Uranian men and women, says of the -former: “They are enthusiastic for poetry and music, are often eminently -skilful in the fine arts, and are overcome with emotion and sympathy at -the least sad occurrence. Their sensitiveness, their endless tenderness -for children, their love of flowers, their great pity for beggars and -crippled folk are truly womanly.” And in another passage he indicates the -artist-nature, when he says: “The nerve-system of many an Urning is the -finest and the most complicated musical instrument in the service of the -interior personality that can be imagined.” - -It would seem probable that the attachment of such an one is of a tender -and profound character; indeed, it is possible that in this class of men -we have the love sentiment in one of its most perfect forms--a form in -which from the necessities of the situation the sensuous element, though -present, is exquisitely subordinated to the spiritual. Says one writer -on this subject, a Swiss, “Happy indeed is that man who has won a real -Urning for his friend--he walks on roses, without ever having to fear the -thorns”; and he adds, “Can there ever be a more perfect sick-nurse than -an Urning?” And though these are _ex parte_ utterances, we may believe -that there is an appreciable grain of truth in them. Another writer, -quoted by De Joux, speaks to somewhat the same effect, and may perhaps be -received in a similar spirit. “We form,” he says, “a peculiar aristocracy -of modest spirits, of good and refined habit, and in many masculine -circles are the representatives of the higher mental and artistic -element. In us dreamers and enthusiasts lies the continual counterpoise -to the sheer masculine portion of society--inclining, as it always does, -to mere restless greed of gain and material sensual pleasures.” - -That men of this kind despise women, though a not uncommon belief, is -one which hardly appears to be justified. Indeed, though naturally not -inclined to “fall in love” in this direction, such men are by their -nature drawn rather near to women, and it would seem that they often feel -a singular appreciation and understanding of the emotional needs and -destinies of the other sex, leading in many cases to a genuine though -what is called ‘Platonic’ friendship. There is little doubt that they -are often instinctively sought after by women, who, without suspecting -the real cause, are conscious of a sympathetic chord in the homogenic -which they miss in the normal man. To quote De Joux once more: “It would -be a mistake to suppose that all Urnings must be woman-haters. Quite the -contrary. They are not seldom the faithfulest friends, the truest allies, -and most convinced defenders of women.” - -To come now to the more normal and perfect specimens of the homogenic -_woman_, we find a type in which the body is thoroughly feminine and -gracious, with the rondure and fulness of the female form, and the -continence and aptness of its movements, but in which the inner nature is -to a great extent masculine; a temperament active, brave, originative, -somewhat decisive, not too emotional; fond of out-door life, of games and -sports, of science, politics, or even business; good at organisation, and -well-pleased with positions of responsibility, sometimes indeed making an -excellent and generous leader. Such a woman, it is easily seen, from her -special combination of qualities, is often fitted for remarkable work, in -professional life, or as manageress of institutions, or even as ruler of -a country. Her love goes out to younger and more feminine natures than -her own; it is a powerful passion, almost of heroic type, and capable -of inspiring to great deeds; and when held duly in leash may sometimes -become an invaluable force in the teaching and training of girlhood, or -in the creation of a school of thought or action among women. Many a -Santa Clara, or abbess-founder of religious houses, has probably been a -woman of this type; and in all times such women--not being bound to men -by the ordinary ties--have been able to work the more freely for the -interests of their sex, a cause to which their own temperament impels -them to devote themselves _con amore_. - -I have now sketched--very briefly and inadequately it is true--both the -extreme types and the more healthy types of the ‘Intermediate’ man and -woman: types which can be verified from history and literature, though -more certainly and satisfactorily perhaps from actual life around us. -And unfamiliar though the subject is, it begins to appear that it is -one which modern thought and science will have to face. Of the latter -and more normal types it may be said that they exist, and have always -existed, in considerable abundance, and from that circumstance alone -there is a strong probability that they have their place and purpose. As -pointed out there is no particular indication of morbidity about them, -unless the special nature of their love-sentiment be itself accounted -morbid; and in the alienation of the sexes from each other, of which -complaint is so often made to-day, it must be admitted that they do much -to fill the gap. - -The instinctive artistic nature of the male of this class, his sensitive -spirit, his wavelike emotional temperament, combined with hardihood -of intellect and body; and the frank, free nature of the female, her -masculine independence and strength wedded to thoroughly feminine grace -of form and manner; may be said to give them both, through their double -nature, command of life in all its phases, and a certain freemasonry of -the secrets of the two sexes which may well favour their function as -reconcilers and interpreters. Certainly it is remarkable that some of the -world’s greatest leaders and artists have been dowered either wholly or -in part with the Uranian temperament--as in the cases of Michel Angelo, -Shakespeare, Marlowe, Alexander the Great, Julius Cæsar, or, among women, -Christine of Sweden, Sappho the poetess, and others. - - - - -III - -The Homogenic Attachment - - -In its various forms, so far as we know them, Love seems always to have a -deep significance and a most practical importance to us little mortals. -In one form, as the mere semi-conscious Sex-love, which runs through -creation and is common to the lowest animals and plants, it appears as -a kind of organic basis for the unity of all creatures; in another, as -the love of the mother for her offspring--which may also be termed a -passion--it seems to pledge itself to the care and guardianship of the -future race; in another, as the marriage of man and woman, it becomes -the very foundation of human society. And so we can hardly believe that -in its homogenic form, with which we are here concerned, it has not also -a deep significance, and social uses and functions which will become -clearer to us, the more we study it. - -To some perhaps it may appear a little strained to place this -last-mentioned form of attachment on a level of importance with the -others, and such persons may be inclined to deny to the homogenic[12] -or homosexual love that intense, that penetrating, and at times -overmastering character which would entitle it to rank as a great human -passion. But in truth this view, when entertained, arises from a want of -acquaintance with the actual facts; and it may not be amiss here, in the -briefest possible way, to indicate what the world’s History, Literature, -and Art has to say to us on this aspect of the subject, before going -on to further considerations. Certainly, if the confronting of danger -and the endurance of pain and distress for the sake of the loved one, -if sacrifice, unswerving devotion and life-long union, constitute -proofs of the reality and intensity (and let us say healthiness) of an -affection, then these proofs have been given in numberless cases of such -attachment, not only as existing between men, but as between women, since -the world began. The records of chivalric love, the feats of enamoured -knights for their ladies’ sakes, the stories of Hero and Leander, -etc., are easily paralleled, if not surpassed, by the stories of the -Greek comrades-in-arms and tyrannicides--of Cratinus and Aristodemus, -who offered themselves together as a voluntary sacrifice for the -purification of Athens; of Chariton and Melanippus,[13] who attempted -to assassinate Phalaris, the tyrant of Agrigentum; or of Cleomachus -who in like manner, in a battle between the Chalkidians and Eretrians, -being entreated to charge the latter, “asked the youth he loved, who was -standing by, whether he would be a spectator of the fight; and when he -said he would, and affectionately kissed Cleomachus and put his helmet -on his head, Cleomachus with a proud joy placed himself in the front of -the bravest of the Thessalians and charged the enemy’s cavalry with such -impetuosity that he threw them into disorder and routed them; and the -Eretrian cavalry fleeing in consequence, the Chalkidians won a splendid -victory.”[14] - -The annals of all nations contain similar records--though probably among -none has the ideal of this love been quite so enthusiastic and heroic -as among the post-Homeric Greeks. It is well known that among the -Polynesian Islanders--for the most part a very gentle and affectionate -people, probably inheriting the traditions of a higher culture than -they now possess--the most romantic male friendships are (or were) in -vogue. Says Herman Melville in “Omoo” (chap. 39), “The really curious -way in which all Polynesians are in the habit of making bosom friends -is deserving of remark.… In the annals of the island (Tahiti) are -examples of extravagant friendships, unsurpassed by the story of Damon -and Pythias--in truth much more wonderful; for notwithstanding the -devotion--even of life in some cases--to which they led, they were -frequently entertained at first sight for some stranger from another -island.” So thoroughly recognised indeed were these unions that Melville -explains (in “Typee,” chap. 18) that if two men of hostile tribes or -islands became thus pledged to each other, then each could pass through -the enemy’s territory without fear of molestation or injury; and the -passionate nature of these attachments is indicated by the following -passage from “Omoo” (another book of Melville’s):--“Though little -inclined to jealousy in ordinary love-matters, the Tahitian will hear of -no rivals in his _friendship_.” - -Even among savage races lower down than these in the scale of evolution, -and who are generally accused of being governed in their love-relations -only by the most animal desires, we find a genuine sentiment of -comradeship beginning to assert itself--as among the Balonda[15] and -other African tribes, where regular ceremonies of the betrothal of -comrades take place, by the transfusion of a few drops of blood into each -other’s drinking-bowls, by the exchange of names,[16] and the mutual -gift of their most precious possessions; but unfortunately, owing to the -obtuseness of current European opinion on this subject, these and other -such customs have been but little investigated and have by no means -received the attention that they ought. - -When we turn to the poetic and literary utterances of the more civilised -nations on this subject we cannot but be struck by the range and -intensity of the emotions expressed--from the beautiful threnody of David -over his friend whose love was passing the love of women, through the -vast panorama of the Homeric Iliad, of which the heroic friendship of -Achilles and his dear Patroclus forms really the basic theme, down to -the works of the great Greek age--the splendid odes of Pindar burning -with clear fire of passion, the lofty elegies of Theognis, full of wise -precepts to his beloved Kurnus, the sweet pastorals of Theocritus, the -passionate lyrics of Sappho, or the more sensual raptures of Anacreon. -Some of the dramas of Æschylus and Sophocles--as the “Myrmidones” of the -former and the “Lovers of Achilles” of the latter--appear to have had -this subject for their motive[17]; and many of the prose-poem dialogues -of Plato were certainly inspired by it. - -Then coming to the literature of the Roman age, whose materialistic -spirit could only with difficulty seize the finer inspiration of the -homogenic love, and which in such writers as Catullus and Martial could -only for the most part give expression to its grosser side, we still find -in Vergil, a noble and notable instance. His second Eclogue bears the -marks of a genuine passion; and, according to some,[18] he there under -the name of Alexis immortalises his own love for the youthful Alexander. -Nor is it possible to pass over in this connection the great mass of -Persian literature, and the poets Sadi, Hafiz, Jami, and many others, -whose names and works are for all time, and whose marvellous love-songs -(“Bitter and sweet is the parting kiss on the lips of a friend”) are to a -large extent, if not mostly, addressed to those of their own sex.[19] - -Of the mediæval period in Europe we have of course but few literary -monuments. Towards its close we come upon the interesting story of Amis -and Amile (thirteenth century), unearthed by Mr. W. Pater from the -Bibliotheca Elzeviriana.[20] Though there is historic evidence of the -prevalence of the passion we may say of this period that its _ideal_ was -undoubtedly rather the chivalric love than the love of comrades. But -with the Renaissance in Italy and the Elizabethan period in England the -latter once more comes to evidence in a burst of poetic utterance,[21] -which culminates perhaps in the magnificent sonnets of Michel Angelo -and of Shakespeare; of Michel Angelo whose pure beauty of expression -lifts the enthusiasm into the highest region as the direct perception -of the divine in mortal form;[22] and of Shakespeare--whose passionate -words and amorous spirituality of friendship have for long enough been -a perplexity to hide-bound commentators. Thence through minor writers -(not overlooking Winckelmann[23] in Germany) we pass to quite modern -times--in which, notwithstanding the fact that the passion has been -much misunderstood and misinterpreted, two names stand conspicuously -forth--those of Tennyson, whose “In Memoriam” is perhaps his finest work, -and of Walt Whitman, the enthusiasm of whose poems on Comradeship is only -paralleled by the devotedness of his labors for his wounded brothers in -the American Civil War. - -It will be noticed that here we have some of the very greatest names in -all literature concerned; and that their utterances on this subject equal -if they do not surpass, in beauty, intensity and humanity of sentiment, -whatever has been written in praise of the other more ordinarily -recognised love. - -And when again we turn to the records of Art, and compare the way -in which man’s sense of Love and Beauty has expressed itself in the -portrayal of the male form and the female form respectively we find -exactly the same thing. The whole vista of Greek statuary shows the -male passion of beauty in high degree. Yet though the statues of men and -youths (by men sculptors) preponderate probably considerably, both in -actual number and in devotedness of execution, over the statues of female -figures, it is, as J. A. Symonds says in his “Life of Michel Angelo,” -remarkable that in all the range of the former there are hardly two or -three that show a base or licentious expression, such as is not so very -uncommon in the female statues. Knowing as we do the strength of the -male physical passion in the life of the Greeks, this one fact speaks -strongly for the sense of proportion which must have characterised this -passion--at any rate in the most productive age of their Art. - -In the case of Michel Angelo we have an artist who with brush and chisel -portrayed literally thousands of human forms; but with this peculiarity, -that while scores and scores of his male figures are obviously suffused -and inspired by a romantic sentiment, there is hardly one of his female -figures that is so,--the latter being mostly representative of woman in -her part as mother, or sufferer, or prophetess or poetess, or in old age, -or in any aspect of strength or tenderness, except that which associates -itself especially with romantic love. Yet the cleanliness and dignity of -Michel Angelo’s male figures are incontestable, and bear striking witness -to that nobility of the sentiment in him, which we have already seen -illustrated in his sonnets.[24] - -This brief sketch may suffice to give the reader some idea of the place -and position in the world of the particular sentiment which we are -discussing; nor can it fail to impress him--if any reference is made to -the authorities quoted--with a sense of the dignity and solidity of the -sentiment, at any rate as handled by some of the world’s greatest men. -At the same time it would be affectation to ignore the fact that side -by side with this view of the subject there has been another current of -opinion leading people--especially in quite modern times in Europe--to -look upon attachments of the kind in question with much suspicion and -disfavour.[25] And it may be necessary here to say a few words on this -latter view. - -The origin of it is not far to seek. Those who have no great gift -themselves for this kind of friendship--who are not in the inner circle -of it, so to speak, and do not understand or appreciate its deep -emotional and romantic character, have nevertheless heard of certain -corruptions and excesses; for these latter leap to publicity. They have -heard of the debaucheries of a Nero or a Tiberius; they have noted the -scandals of the Police Courts; they have had some experience perhaps of -abuses which may be found in Public Schools or Barracks; and they (not -unnaturally) infer that these things, these excesses and sensualities, -are the motive of comrade-attachments, and the object for which they -exist; nor do they easily recognise any more profound and intimate bond. -To such people physical intimacies of _any_ kind (at any rate between -males) seem inexcusable. There is no distinction in their minds between -the simplest or most naive expression of feeling and the gravest abuse -of human rights and decency; there is no distinction between a genuine -heart-attachment and a mere carnal curiosity. They see certain evils -that occur or have occurred, and they think, perfectly candidly, that any -measures are justifiable to prevent such things recurring. But they do -not see the interior love-feeling which when it exists does legitimately -demand _some_ expression. Such folk, in fact, not having the key in -themselves to the real situation hastily assume that the homogenic -attachment has no other motive than, or is simply a veil and a cover for, -sensuality--and suspect or condemn it accordingly. - -Thus arises the curious discrepancy of people’s views on this important -subject--a discrepancy depending on the side from which they approach it. - -On the one hand we have anathemas and execrations, on the other we have -the lofty enthusiasm of a man like Plato--one of the leaders of the -world’s thought for all time--who puts, for example, into the mouth of -Phædrus (in the “Symposium”) such a passage as this[26]: “I know not any -greater blessing to a young man beginning life than a virtuous lover, or -to the lover than a beloved youth. For the principle which ought to be -the guide of men who would nobly live--that principle, I say, neither -kindred, nor honour, nor wealth, nor any other motive is able to implant -so well as love. Of what am I speaking? Of the sense of honour and -dishonour, without which neither states nor individuals ever do any good -or great work.… For what lover would not choose rather to be seen of all -mankind than by his beloved, either when abandoning his post or throwing -away his arms? He would be ready to die a thousand deaths rather than -endure this. Or who would desert his beloved or fail him in the hour of -danger? The veriest coward would become an inspired hero, equal to the -bravest, at such a time; love would inspire him. That courage which, as -Homer says, the god breathes into the soul of heroes, love of his own -nature inspires into the lover.” Or again in the “Phædrus” Plato makes -Socrates say[27]: “In like manner the followers of Apollo and of every -other god, walking in the ways of their god, seek a love who is to be -like their god, and when they have found him, they themselves imitate -their god, and persuade their love to do the same, and bring him into -harmony with the form and ways of the god as far as they can; for they -have no feelings of envy or jealousy towards their beloved, but they do -their utmost to create in him the greatest likeness of themselves and the -god whom they honour. Thus fair and blissful to the beloved when he is -taken, is the desire of the inspired lover, and the initiation of which I -speak into the mysteries of true love, if their purpose is effected.” - - * * * * * - -With these few preliminary remarks we may pass on to consider some recent -scientific investigations of the matter in hand. In late times--that is, -during the last thirty years or so--a group of scientific and capable men -chiefly in Germany, France, and Italy, have made a special and more or -less impartial study of it. Among these may be mentioned Dr. Albert Moll -of Berlin; R. von Krafft-Ebing, one of the leading medical authorities -of Vienna, whose book on “Sexual Psychopathy” has passed into its -tenth edition; Dr. Paul Moreau (“Des Aberrations du sens génésique”); -Cesare Lombroso, the author of various works on Anthropology; M. A. -Raffalovich (“Uranisme et unisexualité”); Auguste Forel (“Die Sexuelle -Frage”); Mantegazza; K. H. Ulrichs; and last but not least, Dr. Havelock -Ellis, of whose great work on the Psychology of Sex the second volume -is dedicated to the subject of “Sexual Inversion.”