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diff --git a/old/54041-8.txt b/old/54041-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a654285..0000000 --- a/old/54041-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9852 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898; Volume -XLVII, 1728-1759, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898; Volume XLVII, 1728-1759 - Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the - islands and their peoples, their history and records of - the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books - and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial - and religious conditions of those islands from their - earliest relations with European nations to the close of - the nineteenth century - -Author: Various - -Contributor: Edward Gaylord Bourne - -Editor: Emma Helen Blair - James Alexander Robertson - -Release Date: January 22, 2017 [EBook #54041] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, VOLUME XLVII *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg - - - - - - - - - The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 - - Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and - their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, - as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the - political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those - islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the - close of the nineteenth century, - - Volume XLVII, 1728-1759 - - - - Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson - with historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord - Bourne. - - - - The Arthur H. Clark Company - Cleveland, Ohio - MCMVII - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLVII - - - Preface 11 - - Documents of 1728-1759 - - The Santa Misericordia of Manila. Juan Bautista de - Uriarte; Manila, 1728 23 - Survey of the Filipinas Islands. Fernando Valdés Tamón; - Manila, 1739. (To this is added, "The ecclesiastical - estate in the aforesaid Philipinas islands," by Pablo - Francisco Rodriguez de Berdozido; [Manila], 1742.) 86 - The Order of St. John of God. Juan Maldonado de Puga; - Granada, 1742 161 - Letter to the president of the India Council. Pedro - Calderon y Enriquez; Manila, July 16, 1746 230 - Letter of a Jesuit to his brother. Antonio Masvesi; - Cavite, December 2, 1749 243 - Commerce of the Philipinas Islands. Nicolas Norton - Nicols; Manila, [1759] 251 - - Bibliographical Data 285 - Appendix: Relation of the Zambals. Domingo Perez, O.P.; - Manila, 1680 289 - - - - - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Map of the Philippine Islands; photographic facsimile - of original MS. map (ca. 1742) in Museo-Biblioteca de - Ultramar, Madrid Frontispiece - Plan of Manila, ca. 1742; photographic facsimile from - original manuscript in Museo-Biblioteca de Ultramar, - Madrid 89 - Plan of Cavite and its fortifications, (ca. 1742); - photographic facsimile from original manuscript in - Museo-Biblioteca de Ultramar, Madrid 107 - Cebú and its fortifications, ca. 1742; photographic - facsimile from original manuscript in Museo-Biblioteca - de Ultramar, Madrid 115 - Plan of fort at Zamboanga, 1742; photographic facsimile - from original manuscript in Museo-Biblioteca de - Ultramar, Madrid 121 - Church of San Juan de Dios, Manila, in Religiosa - hospitalidad, by Juan M. Maldonado de Puga (Granada, - 1742), facing p. 148; photographic facsimile from copy - in collection of Eduardo Navarro, O.S.A., at Colegio - de Filipinas, Valladolid 177 - - - - - - - - -PREFACE - - -The documents presented in this volume (which covers the years 1728-59) -form a comprehensive and interesting survey of the islands and their -condition--social, religious, military, and commercial--during the -middle portion of the eighteenth century; and the writers of these -are prominent in their respective spheres of action. The appendix -furnishes a valuable description of the savage Zambals of western -Luzón, written by a Dominican missionary among that people in 1680. - -The first document is a translation and condensation of the Manifiesta -y resumen historico de la fundacion de la venerable hermandad de la -Santa Misericordia (Manila, 1728), by Juan Baptista de Uriarte. This -poorly-constructed work is chiefly valuable, not for the direct -historical facts that it gives, but for the social and economic -deductions that can be made from those facts. For instance, in spite -of the great poverty prevailing among certain classes of Manila, it -is apparent that the city possessed much wealth, else it would have -been quite impossible for the brotherhood of Santa Misericordia to -carry on its beneficent work to so great an extent. The brotherhood -is founded April 16, 1594, after the model of the brotherhood of -the same name in Lisboa, its first establishment being in the school -of Santa Potenciana. The rules of the new organization are ordained -January 14, 1597, and first printed in 1606. The favor and protection -accorded it in the beginning by Luis Perez Dasmariñas is continued -by many succeeding governors and ecclesiastics, many of whom act as -purveyors. As might be expected, the first attempts toward charitable -aid are weak, but strength is gradually attained, and the noble work -of the brotherhood receives due recognition. Certain pious funds -are gradually established; the brotherhood executes many wills; -a hospital is early founded, under the spiritual charge of the -Franciscans. In 1597, the royal hospital is taken in charge by the -Misericordia at the request of Governor Tello, in order that it may -be managed better. Amid all the many disasters from the time of its -foundation to 1728--shipwrecks, other sea accidents, invasions by the -Dutch, earthquakes, etc.--the brotherhood ever lends a helping hand -cheerfully. The city is divided into three parts, for the greater -good of the poor and destitute. The various amounts of the alms -distributed, which are given throughout the work, show how well the -brotherhood discharged the purpose of its foundation. Christianity is -debtor to this organization through the aid furnished to the religious -orders at various times. Generous aid has been given to the prisons, -to poor widows, to orphan girls (for whom a school is founded), and -to noble destitute families, and others. Its activities extend even -to the ransoming of Spanish and Portuguese prisoners from the Dutch; -to the care of the native, Spanish, and foreign soldiers who fight -under the banners of Spain; and even to Japan. A productive rule of -the brotherhood is the one compelling all the brothers at death to -leave something to the association. From 1619 on, many loans are -made from the coffers of the Misericordia to the royal treasury, -which is generally in a state of exhaustion; and these loans are -always cheerfully given, even in the midst of the depressions that -the association experiences. That the brotherhood has enemies is shown -by citations from a manifesto which charges it with neglect and poor -business management. These charges are, however, disproved by our -author. Indeed, the Manila house exceeds in the amount of its alms, -those given by the Lisbon or mother house. Elections are annual, -and are made by ten members chosen by the brotherhood as a unit. The -board is composed of thirteen brothers, chief of whom is the purveyor; -his duties, as well as those of the secretary, treasurer, and three -stewards, are stated. The remaining brothers of the board are known as -deputies. Royal decrees of 1699 and 1708 exempt the association from -visitation by either ecclesiastical or civil officials, a concession -that had been long before conferred upon it by Tello. An important -event in the history of the brotherhood is the completion in 1634 -of its church and school of Santa Isabel, whereby it does much good, -especially among the orphan girls under its charge. Confessions in the -school are in charge of the Jesuits. Many of the girls of the school -enter the religious life, but others marry, and to all such a generous -dowry is provided. Regular devotions are prescribed for the girls; -and for the brothers of the association various church duties are -ordained. The girls are also required to help in the kitchen and to -learn the duties of housekeeping, so that at marriage they are quite -ready to assume the position of wife. The number of girls and women -aided in this school and church reaches into the thousands, and the -expenses of the church have been considerably over 100,000 pesos. In -1656, the brotherhood makes a transfer of its hospital to the hospital -order of St. John of God. Chief among the funds established for the -use of the brotherhood are those by Governor Manuel de Leon of 50,000 -pesos, and by the famous Archbishop Pardo of 13,000. Notwithstanding -the many disasters that have occurred in the islands, many of which -affect the brotherhood, the latter has never been in a better condition -than at the time when this manifesto is written. In his final chapter, -Uriarte gives a list of the members of the board of the brotherhood, -of which he is secretary. He also gives in full various documents -which he has mentioned in the body of his relation. Under charge -of the association is the appointment of twenty-nine chaplaincies -(apparently among the religious orders, for ten chaplaincies for lay -priests are also mentioned); and a certain number of fellowships are -supported in San José college. The brotherhood is composed of 250 -members, whose qualifications and duties are given. The work ends -with an account of the annual alms given by the association. - -The condition of the islands in 1739 is well depicted in the -relation furnished in that year to the home government by Governor -Valdés Tamón. Brief descriptions are given of the city of Manila, -and the port of Cavite, with their fortifications, gates, artillery, -garrisons, and military supplies; the document contains similar -accounts of all the other military posts in the Philippines, and -short descriptions of the various provinces in which the islands -are governed. Lack of space, however, obliges us to omit the greater -part of these accounts, presenting only those concerned with Manila, -Cavite, Cebú, and Zamboanga. - -In 1742 an additional report was made for the king in regard to the -status of the ecclesiastical estate in the islands; this is here -given in full. The four cathedral churches are first mentioned, -with the jurisdiction, incumbent, expenses, and sources of income of -each. The other religious and the educational institutions of Manila, -and its hospitals, are enumerated, with statements of the aid given -to each by the royal treasury. A list is given of all the encomiendas -in the islands granted for such purposes, also of those granted to -private persons. Another section is devoted to the missions which are -carried on by the religious orders, and to the expenditures made for -them by the government of the islands, tabulated statements of which -are given, as in the other sections of this report. There is also -a table of the amounts collected by the religious who are in charge -of the mission villages as offerings on feast days. At the close are -found some remarks eulogistic of the friars' labors in the islands, -with an expression of regret that they have not carried out the king's -orders to have the Castilian language taught to the Filipino natives. - -The work carried on by the Misericordia was well supplemented by that -of the hospital order of St. John of God, an account of which was -published (Granada, 1742) by one of its brethren in Manila, Juan Manuel -Maldonado de Puga. He describes the urgent need of aid for the sick -there, the efforts made in early years (chiefly by the Misericordia) -to supply this want, and the coming of the hospitalers of St. John -(1641) to Manila. The government places in their charge the royal -hospital at Cavite (1642), and the Misericordia surrender to them their -hospital in Manila (1656); and for a time they conduct a hospital for -convalescents at Bagumbaya. A full account is given of the transfer -of the Misericordia hospital, and of its history up to 1740. Some -difficulties arise between the hospitalers and the Misericordia, which -are decided in favor of the former by the Jesuit university. Maldonado -presents a careful description of the new church and convent erected -in 1727 by the hospitalers, and narrates the leading events in their -history. An interesting digression by our author describes the system -of weighing in use by the Sangley traders in the islands, and the -substitution therefor (1727) of the Castilian steelyard and standards -of weight; he states that he is the first to explain the Chinese -system, and we know of no other writer who has done so. He proceeds -to give an account of the manner in which the Filipinas province of -the hospital order is governed, with lists of its provincials and of -its present officers and members; and then enumerates the incomes and -contributions of the order in the islands, relating the history of -these, and similarly the grants of royal aid to its work there. In -this connection is described the personal service called reserva or -polo, which is imposed on the natives. Another chapter enumerates -and describes the charitable foundations [obras pias] from which the -hospital receives aid. Maldonado describes the present condition of -the other hospitals in the islands, those outside Manila being mainly -for special classes--the lepers, the Chinese, the soldiers, etc.; and -few of them are properly managed or served. He ends with an apology for -numerous errors in his text, due to the blunders of native amanuenses. - -A letter from Manila (July 16, 1746) to the president of the India -Council recounts the difficulties and dangers with which the islands -are threatened by the Dutch and English, who are sending goods -from their Eastern factories to America, lying in wait to seize the -Spanish galleons, and even menacing Manila. The writer suggests that -the former trade between Luzón and the Malabar coast be resumed, -and that more effective measures be taken to overawe the Dutch and -English in Eastern waters. - -The Jesuit Antonio Masvesi informs his brother (December 2, 1749) -of the failure of the Joló and Mindanao missions, and severely -criticises the governor, Bishop Arrechedera, for his infatuation with -the sultan of Joló, and his lavish entertainment of that treacherous -and crafty Moro, against the advice of the Jesuits. Masvesi sends -also an account of these matters by a brother Jesuit, these letters -being intended to counteract the influence of Arrechedera's reports -to the home government. - -A curious memorial to the king, by an Englishman named Norton -but naturalized in Spain, urges that that country open up a direct -commerce with the Philippine Islands by way of the Cape of Good Hope, -and that mainly in cinnamon. He enumerates the products and exports -of the islands, and urges that these be cultivated more than they -are--above all, the cinnamon, which is now purchased by Spain and her -colonies from the Dutch, at exorbitant prices. The finest quality of -this spice could be produced in Mindanao, and Norton recommends that -plantations of cinnamon be made there, thus furnishing it to Spain -and the colonies at a lower price, and retaining their silver for -their own use instead of allowing their enemies to get possession -of it. He recapitulates the great advantages which will accrue to -Spain, to her people and colonists, and to the Indian natives, from -the execution of this project; and he would cultivate in the islands -not only cinnamon but pepper. He cites figures from the Amsterdam -Gazette to show how great quantities of commodities which might be -produced by the Philippines are brought to Europe from the Dutch -factories in the East; and he points out how Spain might profitably -exchange cinnamon and pepper for the lumber, cordage, etc., which -she now purchases for cash from Norway and Russia. He urges that -Spain should no longer submit to the tyranny of the Dutch and other -heretics, who are really in her power, since they must depend on her -for silver. He asks that the king will appoint a commission to examine -and report on his project, and enumerates various conditions which he -requires in order to establish the direct commerce between Spain and -Filipinas. At the end are stated the numerous advantages which would -accrue to Spain and the colonies from the execution of Norton's plan. - -Appendix: Domingo Perez, one of the most noted of the seventeenth -century Dominican missionaries, writes an account in 1680, from -personal experience, of the newly-acquired Dominican province of -Zambales, in which he describes that province, and the people in -their manifold relations. He gives much interesting information, -for the truth of which he vouches, concerning the Malayan race of -the Zambals, whose peculiar characteristics he describes, from -the standpoints of their religion and superstitions, and their -social and economic life; describes the changes effected by the -softening influences of the Christian religion; and gives various -suggestions as to their management. They are seen to possess a -religion somewhat vague in its general concept, but quite specific -and complex in its individual points, with a graded priesthood, to -all of which, however, not too great importance must be attached. In -their superstitious beliefs, they approach quite closely to the other -peoples of the Philippines. Birds are a good or bad omen according to -circumstances; sneezing is always a bad omen; great credence is given -to dreams. Marriage is an important ceremony, and chastity is general -among the women, who exercise great power among the people. Feasts are -occasions for intoxication. Above all, they are fierce headhunters, -and strive to cut off as many heads as possible, although they are -a cowardly race. The Dominican policy of governing the Zambals is -one of concentration, in which they are well aided by the garrison -of Spanish soldiers stationed in the Zambal country. - - -The Editors - -December, 1906. - - - - - - - - -DOCUMENTS OF 1728-1759 - - -The Santa Misericordia of Manila. Juan Bautista de Uriarte; 1728. -Survey of the Filipinas Islands. Fernando Valdés Tamón; 1739. (To this -is added, "The ecclesiastical estate in the aforesaid Philipinas -islands," by Pablo Francisco Rodriguez de Berdozido; [Manila], 1742.) -The Order of St. John of God. Juan Maldonado de Puga; 1742. -Letter to the president of the India Council. Pedro Calderon y -Enriquez; July 16, 1746. -Letter of a Jesuit to his brother. Antonio Masvesi; December 2, 1749. -Commerce of the Philipinas Islands. Nicolas Norton Nicols; [1759]. - - - Sources: The first document is translated (partly in full and - partly in synopsis) from Manifiesta ... del hospital de la Sancta - Misericordia (Manila, 1728); from a copy in the possession of - Edward E. Ayer, Chicago. The second, from an original MS. in the - Museo-Biblioteca de Ultramar, Madrid; part of it (of minor - importance) is necessarily omitted here. The third (largely in - synopsis), from Religiosa hospitalidad por los hijos del ... - S. Ivan de Dios en Philipinas (Granada, 1742); from a copy - belonging to E. E. Ayer. The fourth, from an original MS. in the - library of the Academia Española, Madrid. The fifth, from a - transcript in the Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library), iv, pp. - 297-305. The sixth, from an original MS. (or possibly a - contemporaneous copy) in possession of E. E. Ayer. - - Translations: The first is made by James Alexander Robertson; the - remainder, by Emma Helen Blair. - - - - - - - - -THE SANTA MISERICORDIA OF MANILA - - -CHAPTER I - -Of the beginning of this venerable brotherhood of the city of Manila, -in the year 1594 - - -[The Santa Misericordia of Manila [1] was founded in imitation of the -association of the same name which had been established in the city -of Lisbon in August 1498 with the consent of the vacant see and of -Queen Leonor, wife of Juan II. At the time of the foundation of the -Manila branch, Clement VIII occupied the papal chair, and Luis Perez -Dasmarifias was governor of Manila.] - - - - - -CHAPTER II - -Of the foundation of this venerable brotherhood, and the circumstances -attending it - - -The foundation of this venerable brotherhood was April 16, 1594, -the following being assembled and congregated in the church of the -holy Society of Jesus of this city: his Excellency, Don Luis Perez das -Mariñas, knight of the Order of Alcantara, governor and captain-general -of these islands for the king our sovereign; the very reverend father, -Fray Christoval de Salvatierra, of the Order of St. Dominic, governor -of the bishopric for his Excellency, Don Fray Domingo de Salazar, -its bishop, who at that time was in the kingdoms of Castilla; the -venerable dean, Don Diego Basquez de Mercado; the judiciary and -municipal body of this noble city; the master-of-camp of the royal -army of these islands, Don Diego Ronquillo; and the majority of the -nobility and citizens of the city. And they having been informed of -the so holy end for which this venerable brotherhood and confraternity -is instituted (in regard to which matter, a devout talk was given by -the very reverend father rector of the college of the said Society of -Jesus, Antonio Sedeño, who with the ardor of his spirit, informed them -of the importance that the foundation of the venerable brotherhood, -whose institution they were discussing for the spiritual and temporal -welfare of their neighbors, would be in the time of their greatest -calamities and miseries); in view of all of which, having conferred -with mature deliberation and due reflection concerning the seriousness -of the matter: they unanimously and harmoniously decided upon the -foundation of so holy a brotherhood. From that time it was considered -as established with the fixed resolution to begin the exercise of works -of charity, in accordance with the rules which were made for the better -government of the brotherhood, the original of which are conserved -in the first book of records. Then immediately their Excellencies, -the ecclesiastical and secular governors, who were present, each one -for himself, in the part that pertained to him, confirmed all the -abovesaid and affixed their signatures. It was agreed for the time -being that this venerable brotherhood of our Lady of Charity should -be established in the college of Santa Potenciana in this city. - -The first brothers who composed the financial board [mesa] -of this brotherhood, numbered thirteen: the purveyor Don Luis -Perez das Mariñas, knight of the Order of Alcantara, governor and -captain-general of these islands; its secretary, Don Estevan de -Marquina; its treasurer, Don Juan de Esquerra; the deputies, Don -Juan Ronquillo, Don Christoval de Azqueta, Don Antonio de Cañedo, -Don Francisco de Poza, Don Diego del Castillo, Don Juan de Alzega, -Don Juan Arseo, Don Hernando Nuñez de Peñalosa, Don Juan de la Lara, -and Don Thomas de Machuca. Those gentlemen in the meeting held May 11, -1594, enacted that this venerable brotherhood should militate under -the protection and favor of that of Lisboa, since that is the head of -all the brotherhoods which are founded in the districts of España and -of India, so that recognizing this brotherhood as its offspring, they -might establish a mutual correspondence and a perpetual brotherhood, -and, as faithful brothers aiding one another, obtain the chief -end of their institute which is directed to the exercise of works -of charity and mercy. On this matter, having written to the said -venerable brotherhood, the latter responded without the least delay, -congratulating it on having obtained in its foundation and brothers -the limit of its desires, and despatched the rules of that house -which were received by this brotherhood in 1596. And in order that -they might be observed more fittingly and performed in accordance -with the condition and state of the land, it was necessary to revise -some of them, although only a few, but only after great thought -and consideration by very learned persons. Those which today are in -force were ordained January 14, 1597, in a meeting called for that -effect. They were given to the press in 1606. At the same time this -brotherhood succeeded in being admitted and recognized as an offspring -by the brotherhood of the Misericordia of the city of Lisboa. - -It is not outside the present matter to mention at this place, -although briefly ... the governors and captains-general for the king -our sovereign, who have been brothers and purveyors of the house of -the Misericordia of this city, as well as the archbishops, ministers -of the royal Audiencia, the venerable deans, masters-of-camp, and -others, who will be named later, in the chronological order in which -they became brothers. It is as follows. - -[These names are as follows: Luis Perez das Mariñas; Doctor Antonio -de Morga; Licentiate Christoval Telles de Almazan, auditor; Francisco -Tello; Fray Miguel de Venavides, archbishop; Luis de Bracamonte, -master-of-camp; Doctor Juan de Vibero, dean of the Manila cathedral; -Doctor Diego Basquez de Mercado, dean, vicar-general, and archbishop; -Miguel Garsetas, chanter and purveyor; Diego Ronquillo, master-of-camp -and purveyor; Juan Juares Gallinato, master-of-camp; Doctor Juan -Fernandez de Ledo, purveyor; Manuel de Madrid y Luna, auditor; -Doctor Alvaro de Mesa y Luna, auditor; Juan de Balderrama, auditor; -Alonzo de Campos, archdeacon; Alonso Faxardo, governor and purveyor; -Mathias Flores Delgado, auditor; Geronimo de Legazpi, auditor; Antonio -Alvarez de Castro, auditor; Sebastian Cavallero, royal fiscal; Doctor -Alonso Zapata, schoolmaster; Alvaro Garcia de Ocampo, auditor; Doctor -Francisco Samaniego, royal fiscal; Licentiate Juan de Volivar y Cruz, -royal fiscal; Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, governor and purveyor; -Sabiniano Manrique de Lara, governor and purveyor; Lorenso de Olazo, -master-of-camp; Francisco Pasqual de Pano, auditor; Augustin de -Cepeda, master-of-camp and purveyor; Thomas de Endaya, master-of-camp -and purveyor; Francisco de Atienza y Vañes, master-of-camp; Doctor -Diego Camacho y Avila, archbishop; Doctor Francisco Rayo Doria, -dean, commissary of the Holy Crusade and purveyor; Doctor Domingo de -Valencia, bishop of Nueva Cazeres and purveyor; Conde de Lizarraga, -Martin de Ursua y Arismendi, governor and purveyor; Doctor Joseph de -Torralva, auditor, governor, and purveyor; Doctor Phelipe de Molina, -bishop of Nueva Cazeres; Doctor Manuel Antonio de Osio y Ocampo, -dean, vicar-general, and commissary; Doctor Juan de la Fuente Yepez, -schoolmaster; Marquez de Torre Campo, governor and purveyor.] - - - - - -CHAPTER III - -Of the condition and conveniences of this brotherhood in its beginning - - -Not a little admiration is caused upon beholding the weak foundations -upon which the providence of God erected so great a work for the -spiritual and temporal consolation of the poor and wretched people, -who suffered extreme necessities in this community. In the beginning -of its foundation, so scarce were the conveniences for obtaining -the desired fruit of its chief institution that scarcely did they -succeed in remedying the most urgent needs of their neighbors; but, -as it advanced on account of the liberal hand of God, it commenced, -as a father of charity, to scatter its gifts by means of worthy -benefactors of this house, the first who liberally ennobled and -enriched it being the said Don Luis Perez das Mariñas, with the -following concessions and alms. - -1. The first concession which he conceded to this brotherhood was -three toneladas in the cargo of the ships which annually voyage to the -port of Acapulco in the kingdom of Nueva España, to bring the royal -situado belonging to these islands, the date of its bestowal being -April 30, 1594. It was confirmed by Don Francisco Tello, governor -and captain-general of these islands, January 24, 1597. - -2. The second was of ten shops in the Alcayceria, the Parián of the -Sangleys, its date being August 29, 1595. - -3. The third was of an encomienda of eight hundred tributes in the -valley of Ytuy, in whose conquest the said Don Luis was taking part, -its date being April 25, 1596. - -4. The fourth was twenty-four young bulls which the said gentleman -applied from his Majesty's stockfarm as an alms for this venerable -brotherhood. - -These concessions were the principal support of this venerable -brotherhood. After them followed some other alms, which in particular -demonstration of their especial purpose were made by the said gentleman -with the certain knowledge that by so good direction they would be -distributed without the slightest delay and proportionally to the -need of each person. - -From that instant it appears that the providence of God pledged itself -in moving the hearts of men so that this so great work should take its -greatest increase by means of the plentiful bequests which were left -to this brotherhood, and funds which were frequently established as -an encouragement of the pious ends in which its charity was exercised, -committing their best alms and aids for the relief of the necessities -of the poor, both families and self-respecting persons, in the best -kind of bonds. The brotherhood obtained at the same time many trusts -which the faithful administration of wills gained for it, which were -in its charge, by the exact fulfilment which it gave to them. Therefrom -there resulted to this venerable brotherhood the well-known advantages -which immediately resulted to the benefit of the said poor, whose -needs and their relief were the only object of all its attention. - - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -Of the hospital which this brotherhood founded, and the Christian -and charitable exercises in which it was occupied. - - -This venerable brotherhood imagined that it was lukewarm and neglectful -in its love toward its neighbor, so long as it did not manifest it -in works proportionate to its greatness. On that account its charity -gave the first flights in the foundation and erection of a hospital -in which poor soldiers were to be treated. Inasmuch as there was no -other in whom to place the care of this so great need, this brotherhood -attended promptly to so fitting a relief, building it at the cost of -many pesos in 1596, supplying what was possible in so little time, -for the erection of said hospital. In fact, it was obtained with the -happiness which its memory should make famous three years after its -foundation. It gave its first attention to seeing that it was well -provided with beds, good food, and other things necessary for the -greatest relief of the sick, and secondly, by inquiring personally -and anxiously ascertaining the lodging of said sick soldiers, so -that they might immediately conduct them to the said hospital of -Santa Misericordia. - -So Christian and punctual and careful in their material treatment -of the sick were they that this venerable brotherhood arranged for -three deputies of the financial board alternately and continuously to -live in the said hospital, for the better care and management of the -medicines, their prompt application, and the competent assistance -of physician and surgeon who treated the sick therein, as well as -the good administration and management which they were to have of -the many pesos which were spent for those pious ends; the seraphic -order of our father St. Francis [had charge] in the spiritual of the -care of their souls with exemplary zeal and love, by means of one -of its religious, a priest, who was maintained by this brotherhood, -and to whom it gave everything necessary. - -Within three years after the foundation of this hospital, so much had -the idea of the charity with which the sick were treated, and the good -management which was observed in it, increased, that on December 3, -1597, his Excellency, Don Juan [i.e., Francisco] Tello, governor -and captain-general of these islands, sent to this financial board -(which was then at Santa Potenciana) Doctor Don Antonio de Morga, who -was an auditor of this royal Audiencia, and his lieutenant-governor -and captain-general, who afterwards merited promotion to the royal -Council of Castilla, to lay before the purveyor and deputies of the -brotherhood that it was quite apparent to all the members of this holy -confraternity that, in order that charity might be good it had to -commence by itself; and accordingly, since this financial board and -all its brothers were exercising the works of charity and mercy with -so great fervor as was well known, and since they knew the needs that -the hospital of the Spaniards, our brothers, was suffering, not so -much for lack of means as of management, wherefore, so great a number -of Spaniards died, and the wealth and means which his Majesty has given -it were not used to advantage: we should consider it fitting to include -that hospital with ours for the slaves, as was most suitable for us, -as it was of our own nation; and to manage it in the same manner as -ours of the Misericordia, so that the wealth and means which it had -should only be spent and laid out for the benefit of the sick, and -so that there might be order, concert, and relief, in order that by -this means the so many deaths that occurred daily therein, because of -the poor administration, order, and lack of relief, might be avoided; -and that if this financial board and the holy confraternity desired -to accept and to take charge of a matter of so great service to God, -our Sovereign, and of his Majesty, as taking under our charge the -management of the said hospital by way of charity, his Lordship, the -governor, would be prompt with all the power that he possessed and all -the means that he could use to withdraw this board from all individual -and general risk of giving account now or at any time of the wealth -and possessions of said hospital, which his Majesty had given it, -both as governor and as patron and manager. If necessary he would -transfer it and resign that office to this board, and would cause and -command that now and in no time should they be obliged to give account -of what his Majesty had given and assigned to the said hospital for -the support of the sick and the other expenses connected with it, -but that with it and all that it should have, we should proceed in -the same form and manner as with ours of Misericordia in accordance -with our rules. In regard to this, the governor would do all that was -necessary, and that his Lordship could do, for he was assured of the -great service that would be performed to God our Lord; also that the -conscience of his Majesty would be discharged; and that great gain -would come to the community and its citizens. Thus far the proposition. - -On behalf of the board, reply was made that they would convoke -a general chapter of the brotherhood, in order to inform all the -brothers; and that they would hand in writing to the said doctor -whatever resulted in regard to this proposition, so that he might -inform the governor without any delay. - -In the general chapter of the brotherhood, which was held December 6, -1597, it was resolved unanimously that the management of the said -hospital should be assumed by the board of the Santa Misericordia, -so that both Majesties might be served therein, provided that -the governor fulfilled the clauses and conditions which were set -forth in memorial on the part of the purveyor and deputies of -the brotherhood. On their presentation, the approval of them all -resulted. In accordance with and by virtue of an act and edict of the -superior government, transfer of the said hospital to the purveyor -and deputies of the Santa Misericordia became a reality, being given -before the alcalde-in-ordinary, Don Gaspar Osorio de Moya, and the -royal official judges, then Don Domingo Ortiz de Chagoya, accountant, -and Don Francisco de las Missas, factor. All the above was executed -January 3, 1598, and the board of the Santa Misericordia remained in -possession of the said hospital as will appear more at length from -the papers formed on this point. - -This proposition in all its circumstances well shows the credit which -this venerable brotherhood had negotiated and gained, not only in the -estimation of the holy religious orders and the citizens of this city, -but also in the appreciation of the governor, Don Francisco Tello, -who transferred the royal hospital of the Spaniards with so great -satisfaction and confidence to the care and management of this board; -for his Lordship believed that by this measure, he was securing and -founding a new estate of relief, assistance, and aid for the sick -Spaniards of the said hospital, because of the kindness and good -management of so zealous and Christian brothers. - - - - - -CHAPTER V - -Of the disasters which assaulted Manila during the five years from -599 to 604; and how the charity of the brothers of Santa Misericordia -shone forth to the good of their neighbor. - - -[The years 1599 and the first four of the seventeenth century -prove very disastrous for the Philippines, for they are visited by -many earthquakes, and suffer many other losses and misfortunes. The -first earthquake of June 21, 1599, does much damage to buildings, -and it is followed by other disastrous earthquakes in 1600. This year -also are lost the two ships "Santa Margarita," in the Ladrones, and -"San Geronimo," in Catanduanes; and the raid of Oliver van Noordt -occurs. In 1601, two galleons are lost in a hurricane--"Santo Thomas" -in Camarines on its way from Nueva España, and the second in the -shipyard of Pañamao near Leyte. Two ships from Acapulco land at the -islands in 1602 with goods wasted and rotten. In 1603, a fire causes -the loss of more than one million pesos in goods; and the disastrous -rising of the Chinese also occurs.] - -This is a brief sketch of what happened during the five years in -this city of Manila--events which truly cannot be read without -great horror. During that time the extreme necessity of many poor -people was crying out for relief, especially that of many women, -who were coming from Nueva España, and wretched slaves who because -of the rigor of unsatisfied hunger were yielding up their lives. A -good proof of this truth is a letter (the original of which this -brotherhood preserves) from his Excellency, Don Diego Bazquez de -Mercado, most worthy archbishop of the holy cathedral church of -this city, who was promoted from bishop of Campeche to this church, -where he had before been its dean, and had been at the foundation -of this venerable brotherhood as the ecclesiastical governor of the -vacant see of Don Fray Domingo de Salazar. Its date is August 15, 613, -and it was written in duplicate to our most holy father, Paul Fifth, -and is of the following tenor. - -[In this letter Vazquez de Mercado informs the pope of the growth -of Christianity in the Philippines, much of which he attributes, -in addition to the work of the religious orders, to the work of the -Santa Misericordia. He asks the pope to confirm the enclosed rules and -regulations of the brotherhood. He also asks for certain indulgences -in order that the rules may be followed properly.] - -During this time of the most cruel miseries and disasters this -venerable brotherhood made a rare show of the greatest strength of -its burning charity, for it appears that, through this house of the -Misericordia, God erected a new storehouse, well provided with every -remedy for the consolation of invalids, the relief of prisoners, and -the remedy of the sick. Thus the Misericordia attended promptly to what -it considered most fitting, striving as much as possible to soften -the lamentations and tears of so many poor people who begged relief -in troops for their extreme need, by distributing among them daily, -and when the cords of hunger pressed them more tightly, in the public -places of this city vast alms, which exceeded three hundred pesos -weekly. At the same time it took the most vigorous measures for the -construction of new infirmaries or rooms, which were erected after -the hospital of the Misericordia, in order to attend nearer at hand, -and with greater and prompter assistance, the pains, treatment, and -relief of so many poor women who refused to receive them anywhere -else, as well as to the wretched slaves who were dying of hunger -or sickness in the out-of-the-way places of this city. If this so -Christian provision had been lacking those people could not have -obtained spiritual or temporal consolation. - -With so powerful and Christian an example, this holy brotherhood -moved and attracted all the city, not only to the imitation of so -devout exercises but also succeeded in getting the free coöperation -of many alms which were distributed for so pious purposes. All of -the city was divided into three equal parts or wards, so that the -deputies of the board, who were successively occupied in this, might -distribute said alms, and many others which were given into their -own hands in proportion to the necessity and rank of each one of the -families. In this it was quite evident that the liberal hand of God -was working in order to succor with so great piety so innumerable -miseries. It appears that during the hard times of those five years, -this brotherhood distributed more than 80,000 pesos to the benefit -of all this community and its poor. - -This brotherhood seeing that for the fulfilment of its principal -rule of relieving the necessities of its neighbor spiritually and -physically, the brothers who composed the board [mesa] were not -sufficient, thought it advisable to provide that, up to the number -of forty, they should busy themselves in attending promptly to the -greatest necessity that called to them, in order to furnish the most -efficacious relief; that it would be well to take charge of the poor -sick men and women, and bring them to the hospitals; that it would be -well to gather the dead bodies and bury them; that it would be well -for the assistance in hospitals and treatment of the sick, to watch -and find in all the suburbs and wards of this city, the persons who -needed physician, surgeon, and medicines. And upon the instant they -gave advice to the treasurer and almsgivers appointed by the board, -so that they might attend to the most important remedy. - -One cannot imagine the work of this venerable brotherhood during the -time of those disasters in attending to and providing for all the -necessities in the two hospitals of the Spaniards and of the native -soldiers of the country; to the two infirmaries of poor women, and -of wretched slaves; and to the two prisons of the court and the city, -which were also dependent upon the assistance and relief which their -charity negotiated for them: since it is certain that besides the -personal work of the brothers, in those first years, for the above -purposes alone, and for other pious ends, there was spent from the -year 599 to that of 650 a sum of more than 540,446 pesos, 7 tomins, -which it has been possible to verify in the short time that I have had -for it, and other