[28] The result of -these investigations has been that a very altered complexion has been -given to the subject. For whereas at first it was easily assumed that -the phenomena were of morbid character, and that the leaning of the -love-sentiment towards one of the same sex was always associated with -degeneracy or disease, it is very noticeable that step by step with the -accumulation of reliable information this assumption has been abandoned. -The point of view has changed; and the change has been most marked in the -latest authors, such as A. Moll and Havelock Ellis. - -It is not possible here to go into anything like a detailed account of -the works of these various authors, their theories, and the immense -number of interesting cases and observations which they have contributed; -but some of the general conclusions which flow from their researches may -be pointed out. In the first place their labors have established the -fact, known hitherto only to individuals, that _sexual inversion_--that -is the leaning of desire to one of the same sex--is in a vast number of -cases quite instinctive and congenital, mentally and physically, and -therefore twined in the very roots of individual life and practically -ineradicable. To Men or Women thus affected with an innate homosexual -bias, Ulrichs gave the name of Urning,[29] since pretty widely accepted -by scientists. Some details with regard to “Urnings,” I have given in -the preceding paper, but it should be said here that too much emphasis -cannot be laid on the distinction between these born lovers of their own -kind, and that class of persons, with whom they are so often confused, -who out of mere carnal curiosity or extravagance of desire, or from the -dearth of opportunities for a more normal satisfaction (as in schools, -barracks, etc.) adopt some homosexual practices. It is the latter class -who become chiefly prominent in the public eye, and who excite, naturally -enough, public reprobation. In their case the attraction is felt, by -themselves and all concerned, to be merely sensual and morbid. In the -case of the others, however, the feeling is, as said, so deeply rooted -and twined with the mental and emotional life that the person concerned -has difficulty in imagining himself affected otherwise than he is; and to -him at least his love appears healthy and natural, and indeed a necessary -part of his individuality. - -In the second place it has become clear that the number of individuals -affected with ‘sexual inversion’ in some degree or other is very -great--much greater than is generally supposed to be the case. It is -however very difficult or perhaps impossible to arrive at satisfactory -figures on the subject,[30] for the simple reasons that the proportions -vary so greatly among different peoples and even in different sections -of society and in different localities, and because of course there are -all possible grades of sexual inversion to deal with, from that in which -the instinct is _quite exclusively_ directed towards the same sex, to -the other extreme in which it is normally towards the opposite sex but -capable, occasionally and under exceptional attractions, of inversion -towards its own--this last condition being probably among some peoples -very widespread, if not universal. - -In the third place, by the tabulation and comparison of a great number -of cases and “confessions,” it has become pretty well established that -the individuals affected with inversion in marked degree do not after all -differ from the rest of mankind, or womankind, in any other physical or -mental particular which can be distinctly indicated.[31] No congenital -association with any particular physical conformation or malformation -has yet been discovered; nor with any distinct disease of body or mind. -Nor does it appear that persons of this class are usually of a gross or -specially low type, but if anything rather the opposite--being mostly -of refined, sensitive nature and including, as Krafft-Ebing points out -(“Psychopathia Sexualis,” seventh ed., p. 227) a great number “highly -gifted in the fine arts, especially music and poetry”; and, as Mantegazza -says,[32] many persons of high literary and social distinction. It is -true that Krafft-Ebing insists on the generally strong sexual equipment -of this class of persons (among men), but he hastens to say that their -emotional love is also “enthusiastic and exalted,”[33] and that, while -bodily congress is desired, the special act with which they are vulgarly -credited is in most cases repugnant to them.[34] - -The only distinct characteristic which the scientific writers claim to -have established is a marked tendency to nervous development in the -subject, not infrequently associated with nervous maladies; but--as I -shall presently have occasion to show--there is reason to think that the -validity even of this characteristic has been exaggerated. - -Taking the general case of men with a marked exclusive preference for -persons of their own sex, Krafft-Ebing says (“P.S.” p. 256): “The sexual -life of these Homosexuals is _mutatis mutandis_ just the same as in the -case of normal sex-love.… The Urning loves, deifies his male beloved -one, exactly as the woman-wooing man does _his_ beloved. For him, he is -capable of the greatest sacrifice, experiences the torments of unhappy, -often unrequited, love, of faithlessness on his beloved’s part, of -jealousy, and so forth. His attention is enchained only by the male form -… The sight of feminine charms is indifferent to him, if not repugnant.” -Then he goes on to say that many such men, notwithstanding their actual -aversion to intercourse with the female, do ultimately marry--either -from ethical, as sometimes happens, or from social considerations. But -very remarkable--as illustrating the depth and tenacity of the homogenic -instinct[35]--and pathetic too, are the records that he gives of these -cases; for in many of them a real friendship and regard between the -married pair was still of no avail to overcome the distaste on the part -of one to sexual intercourse with the other, or to prevent the experience -of actual physical distress after such intercourse, or to check the -continual flow of affection to some third person of the same sex; and -thus unwillingly, so to speak, this bias remained a cause of suffering to -the end. - -I have said that at the outset it was assumed that the Homogenic -emotion was morbid in itself, and probably always associated with -distinct disease, either physical or mental, but that the progress of -the inquiry has served more and more to dissipate this view; and that -it is noticeable that the latest of the purely scientific authorities -are the least disposed to insist upon the theory of morbidity. It is -true that Krafft-Ebing clings to the opinion that there is generally -some _neurosis_, or degeneration of a nerve-centre, or _inherited -tendency in that direction_, associated with the instinct; see p. 190 -(seventh ed.), also p. 227, where he speaks, rather vaguely, of “an -hereditary neuropathic or psychopathic tendency”--_neuro(psycho)pathische -Belastung_. But it is an obvious criticism on this that there are few -people in modern life, perhaps none, who could be pronounced absolutely -free from such a _Belastung_! And whether the Dorian Greeks or the -Polynesian Islanders or the Albanian mountaineers, or any of the other -notably hardy races among whom this affection has been developed, were -particularly troubled by nervous degeneration we may well doubt! - -As to Moll, though he speaks[36] of the instinct as morbid (feeling -perhaps in duty bound to do so), it is very noticeable that he abandons -the ground of its association with other morbid symptoms--as this -association, he says, is by no means always to be observed; and is fain -to rest his judgment on the _dictum_ that the mere failure of the sexual -instinct to propagate the species is itself pathological--a _dictum_ -which in its turn obviously springs from that pre-judgment of scientists -that generation is the sole object of love,[37] and which if pressed -would involve the good doctor in awkward dilemmas, as for instance that -every worker-bee is a pathological specimen. - -Finally we find that Havelock Ellis, one of the latest writers of weight -on this subject, in chapter vi. of his “Sexual Inversion,” combats the -idea that this temperament is necessarily morbid; and suggests that the -tendency should rather be called an anomaly than a disease. He says (2nd -edition, p. 186)[38] “Thus in sexual inversion we have what may fairly be -called a ‘sport’ or variation, one of those organic aberrations which we -see throughout living nature in plants and in animals.”[39] - -With regard to the nerve-degeneration theory, while it may be allowed -that sexual inversion is not uncommonly found in connection with the -specially nervous temperament, it must be remembered that its occasional -association with nervous troubles or disease is quite another matter; -since such troubles ought perhaps to be looked upon as the results rather -than the causes of the inversion. It is difficult of course for outsiders -not personally experienced in the matter to realise the great strain -and tension of nerves under which those persons grow up from boyhood to -manhood--or from girl to womanhood--who find their deepest and strongest -instincts under the ban of the society around them; who before they -clearly understand the drift of their own natures discover that they are -somehow cut off from the sympathy and understanding of those nearest to -them; and who know that they can never give expression to their tenderest -yearnings of affection without exposing themselves to the possible charge -of actions stigmatised as odious crimes.[40] That such a strain, acting -on one who is perhaps already of a nervous temperament, should tend -to cause nervous prostration or even mental disturbance is of course -obvious; and if such disturbances are really found to be commoner among -homogenic lovers than among ordinary folk we have in these social causes -probably a sufficient explanation of the fact. - -Then again in this connexion it must never be forgotten that the -medico-scientific enquirer is bound on the whole to meet with those cases -that _are_ of a morbid character, rather than with those that are healthy -in their manifestation, since indeed it is the former that he lays -himself out for. And since the field of his research is usually a great -modern city, there is little wonder if disease colours his conclusions. -In the case of Dr. Moll, who carried out his researches largely under the -guidance of the Berlin police (whose acquaintance with the subject would -naturally be limited to its least satisfactory sides), the only marvel -is that his verdict is so markedly favorable as it is. As Krafft-Ebing -says in his own preface, “It is the sad privilege of Medicine, and -especially of Psychiatry, to look always on the reverse side of life, on -the weakness and wretchedness of man.” - -Having regard then to the direction in which science has been steadily -moving in this matter, it is not difficult to see that the epithet -“morbid” will probably before long be abandoned as descriptive of the -homogenic bias--that is, of the general sentiment of love towards a -person of the same sex. That there are excesses of the passion--cases, -as in ordinary sex-love, where mere physical desire becomes a mania--we -may freely admit; but as it would be unfair to judge of the purity of -marriage by the evidence of the Divorce courts, so it would be monstrous -to measure the truth and beauty of the attachment in question by those -instances which stand most prominently perhaps in the eye of the modern -public; and after all deductions there remains, we contend, the vast -body of cases in which the manifestation of the instinct has on the -whole the character of normality and healthfulness--sufficiently so in -fact to constitute this _a distinct variety of the sexual passion_. The -question, of course, not being whether the instinct is _capable_ of -morbid and extravagant manifestation--for that can easily be proved of -any instinct--but whether it is capable of a healthy and sane expression. -And this, we think, it has abundantly shown itself to be. - -Anyhow the work that Science has practically done has been to destroy -the dogmatic attitude of the former current opinion from which itself -started, and to leave the whole subject freed from a great deal of -misunderstanding, and much more open than before. If on the one hand its -results have been chiefly of a negative character, and it admits that it -does not understand the exact place and foundation of this attachment; on -the other hand since it recognises the deeply beneficial influences of -an intimate love-relation of the usual kind on those concerned, it also -allows that there are some persons for whom these necessary reactions can -only come from one of the same sex as themselves. - -“Successful love,” says Moll (p. 125) “exercises a helpful influence on -the Urning. His mental and bodily condition improves, and capacity of -work increases--just as it happens in the case of a normal youth with -_his_ love.” And further on (p. 173) in a letter from a man of this kind -occur these words:--“The passion is I suppose so powerful, just because -one looks for everything in the loved man--Love, Friendship, Ideal, and -Sense-satisfaction.… As it is at present I suffer the agonies of a deep -unresponded passion, which wake me like a nightmare from sleep. And I am -conscious of physical pain in the region of the heart.” In such cases the -love, in some degree physically expressed, of another person of the same -sex, is allowed to be as much a necessity and a condition of healthy life -and activity, as in more ordinary cases is the love of a person of the -opposite sex. - -If then the physical element which is sometimes present in the love of -which we are speaking is a difficulty and a stumbling-block, it must -be allowed that it is a difficulty that Nature confronts us with, and -which cannot be disposed of by mere anathema and execration. The only -theory--from K. H. Ulrichs to Havelock Ellis--which has at all held its -ground in this matter, is that in congenital cases of sex-inversion -there is a mixture of male and female elements in the same person; so -that for instance in the same embryo the emotional and nervous regions -may develop along feminine lines while the outer body and functions -may determine themselves as distinctly masculine, or _vice versa_. -Such cross-development may take place obviously in a great variety of -ways, and thus possibly explain the remarkable varieties of the Uranian -temperament; but in all such cases, strange as may be the problems thus -arising, these problems are of Nature’s own producing and can hardly -be laid to the door of the individual who has literally to bear their -cross. For such individuals expressions of feeling become natural, which -to others seem out of place and uncalled for; and not only natural, -but needful and inevitable. To deny to such people _all_ expression of -their emotion, is probably in the end to cause it to burst forth with -the greater violence; and it may be suggested that our British code of -manners, by forbidding the lighter marks of affection between youths and -men, acts just contrary to its own purpose, and drives intimacies down -into less open and unexceptionable channels. - -With regard to this physical element it must also be remembered that -since the homogenic love--whether between man and man, or between woman -and woman--can from the nature of the case never find expression on -the physical side so freely and completely as is the case with the -ordinary love, it must tend rather more than the latter to run along -_emotional_ channels, and to find its vent in sympathies of social life -and companionship. If one studies carefully the expression of the Greek -statues (see p. 9, supra) and the lesson of the Greek literature, one -sees clearly that the _ideal_ of Greek life was a very continent one: the -trained male, the athlete, the man temperate and restrained, even chaste, -for the sake of bettering his powers. It was round this conception that -the Greeks kindled their finer emotions. And so of their love: a base and -licentious indulgence was not in line with it. They may not have always -kept to their ideal, but there it was. And I am inclined to think that -the homogenic instinct (for the reasons given above) would in the long -run tend to work itself out in this direction. And consonant with this is -the fact that this passion in the past (as pointed out by J. Addington -Symonds in his paper on “Dantesque and Platonic Ideals of Love”[41]) -has, as a matter of fact, inspired such a vast amount of heroism and -romance--only paralleled indeed by the loves of Chivalry, which of -course, owing to their special character, were subject to a similar -Transmutation. - -In all these matters the popular opinion has probably been largely -influenced by the arbitrary notion that the function of love is limited -to child-breeding; and that any love not concerned in the propagation -of the race must necessarily be of dubious character. And in enforcing -this view, no doubt the Hebraic and Christian tradition has exercised a -powerful influence--dating, as it almost certainly does, from far-back -times when the multiplication of the tribe was one of the first duties -of its members, and one of the first necessities of corporate life.[42] -But nowadays when the need has swung round all the other way it is not -unreasonable to suppose that a similar revolution will take place in -people’s views of the place and purpose of the non-child-bearing love.[43] - - * * * * * - -I have now said enough I think to show that though much in relation to -the homogenic attachment is obscure, and though it may have its special -pitfalls and temptations--making it quite necessary to guard against a -too great latitude on the physical side; yet on its ethical and social -sides it is pregnant with meaning and has received at various times in -history abundant justification. It certainly does not seem impossible -to suppose that as the ordinary love has a special function in the -propagation of the race, so the other has its special function in social -and heroic work, and in the generation--not of bodily children--but of -those children of the mind, the philosophical conceptions and ideals -which transform our lives and those of society. J. Addington Symonds, -in his privately printed pamphlet, “A Problem in Greek Ethics” (now -published in a German translation),[44] endeavours to reconstruct as -it were the genesis of comrade-love among the Dorians in early Greek -times. Thus:--“Without sufficiency of women, without the sanctities of -established domestic life, inspired by the memories of Achilles and -venerating their ancestor Herakles, the Dorian warriors had special -opportunity for elevating comradeship to the rank of an enthusiasm. -The incidents of emigration into a foreign country--perils of the sea, -passages of rivers and mountains, assaults of fortresses and cities, -landings on a hostile shore, night-vigils by the side of blazing -beacons, foragings for food, picquet service in the front of watchful -foes--involved adventures capable of shedding the lustre of romance on -friendship. These circumstances, by bringing the virtues of sympathy -with the weak, tenderness for the beautiful, protection for the young, -together with corresponding qualities of gratitude, self-devotion, and -admiring attachment into play, may have tended to cement unions between -man and man no less firm than that of marriage. On such connections a -wise captain would have relied for giving strength to his battalions, and -for keeping alive the flames of enterprise and daring.” The author then -goes on to suggest that though in such relations as those indicated the -physical probably had some share, yet it did not at that time overbalance -the emotional and spiritual elements, or lead to the corruption and -effeminacy of a later age. - -At Sparta the lover was called _Eispnêlos_, the inspirer, and the younger -beloved _Aïtes_, the hearer. This alone would show the partly educational -aspects in which comradeship was conceived; and a hundred passages from -classic literature might be quoted to prove how deeply it had entered -into the Greek mind that this love was the cradle of social chivalry and -heroic life. Finally it seems to have been Plato’s favorite doctrine -that the relation if properly conducted led up to the disclosure of -true philosophy in the mind, to the divine vision or mania, and to the -remembrance or rekindling within the soul of all the forms of celestial -beauty. He speaks of this kind of love as causing a “generation in the -beautiful”[45] within the souls of the lovers. The image of the beloved -one passing into the mind of the lover and upward through its deepest -recesses reaches and unites itself to the essential forms of divine -beauty there long hidden--the originals as it were of all creation--and -stirring them to life excites a kind of generative descent of noble -thoughts and impulses, which henceforward modify the whole cast of -thought and life of the one so affected. - -If there is any truth--even only a grain or two--in these speculations, -it is easy to see that the love with which we are specially dealing -is a very important factor in society, and that its neglect, or its -repression, or its vulgar misapprehension, may be matters of considerable -danger or damage to the common-weal. It is easy to see that while -on the one hand marriage is of indispensable importance to the State -as providing the workshop as it were for the breeding and rearing of -children, another form of union is almost equally indispensable to -supply the basis for social activities of other kinds. Every one is -conscious that without a close affectional tie of some kind his life is -not complete, his powers are crippled, and his energies are inadequately -spent. Yet it is not to be expected (though it may of course happen) -that the man or woman who have dedicated themselves to each other and -to family life should leave the care of their children and the work -they have to do at home in order to perform social duties of a remote -and less obvious, though may be more arduous, character. Nor is it to -be expected that a man or woman single-handed, without the counsel of a -helpmate in the hour of difficulty, or his or her love in the hour of -need, should feel equal to these wider activities. If--to refer once more -to classic story--the love of Harmodius had been for a wife and children -at home, he would probably not have cared, and it would hardly have been -his business, to slay the tyrant. And unless on the other hand each of -the friends had had the love of his comrade to support him, the two -could hardly have nerved themselves to this audacious and ever-memorable -exploit. So it is difficult to believe that anything can supply the force -and liberate the energies required for social and mental activities of -the most necessary kind so well as a comrade-union which yet leaves the -two lovers free from the responsibilities and impedimenta of family life. - -For if the slaughter of tyrants is not the chief social duty nowadays, -we have with us hydra-headed monsters at least as numerous as the -tyrants of old, and more difficult to deal with, and requiring no little -courage to encounter. And beyond the extirpation of evils we have solid -work waiting to be done in the patient and life-long building up of new -forms of society, new orders of thought, and new institutions of human -solidarity--all of which in their genesis must meet with opposition, -ridicule, hatred, and even violence. Such campaigns as these--though -different in kind from those of the Dorian mountaineers described -above--will call for equal hardihood and courage, and will stand in -need of a comradeship as true and valiant. And it may indeed be doubted -whether the higher heroic and spiritual life of a nation is ever quite -possible without the sanction of this attachment in its institutions, -adding a new range and scope to the possibilities of love.