liquidations that will be set forth hereafter. But -this was done with such accounts and checks on the parts of treasurer -and almsgivers of this house that a strict monthly or annual residencia -was taken from them by the purveyor and other deputies, the balances -resulting either against or in favor punctually. Their revision was -entrusted to the purveyor and secretary of the board and immediately -they proceeded to the satisfaction of the said balances of all parties. - - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -Of the advantages and gains which resulted from the great alms which -were given out by the house of Santa Misericordia for the common -relief of spiritual and temporal needs. - - -[The brotherhood has had great influence in the increase -and conservation of the Catholic faith, both spiritually and -temporally. Many alms have been given to the religious orders that they -might pursue their work, especially between the years 1600-1650, such -alms being used for edifices of worship and other pious purposes. The -prisons have been a special object of care to the brotherhood, for the -prisoners of the two prisons in Manila have been looked after daily in -regard to clothing and other matters; and an attorney has been paid -to conduct their cases, in order that they might be concluded at the -earliest possible moment. For this more than one thousand pesos has -been spent annually. Alms have been given to widows to the amount of -four, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, and twenty-four reals weekly; -and the same is true of poor soldiers disabled in the royal service in -the Philippines and vicinity, to whom alms are distributed weekly. The -noble families who have been overtaken by adversity have also been -aided, and that so tactfully that the asking of alms by them has cost -no embarrassment. To them the weekly distribution has amounted to -twenty, thirty, fifty, one hundred and more pesos. The brotherhood -has always been careful to inquire into the morals of those among -whom its alms have been distributed, and evil morals have meant -suspension from the alms-list, to which they have been readmitted -on reforming. Brothers of the confraternity found to be leading an -evil life have been expelled from membership until they have given -assurances of reform. Especial care has been taken in relieving members -who have fallen into misfortunes. Orphan girls whose fathers have -died in the royal service in the wars have been sheltered, taught, -supported, and, at marriage, given a dowry. From the organization -of the brotherhood until 1634, more than three thousand orphan girls -have been so aided.] - - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -Of other works of charity in which this venerable brotherhood was -busied for the benefit of captive Spaniards and Portuguese, and -the alms which it sent to Japon and other districts, and the devout -exercises in which it busied itself with great profit. - - -[Silva's expedition against the Dutch who attempt to raid the islands -in 1609 and 1610, which ends in the defeat of the latter, April 24, -1610 (the leader of the Dutch being one Francisco Ubiter, who was with -Oliver van Noordt in his battle with the Spaniards), is a great drain -on the community. The loss of the ship "San Francisco" in Japan, which -left Nueva España in July, 1609, means a great loss to the citizens, -and gives the brotherhood much to do. Those wounded in Silva's wars, -up to the time of his death, April 19, 1616, both Spaniards and native -soldiers, as well as some foreign ones who participated therein, -become a special object of care to the brotherhood. Many Spanish and -Portuguese captives are redeemed from the Dutch during this period. The -charity of the brotherhood reaches even to Japan, where the Christians -are being persecuted so unrelentingly at this time. Lastly, the bones -of members of the brotherhood who have died and been buried in the -islands of Mariveles and Fortuna, and in Playa Honda and other places -are removed thence and buried in the Manila cathedral.] - - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -In which are shown the alms that were distributed for masses among -the sacred religious orders, to the poor of the prisons, the widows, -and orphans, in dowries, food, and clothing of the daughters of the -brotherhood, etc., from the first years of its foundation until the -years of the great earthquakes of 645 and later until that of 60; in -which are included other sums which had been paid from the treasury -for the expenses of the building of the church and college of Santa -Isabel and other pious purposes. - - -At the time when this venerable brotherhood was founded with the -solemnity and attending circumstances that are mentioned in chapter ii, -for its better management and government, various chapters of rules -were formed. One of them was that all the brothers in the wills that -they signed were obliged to leave some alms to the brotherhood. With -such a beginning which gave prestige to the works of this house, -the brothers tried to have their wills ready before they started -for the undertakings or conquests that were undertaken during that -period. Hence resulted the foundations of various works, whose capitals -were invested in annuities with most secure bonds and from their rent -a great part of the alms which this house distributes, thus giving -fulfilment to their pious purposes. Besides this, they also ordered -in their wills other sums to be distributed at the discretion of the -board, and they were applied as a relief for the necessities of the -poor, for this brotherhood in the administration of the many works -under its charge has not pretended to extract other fruit than that -of serving God by relieving and succoring the miseries and hardships -of its neighbor, exercising itself continually in the fulfilment of -works of charity. - -From the first years of foundation until that of 1650, it appears that -in the pious assignment of alms for the missions of Japon, in masses -which have been said by the sacred orders, in the church of the Santa -Misericordia, in alms for the religious communities, in repairs of -their convents, in relief for poor widows, in dowries for the girls -of the schools and other poor girls of the community, in their food -and clothing, and in other things, this venerable brotherhood has -distributed and spent 107,125 pesos, 4 tomins, 3 granos, which have -been earned and produced by the capitals of the funds invested at -interest. I surely believe that this house is one of the precious -stones which most beautify the crown of the king, our sovereign. But, -in every way, the paragraph which follows is of more value. - -In these times and, those extending to the year 660, in which the -sums of pesos which entered into this house were very great, due to -the liberality of illustrious benefactors (among the least not being -those assigned by the governors of these islands, Don Luis Perez -das Mariñas, Don Francisco Tello, Don Juan de Silva, Don Sebastian -Hurtado de Corcuera, and Don Sabiniano Manrrique de Lara), the sum -of 356,363 pesos, 3 tomins, which the book of the treasurer for those -years gives as data, was reached. In that time there were many wills -which were fulfilled by this venerable brotherhood; and there were -not few bequests and alms which were given to it, especially by the -will of the alguacil-mayor, Don Bartholome Thenorio, who left special -memories in this house, the last being a principal of twenty thousand -pesos which still remain while the interest therefrom from the year -702 until the present time is more than twenty-five thousand. - - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -In which are shown in separate items the supplements of reals which -the house of Santa Misericordia has given to the royal treasury of -this city, during the periods of its greatest poverty and necessity, -occasioned both by the raids which have been made in these islands -by the Dutch enemy and for reënforcements and fortifications of this -royal camp and of other presidios of the royal crown from the year -619 until that of 726 for the service of his Majesty (whom may God -preserve for many years). - - -[The royal treasury reaches a state of exhaustion in 1619 because -of the inroads of the Dutch, who harry the Spanish presidios and -forts. In this year Governor Alonso Faxardo is compelled to ask a -loan of the brotherhood, for which he offers good security. That loan -is unanimously voted by the purveyor and deputies, on April 4, 1619, -and amounts to 39,599 pesos, 5 tomins.] - -October 6, 638, it also appears from a certification of the royal -officials that they gave to the royal treasury by way of loan 104,609 -pesos, 2 tomins, 1 grano, while Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera was -governor and captain-general of these islands, as a relief for the -necessity therein, and the prosecution of the conquest of Jolo and -the supplies of war which would be required for its total conclusion. - -It also appears by another certificate that on July 3, 643, the -purveyor and deputies of the Misericordia paid 57,468 pesos, 2 tomins -by way of a loan, by virtue of an order of the said governor, to attend -to the necessities of the treasury. And inasmuch as in the said year, -because of his Lordship having before received a royal decree under -date of June 28 of the year 635, he wrote to this board a letter -[January 28, 1643] [2] which is conserved in the original with many -others of all appreciation, we believe it advisable to give it here, -its tenor being as follows: - -[In this letter Corcuera cites the royal decree above mentioned which -orders general prayers said in all the churches of the islands for the -success of Spanish arms. The governor has written to all the bishops -and to the provincials of the religious orders asking the command to -be observed in their churches. He asks the Misericordia to have a mass -said in its church every Friday for the perpetual memory of the passion -of our Lord Jesus Christ, so that the Spanish pretensions may prevail.] - -It also appears that in the year 643, forty-five thousand pesos -which came as part of the register from Nueva España, belonging to -the property of the said Don Bartholome Thenorio, were embargoed -in the royal treasury at the petition of Doña Ana de Zarate, his -sister-in-law, and although the members of the royal Audiencia declared -the said sum as free and its delivery due to the board of the Santa -Misericordia, as it was his executor, yet by certain results which -the fiscal of his Majesty made, it remained in the said royal treasury -until its liquidation, and lastly, by way of loan until the year 705, -in which the final balance of the said sum was paid from the royal -treasury, in order to fulfil the will of the said deceased. - -It likewise appears by the reports and certifications of the royal -officials, that from the year 643 and upward, there were paid into -the royal treasury by order of Governors Don Sebastian Hurtado -de Corcuera and Don Diego Faxardo, 76,231 pesos 4 tomins, from -the board of Santa Misericordia by way of loan. And although his -Majesty (whom may God preserve) was pleased to order (by virtue of -the representations given by the board) through his royal decree of -March 8, 660, his Excellency, the viceroy of Nueva España, to pay the -said sum given to the royal treasury in six payments of 12,305 pesos, -2 tomins, it was impossible to collect the said sum in these islands; -for although the remissions of the said payments were made by his said -Excellency as an item in the register for the satisfaction which was -to be given to the board of Santa Misericordia, they were retained in -the royal treasury of this city from the year 663 until that of 666 -in order to succor the necessity of the city, during a period of so -many disasters. Consequently, this new loan amounted to 61,526 pesos, -2 tomins, and both together amounted to 137,757 pesos, 6 tomins, -which were employed in matters of the royal service and the benefit -of these islands. - -It also appears by another certification, that in the year 650, 13,740 -pesos were embargoed in the royal treasury which had come consigned as -a part of the register to the board of Santa Misericordia, belonging -to the property of the alguacil-mayor, Don Bartholome Thenorio, by -virtue of an order from Don Diego Faxardo, on an occasion when the -royal treasury was suffering so great necessity. - -It also appears from another certification, and royal provision -despatched by the said governor, which was announced for this board -March 1, 653, in which his Lordship represents the great need of the -treasury of his Majesty with the lack of reënforcements from Nueva -España; that although exact efforts had been made, on account of the -general poverty which all the citizens of this city, as was well known, -were suffering, it had been impossible to remedy, not even to the -extent that was necessary, so that it might endure so serious a lack; -and that because it was very fitting for the service of his Majesty -to seek all the possible means which might exist, so that the said -royal treasury should have money with which to succor the infantry -of this royal army, until our sovereign should deign to bring the -royal situado of these islands; for the present he ordained etc.: in -consequence of which the board of the Misericordia paid 70,601 pesos, -4 tomins to the said royal treasury, with which sum it remedied for -the time being its present necessity. - -Lastly, it is well known that in the year 726, his Excellency, -Don Thoribio Joseph Miguel de Cosio y Campa, knight of the Order -of Calatrava, and governor and captain-general of these islands, -and president of the royal Chancilleria of them, finding himself in -great necessity of means to succor the need of the royal treasury on -the occasion of the loss of the galleon "Santo Christo de Burgos," -with the profits of this trade, on the coast of the island of -Ticao, on account of a storm which forced it to beach on the night -of July 23 of the said year; and upon his Lordship, the Marquis, -seeing himself forced to take most prompt measures for the cutting -of timber for the new ship which was built in the royal shipyard of -the port of Cavite, for the supplies of the royal army of this camp, -and for many other inexcusable expenses, notwithstanding that the -commerce of these islands was weak and its citizens in a time of the -greatest necessity,--because of various supplies and gifts made to -his Majesty in order to succor the need of the said royal treasury: -nevertheless, the said marquis was obliged to solicit by other means -the things necessary for the fulfilment of the royal service, and -universal welfare of these islands, by having recourse to the house -of Santa Misericordia in order to obtain forty thousand pesos, which -were supplied without prejudice to the regular works of the house, -and were made from some deposits which could be detained in their -treasury until the arrival of the royal situado which was expected -from Nueva España. He offered to pay them promptly under the royal -word; by virtue of which, and the Christian efforts which preceded -from one and the other parties, the said board supplied 33,641 pesos, -7 tomins, to the royal treasury, so that it might in part be freed from -its greatest necessity. As soon as the royal situado of his Majesty -had safely arrived at these islands his Lordship, the marquis, kept -the word which he had promised by giving entire satisfaction to the -board of the Santa Misericordia, in the full delivery of the said sum. - -As a conclusion of all the loans made to his Majesty by the house -of Santa Misericordia will serve that which it made in the year -646 to the royal treasury of these islands, when its governor and -captain-general was Don Diego Faxardo, on the occasion when they were -rumored to be surrounded by necessities and when the Dutch enemy was -at the entrances of Marivelez, as he showed in a letter which he wrote -the said board on September 12, 646, which is of the following tenor. - -[In this letter Diego Faxardo thanks the brotherhood for the loan of -ten thousand odd pesos which it made to the royal treasury on this -occasion. All the loans between the years 1619-1726 have amounted to -2,449,418 pesos, 2 tomins, 1 grano. In addition, the Santa Misericordia -has paid into the royal treasury between 1629-1695, as executor for -deceased persons, 14,777 pesos, 2 tomins, 3 granos.] - - - - - -CHAPTER X - -In which is given public satisfaction in behalf of this brotherhood -for a chapter of a manifesto which has been published denouncing -the rectitude and faithful administration of the brothers; and it is -proved that the annuities of the house of the Misericordia not only -are not lost, as is supposed, but that, on the contrary, they are in -much better condition than at any other time. - - -[A manifesto published against the brotherhood charges lack of -business ability and neglect in the handling of its funds, so that -much of the money entrusted to it has been lost; and proposes that -the brotherhood be made subject to inspection by the authorities--by -the ecclesiastical ordinary, if the association be considered a pious -body, or by the ordinary with a royal minister, if the association -be regarded as under royal protection. Discussing the manifesto our -author shows that the affairs of the brotherhood have never been more -prosperous. As compared with the religious orders, their capitals -and the returns therefrom show better results, and not nearly so -many arrears. The brothers are good managers and look after their -business carefully. Those who have been benefited by the brotherhood -are so numerous that there are but few in the community who have not -been helped. From the year 1677 when the first fund was established, -the brotherhood has distributed 657,383 pesos, 6 tomins, 6 granos. The -purposes for which this sum has been applied are for masses for souls -in purgatory, alms for the religious orders and royal colleges, dowries -to poor girls, alms to widows, prisoners, and confraternities and their -processions, aid to the sick, and for divine worship, the support and -clothing of its collegiate daughters, support for women in retreat, -and aid for the buildings of their house and chaplaincies, etc. The -complaints against the brotherhood have emanated from those who have -not obtained all the aid that they desired because their credit is not -sufficiently good. If the brotherhood attempt to please everyone they -will end by pleasing no one. No partiality is shown, but affairs are -managed in a businesslike manner. Even were the brotherhood subject -to inspection, it could act with no greater rectitude.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XI - -In which a relation is given of the government and order observed -by the house of the Santa Misericordia in the administration of the -funds under its charge, and the dependencies annexed to them. The -alms which it gives regularly from one year to another, when there -are no shipwrecks, and the account which is given annually in it. - - -I do not believe that any of the many houses of the Misericordia -throughout Christendom, can be declared to be governed with better -rules or have better accounts than that of this city of Manila. I am -not speaking without sufficient foundation, since I have read with -special attention the great order which rules in the house of the -capital of Lisboa. That house is the mother and pattern and source -of them all, to whose teaching this faithful daughter of hers, not -only has not kept its great talents which I expect from her zealous -care, idle, but also has been able ingeniously to exceed her in the -pious indulgences of increasing and treasuring up more copious annual -reënforcements for the relief of the needs of her neighbor. - -1 am very certain that this truth would run no danger amid the -extensive shoals of self-love, for it navigates governed by the -demonstrable reality which removes all kind of doubt; it is current -knowledge that the alms which are annually distributed by the royal -house of Santa Misericordia of Lisboa amount to forty thousand pesos -more or less; but it is not less well-known and certain that those -distributed by this house of Manila, when no shipwreck happens, or -other misfortunes, amount on the average to seventy thousand pesos -annually, making one mass of the benefit which the funds of the sea -yield, in addition to those which are produced by those which are -founded in bonds, possessions, monopoly, encomienda of his Majesty, -chaplaincies of which he is patron, and other sources of wealth which -are added to the huge mass of the said sum. This truth is so well -known to all this city that it need no further support than the same -certainty in which it is founded. - -The order with which this house of Santa Misericordia is governed -is that on November 21, the day of the presentation of our Lady, -the Virgin Mary, and the day on which the brothers who have formed -the board for that year, and which begins the election of other new -members, the election is made by ten electors, whom all the brotherhood -appoint, in the manner provided by our rules. They number in all -thirteen brothers, the first being the new purveyor. [Next are the] -secretary and the treasurer, the latter being the one who was secretary -the previous year, who remains in that office in order to give account -of the dependencies and affairs of the house since he has handled them -all most intimately. After the above are the majordomo of the chapel, -the general manager of the house, and all annexed to it; majordomo -of prisoners; steward of the dish in which the alms are collected; -while the rest of the brothers are occupied in other important duties -of the house, such as visits of the treasury and of the prisons, the -distributions of alms, secret investigations which are committed to -them by the board, and others of like tenor. - -So great is the authority and power of the purveyor of the house over -all the brothers of the Santa Misericordia, and so prompt the obedience -of the brothers, that it rather seems a well-ordered community of -religious than of seculars, for the first thing which they swear -on the holy gospels when they join the brotherhood is to well and -faithfully observe the rules of the brotherhood, and that whenever -they are summoned by the purveyor and councilors of the board, and -should hear the signal of the bells, they will go thither promptly, -if there is no legitimate hindrance that they can see. The purveyor -may, when in the board, command, agree, vote, talk, and keep silence, -whenever he pleases. He can command a board meeting called, and a -general meeting of the brotherhood at the advice of the deputies, -appointing the day which he considers best. He may transfer the board -and apportion among the brothers of it the duties of collector of alms, -and visitors of the prisons. He may remove the chaplains if they -commit any notable error in his presence, as well as the servants -of the board, and the rectress or portress of the college when he -thinks best. He may proceed to the correction and fitting punishment -of the collegiates by means of the rectress when they deserve it, -and he may (which is more than all the rest) remove with the advice -of the councilors of the board those brothers who are disobedient and -break the rules of the brotherhood. He may remove those who violate -their privileges and those who live after a scandalous manner, if -having been warned three times they do not turn over a new leaf. He -may appoint others in their place, so that they may serve God our -Lord in this His house. Finally, he may (although I do not) do many -other things which limit of space does not permit me to write here. - -The seven deputies who are named above with determined duties shall -receive from their predecessors the books of which each one of them -has had charge, in order to enter therein the new accounts of debit and -credit of all that which shall be given into their power in the course -of the year, and all that shall be disbursed in order to fulfil the -pious ends which are entrusted to them. This having been inferred, -I say that the first thing which is asked by the new board from -the new purveyors is to take charge of the girls' school, which is -managed according to past custom with allowances and expenses which -are occasioned with it in the food and clothing of all the girls, -the salaries of the rectress and portress, and other servants who -are employed in it. And having accepted this duty, he goes ahead to -arrange the provisions of rice, oil, and sugar, and other substances -increased in times of the greatest cheapness and advantage; for whose -constancy in the new account which is opened in the book of expenses of -the purveyors, he sets down monthly the expense which is made in each -one of them, and in this way he proceeds in all those of the year, -placing each item down separately and procuring that the expenses -shall not be increased unless there be a greater number of girls -or wards, and, at the end of the year, he presents the book with -his account. Its examination and review is entrusted to the present -secretary, who balances it, either in favor or against, and having -set forth the balanced part, the said secretary places his approval -at the bottom of it and signs it, and enters it in the minutes of -that day so that it may stand forth for all time. - -The secretary of the board on whom devolves the greater part of the -work has his new record book in which are entered all the despatches of -the petitions which are presented, the distributions which are made, -and the applications of the alms, both of dowry for the schoolgirls, -and the orphan girls outside [the school], the salaries which are -paid to the chaplains of the house, the portress and the servants of -the house, and the alms of the masses of Alva, 9 and 11, which are -said in our church on all feast-days. Especially with great care does -he enter the two inspections or general balances, which are struck -at the beginning and end of each board, of all the sums of pesos, -both of current funds, of dowries and alms, and of deposits which -are contained in the treasury under separate headings, in order to -apply them to the purposes which their founders assigned by full -directions. He affixes his rubric to the memoranda which are in the -sacks, with the statement of what each one contains, with the day, -month, and year of the record in which they are set down. The writing -of all the above with his own hand is an operation so indispensable to -his obligation that he is obliged to do it under oath. In case of his -absence, the same is done by the treasurer who supplies his absences -by writing in a separate book whatever occurs in regard to the business -matters of the house. And as soon as the secretary takes charge of the -current despatch of the house, he is obliged to transfer to his book -whatever shall have been decreed during his absence, so that by such -a proceeding all that which belongs to the record of that year may be -found in one volume. He is also obliged to enter all the sums of pesos -which are received in the treasury in the books prepared for them, -both of the dues collected and the usufruct which are yielded by the -sea funds, besides the great number of very troublesome collections, -although the love of God makes them mild and easy, to whomever works -for the welfare of his neighbor and the preservation of this house. - -He is also obliged to adjust the appointments of the chaplains of -the many chaplaincies of which the board of the Santa Misericordia is -patron, by virtue of which, and of those presented as said chaplains, -a collation of the chaplaincies has always been given to them so -far as it concerns them, and the fitting support has been decreed -and given as a relief for their poverty. In this there is no other -consideration, either in this court or in other superior courts, -but it is passed upon before the said secretary just as in the house -of Lisboa, which has as a special privilege that the secretaries of -the said house may give attestations in all and any court. - -The treasurer, who has charge of the possessions of the Parián of -the Sangleys, attends to the collection of their rents, and the -distribution of the alms, which are distributed every Saturday -throughout the year to the self-respecting poor at the door of the -house of the Santa Misericordia; and also the alms in pesos for the -masses which are said throughout all the months of the year by one of -the chaplains of the house for the soul of the founder, who endowed -it with the said possessions. And in the book which is delivered to -him with the enumeration and individual account of the places and -location of said possessions and of the purposes for so charitable -a foundation, the said treasurer enters the debit and credit account -of all the sums which are received monthly and are disbursed by them, -collecting receipts of them all for the account which must be given -at the end of the year, which passes in review and must be balanced -like the other accounts. - -The treasurer is also the one who is present at the time of the two -inspections or general balances of the treasurer. If between the last -of the board which has just ended and the new one which is formed for -its government there is any difference because of some quantity of -pesos having been drawn in the interim, for any purpose for which it -has fallen due, he gives prompt account thereof by the vouchers made -and that appear from the preceding record book and by his receipts. In -this way he continues until the conclusion of the said general review, -which is generally the first thing. Following, other important points -are begun by the new board without any confusion arising. - -The chapel steward receives in inventory all that belongs to the church -and its sacristy, with the aid of the chaplain-in-chief of the house, -from the acting secretary of the board, and the past steward. In his -presence, the list is formed item by item in the book of inventories, -and is received by the acting steward, and when it is completed to the -satisfaction of all, the four sign it, and it is placed in the first -record so that it may stand forever. He has also another separate -book of the new expenses, which are made in the church, sacristy, -and other things in his charge in the course of the year. In it he -forms the debit and credit account in minute detail, and at the end -of the year he presents the book; proceeding to his resolution with -the same solemnity as the others whom we have mentioned. - -The attorney-general who attends to all the business and interests -of the house (except those of the annuities which have a separate -attorney with a paid advocate) receives in the book of suits all -those which the preceding board left pending, and also the writs -and other papers which are to be in his charge for that year. For -the better direction, management, and outcome of said suits, an -intelligent advocate is appointed for him to whom he may apply in -all his doubts. And in all that which he does in pursuance of this -order, he gives account in all the board meetings which are regularly -held semi-weekly. A secretary, who keeps the keys of the archives, -is obliged to give him all the documents that he asks for, and shall -keep a record of the withdrawal of such. - -He also has another book, in which he enters in alphabetical order -the accounts of the funds, the costs belonging to each one, which are -caused in prosecution of the said suits, the signature of writs and -the cancellations [chancelaciones] of them. Later he forms from them -the general debit and credit account in which he places the salaries -of advocate, procurator, and attorney in the royal Audiencia with the -other expenses which belong to the said matters. At the end of the -year, he presents it, and with it the fitting obligation of review, -balances, and approval is made, as in all those above mentioned. But -independently of this, he shows the book of current suits, writs, -and other papers. Having been compared by the secretary, with the -statement of those which were given to him at the beginning of the -year, and of those which were given to him from the archives in his -term, if the whole thing agrees, he is absolved from his charge, -but in no other manner until the total fulfilment. - -The steward of prisoners has in charge the collections of the -possession of the sites of the paddy-fields, whose usufruct -is distributed half and half in the two prisons of the court, -and of the city, for the support of the poor prisoners, and the -other half in the hospital of the Misericordia, which is in charge -of the religious of St. John of God, as a relief for sick men and -women. Besides this relief, which is monthly, they share other large -alms which are furnished from other funds administered by the house -of the Misericordia. In his book of the said possessions, with the -statement of their purposes, he forms his account of debit and credit, -and, at the time of its presentation, gives his discharge by the -receipts which he collects from the wardens of said prisons. That is -generally, or always, executed with the knowledge of the minister -who has charge of the inspection of the prisons and the relief of -the needs experienced therein. - -The steward of the dish in which the alms are collected is obliged to -send it every fortnight to two brothers of this venerable brotherhood, -so that on Sunday they may go out to collect alms in all the public -parts of this city. They having observed this measure, return the -dish and the alms to the said steward. The latter, observing the same -rule throughout the months of the year, draws up his debit and credit -account. The alms which he declares before the board are equal in -sum to those which have been collected, according as it appears. In -that conformity it is approved, the same measures as before with the -others having preceded. - -This is the government, order, and method which the house of the Santa -Misericordia has maintained faithfully, with the punctual assistance -and encouragement of the zealous, disinterested Christians. They are -the work of its brothers, whose powerful example in the faithful -administration of the funds entrusted to them has enabled them to -obtain exemption from inspection of their house until the present -time. They are today more assured than ever by dint of royal decrees, -the first dated Madrid, September 7, 1699; in which his Majesty -resolves and declares that this brotherhood, in order that it may be -maintained and continue its exercises with more encouragement, shall -not be subject to visits by the ordinaries, archbishops, provisors -in vacant see, or by any other ecclesiastical minister; and that it -shall be allowed to make use as hitherto of its good government and -to observe its rules and ordinances. And in the same vein is another -decree given in Buen Retiro, under date of June 11, 1708, in which -his Majesty also resolves that the decree above inserted be kept, -fulfilled, and executed, exactly according to the terms expressed -therein, and that no embarrassment or obstacle be opposed or permitted -to be opposed to the fulfilment of its contents, as such is his royal -will. In that one can see clearly how, having been well informed, his -Majesty approves the good government of this house and the practice of -its rules and ordinances. This is the greatest intent of this chapter, -and we leave the rest so that the parties may discuss it in or out -of court. - - - - - -CHAPTER XII - -In which are recounted the new hardships which came upon these islands -between the years 620 and 634, both because of the invasions of the -Dutch enemy therein and because of the putting back and loss of ships, -which happened in this period; and the devout exercises and alms of -the house of Santa Misericordia. - - -[In this period four ships put back and two are almost completely -lost. The Dutch, however, prove the worst thorn from which the -islands suffer, for they invade all parts of the Spanish colonies of -the Orient. The brotherhood, during this time, works with unexampled -energy in its measures for the public relief, and its work among the -hospitals. In this time, too, it builds the school of Santa Isabel -from certain bequests, spending in these and other things, 176,910 -pesos, 6 tomins, 10 granos. In 1632, a new branch of the Misericordia -is formed in Formosa, which is taken under the protection of the one -in Manila. The latter sends the new branch 5,065 pesos, 5 tomins, 9 -granos, as an aid to it in its work. The brotherhood also treats for -the ransom of Domingo Vilancio, S.J., and Fray Juan de San Joseph, -a Recollect, who are captives in Joló, and for which five hundred -pesos are expended. Although the former dies, before his ransom, that -of the latter is effected. For two hundred pesos, one Pedro Delgado -is ransomed in Japan, the ransom money being sent by way of Macao.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -In which notice is given of the conclusion of the costly building -of the church and school of Santa Isabel, and the removal thither -of the girls whom this brotherhood had in that of Santa Potenciana, -and in other private houses where they lived in retirement and with -their devout exercises distributed through the hours of the day. - - -It was the year 634, in which the brotherhood of the Santa Misericordia -saw their desires fulfilled in the conclusion of the costly building -of the church and school of Santa Isabel, for the commodious housing -of the many daughters whom they were maintaining in the school of -Santa Potenciana and other private houses of shelter, at the expense -of many pesos which it expended for the pious ends of their clothing, -dowries, and other like things; when the removal of them all to the new -school was arranged with especial joy and gladness of all this city. - -[The opening of the school is marked by great ceremonies, the chief -event being the procession which is participated in by the brotherhood -and the girls of the school under the leadership of the rectress, -Cathalina de Aguirre. At the new church various exercises are held.] - -The girls of this school have always been orphan girls, for the most -part daughters of parents of rank and of many merits and services to -the king our sovereign, who in the first days lost their lives in the -service of his Majesty. They continually praise God with the general -example to this city begging his Majesty for the greater conservation -of the Spanish monarchy and that of these islands and their fields of -Christendom. They often frequent the holy sacraments, the holy Society -of Jesus having precedence in the task of confessing them. They spend -four hours in the choir by day and night, and are occupied in hearing -mass and reciting their devotions. They are employed by day in the work -of sewing and helping in the kitchen, for which purpose two of them are -chosen weekly, both so that the food may be cooked with neatness and so -that they may learn how to take care of and manage a house. They are -under the charge of a rectress, and the rectresses have always been -persons of great virtue and example. They have a portress who takes -care of the porter's lodge, as well as of the actions and decorum of -the said collegiate daughters when they call them below. On Fridays -during Lent they meditate and think over the devout exercises of the -Via crucis inside the school. At night they recite the rosary in a -chorus to the queen of the angels and at the stroke of half-past nine, -taps sound and silence reigns. They all sleep together in one single, -capacious, decent, and neat dormitory. They eat in the refectory and -have a lesson out of spiritual books. During Lent they listen in the -choir to the sermons which are preached in the church of said school -on Monday mornings, as well as to the explanation of the Christian -doctrine on Sunday afternoons. Those who have charge of so holy a -work are those of the holy Society of Jesus, at the request of this -board. Finally, since the chapters of the rules of the said school -are many and various, they are omitted for the present, inasmuch as -the limit of time does not allow anything else. - -The brothers of this venerable brotherhood, besides the festivities -and functions which our ordinances provide, annually attend the said -church on the day of the glorious apostles St. Philip and St. James, -and the following: in the first to celebrate the feast with greater -solemnity for the health of their Majesties and the increase and -conservation of their kingdoms and domains; and in the second, to -celebrate the obsequies and honors for the deceased kings. For the -greater concurrence, authority, and luster of so royal a function, all -the sacred orders are invited and are punctually present. A catafalque -of the size demanded by such an act is erected and on it are placed -the royal insignias, and a great quantity of wax, and the vigil mass -and response are chanted, accompanied by the best music that can be -found, in order thereby to make a rare showing of loyalty and love by -this demonstration of piety and acknowledgment, which this venerable -brotherhood has always had, and has for its kings and sovereigns. - - - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -Of the number of girls whom this venerable brotherhood has supported -since its foundation until the present time; and the report of the -expenses caused by the said girls during all that time; also [the -expenses] in the church of Santa Isabel in their charge, and other -particulars. - - -[Those helped by the brotherhood are the hospital of St. John of God, -of which the board of the brotherhood is patron; the house of women -sheltered by the ecclesiastical judge of this archbishopric; the -religious orders; the public prisons; destitute widows; orphan girls; -and all poor beggars. But most of all the school of Santa Isabel is -eloquent in its praises, for since 1634, the brotherhood has helped -13,270 girls, scholars, wards, women, and other persons. Many girls -it has sent to swell the ranks of the Order of St. Clara, while many -have been married, for whom a dowry has always been provided. The sum -of 508,916 pesos, 4 tomins, 3 granos, has been spent in this work. From -its foundation until 1634, the brotherhood has helped many girls in the -school of Santa Potenciana, maintaining besides many girls in private -families. The number of such girls exceeds seven thousand, many of -whom have embraced the religious life, while others have married, -a dowry being furnished to these latter. They have never refused to -shelter abandoned children, for whom they have cared tenderly, teaching -them and sending them into the life for which they are fitted.] - -The spiritual welfare must not be passed by in silence, which -has been and is being obtained for all this city, from the time -of the erection of the church called Santa Misericordia. There, -every Sunday, and day of observance, three masses are specially -said: the first between 4 and 5 o'clock in the morning, from which -follows the spiritual consolation which the poor share, who, by their -necessity and poverty, cannot succeed in hearing it if it is not held -at such an hour; the second, at nine o'clock in the morning, which -is attended by the majority of this city; and the third at eleven, -so that the poor slaves and servants of this city, after concluding -their domestic tasks, may attend it without failing in what pertains -to their obligation. Besides the above, there are many which are -daily celebrated in the said church, where on many occasions of the -year there is generally an open collectorship of masses, which are -said with the alms which the funds of this house produce. - -The expenses of this church in all that pertains to divine worship -and other functions which are frequent, both of the interment of -brothers, of their wives, and firstborn, and honors which are shown -them, both in attendance on those executed, their burial, and other -charitable exercises in which this brotherhood is employed, exceed -118,438 pesos, 3 tomins, since the time of its foundation. It excels -in the adornment of its temple and in the neatness and glory of the -things of divine worship and in that of the priestly ornaments, and -other things. This is all in charge of a deputy of the board, who is -annually appointed as chapel steward, so that by the attention and -care which he gives, it may all be done in a fitting manner, without -there being any omission, and so that there may be no falling off of -observance in said church and its sacristy. - -[In addition the brotherhood distributes 25 or 30 pesos weekly to -the Japanese beatas of San Miguel; and 3 pesos apiece to certain poor -collegiates called "Sons of the Board [mesa] of Santa Misericordia," -who are attending San Juan de Letran. This latter sum is given to -the president of the college, who looks after their education.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XV - -In which are mentioned the various events in these islands by land and -sea during the years 635-645, and supplies given to the royal treasury, -and devout exercises of the brothers of the Santa Misericordia. - - -[In 1635, no ship sails for Nueva España "for reasons of state, or -decisions of Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera." Although a ship -does reach Acapulco in 1637, the citizens of the Philippines are not -much benefited thereby, for the goods are all embargoed at Acapulco, -contrary to the usual custom, because of certain strict edicts, -and all appraised at four times their value, the consequent duties -being very heavy. During this period also occurs the disastrous loss -of the island of Formosa. The islands are offered some cheer by the -happy successes of Corcuera in his Joló campaign, which is begun -in 1637. Before going on this campaign, he writes the brotherhood, -under date of December 4, asking its prayers for the success of his -undertaking. At the end of the expedition, the brotherhood generously -gives the royal treasury a loan of 104,609 pesos, 2 tomins, 1 grano. A -letter from Corcuera October 26, 1639, to the brotherhood asks it -to take charge of the conversion of two of the Moro hostages who -have been brought from Joló; all the religious orders also having -been asked to do the same. The flagship "Concepcion" is lost in the -Ladrones in 1638 on its way to Acapulco; and in the following year, -the two ships from Nueva España, on the Cagayan coast. From the end -of 1639 to the beginning of 1640, the city passes through a hard -time with the great danger arising from the Chinese revolt. The poor -are troublesome for there are many of them, and the brotherhood is -compelled to labor diligently. To relieve the necessities of the -royal treasury, the sum of 102,468 pesos, 2 tomins is lent it, on -the occasion of the loss of the galleon, "Encarnacion" on the Mindoro -shoals while on its way to Ternate with reenforcements.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XVI - -Of the great earthquakes of the year 1645, and the events that happened -therein; losses of the house of the Misericordia in the works in its -charge, and the adjustment of the losses of its investments, which were -imposed on the houses demolished, in virtue of a general compromise. - - -[The first shock of the earthquake that occurs on November 30, 1645, -is followed by many other shocks more or less severe. By the general -appraisals made of the losses the Misericordia is declared in 1648 -to have had 89,855 pesos invested in houses, of which only material -worth 23,177 pesos, 2 tomins, 6 granos is saved, the loss thus being -66,677 pesos, 5 tomins, 6 granos. The brotherhood further loses 2,739 -pesos, 6 tomins, 2 granos, for the tearing down of ruined walls, -and spends 7,725 pesos, 2 tomins, 8 granos for the rebuilding of -the ruined houses, the total loss thus amounting to 77,142 pesos, -6 tomins, 4 granos. Thus the final assets of the brotherhood on the -old investment are 12,712 pesos, 1 tomin, 8 granos. However, the real -value of the investment of the association amounts to 159,365 pesos -more. A capital of 69,510 pesos which is invested in stockfarms and -farming lands of the religious orders is fortunately saved. Between -the years 1634-1660 the sum distributed by the Misericordia amounts to -220,770 pesos, 1 tomin; and between 1637-1651, 72,948 pesos, 7 tomins, -6 granos. After the earthquake the brotherhood rebuilds its church, -college, and the hospitals for the natives, poor women, and slaves of -the city. In addition, it gives 400 pesos toward the rebuilding of -the cathedral; 300 pesos for repairs on the Franciscan convent; 100 -pesos for repairs on the chapel of San Antonio of the tertiary branch -of the said order located in the church of their convent; 150 pesos -to Fray Christoval del Castillo, definitor of the Franciscan order -(40 of them to be used for his support and that of the religious in -his charge in the hospital for the natives, and 110 pesos for pious -works and grave necessities, namely, aid in ransoming a Recollect -religious who has been captured by the Joloans); 200 pesos to the -father procurator of the Recollects; 200 pesos to Fray Juan de San -Antonio, provincial of the said order; and lastly many alms to all -the needy of the community.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XVII - -Of other new misfortunes which occurred in these islands from the year -646 to that of 673; loans given by the Board of Santa Misericordia -to the royal treasury, and the great alms which it gave during that -time; and the transfer of the hospital of the house to the religious -of St. John of God. - - -[In the years 1637 and 1659 memorials are sent to Spain of the -wretched condition of the islands, occasioned by frequent invasions, -insurrections, repeated loss of ships, and exorbitant royal duties -charged in Acapulco. The ships lost are the following: in 1646, -the galleon "San Luis," on the Cagayan coast, when coming from Nueva -España, and the galleon "Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza" on the -island of Negros, while returning from taking reenforcements to -Ternate; in 1648, the ship "Buen Jesus" is burned on its return from -Nueva España in Lampon, to prevent its falling into the hands of the -enemy, and the same year are lost the galleon "Nuestra Señora de Guia" -in the river of Camboja where it is being refitted, and the galleon -"San Antonio de Padua" in Mindoro with the reënforcements which it is -taking to Ternate; October 21, 1649, the flagship "Encarnacion" on the -coast of Bula, while returning from Nueva España; in 1651, the ship -"San Joseph" on the island of Luban, while coming from Camboja, and the -same year the galleon "San Diego" puts back, after leaving for Nueva -España; in 1653, the galleon "San Diego" in Limbones, while returning -from Nueva España; in 1655, the galleon "San Francisco Xavier," in the -bay of Boronga, while returning from Nueva España, with the loss of -many people, a new galleon which has been built in Camboja at great -expense, with the loss of many people; and two merchant ships with -goods belonging to the citizens of Manila; in 1656, two ships after -leaving for Nueva España, put back; in 1669, two ships put back, but -leave in 1670, one of them being burned at Acapulco; and in 1672, -the ship "San Thelmo" puts back. No reenforcements come from Nueva -España in the years 1647, 1652, 1662, and 1663. In 1662, the commerce -of Macao is lost because of the Portuguese revolt against Spain; and -at that time the Portuguese seize a ship with 30,000 pesos which was -intended for the purpose of war supplies for the Spanish monarchy, -and much property belonging to the citizens of Manila. In 1647, a -fleet of thirteen Dutch ships enters the bay of Manila, where they -demolish some of the fortifications, although they are finally driven -off, retiring to the northward where they inflict much damage. The -embassy of the Chinese pirate Cogsen under charge of Fray Victorio -Risio, O.P., throws the city into a flutter, and new fortifications -are pushed apace, a process which however, exhausts the treasury and -the citizens. Sabiniano Manrrique de Lara writes to the brotherhood, -under date of December 14, 1662, asking them to attend the octave -ordered to be held in the cathedral after Christmas. The presidios of -Ternate and Zamboanga are abandoned in view of the approaching trouble -with the Chinese pirate. An earthquake that occurs August 20, 1658, -proves more disastrous than that of 1645. Insurrections in several -provinces in 1660 and 1661 are put down only after great expense, -as is that of the Chinese in 1672. The brotherhood gives alms of more -than ten thousand pesos in 1646 for the equipment of the fleet that -is to oppose the Dutch; in 1650, a second loan of 13,740 pesos for -the expenses of the treasury; another loan of 7,601 pesos, 4 tomins -in 1653, to aid the expenses of the royal army; a fourth loan for the -equipment of fleets and presidios; a fifth of 61,526 pesos, 2 tomins: -a total of 169,099 pesos, 2 tomins. In addition to these loans, -the brotherhood distributes alms to many sources, between the years -1651-1690, the total sum of 172,467 pesos, 7 tomins, 6 granos. May 31, -1656, the purveyor and deputies grant a transfer of the hospital and -all its properties, etc., to the hospital Order of St. John of God, on -the condition that the purveyor and deputies as patrons, may inspect -the hospital once each year, and if they note any defect or neglect -report the same to the prior in order that it may be remedied--a -transfer made because of hard times. The brotherhood continues to -aid the hospital with many alms, notwithstanding its own poverty.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII - -Of the appreciation and esteem which the governors and -captains-general, and the archbishops and bishops of this holy -cathedral have had for the house of Santa Misericordia; and other -particulars worthy of being read. - - -[Those governors, archbishops, and others who have signally aided -the brotherhood in alms and other ways are the following: Luis Perez -Dasmariñas, Francisco Tello, Archbishop Venavides, Archbishop Diego -Basquez de Mercado, Governor Alonso Faxardo, Bishop Fray Pedro de -Arce, Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera, Governor Diego Faxardo, -Governor Sabiniano Manrrique de Lara. The latter writes a letter to -the brotherhood under date of March 17, 1660, excusing himself from -attending certain ceremonies because of stress of work, and makes -provision for the running of the school of Santa Isabel. Governor -Manuel de Leon y Saravia founds a fund of 50,000 pesos for the -benefit of the entire community in 1677, an action that is imitated -by Francisco Coloma, who leaves a principal of 4,000 pesos. Fray -Felipe Pardo establishes another pious fund in 1689 of 13,000 pesos, -and in a letter of March 21 of that year, asks the brotherhood to -accept the same. Fray Andres Gonzales, bishop of Nueva Caceres, -writes in an appreciative vein to the brotherhood, and also founds -a pious fund. April 18, 1691, the dean of the cathedral also writes -appreciatively to the Misericordia. The latter, on the occasion of -the destructive earthquake of 1645, offers the use of its church -to the cabildo of the cathedral as that edifice has been quite -destroyed. November 26, 1652, the offer is accepted and a commission -appointed by the dean to settle conditions with the brotherhood. These -conditions relate to church service and procedure, both the cabildo -and the Misericordia making certain concessions. The religious orders -of Manila have at various times made mention of the Misericordia and -its good work to his Majesty, and the same thing has been done by -governors and archbishops. To these good reports, which are sent to -his Majesty in 1693, are due the royal decrees of 1699 and 1708 by -which the brotherhood is declared exempt from visit by the ordinary, -archbishop, provisors during vacant see, or by any other ecclesiastical -minister; as well as the papal concessions that are made it. Our author -defends the exemption from visit against those who oppose it. Many -honors have been heaped upon the brotherhood during royal religious -ceremonies. Lastly, Governor Marquis de Torrecampo has shown honor -and appreciation to the association, on many occasions, even naming -a new ship which he had built "Santo Christo de la Misericordia," -in honor of a crucifix owned by the brotherhood.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XIX - -Satisfaction given by the Board of the Santa Misericordia to all -this city, in answer to certain words of the opposing manifesto, -which charge it with omission; proving that it could not, or ought -not, immediately upon the death of Captain Manuel Lobo, fulfil the -terms of his will, or distribute his wealth in accordance with his -last wishes, until the time that it did do so by the direction of the -learned opinion of the professors of the royal university of this city. - - -[The faithful administration of wills has ever been one of the chief -glories of the brotherhood. The above-mentioned captain dies in the -Marianas, September 8, 1709, leaving the board as his executor, and -his mother as his heir. In this chapter the words of the manifesto -charging the brotherhood with neglect in not settling up the will -above mentioned in more than fifteen years, are cited; and then by -means of arguments, letters and the opinion of the professors of the -university, full answer is made to the charge, and the action of the -brotherhood justified.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XX - -Of the present condition of the house of Santa Misericordia, after so -many and so repented disasters; beginning of its new increases in the -foundation of various funds at this time; the new misfortunes which -succeeded from the year 700; and alms which the house gave during -this time. - - -[The years of bad luck experienced by the brotherhood in the loss -of money and the necessities of the times, when its expenses are -increased disproportionally by the repair of its church, college, -office, hospital, distribution of alms for rebuilding other edifices, -and the remedy of other public necessities, at last turn by the -foundation of certain pious funds. The first is founded by Manuel -de Leon y Saravia, in 1677, and is for 50,000 pesos. In imitation of -him ten more funds are established, which produce alms amounting to -170,956 pesos, 4 tomins up to the year 1700, which are distributed for -the spiritual and temporal needs of the poor, and for other purposes.] - -At this time the possessions of Pedro Quintero Nuñes and those -of Licentiate Manuel Suares de Olivera, as well as the stockfarm -of the royal alférez Joseph Correa, fell to the house of Santa -Misericordia. They have been and are of great profit to the sick -poor, and imprisoned, to some of the sacred orders, for the blessed -souls of purgatory, and other pious purposes. It is a fact that up -to the present time, they have produced in benefit to all the above, -105,258 pesos, 4 tomins, almost half of which was spent up to the -year 700, which would be doubtless of great consolation and relief -to the poverty and necessities of this community in times when even -the citizens, ill-satisfied by the blows of the past disasters, were -experiencing new outbreaks and losses in their wealth, by those which -happened frequently to the galleons of this line, from their having to -put back to port, and the embargo of the goods, which were embarked -therein. For from the year 673 until that of 700, trade received -signal injuries in the port of Acapulco, the merchandise of the trade -being embargoed during the years 676 and 677, in revenge for having -detained in this city at the advice of royal officials 330,000 pesos, -which came in the year 675 from the citizens of Mexico in violation of -royal decrees. In another decree of 678, obtained by the said citizens -[of Mexico] by dint of very inaccurate reports, it was ordered that -those of this city return said sum, increased by interest at the rate -of twenty-five per cent. That shaving [escalfe] was made from the -embargoed goods. From so notorious setbacks, other losses of greater -consideration followed; and from the increase of excessive taxes which -were imposed on those interested who took the galleon "San Antonio de -Padua" to the port of Acapulco in the year 79, the citizens suffered -very great setbacks. In the year 682 the ship "Santa Rosa" put back, -and in 86, while attending to the preparation of the ship "Santo Niño" -for Acapulco, news came that there was a squadron of eleven hostile -ships among the islands. On that account the voyage was suspended -and the ships were prepared to go out to oppose the said squadron and -guard the galleon which was expected with the succor from Nueva España. - -[Calamities are still in store for the Philippines. The "Santo -Niño" leaves Cavite in 1687, but is forced to put back in order -to winter at Bagatao, and returns to Cavite with its cargo half -rotten. Reenforcements providentially come from Nueva España in -1688. In 1690, the almiranta while returning from Nueva España is -lost in the Marianas, and although the people are saved, the cargo is -partly lost. The galleon "Santo Christo de Burgos" is compelled to -put back to Camarines to winter in 1692. Sailing once more in 1693, -it is never again heard of. The "San Joseph" is lost three days out -from port in the island of Luban, and many people are drowned. In 1696, -as there is no galleon to send to Nueva España, a patache is bought -for the trade, but the 74,000 pesos that it is compelled to pay in -Acapulco for duties, is so great a tax on the citizens of Manila that -but little is left for them. However, amid all these disasters, there -is one bright ray, namely in the pious funds that are established in -the brotherhood. From 1673-1700, these funds realized 227,724 pesos, -3 tomins, which are distributed among the poor and used for other -purposes. Between the years 1690-1701, the sum of 44,425 pesos, -3 tomins is realized from investments and applied to pious ends.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XXI - -Of the alms which the house of Santa Misericordia has distributed -from the year 701 to that of 728; losses suffered by the funds in -their charge during that time, and an account of other things. - - -[The brotherhood expends great sums between the years 1701-1728, -for the sick, prisoners, beggars, souls in purgatory, support of -orphan girls, and poor widows. The interest on annuities for that -period amounts to 78,115 pesos, 6 tomins; returns from commerce, -to 417,202 pesos, 5 tomins, 6 granos; while for the college is spent -the sum of 86,136 pesos, and for divine worship, besides the masses -said and some other things, 37,345 pesos, 4 tomins, 6 granos: a sum -total of 618,799 pesos, 7 tomins. During this period occurs the loss -of the ships "San Francisco Xavier" and "Santo Christo de Burgos," -in which the brotherhood was a heavy loser.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XXII - -In which are contained the indulgences and favors conceded by the -supreme pontiffs to the brothers and sisters of Santa Misericordia of -the city of Manila, which are copied from the original briefs, relics, -with which it is enriched; with its authentic royal decree which -exempts and preserves it from visits by the ecclesiastical ordinaries, -in imitation of the royal house of Lizboa; the chaplaincies and becas -of which it is patron, the number of brothers of which this venerable -brotherhood is composed and those who serve this present year in the -Board of Santa Misericordia; and the report of the alms which are -given annually. - - -The purveyor and deputies who compose the illustrious Board of Santa -Misericordia at present are as follows: General Don Benito Carrasco -y Paniagua, purveyor (an office he has held three times previously); -secretary-in-chief for the king our sovereign of this noble city and -its deputation, with active voice and vote by privilege in its most -noble ayuntamiento; secretary of the board, Captain Don Juan Baptista -de Uriarte (author of this small work), regularly-appointed regidor -for his Majesty of said noble ayuntamiento, who as ex-treasurer -took charge of the office of secretary, in accordance with the -rules, in the absence of Sargento-mayor Don Joseph Antonio Nuño de -Villavicencio, general treasurer of the bulls of the Holy Crusade, -accountant regulator, regularly-appointed regidor of this noble city -and special notary of the Holy Office, as he has been promoted to the -post of accountant, a royal official of the royal treasury; treasurer, -General Don Miguel de Allanegui, accountant of accounts and results of -the royal treasury of these islands, and familiar of the Holy Office; -chapel-steward, General Don Joseph Verelo de Urbina; purse-steward and -attorney-general, Captain Don Antonio de Olivarria; prison-steward, -Sargento-mayor Don Joseph de Vega y Vic; steward of the plate, who -looks after the gathering of alms, Captain Don Simon de Amechezurra; -and deputies of the board, General Don Antonio Sanchez Zerdan, and the -sargentos-mayor, Don Joseph Beltran de Salazar, regularly-appointed -regidor for his Majesty of this noble city, Don Frutos Delgado, Don -Antonio Lopez Perea, also senior regidor of the city, and Captains -Don Domingo Allende and Don Sebastian de Arramburu. - -[An act of May 22, 1728, orders a compilation to be made of the -indulgences and other things, in order that the high estimation of the -popes and sovereigns for the brotherhood may be apparent. Indulgences -have been granted by Urban VIII, Clement XI (September 20, 1717), -and Innocent XIII; and the latter has also approved the Institute -of the brotherhood. The latter own various relics. One reliquary, -bearing the papal arms, and conserved in an elaborate golden pyx -which is deposited in a tabernacle on the altar of the assembly room -of the brotherhood, contains a bit of the wood of the holy cross, -a bit of the swaddling clothes in which the child Jesus was wrapped, -a bit of a bone of St. Isabel the mother of John the Baptist, a bit -of a bone of St. Ignatius Loyola, and a bit of a bone of St. Pasqual -Baylon. Other relics are another bit of the wood of the cross, a -bone of St. Felix, pope and martyr, a letter of St. Pedro Baptista, -O.S.F., who was martyred in Japan, and a shinbone of St. Christina, -virgin and martyr. In addition, the brotherhood bears the title -of Apostolic syndic of the seraphic Order of St. Francis, and as -such its brothers enjoy all the privileges and exemptions conceded -to that order by apostolic bulls, and all of the indulgences, -privileges, etc., for all the provinces of Nueva España subject to -the obedience of the father commissary-general of the order. The -royal decree of June 20, 1623, confirms the rules and regulations -of the brotherhood. In consequence of this decree, the brotherhood -presents a petition to the governor asking him as royal vice-patron -to confirm the rules and regulations. This is done by special act -on September 4, 1625 by Fernando de Silva. They have already been -approved by Francisco Tello, and Gabriel de la Cruz, schoolmaster -of the cathedral, January 24, 1597. The royal decree of September -7, 1699, inserted in the decree of June 11, 1708, grants exemption -from government or religious visit. Notwithstanding this decree, the -effort has been made without success to subject the brotherhood to -visit. The closest of supervision has been exercised by the brothers -themselves. All the documents mentioned above are given by our author.] - - - -Chaplaincies with collation - -There are twenty-nine chaplaincies with collation, of which -the Board of Santa Misericordia is patron. They were founded by -different benefactors, so that in accordance with the conditions and -clauses which were provided in their foundations, the board appoints -the chaplains who are to serve them. Such appointees taking the -appointments which it sends to them (in which the obligation which -falls to each one is made known to them) present themselves before -the proper persons within the term which the holy Council of Trent -prescribes, for the approval and collation of those chaplaincies. It -is intimated to them at this time that they must inform the board -promptly that they have fulfilled their so necessary obligation for -the good government which is demanded in this. An account must be kept -in a separate book of chaplaincies, in the form which is always usual. - - - -Lay chaplaincies - -The lay chaplaincies, of which the board is also patron, number -ten. They are filled in accordance with the clauses of their foundation -by the chaplains whom the board appoints to serve them; in whose -despatch a different style is followed since they are lay. - - - -Becas of collegiates - -In the royal college of San Joseph of this city, Captain Diego Gonzalez -de Arcos founded two becas with a capital of 4,000 pesos, making the -Board of Santa Misericordia patron of them, with the condition that -the sons of [men from] Estremadura, and especially those of Villa de -Don Benito be preferred. Their vacancies are reported by the reverend -father rector of the said college. - - - -Number of brothers in this venerable brotherhood and other -circumstances - -The founders and brothers of this brotherhood, considering the work -and business in which they had to employ themselves continually in -fulfilment of the works of charity, prudently decided and decreed -by a chapter of the ordinances that there should be 250 brothers for -the due fulfilment of all the ordinances, in whom good report, sane -conscience, honest life, fear of God, observance of His commandments, -and prompt obedience to all that should be of service to God and to the -brotherhood, and the relief of one's neighbor had to be included. They -declared that they should not be single, unless they had reached -the age of thirty, but that being virtuous persons and of the said -qualities, they might receive dispensation and be received as brothers -if they were twenty-five years old or upward. But no one who was not -an oldtime Christian, and no one who had any obligatory duties that -could prevent him from serving in the brotherhood [could be a member]; -neither could those who did not know how to read or to write. Among -said 250 brothers would be always the management and government of -the house, and the election of the officers, with obligation to serve -God by those who should be elected and appointed by the purveyor and -brothers of the board if there were no legitimate obstacle to prevent -that. Before they should be admitted as brothers, the secretary -of the house was to enter in the book of the brotherhood that its -ordinances should be submitted to them, so that having seen and read -them, they might determine whether they could fulfil them. And if they -were questioned by the board in regard to them, and were found with -a mind resolved to observe them and to serve according to the rules -in the brotherhood, an oath was to be taken from them on the holy -gospels in a missal before the purveyor and brothers of the board, -to the effect that when they should hear the signal of the house, -or the bells, with the sign that had been arranged for the summoning -of the brothers, they should come to the house to perform the works -of charity in accordance with the orders that they should receive -from the purveyor and brothers of the board; and also if they were -summoned in the name of the aforesaid and there was no legitimate -obstacle. The above was to be a matter of conscience. They were also -to swear to keep the secrets of the board and the rules, when they -should be summoned by the board, and were obliged, notwithstanding -their oath, to recite fourteen Pater Nosters and fourteen Ave Marias -for the deceased brothers, and, having done that, they were to be -received as brothers, and their names to be inscribed in the book of -the brotherhood. - - - -Annual alms given by the house of the Santa Misericordia of the city -of Manila - -Since we have to furl the sails to this discourse, because of the -limits of time, and make an end to this small work in these last -chapters, I thought it important to first make an extract (although -with much labor) of all the alms and sums of pesos, produced by the -funds which are administered by the house of Santa Misericordia, during -the years when--all being complete, and no disaster of earthquakes -coming upon them, or shipwrecks or other accidents, which depend on -time--it distributes to the benefit of all this community. I was also -moved to this interesting task by making charts of all the funds and -their pious purposes, by having met in the first part of the life of -the venerable and most reverend father master, Fray Simon de Roxas, -a great servant of God and a member of the Order of the Santissima -Trinidad de Redemptores [i.e., the Most Holy Trinity of Redeemers]. [3] -written during the year 670 by the very reverend father master, Fray -Francisco de Arcos, preacher and theologue of his Majesty, and of -the tribunals of his royal conscience, etc., in which he refers to -a paragraph of a letter which Juan Baptista Labaña wrote during the -voyage from Portugal of Don Phelipe III (of happy memory), in which -he cited folio 16; and in the life of the said venerable father, a -description of the alms which the royal house of Santa Misericordia -of the court of Lisboa distributed in the year 619, and of those -which regularly and annually it distributes in the pious ends which -are contained in the said chapter, is found in book 8, chapter x, -pp. 418-420. It states that those alms are about 30,000 ducados -annually. Inasmuch as chapter xi of this work states that the alms -distributed by this house of Santa Misericordia of the city of Manila -amounted to about 70,000 pesos, I have determined to prove the said -proposition part by part, passing over the circumstances which are -found in the said chapter, and making a clear demonstration of their -reality, without failing one jot in the truth, which is required in a -matter of so great importance, and which has to yield in so great glory -to the Spanish monarchy. It is a pity that in the circumstances of the -present case, there should be many who opposed the truth as it did not -issue so clear and apparent in all the books of the house which treat -of this matter; and necessarily I am obliged to give it by imagining -charts which are fitting and do not leave the least reason for doubt. - -This having been granted, therefore, I assert that the alms and sums -of pesos received by the holy cathedral church and the sacred orders -of this city, the beaterios, confraternities, the venerable tertiary -order, the house for sheltered women, the hospice of San Jacinto, the -colleges (without including that of Santa Misericordia, St. John of -God and its infirmary), the province of Camarines, and the Indians of -Marinas Islands, amount to 25,520 pesos. In the alms given for masses, -5,777 pesos are also distributed as a suffrage for the blessed souls -of purgatory; among the poor prisoners of this city, 2,691 pesos; -as a benefit to the school of Santa Isabel, which belongs to the -brotherhood, in the divine worship of its church, the salary of its -chaplains, servants of the house, support, clothing and other things -which are spent for the girl collegiates (the number of those at -present are 58 inmates, rectress, and portress, 9 wards, and 6 slave -women, who serve in it), and repairs of said school (in which alone -this present year about 6,000 pesos have been spent), they give and -apply 10,700 pesos; as dowries for the said girl collegiates and other -orphan daughters of noble parents of this city, 16,000 pesos; for the -relief of the necessities of poor Spaniards, widows, self-respecting -poor, 6,936 pesos. Besides these sums 3,000 pesos are set aside for -the benefit of the above-mentioned purposes which, with somewhat more, -are produced by the sums at interest, and also 1,200 pesos which are -yielded by the encomienda which his Majesty applied to the Board of -Santa Misericordia in the provinces of the Ylocos and Leite. Therefore -totaling up the eight items of pesos above applied, the amount is -71,824 pesos produced by the funds administered by this house, as is -adjusted with the greatest exactness. One may see by the sums that -result to the benefit of so many pious ends, the reality and truth -of the said proposition, and consequently, the great succor of silver -for the relief of the needs of its neighbor. Surely I believe that in -this small work of rich treasures, an extraordinary splendor for the -house must shine forth (with the new discovery of so abundant a mine, -which has been buried in silence in the extensive field and space -of 134 years); a prodigy which looks to Spain for the non-moderation -of this great house of Misericordia in the most remote parts of the -world. I believe that without injury to the greater (if it can be -that there is another which exceeds it), it merited as panegyrist of -its glories (although with more time) a nature suitable to its worth -and greatness. Lastly placed in the royal crown of España, it will -be one of the most precious stones which beautify that crown with -its rich splendor, for the greater honor and glory of God our Lord. - - - - - - - - -SURVEY OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS - -[Part I] - - -[Title-page:] Relation in which, by order of his Catholic Majesty -(may God keep him) are set forth the towns, castles, forts, and -military posts of the provinces subject to his royal dominion in -the Philipinas islands. With sketches of their plans and detailed -accounts of the supplies, soldiers, wages, rations, and ammunition, -required to maintain them; the annual amount of these, and the product -of the incomes and amounts set aside for them from which they are -obtained. All these provinces are described, with information not -only of essential but of curious matters, with a summary of what -they yield for the royal treasury; an account of it is given, with -a general résumé of the fixed income and charges of the treasury, -drawn up by the field marshal, Don Fernando Valdés Tamón, in whose -charge is the government of these islands. In the year 1739. [4] - - - - - -BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF MANILA - -The island of Luzon (it is also called Nueva Castilla) is the largest -of all those which submit to the Catholic crown in this Philippine -archipelago. Its figure is that of an arm somewhat doubled, and -the latest observations give it three hundred and fifty leguas of -circumference, and two hundred leguas of length. Its width cannot be -accurately stated, because the land is in some places broad and in -others narrow, although it is known that it is longer from the elbow -to the shoulder, and in that distance it is noticed that the greatest -width is forty-three leguas; and it is about twenty-two leguas from the -elbow to the hand of this imaginary arm. In this remotest part, then, -of the Spanish domain, in 14° 48' of northern latitude and 158° 38' -of eastern longitude, is situated Manila, [5] nearly in the middle of -its mainland, in the region of the elbow of its [imaginary] figure; -and there, as being the capital of all the Spanish possessions in -the Philipinas Islands, resides permanently the royal Audiencia -with its president the captain-general, the archiepiscopal see, -and other tribunals. The number of citizens who distinguish the city -is astonishingly small; these are the Spaniards who live within the -walls, and in the wards of Binondoc and Santa Cruz, which adjoin it; -and although in these places there is an astonishing number of people, -I have the idea that they are a contemptible rabble, excepting the -small number of the Spaniards. It was June 24, 1571, when Manila was -founded, and it recognizes as its founder the adelantado Miguel Lopez -de Legazpi--a hero in truth, worthy of the greatest praises for the -bravery, judgment, and good fortune by which he was distinguished in -these conquests. - -The site which this town occupies [6] is a point of land on the shores -of the sea, in a bay thirty leguas in circumference; into this falls -a river of considerable size, which comes down from a lake distant -five leguas from the city on the eastern side--by which it flows, -surrounding the city, and in its progress washes its walls, until it -pours its waters through the bar. - -Up to this time the secular government has been in charge of forty -governors, twenty-three of them proprietary, and seventeen ad -interim. The ecclesiastical government likewise has had one bishop -and thirteen archbishops. Both these numbers are carefully estimated -from the list of [those who have held] both dignities. - -The fortifications with which this town is girt about are everywhere -of irregular shape, in accordance with the surface of the ground. Its -walls, although of masonry, are not regarded as inferior--if one -considers the good quality of the stone, which is easy to work on -account of being soft--to those of mud or brick. On the other hand, -I am persuaded that an injustice would be done to our walls if one -should deny them the advantage of the former kind and the solidity of -the latter, in view of their great resistance; for in the course of -more than a century since their construction, some slight decay has -been noticed only occasionally, and in places here and there little -sheltered from the salt winds; and this is remedied, or the wall is -preserved, by applying a thin coat of lime, an idea which has come as -the result of experience. Its circuit appears to be 12,498 Castilian -feet, both its extremities closing in with the castle of Santiago, -which, on account of its position, occupies in Manila the place of -the citadel. - -The bastions in its circuit are twelve, all furnished with terreplein; -nine are small, and the others large, of the regular size. In one -of these last, named "San Andres," there is a powder-magazine, -bomb-proof, which the present governor caused to be constructed; -an incentive to building this was the little shelter afforded by a -mere shed in former times, and the exposed condition of its contents -to the shots of a besieger; these risks that were feared have ceased -at sight of the present fortification. There are two sentry-towers -incorporated with the said wall, and besides this there are a -ravelin and a crown-work. All this is a very respectable aggregate, -as contributing to the greatest defense of the city; the situation -of each of these defenses will be described in the proper place. - -The gates of this city are six, two main entrances and four -posterns. Of these Santa Lucia and Palacio, which look toward the west, -allow passage to the shore--as also on the north side Santo Domingo and -Almacenes give passage to the river. The main gates are distinguished -by the names Real and Parian. The latter is situated in the middle -of the curtain which faces the northeast between the San Lorenzo -and San Gabriel bastions; and inside of it is its guard-station, -capacious enough to lodge a company of men. Corresponding to the -empty space below, in the upper part it has a spacious sentry-tower, -furnished with some cannons, which, by favor of its sides defends the -collateral bulwarks--a fortification which, it may be supposed, was -placed here in order to make up for the defect of the extraordinary -length of this curtain. - -The outer works of this are thus composed: a crown-work, which masks -the gate; a fausse-braye [falsabraga], which extends from the flank of -the bastion San Gabriel, until it almost reaches the said gate, there -leaving room for a little bridge for communication with the crown-work -already mentioned; a ditch, of which we shall treat further on; its -covered way, parapet, and palisade, with its esplanade, the whole -regularly surrounded, so far as the narrowness of the place permits; -and at its foot a quagmire, which serves as an outer ditch. At the -end of this, and along its outer margin, extending toward the south, -there is a grand highway, which at its beginning is joined with another -but small road, which lies between the outer ditch and the river; -and both of these connect with a little bridge, next to a small fort -which was erected for the guards stationed at the large bridge which, -close by, crosses the river. - -The ditch of the half-curtain (of which mention was reserved for this -place, in order to avoid confusion) is formed by the waters which -overflow from the river at the rise of the tides. It starts from the -angle defended by the bastion San Gabriel, and extends until it is -very near the Parian gate, with a counterscarp--which there leaves -it, bending toward the crown-work, and thus is left almost isolated, -with a small arm. This, a little farther, adds all its waters, as -if on deposit, to the outer ditch already mentioned. Not thus the -main ditch; for this, overflowing the right side according to the -amount of water which it receives [from the river], continues its -course along the margin of the grand highway, more or less closely -according to its curves, until, coming close to the walls, it ends -its course round about them, close to the bastion San Diego. At this -place art has imposed restraints on it, having in mind, no doubt, -the frequent inundations to which that vicinity would be exposed -if (as was easy for it) this ditch should come to unite its waters -with the sea. From this measure of prudence resulted two benefits of -special importance, in which both the fortified post and the public -are directly interested--the former, on account of the advantage which -it enjoys (as may be seen in the plan) in the fact that the ditch -serves it as a moat on the eastern and southern sides; and the latter, -because it is utilized for the great number of vessels which, aided by -the rising tide, come up to the Puerta Real to discharge their lading. - -This