[46] - -Walt Whitman, the inaugurator, it may almost be said, of a new world -of democratic ideals and literature, and--as one of the best of our -critics has remarked--the most Greek in spirit and in performance of -modern writers, insists continually on this social function of “intense -and loving comradeship, the personal and passionate attachment of man -to man.” “I will make,” he says, “the most splendid race the sun ever -shone upon, I will make divine magnetic lands.… I will make inseparable -cities with their arms about each others’ necks, by the love of -comrades.” And again, in “Democratic Vistas,” “It is to the development, -identification, and general prevalence of that fervid comradeship (the -adhesive love at least rivaling the amative love hitherto possessing -imaginative literature, if not going beyond it), that I look for the -counterbalance and offset of materialistic and vulgar American Democracy, -and for the spiritualisation thereof.… I say Democracy infers such loving -comradeship, as its most inevitable twin or counterpart, without which it -will be incomplete, in vain, and incapable of perpetuating itself.” - -Yet Whitman could not have spoken, as he did, with a kind of authority -on this subject, if he had not been fully aware that through the masses -of the people this attachment was already alive and working--though -doubtless in a somewhat suppressed and un-self-conscious form--and if -he had not had ample knowledge of its effects and influence in himself -and others around him. Like all great artists he could but give form -and light to that which already existed dim and inchoate in the heart -of the people. To those who have dived at all below the surface in this -direction it will be familiar enough that the homogenic passion ramifies -widely through all modern society, and that among the masses of the -people as among the classes, even below the stolid surface and reserve -of British manners, letters pass and enduring attachments are formed, -differing in no very obvious respect from those correspondences which -persons of opposite sex knit with each other under similar circumstances; -but that hitherto while this relation has occasionally, in its grosser -forms and abuses, come into public notice through the police reports, -etc., its more sane and spiritual manifestations--though really a moving -force in the body politic--have remained unrecognised. - -It is hardly needful in these days when social questions loom so -large upon us to emphasise the importance of a bond which by the most -passionate and lasting compulsion may draw members of the different -classes together, and (as it often seems to do) none the less strongly -because they are members of different classes. A moment’s consideration -must convince us that such a comradeship may, as Whitman says, have -“deepest relations to general politics.” It is noticeable, too, in this -deepest relation to politics that the movement among women towards -their own liberation and emancipation, which is taking place all over -the civilised world, has been accompanied by a marked development of -the homogenic passion among the female sex. It may be said that a -certain strain in the relations between the opposite sexes which has -come about owing to a growing consciousness among women that they have -been oppressed and unfairly treated by men, and a growing unwillingness -to ally themselves unequally in marriage--that this strain has caused -the womenkind to draw more closely together and to cement alliances of -their own. But whatever the cause may be it is pretty certain that such -comrade-alliances--and of quite devoted kind--are becoming increasingly -common, and especially perhaps among the more cultured classes of women, -who are working out the great cause of their sex’s liberation; nor is it -difficult to see the importance of such alliances in such a campaign. In -the United States where the battle of women’s independence is also being -fought, the tendency mentioned is as strongly marked. - -A few words may here be said about the legal aspect of this important -question. It has to be remarked that the present state of the Law, -both in Germany and Britain--arising as it does partly out of some of -the misapprehensions above alluded to, and partly out of the sheer -unwillingness of legislators to discuss the question--is really -impracticable. While the Law rightly seeks to prevent acts of violence -or public scandal, it may be argued that it is going beyond its province -when it attempts to regulate the private and voluntary relations of -adult persons to each other. The homogenic affection is a valuable -social force, and in some cases a necessary element of noble human -character--yet the Act of 1885 makes almost any familiarity in such -cases the possible basis of a criminal charge. The Law has no doubt had -substantial ground for previous statutes on this subject--dealing with a -certain gross act; but in so severely condemning the least familiarity -between male persons[47] we think it has gone too far. It has undertaken -a censorship over private morals (entirely apart from social results) -which is beyond its province, and which--even if it were its province--it -could not possibly fulfil;[48] it has opened wider than ever before the -door to a real, most serious social evil and crime--that of blackmailing; -and it has thrown a shadow over even the simplest and most ordinary -expressions of an attachment which may, as we have seen, be of great -value in the national life. - -That the homosexual feeling, like the heterosexual, may lead to public -abuses of liberty and decency; that it needs a strict self-control; -and that much teaching and instruction on the subject is needed; we of -course do not deny. But as, in the case of persons of opposite sex, the -law limits itself on the whole to a maintenance of public order, the -protection of the weak from violence and insult,[49] and of the young -from their inexperience; so we think it should be here. The much-needed -teaching and the true morality on the subject must be given--as it can -only be given--by the spread of proper education and ideas, and not by -the clumsy bludgeon of the statute-book.[50] - -Having thus shown the importance of the homogenic or comrade-attachment, -in some form, in national life, it would seem high time now that the -modern peoples should recognise this in their institutions, and endeavour -at least in their public opinion and systems of education to understand -this factor and give it its proper place. The undoubted evils which exist -in relation to it, for instance in our public schools as well as in our -public life, owe their existence largely to the fact that the whole -subject is left in the gutter so to speak--in darkness and concealment. -No one offers a clue of better things, nor to point a way out of the -wilderness; and by this very non-recognition the passion is perverted -into its least satisfactory channels. All love, one would say, must have -its responsibilities, else it is liable to degenerate, and to dissipate -itself in mere sentiment or sensuality. The normal marriage between man -and woman leads up to the foundation of the household and the family; -the love between parents and children implies duties and cares on both -sides. The homogenic attachment left unrecognised, easily loses some -of its best quality and becomes an ephemeral or corrupt thing. Yet, -as we have seen, and as I am pointing out in the following chapter, -it may, when occurring between an elder and younger, prove to be an -immense educational force; while, as between equals, it may be turned -to social and heroic uses, such as can hardly be demanded or expected -from the ordinary marriage. It would seem high time, I say, that public -opinion should recognise these facts; and so give to this attachment the -sanction and dignity which arise from public recognition, as well as -the definite form and outline which would flow from the existence of an -accepted ideal or standard in the matter. It is often said how necessary -for the morality of the ordinary marriage is some public recognition of -the relation, and some accepted standard of conduct in it. May not, to -a lesser degree, something of the same kind (as suggested in the next -chapter) be true of the homogenic attachment? It has had its place as -a recognised and guarded institution in the elder and more primitive -societies; and it seems quite probable that a similar place will be -accorded to it in the societies of the future. - - - - -IV - -Affection in Education - - -The place of Affection, and the need of it, as an educative force in -school-life, is a subject which is beginning to attract a good deal of -attention. Hitherto Education has been concentred on intellectual (and -physical) development; but the affections have been left to take care of -themselves. Now it is beginning to be seen that the affections have an -immense deal to say in the building up of the brain and the body. Their -evolution and organisation in some degree is probably going to become an -important part of school management. - -School friendships of course exist; and almost every one remembers that -they filled a large place in the outlook of his early years; but he -remembers, too, that they were not recognised in any way, and that in -consequence the main part of their force and value was wasted. Yet it is -evident that the first unfolding of a strong attachment in boyhood or -girlhood must have a profound influence; while if it occurs between an -elder and a younger school-mate, or--as sometimes happens--between the -young thing and its teacher, its importance in the educational sense can -hardly be overrated. - -That such feelings sometimes take quite intense and romantic forms few -will deny. I have before me a letter, in which the author, speaking of -an attachment he experienced when a boy of sixteen for a youth somewhat -older than himself, says:-- - - “I would have died for him ten times over. My devices and plannings - to meet him (to come across him casually, as it were) were those - of a lad for his sweetheart, and when I saw him my heart beat so - violently that it caught my breath, and I could not speak. We met - in----, and for the weeks that he stayed there I thought of nothing - else--thought of him night and day--and when he returned to London - I used to write him weekly letters, veritable love-letters of many - sheets in length. Yet I never felt one particle of jealousy, though - our friendship lasted for some years. The passion, violent and - extravagant as it was, I believe to have been perfectly free from - sex-feeling and perfectly wholesome and good for me. It distinctly - contributed to my growth. Looking back upon it and analysing it as - well as I can, I seem to see as the chief element in it an escape - from the extremely narrow Puritanism in which I was reared, into - a large sunny ingenuous nature which knew nothing at all of the - bondage of which I was beginning to be acutely conscious.” - -Shelley in his fragmentary “Essay on Friendship” speaks in the most -glowing terms of an attachment he formed at school, and so does Leigh -Hunt in his “Autobiography.” Says the latter:-- - - “If I had reaped no other benefit from Christ Hospital, the school - would be ever dear to me from the recollection of the friendships - I formed in it, and of the first heavenly taste it gave me of - that most spiritual of the affections.… I shall never forget the - impression it made on me. I loved my friend for his gentleness, his - candour, his truth, his good repute, his freedom even from my own - livelier manner, his calm and reasonable kindness.… I doubt whether - he ever had a conception of a tithe of the regard and respect - I entertained for him, and I smile to think of the perplexity - (though he never showed it) which he probably felt sometimes at my - enthusiastic expressions; for I thought him a kind of angel.” - -It is not necessary, however, to quote authorities on such a subject as -this.[51] Any one who has had experience of schoolboys knows well enough -that they are capable of forming these romantic and devoted attachments, -and that their alliances are often of the kind especially referred to as -having a bearing on education--_i.e._, between an elder and a younger. -They are genuine attractions, free as a rule, and at their inception, -from secondary motives. They are not formed by the elder one for any -personal ends. More often, indeed, I think they are begun by the younger, -who naively allows his admiration of the elder one to become visible. But -they are absorbing and intense, and on either side their influence is -deeply felt and long remembered. - -That such attachments _may_ be of the very greatest value is -self-evident. The younger boy looks on the other as a hero, loves to -be with him, thrills with pleasure at his words of praise or kindness, -imitates, and makes him his pattern and standard, learns exercises and -games, contracts habits, or picks up information from him. The elder one, -touched, becomes protector and helper; the unselfish side of his nature -is drawn out, and he develops a real affection and tenderness towards -the younger. He takes all sorts of trouble to initiate his _protégé_ in -field sports or studies; is proud of the latter’s success; and leads him -on perhaps later to share his own ideals of life and thought and work. - -Sometimes the alliance will begin, in a corresponding way, from the side -of the elder boy. Sometimes, as said, between a boy and a master such an -attachment, or the germ of it, is found; and indeed it is difficult to -say what gulf, or difference of age, or culture, or class in society, is -so great that affection of this kind will not on occasion overpass it. -I have by me a letter which was written by a boy of eleven or twelve to -a young man of twenty-four or twenty-five. The boy was rather a wild, -“naughty” boy, and had given his parents (working-class folk) a good deal -of trouble. He attended, however, some sort of night-school or evening -class and there conceived the strongest affection (evidenced by this -letter) for his teacher, the young man in question, quite spontaneously, -and without any attempt on the part of the latter to elicit it; and -(which was equally important) without any attempt on his part to _deny_ -it. The result was most favorable; the one force which could really reach -the boy had, as it were, been found; and he developed rapidly and well. - -The following extract is from a letter written by an elderly man who has -had large experience as a teacher. He says-- - - “It has always seemed to me that the _rapport_ that exists between - two human beings, whether of the same or of different sexes, is - a force not sufficiently recognised, and capable of producing - great results. Plato fully understood its importance, and aimed - at giving what to his countrymen was more or less sensual, a - noble and exalted direction.… As one who has had much to do in - instructing boys and starting them in life, I am convinced that the - great secret of being a good teacher consists in the possibility - of that _rapport_; not only of a merely intellectual nature, but - involving a certain physical element, a personal affection, almost - indescribable, that grows up between pupil and teacher, and through - which thoughts are shared and an influence created that could exist - in no other way.” - -And it must be evident to every one that to the expanding mind of a small -boy to have a relation of real affection with some sensible and helpful -elder of his own sex must be a priceless boon. At that age love to the -other sex has hardly declared itself, and indeed is not exactly what -is wanted. The unformed mind requires an ideal of itself, as it were, -to which it can cling or towards which it can grow. Yet it is equally -evident that the relation and the success of it, will depend immensely on -the character of the elder one, on the self-restraint and tenderness of -which he is capable, and on the ideal of life which he has in his mind. -That, possibly, is the reason why Greek custom, at least in the early -days of Hellas, not only recognised friendships between elder and younger -youths as a national institution of great importance, but laid down very -distinct laws or rules concerning the conduct of them, so as to be a -guide and a help to the elder in what was acknowledged to be a position -of responsibility. - -In Crete, for instance,[52] the friendship was entered into in quite a -formal and public way, with the understanding and consent of relatives; -the position of the elder was clearly defined, and it became his business -to train and exercise the younger in skill of arms, the chase, etc.; -while the latter could obtain redress at law if the elder subjected -him to insult or injury of any kind. At the end of a certain period -of probation, if the younger desired it he could leave his comrade; if -not, he became his squire or henchman--the elder being bound to furnish -his military equipments--and they fought thenceforward side by side in -battle, “inspired with double valor, according to the notions of the -Cretans, by the gods of war and love.”[53] Similar customs prevailed in -Sparta, and, in a less defined way, in other Greek states; as, indeed, -they have prevailed among many semi-barbaric races on the threshold of -civilisation. - -When, however, we turn to modern life and the actual situation, as for -instance in the public schools of to-day, it may well be objected that -we find very little of the suggested ideal, but rather an appalling -descent into the most uninspiring conditions. So far from friendship -being an institution whose value is recognised and understood, it is at -best scantily acknowledged, and is often actually discountenanced and -misunderstood. And though attachments such as we have portrayed exist, -they exist underground, as it were, at their peril, and half-stifled in -an atmosphere which can only be described as that of the gutter. Somehow -the disease of premature sexuality seems to have got possession of our -centres of education; wretched practices and habits abound, and (what is -perhaps their worst feature) cloud and degrade the boys’ conception of -what true love or friendship may be. - -To those who are familiar with large public schools the state of affairs -does not need describing. A friend (who has placed some notes at my -disposal) says that in his time a certain well-known public school was a -mass of uncleanness, incontinence, and dirty conversation, while at the -same time a great deal of genuine affection, even to heroism, was shown -among the boys in their relations with one another. But “all these things -were treated by masters and boys alike as more or less unholy, with -the result that they were either sought after or flung aside according -to the sexual or emotional instinct of the boy. No attempt was made -at discrimination. A kiss was by comparison as unclean as the act of -_fellatio_, and no one had any gauge or principle whatever on which to -guide the cravings of boyhood.” The writer then goes into details which -it is not necessary to reproduce here. He (and others) were initiated -in the mysteries of sex by the dormitory servant; and the boys thus -corrupted mishandled each other. - -Naturally in any such atmosphere as this the chances _against_ the -formation of a decent and healthy attachment are very large. If the elder -youth happen to be given to sensuality he has here his opportunity; if on -the other hand he is _not_ given to it, the ideas current around probably -have the effect of making him suspect his own affection, and he ends by -smothering and disowning the best part of his nature. In both ways harm -is done. The big boys in such places become either coarse and licentious -or hard and self-righteous; the small boys, instead of being educated and -strengthened by the elder ones, become effeminate little wretches, the -favorites, the petted boys, and the “spoons” of the school. As time goes -on the public opinion of the school ceases to believe in the possibility -of a healthy friendship; the masters begin to presume (and not without -reason) that all affection means sensual practices, and end by doing -their best to discourage it. - -Now this state of affairs is really desperate. There is no need to be -puritanical, or to look upon the lapses of boyhood as unpardonable sins; -indeed, it may be allowed, as far as that goes, that a little frivolity -is better than hardness and self-righteousness; yet every one feels, and -must feel, who knows anything about the matter, that the state of our -schools is bad. - -And it is so because, after all, purity (in the sense of continence) _is_ -of the first importance to boyhood. To prolong the period of continence -in a boy’s life is to prolong the period of _growth_. This is a simple -physiological law, and a very obvious one; and whatever other things -may be said in favour of purity, it remains perhaps the most weighty. -To introduce sensual and sexual habits--and one of the worst of these -is self-abuse--at an early age, is to arrest growth, both physical and -mental. - -And what is even more, it means to arrest the capacity for affection. -I believe affection, attachment--whether to the one sex or the -other--springs up normally in the youthful mind in a quite diffused, -ideal, emotional form--a kind of longing and amazement as at something -divine--with no definite thought or distinct consciousness of sex in it. -The sentiment expands and fills, as it were like a rising tide, every -cranny of the emotional and moral nature; and the longer (of course -within reasonable limits) its definite outlet towards sex is deferred, -the longer does this period of emotional growth and development continue, -and the greater is the refinement and breadth and strength of character -resulting. All experience shows that a too early outlet towards sex -cheapens and weakens affectional capacity. - -Yet this early outlet it is which is the great trouble of our public -schools. And it really does not seem unlikely that the peculiar character -of the middle-class man of to-day, his undeveloped affectional nature and -something of brutishness and woodenness, is largely due to the prevalent -condition of the places of his education. The Greeks, with their -wonderful instinct of fitness, seem to have perceived the right path in -all this matter; and, while encouraging friendship, as we have seen, -made a great point of modesty in early life--the guardians and teachers -of every well-born boy being especially called upon to watch over the -sobriety of his habits and manners.