is one of the two principal gates already mentioned. It is located -on the southern side of this town, in the curtain which defends the -bastions San Diego and San Andres, although nearer to the latter; and -it much resembles the gate of the Parian (although built in different -style) in its convenience and its fortifications--for it has, like -the former, a guard-station and watchtower, similarly arranged and -equipped. It is only noted that this curtain, peculiar among all, -is the only one which is furnished with terreplein; for this reason -some cannons (which defense the others lack) have been placed in it. - -Its other exterior works, arranged according to their order, are -reduced to a bridge that can be raised, a moat with its counterscarp -faced with stone [revestido], and at a little distance a ravelin in -condition for defense--notwithstanding which, on account of masking -the gate it is not found in front of the half of the curtain which -was its proper place. Although this gate had the remaining features -of covered way, parapet, palisade, and esplanade, they were entirely -in ruins at the time when this government began--which induced us to -plan them anew, in modern style, and of much better quality than were -the old ones. - -All the curtains which face the western and northern part of this -fortress are, without question, the weakest part of its defenses; -but on the supposition (which is believed to be a remote contingency) -that European armies may move to attack it in earnest--and it may be -regarded as an enormous undertaking by our enemies here, who are most -laughable on account of their lack of discipline and of forts--the -natural defenses are apparently even more than sufficient. For it has -on the west the waters of the bay for a moat, and on the north a river -that is broad and deep; and with this all fears may be laid aside. - -There is also maintained in this city, at the expense of the royal -treasury (as being a necessity), a foundry for artillery, grenades, -and cannon balls of all calibers; and an iron-furnace, where men are -continually forging, according to the occasion, many hand-weapons and -some firearms. The metals for these are transported from countries -beyond the sea. Besides these, a scant half-legua to the south, is the -powder-factory, which is enclosed by a triangular redoubt of stone -and mortar, with seven mounted iron cannons, and fortified by three -demi-bastions. This factory supplies gunpowder to Manila and the forts -dependent on it; to the ships of his Majesty which sail annually to the -port of Acapulco and the Marianas Islands; to the armadas which, when -any danger from enemies arises, are made ready on the opposite shore; -and to the public festivals. More than enough to cover the expense is -received from those who wish to buy it, to whom it is furnished for -their money. The ingredients of its composition are produced in the -country, except the saltpetre, which is brought from foreign countries. - - - -Artillery, mounted and dismounted, of this fort, with whatever is -necessary for handling it - - - Bronze cannons Caliber Iron Caliber - cannons - - 1 3 2 2 - 1 4 13 4 - 1 5 6 5 - 2 8 10 6 - 1 9 11 8 - 1 14 4 10 - 1 16 4 12 - 15 8 4 14 - 7 20 5 18 - 3 22 4 20 - 2 24 2 30 - 6 25 - 2 stone-mortars, 90 - for moat-guards - -- -- - 43 bronze cannons 65 iron cannons - - -Military supplies kept in reserve, independent of those used in -actual service - - - 20,370 iron cannon-balls, as reserve for the said artillery. - 18 bronze stone-mortars, with their chambers. - 5 iron esmerils. - 4 iron pinzotes. - 458 match-lock arquebuses. - 409 flint-lock guns and [hand-] cannons, with bayonets. - 34 pairs of pistols. - 20 blunderbusses, bronze and iron. - 2,267 short swords, cutlasses, and broadswords. - 1,097 iron grenades. - 50,342 lead bullets, of suitable size. - 800 arrobas of gunpowder, kept in reserve. - - -The fighting men who serve in the said royal camp of Manila comprise -nine companies of Spanish infantry. The first is under command of the -captain-general; the second, of the master-of-camp; the third, of the -sargento-mayor; and the rest, under six captains who are appointed -by this government. Each company has its alférez, its sergeant, and -also its minor posts of page, standard-bearer, fifer and drummer; -and, in all, there are six hundred and seventy-five soldiers. There -are also a captain and thirteen halberdiers, the personal guard -of the governor and captain-general; two paid adjutants, and seven -supernumeraries; one deputy-commander of artillery, with his head -gunner, and thirty-six artillerists. There is a military engineer, -and an overseer of the royal works; and there are masters and a -suitable number of workmen for casting artillery, operating forges, -and making gunpowder. There are also, to serve as workmen in the said -shops, a company of Pampango infantry, with their captain, alférez, -sergeant, standard-bearer, and two hundred and forty-three regular -soldiers--more or less, according to circumstances. - -The wages and rations of the said soldiers are paid monthly, excepting -the captain-general, who receives his pay every four months and at -the rate of 8,000 pesos (each of 450 maravedis of silver) a year. The -amount each one receives is stated thus: - -Officers: The master-of-camp, 137 pesos, 6 tomins; the sargento-mayor, -30 p.; the six captains, each 15 p.; the captain of the guard, 24 p.; -the deputy commander of artillery, 25 p.; the military engineer, -25 p.; the overseer of works, 20 p.; two paid adjutants, each 8 -p.; the seven supernumeraries, each 6 p.; the alferezes, each 4 p.; -the sergeants, each 3 p.; the head gunner of the artillery, 8 p.; -the Pampango captain, 4 p., 4 t.; his alférez, and his sergeant, -each 2 p., 4 t. - -Soldiers: The Spanish soldiers, each 2 pesos; the halberdiers, each -3 p.; the artillerists, each 2 p.; the drum-major, 3 p.; the pages, -standard-bearers, one fifer, and the other drummer, each 2 p.; the -Pampango soldiers, each 1 p., 2 t., and some of them have extra pay; -one Pampango standard-bearer, with [blank] p., 6 tomins. - -To all the above are furnished respectively a ration of rice, -excepting the captain of the guard, the engineer, and the overseer -of works--for which purpose are used 7,4543 1/2 fanegas of rice -a year--and the wages amount annually to 34,139 pesos, 3 tomins; -the latter are paid from the royal treasury of Manila, which, as it -has to meet the other charges which are imposed on the amount of the -royal revenues, has not, it is acknowledged, funds adequate for this -purpose, as will be made manifest in the proper place. - - - -THE CASTLE OF SANTIAGO - -It has a circuit of 2,030 feet; its shape is almost triangular. Its -fortifications on the southern side, which faces the city, include -a curtain with terreplein, flanked by two demi-bastions; it has a -fausse-braye, and a ditch which communicates with the river. On the -northern side, toward the entrance of the ditch, in place of a bastion -is raised a cavalier with three faces or batteries; one of these -fronts the sea (the anchorage included), another the said entrance, -and the third the river itself. This last side of the cavalier -joins a large tower of the same height as the walls; and through the -tower there is a descent to a semi-circular platform or battery, at -the level of the water, with which the aforesaid triangular figure -of this castle is completed. Through these sides the fort has the -necessary communication with the city, through its principal gate, -which faces that way; with the river, and with the shore or beach -of the sea, by a postern gate which furnishes passage to it. All the -above will be better understood by referring to the proper plan folio -[blank in MS.] where also will be found, placed in their order, the -guard-stations, the barracks of the troops who garrison it, and the -quarters of the warden and his subalterns. The reduced size of the -plan has not allowed room for showing other buildings distinctly, such -as the chapel, various storehouses (among these the powder-magazine, -which is bomb-proof), the dungeons, the reservoirs of water, etc. - - - -Artillery mounted and dismounted, with the necessary articles for -its handling - - - Bronze cannons Caliber Iron Caliber - cannons - - 4 2 1 3 - 2 4 1 4 - 1 6 1 5 - 3 8 1 6 - 1 10 2 16 - 3 16 2 25 - 8 18 4 32 - 3 20 - 4 25 - -- -- - 29 bronze cannons 12 iron cannons - - -Reserve supplies - - - 1,534 iron cannon-balls, kept in reserve for the said artillery. - 1 bronze mortar, carrying a 300-libra ball. - 95 muskets. - 85 match-lock arquebuses. - 3,414 balls for these guns. - 161 grenades. - 80 bar-shots. - 80 lanterns (a contrivance for [using] fire and stone). - 148 Turkish swords, pikes, broad daggers, hand-spikes, lances, - and gun-forks. - 200 arrobas of gunpowder, kept in reserve. - - -The troops in the regular garrison of the said castle are composed -of one company of Spanish infantry, commanded by the warden (who is -appointed by his Majesty), with a lieutenant-commander, an orderly -aide-de-camp, an alférez, a sergeant, and five minor posts--those of -page, standard-bearer, fifer, and two drummers. It has sixty regular -soldiers, one head gunner, and twelve artillerymen. The fort has also, -as workmen in the shops, Pampango soldiers in a company of infantry, -with their captain, alférez, sergeant, the three minor posts of -standard-bearer, fifer, and drummer, and ninety regular soldiers, -three of them receiving extra pay. - -The wages and rations of the said troops are paid monthly, in the -form which is shown in the following schedule: - -Officers: The warden, 66 pesos, 5 tomins; his lieutenant, 15 p.; -the aide-de-camp, 5 p., 6 t.; the alférez, 4 p.; the sergeant, 3 p.; -the head gunner, 4 p.; the Pampango captain, 6 p.; the alférez and -the sergeant, each 2 p., 4 t. - -Soldiers: The sixty Spanish soldiers, each 2 pesos; the twelve -artillerymen, each 2 p.; the page, the standard-bearer, the fifer, -and the drummers, each 2 p.; the Pampango soldiers, and the men in -the minor posts, each 1 p., 2 t. - -These wages amount in the year to 4,595 pesos in cash; and the rice, -of which rations are issued to all, to 1,219 1/2 fanegas. All this -expense is met from the royal treasury and storehouses of Manila; -the exact statement regarding it will be found at the end. - - - -DESCRIPTION OF CAVITE - -In sight of Manila, and south-southeast of it, at a distance of -three leguas by way of the waters of the bay, and six short leguas by -land--in 14° 31' of north latitude, and 158° 38' of east longitude--is -the port of Cavite, which is formed by a tongue of land, curved from -east to west; it is 5,100 feet long, and 1,200 feet broad. It is -the ordinary anchorage for the ships of his Majesty and of private -persons, as well as for the pataches belonging to the commerce of the -various Oriental peoples, who come here to carry it on every year, -at regular times. - -Its population is composed of the soldiers who garrison its castle, -and those of other posts; the sea-faring men who serve in the vessels -of the [Acapulco] trade-route, and in various other vessels, in the -royal service; and the men who compose the force of the navy-yard, -for the repair and the building of ships. Among so many, the citizens -of most prominence are the pilots, boatswains, and other officers of -the ships and the Ribera. The entire government--political, military, -and social--is in the hands of a warden and chief magistrate, who is -not responsible to any one except the captain-general. - -Its principal fortification consists of the fort San Phelipe, the -shape of which is an irregular quadrilateral; it is situated toward -the point of the Ribera, at a distance from it of about 1,100 feet. It -has four bastions with orillons, in old style; its western curtain, -in which is its gate, has a fausse-braye; and its southern curtain, -on the shore of the Ribera, has a barbette battery of twenty mounted -cannons. A similar account of the two remaining curtains is omitted, -because in them there is nothing new for notice. The circuit of -the fort is 1,410 feet; and within it are located, in due order, -lodgings sufficient for the soldiers in its garrison, an armory, -a powder-magazine, a water reservoir, and other offices necessary to -the service. - -On the western side, which is contiguous with the village of San Roque, -this fort is also fortified by a curtain 540 feet long, which, with -the two large towers which flank it, occupies the entire width of -the tongue of land, and, with a revetted moat, leaves Cavite almost -isolated; it would be feasible to make it entirely so by the union -of the two bodies of seawater--with experience of fatal results, -if the double defense of a counterscarp were not interposed. This -curtain has, as a mask to its gate, a half-star work with its own -gate, which is the one that people call Puerta Vaga; and these two -entrances furnish, for the said town and Manila, the only passage by -land that is found in this port. - -To this fortification is added another, and of no less importance, -the necessity of which was made evident by warnings; and the plan of -its structure was thought out by experience. For, having noted in less -than fifty years the repeated ravages caused in this port, on the north -side, by the violence of the sea when driven by the north winds--which -indicated its entire destruction in the future--the superior government -decided to construct a stable barrier, by which the so great damage -that was feared might be prevented. This was carried out by the -engineer then in charge, by constructing in the water a barrier of -stone and mortar, large enough to be able to resist such attacks, -and of height equal to that of the highest tides, on a foundation of -pile-work and beams. This work extended from the point of the Ribera, -on the side which was endangered, until it reached the northern tower -of the curtain which is mentioned in the preceding paragraph--that is, -the entire length of Cavite. Upon this breakwater he raised a parapet -with its banquette, in which were formed the bastions, demi-bastions, -flanks and curtains, as this line gave opportunity, and in the plan -of Cavite they are indicated; but all these works were at the level -of the water. For its greater permanency, command was given to cast -into the water outside, at the foot of the pile-work, a number of -stone-heaps; since these are always multiplying themselves, an evident -benefit has resulted. - -The arms and supplies for the maintenance of these forts are those -which here are scheduled. - - - -Artillery, mounted and dismounted, in the port of Cavite, with all -that is necessary for its handling - - - Bronze cannons Caliber Iron Caliber - cannons - - 10 1 6 1 - 1 2 43 2 - 1 3 9 3 - 1 4 21 4 - 2 6 46 6 - 26 8 25 8 - 4 10 35 10 - 15 12 15 12 - 4 14 8 14 - 1 16 1 16 - 19 18 41 18 - 10 25 1 20 - 7 30 - 2 35 - 2 40 - 1 stone-mortar, - of 300 libras. - --- --- - 109 bronze cannons. 257 iron cannons. - - -Military supplies kept in reserve, independent of those used in -actual service - - - 2 esmerils of bronze, of 8-onza caliber. - 4 small iron cannon, of the same caliber. - 101 swivel-guns, with 216 chambers and quoins, of iron. - 16,905 iron cannon-balls, suitable for the said artillery. - 207 bar-shots of iron, "diamond point." - 67 iron crowbars. - 22 iron angelots. [7] - 190 iron grenades. - 142 muskets. - 221 match-lock arquebuses. - 16 guns, some with bayonets. - 9 pistols. - 1 blunderbuss. - 6,672 balls corresponding to these weapons--2,910 of iron, 62 - angel--[i.e., double-headed] shot, and the rest of lead. - 480 hand-weapons--Turkish swords, broadswords, cutlasses - [machetes], lances, pikes, halberds, partisans, half-moons, - spears, languinatas, and spontoons. - 400 arrobas of gunpowder, kept in reserve. - - -The fighting men of the said port of Cavité and its fortress (who -are in one body, just as the above-mentioned supplies are considered -collectively) comprise three companies of Spanish infantry--one -commanded by the warden, another by the sargento-mayor, and another by -a captain--with 180 soldiers in all, with their leading officers and -minor posts. There is also a captain of artillery, with twenty-four -artillerymen; the deputy of the castellan; three orderlies; two -carpenters for the gun-carriages of the artillery; and one military -notary. There is, besides, a company of Pampango infantry with -its master-of-camp, sargento-mayor, and other officers, with two -hundred and twenty regular soldiers, one hundred and twenty of whom -are assigned to work as sawyers. All the officers and soldiers, both -Spaniards and Pampangos (except the warden and the notary) receive -a suitable ration of rice and their pay in cash monthly. The wages -amount to 11,500 pesos, and the rations to 3,084 fanegas of rice. These -are furnished from the royal treasury and the storehouses in Manila, -according to the list here set down. - -Officers: The warden, 100 pesos; the sargento-mayor, 25 p.; one -captain of Spanish infantry, 15 p.; the alferezes, each 4 p.; the -sergeants, each 3 p.; one captain of artillery, 15 p.; the deputy of -the castellan, 15 p.; three orderlies, each 6 p.; one military notary, -8 p.; the Pampango master-of-camp, 10 p.; the sargento-mayor of that -people, 6 p., 4 t.; the alférez, sergeant, and adjutant of the said -nation, each 2 p., 4 t. - -Soldiers: The Spanish soldiers, each 2 pesos; the pages, -standard-bearers, drummers, and fifer, each 2 p.; the artillerymen, -each 2 p.; two carpenters for the artillery, each 2 p.; minor posts in -the Pampango company--standard-bearer, fifer, and drummer--each [blank] -p., 6 t.; 220 Pampango soldiers, each 1 p., 2 t. Of the Pampangos the -following receive extra pay, with the title of sawyers: three each, -4 p.; another, 2 p., 4 t.; another, 2 p.; and eighteen others, each -1 p., 4 t. - -The place which is now called "Ribera of Cavité" includes all the -ground from the point of Cavité to Fort San Phelipe. All this is -enclosed, with two gates, [which are] at the angles flanked by the -bastions--that of the powder-magazine on the northern side, and by that -of Cháchara [i.e., "Chit-chat"] on the southern side. Although these -passages had formerly been open, it was considered best to shut them -off thus, in order to check the frequent thefts that were committed of -nails and other furnishings at times when ships were being repaired or -built; but in doing so a narrow strip was left, in order to furnish a -path for the work-people from the Ribera, thus forming the barbette -battery; and this strip has preserved the principal curtain of the -fort from the continual former lashings of the waves of the sea. - -On this Ribera is located the shipyard, where the galleons, pataches, -galleys, and galliots of his Majesty are constructed into ships; -also here is the bridge which is used for careening the said ships, -and others that belong to private persons. It also includes the royal -iron-works, where are forged the iron tools and instruments, of all -kinds and sizes, that are necessary for the said construction; and -the workshops of the various artisans who are daily at work on this -Ribera. There are separate storehouses for the masts, anchors, cables, -rigging, and other kinds of cordage; for cannon, and for gun-carriages; -and generally for all the military supplies and nautical equipments, -with the dwelling-houses of their principal officers. All this was -built by the present government, and with so good management that in -a short time, and without confusion, everything necessary for this -purpose was constructed, repaired, or equipped. Other royal buildings -which are not included in the Ribera are indicated on the chart of -this port, for which reason I omit notice of each. - -All this arrangement for the navy-yard of the Ribera, although it is -planned for the benefit of all vessels, whether native or foreign, -is chiefly designed for those of his Catholic Majesty, and more -especially for the galleons which annually make the voyage to Nueva -España; these are built, equipped, and supplied in this port and -Ribera. A sufficiently detailed account of these will be given in -the following lists. - - - -Ribera of Cavité - -Master workmen in the navy-yard: one captain of the Point, yearly, -300 pesos; one alférez of the seamen, 120 p.; one sergeant of the said -men, 90 p.; four corporals, and one watchman, 180 p.; two chief pilots, -240 p.; two assistant pilots, 192 p.; one examiner and inspector of the -royal works of the port, 300 p.; one constable for the storehouse of -provisions, 120 p.; one surgeon, 96 p.; one coxswain of the galley, -120 p.; one chaplain for the galley, 180 p.; one foreman of the -royal iron-works, 300 p.; one foreman of rope-making, 120 p.; one -foreman of the cooper shop, 240 p.; one foreman for the artisans [8] -of the artillery, 120 p.; another overseer of the aforesaid, 30 p.; -one head overseer of the carpenters, 360 p.; another, his assistant, -300 p.; one director of works, 300 p. All, except the father chaplain, -receive rations of rice. - -Workmen in the navy-yard: 226 seamen (of whom 16 serve as captains), -with different rates of pay according to their various employments, -and, with corresponding rations of rice; this amounts each year to -5,201 p., 4 t., 6 granos; 166 common seamen, with the same pay and -ration of rice, yearly 2,490 pesos; to the convicts on the royal -galleys are issued rations of 516 cavans of clean rice, which with 22 -p., 4 t. for oil for the lanterns, and 300 p. a year for fish, salt, -and vinegar, will be worth 580 p.; eight ropemakers, with rations of -rice and different rates of pay according to their different kinds -of work, amounting yearly to 198 p.; 16 coopers, with different -rates of pay and rations of rice, receive yearly 351 p., 9 granos; -152 men for using the augers, at various rates of pay, including rice, -receive yearly 3,920 p., 4 t.; tool-grinders, at various rates of pay, -receive yearly, including the value of the rice, 594 p.; 305 artisans -[pandayes] (15 of them in the artillery), with various rates of pay, -and the amount of the ration of rice, receive yearly 372 [9] p.; 33 -painters (two in the artillery), according to their different rates of -pay, with rations, 495 p.; 135 blacksmiths, with rations and various -rates of pay, amount to 4,644 p.; 31 Lascars, barraqueros, [10] at -different rates of pay, receive annually 709 p.; 16 carpenters, at -various rates of pay, with the value of their rations, receive 1,452 -p.; 4 overseers, at various rates of pay, with rations, 300 p.; the -hand-sawyers and the calkers (not only natives, but Sangleys) receive, -according to the day-wages for which they work, without a ration of -rice, wages amounting in one year to 14,922 p., 3 t., 6 granos; the -galagaleros, [11] the Indians who work in repartimiento as ropemakers -and woodcutters, and the raftsmen, at various rates of pay according -to their work, and in rice, receive each year 2,714 p., 1 t. - -All the aforesaid people in the navy-yard on the Ribera of Cavité -receive yearly 49,948 p., 3 t., 8 granos, in which is included the -value of 26,174 cavans, 11 gantas of rice, which is consumed in the -rations given to each person; but from this are excluded the father -chaplain, the sawyers, and the calkers. This amount, in summary form, -is the same which the royal officials now certify, omitting the details -of each item on account of the great prolixity which would be caused -by stating the various assignments of pay which correspond to the -various offices and work, and reserving the full statement for the -annual report with which the royal officials fulfil their duty. - -Preparation of the ships: Since the chief employ of the navy-yard at -the Ribera at Cavité is the building and equipment of his Majesty's -ships, and, specifically, those which are annually despatched to Nueva -España with the merchandise that is allowed to that commerce and for -the royal situado--in which construction is expended the amount from -the royal treasury already mentioned--to it also belong the expenses -of the entire outfit for the ships, the pay of the naval and military -officers, great and small, the men for the crews, and the provision -of necessary supplies. As regards expense caused by these things, -it is included in the certification of the royal officials in their -general statement of purchases; this brief relation refers the reader -to that account, avoiding the annoyance of so long a schedule, and -here is given only the list of the men assigned to this employ--the -computation being now made from the two pataches, the flagship and -the almiranta, which in the year 1736 were manned in this form: - -Officers of the ships: The commander of the flagship ("Nuestra -Señora de Cabdalonga") with salary of 4,125 pesos; the captain of -the almiranta ("Nuestra Señora del Pilar") 2,750 p.; the chaplains -of the two pataches, each 75 p., 150 p.; two chief pilots, each 300 -p., 600 p.; two assistant pilots, each 150 p., 300 p.; two mates, -each 150 p., 300 p.; two head gunners, each 150 p., 300 p.; two -boatswains, each 150 p., 300 p.; two carpenters, each 150 p., 300 p.; -two calkers, each 150 p., 300 p.; two divers, each 150 p., 300 p.; -two notaries, each 100 p., 200 p.; two storekeepers, each 100 p., -200 p.; two surgeons, each 100 p., 200 p.; two stewards, each 100 p., -200 p.; two water-guards, each 100 p., 200 p.; two additional pilots, -each 150 p., 300 p. Total, 11,025 pesos. - -The men of the crews: 64 artillerymen, each 100 p., amount to 6,400 -p.; 160 mariners in the crews of the said pataches, at the rate of -75 p. each, 12,000 p.; 72 Spanish common seamen in the said crews, -at the rate of 50 p. each, 3,600 p.; 120 deck-hands in the said crews -at 25 p., 3,000 p.; extra pay issued to the royal official timekeeper, -who made these payments, 25 p. Total, 25,025 pesos. - -Adding together these amounts for pay of officers and crews, the -total is 36,050 pesos. - - - -DESCRIPTION OF FORT SAN PEDRO IN THE CITY OF SANTISSIMO NOMBRE DE -JESUS, IN ZEBÛ - -In the island of Zebû, which is regarded as the center of all the -islands of Pintados--it is thirty leguas long, twelve wide, and -eighty in circuit--is the city of Santissimo Nombre de Jesus. It is -the capital of this province, wherein, amid the evident ruins of -its former opulence, is preserved, close to the city, the fort of -San Pedro. It is built of stone and mortar, with a terreplein, and is -situated on a point on the shore of the sea, in 10° of north latitude, -and 161° 47' of east longitude; [12] it is distant from the capital, -Manila, ninety-six leguas to the southeast, and is five degrees south -of that city. - -The shape of this fort is triangular, with three bastions having -straight flanks; it is 1,248 feet in circuit. Its curtains are of -unequal length, and in that one which fronts the city, toward the -northwest, is the gate of the fort. This is masked by an outer work -of stakes, of square shape, with its gate to the city; and a palisade -extends the whole length of the curtain, in the form of a fausse-braye. - -This fort contains the necessary buildings, as they are indicated on -its plan; it has also arms and soldiers, as herewith stated. - - - -Arms and supplies - - 13 pieces of bronze artillery, caliber 2 and 4. - 18 iron cannons, caliber 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, and 14. - 2 bronze mortars, with iron pivots. - 6 bronze stone-mortars. - 12 chambers. - 50 pinzotes. - 250 arquebuses and muskets. - 1,826 iron balls for the artillery. - 14,055 lead balls for the muskets, arquebuses, and pinzotes. - 294 grenades. - 500 arrobas of gunpowder, with small-arms and hand weapons, are - kept in reserve, as is certified by the royal officials. - - -All the above, with the clothing [for the soldiers], and the -replenishment of arms and gunpowder, is provided from the capital, -Manila, in accordance with the orders of this government. - - - - -The military force - -A captain of Spanish infantry, who is the alcalde-mayor, with -monthly pay of 25 pesos; an alférez of the said company, with 3 p.; -a sergeant, 2 p.; an orderly, 4 p.; a lieutenant of the fort, 4 p.; -57 regular soldiers, each 1 p.; 4 minor posts--page, fifer, drummer, -and standard-bearer, each 1 p.; 6 artillerymen, each 1 p.; a captain -of the Pampango company, 4 p.; his alférez, 1 p., 4 t.; the sergeant, -1 p.; twenty [Pampango] soldiers, and three minor posts--page, -drummer, and standard-bearer--each 4 t.; one position as overseer -of the iron-forge, 3 p.; two others, as shoremaster and overseer of -buildings, 2 p.; another as pilot, 1 p. Each one of the said persons -receives a monthly allowance of half a fanega (which is one cavan) -of rice. - -The maintenance of this military post amounts to 1,584 pesos and 624 -fanegas of rice every year; this expense is paid out of the proceeds -of the tributes and other revenues which are collected on his Majesty's -account in the said province of Zebû. - - - -DESCRIPTION OF FORT NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL PILAR AT SAMBOANGAN - -This fort is in the town of Samboangan, [13] a separate jurisdiction -with a chief magistrate, who is the governor of this military post. It -is situated in the great island of Mindanao, near the promontory -which is called Punta de la Caldera, in 7° 4' north latitude, and -160° 30' east longitude; [14] it is distant from the capital, Manila, -134 1/2 leguas south by east, and four degrees to the east. - -This fort is constructed of stone and mortar, with a terreplein, at -the entrance of the town, on the sea-shore; the beach surrounds it on -the eastern and southern sides, along which it has also, externally, -a palisade. On the western side, where the gate is, it has a marsh -for a moat; and on the northern side, which faces the dwellings, -it has an artificial moat. - -Its shape is that of a rectangle, with four full bastions--three with -straight flanks, and one with an orillon; it has a circuit of 820 feet, -and in it are enclosed the necessary buildings, as the plan shows. - -The town has its own special fortifications; for on the eastern -side it has a long curtain of palisades, in the midst of which there -is a semicircular platform, which defends it. On the northern side -there is a long curtain of stone and mortar, flanked at the east by -a bastion with orillon, called Santa Cathalina; and at the west by -a cavalier of rectangular shape, called Santa Barbara. This curtain -has its palisade, which ends on the western side of this town, at -some distance from the said cavalier; and the rest of this said side -has some marshes for defense. The said wall and curtain of this town -is surrounded by a canal, full of water, ten or twelve feet wide; -and it connects with the said marshes. - -The arms, supplies, and soldiers with which this military post is -maintained and defended are stated in the following lists: - - - -Arms and supplies of this post - - 24 bronze cannons, of caliber 1, 2, 3, 4, and 12. - 1 bronze culverin, caliber 4. - 1 mortar of the same, caliber 18. - 45 iron cannons, calibers 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 18. - 17 stone-mortars of the same [material], calibers 3 and 4. - 58 chambers. - 8 blunderbusses, 5 of bronze and 3 of iron. - 11 pinzotes. - 253 guns, muskets, and arquebuses. - 698 grenades, loaded and unloaded. - 1 pair of pistols. - 2 short carbines [terzerolas]. - 8,407 lead and iron balls, suitable for the artillery. - 39,104 lead balls, for the arquebuses, guns, and muskets. - 500 arrobas of gunpowder, as regular supply. - - -Other weapons, for hand use, minor supplies, and all the rest that is -necessary for handling [the artillery], are enumerated in a separate -certified statement by the royal officials. - - - -Military force in the post of Samboangan - -One captain of the first company of the Spanish infantry, a post which -is held by the governor of this town, with a monthly salary of 50 -pesos; its alférez, 4 p.; its sergeant, 3 p.; an aide-de-camp, 6 p.; 74 -Spanish soldiers, each 2 p.; three minor posts--page, standard-bearer, -and drummer--each 2 p. The captain of the second Spanish company, -15 p.; its alférez, 4 p.; its sergeant, 3 p.; 68 soldiers, and -three minor posts--page, drummer, and standard-bearer--each 2 p. The -captain of the third Spanish company, who commands the armada, 15 -p.; its alférez, 4 p.; its sergeant, 3 p.; 58 soldiers, and 3 minor -posts--page, standard-bearer, and drummer--each 2 p. A head gunner -for the artillery, 4 p.; a lieutenant and paymaster for this post, -15 p.; a surgeon, 5 p.; a notary for this post, 3 p.; 2 amanuenses, -hired by the day, each 3 p., 6 t.; 2 chaplains for the infantry, by the -year, each 100 p. A captain of the company of Pampango infantry, with -monthly pay of 4 p., 4 t.; its alférez, 2 p., 4 t.; its sergeant, 2 p., -4 t.; 100 Pampango soldiers, each 1 p., 2 t.; 2 minor posts--page, and -standard-bearer--each 6 t. One master armorer, 3 p.; 2 skilled tilers, -each 2 p., 4 t.; 15 supernumerary seamen, paid at various rates, by -the month, [blank]. All these people receive a suitable ration of rice. - - - -Coastguard galleys at Samboangan - -At this post are maintained, as a measure of precaution by this -superior government since the past year of 1730, two coastguard galleys -(a flagship and an almiranta), with [a crew of] 96 impressed men -[forzados], and with all the supplies necessary for their outfit; -care is also taken to repair and fortify them. They have been kept up -as an armament necessary at this time for checking the insolence of -the neighboring Moros, who attack the villages of the territory under -the royal crown. In regard to the maintenance of these galleys, and the -amount of supplies and the number of soldiers and sailors [required for -them], although all this is found included in the expenditures of the -royal treasury as actual expenses it must be borne in mind that they -are not perpetual, but accidental and extraordinary, according to the -movements of our enemies. For this reason, these items of expense are -sometimes included and sometimes omitted in the statements of accounts, -according to the differences of time and occasion. - - - -Galliots at Samboangan - -More permanent at this post are the two galliots which are, by act -of the general council of the treasury, maintained there since the -year 1729, as necessary in those seas, so rough and so infested -with enemies, for transporting from the province of Ogtong and the -storehouses of Yloylo the rice and other provisions which are needed -in this post [of Samboangan]. The amount needed for the pay of these -seamen is sent from the royal treasury of Manila. - -The entire maintenance of this post of Samboangan amounts each year -to 12,592 pesos, 2 tomins, and 7,108 cavans (which are 3,554 fanegas) -of rice, according to the last balancing of the accounts. To meet -this expense, a situade is sent from the royal treasury of Manila, the -number of pesos corresponding to the amount of the fixed charges, and -to that of the accidental expenses when there are any. The clothing, -gun-powder, supplies for replenishing the storehouses, cordage and -sails, other supplies for vessels, supplies for the hospital and -other offices of that post--all these are provided from the royal -storehouses of Manila; while from those of Yloylo is sent the rice -for the rations, with other foodstuffs, in which that province abounds. - -In order to meet the said expenses, there is set aside the value of -the ganta of clean rice which was offered, contributed as a gift, -by every whole tribute (of two persons) in the provinces subject -to the royal crown--those of Balayan, Mindoro, Caraga, Marivelez, -Calamianes, and Cavite being exempted from this contribution--the -amount of which is regularly more than 3,500 pesos a year. For the -said expenses is also applied the value of the wine monopoly, which, -at the rate of the last sale to the highest bidder, produces 25,000 -pesos annually. To this is added the amount of the pay, rations, and -supplies of the officers and soldiers who, at the time when this post -was reëstablished, were detailed to serve in it, from those of Cavite, -Yloylo, and Zebû. - - - - - - -[Part II] - -THE ECCLESIASTICAL ESTATE - - -[Title-page:] The ecclesiastical estate in the aforesaid Philipinas -islands: Its archbishopric and its suffragan bishops, and the -territory which each one includes. Their cathedrals, with the -dignities, canonries, and prebends, with which they are endowed; -the stipends and offerings which they receive; and the amounts -allotted to the other churches, colleges, and hospitals in the -district. Active encomiendas which are at this present time enjoyed -by the various corporations and by private persons; and those in -which the tributes are collected on his Majesty's account for the -objects to which they were granted. Missions established, with a -statement of their locations and the expenses which they occasion: -settlements of Indians who have been subdued, distinguishing the -ministries, conducted by the secular ecclesiastics and the religious; -the neophytes whom they direct; what they receive on account of this, -not only on his Majesty's account, but from the natives themselves, -with a summary of the total of both. Added to this relation by Don -Pablo Francisco Rodriguez de Berdozido, accountant, royal official -for his Majesty in these Philipinas Islands, and the senior official -of those who have appointments in the royal treasury therein. In the -year 1742. - - - -The holy cathedral church of Manila - -It has its archbishopric, the jurisdiction of which includes the -entire provinces of Tondo, Bulacan, and Pampanga; Taâl (or Balayàn) -as far as Mindoro and Marinduque; all the coast of Zambales, as far as -the district and bay of Bolinao; Laguna de Bay and its mountains, as -far as and including Mahayhay; the jurisdictions of Cavite, Marivelez, -and the city of Manila. At the present time the see is vacant by the -death of his very illustrious and reverend Lordship, the master Don -Fray Juan Angel Rodriguez, of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity -for the Redemption of Captives; and it enjoys as a yearly stipend -5,000 pesos of common gold, in virtue of the decree by his Majesty -dated at Madrid on May 28, 1680. The said holy church has a dean, -with 600 pesos as annual stipend in virtue of another royal decree -of his Majesty; four dignitaries--archdeacon, schoolmaster, cantor, -and treasurer--with 500 pesos each a year, which amounts to the sum -of 2,000 pesos; three canons (which include a doctoral, a magistral, -and an honorary prebend), with 400 pesos each as yearly stipend, -amounting to 1,200 pesos; two racioneros, with 300 pesos each as -annual stipend, amounting to 600 pesos; two medio-racioneros, each -receiving 200 pesos a year, which make 400 pesos; and a master of -ceremonies--a post recently established by a royal decree dated at El -Pardo on February 22, 1734, with 200 pesos of yearly stipend. The said -holy church has also a grant for its fabrica, material and spiritual, -[15] of 600 ducados of silver, which make 825 pesos. [Of this sum] -500 ducados are for the pay of the verger, the musicians, and others -who serve it; and the remaining 100 ducados are for the fabrica [i.e., -the care of the building]. It has also 400 pesos of offerings each -year--by another royal decree of April 12, 1734--for the purchase of -Castilian wine, with which is celebrated the holy sacrifice of the -mass; olive-oil and balsam for the holy oils; and cocoanut-oil for -the lamp which burns before the blessed sacrament. - - - -The holy church of Zebu - -It has its bishop, and its jurisdiction extends to that entire -province, and comprises that of Leyte with its adjoining islands; -the province of Caraga; Panay, and the jurisdiction of Ogton and -its islands, as far as Calamyanes; Paragua, and the northern coast -of Mindanao, extending even to the Marianas Islands. At the present -time this church is governed by his very illustrious Lordship, Don -Protaçio Cavezas, who is bishop-elect; and he enjoys an annual stipend -of 4,000 pesos, by virtue of the royal decree already cited of May 28, -1680. For the fabrica, material and spiritual, of the said holy church -is assigned an encomienda of 1,783 1/2 tributes by royal decree of -October 28, 1670; these are collected on the account of his Majesty, -and their value (which is 2,000 pesos, after deducting all expenses) -is paid from this royal treasury to that prelate annually for the -maintenance of chaplains, the purchase of wax, oil, and wine, the pay -of singers and sacristans, and other expenses necessary to worship -in the said holy church. - - - -Holy church of Nueva Cazeres - -It has a bishop, and its jurisdiction embraces the entire provinces -of Camarines and Albay, as far as and including the islands of -Ticao, Masbate, Burias, and Catanduanes; the province of Tayabas, -as far as and including Luchan; and in the opposite coast of Maobàn, -to Binangonan, Polo, Baler, and Casiguran. At present it is governed -by his very illustrious Lordship Doctor Don Ysidoro de Arevalo, who -is the bishop-elect; and he enjoys a yearly stipend of 4,000 pesos -of common gold, conformably to the aforesaid royal decree. Likewise -a payment is made from the royal treasury, in virtue of a decree by -the supreme government and the council of the royal treasury dated -October 2, 1723, 200 pesos, for priests of the choir, at 100 pesos -each, as assistants of the aforesaid illustrious lord. Another payment -is made of 400 pesos, assigned to this church by the royal decree, -dated at San Yldefonso on August 19, 1736, for the pay of singers, -sacristans, and doorkeepers, and other expenses for worship and for the -[care of the] building of the aforesaid holy church. It likewise has -a contribution of 232 pesos, 4 tomins, which is paid in 6 quintals -of wax, 100 gantas of cocoanut-oil, and 4 arrobas of Castilian wine, -in conformity with another royal decree dated February 21, 1705. - - - -The holy church of Nueva Segovia - -It has a bishop (whose title is of Cagayan), and its jurisdiction -comprises the province of Pangasinan from the promontory of Bolinao, -and that of Ylocos; and Cagayan, as far as and including Palauan on -the opposite coast. At this time the see is vacant by the death of -his illustrious Lordship Doctor Don Geronimo de Herrera y Lopez, and -this said bishopric enjoys an annual stipend of 4,000 pesos of common -gold, in virtue of the royal decree cited. It has two priests in the -choir, to whom 200 pesos are paid yearly for their support, each 100 -pesos, in virtue of a decree of the general council of the treasury -and of the supreme government, dated December 23, 1723. It enjoys a -contribution of 232 pesos, 4 tomins, which is paid to it in 6 quintals -of wax, 100 gantas of cocoanut-oil, and 4 arrobas of Castilian wine, -in conformity with the royal decree of February 21, 1675. - -General summary of the amounts of the stipends, funds for current -expenses [fabricas], and contributions belonging to the four -cathedrals. - - -Cathedrals Stipends Expense Contributions Totals - funds - -Metropolitan, Manila 10,000 p. 825 p. 400 p. 11,225 p. -Cathedral, Zebu 4,000 p. 2,000 p. 6,000 p. -Id. N. Caceres 4,200 p. 400 p. 232 p., 4t. 4,832 p., 4t. -Id. N. Segovia 4,200 p. 232 p., 4t. 4,432 p., 4t. - -------- ------- ---------- ------------- - Totals 22,400 p. 3,225 p. 865 p. 26,490 p. - - - - - -CONVENTS, COLLEGES, HOSPITALS AND HOUSES WHICH ENJOY STIPENDS AND -CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE ROYAL TREASURY, AND HAVE NO ADMINISTRATION -[OF PARISHES] - -Within the walls of this city there is a royal chapel with six -chaplains, who render service in the functions of the royal Audiencia; -and it was especially instituted for the [spiritual] direction and -assistance of the soldiers who serve in this royal army. Its expenses -are met from the payments and wages which are issued monthly from the -royal treasury, deducting from each of these a certain amount called -"the contribution" for the said royal chapel, which amounts during the -year to 6,004 pesos, 1 tomin. From this sum are paid annually 3,020 -pesos for the salaries of chaplains and the expenses of divine worship; -and the remainder is held in the said royal treasury, in order with -it to provide for repairs on the aforesaid chapel, the renewal of the -ornaments, and other extraordinary expenses--on account of which it -is not brought into the computation with the other allotments. - -There is a royal hospital £or the soldiers of the regiment, with -two chaplains, a steward, a physician, a surgeon, and an apothecary, -all salaried; and it is provided with everything necessary for the -comfort and treatment of the sick. The proceeds of its endowment -annually amount to the sum--which is paid to it in money, including -the value of 8,400 fowls--of 7,891 pesos; 960 cavans of rice, 3 -arrobas of Castilian wine, and 384 gantas of cocoanut-oil. - -The royal college and seminary of San Phelipe was founded and erected -by royal decrees of April 8, 1702, and December 21, 1712. It has -a teacher of grammar, and eight seminarists who serve in this holy -cathedral church in all its offices and functions as a class; their -maintenance amounts annually to 1,520 pesos in money, including other -supplies which are delivered from the storehouses--360 cavans of rice, -one arroba of wine, and 192 gantas of cocoanut-oil. - -The seminary of Santa Potenciana was founded in the year 1591, when -Gomez Perez Dasmariñas was governor of these islands, and was received -under the royal patronage. It has twenty-four inmates, daughters of -Spanish fathers, with their chaplain, superior, doorkeeper, and other -servants, all paid on the account of his Majesty; their salaries and -maintenance amount each year to 2,476 pesos in money. They receive -also 504 cavans of rice, two arrobas of wine, and 168 gantas of -cocoanut-oil; in this is also included the cost of the clothing for -the students and servants, that of divine worship, and other lesser -expenses. And for this it enjoys an encomienda, by an act of the royal -Audiencia dated February 4, 1668, the income of which is collected -for the treasury, and its management and administration is placed in -charge of the royal official accountant. - -There are two royal chairs of canons and institutes, one in the -college of San Ygnacio of the Society of Jesus, and the other in -the college of Santo Thomas, of the Order of St. Dominic; these were -recently established, by royal decree of October 23, 1733, with two -professors at salaries of 400 pesos each, which make 800 pesos a year. - -The brotherhood of the holy Misericordia, and the seminary of Santa -Ysabel for girls, in which a great number of them are sheltered; these -are administered by a purveyor and twelve deputies, who are appointed -yearly. They take charge of the incomes and charitable funds assigned -to the said house, from which is produced a sufficient amount for -the support of the establishment, for dowries, and for other large -charitable contributions, which they distribute in accordance with -the Constitutions of the brotherhood. This house is at present under -the immediate protection of his Majesty, by his royal decree of March -25, 1733; and it enjoys on the account of the royal treasury only -an encomienda of 963 tributes, by a royal grant of October 24, 1667, -the net value of which will be set down in the proper place. - -The calced Augustinians have a convent of San Pablo with an adequate -number of religious, who are annually assisted by this treasury with -a contribution of wine for celebrating the holy sacrifice of mass, -and oil for the lamp which burns before the blessed sacrament, in -accordance with the late royal order of his Majesty, dated September -15, 1726--at the rate of one arroba of wine for each priest, and 75 -gantas of cocoanut-oil for each lamp. - -The convent of San Gregorio, of discalced Franciscan religious, is -likewise assisted by the contribution of wine and oil, in accordance -with the aforesaid royal order. - -The monastery of the nuns of Santa Clara is likewise assisted with -a contribution of wine and oil, in virtue of the said royal decree; -and besides this it enjoys an encomienda, by decree of April 4, -1664, the income of which is collected on the account of his Majesty, -and its net amount, which is paid from the treasury, is 583 pesos. - -The convent of the religious of St. Dominic, with two colleges (named -Santo Tomas, and San Juan de Letran), enjoys the same contribution of -wine and oil, in accordance with the aforesaid royal decree. It has -likewise 400 pesos in money, and 800 cavans of rice, for the stipend of -four priests in active service, who must reside in the said convent in -virtue of a royal decree dated July 23, 1639; and the said college of -San Juan de Letran enjoys an encomienda of 700 tributes by royal grant -of January 10, 1734, the value of which will be entered in its class. - -The college of San Ygnacio, of the fathers of the Society of Jesus, -and that of San Joseph, composed of students, are likewise aided -with a contribution of wine and oil, in accordance with the aforesaid -royal decree. They likewise receive 400 pesos, and 800 cavans of rice, -for the stipends of four priests in active service who must reside in -the said college of San Ygnacio, in accordance with the royal decree -dated February 18, 1707. And the said college of San Joseph enjoys an -encomienda of 383 1/2 tributes, on account of 20,000 pesos which were -granted to it by royal decree of his Majesty dated October 5, 1703, the -net value of which will be entered in the class to which it belongs. - -The convent of San Nicolas of the Recollect religious of St. Augustine -similarly enjoys its contribution of wine and oil, in accordance with -the said recent royal decree of his Majesty. - -The convent of San Juan de Dios is also assisted with the contribution -of wine and oil in virtue of the said royal decree, and 50 pesos in -medicines; it also enjoys an encomienda of 541 1/2 tributes, by royal -grant of July 2, 1735, the net value of which will be entered in the -class to which it belongs. - -Within the walls [of the city] are also contained two beaterios--one -of Dominican nuns, called Santa Catharina, with sufficient incomes; -and another connected with the Society of Jesus, containing poor -Indian women, who are maintained by charity and do not enjoy any -allotment on the account of his Majesty. - -Outside the walls of this city is the hospital of San Lazaro, in charge -of discalced religious of St. Francis, for contagious diseases. This -is annually assisted from this royal treasury, in accordance with the -royal decree of January 22, 1672, with 787 pesos, 4 tomins in money, -including the cost of 1,500 laying hens, 200 blankets, and 1,500 -cavans of rice; and one arroba of wine for the celebration of the -holy sacrifice of mass. - -The church of Los Santos Reyes of the Parian, and the hospital of San -Gabriel for the Christian Sangleys, and for medical treatment of them -and of the infidels, in charge of the religious of St. Dominic, receive -from the communal treasury of the Sangleys themselves 2,400 pesos; -and from the royal treasury only the contribution of five arrobas -of wine for the aforesaid celebration of the holy sacrifice of mass, -and one hundred and fifty gantas of cocoanut-oil for the lamps which -burn before the depository of the Divine One. - -The sanctuary of our Lady of Safety and convent of San Juan Bauptista, -of the discalced religious of St. Augustine, situated in Bagumbayan, -enjoys only the aforesaid contribution of wine and oil. - -To the infirmary which the religious Order of St. Dominic has, for -the medical treatment of its religious, is paid every year 100 pesos -as a contribution, in accordance with the royal order of his Majesty, -dated September 4, 1667. - -To the three infirmaries of the Order of St. Francis is paid every -year a contribution of 329 pesos, for the treatment of its sick -religious who are in this city and in the provinces of Laguna de Bay -and Camarines, in virtue of his Majesty's decree of October 30, 1600. - -At the distance of one legua, or a little less, there are two houses -or sanctuaries--one named San Francisco del Monte, with two chapels -close by, where regularly serve one religious (a priest of the Order -of St. Francis), and one lay-brother, or donado of the reformed branch, -which is called "the house of retreat or penance;" the other is called -San Juan del Monte, with a religious of the Order of St. Dominic--and -these enjoy only the contribution of wine. - -The sanctuary of our Lady of Guadalupe, of calced Augustinian -religious, enjoys the same contribution of wine and oil. - -In the port of Cavite there is a convent of religious of St. Dominic, -and another of Recollect religious; a college of the fathers of -the Society of Jesus; and a hospice of the Order of St. John of -God--all without [parochial] administration; and they enjoy only the -contribution of wine and oil. - -Likewise in the city of Zebu there is a convent of calced Augustinians -with three religious, priests; another convent of discalced -Augustinians, with one priest; and a college of the Society of Jesus, -with two priests. In the port of Yloylo, in the province of Ogton, -the Society have another college with one priest. The religious of -St. Dominic have a convent with two priests in the city of Nueva -Segovia, in the province of Cagayan. All these houses are without -administration, and enjoy only the same contribution of wine and oil. - - - -Summary of the amounts of the stipends and contributions from the -royal treasury which are enjoyed by the convents, colleges, hospitals, -and houses which have no [parochial] administration. - - -Convents, colleges, hospitals, Cash, Rice, Wine, Oil, -and houses pesos cavans arrobas gantas - -Royal military chapel -Royal hospital 7,891 960 3 384 -Royal college of San Phelipe 1,520 360 1 192 -Royal seminary Sta. Potenciana 2,466 504 2 168 - Chairs of canon law and - institutes 800 -Brotherhood of Misericordia -Convent of S. Pablo (cal. Aug.) 25 75 -Conv. S. Gregorio (disc. Fran.) 18 75 -Monastery of Sta. Clara 583 2 75 -Conv. St. Dominic, and two - colleges 400 800 23 225 -Coll. S. Ygnacio and S. Joseph 400 800 20 150 -Conv. S. Nicolas (Recollect) 24 75 -Conv. San Juan de Dios 50 2 75 -Two beaterios (Domin. nuns and - Indian women) -Hospital of San Lazaro 787 [16] 1,500 1 -Church of Parian and hospital of - San Gabriel 5 150 -Sanctuary Our Lady of Safety 6 75 -Infirmary for relig. of St. - Dominic 100 -Three infirmaries of St. Francis 329 -Two sanctuaries, S. Juan and S. -Francisco de los Montes 2 -Sanct. of Our Lady of Guadalupe 2 -Two conv., one coll., and one - hospital at port Cavite 12 225 -Three conv., and two coll. in - the provinces 10 375 - ------ ----- --- ----- - Totals 15,326 4,924 158 2,319 - - - - -ENCOMIENDAS OF INDIANS; HOW THEY WERE GRANTED, AND THE OWNERS WHO -POSSESS THEM - -In accordance with royal decrees of donation, his Majesty has assigned -encomiendas in these islands to the extent of 18,041 1/4 tributes. Of -these, 8,784 1/4 are assigned to four religious communities and -eleven private persons, and their net product is collected by the -encomenderos themselves or by their agents; and the remaining 9,257 are -collected by the royal officials of these islands for the subventions -and contributions which are stated in the aforesaid grants. They are -separately mentioned in the following form: - - - - -Encomiendas belonging to religious communities and to private persons - - -[Grantees] Date of grant No. of Value in Net - tributes cash, receipts, - - p. t. gr. p. t. gr. - -College of Sta. Ysabel, this -city Oct. 24, 1671 963 1,328 2 6 1,030 3 7 -College of San Joseph, on - account of 20,000 pesos Oct. 5, 1703 383 1/2 671 1 485 2 10 -College of S. Juan de Letran Jan. 10, 1734 700 963 2 6 718 7 6 -Hospital of S. Juan de Dios July 2, 1735 541 1/2 812 2 584 1 -D. Pedro de Garaycoechea (2nd - life) Oct. 30, 1690 1,247 1,558 6 960 0 4 -D. Fernando Hidalgo (2nd life) Sept. 31 [sic; 21 - or 30?], 1701 383 536 1 9 386 7 8 -D. Juan Francisco de Salinas - (2nd life) June 21, 1705 419 1/2 540 2 2 380 2 8 -D. Balthazar de Soto (2nd - life) June 11, 1709 350 3/4 364 6 2 239 2 3 -D. Antonio Gomez Quixedo [17] - (2nd life) July 15, 1711 640 880 540 3 6 -Da. Josepha de Erquiñigo, - Condeza de Pineda, two - encomiendas Dec. 19, 1712 1,323 1,659 2 1,036 6 2 -D. Juan Afan de Rivera (2nd - life) March 6, 1715 387 1/2 406 6 271 5 -D. Julian Fernandez de Guevara - (2nd life) June 30, 1721 470 517 4 5 342 0 3 -Da. Monica de Yturralde (2nd - life) July 30, 1721 233 1/2 256 6 9 170 0 11 -D. Nicolas Cortez Monrroy (2nd - life) July 30, 1721 379 568 4 397 5 2 -Da. Maria Manuela Rita Manzano - (2nd life), two encomiendas July 14, 1738 363 425 5 273 3 3 - --------- ------------ ----------- - Totals 8,784 1/4 11,489 4 3 7,817 4 1 - - - -Encomiendas in which the collections are made on his Majesty's account, -to be applied to the objects for which they were granted. - - -[Grantees] Date of grant No. of Value in Net - tributes cash, receipts, - - p. t. gr. p. t. gr. -The monastery of So. Clara - enjoys, by decree of Apr. 4, 1664 868 971 6 10 583 0 6 -The seminary of Santa - Potenciana enjoys for its - maintenance, by act of the - royal Audiencia, Feb. 4, 1668 1,437 1/2 2,078 5 4 1,492 5 5 -For the pay of the lieutenant- - general of the artillery, he - possesses, by decree of Dec. 16, 1608 895 1/2 1,044 1 692 7 8 -To pay for the wine for masses - and oil for the lamps, there - are, by decree of Apr. 8, 1668 4,272 1/2 5,913 2 6 4,760 6 9 -For the maintenance of the - building of the holy cathedral - church of Zebu, it enjoys, by - decree of Oct. 28. 1670 1,783 1/2 2,690 3 1 2,000 - --------- ------------ ----------- - Totals 9,257 12,698 2 9 9,529 4 4 - - -These encomiendas, although they were granted for the maintenance and -existence of the five objects here stated, have had the tributes -collected on the account of his Majesty with the aggregate of -the other tributes united to the royal crown [the aforesaid sums] -being paid by the royal treasury to the parties concerned, not only -the net amount of what is due to each, but what is necessary for -the existence of those for whom they are destined, obtaining from -other sources indifferently whatever is lacking to make up that -sum. The amount of each is entered in the corresponding summaries -[of accounts] as a charge upon the general fund of the treasury, -according to what the parties receive--not only in cash, but in other -assets from the royal storehouses--in order to establish, with the -distinction and clearness which this memorandum permits, the total -with which his Majesty piously contributes to the preservation of -the ecclesiastical estate in these islands. It is brought in here, -in the account of the encomiendas, only to show how it is applied, -and not as an increased charge on the royal treasury. - - - -ACTIVE MISSIONS - -There are at present thirty-nine apostolic missionaries, distributed -among twenty-one active missions which are situated in various places -and provinces, who are engaged in the conversion and settlement of -the infidels who dwell in the mountains in the greater number of -these islands. Of these, one is a secular ecclesiastic; four belong -to the calced Augustinian religious; five are discalced Franciscans; -twenty are Dominicans; two belong to the Society of Jesus, and seven -to the Augustinian Recollects. Aid is given to them on the account -of his Majesty, in accordance with his royal decrees, by the stipend -of 100 pesos and 100 fanegas of rice to each missionary, and with the -military escorts necessary to their protection and to the safety of the -subdued Indians. Likewise they receive a monthly allowance for these -men, of one peso and one cavan of rice [for each], to which is added -the cost of transporting this provision to the places where they are, -which sometimes amounts to as much as the value of the principal. The -mission which now is especially considered to have made the greatest -progress and advancement is that established in the mountains of Ytuy -and Paniqui in the province of Cagayàn, in charge of the religious -of the Order of St. Dominic--who, penetrating into the country, -a task which had previously been greatly facilitated by the calced -religious of the Order of St. Augustine, have brought that province -into communication with the others in this great island (something -which formerly could not be done, except by sea), with great harvest -of souls who have been converted to our holy Catholic faith. These -costs are stated in the following summary, that which belongs to each -mission being given separately. - - - -Summary of the expenses which the active missions which are mentioned -occasion to the royal exchequer. - - -Provinces Missionary ministers Cash, Rice, Wine, Oil, - pesos tom. cavans arrobas gantas - ----- [18] 2 missionaries of the Society of Jesus, with 331 472 - escorts and transportation -Pampanga 4 mission., calced Augustinians, with escorts 960 1,088 - and transportation -Idem 4 Dominicans, with escorts and transportation 820 1,016 -Idem 2 Augustinian Recollects, with escorts and - transportation 480 544 2 150 -Pangasinan 3 Dominicans, with escorts and transportation 537 744 -Idem 2 Augustinian Recollects, with escorts and - transportation 412 544 -Ylocos 1 missionary, a secular ecclesiastic 100 200 1 75 -Cagayàn 13 Dominicans, with their escorts and - transportation 4,030 4 4,352 -Laguna de Bay 1 Franciscan, with escort and transportation 189 272 -Tayabas 2 Franciscans, with their escorts and - transportation 616 -Mindoro 1 Augustinian Recollect 151 5 200 75 -Camarines 2 Franciscans, with their escorts and - transportation 412 544 -Zebu 2 Augustinian Recollects 200 400 - -------- ------ - --- -10 provinces 39 missionaries, in 2 missions 9,239 1 10,376 3 300 - p. t. [19] cavans arrob. gantas - - - - - -Ministers, and villages of converted Indians; the stipends and -offerings which they enjoy on this account, according to the number -of tributes to whom they minister. - -All the Indian neophytes--settled in four hundred and fifteen villages -and fifty-three visitas, which compose the twenty-one provinces of -the territory--have their ministers of religious instruction, who -exercise toward them the office of parish priests. These ministers -are aided on his Majesty's account, in accordance with the regulation -made by the adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi while he was governor -of these islands, which was approved by royal decree of April 24, -1584. They received a hundred pesos and a hundred fanegas of rice -for every five hundred tributes to whom they minister, and the -contribution of wine and oil which was ordained by the late royal -decree dated September 15 in the year 1726--enjoying this without any -limitation of time. The separate provinces and number of ministers, -and the amount of expenses, will be shown in the following tables: - - - -Summary of the stipends which each religious order is entitled to -receive for the mission villages and ministries that it has. - - -Provinces Curates, sacristans, and Cash Rice, Wine, Oil, - chaplains p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - -Manila 2 curas, with their sacristans 551 3 6 2 150 -Tondo 3 curas, with 3 sacristans 743 2 11 200 3 225 -Cavité 2 curas, and 2 sacristans 517 5 200 2 150 -Mindoro 1 cura and 1 sacristan 223 3 11 1 75 -Laguna de Bay 3 curas 396 1 9 57 4 3 225 -Balayàn 2 curas 327 3 2 654 19 2 150 -Cagayàn 1 cura and 1 sacristan 358 0 1 164 14 1 75 -Idem 1 chaplain for the fort 180 -Ylocos 2 curas and 1 sacristan 770 7 3 1,358 2 150 -Camarines 6 curas and 1 sacristan 1,022 7 4 694 9 6 450 -Tayabas 3 curas 253 4 307 3 225 -Albay 10 curas 1,173 2,346 10 750 -Zebu 1 cura and 1 sacristan 275 5 9 1 75 -Idem 3 curas 766 4 2 797 19 3 225 -Ogton 2 curas and 1 sacristan 458 1 364 19 2 150 -Panay 3 curas 517 7 2 1,035 19 3 225 -I. de Negros 4 curas 723 2 4 1,446 14 4 300 -Leyte 1 cura 79 138 1 75 - -In 16 provinces 49 curas, 13 sacristans, ----------- --------- -- ----- - and 1 chaplain 9,338 3 4 9,764 21 49 3,675 - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - - -Provinces Ministries Cash Rice, Wine, Oil, - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - -Tondo 2 ministries 391 0 9 782 4 4 150 -Pampanga 5 ,, 220 6 4 441 14 9 375 -Cagayan 20 ,, 1,517 0 9 3,034 4 33 1,500 -Pangasinan 15 ,, 2,534 1 7 5,068 8 26 1,125 - ----------- -------- -- ----- -In 4 provinces, 42 ministries 4,663 1 5 9,326 6 72 6,150 - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - - -Provinces Ministries Cash Rice, Wine, Oil, - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - -Tondo 4 ministries 416 7 2 833 19 9 300 -Bulacan 4 ,, 611 0 9 1,222 4 5 300 -Bay 24 ,, 1,492 1 7 2,984 9 28 1,800 -Cagayàn 1 ,, 44 3 2 88 19 1 75 -Camarines 18 ,, 1,883 0 9 3,766 4 20 1,350 -Tayabas 11 ,, 1,312 6 4 17 825 - ----------- -------- -- ----- -In 6 provinces, 62 ministries 5,760 3 9 8,895 7 80 4,650 - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - - -Provinces Ministries Cash Rice, Wine, Oil, - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - -Tondo 6 ministries 1,224 4 9 2.449 4 15 450 -Bulacan 9 ,, 1,077 4 2,155 13 675 -Pampanga 18 ,, 1,416 4 9 2,833 4 30 1,350 -Pangasinan 3 ,, 368 4 737 4 225 -Ylocos 19 ,, 2,843 5,686 25 1,425 -Balayàn 6 ,, 933 1 7 1,866 9 10 450 -Zebu 3 ,, 441 7 3 516 4 4 225 -Ogton 14 ,, 2,164 7 2 4,329 19 21 1,050 -Panay 10 ,, 1,098 2 4 2,196 14 11 750 -Bay 1 ,, 122 0 9 244 4 1 75 - ------------ --------- --- ----- -In 10 provinces, 89 ministries 11,690 4 7 23,013 10 134 6,675 - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - - -Provinces Ministries and chaplains Cash Rice, Wine, Oil, - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - -Tondo 9 ministries 710 2 4 1,420 14 16 675 -Cavite 4 ,, 546 4 9 1,093 4 6 300 -Mariveles 1 ,, 62 4 8 125 4 2 75 -Mindoro 3 ,, 212 4 425 3 225 -Zebu 15 ,, 1,661 7 2 3,323 19 17 1,125 -Ogton 1 ,, 112 4 225 1 75 -Idem 1 chaplain for the fort 180 -I. de Negros 3 ministries 238 476 3 225 -Leyte 32 ,, 3,433 0 9 6,866 4 32 2,400 -Samboanga 3 ,, 300 600 3 225 -[Idem] and for their transportation 75 - ----------- --------- -- ----- -In 9 provinces 71 ministries and 1 chaplain 7,532 3 8 14,554 21 83 5,325 - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - - -Provinces Ministries and chaplains Cash Rice, Wine, Oil, - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - -Tondo 1 ministry 17 34 3 75 -Mariveles 2 ,, 226 3 150 -Mindoro 4 ,, 315 6 4 631 14 7 300 -Pangasinan 4 ,, 265 5 7 531 9 10 300 -Albay 2 ,, 156 3 2 312 19 4 150 -Zebu 2 ,, 171 6 4 343 14 6 150 -Panay 2 ,, 210 420 4 150 -Caraga 7 ,, 606 7 2 1,213 19 11 525 -Idem 1 chaplain for the fort 180 -Calamianes 4 ministries 398 4 9 797 4 7 300 -Idem 1 chaplain for the fort 180 - ----------- -------- -- ----- -In 9 provinces 28 ministries and 2 chaplains 2,728 1 4 4,284 7 55 2,100 - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - - - -In order better to understand these tables, no estimate is made, in -the class of secular ecclesiastics, of the additional sums which many -of them enjoy from the treasury besides the amounts from the tributes -to which they minister, for the amount required for their subsistence, -in accordance with the royal decrees and acts of the treasury council -obtained at the beginning of their establishment; and this surplus -causes the disparity which cannot fail to be noticed. In the province -of Tayabas, which is administered by the religious of St. Francis, -there is no charge for rice, since this is always included in the -amount of cash [supplied from the treasury]--as was agreed between -this order, the governor, and the royal officials, on account of -the scarcity [of supplies] in that province, and the difficulties -which are found in the remittance, transportation, and delivery of -that commodity. - -It is also set forth that, after the budget for the provinces was drawn -up, and the number of tributes in them realized, it was resolved in a -conference of the royal treasury officials to abolish the register of -strolling Indians, reducing them to a poll-list like the rest of the -tribute-payers. According to these latest enumerations the amounts -of the stipends are settled, and not in accordance with those which -were considered in the aforesaid budget--from which fact arises the -difference which is found in this one. - - -Summary of the amounts of stipends and contributions - -Ministries Cash Rice, Wine, Oil, - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - -49 curates, 13 sacristans, and 1 chaplain - --[seculars] 9,338 3 4 9,764 21 49 3,675 -42 ministers, religious of St. Dominic 4,663 1 5 9,326 6 72 3,150 -62 ministers, discalced religious of St. - Francis 5,760 3 9 8,895 7 80 4,650 -89 ministers, calced Augustinian religious 11,690 4 7 23,013 10 134 6,675 -71 ministers and 1 chaplain of the Society - of Jesus 7,532 3 8 14,554 21 83 5,325 -28 ministers and 2 chaplains of the - discalced Augustinians 2,728 1 4 4,284 7 55 2,100 - ------------ --------- --- ------ - Totals 41,713 2 1 69,839 473 25,575 - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - - -General summary of the amounts, in stipends, contributions, and grants, -with which the ecclesiastical estate in these islands is aided on -his Majesty's account. - - -Ministries Cash Rice, Wine, Oil, - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - -Four cathedral churches 26,490 -Colleges, hospitals, and other houses - without administration 15,326 4 4,924 158 2,319 -Grants of encomiendas, and their net - product 7,817 4 1 -Encomiendas in which collections are - made by the royal treasury -Active missions, summary 9,239 1 4 10,376 3 300 -Stipends of ministers in charge of - doctrinas 41,713 2 1 69,839 473 25,575 - ------------- ------ --- ------ -Totals 100,586 3 6 85,139 634 28,194 - p. t. gr. cav. gant. arrobas gantas - - -This is, in brief, what his Catholic Majesty piously expends -and distributes every year from his royal exchequer in aiding the -ecclesiastical estate and the divine worship in these islands, not only -in money but in rice, wine, and oil--in everything conforming to the -royal decrees and other provisions, on which is based the certified -statement furnished by the royal officials to this government. And, -in order that the total amount from both [these kinds of aid] may be -better understood, I have thought it best to proceed to the reduction -of commodities [to a cash basis], by which may be exhibited the actual -cash value [of all that is given for this purpose]. - - - - -Reduction of commodities for the computation of the whole in cash - - -[Class of aid] Commodities Rates of cost Cash value, - furnished p. t. gr. - -Actual cash 100,586 3 6 -Rice (24 gantas in a cavan) 85,139 cavans 4 tomins a cavan 42,569 4 -Wine for masses (arrobas) 634 arrobas 25 pesos an arroba 15,850 -Oil for the lamps (gantas) 28,194 gantas 1 tomin a ganta 3,524 2 - - Sum total 162,530 p., 1 t., 6 gr. - - -Consequently, the payments in kind being reduced to money at the -prices which are indicated, according to the estimate made every five -years--in which are considered the transportation expenses, items -of waste, and cost of administration--the whole amounts to 162,530 -pesos, 1 tomin, and 6 granos, according to the computation. This -amount is annually requisitioned by the royal officials from the -amount of the tributes and other branches of income indifferently, -in such a manner that when the Indians fail--either in order to keep -a reserve, or for some other special reason of scarcity--to pay the -portion of rice which is required from them, it is necessary to make -extraordinary purchases on his Majesty's account, at the prices which -at the time are current, in order to furnish the ecclesiastical estate -with a suitable amount for their stipend. It is also necessary that -the aid for each individual ecclesiastic be delivered, at the cost of -the royal treasury, in his respective place of ministry, from which -follows an increased and extraordinary expense in the transportation -of these succors. - -As regards the wine for masses, the royal officials of this treasury -usually ask those of Mexico to send in each ship 500 arrobas of -wine, which, it is estimated, ought to be distributed among the -communities and ministries of the religious--considering that the -secular ecclesiastics are accustomed to receive this in money, -at the same rate of twenty-five pesos [an arroba]. The officials -of Mexico punctually fill this order, deducting from the situado -the cost of purchasing the wine and transporting it to the port of -Acapulco--so that, when delivered in this city, and allowance being -made for the waste, the total cost never falls below twenty-five -pesos [an arroba]. As the aforesaid waste is usually considerable, -on account of the long navigation and carrying the wine in [mule-] -loads by land--and from the amount thus sent is separated, in the -first place, the wine necessary for the use of the royal chapel and -of the chaplains of the royal Audiencia, [and for the celebration of -mass in] the forts of Santiago and San Phelipe, at the timber-cutting -[by the Indians], and in the ships of his Majesty--there is seldom -enough wine to furnish the entire arroba which belongs to each -priest. For this reason the net amount of what remains is divided -pro rata among the aforesaid communities and ministries of religious, -without keeping back the third part (as formerly was the custom) for -emergency cases, on account of the urgent representations made on this -point by the general procurators of the aforesaid communities--giving -as their reason that this reserve would be safer and better guarded in -their hands than in the royal storehouses, and there would be reason -to fear that the wine would be consumed or adulterated. The matter -having been considered at a session of the royal treasury officials -on December 5, 1738, it was decided that the royal officials should -proceed to deliver the wine, obliging the parties concerned to provide -for themselves whatever lack might occur in the future, to which all -agreed; in virtue of this, from that time was delivered to them all -that was their share in the pro rata division of the net amount of -all the wine that was on hand for this purpose. - -As for the cocoanut-oil for the lamps, there is seldom any change in -the amount paid to the churches; for it is the current practice, in -all the provinces where that tree grows, that the Indians contribute it -on account of the tribute, at the fixed price of one real for a ganta, -and at the same price when it must be purchased, which the natives call -"bandala." If there is any excess of cost, it is in the fact that oil -is bought on urgent occasions in this city for the careening of the -vessels and other special needs of the royal service--for which as -regards the contributions [to the churches], only so much is levied -[from the Indians] as accords with the amount agreed on [with them]. - -Besides this enormous amount of stipends and offerings with which his -Majesty aids the ecclesiastical estate, the ministers in charge of -the villages of Indian converts have generally introduced the annual -collection, from the parishioners under their administration, of three -reals from each whole tribute (that is, a man and wife) and from an -unmarried man half that amount, as an offering, for the feasts of the -titular saint of the village, the monument, and All Saints' day; this -also realizes a considerable sum for them, which may be more clearly -understood by the statement which is presented in the following table: - - - - -Summary of what the ministers who are in charge of the Indian villages -receive from their parishioners, as an offering, for the three feast -days of each village. - - -[Class] Ministers Villages Tributes Offerings, - p. t. gr. - -Secular ecclesiastics 49 86 32,254 12,095 2 -Religious of St. Dominic 42 42 23,316 1/2 8,743 5 6 -Religious of St. Francis 62 66 25,520 9,570 -Calced religious of St.Augustine 89 93 56,923 21,346 1 -Society of Jesus 71 90 35,524 1/2 13,321 5 6 -Discalced Augustinians 28 38 11,276 1/2 4,228 5 6 - --- --- ----------- ------------ -Totals 341 415 184,814 1/2 69,305 3 6 - - -Consequently the 341 ministers in charge who administer the 415 -villages and 53 visitas, and in them the number of 184,814 1/2 tributes -of native Indians, mestizos, and Christian Sangleys--according to the -latest estimate, in which is included the enumeration of strolling -Indians--receive for the aforesaid offering each year 69,305 pesos, -3 tomins, and 6 granos, according to those figures. It cannot be -learned that for the exaction of this offering they have further -permission or privilege than the custom itself, introduced by those -very ecclesiastics and religious in their respective parishes; -nor in this accountancy is there any other evidence for it than the -extra-judicial information acquired by the alcaldes, the natives, and -the business men of the provinces, who have seen this practice in use -in the manner which is here stated. The amount of this offering added -to the 162,530 pesos, 1 tomin, and 6 granos which those ministers -receive in stipends and contributions on his Majesty's account, -makes the sum of 231,835 pesos, and 5 tomins, which is the amount of -the fixed revenue which they receive. Besides this, they have the -proceeds of the occasional fees from marriages, burials, baptisms, -and other parochial dues, which are collected in all the parishes -that are called curacies and ministries; and no account is rendered -of the value of these, because it has not been possible to calculate -it everywhere for the total computation of the usufruct, but it has -always been considered as a large amount. Notwithstanding all this, -the religious orders have their incomes lessened by transporting -a large number of religious from the kingdoms of Castilla to these -islands, at least every six years. In this way they consume a great -part of their means, since the passage-money which his Majesty grants -them for their transportation is a very limited sum. More than all, -we must not fail to remark that the fine appearance of the churches, -and the care taken for divine worship and education, and the zeal for -souls, which are so conspicuous in the ministries of the religious, -cause more admiration than can be expressed, in places so remote as -these and in a Christian church so recently formed. The point most -worthy of consideration is the subordination and reverence which -these natives maintain toward their religious teachers, permitting -the latter to flog them, impose penances on them, and rebuke them, -when they incur blame in any omissions or faults, without their being -offended at the minister. It may therefore truthfully be affirmed -that it is these ministers who preserve in obedience, vassalage, -and subjection all the neophytes, gathered into settlements--more -being due to the authority and despotic manner in which the fathers -rule them than to the political scheme of the alcaldes who govern -them. This arises, as the Indians themselves admit, from a natural -fear which they conceive for the father's superiority, through a -hidden influence which constrains them to feel thus, without knowing -how, but which we understand--supernatural effects of the lofty -and supreme Providence. This result is greatly aided by the care -which the fathers take in instructing, encouraging, and stimulating -them in labor and cultivation, and the management of their domestic -affairs, in which they are thereby benefited. Would that they might -devote themselves at once to suppressing the variety of languages -which the natives use (which serve only to keep alive the root of -their abuses and idolatries), as is done by the crown of Portugal -in all its conquests--gradually bringing them to the use of the -Castilian language, and endeavoring to secure instruction therein -in all the schools, as is ordained by law xviii, book vi, tit. i -of the Recopilación of these kingdoms, in order that its purpose, -so holy and just, may be attained. But I have not been able to find -a convincing reason for their not putting this law into execution, -although I have made efforts to ascertain if there were any. It may -therefore be inferred that some insuperable and hidden difficulty must -have been encountered on the part of the religious who are ministers -in the doctrinas, which has hindered the useful and desirable progress -of this Christian maxim of policy. - - - -Index of the plans, relations, and descriptions which are contained -in this book - -Reason for this work; with letter by Don Joseph Patiño, [20] -stating it. Folio 1. - -Concise description of the city of Manila. Fol. 3. - -Description of the castle of Santiago. Fol. 9. - -Plan and topographical chart of the capital, Manila, and of the castle -of Santiago. Fol. 11. - -Description of Cavite, with all the industries which are contained -therein. Fol. 13. - -Plan of Cavite, and of the castle and Ribera. Fol. 23. - -Description of Playahonda, with its plan. Fol. 25. - -Description of Fort San Francisco at Cagayàn, with its plan annexed. -Fol. 29. - -Description of Fort Santiago at Ytugud, with its plan. Fol. 23. - -Description of the fortification San Joseph at Cabicungan, with -its plan. Fol. 37. - -Delineation of Fort San Pablo at Tuao, with its plan. Fol. 43. - -Description of Fort San Joseph at Capinatan. Fol. 47. - -Description of Fort Santa Ysabel at Calamianes, with its plan. -Fol. 51. - -Description of the fort of Cuyo. Fol. 55. - -Description of the fort of Linapacan. Fol. 59. - -Description of Fort San Juan Bauptista of Lutaya. Fol. 63. - -Description of the fort of Culion. Fol. 67. - -Description of the fort at Capis, capital of the province of Panay, -with its plan annexed. Fol. 71. - -Description of the fortification of Romblon. Fol. 75. - -Description of Fort Nuestra Señora del Rossario at the port of Yloylo, -with its plan. Fol. 79. - -Description of Fort San Pedro at the city of Zebu, with its plan. -Fol. 83. - -Description of Fort San Joseph at Cagayàn, [21] with its plan. -Fol. 87. - -Description of Fort San Francisco Xavier at Yligan, with its plan. -Fol. 91. - -Description of Fort Santiago at Dapitan, with its plan. Fol. 95. - -Description of Fort San Joseph at Tandag, capital of the province of -Caraga, with its plan annexed. Fol. 99. - -Description of Fort San Francisco at Cateel, with its plan. Fol. 103. - -Description of Fort San Juan Bauptista at Liñao, with its plan. -Fol. 107. - -Description of Fort Nuestra Señora del Pilar at Samboangan. Fol. 115. - -Plan of Samboangan. Fol. 115. - -General résumé of the fortifications, their various constructions, -situations, etc. Fol. 117. - -General résumé of the military supplies. Fol. 118. - -General résumé of the military forces, pay of the men, etc. Fol. 119. - -Description of the provinces. Fol. 120. - -Province of Tongdo. Fol. 120. - -Province of Bulacan. Fol. 122. - -Province of Pampanga. Fol. 124. - -Province of Pangasinan. Fol. 126. - -Province of Ylocos. Fol. 128. - -Province of Cagayàn. Fol. 130. - -Province of Laguna de Bay. Fol. 133. - -Province of Balayan. Fol. 136. - -Province of Tayabas. Fol. 138. - -Province of Camarines. Fol. 140. - -Province of Albay. Fol. 142. - -Province of Leyte. Fol. 145. - -Province of Caraga. Fol. 148. - -Province of Zebu. Fol. 150. - -Jurisdiction of Island of Negros. Fol. 153. - -Province of Ogton. Fol. 154. - -Province of Panay. Fol. 156. - -Province of Calamianes. Fol. 158. - -Jurisdiction of Mindoro. Fol. 160. - -Jurisdiction of Marivelez. Fol. 162. - -Jurisdiction of Cavite. Fol. 163. - -Government of Samboangan. Fol. 164. - -General résumé of what is included in the description of the provinces. -Fol. 166. - -Notice of the royal treasury of Manila. Fol. 168. - -Résumé of what is produced and expended from the royal treasury -of Manila. Fol. 169. - -Hydrographic and chorographic chart of all the Philipinas Islands. -Fol. 172. - -[A similar index is given of the second part, that regarding the -ecclesiastical estate; but we omit this, as all the matter in that part -is presented in the foregoing pages--save the preliminary statement -of the "new reason for this work, with the letter of Don Joseph de -la Quintana, [22] which states it;" and, at the end, "Remarks, and -conclusion of the work."] - - - - - - - - -THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF GOD - - -[The following account of the work done in the Philippines by this -hospital order is summarized from the history written by Maldonado -de Puga.] [23] - - - - - -CHAPTERS I-IV - - -[Chapter i relates "the urgent reasons for the present treatise; -and the necessity for, and usefulness of, our hospital order in -Philipinas." In the last paragraph of the chapter Maldonado says: -"These islands are in need of physicians and surgeons, as well -as of medicines; for excepting the capital Manila and the port of -Cabite--where we have hospitals, and where the few secular persons -who exercise the profession [of medicine] can render assistance--the -rest of the provinces, and the many dependent towns, are supported -by Providence alone, being helped by herbs and other simples about -which they have been instructed by continual use. But, as this is so -complicated a matter, whenever the patient's constitution and the dose -disagree, or when other substances are added to make the latter more -effective, the very article which was regarded as a remedy usually -aggravates the sickness, and consequently there are continual deaths -among those who make mistakes. In this capital, although there are -apothecary shops, and practitioners who write prescriptions--whose -charity is taken for granted, so far as they can exercise it--the -crowd of patients who resort to them does not allow them to succor -all, and it results that there is a great number who are unprovided -[with medical aid]. Others, because their poverty cannot bear the cost -of the medicines, and who have no one from whom to obtain food, find -their only asylum in our hospitals--where, without any hesitation, -all are received; and, making a distinction in the respect paid -to them, in regard to the rank or character of various persons