[54] - -We have then in education generally, it seems to me (and whether of boys -or of girls), two great currents to deal with, which cannot be ignored, -and which certainly ought to be candidly recognized and given their right -direction. One of these currents is that of friendship. The other is -that of the young thing’s natural curiosity about sex. The latter is of -course, or should be, a perfectly legitimate interest. A boy at puberty -naturally wants to know--and ought to know--what is taking place, and -what the uses and functions of his body are. He does not go very deep -into things; a small amount of information will probably satisfy him; but -the curiosity is there, and it is pretty certain that the boy, if he is -a boy of any sense or character, _will_ in some shape or another get to -satisfy it. - -The process is really a _mental_ one. Desire--except in some abnormal -cases--has not manifested itself strongly; and there is often perhaps -generally, an actual repugnance at first to anything like sexual -practices; but the wish for information exists and is, I say, legitimate -enough.[55] In almost all human societies except, curiously, the modern -nations, there have been institutions for the initiation of the youth of -either sex into these matters, and these initiations have generally been -associated, in the opening blossom of the young mind, with inculcation of -the ideals of manhood and womanhood, courage, hardihood, and the duties -of the citizen or the soldier.[56] - -But what does the modern school do? It shuts a trap-door down on the -whole matter. There is a hush; a grim silence. Legitimate curiosity soon -becomes illegitimate of its kind; and a furtive desire creeps in, where -there was no desire before. The method of the gutter prevails. In the -absence of any recognition of schoolboy needs, contraband information is -smuggled from one to another; chaff and ‘smut’ take the place of sensible -and decent explanations; unhealthy practices follow; the sacredness -of sex goes its way, never to return, and the school is filled with -premature and morbid talk and thought about a subject which should, by -rights, only just be rising over the mental horizon. - -The meeting of these two currents, of ideal attachment and sexual desire, -constitutes a rather critical period, even when it takes place in the -normal way--_i.e._, later on, and at the matrimonial age. Under the most -favorable conditions a certain conflict occurs in the mind at their -first encounter. But in the modern school this conflict, precipitated -far too soon, and accompanied by an artificial suppression of the nobler -current and a premature hastening of the baser one, ends in simple -disaster to the former. Masters wage war against incontinence, and are -right to do so. But how do they wage it? As said, by grim silence and -fury, by driving the abscess deeper, by covering the drain over, _and_ by -confusing when it comes before them--both in their own minds and those of -the boys--a real attachment with that which they condemn. - -Not long ago the headmaster of a large public school coming suddenly out -of his study chanced upon two boys embracing each other in the corridor. -Possibly, and even probably, it was the simple and natural expression of -an unsophisticated attachment. Certainly, it was nothing that in itself -could be said to be either right or wrong. What did he do? He haled the -two boys into his study, gave them a long lecture on the nefariousness of -their conduct, with copious hints that he knew _what such things meant_, -and _what they led to_, and ended by punishing both condignly. Could -anything be more foolish? If their friendship was clean and natural, -the master was only trying to make them feel that it was unclean and -unnatural, and that a lovely and honorable thing was disgraceful; if the -act was--which at least is improbable--a mere signal of lust--even then -the best thing would have been to assume that it was honorable, and by -talking to the boys, either together or separately, to try and inspire -them with a better ideal; while if, between these positions, the master -really thought the affection though honorable would lead to things -undesirable, then, plainly, to punish the two was only to cement their -love for each other, to give them a strong reason for concealing it, and -to hasten its onward course. Yet every one knows that this is the _kind_ -of way in which the subject is treated in schools. It is the method of -despair. And masters (perhaps not unnaturally) finding that they have -not the time which would be needed for personal dealing with each boy, -nor the forces at their command by which they might hope to introduce -new ideals of life and conduct into their little community, and feeling -thus utterly unable to cope with the situation, allow themselves to drift -into a policy of mere silence with regard to it, tempered by outbreaks of -ungoverned and unreasoning severity. - -I venture to think that school-masters will never successfully solve the -difficulty until they boldly recognize the two needs in question, and -proceed candidly to give them their proper satisfaction. - -The need of information--the legitimate curiosity--of boys (and girls) -must be met, (1) partly by classes on physiology, (2) partly by private -talks and confidences between elder and younger, based on friendship. -With regard to (1) classes of this kind are already, happily, being -carried on at a few advanced schools, and with good results. And though -such classes can only go rather generally into the facts of motherhood -and generation they cannot fail, if well managed, to impress the young -minds, and give them a far grander and more reverent conception of the -matter than they usually gain. - -But (2) although some rudimentary teaching on sex and lessons in -physiology may be given in classes, it is obvious that further -instruction and indeed any real help in the conduct of life and morals -can only come through very close and tender confidences between the -elder and the younger, such as exist where there is a strong friendship -to begin with. It is obvious that effective help _can_ only come in -this way, and that this is the only way in which it is desirable that -it should come. The elder friend in this case would, one might say, -naturally be, and in many instances may be, the parent, mother or -father--who ought certainly to be able to impress on the clinging child -the sacredness of the relation. And it is much to be hoped that parents -will see their way to take this part more freely in the future. But -for some unexplained reason there is certainly often a gulf of reserve -between the (British) parent and child; and the boy who is much at school -comes more under the influence of his elder companions than his parents. -If, therefore, boys and youths cannot be trusted and encouraged to form -decent and loving friendships with each other, and with their elders -or juniors--in which many delicate questions could be discussed and -the tradition of sensible and manly conduct with regard to sex handed -down--we are indeed in a bad plight and involved in a vicious circle from -which escape seems difficult. - -And so (we think) the need of attachment must also be met by full -recognition of it, and the granting of it expression within all -reasonable limits; by the dissemination of a good ideal of friendship -and the enlistment of it on the side of manliness and temperance. Is it -too much to hope that schools will in time recognise comradeship as a -regular institution--considerably more important, say, than “fagging”--an -institution having its definite place in the school life, in the games -and in the studies, with its own duties, responsibilities, privileges, -etc., and serving to ramify through the little community, hold it -together, and inspire its members with the two qualities of heroism and -tenderness, which together form the basis of all great character? - -But here it must be said that if we are hoping for any great change in -the conduct of our large boys’ schools, the so-called public schools are -not the places in which to look for it--or at any rate for its inception. -In the first place these institutions are hampered by powerful traditions -which naturally make them conservative; and in the second place their -mere size and the number of boys make them difficult to deal with or -to modify. The masters are overwhelmed with work; and the (necessary) -division of so many boys into separate ‘houses’ has this effect that a -master who introduces a better tradition into his own house has always -the prospect before him that his work will be effaced by the continual -and perhaps contaminating contact with the boys from the other houses. -No, it will be in smaller schools, say of from 50 to 100 boys, where -the personal influence of the headmaster will be a real force reaching -each boy, and where he will be really able to mould the tradition of the -school, that we shall alone be able to look for an improved state of -affairs.[57] - -No doubt the first steps in any reform of this kind are difficult; but -masters are greatly hampered by the confusion in the public mind, to -which we have already alluded--which so often persists in setting down -any attachment between two boys, or between a boy and his teacher, to -nothing but sensuality. Many masters quite understand the situation, -but feel themselves helpless in the face of public opinion. Who so fit -(they sometimes feel) to enlighten a young boy and guide his growing mind -as one of themselves, when the bond of attachment exists between the -two? Like the writer of a letter quoted in the early part of this paper -they believe that “a personal affection, almost indescribable, grows -up between pupil and teacher, through which thoughts are shared and an -influence created that could exist in no other way.” Yet when the pupil -comes along of whom all this might be true, who shows by his pleading -looks the sentiment which animates him, and the profound impression which -he is longing, as it were, to receive from his teacher, the latter belies -himself, denies his own instinct and the boy’s great need, and treats -him distantly and with coldness. And why? Simply because he dreads, -even while he desires it, the boy’s confidence. He fears the ingenuous -and perfectly natural expression of the boy’s affection in caress or -embrace, because he knows how a bastard public opinion will interpret, -or misinterpret it; and rather than run such a risk as this he seals the -fountains of the heart, withholds the help which love alone can give, and -deliberately nips the tender bud which is turning to him for light and -warmth.[58] - -The panic terror which prevails in England with regard to the expression -of affection of this kind has its comic aspect. The affection exists, -and is known to exist, on all sides; but we must bury our heads in the -sand and pretend not to see it. And if by any chance we are compelled -to recognize it, we must show our vast discernment by _suspecting_ it. -And thus we fling on the dust-heap one of the noblest and most precious -elements in human nature. Certainly, if the denial and suspicion of -all natural affection were beneficial, we should find this out in our -schools; but seeing how complete is its failure there to clarify their -tone it is sufficiently evident that the method itself is wrong. - - * * * * * - -The remarks in this paper have chiefly had reference to boys’ schools; -but they apply in the main to girls’ schools, where much the same -troubles prevail--with this difference, that in girls’ schools -friendships instead of being repressed are rather encouraged by public -opinion; only unfortunately they are for the most part friendships of -a weak and sentimental turn, and not very healthy either in themselves -or in the habits they lead to. Here too, in girls’ schools, the whole -subject wants facing out; friendship wants setting on a more solid -and less sentimental basis; and on the subject of sex, so infinitely -important to women, there needs to be sensible and consistent teaching, -both public and private. Possibly the co-education of boys and girls may -be of use in making boys less ashamed of their feelings, and girls more -healthy in the expression of them. - -At any rate the more the matter is thought of, the clearer I believe -will it appear that a healthy affection must in the end be the basis of -education, and that the recognition of this will form the only way out -of the modern school-difficulty. It is true that such a change would -revolutionise our school-life; but it will have to come, all the same, -and no doubt will come _pari passu_ with other changes that are taking -place in society at large. - - - - -V - -The Place of the Uranian in Society - - -Whatever differing views there may be on the many problems which the -Intermediate sexes present--and however difficult of solution some of the -questions involved--there is one thing which appears to me incontestable: -namely that a vast number of intermediates do actually perform most -valuable social work, and that they do so partly on account and by reason -of their special temperament. - -This fact is not generally recognised as it ought to be, for the simple -reason that the Uranian himself is not recognised, and indeed (as we have -already said) tends to conceal his temperament from the public. There is -no doubt that if it became widely known _who are_ the Uranians, the world -would be astonished to find so many of its great or leading men among -them. - -I have thought it might be useful to indicate some of the lines along -which valuable work is being performed, or has been performed, by people -of this disposition; and in doing this I do not of course mean to -disguise or conceal the fact that there are numbers of merely frivolous, -or feeble or even vicious homosexuals, who practically do no useful work -for society at all--_just as there are of normal people_. The existence -of those who do no valuable work does not alter the fact of the existence -of others whose work is of great importance. And I wish also to make -it clearly understood that I use the word Uranians to indicate simply -those whose lives and activities are inspired by a genuine friendship or -love for their own sex, without venturing to specify their individual -and particular habits or relations towards those whom they love (which -relations in most cases we have no means of knowing). Some Intermediates -of light and leading--doubtless not a few--are physically very reserved -and continent; others are sensual in some degree or other. The point -is that they are all men, or women, whose most powerful motive comes -from the dedication to their own kind, and is bound up with it in some -way. And if it seems strange and anomalous that in such cases work -of considerable importance to society is being done by people whose -affections and dispositions society itself would blame, this is after all -no more than has happened a thousand times before in the history of the -world. - -As I have already hinted, the Uranian temperament (probably from the -very fact of its dual nature and the swift and constant interaction -between its masculine and feminine elements) is exceedingly sensitive and -emotional; and there is no doubt that, going with this, a large number -of the artist class, musical, literary or pictorial, belong to this -description. That delicate and subtle sympathy with every wave and phase -of feeling which makes the artist possible is also very characteristic of -the Uranian (the male type), and makes it easy or natural for the Uranian -man to become an artist. In the ‘confessions’ and ‘cases’ collected by -Krafft-Ebing, Havelock Ellis and others, it is remarkable what a large -percentage of men of this temperament belong to the artist class. In his -volume on “Sexual Inversion,”[59] speaking of the cases collected by -himself, Ellis says:--“An examination of my cases reveals the interesting -fact that thirty-two of them, or sixty-eight per cent., possess artistic -aptitude in varying degree. Galton found, from the investigation of -nearly one thousand persons, that the general average showing artistic -taste in England is only about thirty per cent. It must also be said that -my figures are probably below the truth, as no special point was made of -investigating the matter, and also that in many of my cases the artistic -aptitudes are of high order. With regard to the special avocations of -my cases, it must of course be said that no occupation furnishes a -safeguard against inversion. There are, however, certain occupations to -which inverts are specially attracted. Acting is certainly one of the -chief of these. Three of my cases belong to the dramatic profession, -and others have marked dramatic ability. Art, again, in its various -forms, and music, exercise much attraction. In my experience, however, -literature is the avocation to which inverts seem to feel chiefly called, -and that moreover in which they may find the highest degree of success -and reputation. At least half-a-dozen of my cases are successful men of -letters.” - -Of Literature in this connection, and of the great writers of the world -whose work has been partly inspired by the Uranian love, I have myself -already spoken.[60] It may further be said that those of the modern -artist-writers and poets who have done the greatest service in the way -of interpreting and reconstructing _Greek_ life and ideals--men like -Winckelmann, Goethe, Addington Symonds, Walter Pater--have had a marked -strain of this temperament in them. And this has been a service of great -value, and one which the world could ill have afforded to lose. - -The painters and sculptors, especially of the renaissance period in -Italy, yield not a few examples of men whose work has been similarly -inspired--as in the cases of Michel Angelo, Lionardo, Bazzi, Cellini, -and others. As to music, this is certainly the art which in its subtlety -and tenderness--and perhaps in a certain inclination to _indulge_ in -emotion--lies nearest to the Urning nature. There are few in fact of this -nature who have not some gift in the direction of music--though, unless -we cite Tschaikowsky, it does not appear that any thorough-going Uranian -has attained to the highest eminence in this art. - -Another direction along which the temperament very naturally finds an -outlet is the important social work of Education. The capacity that a -man has, in cases, of devoting himself to the welfare of boys or youths, -is clearly a thing which ought not to go wasted--and which may be most -precious and valuable. It is incontestable that a great number of men -(and women) are drawn into the teaching profession by this sentiment--and -the work they do is, in many cases, beyond estimation. Fortunate the boy -who meets with such a helper in early life! I know a man--a rising and -vigorous thinker and writer--who tells me that he owes almost everything -mentally to such a friend of his boyhood, who took the greatest interest -in him, saw him almost every day for many years, and indeed cleared up -for him not only things mental but things moral, giving him the affection -and guidance his young heart needed. And I have myself known and watched -not a few such teachers, in public schools and in private schools, and -seen something of the work and of the real inspiration they have been to -boys under them. Hampered as they have been by the readiness of the world -to misinterpret, they still have been able to do most precious service. -Of course here and there a case occurs in which privilege is abused; but -even then the judgment of the world is often unreasonably severe. A poor -boy once told me with tears in his eyes of the work a man had done for -him. This man had saved the boy from drunken parents, taken him from the -slums, and by means of a club helped him out into the world. Many other -boys he had rescued, it appeared, in the same way--scores and scores of -them. But on some occasion or other he got into trouble, and was accused -of improper familiarities. No excuse, or record of a useful life, was of -the least avail. Every trumpery slander was believed, every mean motive -imputed, and he had to throw up his position and settle elsewhere, his -life-work shattered, never to be resumed. - -The capacity for sincere affection which causes an elder man to care so -deeply for the welfare of a youth or boy, is met and responded to by a -similar capacity in the young thing of devotion to an elder man. This -fact is not always recognised; but I have known cases of boys and even -young men who would feel the most romantic attachments to quite mature -men, sometimes as much as forty or fifty years of age, and only for -them--passing by their own contemporaries of either sex, and caring only -to win a return affection from these others. This may seem strange, but -it is true. And the fact not only makes one understand what riddles there -are slumbering in the breasts of our children, but how greatly important -it is that we should try to read them--since here, in such cases as -these, the finding of an answering heart in an elder man would probably -be the younger one’s salvation. - -How much of the enormous amount of philanthropic work done in the -present day--by women among needy or destitute girls of all sorts, or -by men among like classes of boys--is inspired by the same feeling, it -would be hard to say; but it must be a very considerable proportion. -I think myself that the best philanthropic work--just because it is -the most personal, the most loving, and the least merely formal and -self-righteous--has a strong fibre of the Uranian heart running through -it; and if it should be said that work of this very personal kind is more -liable to dangers and difficulties on that account, it is only what is -true of the best in almost all departments. - -Eros is a great leveler. Perhaps the true Democracy rests, more firmly -than anywhere else, on a sentiment which easily passes the bounds -of class and caste, and unites in the closest affection the most -estranged ranks of society. It is noticeable how often Uranians of good -position and breeding are drawn to rougher types, as of manual workers, -and frequently very permanent alliances grow up in this way, which -although not publicly acknowledged have a decided influence on social -institutions, customs and political tendencies--and which would have a -good deal more influence could they be given a little more scope and -recognition. There are cases that I have known (although the ordinary -commercial world might hardly believe it) of employers who have managed -to attach their workmen, or many of them, very personally to themselves, -and whose object in running their businesses was at least as much to -provide their employees with a living as themselves; while the latter, -feeling this, have responded with their best output. It is possible that -something like the guilds and fraternities of the middle ages might thus -be reconstructed, but on a more intimate and personal basis than in those -days; and indeed there are not wanting signs that such a reconstruction -is actually taking place. - -The “Letters of Love and Labour” written by Samuel M. Jones of -Toledo, Ohio, to his workmen in the engineering firm of which he was -master, are very interesting in this connection. They breathe a spirit -of extraordinary personal affection towards, and confidence in, the -employees, which was heartily responded to by the latter; and the whole -business was carried on, with considerable success, on the principle of a -close and friendly co-operation all round.[61] - -These things indeed suggest to one that it is possible that the Uranian -spirit may lead to something like a general enthusiasm of Humanity, -and that the Uranian people may be destined to form the advance guard -of that great movement which will one day transform the common life -by substituting the bond of personal affection and compassion for the -monetary, legal and other external ties which now control and confine -society. Such a part of course we cannot expect the Uranians to play -unless the capacity for their kind of attachment also exists--though in -a germinal and undeveloped state--in the breast of mankind at large. -And modern thought and investigation are clearly tending that way--to -confirm that it does so exist. - -Dr. E. Bertz in his late study of Whitman as a person of strongly -homogenic temperament[62] brings forward the objection that Whitman’s -gospel of Comradeship as a means of social regeneration is founded on -a false basis--because (so Dr. Bertz says) the gospel derives from an -abnormality in himself, and therefore cannot possibly have a universal -application or create a general enthusiasm. But this is rather a case of -assuming the point which has to be proved. Whitman constantly maintains -that his own disposition at any rate is normal, and that he represents -the average man. And it _may_ be true, even as far as his Uranian -temperament is concerned, that while this was specially developed in him -the germs of it _are_ almost, if not quite, universal. If so, then the -Comradeship on which Whitman founds a large portion of his message may -in course of time become a general enthusiasm, and the nobler Uranians -of to-day may be destined, as suggested, to be its pioneers and advance -guard. As one of them himself has sung:-- - - These things shall be! A loftier race, - Than e’er the world hath known, shall rise - With flame of freedom in their souls, - And light of science in their eyes. - Nation with nation, land with land, - In-armed shall live as comrades free; - In every heart and brain shall throb - The pulse of one fraternity.[63] - -To proceed. The Uranian, though generally high-strung and sensitive, -is by no means always dreamy. He is sometimes extraordinarily -and unexpectedly practical; and such a man may, and often does, -command a positive enthusiasm among his subordinates in a business -organisation. The same is true of military organisation. As a rule -the Uranian temperament (in the male) is not militant. War with its -horrors and savagery is somewhat alien to the type. But here again -there are exceptions; and in all times there have been great generals -(like Alexander, Cæsar, Charles XII. of Sweden, or Frederick II. of -Prussia--not to speak of more modern examples) with a powerful strain in -them of the homogenic nature, and a wonderful capacity for organisation -and command, which combined with their personal interest in, or -attachment to, their troops, and the answering enthusiasm so elicited, -have made their armies well-nigh invincible. - -The existence of this great practical ability in some Uranians cannot be -denied; and it points to the important work they may some day have to do -in social reconstruction. At the same time I think it is noticeable that -_politics_ (at any rate in the modern sense of the word, as concerned -mainly with party questions and party government) is not as a rule -congenial to them. The personal and affectional element is perhaps too -remote or absent. Mere ‘views’ and ‘questions’ and party strife are alien -to the Uranian man, as they are on the whole to the ordinary woman. - -If politics, however, are not particularly congenial, it is yet -remarkable how many royal personages have been decidedly homogenic in -temperament. Taking the Kings of England from the Norman Conquest to -the present day, we may count about thirty. And three of these, namely, -William Rufus, Edward II., and James I. were homosexual in a marked -degree--might fairly be classed as Urnings--while some others, like -William III., had a strong admixture of the same temperament. Three -out of thirty yields a high ratio--ten per cent--and considering that -sovereigns do not generally choose themselves, but come into their -position by accident of birth, the ratio is certainly remarkable. Does -it suggest that the general percentage in the world at large is equally -high, but that it remains unnoticed, except in the fierce light that -beats upon thrones? or is there some other explanation with regard to -the special liability of royalty to inversion? Hereditary degeneracy -has sometimes been suggested. But it is difficult to explain the matter -even on this theory; for though the epithet ‘degenerate’ might possibly -apply to James I., it would certainly not be applicable to William Rufus -and William III., who, in their different ways, were both men of great -courage and personal force--while Edward II. was by no means wanting in -ability. - -But while the Uranian temperament has, in cases, specially fitted -its possessors to become distinguished in art or education or war or -administration, and enabled them to do valuable work in these fields; it -remains perhaps true that above all it has fitted them, and fits them, -for distinction and service in affairs of the heart. - -It is hard to imagine human beings more skilled in these matters than -are the Intermediates. For indeed no one else can possibly respond to -and understand, as they do, all the fluctuations and interactions of -the masculine and feminine in human life. The pretensive coyness and -passivity of women, the rude invasiveness of men; lust, brutality, secret -tears, the bleeding heart; renunciation, motherhood, finesse, romance, -angelic devotion--all these things lie slumbering in the Uranian soul, -ready on occasion for expression; and if they are not always expressed -are always there for purposes of divination or interpretation. There -are few situations, in fact, in courtship or marriage which the Uranian -does not instinctively understand; and it is strange to see how even an -unlettered person of this type will often read Love’s manuscript easily -in cases where the normal man or woman is groping over it like a child -in the dark. [Not of course that this means to imply any superiority of -_character_ in the former; but merely that with his double outlook he -necessarily discerns things which the other misses.] - -That the Uranians do stand out as helpers and guides, not only in matters -of Education, but in affairs of love and marriage, is tolerably patent to -all who know them. It is a common experience for them to be consulted -now by the man, now by the woman, whose matrimonial conditions are -uncongenial or disastrous--not generally because the consultants in the -least perceive the Uranian nature, but because they instinctively feel -that here is a strong sympathy with and understanding of their side of -the question. In this way it is often the fate of the Uranian, himself -unrecognised, to bring about happier times and a better comprehension -of each other among those with whom he may have to deal. Also he often -becomes the confidant of young things of either sex, who are caught in -the tangles of love or passion, and know not where to turn for assistance. - -I say that I think perhaps of all the services the Uranian may render to -society it will be found some day that in this direction of solving the -problems of affection and of the heart he will do the greatest service. -If the day is coming as we have suggested--when Love is at last to take -its rightful place as the binding and directing force of society (instead -of the Cash-nexus), and society is to be transmuted in consequence to a -higher form, then undoubtedly the superior types of Uranians--prepared -for this service by long experience and devotion, as well as by much -suffering--will have an important part to play in the transformation. -For that the Urnings in their own lives put Love before everything -else--postponing to it the other motives like money-making, business -success, fame, which occupy so much space in most people’s careers--is -a fact which is patent to everyone who knows them. This may be saying -little or nothing in favor of those of this class whose conception of -love is only of a poor and frivolous sort; but in the case of those -others who see the god in his true light, the fact that they serve him -in singleness of heart and so unremittingly raises them at once into the -position of the natural leaders of mankind. - -From this fact--_i.e._, that these folk think so much of affairs of the -heart--and from the fact that their alliances and friendships are formed -and carried on beneath the surface of society, as it were, and therefore -to some extent beyond the inquisitions and supervisions of Mrs. Grundy, -some interesting conclusions flow. - -For one thing, the question is constantly arising as to how Society would -shape itself if _free_: what form, in matters of Love and Marriage, it -would take, if the present restrictions and sanctions were removed or -greatly altered. At present in these matters, the Law, the Church, and -a strong pressure of public opinion interfere, compelling the observance -of certain forms; and it becomes difficult to say how much of the -existing order is due to the spontaneous instinct and common sense of -human nature, and how much to mere outside compulsion and interference: -how far, for instance, Monogamy is natural or artificial; to what degree -marriages would be permanent if the Law did not make them so; what is the -rational view of Divorce; whether jealousy is a necessary accompaniment -of Love; and so forth. These are questions which are being constantly -discussed, without finality; or not infrequently with quite pessimistic -conclusions. - -Now in the Urning societies a certain freedom (though not complete, -of course) exists. Underneath the surface of general Society, and -consequently unaffected to any great degree by its laws and customs, -alliances are formed and maintained, or modified or broken, more in -accord with inner need than with outer pressure. Thus it happens that in -these societies there are such opportunities to note and observe human -grouping under conditions of freedom, as do not occur in the ordinary -world. And the results are both interesting and encouraging. As a rule I -think it may be said that the alliances are remarkably permanent. Instead -of the wild “general post” which so many good people seem to expect in -the event of law being relaxed, one finds (except of course in a few -individual cases) that common sense and fidelity and a strong tendency to -permanence prevail. In the ordinary world so far has doubt gone that many -to-day disbelieve in a life-long free marriage. Yet among the Uranians -such a thing is, one may almost say, common and well known; and there are -certainly few among them who do not believe in its possibility. - -Great have been the debates, in all times and places, concerning -Jealousy; and as to how far jealousy is natural and instinctive and -universal, and how far it is the product of social opinion and the -property sense, and so on. In ordinary marriage what may be called social -and proprietary jealousy is undoubtedly a very great factor. But this -kind of jealousy hardly appears or operates in the Urning societies. Thus -we have an opportunity in these latter of observing conditions where only -the natural and instinctive jealousy exists. This of course is present -among the Urnings--sometimes rampant and violent, sometimes quiescent -and vanishing almost to _nil_. It seems to depend almost entirely upon -the individual; and we certainly learn that jealousy though frequent and -widespread, is not an absolutely necessary accompaniment of love. There -are cases of Uranians (whether men or women) who, though permanently -allied, do not object to lesser friendships on either side--and there -are cases of very decided objection. And we may conclude that something -the same would be true (is true) of the ordinary Marriage, the property -considerations and the property jealousy being once removed. The tendency -anyhow to establish a dual relation more or less fixed, is seen to be -very strong among the Intermediates, and may be concluded to be equally -strong among the more normal folk. - -Again with regard to Prostitution. That there are a few natural-born -prostitutes is seen in the Urning-societies; but prostitution in that -world does not take the important place which it does in the normal -world, partly because the law-bound compulsory marriage does not exist -there, and partly because prostitution naturally has little chance and -cannot compete in a world where alliances are free and there is an open -field for friendship. Hence we may see that freedom of alliance and of -marriage in the ordinary world will probably lead to the great diminution -or even disappearance of Prostitution. - -In these and other ways the experience of the Uranian world forming -itself freely and not subject to outside laws and institutions comes as -a guide--and really a hopeful guide--towards the future. I would say -however that in making these remarks about certain conclusions which we -are able to gather from some spontaneous and comparatively unrestricted -associations, I do not at all mean to argue _against_ institutions and -forms. I think that the Uranian love undoubtedly suffers from want of a -recognition and a standard. And though it may at present be better off -than if subject to a foolish and meddlesome regulation; yet in the future -it will have its more or less fixed standards and ideals, like the normal -love. If one considers for a moment how the ordinary relations of the -sexes would suffer were there no generally acknowledged codes of honor -and conduct with regard to them, one then indeed sees that reasonable -forms and institutions are a help, and one may almost wonder that the -Urning circles are so well-conducted on the whole as they are. - -I have said that the Urning men in their own lives put love before -money-making, business success, fame, and other motives which rule the -normal man. I am sure that it is also true of them as a whole that -they put love before lust. I do not feel _sure_ that this can be said -of the normal man, at any rate in the present stage of evolution. It -is doubtful whether on the whole the merely physical attraction is not -the stronger motive with the latter type. Unwilling as the world at -large is to credit what I am about to say, and great as are the current -misunderstandings on the subject, I believe it is true that the Uranian -men are superior to the normal men in this respect--in respect of their -love-feeling--which is gentler, more sympathetic, more considerate, more -a matter of the heart and less one of mere physical satisfaction than -that of ordinary men.[64] All this flows naturally from the presence of -the feminine element in them, and its blending with the rest of their -nature. It should be expected _a priori_, and it can be noticed at once -by those who have any acquaintance with the Urning world. Much of the -current misunderstanding with regard to the character and habits of the -Urning arises from his confusion with the ordinary _roué_ who, though -of normal temperament, contracts homosexual habits out of curiosity -and so forth--but this is a point which I have touched on before, and -which ought now to be sufficiently clear. If it be once allowed that -the love-nature of the Uranian is of a sincere and essentially humane -and kindly type then the importance of the Uranian’s place in Society, -and of the social work he may be able to do, must certainly also be -acknowledged. - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[1] For the derivation of these terms see ch. ii., p. 20, _infra_. - -[2] See Appendix, pp. 139 and 140. - -[3] From _Uranos_, heaven; his idea being that the Uranian love was of a -higher order than the ordinary attachment. For further about Ulrichs and -his theories see Appendix, pp. 157-159. - -[4] Charles G. Leland (“Hans Breitmann”) in his book “The Alternate -Sex” (Wellby, 1904), insists much on the frequent combination of the -characteristics of both sexes in remarkable men and women, and has a -chapter on “The Female Mind in Man,” and another on “The Male Intellect -in Woman.” - -[5] Some late statistical inquiries (see “Statistische Untersuchungen,” -von Dr. M. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 1904) yield 1.5 to 2.0 per cent. as a -probable ratio. See also Appendix, pp. 134-136. - -[6] For instances, see Appendix, pp. 149-153. - -[7] See De Joux, “Die Enterbten des Liebesglückes” (Leipzig, 1893), p. 21. - -[8] “Psychopathia Sexualis,” 7th ed., p. 276. - -[9] See Appendix, pp. 153-156. - -[10] A good deal in this description may remind readers of history of the -habits and character of Henry III. of France. - -[11] Perhaps, like Queen Christine of Sweden, who rode across Europe, on -her visit to Italy, in jack-boots and sitting astride of her horse. It is -said that she shook the Pope’s hand, on seeing him, so heartily that the -doctor had to attend to it afterwards! - -[12] “Homosexual,” generally used in scientific works, is of course a -bastard word. “Homogenic” has been suggested, as being from two roots, -both Greek, _i.e._, “homos,” same, and “genos,” sex. - -[13] “Athenæus” xiii., ch. 78. - -[14] See Plutarch’s “Eroticus,” §xvii. - -[15] See “Natural History of Man,” by J. G. Wood. Vol: “Africa,” p. 419. - -[16] See also Livingstone’s “Expedition to the Zambesi” (Murray, 1865) p. -148. - -[17] Though these two plays, except for some quotations, are lost. - -[18] Mantegazza and Lombroso. See Albert Moll, “Conträre -Sexualempfindung,” 2nd ed., p. 36. - -[19] Though in translation this fact is often by pious fraudulence -disguised. - -[20] W. Pater’s “Renaissance,” pp. 8-16. - -[21] Among _prose_ writers of this period, Montaigne, whose treatment of -the subject is enthusiastic and unequivocal, should not be overlooked. -See Hazlitt’s “Montaigne,” ch. xxvii. - -[22] I may be excused for quoting here the sonnet No. 54, from J. A. -Symonds’ translation of the sonnets of Michel Angelo:-- - - “From thy fair face I learn, O my loved lord, - That which no mortal tongue can rightly say: - The soul, imprisoned in her house of clay, - Holpen by thee to God hath often soared: - And though the vulgar, vain, malignant horde - Attribute what their grosser wills obey, - Yet shall this fervent homage that I pay, - This love, this faith, pure joys for us afford, - Lo, all the lovely things we find on earth, - Resemble for the soul that rightly sees, - That source of bliss divine which gave us birth: - Nor have we first-fruits or remembrances - Of heaven elsewhere. Thus, loving loyally, - I rise to God, and make death sweet by thee.” - -The labours of von Scheffler, followed by J. A. Symonds, have now pretty -conclusively established the pious frauds of the nephew, and the fact -that the love-poems of the elder Michel Angelo were, for the most part, -written to male friends. - -[23] See an interesting paper in W. Pater’s “Renaissance.” - -[24] For a fuller collection of instances of this Friendship-love in the -history of the world, see “Ioläus: an Anthology,” by E. Carpenter (George -Allen, London. 3/- net). Also “Liebling-minne und Freundesliebe in der -Welt-literatur,” von Elisar von Kupffer (Adolf Brand, Berlin, 1900). - -[25] As in the case, for instance, of Tennyson’s “In Memoriam,” for which -the poet was soundly rated by the _Times_ at the time of its publication. - -[26] Jowett’s “Plato,” 2nd ed., vol. ii., p. 30. - -[27] Jowett, vol. ii., p. 130. - -[28] One ought also to mention some later writers, like Dr. Magnus -Hirschfeld and Dr. von Römer, whose work though avowedly favourable to -the Urning-movement, is in a high degree scientific and reliable in -character. - -[29] From _Uranos_--see, for derivation, p. 20, _supra_--also Plato’s -“Symposium,” speech of Pausanias. - -[30] See, for estimates, Appendix, pp. 134-136. - -[31] Though there is no doubt a general _tendency_ towards femininity of -type in the male Urning, and towards masculinity in the female. - -[32] “Gli amori degli uomini.” - -[33] “Psychopathia Sexualis,” 7th ed., p. 227. - -[34] _Ibid_, pp. 229 and 258. See Appendix, p. 160. - -[35] “How deep congenital sex-inversion roots may be gathered from the -fact that the pleasure-dream of the male Urning has to do with male -persons, and of the female with females.”