who -have entered these houses, in so far as our abilities extend, the -institution has succeeded in giving entire satisfaction. Although the -royal charity maintains here a hospital and chapel at enormous cost, -it is understood that this is only for officers, soldiers, seamen, -and Pampangos who have positions and render actual service; for the -men retired from service are excluded by this rule, except by special -favor of the superior government. On this account, our attention to -our duties brings us in contact with a variety of people--priests, -citizens, militiamen, retired officers, Indians, negroes, besides -foreigners who trade in these ports. [These constitute] a great throng -of patients, and convince us that if so important a charity were to -fail or be neglected many dead persons would, to our sorrow, be found -in the streets and entresuelos [24] (the dwellings of the poor); and -others, worn out by their afflictions, would be suffering the pangs of -their necessities. These are relieved, in the present circumstances; -but the permanency of the work demands that the superiors to whom the -matter belongs shall aid us with laborers and encourage us with their -support, obtaining from the Catholic royal piety what they shall deem -suitable for this purpose."] - -[Chapter ii recounts the royal decrees for the aid of the hospitals -at Manila, dated in the years 1590-96; the foundation (April 16, -1594) of the Misericordia brotherhood, and their establishment of -a hospital, which after 1596 opened its doors to all who needed its -aid; and the surrender of the royal hospital to their care (January -8, 1598), at the instance of Governor Francisco Tello--their labors -therein making evident the difference between the work accomplished -by pure charity and that done by persons hired to do it; they also -maintained Franciscan ministers for attending to the spiritual needs -of the sick. In the conflagration of May 1, 1603, the royal hospital -was utterly destroyed, "with the third part of the buildings of this -city, a loss which amounted to more than a million of pesos." Then -are enumerated the losses and calamities which rendered this loss -more grievous to the colony, the destructive earthquake of June 21, -1599, followed by lesser shocks and disturbances until the following -year of 1600; the loss of two richly-laden galleons (1599), the -"Santa Margarita" and "San Gerónimo;" the attack of Oliver van Noordt -(December, 1600); the wreck of the "Santo Thomas" (1601), and of -another galleon which was about to be launched at Panamao; the return -to port of the galleons despatched in 1602 and 1604; and the revolt -of the Chinese in May, 1603. A royal decree dated November 4, 1606, -directed Acuña to make every effort to rebuild the royal hospital; -meanwhile the Misericordia were aiding the throngs of people who, -made destitute by the various disasters above mentioned, implored -their help, and they spent in these exercises of charity eighty -thousand pesos in five years. Another royal decree (February 10, -1617) directed the Audiencia of Manila to place the hospitals there -in charge of the brethren of St. John of God, who were going thither -for that purpose; but the war with the Dutch and other hindrances -prevented them from carrying out this enterprise] - -[Chapter iii states that about the year 1611 two brethren of this -order, Fray Juan de Gamboa and Fray Lucas de los Angeles, had arrived -in Manila, desirous to found a hospital; but that the authorities -there discouraged their plan. Some writer has stated that these -brethren returned in 1621 and founded a hospital for convalescents -at Bagumbaya; but Maldonado regards this as uncertain, and difficult -to verify, although some circumstances would indicate the probability -that they made a second attempt to establish their order at Manila. At -various times requests were sent from Manila for these hospitalers, -and in chapter iv are related the arrangements finally made by -the superiors of the order in Nueva España to send laborers to the -Philippines, which was accomplished in the spring of 1641; these were -Fray Andrés de San Joseph (a priest) and Fray Antonio de Santiago -(a lay brother). The warrant given them and other official documents -connected with their going are reproduced in full by Maldonado.] - - - - - -CHAPTER V - - -[The brethren of St. John of God began their labors at Cavite, in -November of 1641. Corcuera provided lodgings for them in the royal -buildings, and the inhabitants contributed so liberally that they -were able to open a hospital of ten beds; but so great was the number -of applicants for its aid that in January following, the hospital -brethren asked for and received the surrender (January 30) to their -management of the royal hospital at Cavite, with all its property -and slaves--provided that within four years they obtain the royal -confirmation of this grant. An inventory of this hospital and its -equipment is more curious than edifying: "The house which served -as a hospital was of wood and piles, covered with tiling that was -old and in bad condition; for dispensary [botica], it had a wooden -framework containing various gallipots, vials, and earthen jars. In the -infirmary were sixteen mattresses, ten pillows, twenty-seven sheets, -two coverlets, and fourteen blankets; and its larder contained eighty -cabans of rice, forty gantas of oil, fifteen arrobas of sugar, and -four jars of conserves. For divine worship it had a box for an altar, -hardly fit [for such use]; a chalice with its paten, without any -ornament; a bell of medium size, and two small ones. For its service, -it had some slaves, five men and seven women. As for revenues, it -had three and a half residence lots and two lots occupied by shops, -which yielded twenty-six pesos and [word omitted?] granos a month; -also some woodlands, and a grazing tract in Leyton, a place near -the said port, with several head of horses and cattle. The most -important [of its assets] were the deliveries made from the [royal] -storehouses, for these were permanent; they had been ordered when -the said hospital was in charge of the religious of our seraphic -father St. Francis." These supplies, as appears from the records -of the treasury board of Manila, had been furnished since January -12, 1619, at the request of the Franciscans in charge of the Cavite -hospital. They asked, for immediate use, for "a dozen blankets, a dozen -cupping-glasses, two syringes, two pairs of Castilian scissors, two -clasp-knives, six lancets, two scarifiers; some wool for mattresses; -two books, one entitled De Medicina, by the author Barrios, and the -other by Dioscorides; four arrobas of Castilian wine; a barrel of -raisins and almonds; and half an arroba of rosado sugar." [25] For -regular annual supplies, they asked two hundred fanegas of cleaned -rice, as hitherto they had had no amount allotted for the hospital; -six hundred fowls, since they received only little more than two -hundred a year from those assigned them by his Majesty in Balayán; -and three hundred pesos from the royal treasury, to be spent for meat, -sugar, flour, and eggs, drugs from China, clothing for the slaves and -servants, and other needs of the hospital. All these were granted them, -and paid regularly until the hospital was placed in charge of the -Order of St. John of God (1642); "from that time there was a gradual -diminution, to such an extent that, by another general conference of -the treasury officials in 1657 the whole was reduced, so that by way -of contribution [from the government] only two hundred pesos should be -given, in the articles which should be required each year, and this -[only] in the interval until other provision should be made." At the -time when Maldonado wrote, all government aid had been taken away; -moreover, in 1645 the brethren had been obliged to vacate the royal -buildings, in which they had been conducting the Cavite hospital, -and were incommodiously quartered in some poor shops of the Sangleys; -but in October of that year the authorities granted them the use of an -empty building belonging to his Majesty; it was constructed of nipa and -bamboo, and had been occupied by some fishermen. The Cavite hospital -was rebuilt four times by the brethren of St. John: "the first time, -by the reverend father Fray Francisco de Magallanes, which lasted until -the year 1682; the second, by the reverend father Fray Marcos de Mesa, -a priest of the order, which lasted until the year 1699; the third, -by the reverend father Fray Juan de Alarcòn, a priest, which lasted -until the year 1728; and lastly, the one which is being built by the -present superior, Fray Antonio de Arçe. There is no doubt that this -will be established in so good order that it will be an improvement -on the previous ones; and meanwhile a house has been made ready, -with sufficient space for lodgings. This was given as a contribution -by Captain Don Miguel Cordero; and in it are maintained eight beds, -and the corresponding offices. The title of this hospital always was, -and still is, that of St. Joseph. All its receipts in the year hardly -reach two hundred and sixty pesos, a support so scanty that it is not -necessary to emphasize the straitened manner in which the religious -who minister in it must support themselves; the one who directs it has -the appointment of prior." The sick soldiers and seamen at Cavite are -sent to the royal hospital of Manila for treatment; if the money which -they cost there were handed over to the Cavite hospital it could take -better care of them than they now receive.] - - - - - -CHAPTER VI - - -[A little more than two years after founding the Cavite hospital, the -hospitalers undertook to open a hospital for convalescents, where these -could have the dieting, rest, and care necessary for fully regaining -their health after they were discharged from the general hospitals; -for lack of these, many persons had before perished. Accordingly, they -obtained from Governor Corcuera permission (April 16, 1644) to erect -or buy a house for this purpose, to be situated on the Pasig River -above Manila; but circumstances afterward induced them to locate it at -Bagumbaya, a suburb south of the city, outside the walls--permission -being given for this by Faxardo in the following September. Here, -as in other places, Maldonado mentions this enterprise as a revival -of the one supposed to have been undertaken in 1621. It contained two -wards, one for men and one for women, in which twenty persons could be -cared for. This work was continued but a short time--partly for lack -of hospitalers, who had to devote their main energies to the hospital -in Manila; and partly because the Bagumbaya house had not sufficient -facilities for the entertainment of its inmates, who quickly grew -tired of remaining there and of the strict dieting necessary for -their full recovery, and went away--in the majority of cases, to die.] - - - - -SECTION VII - -CHAPTER VII - - -[The religious of the order then devoted themselves to the Cavite -hospital, and to the one established by the Misericordia in Manila, -which that brotherhood placed in their charge in March, 1650; they -took possession of it on May 31 following. The conditions of this -transfer are given by Maldonado in full (pp. 86-93). The donation is -full and irrevocable, including all the property, servants, and incomes -of the hospital. The hospitalers are obliged to treat poor women who -are ill, both Spaniards and mestizas; also the slaves (both men and -women) of the citizens, who in such cases are expected to make an -offering to the hospital of three pesos each--save that for slaves -belonging to the seminary of Santa Isabel and to the Misericordia -this offering shall not be made. The latter institution shall be -regarded as the patron of the hospital, and shall aid it every year -with such contribution as is in its power, for necessary expenses and -the support of the sick. The women who are inmates of Santa Isabel -shall be treated by the brethren of St. John, so far as possible -in the seminary itself; and the medicines needed for these patients -shall be provided by the Misericordia, to the extent of two hundred -pesos a year in advance. The officers of that confraternity may visit -the hospital, and shall have the right to notify the superior of the -hospitalers of any deficiency or neglect they may find therein. Any -charitable person may erect a church or additional ward or wards in -connection with the institution, and be regarded as a patron thereof; -and such addition shall not be under the control of the officers of -the Misericordia. The hospital, however, shall retain the name of -that brotherhood, and alms or contributions for its benefit shall be -asked in its name. All property, incomes, rights, and credentials of -the institution shall be surrendered to the brethren of St. John, -who shall not be expected to give account to the Misericordia of -any contributions which they may receive; that association shall -also use all its influence with the authorities to secure their aid -and favor for the hospital in all ways, and to defend it from any -objections or difficulties which may arise against it, particularly -from the Franciscans, who formerly had been connected with it. In -case the hospital order shall lose all its laborers in the islands, -the Misericordia shall administer the hospital until the provincial of -St. John in Nueva España shall be able to send more of his brethren -to Manila; and provision is made for the final settlement of affairs -between that order and the Misericordia, in case they decide to sever -the present relations. The latter association shall pay at once to -the order eight hundred pesos in cash, for the necessary expenses -and equipment of the brethren in opening their hospital labors. All -the documents regarding this affair and other important transactions -of the Order of St. John are reproduced in full by Maldonado. On -taking possession of the hospital (May 31, 1656) the hospitalers -equipped three wards, with twelve beds in each, where men and women -might be cared for separately, and the Indians and Morenos apart -from the Spaniards. A small church was also erected, with lodgings -for the religious of the order; these buildings were injured in the -earthquake of July 19, 1664, but were repaired for use until new ones -could be erected. A new and large church was built, but this also was -wrecked by an earthquake in 1674; a new church and convent were then -built, which lasted until 1727, when they were found to be in so bad -condition from the repeated seismic shocks which they had undergone -that they must be reconstructed. This was accordingly done, the new -edifice being dedicated on May 10, 1732 (see chapters ix and x for full -description of it). This was the building which was standing at the -time of Maldonado's writing, and it had three wards, each containing -more than twenty beds; that for the women is especially praised for its -comfort and convenience. "During these last twelve years" [Zaragoza's -approbation states that the book was written in 1739] "there have been -admitted sixteen priests, secular clergy, one religious of our father -St. Dominic, two other religious of our seraphic father St. Francis, -seventy-six students from the four colleges which are in this city; -and from the laity, the licentiate Don Juan Francisco de Velasco, -auditor of this royal Audiencia, and a large number of citizens--not -to mention eight thousand poor persons of inferior condition and -rank. This appears from the books of registration, from which this -enumeration has been made. Attention was given to all these patients, -in accordance with their respective stations; and with the same -consideration burial was given to those who died."] - - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -[Later, doubts arose as to the exercise of the right and title of -patronage which was reserved to the Misericordia in the foregoing -agreement; and certain individual members of that association, -"moved (as it is inferred) by pious although very indiscreet zeal," -stirred up these doubts and made officious inquiries. Although they -did no harm, it was thought best to consult the heads of the Jesuit -university in regard to the objections thus raised; and their opinion -(undated) is given by Maldonado. Those learned professors declared -in favor of the hospitalers, saying that any official visitation and -inspection of their work could be made only by the archbishop of the -islands; the officers of the Misericordia might visit the hospital, -but could not, even as its patrons, exercise any legal authority or -compulsion over the brethren of St. John, or bring against them any -legal claim. The Jesuits refer to such a stipulation in the original -document transferring the hospital (chap, vii); they also remind the -Misericordia of the wretched condition in which the hospital was when -that association gave it up--for this purpose citing the inventory -made at that time of the property thus transferred. Some curious -particulars are found therein. The old hospital had but one ward, -under which was "the old chapel, where the dead were buried." One of -the items is, "Twelve head of slaves, most of them more than fifty -years old, and some past sixty." Its equipment of bedding, etc., -comprises "four old tents of medriñaque; seven mattresses, made of -Ilocos blankets, with their outside badly worn; ten pillows, with -their covers of medriñaque, old; two tables, with tablecovers, with -six napkins, old; twelve sheets of Ilocos weave." Various articles -for the use or adornment of the altar in the church are listed, most -of them characterized as "old;" while an image of St. Joseph and the -Holy Child is "old and battered." There are "nine old cots for beds;" -"a large chest, old, without any key;" "an old wooden table, on which -the food is distributed;" "two old chairs for seats;" "four large -cots, for Spanish women;" "two old books which treat of medicine" -(evidently those asked for by the Franciscans in 1619); "one hundred -and twelve porcelain vials, empty;" "sixty-one gallipots of Chinese -porcelain, empty;" "two stone kitchen mortars, without handles;" -and some few other articles suitable for hospital use, that are -presumably in good condition. In view of these facts, there is no -ground for bringing complaints against the brethren of St. John, -especially since they were not obliged by the document of donation -to conform to any given standard in their management of the hospital, -nor was any provision made therein for summoning them to give account -thereof to the ordinary. The labors of conducting the hospital and -providing means for its support are quite arduous enough for the -order, without imposing upon it the burden of keeping accounts of -all the receipts and expenses--a charge which it probably would -not have accepted, and which cannot be now imposed upon it. The -income of the institution from the property surrendered with it--a -legacy from the late Captain Nicolas de Luzurriaga--does not exceed -a thousand pesos, which is a very inadequate endowment for meeting -all the expenses which must be incurred for the patients sent to -the hospital by the Misericordia, even if these number no more than -eight; and its scantiness prevents that association from making any -just claim to the exercise of authority over the hospital. Indeed, -the Jesuits censure the Misericordia for having done so little -for the institution since they surrendered it to the brethren of -St. John. Further: "Apparently the mistake of the Board [of the -Misericordia] consists in their being surprised that the sick are not -better treated or regaled in the said hospital, when they see that the -Order of St. John of God has an encomienda granted by his Majesty the -king (whom may God preserve), a ranch of cattle and cultivated lands, -some lots occupied by shops in the Parian outside the walls of Manila, -and other considerable revenues--which, as evidently appears, are all -considered as possessions of the said hospital of the Misericordia, -of which they are patrons--[a mistake which arises] from seeing that -all these are possessed by the religious of St. John of God, but not -making a distinction in regard to what belongs to that order as an -order, for the support of its brethren. Such is the ranch; when, in -the year 49, Captain Don Pedro Gomez Cañete lay sick in the hospital -for convalescents at Bagumbaya, without the walls of this city, he -made a donation, by a clause of his last will and testament, of the -said farms to the said religious order. Suit having been brought by -Captain Geronimo Fuentes for a sum of money which the said Captain -Don Pedro Gomez Cañete owed, the aforesaid properties were placed -at public auction, and the said religious order secured in the said -auction, for a bid of 12,100 pesos, the said ranch and some shops -in the Parian--nineteen of them upper, and twenty lower; and eight -other shops for the peddlers, with their lodging-rooms above. The -said order also obtained at public auction eight residence lots in -the locality of La Hermita and Santiago de Bagumbaya (which were -the ones where they started their work), and some others which they -bought. The site and locality where the church and convent of the -said order are at present built were the houses which belonged to -Captain Don Alonso Parrilla; these also were secured at auction, for -the price of 3,000 pesos, by paying in cash (as it did) 2,650 pesos, -and the remainder of the 3,000 was left in a mortgage that could be -paid up, the said order paying the amount due every year to this same -Board of the holy Misericordia. Another [resource is] a chaplaincy -of masses to the Holy Ghost and the Conception, which was founded by -Doña Hypolita de Zarate y Osseguerra. These incomes have nothing to -do with the hospital as a hospital; and therefore, in accordance with -this, the members of the Board cannot require that these revenues -be subjected to official investigation, any more than in the case -of other contributions and incomes which other benefactors had left -to the said hospital, even though the proceeds of these are handled, -and surrendered to the said religious, by this same Misericordia as -administrators for the said benefactors; for the members of the Board -have no rights as patrons over any of these, as is clearly stated in -the agreement made in the conditions of donation." "From all this, -the fathers rector and masters of this university of the Society of -Jesus conclude that only with the gravest scruples of conscience, -and at the risk of defaming the said religious order by accusations -of omission or negligence in fulfilling their obligation to render -assistance to the said sick persons, can the members of the Board -on this pretext demand before the illustrious archbishop that the -said religious be visited, and account be demanded from them of the -expenses and receipts, and of other matters pertaining to the said -assistance--not only in regard to all the incomes which the hospital -order, as such, possesses, noting down the contributions from all the -benefactors of it; but as little even the proceeds which by the said -donation the religious received from this same brotherhood of the -holy Misericordia--since that is expressly contrary to the agreement -made with the said religious order in the instrument of donation, and -would be a very heavy and onerous new burden upon it, if imposed now, -after sixty years, on a donation which was originally free, complete, -and irrevocable." This opinion is signed by Joseph Hernandéz, Antonio -Arias, Pablo Clain, Nicolas de Zarate, and Joseph de Bobadilla. [26] -It brought about a cessation of the controversy, and afterward, the -hospital and its labors grew in public esteem and many favors were -bestowed on it.] - - - - - -CHAPTERS IX-XII - - -[These chapters are devoted to a history and description of the church -and convent erected in 1727, an account of the solemn functions -annually celebrated therein, instances of miraculous intervention -by the Virgin, etc. The church was dedicated on May 10, 1732, with -festivities and solemn ceremonies which lasted during eight days. On -the last day an oration was delivered by the Dominican Fray Juan de -Arrechedera, who is styled by our writer "the Tullius of Manila." The -church measured one hundred and fifty feet in length, and forty-two -in breadth; Maldonado describes it, both within and without, with -much detail, and presents a large illustration of the exterior of the -edifice, which is herewith reproduced on a smaller scale. Among the -notable donors to the adornment and furnishing are Don Buenaventura -Morales, a physician in Manila; Don Juan Monroy, court secretary of the -Audiencia; General Antonio Gonzalez Quijano; Don Joseph Antonio Nuño -de Villavicencio, a regidor of Manila; General Miguel de Allanegui, -secretary of the government; Doctor Joseph Correa Villareal, an -advocate of the Audiencia; and General Joseph de Morales.] - -[In chapter xi occurs a curious digression in the midst of the -descriptions of the solemn functions solemnized in the hospital -church; enumeration of the instances of miraculous aid afforded -by the Virgin to her devotees gives occasion for an account of the -system of weights used by the Chinese traders in the islands, and -the change made from these to the Castilian system. General Joseph -Antonio Nuño de Villavicencio "also relates that commission had been -given to him to abolish the use of a certain make of steelyards -[pesadores] customary with the Chinese and other foreigners, with -which commerce had been carried on in this city from the earliest -times; and to establish [a system of] weights and measures modeled -on the Castilian, according to the provisions of the laws of both -kingdoms. He recognized that the serious nature of this charge demanded -the most extraordinary exertions, or else that the hindrances should -be removed which had hindered it from being effective on occasions -when, at various times, the [same] attempt had been made. But, being -also stimulated by his own reputation, in order not to be conquered -by the difficulty without a previous investigation, and being incited -to close application by his interest in a transaction as much to the -service of his Majesty as to the general welfare of the commonwealth, -he proceeded to the consideration of the importance of this business -(the serious inconveniences of which might defeat his efforts), and -of the risk incurred for his reputation if, after he had accepted the -commission, he could not fulfil it; and the more he thought about -it, the less did he unravel the tangle. At last, in his anxiety he -found no recourse more certain of success than to offer himself -to the divine favor [as expressed] in that sovereign object, the -holy image [of the Virgin]; and in this confidence he carried on the -enterprise, heedless of any risk, and succeeded in his object, to the -satisfaction of the many who before were disparaging it as chimerical, -or who regarded it as impracticable. He gained the approbation of the -royal Audiencia so thoroughly that it conferred upon him new powers -for [introducing] the same arrangement in all the provinces of its -jurisdiction in these islands, where the same injurious effect was -experienced; and he executed this commission with exactness, sending -[to all places] carefully regulated models and instructions for making -it effective." Maldonado then goes on to describe the mode of weight -formerly in vogue among the Chinese traders, as well as the Castilian -system, thus:] - - - -Form of the Chinese balances - -Let me be the first to explain the construction of the Chinese balances -which were in use; they were called da-Chens. In shape it resembled -a steelyard [romana]; the yard or beam was made of a kind of wood -which they call palma brava, [27] and in its form was like a mace -for playing truck [trucos]--except the butt, which at the extremity -was thicker. It had a sort of frame of copper, octagonal in shape, -with its movable pointer in the middle [con su espiga en medio de -movimiento], and some pendent hooks. For indicating the weights, there -were certain points marked by nails, set at proportionate distances, -but without any numbers or any other characters to show the weight -definitely. For counterweight there was a piece of metal or of stone -hanging by a cord, but without any sign or mark by which the dachen -or balance could make known what was entrusted to it. [28] To this -badly-constructed instrument the handling of all kinds of merchandise -had been reduced, and the trade was carried on [by it] among Spaniards, -Chinese, Indians, and Morenos; and through necessity they--even the -superiors and prelates--employed this balance on all occasions that -arose, from the earliest times of the conquest until the year 1727, -when the measure that is here discussed was carried into effect. This -was not because the project had not been brought forward repeatedly, -and at various times, but because the difficulties which hindered it -could not be obviated. But, to continue the subject, so well known -was the uncertainty of those dachens that even the very Chinese, -although it originated in their own country, stipulated beforehand for -every transaction the balance by which [the goods] must be received or -delivered; for each one of them regarded the balance which he himself -used as the better reckoner. There were small ones, for weighing gold -and silver; and others that were larger, for bulky goods. The weights -by the smaller ones were computed in taels, each one corresponding -to twenty adarmes of our Castilian weight. From the tael there was -a diminution down to granos, of which six were worth one adarme; -but these names were never common in our language. [29] The chief -weight consisted of cates, each about twenty-two onzas; the chinanta, -which was equivalent to about ten cates, and in our Castilian weight -to thirteen libras and twelve onzas; the quintal, which was worth -about eight chinantas, or eighty cates, and corresponded to about one -hundred and ten libras of our weight; and the largest was called pico, -which was reckoned at ten chinantas, or one hundred cates, and in our -weight five and a half arrobas. But as this correspondence of weight -to weight was prevented as people understood more thoroughly the lack -of accuracy in the said balances, and the [cause for] suspicion of -the way in which they were managed by the Chinese--a people of such -cunning that in their own land fraud is a science, in which degrees are -given--the Spaniards found themselves compelled to depend on computing -the equivalent [in Castilian weight], according to the greater or less -skill of each person [in reckoning]; but the ignorance of the Indians -and the common people, exposed [as they were] to the insatiable greed, -lack of piety, and unscrupulousness of the said Sangleys, who gained -great profits from this practice, aided the subtlety of the latter. - - - -Difficulties which arose in regard to the introduction of new weights - -This fact being established, from it follows the reason of the -difficulty, which is the subject (and to this end the considerations) -on which argument arises. In order to suppress the use of the -said dachens, it was necessary to have in reserve other weighing -instruments, with which the commerce, both wholesale and retail, -could be regulated. In order to establish the Castilian weights, there -must be specimens of the original standards which had to be followed, -according to the royal decrees, to which weights must be conformed; -and a factory must be established for the number of instruments which -the new order of things would require. There was an absolute lack of -everything; and therefore it was necessary either to permit the use -of the dachens, or to make a general prohibition of commerce in the -commodities for which the said balances served. To adopt any expedient -less onerous was not allowed in the commission; that the former [i.e., -the use of the Chinese weights] should be continued was the very -thing which he [i.e., General Villavicencio] was ordered to prevent; -to deny trade to the people would be ridiculous and ineffectual. The -custom was as old as the Spanish occupancy of the country; the serious -danger of disturbances, [if he undertook] to regulate steelyards by -guess, without observing the exactness [required by] the laws, was a -new difficulty; delay [would be ir]remediable, and the general injury -irreparable! Let the most discreet person, then, infer from these -circumstances whether the undertaking was an arduous one, whether -the least [in]advertence would be conspicuous, and [what were] the -risks to his reputation for good judgment; and whether recourse to -sovereign aid would be urgent for his success.... - - - -Castilian weight - -The reckoning of our Castilian marco in accordance with the laws -which prescribe its form originates with grains of wheat. The weight -of thirty-six grains is computed as an adarme; sixteen of these -make one onza, and sixteen onzas one libra; twenty-five libras -make one arroba, and four arrobas the greatest weight, which is a -quintal. Laying aside the declarations that wheat may not be used -to supplement the established weights of metal (a custom of various -ports and provinces), it appears that, with only this information, -a corresponding standard could not be made in Manila, since it was -deficient in that species of wheat to which the laws refer, and -although there is likewise a harvest of these grains in Philipinas, -and quantities of wheat are also brought hither from China--some -[having grains] of larger size and less weight, and others that are -small and compact--the variety in them arouses great uncertainty, for a -matter so delicate. Certain it is that, whatever might be taken for the -origin [of this computation], it must produce a system corresponding -[to the Castilian]; and, by being made general for both buying and -selling goods, it would furnish due fulfilment to the form prescribed -in the respective laws. But, as that system would always be deemed -more conformable to the intention of the laws the more [nearly] its -ratios were identical [with those of Castilla], and when the variety -of weights and measures (which, considering the laborious nature of -mercantile operations and the interests at stake in them, is at times -a very onerous burden) in the provinces with which trade is carried on -should be reduced to a common basis: as these islands possess the trade -with Nueva España, the importance which any unforeseen disagreement -might indicate could not be overlooked. This consideration led to -the most careful investigation of the basis to which the matter -could be reduced; and, in order to find the system equivalent [to -that of Castilla], various standards were adjusted to one another, -from which a safe conclusion might be drawn. Accordingly, grains of -lentils (which give name to the marco [30] of Aragon) were taken, and -search was made for grains of wheat whose weight would correspond, -with the difference of one-eighth. The same was done with grains of -alberjones [31] (from which sort originated the marco of Venecia), -and it was found that the weight of each one agreed with that of -four grains of separated wheat. The same was done with chick-peas -[garvanzos] (from which the marco of Flandes took its origin), and it -was found that one of these weighed the same as thirty-six grains of -wheat. As a result, through the weight of the aforesaid legumes, in -the respective ratios of the marcos of Aragon, Venecia, and Flandez, -and the corresponding weight of the grains of wheat, to which reference -is made by our Castilian marco, sufficient basis was formed on which -to make the standards [of weight]. In fact, they were made by this -rule, weights of metal being made which should correspond to one, -two, and three grains of wheat, and which together should weigh as -much as the weight which is called a grano of silver; another of one, -two, and three granos of this sort, the aggregate of which should be -equivalent to the weight of one adarme; and by this [were established] -the rest of the weights corresponding [to those of Castilla], as far -as that one which would contain one onza, from which resulted the -greater weights of libras and arrobas. Metal weights were also made -equivalent to half a grain of wheat, and to one-fourth, one-eighth, -one-sixteenth, and one-thirty-second of a grain, which last is the -same as the eleven hundred and fifty-second part of the adarme; or, -if this latter weight were divided into so many and small parts, -each one of them would alike agree with the weight made for the -thirty-second part of the grain of wheat. - - - -The standard of weight kept in the repository - -This careful attention to details is better set forth by a statement of -the skill and delicacy [displayed] in the construction of the weighing -instrument which serves as standard in this capital, and is kept in the -archives in the building of the municipal cabildo; it is a work which -for its elegance might be valued in any one of the principal cities -of España and of the Indias. It is a small one, such as is required -by the weights which it carries; it is made in the form of a cross, of -rich tombac [32] and the finest gold. In the semicircle which indicates -the play of the index needle, a pendent pearl serves as ornament. The -scales are of the same metal, gold and tombac, and the silken threads -which sustain them of silk dyed red. The whole instrument works with -so rigid exactness that when the smallest weight--a thirty-second of -a grain of wheat, or the eleven hundred and fifty-second part of an -adarme--which is an almost imperceptible amount, is placed in either -of the said scales the index of this steelyard shows the difference. - - - -Remarkable agreement of weights - -[That which had been] the physical probability of conformity of this -construction [with the standard of Castilla] was rendered certain -with remarkable exactness. Commission was given by the cabildo -of this city that twenty-five steelyards should be sent from the -kingdom of Nueva España; and, these having been brought hither at -the time when the aforesaid steelyards and the weights, both large -and small, were already made, [the cabildo] proceeded to make the -comparison [between these and those] with judicial solemnity and the -assistance of experts. This transaction having been completed with -the exactness which its importance rendered urgent, the two sets of -steelyards were found to agree so closely that it appeared that in -those sent from Nueva España the scales were balanced by the weights -made in Manila, or that these were the regular weights for the said -steelyards!... This measure, be it worthy of record, began with the -benefit to the common people of these islands in the suppression [33] -of the da-chens, or Chinese steelyards; for the easy and continual -fraud therein was computed by an official as being, in the limits -of Manila alone, more than thirty thousand pesos a year--an evil so -deeply rooted that few persons supposed that it could be remedied. So -far did this go that the Marquès de Torre-Campo, then governor of -these islands (whose prudent moderation was always honored), at the -time when permission was asked from him for the publication of the -proclamation by which the new usage was established and the old one -prohibited, made very sententious remarks expressing his opinion that -the said effort would be useless on account of the difficulties which, -he inferred, would obstruct its effectiveness. But experience proved -that he was mistaken; for in twenty-four hours [from that time] it -would have been difficult to find any Chinese steelyard, if search -had been made. It appears from the original acts--and these have been -furnished to us for this relation, which in everything punctually -follows and refers to them--that before reaching this last step, the -publication of the prohibition of Chinese weights, the authorities -caused to be made as large a number of properly regulated steelyards -as the shops and guilds which use them might reasonably be expected -to need. Then the Chinese were notified that the da-chens which -they used should be brought forward; these were retained [by the -authorities], and Castilian steelyards were given [in place of them], -with printed instructions for observance by those who used them; -and steelyards for the use of the public were set in various places, -with trustworthy persons [in charge], who could instruct persons of -little understanding. And it is generally known that, although this was -a matter of so serious tendency, and included every class of persons, -not the slightest disturbance arose; for all knew its importance, and -in order to enjoy the convenience [of the new weights] submitted to -learn the first rudiments of knowledge [about them]; and perplexity -[on this point] lasted but a short time, or was not evident at all, -for in matters which concern one's interests close application makes -progress, even in the dullest persons. - -[In chapter xii are enumerated the distinguished persons who have been -buried in the new hospital church since its erection. Among these -were five infant children (1728-36) of Villavicencio, the regidor -who had so liberally aided the institution; at two of these funerals -disputes arose over the rights of certain officials to precedence -as pallbearers. Another benefactor, General Allanegui, was buried in -the church (April, 1736); and three years later General Don Gregório -Padilla y Escalante, who lived in the village of Binondo. A sad -tragedy is hinted at in the record, although it is mentioned chiefly -in connection with ecclesiastical quarrels over parish dues and the -disputed right of interring the poor corpse. On January 26, 1736, -a Spanish girl of about fifteen years was brought to the hospital; -she had been found stretched on the ground near the door of the -seminary church of Santa Isabel, bruised and senseless, and died in -about an hour, without recovering consciousness. No one knew who she -was; but her body was placed near the door of the hospital church, -to see if any person would recognize it. Several identified it as -that of Doña Josepha de Leon, a pupil in the said seminary, who in a -temporary insanity had flung herself from the roof of that building -to the street below.