--Krafft-Ebing, “P.S.,” 7th ed., -p. 228. - -[36] “Conträre Sexualempfindung,” 2nd ed., p. 269. - -[37] See “Love’s Coming-of-Age,” p. 22. - -[38] Pub.: F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, 1901. - -[39] Otto Weininger even goes further, and regards the temperament as -a natural intermediate form (“Sex and Character,” ch. iv.) See also -Appendix, _infra_, p. 169. - -[40] “Though then before my own conscience I cannot reproach myself, and -though I must certainly reject the judgment of the world about us, yet I -suffer greatly. In very truth I have injured no one, and I hold my love -in its nobler activity for just as holy as that of normally disposed -men, but under the unhappy fate that allows us neither sufferance nor -recognition I suffer often more than my life can bear.”--Extract from a -letter given by Krafft-Ebing. - -[41] See “In the Key of Blue,” by J. A. Symonds (Elkin Mathews, 1893). - -[42] See Appendix, pp. 162 and 163. - -[43] See also “Love’s Coming-of-Age,” 5th ed., pp. 173, 174. - -[44] See “Das Conträre Geschlechtsgefühl,” von Havelock Ellis und J. A. -Symonds (Leipzig, 1896). - -[45] “Symposium,” Speech of Socrates. - -[46] It is interesting in this connection to notice the extreme fervour, -almost of romance, of the bond which often unites lovers of like sex -over a long period of years, in an unfailing tenderness of treatment -and consideration towards each other, equal to that shown in the most -successful marriages. The love of many such men, says Moll (p. 119), -“developed in youth lasts at times the whole life through. I know of -such men, who had not seen their first love for years, even decades, and -who yet on meeting showed the old fire of their first passion. In other -cases, a close love-intimacy will last unbroken for many years.” - -[47] Though, inconsistently enough, making no mention of females. - -[48] Dr. Moll maintains (2nd ed., pp. 314, 315) that if familiarities -between those of the same sex are made illegal, as immoral, self-abuse -ought much more to be so made. - -[49] Though it is doubtful whether the marriage-laws even do this. - -[50] In France, since the adoption of the Code Napoleon, sexual inversion -is tolerated under the same restrictions as normal sexuality; and -according to Carlier, formerly Chief of the French Police, Paris is not -more depraved in this matter than London. Italy in 1889 also adopted the -principles of the Code Napoleon on this point. For further considerations -with regard to the Law, see Appendix, pp. 164 and 165. - -[51] For further instances, see Appendix, pp. 143-148. - -[52] See Müller’s “History and Antiquities of the Doric Race.” - -[53] Müller. - -[54] Cf. the incident at the end of Plato’s “Lysis,” when the tutors of -Lysis and Menexenus come in and send the youths home. - -[55] For a useful little manual on this subject, see “How We are Born,” -by Mrs. N. J. (Daniel, London, price 2/-). For a general argument in -favour of sex-teaching see “The Training of the Young in Laws of Sex,” by -Canon Lyttelton, Headmaster of Eton College (Longmans, 2/6). - -[56] See J. G. Wood’s “Natural History of Man,” vol. “Africa,” p. 324 -(the Bechuanas); also vol. “Australia,” p. 75. - -[57] With the rapid rise which is taking place, in scope and social -status, of the state day-schools, it is probable that some change of -opinion will take place with regard to the wisdom of sending young -boys of ten to fourteen to upper-class boarding-schools. For a boy of -fifteen or sixteen and upwards the boarding-school system may have -its advantages. By that time a boy is old enough to understand some -questions; he is old enough to have some rational ideal of conduct, and -to hold his own in the pursuit of it; and he may learn in the life away -from home a lot in the way of discipline, organization, self-reliance, -etc. But to send a young thing, ignorant of life, and quite unformed of -character, to take his chance by day and night in the public school as it -at present exists, is--to say the least--a rash thing to do. - -[58] It should be also said, in fairness, that the fear of showing undue -partiality, often comes in as a paralysing influence. - -[59] “Studies in the Psychology of Sex,” vol. ii., p. 173. - -[60] See ch. ii. _supra_, also _Ioläus_, an Anthology of Friendship, by -E. Carpenter. - -[61] Mr. Jones became Mayor of Toledo; but died at the early age of 53. -See also “Workshop Reconstruction,” by C. R. Ashbee, Appendix, _infra_, -p. 146. - -[62] “Whitman: ein Charakterbild,” by Edward Bertz (Leipzig, Max Spohr). - -[63] John Addington Symonds. - -[64] See Appendix, pp. 172-174. - - - - -APPENDIX - - -“In this country [Britain] we have too long, from a sense of mock -modesty, neglected the science relating to sex. In Germany this is not -so. There we find workers who have elaborated for themselves a new -science, and who have given to the world knowledge which is of the very -utmost importance. We now know that there are females with strong male -characteristics, and _vice-versa_. Anatomically and mentally we find all -shades existing from the pure genus man to the pure genus woman. Thus -there has been constituted what is well named by an illustrious exponent -of the science ‘The Third Sex’.”--Dr. JAMES BURNET, _The Medical Times -and Hospital Gazette_, vol. xxxiv., No. 1497, 10th November, 1906. London. - -“Every citizen of age to fulfil his duties as a citizen, whether he be -a father or husband, teacher or pupil, master or servant, official or -subordinate, has the right, and owes it as a duty, to know the facts of -sexual inversion, to combat and to prevent debauchery, crime and vice, -to learn and to teach others the place of inversion in Society, and its -morals, the duties of the invert towards himself, and towards other -inverts, towards the normal man, and towards women and children. And -the duties of the normal man towards the invert are no less--no less -difficult, no less indispensable.”--M. A. RAFFALOVICH, “Uranisme et -Unisexualité.” Paris, 1896. - -“That sex inversion is not a chance phenomenon … appears from the -fact that it has been observed at all times and in all places, and -among peoples quite separate from each other.”--A. MOLL, “Die Conträre -Sexualempfindung,” 2nd Edition, p. 15. Berlin, 1893. - -“Concerning the wide prevalence of sexual inversion, and of homosexual -phenomena generally, there can be no manner of doubt. In Berlin, Moll -states that he has himself seen between six hundred and seven hundred -homosexual persons, and heard of some two hundred and fifty to three -hundred others. I have much evidence as to its frequency both in England -and the United States. In England, concerning which I can naturally speak -with most assurance, its manifestations are well-marked for those whose -eyes have been opened.… Among the professional and most cultured element -of the middle class in England there must be a distinct percentage of -inverts, which may sometimes be as much as five per cent., though such -estimates must always be hazardous. Among women of the same class the -percentage seems to be at least double--though here the phenomena are -less definite and deepseated.”--HAVELOCK ELLIS, “Psychology of Sex,” -vol. _Sexual Inversion_, pp. 29, 30. Philadelphia, 1901. - -“According to the information of De Joux in ‘The Disinherited of Love,’ -the number of Urnings in all Europe is about five millions; about 4.5 -per cent. of all males in Europe are Urnings, while only 0.1 per cent. -of females are Urningins. A malady therefore--if malady it should be -called--which is so widespread certainly demands our deepest interest; -and it is strange that it is only since the ’70’s that this subject has -been discussed in scientific literature. - -“It is owing to this ignorance that the public mind has been -dominated, and still is dominated, by the prejudice, that psychical -hermaphroditism and sex-inversion are nothing but crimes, wilful crimes, -whereas they proceed necessarily out of the inborn nature of such -individuals.”--NORBERT GRABOWSKY, “Die verkehrte Geschlechtsempfindung,” -p. 16. Leipzig, 1894. - -Dr. HIRSCHFELD, in his “Statistischen Untersuchunge über den -Prozentensatz der Homosexuellen,” gives the result of various statistical -investigations on this subject; and their remarkable agreement enables -him to speak with some confidence. He says (p. 41), “Now we _know_ -that we must reckon the numbers of those who vary from the normal, -not by fractions of thousands but by fractions of hundreds. The fact -that, as a result of these circular enquiries and commissions about the -same figure has emerged (for the proportion of exclusively homosexual -persons), namely, a figure in the neighbourhood of 1½ per cent.--this -extraordinary agreement cannot possibly be a chance, but must rest on a -law--a law of nature--namely, that only 90 to 95 per cent. of mankind -are normally sexual by birth; that about 1½ to 2 per cent. are born pure -homosexuals (say about 1,000,000 in Germany); and that between the two -classes there remain some 4 per cent. who are bisexual by nature.” - -And again (p. 60), “But what do these figures show? They show that of -100,000 inhabitants on the average only 94,600 are sexually normal, -while 5,400 vary from the normal. Of these latter 1,500 are exclusively -homosexual, and 3,900 bisexual. While of these last again 700 are -_predominantly_ homosexual; so that of 100,000 Germans, 2,200 (or 2.2 -per cent.) are either exclusively or predominantly homosexual--making -1,200,000 for the whole German Fatherland.” - -“Sexual inversion has usually been regarded as psycho-pathological, as a -symptom of degeneration; and those who exhibit it have been considered -as physically unfit. This view, however, is falling into disrepute, -especially as Krafft-Ebing, its principal champion, abandoned it in the -later editions of his work. None the less, it is not generally recognised -that sexual inverts may be otherwise perfectly healthy, and with regard -to other social matters quite normal. When they have been asked if they -would have wished matters to be different with them in this respect, -they almost invariably answer in the negative.”--O. WEININGER, “Sex and -Character,” ch. iv. Heinemann, London, 1906. - -“It is a common belief that a male who experiences love for his own -sex must be despicable, degraded, depraved, vicious, and incapable of -humane or generous sentiments. If Greek history did not contradict this -supposition, a little patient enquiry into contemporary manners would -suffice to remove it.”--J. ADDINGTON SYMONDS, “A Problem in Modern -Ethics,” p. 10. - -“Mantegazza rightly insists that Urnings are found by no means only among -the dregs of the people, but that they are rather to be noted in circles -which in respect of culture, wealth, and social position rank among -the first. Thus, among the aristocracy without doubt a great number of -Urnings are to be found.”--A. MOLL, _op. cit._ p. 76. - -“In no rank are there so many Urnings as among servants. One may say that -every third male domestic is an Urning.”--DE JOUX, “Die Enterbten des -Liebesglückes,” p. 193. Leipzig, 1893. - -“It is therefore certain, as we have seen, that many Urnings come from -nervous or pathologically disposed families.… All the same, I must say -that there is no proof to hand in _all_ cases of sex-inversion among -men, that the individuals concerned are thus hereditarily weighted. And -besides, there is the consideration that the extension, according to some -authors, of hereditary trouble is at present so great that one may prove -a tendency to nervous or mental maladies in almost everybody.”--A. MOLL, -_op. cit._, p. 221. - -“The truth is that we can no more explain the inverted sex-feeling than -we can the normal impulse; all the attempts at explanation of these -things, and of Love, are defective.”--_Ibid_, p. 253. - -“Among the _penchants_ of Urnings one finds not infrequently a great -partiality for Art and Music--and indeed, for active interest in the -same as well as passive enjoyment … the Actor’s talent is especially -noticeable among some.… But it must not be thought that Urnings are only -capable of a special activity of the imagination. On the contrary, there -are undoubted cases in which they contribute something in the scientific -direction.… Also in Poetry do Urnings occasionally show exceptional -talent; especially in love-verses addressed to men.”--_Ibid_, p. 80. - -“An examination of my cases [of Inverts] reveals the interesting fact -that 68 per cent. possess artistic aptitude in varying degree. Galton -found, from the investigation of nearly 1,000 persons that the average -showing artistic tastes in England is only about 30 per cent.”--HAVELOCK -ELLIS, “Sexual Inversion,” p. 173. - -“In Antiquity, especially among the Greeks, there seem to have been -numbers of men who in their emotional natures were hermaphrodites. I -think that the study of psychical hermaphrodisy is most important, -and will throw yet greater light on the psychology of Love itself. -Observation so far already shows that the same individual at differing -times can experience quite different sexual feelings.”--A. MOLL, _op. -cit._, p. 200. - -“The Urning is capable, through the force of his love, of making the -greatest sacrifices for his beloved, and on that account the love of the -Urning has been often compared with Woman’s love. Just as the Woman’s -love is stronger and more devoted than that of the normal man, just -as it exceeds that of the Man in inwardness, so, according to Ulrichs -should the Urning’s love in this respect stand higher than that of the -woman-loving Man.”--_Ibid_, p. 118. - -“Womanish men often know how to treat women better than manly men do. -Manly men, except in most rare cases, learn how to deal with women only -after long experience, and even then most imperfectly.”--O. WEININGER, -“Sex and Character,” ch. v. - -“Is it really the case that all women and men are marked off sharply from -each other, the women on the one hand alike in all points, the men on the -other?… There are transitional forms between the metals and non-metals, -between chemical combinations and simple mixtures, between animals and -plants, between phanerogams and cryptogams, and between mammals and -birds.… The improbability may henceforth be taken for granted of finding -in Nature a sharp cleavage between all that is masculine on the one side -and all that is feminine on the other; or that any living being is so -simple in this respect that it can be put wholly on one side, or wholly -on the other, of the line.”--WEININGER, _Ibid_, introduction, p. 2. - -“Upon this, Chéron made a rather strange observation. ‘We have,’ she -said, ‘with regard to sexual distinctions, notions that were not dreamed -of by the primitive simplicity of the people of the age now gone by. From -the fact that there are two sexes, and only two, they for a long time -drew false inferences. They concluded that a woman is simply a woman, -and a man simply a man. In reality this is not so; there are women who -are very much women, and women who are very little so. Such differences, -concealed in former times by costume and mode of life, and masked by -prejudice, stand out clearly in our society. And not only so, but they -become more accentuated and apparent in each generation.’”--ANATOLE -FRANCE, “Sur la Pierre Blanche,” p. 301. - -“In _every_ human being there are present both male and female elements, -only in normal persons (according to their sex) the one set of elements -is more greatly developed than the other. The chief difference in the -case of homosexual persons is that in them the male and female elements -are more equalized; so that when, in addition, the general development -is of a high grade, we find among this class the most perfect types of -humanity.”--Dr. ARDUIN, “Die Frauenfrage,” in _Jahrbuch der Sexuellen -Zwischenstufen_, vol. ii., p. 217. Leipzig, 1900. - -“The notion that human beings were originally hermaphroditic is both -ancient and widespread. We find it in the book of Genesis, unless indeed -there be a confusion here between two separate theories of creation. God -is said to have first made man in His image, male and female in one body, -and to have bidden them multiply. Later on He created the woman out of -part of this primitive man.” (See also the myth related by Aristophanes -in Plato’s Symposium.)--HAVELOCK ELLIS, “Sexual Inversion,” p. 229. - -“When the sexual instinct first appears in early youth, it seems to be -much less specialised than normally it becomes later. Not only is it, at -the outset, less definitely directed to a specific sexual end, but even -the sex of its object is sometimes uncertain.”--_Ibid_, p. 44. - -“In me the homosexual nature is singularly complete, and is undoubtedly -congenital. The most intense delight of my childhood (even when a tiny -boy in my nurse’s charge) was to watch acrobats and riders at the circus. -This was not so much for the skilful feats as on account of the beauty of -their persons. Even then I cared chiefly for the more lithe and graceful -fellows. People told me that circus actors were wicked and would steal -little boys, and so I came to look on my favorites as half-devil and -half-angel. When I was older and could go about alone, I would often -hang around the tents of travelling shows in hope of catching a glimpse -of the actors. I longed to see them naked, without their tights, and used -to lie awake at night, thinking of them and longing to be embraced and -loved by them.”--_Ibid_, “case” ix., p. 62. - -“I was fifteen years and ten-and-a-half months old when the first erotic -dream announced the arrival of puberty. I had had no previous experience -of sex-satisfaction, either in the Urning direction or in any other. -This occurrence therefore came about quite normally. From a much earlier -time, however, I had been subject partly to tender yearnings and partly -to sensual longing without definite form and purpose--the two emotions -being always separate from each other and never experienced for one and -the same young man. These aimless sensual longings plagued me often in -hours of solitude; and I could not overcome them. They showed themselves -first, during my fifteenth year, when I was at school at Detmold, in the -following two ways:--First, they were awakened by a drawing in Normand’s -“Saülen-ordnungen,” of the figure of a Greek god or hero, standing there -in naked beauty. This image, a hundred times put away, came again a -hundred times before my mind. (I need not say it did not _cause_ the -Urning temperament in me; it merely awoke what was slumbering there -already--a thing that any other circumstance might have done.) Secondly, -when studying in my little room, or when I lay upon my bed before going -to sleep, the thought used suddenly and irresistibly to rise up in my -mind--“If only a soldier would clamber through the window and come into -my room!” Then my imagination painted me a splendid soldier-figure of -twenty to twenty-two years old; and I was, as it were, all on fire. -And yet my thoughts were quite vague, and undirected to any definite -satisfaction; nor had I ever spoken a word with a real soldier.”--K. H. -ULRICHS, “Memnon,” §77. Leipzig, 1898. See also “A Problem in Modern -Ethics,” p. 73. - -“The friendships of this kind which I formed at School were two in -number--I shall never forget the absorbing depth and intensity of them. -I never talked about them to anyone else, they were much too sacred and -serious for that, nor--strange as it may seem--did I ever speak of them -to the boys themselves, or indeed, show any signs of affection towards -them. If they had been told that I was devoted to their welfare, and -willing to sacrifice myself and all I had to it (which was indeed the -fact) they would have been simply astonished; more especially as they -were both young boys not yet arrived at puberty. - -“I am at present somewhat bitterly conscious that in these cases one -of the strongest influences for good that ever came into my life was -nine-tenths wasted. How much better it all might have been under more -favourable surroundings it is impossible to imagine. Still, it was -not without its good influence on me, though (owing to their complete -ignorance of my feelings) it could have had none whatever on the boys. -I was conscious of a bracing and inspiring effect on my whole nature, -a confirmed health of body, and most of all, of a greatly increased -capacity for work. And doubtless all this might have been intensified -a thousand fold if I had been ever so little guided and encouraged by -public opinion sanctioning these friendships. - -“The Public School boy has after all strong feelings of honour and -fairness: and I am sure much might be done by cultivating the Public -Opinion of the school: making devoted and disinterested friendships -highly thought of and praised, and condemning as base and mean the least -attempt to befoul a young boy’s purity through a gross and selfish desire -for personal gratification. School public opinion would, I am sure, tend -quite readily to flow in such channels. But this would demand an openness -of treatment of the whole question such as does not at present exist. -That the greatest force the schoolmaster has at his command should be so -ignored (and so needlessly) is more than absurd: it is monstrous. And it -concerns him as a teacher quite as much as the boys themselves in their -relations with each other. I believe that gaining a boy’s affection is -the necessary preliminary to really _teaching_ him anything. Otherwise -you do not really teach him at all.”--_Private letter._ - -“I could tell you a good deal of another equally strong friendship I -formed (myself twenty-five, boy fourteen) which was one of the happiest -events of my life. It was acknowledged on both sides, but perfectly -restrained and pure: and we saw a great deal of each other during most -of the school holidays for about a year. I could have done anything with -that boy, my influence over him was for the time being I should say -unlimited: and undoubtedly _immense_ good accrued to us both.”--_Ibid_. - -“In my own school-life--as a day scholar--I had two such friendships, -though of course in a day school there was not the same possibility of -their development. One was with an elder boy some five years my senior, -and the other with a master some twelve years older than myself. I was -a shy, timid youngster, and not having a robust physique did not enter -much into the ordinary athletics of the school. My elder friend was a -very delicate, gentle, refined boy with a purity and loftiness of mind in -striking contrast to the filthy moral atmosphere of the school at that -time, but he was never censorious or self-righteous. I feel that this -friendship was the most powerful influence in my early life in keeping a -high ideal of conduct before me--much more powerful than the influence of -home, which I do not think I was at all conscious of. - -“After he left school, for Cambridge, we used to write regularly to one -another--long letters, hardly ever less than three sheets in length. I -remember I used to think him the most handsome man I knew, but looking -now at his photo, taken about that time and comparing it with others, I -see that his features were inferior to many others of my school-fellows. -At the end of his second year he died of consumption. It was during the -Long Vacation, and I was abroad at the time. I remember I used to sit -up late into the night writing very long letters to him about all I had -seen, to interest him during his illness. I did not know how ill he -really was, but I had a terrible fear that I should not see him again. -When I got back and found he had just died the shock was awful. For weeks -I felt as if I had not a friend in the whole world. I have never felt any -loss so keenly either before or since.… - -“The other friendship with my mathematical master, though not so -intimate, was still of a very affectionate character. I feel I owe a -great deal to it--he laid the foundation of my ideal of a teacher’s duty -to his pupils.”--_Private letter._ - -“It is not new in itself; this, the feeling that drew Jesus to John, or -Shakespeare to the youth of the sonnets, or that inspired the friendships -of Greece, has been with us before, and in the new citizenship we shall -need it again. The Whitmanic love of comrades is its modern expression; -Democracy--as socially, not politically conceived--its basis. The thought -as to how much of the solidarity of labour and the modern Trade-Union -movement may be due to an unconscious faith in this principle of -comradeship, is no idle one. The freer, more direct, and more genuine -relationship between men, which is implied by it, must be the ultimate -basis of the reconstructed Workshop.”--C. R. ASHBEE, “Workshop -Reconstruction and Citizenship,” p. 160. - -A case of passionate attachment between two Indian boys was told to -the author of the present book by a master at a school in India. The -boys--who were about sixteen years of age--were both at the same school, -and were devoted friends; but the day came when they had to part. One was -taken away by his parents to go to a distant part of the country. The -other was inconsolable at the prospect. When the day arrived, and his -companion was removed, he soon after went quietly to a well in the school -precincts, jumped in, and was drowned. The news, sent on by wire, reached -the departing friend while still on his journey. He said little, but at -one of the stations left the train and disappeared. The train went on, -but at a little distance out, the boy ran out of the bushes by the line, -threw himself on the rails, and was killed. - -The following is taken from one of the “cases” recorded by Havelock -Ellis in his “Sexual Inversion”; “The earliest sex-impression that I am -conscious of is at the age of nine or ten falling in love with a handsome -boy who must have been about two years my senior. I do not recollect ever -having spoken to him, but my desire, as far as I can recall, was that -he should seize hold of and handle me. I have a distinct impression yet -of how pleasurable even physical pain or cruelty would have been at his -hands.”--HAVELOCK ELLIS, _op. cit._, “case” xiii., p. 71. - -“When I was about sixteen-and-a-half years old, there came into the house -a boy about two years younger than myself, who became the absorbing -thought of my school-days. I do not remember a moment, from the time I -first saw him to the time I left school, that I was not in love with him, -and the affection was reciprocated, if somewhat reservedly. He was always -a little ahead of me in books and scholarship, but as our affection -ripened we spent most of our spare time together, and he received my -advances much as a girl who is being wooed, a little mockingly perhaps, -but with real pleasure. He allowed me to fondle and caress him, but our -intimacy never went further than a kiss, and about that even was the slur -of shame; there was always a barrier between us, and we never so much as -whispered to one another concerning those things of which all the school -obscenely talked.”--_Same case_, p. 73. - -“At the age of twenty-one I began gradually to remark that I was not -somehow like my comrades, that I had no pleasure in male occupations, -that smoking, drinking, and card-playing gave me little satisfaction, and -that I had a real death-horror of a brothel. And, as a matter of fact, I -had never been in one, as on every occasion under some pretext or other -I have succeeded in stealing off. I now began to think about myself; I -felt myself frightfully desolate, miserable and unfortunate, and longed -for a friend of the same nature as myself--yet without dreaming that -there could be other such men. At the age of twenty-two I came to know a -young man who at last cleared up my mind about sexual inversion and those -affected with it, since he--an Urning, like myself--had fallen in love -with me. The scales fell from my eyes, and I bless the day which brought -light to me.… Towards woman in her sexual relation I feel a real horror, -which the exercise of all my strongest powers of imagination would not -avail to overcome; and indeed, I have never attempted to overcome it, -since I am quite persuaded of the fruitlessness of such an attempt, -which to me appears sinful and unnatural.”--KRAFFT-EBING, “Psychopathia -Sexualis,” 7th edition, “case” No. 122, p. 291. Stuttgart, 1892. - -“I can no longer exist without men’s love; without such I must ever -remain at strife with myself.… If marriage between men existed I believe -I should not be afraid of a life-long union--a thing which with a woman -seems to be something impossible.… Since, however, this kind of love is -reckoned criminal, by its satisfaction I can be at harmony with myself -but never with the world, and necessarily in consequence must ever be -somewhat out of tune; and all the more so because my character is open, -and I hate lies of all kinds. This torment, to have always to conceal -everything, has forced me to confess my anomaly to a few friends, -of whose understanding and reticence I am sure. Although oftentimes -my condition seems to me sad enough, by reason of the difficulty of -satisfaction and the general contempt of manly love, yet I am often just -a little proud on account of having these anomalous feelings. Naturally, -I shall never marry--but this seems to me by no means a misfortune, -although I am fond of family life, and up to now have passed my time only -among my own relations. I live in the hope that later I shall have a -permanent loved one; such indeed I must have, else would the future seem -gray and drear, and every object which folk usually pursue--honour, high -position, etc.--only vain and unattractive. - -“Should this hope not be fulfilled, I know that I should be unable, -permanently and with pleasure, to give myself to my calling, and that I -should be capable of setting aside everything in order to gain the love -of a man. I feel no longer any moral scruples on account of my anomalous -leaning, and generally have never been troubled because I felt myself -drawn to youths.… Up to now it has only seemed to me bad and immoral to -do that which is injurious to another, or which I would not wish done to -myself, and in this respect I can say that I try as much as possible not -to infringe on the rights of others, and am capable of being violently -roused by any injustice done to others.”--_Ibid_, p. 249, “case” No. 110 -(official in a factory, age 31). - -“My thoughts are by no means exclusively of the body or morbidly sensual. -How often at the sight of a handsome youth does a deeply enthusiastic -mood come upon me, and I offer a prayer, so to speak, in the glorious -words of Heine--”Du bist wie eine Blume, so hold, so schön, so rein“.… -Never has a young man yet guessed my love for him, I have never corrupted -or damaged the morals of one, but for many have I here and there smoothed -their pathway; and then I stick at no trouble and make sacrifices such as -I can only make for them. - -“When thus I have a chance to have a loved friend near me, to teach, to -support and help, when my unconfest love finds a loving response (though -naturally not sexual), then all the unclean images fade more and more -from my mind. Then does my love become almost platonic, and lifts itself -up--only to sink again in the mire, when it is deprived of its proper -activity. - -“For the rest, I am--and I can say it without boasting--not one of the -worst of men. Mentally more sensitive than most average folk, I take -interest in everything that moves mankind. I am kindly-disposed, tender, -and easily moved to pity, can do no injury to any animal, certainly not -to a human being, but on the contrary am active in a human-friendly way, -where and however I can. - -“Though then before my own conscience I cannot reproach myself, and -though I must certainly reject the judgment of the world about us, yet I -suffer greatly. In very truth I have injured no one; and I hold my love -in its nobler activity for just as holy as that of normally disposed -men, but under the unhappy fate that allows us neither sufferance nor -recognition, I suffer often more than my life can bear.”--_Ibid_, p. 268, -“case” No. 114. - -“To depict all the misery, all the unfortunate situations, the constant -dread of being found out in one’s peculiarity and of becoming impossible -in society--to give an idea of all this is truly more than pen or words -can compass. The very thought, so soon as it arises, of losing one’s -social existence and of being rejected by everybody is more torment -than can be imagined. In such a case, everything, everything would be -forgotten that one had ever done in the way of good; in the consciousness -of his lofty morality every normally disposed man would puff himself up, -however frivolously he might really have acted in the matter of his love. -I know many such normal folk whose unworthy conception of their love is -indeed hard for me to understand.”--_Ibid_, p. 269. - -“The torturing images of betrayed love prevent my sleeping, so that I -am forced, now and again, to have recourse to chloral. My dreams are -only a continuation of actual life, and just as painful. How all this -will end I really know not; but I suppose these root-emotions must take -their own course.… The only reasonable end of the struggle is Death.”--A. -MOLL, “Conträre Sexualempfindung,” 2nd edition, p. 123 (quotation from a -letter). - -“Weary and worn, I have passed through every tempest of anguish and -despair. Years of the most racking mental agony have gone over my head -without killing me. Through the long night watches I have heard the -unceasing hours toll. Sleep has never been thought of by me, but I have -lain on my bed trying to read some book, or have knelt by my bedside -and endeavoured to raise my heart and spirit in prayer for succour -or forgiveness. At last, unable to hold out any longer, with mouth -tight-closed and knitted brow the Charmer has deadened my senses for one -or two brief hours; but only that I may wake to a stronger and clearer -perception of my hopeless condition. - -“How the days have got on I know not. How I can have lived so long -through such misery I know not. But torture like this is cruelly slow, -whilst it is sure. It is the nature of youth to be long-enduring where -Love is put to the test and a kind of occasional flicker--a kind of -mocking semblance of hope, as like to hope as the rushing meteor is to -the enduring sun--helps to support the load of misery, and so to prolong -it. I am hundreds of years old in this my wretchedness of every moment. -I cannot battle against Love and crush it out--never! God has implanted -the necessity of the sentiment in my heart; it is scarce possible not to -ask oneself why has He implanted so divine an element in my nature, which -is doomed to die unsatisfied, which is destined in the end to be my very -death?”--_From a manuscript left to the Author by an Urning._ - -H. ELLIS, in Appendix D. of his book on “Sexual Inversion,” speaks at -some length on the School-friendships of girls: what they call “Flames” -and “Raves”; of love at first sight; romance; courtship; meetings despite -all obstacles; long letters; jealousy; the writing the beloved’s name -everywhere, etc. These alliances are sometimes sexual, but oftener not -so--though full of “psychic erethism.” - -In the same Appendix he quotes a woman of thirty-three, who writes, “At -fourteen I had my first case of love, but it was with a girl. It was -insane, intense love, but had the same quality and sensations as my first -love with a man at eighteen. In neither case was the object idealized: -I was perfectly aware of their faults; nevertheless, my whole being was -lost, immersed, in their existence. The first lasted two years, the -second seven years. No love has since been so intense, but now these two -persons, though living, are no more to me than the veriest stranger.” - -Another woman of thirty-five writes, “Girls between the ages of fourteen -and eighteen at college or girls’ schools often fall in love with the -same sex. This is not friendship. The loved one is older, more advanced, -more charming or beautiful. When I was a freshman in college I knew -at least thirty girls who were in love with a senior. Some sought her -because it was the fashion, but I knew that my own homage and that of -many others was sincere and passionate. I loved her because she was -brilliant and utterly indifferent to the love shown her. She was not -pretty, though at the time we thought her beautiful. One of her adorers, -on being slighted, was ill for two weeks. On her return she was speaking -to me when the object of our admiration came into the room. The shock was -too great, and she fainted. When I reached the senior year I was the -recipient of languishing glances, original verses, roses, and passionate -letters written at midnight and three in the morning.” - -“Passionate friendships among girls, from the most innocent to the most -elaborate excursions in the direction of Lesbos, are extremely common -in theatres, both among actresses, and even more among chorus and -ballet-girls.”--HAVELOCK ELLIS, “Sexual Inversion,” p. 130. - -“The love of homosexual women is often very passionate, as is that of -Urnings. Just like these, the former often feel themselves blessed when -they love happily. Nevertheless, to many of them, as to the Urning, is -the circumstance very painful that in consequence of their antipathy to -the touch of the male they are not in the position to found a family. -Sometimes, when the love of a homosexual woman is not responded to, -serious disturbances of the nerve-system may ensue, leading even to -paroxysms of fury.”--A. MOLL, _op. cit._, p. 338. - -“It is noteworthy how many inverted women have, with more or less fraud, -been married to the woman of their choice, the couple living happily -together for long periods. I know of one case, probably unique, in -which the ceremony was gone through without any deception on any side; -a congenitally inverted English woman of distinguished intellectual -ability, now dead, was attached to the wife of a clergyman, who, in full -cognisance of all the facts of the case, privately married the two ladies -in his own church.”--HAVELOCK ELLIS, _op. cit._, p. 146, footnote. - -“Seven or eight girls, we are told (in Montaigne’s ‘Journal du Voyage -en Italie,’ 1350), belonging to Chaumont, resolved to dress and to work -as men; one of these came to Vitry to work as a weaver, and was looked -upon as a well-conditioned young man, and liked by everyone. At Vitry -she became betrothed to a woman, but, a quarrel arising, no marriage -took place. Afterwards, ‘she fell in love with a woman whom she married, -and with whom she lived for four or five months, to the wife’s great -contentment, it is said; but having been recognised by some one from -Chaumont, and brought to justice, she was condemned to be hanged. She -said she would even prefer this to living again as a girl, and was hanged -for using illicit inventions to supply the defects of her sex’.”--_Ibid_, -p. 119. - -“It is evident that there must be some radical causes for the frequency -of homosexuality among prostitutes. One such cause doubtless lies in -the character of the prostitute’s relations with men; these relations -are of a professional character, and, as the business element becomes -emphasized, the possibility of sexual satisfaction diminishes; at -the best also there lacks the sense of social equality, the feeling -of possession, and scope for the exercise of feminine affection and -devotion.”--_Ibid_, p. 149. - -“Among the inscribed prostitutes of Berlin there are without doubt a -great number who honour the love of women. I am told from well-informed -sources, that about twenty-five per cent. of the prostitutes of Berlin -have relations with other women.”--A. MOLL, _op. cit._, p. 331. - -“Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (born in 1825 near Aurich), who for many years -expounded and defended homosexual love, and whose views are said to have -had some influence in drawing Westphal’s attention to the matter, was a -Hanoverian legal official (Amts-assessor), himself sexually inverted. -From 1864 onward, at first under the name of ‘Numa Numantius,’ and -subsequently under his own name, Ulrichs published in various parts of -Germany a long series of works dealing with this question, and made -various attempts to obtain a revision of the legal position of the sexual -invert in Germany. - -“Although not a writer whose psychological views can carry much -scientific weight, Ulrichs appears to have been a man of most brilliant -ability, and his knowledge is said to have been of almost universal -extent; he was not only well-versed in his own special subjects of -jurisprudence and theology, but in many branches of natural science, -as well as in archæology; he was also regarded by many as the best -Latinist of his time. In 1880 he left Germany and settled in Naples, and -afterwards at Aquila in the Abruzzi, whence he issued a Latin periodical. -He died in 1895.”--HAVELOCK ELLIS, _op. cit._, p. 33. - -Ulrichs enters into an elaborate classification of human types, with a -corresponding nomenclature, which, though somewhat ponderous, has been of -use. Among males, for instance, he distinguishes the quite normal man, -whom he calls “Dioning,” from the invert, whom he calls “Urning.” Among -Urnings, again, he distinguishes (1) those who are thoroughly manly in -appearance and in mental habit and character (“Mannlings”), and who tend -to love softer and younger specimens of their own sex; (2) those who are -effeminate in appearance and cast of mind (“Weiblings”), and who love -rougher and older men; and (3) those who are of a medium type (“Zwischen -Urnings”) and love young men. Then again there is the “Urano-dioning,” -who is born with a capacity of love in both directions, _i.e._, for -women and for men. He is generally of the manly type. And besides these, -some sub-species, like the “Uraniaster,” who is a normal man who has -contracted the Urning habit, and the “Virilised Urning,” who is an Urning -who has contracted the normal habit, though this is not really natural to -him! The whole may be set out in a table as follows:-- - - { (_a_) Normal Man or Dioning--called Uraniaster when - { he acquires Urning tendencies. - { - The { {1. Mannling. - Human { {2. Zwischen-Urning. - Male { (_b_) Urning {3. Weibling. - { {4. Also called Virilised Urning when he - { { acquires the normal habit. - { - { (_c_) Urano-dioning. - -If we add to this a corresponding table for the female we shall have an -idea of the complication of Ulrichs’ system! Yet, complex as it is, and -whatever criticisms we may make upon it, we must allow that it does not -exceed the complexity of the real facts of Nature. (See K. H. ULRICHS’ -“Memnon,” ch. iii.-v.) - -Krafft-Ebing’s analysis of the subject is fully as elaborate as that -of Ulrichs. It is given by J. A. SYMONDS in the form of a table, as -follows:-- - - { { Persistent. - { Acquired { Episodical. - { - Sexual { { Psychic Hermaphrodites. - Inversion { { - { { { Male Habitus (Mannlings). - { Congenital { Urnings { Female Habitus (Weiblings). - { { - { { Androgyni. - -And Symonds continues:--“What is the rational explanation of the facts -presented to us by the analysis which I have formulated in this table, -cannot as yet be thoroughly determined. We do not know enough about the -law of sex in human beings to advance a theory. Krafft-Ebing and writers -of his school are at present inclined to refer them all to diseases of -the nervous centres, inherited, congenital, excited by early habits of -self-abuse. The inadequacy of this method I have already attempted to -set forth; and I have also called attention to the fact that it does not -sufficiently account for the phenomena known to us through history and -through every-day experience.” [It should be noted that in later editions -of his book Krafft-Ebing considerably modifies the view that these -sex-variations all indicate disease.]--“A Problem in Modern Ethics,” p. -46. - -Moll, speaking of the act so commonly credited to Urnings (sodomy), -says:--“The common assumption is that the intercourse of Urnings consists -in this. But it is a great error to suppose that this act is so frequent -among them.”--A. MOLL, _op. cit._, p. 139. - -And Krafft-Ebing also speaks of it as rare among true Urnings, -though not uncommon among old roués and debauchees of more normal -temperament.--“Psychopathia Sexualis,” 7th edition, p. 258. - -“The Urning denies not only the ‘unnaturalness’ of his leanings, but also -their pathological character; he protests against comparison with the -lame and the deaf. The occasional coincidence of sexual inversion with -other really morbid conditions settles nothing, nor is the reminder that -it is antagonistic to the purpose of race-propagation a proof; for who -can assure us that Nature has intended all people for race-propagation? -Even to the worker-bee Nature has not granted this function, although in -her stunted female sex-organs there exists an undeniable indication or -suggestion of sex-feeling.”--A. MOLL, _op. cit._, p. 271. (From a letter -by a sixty year old Urning.) - -“Homosexuality, therefore, might be described as an abnormal variety -of the sex-impulse, but hardly as a morbid variety. If you like, it -might be termed an arrest of development or a kind of reversion. And -this is quite in accord with the fact that the best experts in the -subject have so far not discovered more psychic abnormalities among -homosexuals than among heterosexuals--nor more degeneracy or signs of -degeneracy.”--Consulting-Physician Dr. PAUL NAECKE, in _Der Tag_, 26th -Oct., 1907. - -“As a result of these considerations Ulrichs concludes that there is no -real ground for the persecution of Urnings except such as may be found in -the repugnance felt by the vast numerical majority for an insignificant -minority. The majority encourages matrimony, condones seduction, -sanctions prostitution, legalises divorce, in the interest of its own -sexual proclivities. It makes temporary or permanent unions illegal for -the minority whose inversion of instinct it abhors. And this persecution, -in the popular mind at any rate, is justified, like many other -inequitable acts of prejudice or ignorance, by theological assumptions -and the so-called mandates of revelation.”--“A Problem in Modern Ethics,” -p. 83. - -“We understand by ‘homosexual’ a person who feels himself drawn to -individuals of the same sex by feelings of real love. Whether or not he -acts in accordance with this homosexual feeling is, from the scientific -standpoint, beside the question. Just as there are normal folk who live -chastely, so there are homosexual persons whose love bears a distinctly -psychic, ideal and ‘platonic’ character.… - -“The feminine impress, in the case of homosexual men, is in general best -indicated by the presence of greater sensitiveness and receptivity, -also by the dominance of the emotional life, by a strong artistic -sense, especially in the direction of music, often too by a tendency to -mysticism, and by various inclinations and habits feminine in the good or -less good sense of the word. This blending of temperament, however, does -not make the homosexual as such a less worthy person. He is indeed not of -the same nature as the heterosexual, but he is of equal worth.”--Dr M. -HIRSCHFELD’S evidence as medical specialist in the Moltké-Harden trial. - -“One serious objection to recognising and tolerating sexual inversion -has always been that it tends to check the population. This was a sound -political and social argument in the time of Moses, when a small militant -tribe needed to multiply to the full extent of its procreative capacity. -It is by no means so valid in our age, when the habitable portions of -the globe are rapidly becoming overcrowded. Moreover, we must bear in -mind that society under the existing order sanctions female prostitution, -whereby men and women, though normally procreative, are sterilized to an -indefinite extent.”--J. A. SYMONDS, “A Problem in Modern Ethics,” p. 82. - -“Before Justinian, both Constantine and Theodosius passed laws against -sexual inversion, committing the offenders to ‘avenging flames.’ But -these statutes were not rigidly enforced, and modern opinion on the -subject may be said to flow from Justinian’s legislation. Opinion, in -matters of custom and manners, always follows law. Though Imperial -edicts could not eradicate a passion which is inherent in human -nature, they had the effect of stereotyping extreme punishments in all -the codes of Christian nations, and of creating a permanent social -antipathy.”--_Ibid_, p. 13. - -“Our modern attitude is sometimes traced back to the Jewish Law and -its survival in St. Paul’s opinion on this matter. But the Jewish Law -itself had a foundation. Wherever the enlargement of the population -becomes a strongly-felt social need--as it was among the Jews in their -exaltation of family life, and as it was when the European populations -were constituted--there homosexuality has been regarded as a crime, even -punishable with death.… It was in the fourth century at Rome that the -strong modern opposition to it was formulated in law. The Roman race -had long been decaying; sexual perversions of all kinds flourished; -the population was dwindling. At the same time Christianity with its -Judaic-Pauline antagonism to homosexuality was rapidly spreading. The -statesmen of the day, anxious to quicken the failing pulses of national -life, utilised this powerful Christian feeling. Constantine, Theodosius, -Valentinian, all passed laws against homosexuality--the last, at all -events, ordaining as a penalty the _vindices flammæ_.” HAVELOCK ELLIS, -_op. cit._, p. 206. - -“At the present time, shoemakers, who make shoes to measure, deal more -rationally with individuals than our teachers and school-masters do, in -their application to moral principles. The sexually intermediate forms -of individuals are treated exactly as if they were good examples of the -ideal male or female types. There is wanted an ‘orthopædic’ treatment of -the soul, instead of the torture caused by the application of ready-made -conventional shapes. The present system stamps out much that is original, -uproots much that is truly natural, and distorts much into artificial and -unnatural forms.”--O. WEININGER, “Sex and Character,” ch. v. - -“What is new in my view is that according to it homosexuality cannot be -regarded as an atavism or as due to arrested embryonic development, or to -incomplete differentiation of sex; it cannot be regarded as an anomaly -of rare occurrence interpolating itself in customary complete separation -of the sexes. Homosexuality is merely the sexual condition of those -intermediate sexual forms that stretch from one ideal sexual condition -to the other ideal sexual condition. In my view, all actual organisms -have both homosexuality and heterosexuality.”--O. WEININGER, “Sex and -Character,” ch. iv. - -“How is it then that in our age reputed so philanthropic, whole classes -of men, on account of inborn mental abnormalities, are marked down and -banned, frantically persecuted, publicly branded, and threatened with the -severest legal penalties? Any one would hardly believe what gross cases -of justiciary murder, morally speaking, still take place in this matter -even at the end of the nineteenth century. To the pitiful ignorance of -the judges, to the thousand inherited prejudices of public opinion, as -well as to the mental slavery of legislative bodies, must it be ascribed -that the penal code of most civilised states is still in great measure -formulated in the gloomy spirit of the Middle Ages.”--O. de JOUX, “Die -Enterbten des Liebesglückes,” p. 16. - -“Up till now homosexual humanity has found itself in a peculiar -position. Its mouth was closed, it could not speak. It was bound hand -and foot and could not move. But now there has come an important change. -Science has taken the part of these folk and defended their honour … -I protest therefore earnestly that these men, whether by means of the -Law or any other means, should no longer be branded in the name of -Christianity.”--From a letter written by a Catholic priest in reply to a -circular sent by the Humane-Science Committee of Berlin. (See “Jahrbuch -der Sexuellen Zwischenstufen,” vol. ii., p. 177.) - -“Thus the very basest of all trades, that of _chantage_ [blackmailing] -is encouraged by the law.… The miserable persecuted wretch, placed -between the alternative of paying money down or of becoming socially -impossible, losing a valued position, and seeing dishonour burst upon -himself and family, pays; and still the more he pays the greedier becomes -the vampire who sucks his life-blood, until at last there lies nothing -else before him except total financial ruin or disgrace. Who will be -astonished if the nerves of an individual in this position are not equal -to the horrid strain? In some cases the nerves give way altogether.… -Alter the law and instead of increasing vice you will diminish it. The -temptation to ply a disgraceful profession with the object of extorting -money would be removed.”--“A Problem in Modern Ethics,” pp. 56 and 86. - -“You will rightly infer that it is difficult for me to say exactly how -I regard (morally) the homosexual tendency. Of this much, however, -I am certain that even if it were possible I would not exchange my -inverted nature for a normal one. I suspect that the sexual emotions -and even inverted ones have a more subtle significance than is -generally attributed to them; but modern moralists either fight shy of -transcendental interpretations or see none, and I am ignorant and unable -to solve the mystery these feelings seem to imply.”--HAVELOCK ELLIS, _op. -cit._, p. 65, “case” ix. - -“I cannot regard my sexual feelings as unnatural or abnormal, since -they have disclosed themselves so perfectly naturally and spontaneously -within me. All that I have read in books or heard spoken about the -ordinary sexual love, its intensity and passion, life-long devotion, -love at first sight, etc., seems to me to be easily matched by my own -experiences in homosexual form; and with regard to the morality of this -complex subject, my feeling is that it is the same as should prevail in -love between man and woman, namely: that no bodily satisfaction should -be sought at the cost of another person’s distress or degradation. I am -sure that this kind of love is, notwithstanding the physical difficulties -that attend it, as deeply stirring and ennobling as the other kind, if -not more so; and I think that for a perfect relationship the actual -sex-gratifications (whatever they may be) probably hold a less important -place in this love than in the other.”--_Ibid_, “case” vii., p. 58. - -“I grew older, I entered my professional studies, and I was very diligent -with them. I lived in a great capital, I moved much in general society. -I had a large and lively group of friends. But always, over and over, -I realised that, in the kernel, at the very root and fibre of myself, -there was the throb and glow, the ebb and the surge, the seeking as in -a vain dream to realise again that passion of friendship which could so -far transcend the cold modern idea of the tie; the Over-Friendship, the -Love-Friendship of Hellas, which meant that between man and man could -exist--the sexual-psychic love. That was still possible! I knew that -now. I had read it in the verses or the prose of the Greek or Latin -or Oriental authors who have written out every shade of its beauty or -unloveliness, its worth or debasement--from Theokritos to Martial, or -Abu-Nuwas, to Platen, Michel-Angelo, Shakespeare. I had learned it from -the statues of sculptors--in those lines so often vivid with a merely -physical male beauty--works which beget, which sprang from, the sense -of it in a race. I had half-divined it in the music of a Beethoven and -a Tschaikowsky before knowing facts in the life-stories of either of -them--or of an hundred other tone-autobiographists. And I had recognised -what it all meant to most people to-day--from the disgust, scorn, and -laughter of my fellow-men when such an emotion was hinted at.”--_Imre: a -memorandum_, by XAVIER MAYNE, p. 110. Naples, R. Rispoli, 1906. - -“Presently, during that same winter, accident opened my eyes wider to -myself. Since then, I have needed no further knowledge from the Tree of -my Good and Evil. I met with a mass of serious studies, German, Italian, -French, English, from the chief European specialists and theorists on the -similisexual topic; many of them with quite other views than those of my -well-meaning but far too conclusive Yankee doctor (who had recommended -marriage as a cure). I learned of the much-discussed theories of -‘secondary sexes’ and ‘intersexes.’ I learned of the theories and facts -of homosexualism, of the Uranian Love, of the Uranian race, of the ‘Sex -within a Sex.’ … I came to know their enormous distribution all over the -world to-day; and of the grave attention that European scientists and -jurists have been devoting to problems concerned with homosexualism. I -could pursue intelligently the growing efforts to set right the public -mind as to so ineradicable and misunderstood a phase of humanity. I -realised that I had always been a member of that hidden brotherhood -and Sub-Sex, or Super-Sex. In wonder too I informed myself of its deep -instinctive freemasonries--even to organised ones--in every social class, -every land, and every civilisation.”--_Ibid_, pp. 134, 135. - -“Thus in sexual inversion we have what may be fairly called a ‘sport’ -or variation, one of those organic aberrations which we see throughout -living nature, in plants and in animals.”… “All these organic variations -which I have here mentioned to illustrate sexual inversion, are -abnormalities. It is important that we should have a clear idea as -to what abnormality is. Many people imagine that what is abnormal is -necessarily diseased. That is not the case, unless we give the word -disease an inconveniently and illegitimately wide extension. It is both -inconvenient and inexact to speak of colour-blindness, criminality and -genius as diseases in the same sense as we speak of scarlet fever, -tuberculosis, or general paralysis as diseases.”--HAVELOCK ELLIS, _op. -cit._, p. 186. - -“I have had for some time past a theory about this ‘Homogenic’ -business--I do not suppose it is new--but it is that when man reaches a -certain stage of development and approaches the totality of Human Nature, -there gets to exist in him, though subordinately at first, a female -element as well as a male. That is to say that as he passes the various -barriers, he passes the barrier of sex too, on his way to become the -complete Human--the Universal.”--_From a private letter._ - -“Great geniuses, men like Goethe, Shakespeare, Shelley, Byron, Darwin, -all had the feminine soul very strongly developed in them.… As we are -continually meeting in cities women who are one-quarter, or one-eighth, -or so on, _male_ … so there are in the Inner Self similar half-breeds, -all adapting themselves to circumstances with perfect ease. The Greeks -recognised that such a being could exist even in harmony with Nature, -and so beautified and idealised it as Sappho.”--CHARLES G. LELAND, “The -Alternate Sex,” pp. 41, and 57. London, 1904. - -“I have considered and inquired into this question for many years; and -it has long been my settled conviction that no breach of morality is -involved in homosexual love; that, like every other passion, it tends, -when duly understood and controlled by spiritual feeling, to the physical -and moral health of the individual and the race, and that it is only its -brutal perversions which are immoral. I have known many persons more or -less the subjects of this passion, and I have found them a particularly -high-minded, upright, refined, and (I must add) pure-minded class of -men.”--_Communicated by Professor ---- in Appendix to_ HAVELOCK ELLIS’S -“Sexual Inversion,” p. 240. - -“What from the beginning struck me most, but now appears perfectly -clear and indeed necessary is that among the homosexuals there is -found the _most_ remarkable class of men, namely, those whom I call -_supervirile_. These men stand by virtue of the special variation of -their soul-material, just as much above Man, as the normal sex man does -above Woman. Such an individual is able to bewitch men by his soul-aroma, -as they--though passively--bewitch him. But as he always lives in men’s -society, and men, so to speak, sit at his feet, it comes about that such -a supervirile often climbs the very highest steps of spiritual evolution, -of social position, and of manly capacity. Hence it arises that the -most famous names of the world and the history of culture stand rightly -or wrongly on the list of homosexuals. Names like Alexander the Great, -Socrates, Plato, Julius Cæsar, Michel Angelo, Charles XII. of Sweden, -William of Orange, and so forth. Not only is this so, but it must be so. -As certainly as a woman’s hero remains a spiritually inferior man, must a -man’s hero--well _be_ a man’s hero, if in any way he has the stuff for it. - -“Consequently the German penal code, in stamping homosexuality as -a crime, puts the highest blossoms of humanity on the proscription -list.”--Professor Dr. JAEGER, “Die Entdeckung der Seele,” pp. 268, 269. - -“The licentious or garrulous or morbid types of inverts have been so -honoured with publicity that the other types are even yet little known. -The latter, in the maturity of their intellectual and moral nature, -cease to look upon sex as the pivot of the universe. They cease to repine -about their lot. They have their mission to fulfil here below, and they -try to fulfil it as best they can. In the same way we find there are -heterosexual (or normal) folk who at a certain stage of their growth -free themselves from the sexual life.--M. A. RAFFALOVICH, “Uranisme et -Unisexualité,” p. 74. - -“The well-bred, highly-cultured Urning is a complete Idealist; -matter is for him only a symbol of thought, and the actual only the -living expression of the Invisible.”--DE JOUX, “Die Enterbten des -Liebesglückes,” p. 46. - -“As nature and social law are so cruel as to impose a severe celibacy on -him his whole being is consequently of astonishing freshness and superb -purity, and his manners of life modest as those of a saint--a thing -which, in the case of a man in blooming health and moving about in the -world, is certainly very unusual.”--_Ibid_, p. 41. - -“If the soul of woman in its usual form represents a secret closed with -seven seals, it is--when prisoned in the sturdy body of a man and fused -with some of the motives of manhood, a far more enigmatic scripture of -whose sibylline meaning one can never be really sure. Only the Urning can -understand the Urning.”--_Ibid_, p. 63. - -“Because they (Urnings) themselves are of a very complex nature and put -together of opposing elements, they seek out and love the simple, plain, -and straightforward natures. Because they continually suffer from the -rebellion of their desires against good taste and morals, they often long -for a barbaric freedom. And because their every emotion is cut short, -distracted, and worn out by the thousand doubts and suspicions of their -Urning-minds, they gather to themselves men who are wont to live straight -from feeling to action, and who work from untamed masterly instincts, as -sure as the animals.”--_Ibid_, p. 97. - -“It is true that we are often inferior to normal men in force of will, -worldly wisdom, and sense of duty; but on the other hand, in depth and -delicacy of feeling and every virtue of the heart, we are far superior. -We cannot _love_ women, but we lament with them, and help them on the -hearth and by the cradle, in need and loneliness, as their most unselfish -friends.… We do not despise women because they are weak, for we are -much clearer-sighted, much less prejudiced than the so-called lords -of creation, much nobler, more helpful, and just-minded than they.… -Anyhow, if either of the sexes has cause to withhold its respect in -any degree from the other--which has the most cause? Say what you will -of them, the second and third sexes--women and Urnings--are ever so -much better than the brutal egotistical Men, who to-day are plunged in -grossest materialism; for, with whatever corruption, both the former -are still of purer heart, easier kindled towards whatever is good, and -more capable of genuine enthusiasm and love of their fellows, than the -latter.”--_Ibid_, p. 204. - -“Embodying as he does Love, Patience, Renunciation, Humility and -Mildness, the Urning should seek to soothe with his gentle hand all -hurts, and to heal all wounds, which are the results of weak Man’s -original sinfulness. The tender emotions in his breast, his all too soft -and easily troubled heart, his delicate sensitiveness and receptiveness -of all that is lofty and pure, his mildness, goodness and inexhaustible -patience--all these divine gifts of his soul point clearly to the -conclusion that the great framer of the world meant to create in Urnings -a noble priesthood, a race of Samaritans, a severely pure order of men, -in order to offer a strong counterpoise to the immoral tendencies of the -human race, which increase with its increasing culture.”--_Ibid_, p. 253. - -“When I review the cases I have brought forward and the mental history -of the inverted I have known, I am inclined to say that if we can enable -an invert to be healthy, self-restrained and self-respecting, we have -often done better than to convert him to the mere feeble simulacrum of -a normal man. An appeal to the _paiderastia_ of the best Greek days, -and the dignity, temperance, even chastity, which it involved, will -sometimes find a ready response in the emotional enthusiastic nature -of the congenital invert. The ‘manly’ love celebrated by Walt Whitman -in ‘Leaves of Grass,’ although it may be of more doubtful value for -general use, furnishes a wholesome and robust ideal to the invert who is -insensitive to normal ideals. It is by some such method of self-treatment -as this that most of the more highly intelligent men and women whose -histories I have already briefly recorded have at last slowly and -instinctively reached a condition of relative health and peace, physical -and moral.”--HAVELOCK ELLIS, “Sexual Inversion,” p. 202. - -“From America a lady writes:--‘Inverts should have the courage and -independence to be themselves, and to demand an investigation. If one -strives to live honourably, and considers the greatest good to the -greatest number, it is not a crime nor a disgrace to be an invert. -I do not need the law to defend me, neither do I desire to have any -concessions made for me, nor do I ask my friends to sacrifice their -ideals for me. I too have ideals which I shall always hold. All that -I desire--and I claim it as my right--is the freedom to exercise this -divine gift of loving, which is not a menace to society nor a disgrace -to me. Let it once be understood that the average invert is not a moral -degenerate nor a mental degenerate, but simply a man or a woman who is -less highly specialised, less completely differentiated, than other men -and women, and I believe the prejudice against them will disappear, and -if they live uprightly they will surely win the esteem and consideration -of all thoughtful people. I know what it is to be an invert--who feels -himself set apart from the rest of mankind--to find one human heart who -trusts him and understands him, and I know how almost impossible this is, -and will be, until the world is made aware of these facts.”--_Ibid_, p. -213. - - THE END. - - _Printed in Great Britain by_ - UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Intermediate Sex, by Edward Carpenter - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERMEDIATE SEX *** - -***** This file should be named 53763-0.txt or 53763-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/7/6/53763/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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