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - - -[This chapter is devoted to an account of the government of the -province of the Order of St. John; a list of its provincials, with -their terms of office; and a list of all the members of the order -therein, at the time of writing this history. This province had -always been subject to the very reverend commissary-general of the -order resident in Nueva España; and, as its funds did not permit -it to bring men from Europe, the superior at Manila would admit -novices who wished to engage in the work of the order. These, when -sufficiently instructed, if they showed a true vocation for that work -were received into the order, and thus its numbers were sufficiently -recruited to sustain its labors. The choice of a provincial for the -islands was always reserved to the said commissary at Mexico, who -usually reappointed the same man, when he had been found competent for -that office; this appointee was regarded as the vicar and visitor -for the commissary (except in the matter of authority to grant -dismissory letters to members of the order), and those titles were -bestowed on the prior of the Manila convent (the principal house), -regarded to all intents and purposes as provincial, but with the -modest title of "superior" [prelado]. The province had four houses: -those at Cabite and Manila, and two others, at Bagumbaya and Zebù -respectively. When Maldonado wrote, the two former alone remained. The -prior at Cabite was nominally appointed by the commissary at Mexico; -but the uncertainties, delays, and costs caused by the distance thither -and the long and dangerous voyage rendered it necessary to leave this -choice practically in the hands of the superior at Manila. The brethren -of the community met every three years to elect councilors and transact -other business. The superior appointed a procurator-general, manager -of the hospital, and other minor officials. Besides the priests and -brethren of the order, certain men called donados were admitted to -its ranks for the service of the poor and for the commoner duties of -the convent. In the month of November of each year, the officers of -the Misericordia visited the hospital officially--it being definitely -understood that they had no right to meddle with its management in -any way. On New Year's day of each year, the community assembled and -chose by lot a patron saint for the coming year.] - -[Following is the list of superiors (not counting Fray Juan de Gamboa, -who came in 1621, because his attempt to establish the order proved -abortive): (1) Father Fray Andrès de San Joseph, a native of Mexico; -his patent was dated February 20, 1641 and he ruled the province until -August 3, 1643. (2) Father Fray Francisco Magallanes, a Portuguese; -he received his credentials on March 10, 1643, but did not go to the -islands that year; he took possession on August 3, 1644, and held -the office until August 4, 1662. (3) Father Fray Francisco Cardoso, -a Portuguese; he immediately succeeded Magallanes (by whom he was -appointed, under special authority conferred by the commissary), and -held the office for four years. (4) Father Fray Christoval Nieto de -Salazar, a native of Mexico; he ruled from September 4, 1666 until -August 9, 1669. (5) Father Fray Marcos de Mesa, a native of Tescuco, -Mexico, held office from August 9, 1669 until his death in 1682. (6) -Father Fray Luis de la Cruz, a Canari by birth, next held the office, -from 1682 until his death on January 25, 1683; he came to Manila as -alternate for the regular appointee, Fray Fructuoso de Texada (who -died three days after he reached the port of Cavite); opposition -to his rule arose in the order itself, but he was finally placed in -possession of the office by the provisor of the archdiocese, aided by -military force. (7) Father Fray Phelipe de Jesus, a native of Manila, -was superior from January 25, 1683 until September 2, 1684. (8) Father -Fray Antonio de Robles, a native of Mexico, ruled from September 2, -1684 until 1687; he then went to Zebù, and was ordained a secular -priest (9) Father Fray Phelipe de Jesus, as chief councilor, took the -place of Fray Robles, and held office for three years. (10) Father Fray -Domingo de Santa Maria, a Vizcayan, governed the province from July 16, -1690 until 1692, when he also entered the secular priesthood. (11) For -the third time, Fray Phelipe de Jesus held the office of superior, this -time from July 21, 1692 until July 8, 1694. (12) Father Fray Manuel -de San Romàn then took his place, ruling until August 13, 1697. (13) -Father Fray Francisco Beltràn, a native of Manila; as chief councilor, -he took the place of Fray Phelipe de Jesus, who died after having -been appointed superior by the commissary; Beltràn held the office -only one year. (14) Father Fray Geronimo Nadales, a native of Habana, -was sent over by the commissary, and ruled from August 28, 1698 until -his death, January 20, 1703. (15) Father Fray Ignacio Gil de Arevalo, -a native of Mexico; as chief councilor, he took Nadales's place, -which he filled until his death in 1706. (16) Father Fray Francisco -Hurtado, a native of Mexico; he was second in the council, and became -superior through election by the community after the death of Fray Gil; -much opposition arose from a disaffected faction, but Hurtado held -the office (although with some subsequent limitations of authority) -from 1706 until August 11, 1708. (17) Father Fray Juan de Santacruz, -a native of Manila, was superior during the next three years. (18) -Father Fray Francisco Hurtado secured the commissary's nomination, -and held the office from August 11, 1711 to July 13, 1720; "in his -time there was a notable decline in this province." (19) Father Fray -Santiago Gutierrez, a native of Manila, ruled from July 13, 1720 to -August 12, 1724; he was then deposed and secluded by the archdiocesan -ordinary: Maldonado regrets the injury thus inflicted on the order -and its privileges, but discreetly refrains from open censure of -this proceeding. (20) Father Fray Lucas de San Joseph, a native of -Manila; he was prior of Cabite, and took the place of Fray Gutierrez; -he entered the office on August 19, 1724, and ruled only two months, -being requested to resign, as a result of various discords among the -brethren. (21) Father Fray Eugenio Antonio del Niño Jesus, a native of -La Puebla, Mexico; he was chosen by the community, in place of Fray San -Joseph, and held office from October 3, 1724 until June 17, 1726. He -restrained the discontent and disputes which were rife in the order, -and his firmness and good management prevented what would have been -great disasters to the province. (22) Fray Antonio de Arce, a native -of Mexico City (the superior at the time when Maldonado wrote); he was -sent by the commissary with additional powers, assumed his office on -June 17, 1726, and completed the good work begun by his predecessor; -he restored harmony in the province, replaced the dilapidated buildings -with new ones, and secured for his order the respect and prestige which -it had largely lost under inefficient superiors. Maldonado eulogizes -Fray Arce's abilities, energy, and good judgment--qualities which -have advanced the order in Manila to equality with the others there.] - -[Our writer enumerates the minor officials of the order at the time -of his writing. There are three chaplains and preachers: father Fray -Marcos Beltràn (who made his profession in 1740), a native of Cabite; -father Fray Juan Manuel Maldonado de Puga, a native of Quautla, -Mexico, who came to the islands in 1727; and father Fray Raphael -Fernandez (professed in 1732), a native of Manila. The two councilors -are father Fray Santiago Gutierrez (professed in 1700), a native of -Manila; and father Fray Joseph Hidalgo (professed in 1732), a native -of Mexico. The hospital is in charge of father Fray Joseph Guerrero, -a native of Chalco, Mexico, who came to the islands in 1726. The -procurator-general is father Fray Joseph Mariano (professed in 1722), -a native of Manila; and the chief sacristan is father Fray Joachin -de San Joseph (professed in 1729), a native of Mexico. The prior of -the Cabite convent is father Fray Diego de San Raphael (professed in -1724), a native of Octumba, Mexico. The list of brethren then in the -convent is as follows:] - -Conventual religious.--Father Fray Eugenio Antonio del Niño Jesus, -former prior of this convent (where he professed on March 8, 1709), -a native of the city of Los Angeles in Nueva España; it has been -ten years during which he has remained in a continual suspension of -natural motions--his head bowed, in profound silence (not speaking, -unless he is questioned, and then only what is strictly necessary); -he is, in the opinion of many, crazy, but, in the judgment of those who -direct his conscience, he is sane. Father Fray Jacinto de los Dolores, -a native of this city; a son of this convent, where he professed on -January 15, 1717. Father Fray Lucas de San Joseph, a native of this -city; formerly prior of this convent, where he professed on July 25, -1717. Father Fray Andrès Gonzalez, a native of Mexico in Nueva España, -from which he came to this convent in the year 1726. Father Fray -Francisco Diaz de Rivera, a native of Mexico in Nueva España, from -which he came to this country in the year 1735. Father Fray Pedro -de Noroña, a native of Queretaro in the archbishopric of Mexico; he -professed in this convent on October 24, 1730. Father Fray Francisco -Varaona y Velazques, a native of Mexico in Nueva España; he professed -in this convent on February 20, 1735. Father Fray Thomàs Bernardo de -Herrera, a native of Zafra in Estremadura, in the bishopric of Badajòz, -in the kingdoms of España; he professed in this convent on June 13, -1736. Father Fray Pedro Ladron de Guevara, a native of Mexico in -Nueva España; he professed in this convent on June 13, 1736. - -Junior religious.--Fray Bernardino de Vilches y Padilla, a native -of the city of Sevilla in the kingdoms of España; he professed in -this convent on March 7, 1739. Fray Lorenzo Velasco y Castroverde, -a native of Mexico in Nueva España; he professed in this convent on -May 7, 1739. Fray Feliciano Leal del Castillo, a native of the city of -Zebù, the chief city of the bishopric of that name in these islands; -he professed in this convent on April 26, 1739. - -Brothers who are novices.--Brother Santiago Mariano San Ginès, who -comes from the port of Cabite in the Philipinas Islands; he took -the habit on December 7, 1739. Brother Juan Maldonado, a native of -this city of Manila; he took the habit on the said day, December 7, -1739. Brother Nicolàs Mariano del Rio, a native of the village of -Binondo, outside the walls of this city; he took the habit on the said -day, December 7 of the said year, 1739. Brother Perez de Albornòz, -a native of the City of Mexico in Nueva España; he took the habit on -the said day, December 7, in the said year. - -Brothers who are donados.--Brother Salvador de la Soledad, a native -of Bacolor, in the province of Pampanga; he is punctual in obedience, -silence, and humility, continual in prayer, very austere, and of -fervent charity. Brother Francisco de los Dolores, a native of -the city of Gorgota, in the kingdom of Vengala, in the territory of -India. Brother Luis Casimiro, a native of this city. Brother Cayetano -del Castillo, a native of this city. Brother Juan Ferrer, a native -of this city. Brother Pablo Bertucio de San Antonio, a native of the -village of Biñàn in this archbishopric. - -[Maldonado makes special mention of a few distinguished members of -the order in Manila, who have flourished in recent years; regarding -others, he states that he lacks information. Father Fray Marzelo -del Arroyo, a native of Manila, entered the order at Cabite, and -died at Manila, past the age of ninety years; he was "an excellent -physician, and a strong defender of the privileges of the regulars;" -and he filled with distinction all the offices of the order except -that of superior. Father Fray Francisco Alabes, a native of the city -of Oaxaca, Mexico, was the first who took the habit of St. John (1647) -in these islands; he rendered excellent service in the Cabite hospital, -and assisted Father Magallanes in founding the one at Bagumbaya. Father -Fray Juan de Alarcòn had many gifts; he was a noted orator, who was -called "Golden Mouth," [34] a famous poet, and a zealous defender -of the order; for a long time he was physician for the entire city, -and administrator of the convent at Cabite and of the ranch of San -Juan de Buenavista, belonging to the order; he died at an advanced -age. Father Fray Bernardo Xavier, a native of La Puebla in Mexico; -he had held the chair of theology in the Jesuit university in Manila, -and his brethren there called him "a sun eclipsed;" in disposition -retiring, humble, austere, devout, and charitable, he was attracted -to the labors of the brethren of St. John, and entered their ranks -on November 25, 1671; he died on August 14, 1720. Three religious -of this order were slain by the natives: Fray Antonio de Santiago, -manager of the ranch, slain by the savage Negritos (probably before -1650); Fray Lorenzo Gomez, killed while traveling in Ilocos by -the savage Tinguianes of the mountains; Fray Juan Antonio Guemez, -killed with lances by the native bandits "who infested our estate -of Buenavista." Maldonado suggests that some member of the order act -as recorder of its annals and labors, so that hereafter these may be -kept in remembrance, and published for its benefit.] - - - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -Incomes and contributions which belong to the hospital order for its -maintenance and that of the religious in this province. - - -[Estate of Buenavista.--"By donation from Captain Don Pedro Gomez -Cañete, various farm-sites and cavallerías [35] of lands belonged to us -in an estate called Buenavista, Pinaot, and Bolo, in the jurisdiction -of Bulacan, provinces close to Manila. But as the donor when he died -left debts behind, the lands were appraised, with preference of the -legacies to the debts of justice; [36] and the said property being -placed at royal auction, with the offerings of other benefactors, the -highest bid was made on the part of our order, in the sum of twelve -thousand one hundred pesos. Afterward other lands were added to this -estate, by donations and purchases which were made, and questions -arose over the boundaries; but, as we have for our defense the just -titles, the crown [37] has maintained us in the legitimate possession -of the lands, which is evident from the records and decisions, which -are here set down verbatim, and which declare it." Here follow the -documents which show that Cañete received a grant, April 4, 1629, -of two farm-sites and three cavallerías of land in the village of San -Miguel, the former part of the grant being opposed by the Indians of -Candaba; another was made to Gonzalo Ronquillo Ballesteros, September -26, 1601, of "two farms for horned cattle, and four cavallerías of -land, in the district of Alatib, toward Candaba, close to Canagoan;" -and the boundaries were settled by acts of the Audiencia, March 2 and -May 14, 1715. "These said lands, those which were likewise obtained -by the accountant Pedro de Almansa, and others which belonged to the -monastery of Santa Clara, were sold to the aforesaid Don Pedro Gomez -Cañete, and are among those which were purchased, as was related in -the beginning [of this book]; and afterward were added to it other lots -of land, all which compose the estate of Buenavista, which belongs to -our order in these islands." In 1715 the hospital brethren complained -that the Augustinians had intruded upon their lands, and were even -building a house thereon, paying no heed to the repeated remonstrances -of the superior of St. John; but the acts above cited confirmed the -order in its possession of the lands, and ordered the Augustinians -to cease work on their house and give account of their procedure. "In -this estate there are arable lands, pastures for the many cattle with -which it is stocked, fruit-trees, and woodlands where the trees are -cut for lumber. It was always maintained with one religious, who, as -administrator, had charge of its produce; but when an opportunity to -rent it occurred, it was considered best, and even more profitable, -to do so. For it we receive five hundred pesos, and three hundred -cabans of rice, annually for the period of five years, which is the -present agreement, and it is well guaranteed."] - -Irrigated lands in the district of Polo.--By a donation which Fray -Thomas Ortiz, one of our religious, made to this convent--it belonged -to the lawful share which he inherited from his parents--we possess -certain irrigated lands [38] in the place which is called Colòn, within -the limits of the village of Polo, in the province of Bulacàn. The -co-heirs brought suit in regard to these lands; but this, when tried -in the courts, was declared in our favor. The said lands yield forty -pesos as yearly rent. - -Grainfields in Bonga.--By purchase made of six quiñons of land, -[irrigated?] grainfields, [39] in a place which they call Bonga, within -the limits of Balivag, a village in the said province of Bulacàn, -[our order] enjoys the usufruct of one hundred and twenty pesos, -which these lands pay as annual rent. - -Lots outside the walls.--By the donations and contributions of -different benefactors, we possess eight lots in various places, -from the village of La Hermita to that of Bagumbaya; these pay -in land-rents eighteen pesos a year. In this land is included the -original site on which was located the hospital for convalescents, -which was founded by the first religious [of our order] who came to -these islands, as is elsewhere related. - -Properties in the Pariàn.--In the Alcayzerìa, the Pariàn of the -Sangleys, outside the walls, were purchased two properties, on which -there are forty-seven shops and upper lodgings; these, when occupied, -yield ninety-seven pesos a month, which amounts through the year to -one thousand one hundred and sixty-four pesos. - -Lots in Manila.--For two houses, and two lots besides, which belong -to this convent within Manila, are collected thirteen pesos a month -for rent, which amounts to one hundred and fifty-six pesos a year. - -Contribution from the brothers of our order.--The present superior, -father Fray Antonio de Arze, by his great affability established the -roll of lay brothers devoted to our order. Those who at present appear -on it regularly number one hundred and thirty-four and each one has a -certain day for supplying food to the sick; this he compensates with -six pesos, which he contributes as an offering, the amount being thus -regulated--in all, amounting to eight hundred and four pesos a year. - -The contribution-plate.--The contribution-plate which, with the image -of our holy father, [40] [is carried] through the streets to ask for -offerings gathers during the week at least eight pesos, which amount -to two hundred and eighty-eight pesos a year. - -Contribution for the feast of our holy father.--For the feast-day -of our holy father two of our religious go out a few days before, -as representatives of our community, to ask for contributions among -the citizens; and they collect very nearly two hundred pesos a year. - -Contribution of rice.--In the month of October in each year a religious -is despatched to the province of Ilocos, in order to push forward the -collection and remittance of the proceeds from the encomienda which -is assigned to us in that province, and at the same time he asks for -contributions among the farmers of that region; he carries, by way -of precaution, some medicine, and benevolently exercises the office -of his calling; and if the harvests are good he collects offerings -of about seven hundred baskets of rice. And so great is the esteem -felt in that province for our religious, as they have acknowledged, -that when they go away in the month of March (which is the time of the -monsoon) the people display to them their regret that they must lack -the consolation which they receive during the stay of our religious, in -the assistance given by them to the many persons stricken by disease. - - - - - -CHAPTER XV - - -[This chapter is devoted to enumeration of the favors extended by -the crown to the hospital order. Maldonado states that the royal -grants to the ecclesiastical estate in the islands (in stipends -and contributions) amount to more than 81,000 pesos a year, without -counting over 11,000 pesos more which are allowed to the royal chapel -and the hospitals. The brethren of St. John share in this bounty, to a -liberal extent. A royal decree of June 19, 1680, granted to the order -an encomienda of 500 tributes for twenty years, in order to repair -the injuries caused to the hospital buildings by the earthquake of -March 15, 1676, and to aid in carrying on its good work. In accordance -therewith, Governor Cruzelaegui assigned to the order (February 9, -1685) the following encomiendas: "The rest of Purao and Tagurin, -and the village of Pedic in the province of Ilocos, which consists -of 115 tributes, vacant by the death of Captain Don Nicolàs de Ibar, -who was enjoying it for the second life. Also the encomienda of -three-fourths of Pilitan and its subjects in the province of Cagayan, -which consists of 287 tributes, vacant by the death of Juan de Robles -Aldaba, which he was enjoying for the second life. The two amount to -402 tributes;" and they were adjudged to the said order, for the repair -of its buildings, etc., with the charge of paying from the amount thus -collected the amount allowed by the crown for religious purposes and -the stipends of ministers, in the same manner as other encomenderos -must. This grant was afterward extended (by decrees of September 17, -1705, and July 2, 1735); but the assignment of tributes in Cagayan -was later exchanged for another in Ilocos. The net annual proceeds -of this encomienda amount to 500 baskets of rice and 250 blankets; -"but if those who make the collections dispense with the fees through -charity, and if the aforesaid goods are conveyed to us at Manila -in the same way, these favors amount to over 100 pesos more." On -November 5, 1704, the treasury officials of Manila assigned to the -brethren of St. John an annual allowance of two arrobas of wine and -seventy-five gantas of cocoanut oil for the use of their church, -in the same manner as to the other churches of the city, with the -customary provision that royal confirmation must be obtained within -six years. This was done, but the papers were lost in shipwreck, and -the grant was therefore extended another six years. A royal decree -dated June 29, 1707 (evidently a misprint for 1717), ordered the -treasury officials at Manila to pay the hospital order annually the -value of the said oil and wine; this was received at Manila in 1718, -and from that time the brethren of St. John were paid from the treasury -fifty-nine pesos three reals a year. Governor Zabalburu allotted to -the hospital the services of twelve men from the "reserve," a form -of personal service which is thus described:] - -This grant, which is called Reserva, and among the natives is -distinguished by the name of Polo, takes substantially this form: The -natives, or Indians of the four provinces which are next to Manila, -are under this impost (besides the tributes which they pay to the -king), that their laboring men must render service, at the tasks -assigned to them, for the time of one month in each year. By this -measure are furnished [the men for] the timber-cutting, shipbuilding, -and other royal works. To this end, [the names of] all stand in a -very detailed enumeration, each being numbered for the alternation -[in such service] which belongs to each one, and the apportionment, -which is made according to the number of laborers which each village -has. From this levy no one can escape, or excuse himself; for their -mandons, or headmen, even when they find the laborers hindered by other -occupations compel them, since any deficiency affects the service of -the king, to pay for other men to act as substitutes in place of those -who obtain excuses. This is all the harder because the substitutes -do not content themselves with the wages which are assigned to them -in the occupation itself, but collect three pesos besides, at which -amount the bonus is settled (unless those who manage the business have -somewhat more for their share) ; and it is an established custom that -this bonus is shared by those whom their turn exempts. Request is being -made to the authorities that for the churches and other unavoidable -needs men be granted for service, to the number stated, [but] with -exemption from these oppressive circumstances; and that, as a just -concession, the warrant for this be issued, in which is stated the -number [of men] and the village from which they are assigned to this -[service, which] is distinguished by the title "reserve." As a fact, -those who have to render this service remain exempt from the turn and -apportionment [of service] of which mention has already been made, -without any obligation to furnish a substitute, or to pay for others -to serve. With this, and with the wages which are paid to them for -their labor, we succeed in obtaining people to assist us. - -By other grants, also from this government, there have been -allowed to us fifty "reserve" vagrants, in order that our ranch -may be cultivated. This is different [from the other], because the -distinctive vagrant is understood as not having a fixed residence, -and not being included in the enumerations of the men liable to polo; -but they burden the lists on account of tribute in double pay. These -men are governed by certain officers, who also impose upon them various -works for the royal service; but those who by means of these "reserves" -reside on ranches remain exempt, and therefore are occupied in the -cultivation of the grainfields. From this it results that there are -laborers for gathering the harvests, the commonwealth is furnished -with provisions, those men gain the means for their support, and our -estates are not lost to us by lying untilled. - -Allowance for the dispensary.--By this superior government, and in an -ordinance of September 27, 1709, fifty pesos were applied every year in -medicines for the medical treatment of the sick in our hospitals; and, -the expenses of the royal dispensary having been permanently charged -[on the treasury] from the year 1717, Bachelor Don Miguel de la Torre, -a physician of this city, besides the known saving of expense which -he made easy for his Majesty in this respect, made the offer to -increase the allowance for medicines to a hundred pesos, which was -not [formally] assigned, and remains verbal. This he has fulfilled, -but so liberally that without any limitation all the medicines which -have been necessary for the treatment of the sick have been furnished -to us; and our order, always mindful of this kindness, recognizes -the aforesaid Don Miguel de la Torre as one of its special benefactors. - -These are the grants and allowances which this province at present -enjoys, and, most grateful therefor, in all the spiritual exercises we -ask and implore the exaltation of our pious king, a munificent patron, -and we make such return as is possible in our estate of poverty. For, -although in the royal hospital the soldiers receive treatment, this -provision is not extended to their children and wives, or to the -mariners of Cabite when sickness prevents their passage [from that -place to Manila]; but all these find succor in our infirmaries, where -they are aided with the comforts which are permitted by the scanty -donations which we obtain. And although we know well how little merit -there is in our labors, as being the proper function of our Institute, -we nevertheless take comfort in this, that in the large number of -those who in these islands are maintained at the royal expense, we -cost the royal treasury least; nor do we count in this the cost of -transportation, or other extraordinary expenses (of which thus far -we have had no benefit [from the crown]); for, as has been stated in -the proper place, this humble province has always maintained itself -by asking for alms. - - - - - -CHAPTER XVI - - -[Herein are enumerated the charitable foundations (obras pias) -[41] placed at the disposal of the Misericordia or of the brethren -of St. John. The earliest of these (although its date is not given) -appears to be that of General Thomàs Garcia de Cardenas; he gave the -Misericordia 12,000 pesos, of which 6,000 should be invested in the -Acapulco trade, and the profits applied to different charities--among -them, 100 pesos being given to the hospital, which sum is still -received by that institution whenever the Acapulco galleons make -successful voyages. Another and similar one was founded by Governor -Manuel de Leon, with 50,000 pesos of principal; from the returns -of this, 400 pesos were to be applied "for the care and comfort of -the sick in our hospitals." Master-of-camp Thomàs de Endaya in 1703 -gave 8,000 pesos to the Misericordia, one-half to be invested in the -Acapulco trade for the benefit of various charities; among these, -the hospital was to receive 100 pesos for purchasing rice for the -sick. Abbot Juan Bautista Sidot (by other writers written Sidoti) -in 1705 collected among the citizens of Manila 12,000 pesos, which -he invested in trade--one-third each in Nueva España, China, and the -coast of Yaba (i.e., Java)--the returns on all these being held and -added to the principal until they should be equal to 40,000 pesos, -which sum was to be invested in the same manner, and its proceeds -devoted to various charities. Of these, the hospital was to receive -240 pesos annually, thus: 100 pesos for the salary of a physician, -100 for the cost of the dispensary, and 40 for the salary of a -surgeon. The further sum of 1,100 pesos a year afterward was assigned -to the hospital, since some of Sidoti's plans for aiding other -works proved abortive. A fund of 50,000 pesos, similarly invested -in the Acapulco trade, was given in 1706 by Fray Andrès Gonzalez, -O.P., bishop of Nueva Cazeres, from which 400 pesos a year were to -be given to the hospital; he also made provision for distributing -every year certain sums to the curas and missionary fathers in his -diocese, to be spent in aiding the sick poor in their charge--"for -the reason that, having asked permission from the royal Audiencia -of Manila to found a hospital in this city of Nueva Cazeres and -this not having been granted me, I desire that, since there is no -actual hospital, there shall be one in substance." From this wording -Maldonado argues that, in case a hospital should be founded there, -the fund left by Gonzalez for his diocese--1,305 pesos, presumably for -each year--might properly be claimed for the aid of such institution; -"with the said contribution, and if the natives of the said province -would agree to give [each] a ganta of rice or of oil, or some other -little offering of that sort, a hospital could be supported which was -suitable for aiding the many necessities which those helpless people -suffer." Sargento-mayor Don Antonio Basarte, a citizen of Manila, -established another foundation for the Misericordia in 1708; he left -50,000 pesos for this, but after the claims of his legal creditors -were satisfied, only 9,849 pesos remained; this was duly invested, -but the proceeds did not reach the amount of the original 50,000 -pesos until 1726, at which time the returns became available for -charitable uses; among these, 250 pesos were allotted for the meat -necessary for the support of the sick in the hospitals. Captain Manuel -Martinez Lobo left a bequest to the Misericordia; [42] in 1727 this -yielded the net sum of 3,300 pesos, which was invested in the trade of -Acapulco and Yaba; from the proceeds the officers of the Misericordia -were to apply 50 pesos annually for the poor of the hospital, at the -time when they should make their yearly visitation of that house. In -1727 General Don Joseph de Morales (then steward of the Misericordia) -gave 600 pesos to be invested in trade, from the profits of which 100 -pesos annually were to be given for comforts for the sick poor in the -hospitals. The same officer at dying left a bequest for charities, -in which were included the brethren of St. John; they were to receive -(presumably from the returns made on each galleon) 100 pesos for -buying shrouds for the sick who should die in the hospitals, 100 for -clothing for the religious, and 100 for certain religious functions to -be celebrated in their church. Morales's successor as steward, General -Don Domingo Antonio de Otero Vermudes (who was also chief alguazil -[43] of the Inquisition), in 1729 founded an obra pia with 3,000 -pesos; from its returns 100 pesos were to be applied for the support -of the poor sick in the hospital. Doña Maria Joachina, the unmarried -daughter of Sargento-mayor Don Juan Antonio Collantes y Peredo, having -property in her own right, left 4,000 pesos for charitable purposes, -which included the payment of 500 pesos yearly for the convalescents -from the hospital; this became available in 1736. Licentiate Manuel -Suarez de Olivera and Doña Maria Gomez del Castillo (his wife?) left -some real estate, on which shops were located, at the place called -Los Arroceros (i.e., "the rice-mills"), outside the city walls; its -proceeds were to be given in equal shares to the hospital and to the -poor who were confined in the prisons. The aforesaid shops "fell into -decay, and were rebuilt in 1714, with the stipulation that from the -rent of them should be deducted the third part in order to repay the -amount spent for that construction;" this was accomplished in 1722, -after which the full amount was received by the beneficiaries. It is -estimated that this aid amounts to over 150 pesos a year, and its value -is greater or less according to whether the shops are all occupied; -but "we receive only what is handed over by the deputy steward of the -prisoners," to whom the collection of these rents had been entrusted -by the Misericordia. Antonio de Arisiga placed 4,000 pesos at interest, -for the aid of various charities; from the income of this he applied 50 -pesos annually for the comfort of the sick in the hospital; but in the -course of time this foundation was impaired by various losses, and the -Misericordia divided its income pro rata among its beneficiaries. Juan -de Moxica placed at interest 6,750 pesos, from the income of which -should be given twelve reals for three masses every week, and the rest -for the hospital and treasury of the Misericordia; this income also -became diminished, like the preceding one, and what was collected was -applied to the aforesaid masses--although, in Maldonado's opinion, -any money in excess of Moxica's requirement ought to be applied in -equal parts to the hospital and the Misericordia.] - -[All the foregoing funds are administered and controlled by the board -of the Misericordia; but the hospital has the benefit of certain -others in the hands of the Third Order of St. Francis. Don Manuel San -Juan de Santacruz established a fund in that order, for investment -in the Acapulco trade; the income was applied to various charities, -among which the hospital was to receive 100 pesos a year. In 1711 -a similar fund was given by Sargento-mayor Don Diego Thomàs de -Gorostiaga, also in the Acapulco trade; from its income, the hospital -was assigned 100 pesos a year. In 1721, another fund was established -by Sargento-mayor Don Juan Lopez, on similar terms, the hospital -receiving from the income 50 pesos a year. A like foundation from -Don Jacome Maria Balestra, made in 1724, brought to the hospital -120 pesos annually. In the same year and in like manner, another -fund was given by the licentiate Don Gabriel de Isturis, which added -to the hospital's income 150 pesos a year. In 1728, an obra pia was -established in the Third Order by some unknown donor, under the title -of San Raphael; from this 80 pesos were given, half to the convent of -St. John, and half to the hospital. A year later, a similar fund was -established under the title of San Miguel, by Captain Don Miguel de -Caraza; among its beneficiaries, the sick of the hospital received, -for their food on certain holy days, 25 pesos a year. All those named -in this paragraph were administered by the said Third Order.] - -[Certain funds were established by benevolent women for charitable -purposes, to be at the disposal of our writer, Maldonado. "Doña -Margarita Luysa de Avila, who was the widow of Sargento-mayor Don -Nicolàs de Rivera, from the residue of her property set aside a -principal of 700 pesos for the establishment of a charitable fund, -which should be invested by halves in the trade of Nueva España;" -to this Maldonado added 1,000 pesos more, given to him by various -other benefactors, and invested the whole thus, until its product -should bring the fund to a total of 3,362 pesos; it was then to -be divided into three parts, and again invested, its income being -thus apportioned: "130 pesos, as the offering for 156 masses, which -are celebrated in the church of our convent at Manila, three on -each Monday in the year--one with an offering of one peso, and the -others with one of six reals each; beginning after half-past six in -the morning, and not before, nor shall they be said at one time--as -suffrages for the souls in purgatory; and this stipend can be applied -to the fathers belonging to this community who are priests. Thirty -pesos, in order that the reverend father who is prior or superior -of this convent may arrange for chanting a solemn mass with vigils, -and with the assistance of the community, on one of the days in the -octave of the dead, in the month of November, the suffrages being -applied in behalf of the founders. One hundred and fifty pesos, -in order that the reverend father who may be prior or superior of -this convent may distribute this sum, as is stated in the foundation -of the said fund, for the expenses at the feast of the gozos [44] -of the blessed ever-virgin Mary, our Lady; these must be celebrated -in our church as a seven days' feast, which begins on the day of the -patronage of the blessed St. Joseph, who is honored as the father of -Jesus Christ our Lord--that is, the third Sunday after Easter. Sixty -pesos for the offering for eighty masses to be said, with the stipend -of six reals each, which the reverend father who is or shall be the -prior or superior of this convent is to arrange for being celebrated -during the said septenary--fourteen on the first day, and eleven on -each of the other days, and inviting for this function priests by -whom it can be completed, since this community has not a sufficient -number of priests therefor--in order to fulfil this obligation in the -manner which is prescribed, and the intention of [the founders; the] -said masses must be applied as suffrages for the souls in purgatory, -and for those of the founders. Twenty-five pesos, to be distributed -during the said septenary among the poor, both men and women, who may -be in our infirmaries. Twelve pesos, to be divided as alms among the -women servants of the infirmary for women in our hospital. Twenty-eight -pesos, to be divided, on the first day of the said septenary, among -fourteen Spanish widows, at the rate of two pesos each. Fourteen pesos, -for the cost of wine for masses, so much as is deemed necessary for -the celebration of those which are mentioned in this foundation. Forty -pesos, which must be kept in reserve every year for the repairs on -our convent of Manila, according to occasion. This foundation began to -operate in the year 1738, and would be in condition for distribution -if it were not for the loss of a galleon and another misfortune, -which retarded the distribution until the year 1745; and request -has been made that its administration be entrusted to the venerable -arch-confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament that is established in -the church of San Gabriel at Bin[on]doc, a mission village in charge -of the holy Order of St. Dominic, outside the walls of this city."] - -[Another fund in Maldonado's hands is that which "Doña Josepha Ortega, -who was the wife of General Don Antonio Sanchez Cerdàn, set aside from -the main part of her estate, the sum of 2,500 pesos as a principal, -in order that a charitable fund might be established, at the disposal -of the religious who writes this. According to the instructions -communicated to him by the said foundress, the said principal must -be invested in the trade with Nueva España, its product accruing to -it until the fund should reach the amount of 7,818 pesos 3 reals; -in that case it should be divided into three parts, each of 2,600 -pesos 1 real, with which principal the investment should be continued -in the said trade with Nueva España; and the income of this fund, -usually amounting to 1,042 pesos, be distributed in this manner: -Ninety-two pesos for the offering for that number of masses in the -chapel of the ward [used as an] infirmary for women in this hospital -of Manila. Twenty-five pesos for the expenses of the function of -[the Virgin's] Solitude, which is solemnized in our church on the -night of Good Friday in each year. Eighty pesos for the offering for -as many masses, which are to be solemnized in our church during the -septenary of the most glorious patriarch St. Joseph, at the feast of -his gozos, which begins on the fifteenth day of October. Twenty-five -pesos for the redemption of captives. Thirty-six pesos, to be divided, -during the said septenary, among the sick poor, both men and women, -in our hospital of Manila. Twelve pesos, to be divided, during the -said septenary, among the women servants of the sick-ward for women -in this hospital. One hundred pesos, to be distributed, during the -said septenary, by the superior of this convent and one of the father -chaplains, among deserving poor widows and orphan girls, especially -those who are present in our church at the said festivity. Thirteen -pesos, for the same purpose, among the poor beggars who are present in -our church at the said festivity. Twenty-five pesos, for a hundred -bulls for the living; these will be given as alms by the fathers -who assist in the confessionals in our church during the said -septenary, and who can ascertain the poor who are in need of this -favor. Twenty-five pesos, for the alms of a hundred bulls for the -departed, [to be given] on the day when their memory is celebrated in -our church in the month of November, the suffrage being applied for -those who shall have died in our hospital. Sixty-four pesos one real, -for the function of masses, vigils, and responses for the cemetery, -which has been established in our church as a suffrage for the dead, -in the month of November of each year. Twenty-five pesos, for the -holy places of Jerusalem. One hundred and fifty pesos for the cost of -chocolate, [45] with which sum arrangements are made to furnish it to -the religious of this convent of Manila. One hundred pesos, which are -to be reserved each year for the material fabrica of our convent and -hospital of Manila, as occasion may require. One hundred pesos for the -expenses of the arch-confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament at Binondo, -which has been asked to take charge of the administration of this -fund. And 134 pesos one real, in order that this sum may be separately -invested, and with its accrued products form another foundation, -until it shall contain 1,717 pesos one real as principal; and then, -divided into three parts, it may be ventured in the galleons of the -Nueva España route, and with its returns the following assignments -be made: 300 pesos for two dowries, of 150 pesos each, to fatherless -girls, the daughters of Spaniards, of virtuous lives--which dowries -are to be allotted on one of the days of the septenary, in the manner -which will be explained. Forty pesos for the Christmas masses [missas -de Aguinaldo] which are celebrated in our church of this convent -of Manila. Eleven pesos, for the expenses of the entertainment -which must be given to those who meet in the committee which must -be called together for the choice of the orphans to whom are to be -allotted the dowries aforesaid, during the septenary of St. Joseph, -the arrangements for which in detail are punctually set down here. In -order that embarrassments arising from personal considerations which -intervene may be avoided, heed must be taken in the award of these -dowries that the names be presented of those who are needy; and, -this having been ascertained by a special conference which the father -who is or shall be the superior of this convent shall have with the -father priests--and if there are not two, he shall substitute the -chief councilor--it shall be declared by the majority of votes who -ought by right to be admitted from the persons who make claims; and, -this settled, the choice shall be made among those who shall be thus -accepted, by drawing lots, and the two dowries shall be awarded to -the girls who shall draw the fortunate lots. The method of the said -drawing shall be, that the names of all those who are accepted shall be -written, each on a slip of paper; and an equal number of other slips, -blank, shall be made, and on two of these shall be written the words, -'May I be endowed by the glorious St. Joseph.' Then in one urn, -or other suitable receptacle, shall be placed the slips, folded, -on which are written the names of the candidates; and in another urn -or receptacle like the other shall be placed the blank slips--which, -as already stated, shall be equal in number to those containing the -names, and shall include those on which was written the fortunate lot, -as has been explained--and both urns shall be shaken. [This shall -be done] in the afternoon of the first day of the septenary; in the -body of the church shall be placed a table with a neat cover, and -some chairs, where the superior [of the Order of St. John] shall sit -as president, accompanied by the priestly fathers who may belong to -it; in case there should be no more than one [of these], the chief -councilor shall assist him. With the aid of the father councilor, -a slip shall be drawn from [the urn containing] the names, and read, -and then another shall be drawn from those that are blank, the writing -on the slips being read aloud, and recorded on a paper which the -said secretary shall keep by him; after this manner the other slips -shall be successively drawn, until from the names those are chosen -which the lot shall indicate; and, as it follows that there will be -present in the church at this function the parties who are concerned, -or some one who can act in their behalf, such person shall be summoned, -and the order for payment handed to her, so that she may obtain her -donation of 150 pesos for dowry. And for the orderly management of this -business there shall be made a book of common paper, in which shall -be written the [names and proceedings of the] special committee which -shall be called together to investigate the claims; and they shall -endeavor, before the choice is made, to gain accurate information, -in order that the appointment may be confirmed in accordance with the -intention of the said foundation. At the said committee-meeting the -[claims of the] parties shall be presented, and especially of those -admitted to the drawing, without any opinion being expressed regarding -those who shall not be admitted, or any previous information regarding -the decision being given to the parties concerned. Those admitted to -the drawing shall be notified to come together on the day prescribed, -and on the same day these regulations shall be read, when the superior -shall have reported that he has carried out all their provisions, as -appears from the book of the committee; and the other arrangements that -are made for the fulfilment of this charge shall be put into practice -in each successive year, the full record thereof being afterward -made in the book, with full evidence that to those who were chosen -by lot the donation that was assigned them has been paid." Maldonado -expects that the income of this foundation as a whole will be available -within six years, if no disaster be encountered; but the provision -for dowries will have to wait twelve years. He states that two things -must be considered, in estimating the value of the funds enumerated -in this chapter: first, that when they were founded the profits -on the Acapulco trade were reckoned at fifty per cent, but at the -time when he writes have diminished at the rate of forty per cent; -accordingly, the incomes of the funds have been distributed pro rata -to the various beneficiaries. Second, as these incomes depend on the -perils of the sea, they have encountered many losses from shipwrecks; -or the failure of the vessel to complete the voyage, or even to obtain -a cargo at Manila; or the delay in receiving the returns from Acapulco, -caused by an unsuccessful fair there, or by other embarrassments.] - - - - -[THE OTHER HOSPITALS IN THE ISLANDS] - -[This matter is found at the end of chapter ii of Maldonado's book -(pp. 25-29), but is transferred to this place as being more appropriate -in orderly sequence; he describes the condition of those institutions -at the time of writing his book.] - - - -Present condition of the royal hospital of Manila - -The new royal hospital being reestablished, and all the expenses -necessary for its maintenance being provided for in the royal treasury, -for its business management and the assistance of the sick there -were allotted a steward, a physician, a surgeon, nurses, and the -other servants who were deemed necessary; and for its spiritual -administration the discalced religious of the holy order of our -holy father St. Francis, in the province of San Gregorio of these -islands--which arrangement was approved by a royal decree, dated -at Madrid, May 20, 1624. It has continued in this manner up to the -present century, when, on account of the lack of religious for the -Indian villages dependent on the Franciscans, and other just reasons, -they were released from the ministry of the said royal hospital, -and the government appointed secular priests as chaplains, with a -suitable income. The cost of maintaining the hospital in its present -condition is reckoned at 6,841 pesos, thus: The chaplain, steward, -and physician, at 300 pesos each; the surgeon, 240; [46] the chief -sacristan, three nurses, one assistant surgeon, the keeper of the -wardrobe, the cook, and the doorkeeper, each 96 pesos; with this -the ordinary expense, 1,368 pesos. [It also requires] 960 cabans of -rice, 384 gantas of cocoanut-oil, and 8,400 fowls; also 2,000 pesos, -at which amount the provision for medicines is permanently fixed, and -215 pesos besides, which sum is allotted for the cost of wine for mass, -wax, and other expenses which are incurred for the titular feast day, -which is All Saints' day. Interments are made in the royal chapel -of this garrison, which also has for the year's expenses 3,220 pesos -more, without counting the extraordinary expenses which are necessary -during that time in the hospital, for beds, tents, and other needs, -and in the royal chapel for ornaments and the other requirements of the -divine worship. In the said royal hospital, without a special order -from the superior government no other persons are received, whatever -their rank may be, besides the officers and soldiers who are in actual -service; and, although some mariners resort to this institution--and -these are few, on account of the distance of their residence, which -is in Cabite--it has not, either, a ward for women. The steward, -the chaplain, and the chief sacristan (who usually is a priest) have -their residence in the said hospital, and are continually on duty. The -physician and the surgeons are present both afternoon and morning, -to visit the sick and give prescriptions for what seems necessary. The -nurses and the other servants lack the intelligence which is required -[in such work], for those who are occupied in it are poor persons, -who have no other situations; and, as the employment is arduous, they -do not remain long in it. Several high officials, in discussing this -matter, have showed their preference that this responsibility should -devolve upon our religious. It is certain that the object of that same -institution calls for different service, and might also excuse some -[further] expense to his Majesty; but as this depends upon the royal -command, it has not proceeded beyond mere talk. - -The hospital of our religious order--of which mention will be made -further on, as not limited to a special class--is a general one, -for men and women of all classes; and in this same holy exercise of -their ministry is secured the relief and general consolation of the -needy who resort to this charity. - - - -Hospital of San Lazaro - -Without the walls of Manila is another hospital, with the name of -San Lazaro, in which are gathered all those who are stricken by the -contagious disease of the same name; it is administered and cared -for by the religious of our holy father St. Francis, and his Majesty -has assigned to it, by virtue of a royal decree of January 22, 1672, -a contribution of 1,187 pesos 4 reals every year--500 pesos in cash, -paid from the royal treasury; the rest is the estimated value of -1,500 cabans of rice, 1,500 fowls, 200 light Ilocos blankets, and -one arroba of Castilian wine for the holy sacrifice of mass. - - - -Hospital of San Gabriel for the Sangleys - -There is also another hospital outside the walls; it is under the -protection of St. Gabriel, and in the charge and administration of -the religious in the venerable Order of Preachers of the province of -the Santissimo Rosario of these islands; it is designed solely for -medical treatment for the Chinese (or Sangleys) who reside in this -country. For its maintenance at the beginning, there was assigned -to it by his Majesty the ferry across the great river which flows -between the said hospital and this city; but this allowance ceased -at the building of the great bridge which afterward was constructed, -and by royal decree of November 26, 1630, the said allowance was -commuted to the sum of 2,000 pesos each year, which is paid from the -communal chest [47] which the Sangleys themselves maintain. - - - - -Hospital of Los Baños - -In the village of Los Baños, in the jurisdiction of the province of La -Laguna, which is distant five leguas from Manila, was founded another -hospital at the account of his Majesty; it was for the convalescent -soldiers, on account of the specific properties of the waters of -that district, particularly for venereal diseases [Galicos]. But the -institution has been steadily declining with the course of time, and -at present there remains only one religious from the holy order of -our holy father St. Francis, who is assisted from the royal exchequer -with 120 pesos a year. - - - -[Royal] allowances for infirmaries - -In virtue of a royal decree of September 4, 1667, every year are issued -[treasury] warrants for 300 baskets [sextos; apparently misprint -for cestos] of rict and 200 fowls for the infirmary which the holy -Order of St. Dominic maintains in the convent at the village of Lalo, -the chief town of the province of Cagayan. By another royal decree, -dated January 18, 1706, there are also issued to the holy order of -our holy father St. Francis 100 pesos for medicines, and the value of -129 pesos in various commodities, and 800 fowls, for the infirmaries -which it maintains in this city, [in] Pagsanhan, the chief town of the -province of La Laguna, and [in] Naga, the chief town of the province -of Camarines. It is understood, however, that this aid is only for the -treatment of the sick religious belonging to the said holy communities. - - - - -Hospital of Zamboanga - -In the fortified town of Samboanga is maintained a dwelling for the -sick soldiers, who are assisted by a practitioner with the title of -surgeon; for this occupation he is paid four pesos four reals monthly, -and for the treatment of the sick a chest of medicines is sent from -Manila every year. The lack of skill on the part of this practitioner -or surgeon, and, moreover, the fact that less provision is made for -the entire amount of assistance [there given] than the hospital -order requires, enable one to see what the men in garrison there -will suffer. But it is inferred that those are in worse condition -who serve in the garrisons of the fortifications of Nuestra Señora -del Rosario in Iloylo, San Pedro in Zebù, Santa Isabèl of Paragua -in Calamianes, San Francisco in Cagayan, and San Joseph of Tanda in -Caraga--not to mention many other posts that are dependent on these -principal fortresses--where there is no attendance of surgeons, -and no medicines are sent thither. Our community, knowing this, -shares in their affliction, by not being able to aid them for lack -of the permissions from superiors and the adequate assistance which -were indispensable for the proper care of the soldiers. - - - -[The book ends with another chapter, headed "Digression xvii," -which contains an apology for the deficiencies of the work, and an -account of two miraculous interventions (by their founder St. John -and by an image of the Virgin) at their convent in July, 1739. On -the former subject he says: "I avoid repetition of the reasons for -the lack of elegant style and exactness of terms, and will conclude -by saying that various other deficiencies that may be encountered are -irreparable; for these natives who serve as amanuenses are so averse -to all orthography that even the greatest exactness in pointing out -their errors, in work of this sort, cannot prevent them from making -mistakes. Some words they separate [from those] to which these belong, -and others they do not divide; they write proper names with a small -[initial] letter, and place capitals in the midst of any word; -sometimes they set down the words without the least understanding -of the punctuation. On this account it is necessary that the reader -discreetly supply what [deficiencies] of this sort he may notice; -and if this [manuscript] be transcribed for any purpose, that it be -corrected beforehand--for this effort has already been made, but has -not been sufficient; nor would it be, even if the manuscript were -copied over and over, for what is thus made correct in one place is -compensated by a new error in another place." He ends with the usual -protestation of loyalty to the doctrines and precedents of the church, -dated at Manila, July 10, 1740.] - - - - - - - - -LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE INDIA COUNCIL - - -I wrote last year to your most illustrious Lordship, by way of Nueva -España and Portugal, mentioning the pleasure which I felt at the -news that your most illustrious Lordship held the presidency of the -Council of the Indias; for besides the affection which I profess to -your most illustrious Lordship, ever since I experienced your kindness -in Balladolid, I have looked for the like success in the management -of the important affairs which are entrusted to the Council, and I -hope that these unfortunate and remote regions may have a share in -the good results which their government needs. - -In regard to the troubles which have afflicted this commonwealth: -The Dutch, keen to avail themselves of opportunities to extend their -commerce, sent hither a warship in the year forty-four, under pretext -of an embassy; it was in charge of Monsieur Duvins, the second factor -in their trade with Japon. He carried letters from the governor and -council of Batavia for the governor and Audiencia here, in which it was -stated that he came to look for a bark named "Cathalina Magdalena"--for -which a Swiss heretic had given pledges to the Company at Batavia with -his own person; it had sailed from here with the name "Sancta Ana," and -a commission from the governor here; but it was sold to the Company, -who changed its name, and in the charge of the same Swiss it came back -here to trade, with consignments belonging to the Dutch. And since, in -order to send the squadron to China, [48] the departure of the vessels -which were in this bay was prohibited, the said bark was compelled to -winter here; and, under pretext of looking after these [commercial] -interests, the Dutch sent their envoy with credentials. He carried -himself, while here, with the air of an ambassador, and claimed that -we should treat him as such, that we should give him audience in a -session of the royal court, and that the auditors should visit him; -but in polite terms he was given to understand that without express -order from his Majesty he could not be treated as he desired; and it -was resolved that answer should be made to the letters with entire -courtesy--stating that no such bark as the "Cathalina Magdalena" had -landed at these islands; but that, if through stress of any storm it -should enter our ports, it should receive succor, and our friendly -relations would be maintained in all things. His principal topic, -however, was that free trade should be permitted to him here, and that -the Dutch should bring us all the merchandise necessary for us. But, -as he found no opening for a proposition of that sort--on account of -the prohibition [of commerce] in the laws [of the kingdoms] and in -the treaties of peace, and because of the damage which would ensue to -the islands from admitting within them the different religion which -neighbors so cunning and so powerful [as the Dutch] would undertake -to impart to them--he returned home much disgusted, publishing to the -Dutch that Manila could be captured with five hundred soldiers, and -even urging this enterprise as an easy one on Barnet, the commander -of the English squadron which was then at Batavia. - -The Dutch, not discomfited by this repulse, or by the loss of 50,000 -pardaos [49] (which are 37,500 pesos)--which as they write from -Batavia, the above-mentioned ambassador expended--made an agreement -with an English corsair who was at Batavia, with a ship of fifty-two -guns and another of thirty, to the effect that under his own flag -he should escort four Dutch ships, which they despatched to Acapulco -last year with merchandise. And in order to hinder the galleon from -leaving this port they deceived a Frenchman, [50] who was very well -known here, hinting to him that the squadron of Barenet [sic] and the -corsair were going to attack Manila; and they hastened his embarkation, -at the cost of 4,000 pesos, in order that he might notify us here. Then -they gave orders to the corsair, with two other ships of their own, -to let themselves be seen at the entrance of Mariveles, in order to -throw Manila into alarm and hinder the sailing of the galleon. By -[causing] this fright they succeeded in their purpose to prevent the -sailing of the ship, which was lightened of its cargo as soon as the -information which the Frenchman gave reached us; and the 4,000 pesos -were paid [to him] for the cost of this warning. The said four ships -sailed to leeward, and sighted the coast of Ylocos, whence we had -news of this. But they could not attain their principal object; for -when the six ships had come together in China, and were laden with -[goods worth] 900,000 pardaos (each containing six silver reals), -they expected the vessel which, after having given that warning -here, was to cross over to China [51] and carry to the Dutch a pilot -for the navigation to Nueva España; but it could not reach China, -and was obliged to go to Batavia. The four Dutch ships and the two -[English] corsairs, resolved to carry out their project, sailed from -Canton on the fourteenth of September, bound for the coast of Nueva -España and Perú to carry on illicit trade, [52] and the English to -make reprisals. But God, who chose to punish so mischievous a design, -permitted that a hurricane should attack them, when they were four days -out from Canton; and as a result the two corsairs were driven back to -China--the larger vessel dismasted and battered, and the smaller one -badly damaged. The four Dutch ships, badly leaking, spent twelve days -in searching for an anchorage on the coast of Ylocos, in order to make -repairs; but not finding one, they went back to Batavia, with their -goods damaged. According to what is written to us in a despatch that -is just received from Batavia--from a person who was sent there from -here to make observations on the condition of the English piratical -squadron--the Dutch lost on their merchandise half of its value; and -the corsair sold for 17,000 pardaos his ship of fifty-two guns, with -all its military supplies, since it was no longer fit for navigation, -while he went with the other and smaller ship--it is said without -[stopping for] food--to another port to repair it. [It is also -reported] that the squadron of Barenet had departed for Bombain, -toward the Persian Gulf, to cruise against the French, from whom -he seized at the Straits [of Malacca] nearly a million pesos. The -person who was sent from here to Batavia (who is a Malabar) with a -balandra was detained there under the pretext that the governor had -gone away, and orders were given that he should not be permitted to -depart until the governor's return. But he informed us of everything, -by a vessel which he despatched with six men and a French pilot; and -he reported that three Dutch fragatas were being equipped and laden -with merchandise in order to carry on illicit trade at the entrance -of [the Gulf of] Californias, carrying [respectively] forty, thirty, -and twenty-five cannon. In his opinion, this was the cause of his -detention, in order that, by news [from him] not reaching Manila, -the galleon should not sail for Nueva España, and their intention -not be known here. - -On account of all these advices, and those which we had previously -received by way of China making the same statement about the English, -it was resolved here that, since the chief [cause for] fear, which was -the said squadron--which occasioned the letter with order from the -Marqués de la Enseñada, [53] to give warning that a ship should not -sail from here with cargo--had ceased, and since the commonwealth was -in the most deplorable extremity, with a shipment of goods which had -been driven back to port, and laden and unladen the second time, and -in evident risk of being lost, a final effort was made by dividing the -cargo between two ships equipped for war. One of these carried seventy -cannon and the other fifty-two (seventy and forty [respectively] -being mounted), and a corresponding number of men, resolved to defend -their property and with sufficient force to make resistance to the -entire squadron of Barenet, whose ships carried fifty-two, forty-five, -forty, and thirty cannon. For the cost of this enterprise the body -of merchants offered to aid with 50,000 pesos in Acapulco; and this -effort seemed necessary, for, as the viceroy of Mexico had orders -not to allow any money to come here, he understood them so strictly -that last year he sent a bark [54] without one real. Nevertheless, -he was not ignorant that the situado had not been sent here for three -years: that with this, and the failure of the [Acapulco] trade, the -treasury of the islands ran short 60,000 pesos each year in customs -and anchorage duties; that the citizens would necessarily be reduced -to poverty, and that these domains were utterly helpless; and that -by despatching the aid in November it would arrive here in entire -safety from the English--who only through general lack of military -foresight were able to secure the prize which they made; for these -islands have various ports where our ships can land (thus mocking -the enemy), as occurred in the late war; but when they come by the -ordinary route and the artillery is in the hold, no other result -[than their capture] can be expected. - -The damage, most illustrious Sir, is already done, but it calls to -heaven for a remedy for the future. That which I propose is, that, -since [the merchandise for] this commerce was formerly supplied, -either by sending our barks to the Malabar coast, or by Armenians, -Moros, or Malabars coming thence with their ships and goods--only -tolerating that they might bring some French pilot--orders be -given to observe this plan so strictly that warning be given to the -Audiencia, the archbishop, and the city [of Manila] that they shall -give information if the governor shall contravene those orders, and -some exemplary punishment be meted out. For the despotic power which -the governors, under pretext of their services, have assumed is great; -and the freedom which they have given to the English and the French -[55] has arrived at being general license. From this prohibition it -follows that they cannot gain so much knowledge about the country -and its forts, and that they cannot so greatly injure this commerce, -[as hitherto]; for the Asiatics are never so shrewd as the Europeans, -and their only concern is for their business, without meddling in -observations of our forts or our forlorn condition. To this remedy -I add that which I have proposed to the Council, and which on this -occasion I repeat. - -Observing the aforesaid freedom, the Dutch have ventured to come -[against us] with the ease which the Swiss heretic had represented -to them; and if this Swiss had not been allowed to come here with -his bark, he would not have involved us in such difficulties with -the Dutch, for they, in pique, undertook to introduce their commerce -into Nueva España--tempting the viceroy with 300,000 pesos which they -carried thither last year, planning to give him this money so that -he should tolerate [their trading]. And since they are now returning -I fear that they are planning to occupy some port in California, -[56] in order that it may serve them as a magazine--like the island -of Curazas [i.e., Curacoa] in the North Sea--and to make arrangements -for carrying on their commerce from Batavia with the same ease as from -here. And in order to prevent these or others from undertaking such a -scheme (which would be the destruction of America), I have collected -testimony regarding all which can aid the Council to realize how, -without any expense to the royal treasury, and with the men of whom -we have here more than enough belonging to the navy-yard and ships, -[Manila] can be fortified for that part of America, for the security -of both these and those domains; but I hope for the success of the -former proposition, in order not to pile up schemes. I assure your -most illustrious Lordship that this can be pushed forward in a way -which will be very useful to the nation; because, in order to keep -the Dutch under control, it is enough that they know that we keep -in readiness the three galleons each of seventy cannon, which the -commerce ought to have, and four fragatas besides, with which we can -disturb the commerce of the Straits for the inland regions. This is -especially easy to do with the English, because, even though they send -squadrons from Europa, many of their men die, and they use up their men -as fast as they gain ground; and in this country they can never do us -harm if we do not give way [to negligence], as hitherto [we have done]. - -I hope that your most illustrious Lordship will pardon the annoyance -of this, as springing from my zeal [57] for the service of the king -and the welfare of the nation; and I confide in the inborn devotion -[thereto] of your most illustrious Lordship, whose life I entreat -God our Lord to preserve for the many years which I desire and -need. Manila, July 16, 1746. Most illustrious Sir, I kiss the hands of -your most illustrious Lordship. Your most devoted and humble servant, - - -Pedro Calderon y Henriquez (with rubric) - -[Addressed: "To the most illustrious Señor Don Joseph de Carbajal y -Lancaster, of the Council and cabinet of the Indias, and president -of the Council."] - - - - - - - - -LETTER OF A JESUIT TO HIS BROTHER - - -As the ships which in the years 47 and 48 sailed from here to Acapulco -were driven back to these islands, the letters which in those years -I wrote to my brother could not be despatched. This obliges me to -avail myself of a safer opportunity, that afforded by the voyage of -the father procurators, Pedro Murillo [58] and Bernardo Pazuengos, -who for many and important reasons are going to Europe by way of the -coast (that is, the Orient) in a French ship which is going from here -to France. In the letters which I wrote in past years, I informed -my brother of the enterprise of the missions in Joló and Mindanao, -in which we were involved by the governor of these islands, Fray Juan -de Arrechedera, by the hasty remittance of the letters despatched from -Don Felipe (whom may God keep) to the sultans of Joló and Mindanao, and -with his own energetic exhortations and promises to our provincial--so -that he gave no opportunity to take any counsel, or to furnish means -for avoiding the most serious difficulties. [The worst of these] -was, as we soon perceived, that at the very time when he despatched -with embassies the letters of our king to the said sultans, the -said Governor Arrechedera sent an urgent invitation to the sultan -of Joló to come to Manila, where he would be hospitably received -and entertained. We all knew that the object of the governor was, -that the sultan might bring here abundance of pearls and gold; and -we also knew that with the departure of the sultan from his kingdom -the mission would come to an end, as has actually happened. [59] -At the time we were only mistaken in one thing, and that was, to -feel sure that the fathers would not leave Joló or Mindanao; for we -reckoned that if the sultan should leave Joló the natives would kill -the fathers of that mission, and the sultan would easily justify -himself because the act had been committed in his absence, and he -could even pretend great sorrow for the deaths of the fathers; and in -Mindanao, when it was known that in Joló they had killed the fathers, -they would do the same there to those engaged in the Mindanao mission. - -In reality the fathers had arrived at Zamboanga. When the Moros found -themselves obliged to receive the fathers in their kingdoms, according -to the promise which they had given in their replies to our king and -to the governor of Manila, the two sultans agreed between themselves -that after they had admitted the fathers [to their countries] they -would treacherously kill them, and so that their murder could not -be attributed to the influence of the sultans. The means which the -sultan of Joló took was, that after he left his kingdom they should -kill the fathers--although God our Lord disposed affairs otherwise -from the schemes which the sultan, with unheard-of craft and perfidy, -had plotted. - -In order that my brother may be fully informed, and may correctly -relate everything to all those whom my brother may think expedient -to tell of it, I send that enclosure which Father Ygnacio Malaga -wrote to me; this account is worthy of entire credence, since he was -almost an eyewitness of everything which he relates, being one of -the missionaries appointed for Mindanao. - -If what Governor Arrechedera is doing here in Manila with the sultan -of Joló could be known in Madrid and Roma, and in every other country, -people would have no difficulty in believing the enormous perfidy, -treachery, and deceit of the said sultan and other Moros. It is nearly -a year since the said sultan of Joló arrived at Manila, accompanied -by three concubines and several slave-girls. At his arrival the -artillery was discharged; and he was lodged very magnificently, -in a house provided beforehand for this purpose, outside the walls -of Manila, with a continual guard of soldiers, whose captain was -always under the orders of the sultan. The entry of the sultan into -Manila was arranged with so much pomp and ostentation that everyone -said no more could have been done for the entry of the prince of -España if he should come to Manila; but all that is told is less -[than the reality]. The governor seeing a scarf woven with pearls -and ornaments in gold, immediately his eyes and his heart went out -toward the scarf and the many other pearls and jewels which he knew -the sultan carried. At this the governor entirely closed his eyes to -all the information that was given to him--not only that furnished -by the fathers of the said missions who had come back to Manila, but -the letters which the governor of Samboanga had written to him--openly -saying that he placed more confidence in the king of Joló than in the -fathers who sent the information. What causes most general sorrow here -(and especially to the archbishop) [60] is, that on account of the -governor not being willing to listen to anything against the sultan, -that is coming true which the fathers said to his Lordship--that -the said sultan from Manila would cause the ruin of these islands, -causing the Jolóans by piratical raids to carry away many Christian -Indians as captives, and to destroy churches and villages. This is -what they are actually doing, as is written by the fathers in Visayas, -whose letters I have seen within a few days, and the governor will -not permit that a word be uttered in order that it may not be said -(although it is well known) that the Moros are destroying the island -with the gunpowder and balls which have been sent them from Manila, -and the sultan is paying for them with the pearls and gold which he -has given to the said governor. What continually renews the grief -of all is, that not only is no remedy applied to so dire evils, but -that the governor continues to entertain the sultan in Manila as if -he were our friend or defender, while he is the greatest traitor and -enemy that this Christian church has had; and we greatly fear that -by this time the said sultan is making himself master of the post at -Samboangan. [61] - -It is sufficient to have pointed this out in order that my brother may -gain knowledge of the condition in which affairs are. What concerns -the mission in Mindanao is made sufficiently clear in the letter from -Father Ygnacio Malaga, and everything that he says is the simple truth; -but, in order that this truth may not be smothered with the reports -which this governor of Manila is sending to the court at Madrid, I have -sent my brother that letter of Father Malaga, entreating him to please -show it to the father procurator-general Pedro Ygnacio Altamirano, -and to any other person whom my brother may think best, for the sake -of the credit of this province and of the entire Society--for they do -not lack many rivals, who are not willing that the ill-success of the -missions of Joló and Mindanao should be attributed to the perfidy and -malice of the Moros; but they try to charge it to the very fathers -of the Society. - -My brother will also please tell the father procurator Altamirano -how the father provincial Pedro de Estrada had written to inform his -Reverence that all the letters of contract on our side in favor of his -illustrious Lordship Fray Arrechedera could not be worded otherwise, -since we found ourselves obliged to this by the urgent request of the -governor himself, and he had to see all of them. But in reality the -course of the said governor cannot in conscience be approved [abonar] -except with the reflection that Father Altamirano knows very well -that our letters on this matter were being misconstrued, and that -his Reverence would not be influenced to bind himself in virtue of -them to favor the said Señor Arrechedera. In order to make this more -certain, the said father provincial Estrada wrote a letter in order -that the said Father Altamirano should not pay any attention to this -undertaking of ours; and I, as his secretary at the time of the said -father provincial, wrote the third letter, as I did all the rest. - -Now it is evident to me that the archbishop of Manila is informing -his Majesty very thoroughly of the proceedings of the said governor; -and certainly it would go ill with us with the king and his Council, -if our reports should be presented in favor of the said governor, -while those which the archbishop is now sending are entirely contrary -to this. Here we are, as if in Limbo, for we have not had mails from -Europe for more than three years, except the news which came from -China and Batavia. - -The father provincial Pedro de Estrada died at the end of the year -48; his office was temporarily filled by Father José Samaniego, and -in seven months he also died. God our Lord has freed these islands -from the scourge of the English, for the squadron of forty-three ships -which was destined for this coast undertook first to seize Pondicheri -and Madrás (which they thought would be an affair of a few days), and -then go on to Philipinas; but they did not capture either Pondicheri or -Madrás, and much or even the greater part of the squadron was destroyed -in a fierce storm. If they had come here, it is certain that now this -country would be in the power of the English; for all the precautions -that were taken here for our defense were festivities with the sultan -of Joló and his concubines, to the profound sorrow of the community; -etc. Cavite, December 2, 1749. - - -[Addressed: "To my brother Pedro, the abbot."] - - - - - - - - -COMMERCE OF THE PHILIPINAS ISLANDS, - -AND ADVANTAGES WHICH THEY CAN YIELD TO HIS MAJESTY CARLOS III - - -To the king our sovereign Carlos III: [62] - - -Sire: The pressing obligation which rests upon all good vassals to -render some service which shall be profitable to their sovereigns -encourages my faint-heartedness to lay at the royal feet of your -Majesty this work, which I offer with the utmost submission, with -the assurance of my most loyal desires that your Majesty may enjoy -the most prosperous and glorious reign over these dominions. [I -am also urged on by] my own practical knowledge [of the subject], -and the demand of the entire nation, especially of the mercantile -interests--although little do they suspect that I have undertaken the -enterprise with so much energy from persuading myself that my good -fortune would gain for this act your Majesty's kindly regard, which, -coming to the knowledge of your loyal vassals, will be received with -the utmost satisfaction, and as a proof of your paternal affection -and your sincere desire for their advancement. - -I entreat our Lord that He will grant you all success and prosperity, -and a long life, in order that these realms may enjoy for very many -years the felicitous rule which the nation ought to expect from the -distinguished qualifications possessed by your Majesty, from which -it hopes to become more glorious than ever. - - - -Prologue to the Reader - -Commerce is contemporaneous with human society, from whose necessities -it was born. [The author here sketches the origin and development of -commerce among civilized nations, and states how in his undertaking -this work he received the approval of the late king of Spain Fernando -VI.] - - - -Commerce of the Philipinas Islands; the benefit and advantages which -the said islands ought to yield to his Majesty (whom may God preserve). - - -[This will seem] a strange statement when it is considered that the -Philipinas Islands since the year 1565 have caused to España every year -a very great expense, without affording the least temporal advantage; -and when I now try to demonstrate the advantage and benefit of them -to the crown of España some will say that it is already time to stop; -and others will ask, "Who is this newcomer [63] who so boldly tries -to persuade us that the Spaniards have neglected their duty for one -hundred and ninety-two years?" But so it is, and now is the time -to warn them of this neglect; and, although ignorance attempts to -prevent this, it shall not make me desist from the undertaking. I -desire that his Majesty (whom may God preserve) may have positive -knowledge of the treasure which he possesses in the Philipinas -Islands; and I am undertaking to place before his Majesty plain and -clear evidence that they can and ought to furnish very great profit, -and maintain themselves from their own products. - -I make no pretensions as an author, nor do I claim to have the -ability for that; therefore let us lay aside panegyrics, which are -so unprofitable; for, even if this little work deserves them, that -does not comport with my purpose, which is simply the service of his -Majesty and the advancement of his realms. - -As regards all that I shall be able to state of the products of -commodities which the said islands yield, in order that every one -may know that I do not advocate something that is not so, I recommend -(although various persons have written on the subject) to the curious -the two books of the reverend master Father Pedro Murillo Velarde, -of the Society of Jesus, entitled Historia de las Islas Philipinas -and Historia geografica of the same Philipinas Islands. - -These are worthy of attention, and in regard to what is theoretical -can furnish much light; as for what concerns the practical, and the -experience which I have acquired at the cost of much money, labor, -and application, I must make evident all the following. - -First: We must consider what commodities or products these islands -contain or produce, as well as the fact that we do not have to build -castles in the air or proceed on fanciful assumptions; all that I -assert shall be from my own knowledge. - -Second: Whether the products or commodities can be used, and to -explain and demonstrate how we can avail ourselves of them; and all -that I shall say on this subject will proceed from the long experience -which I have had. - -Third: The advantages and benefits which will redound to his Majesty, -to the Spaniards settled in those regions, and to the Indians -themselves. - -The first point: As the products of the Philipinas Islands are -enumerated by the reverend Father Murillo (whom may God keep in -Paradise), whom I have cited, and those of each island separately, -in order not to extend this little work needlessly I will state the -most important ones, which are the following: Rice, sugar, cotton -(of choice quality and very fine), indigo, sulphur, siguey, balate, -wax, pepper, coffee, tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl; gold, mines of -iron, and mines of copper (like that of Japon); tobacco, brazil-wood -[sibucao], and pearl-fisheries; oil, cacao, birds'-nests, and ebony -wood; lead (I believe that, as for the soil in some parts of Bisayas, -[64] it melts into lead, just as in the island of Mauricius, which -belongs to the French, it melts into iron); cocoanuts, which produce -abundance of oil; [65] horses; deer and buffaloes, from which the -people make what they call tapa [i.e., dried beef], and also use the -sinews; and bichuca, or rattans. [66] - -The above-mentioned products are very abundant, and exceedingly -easy to collect. I do not, however, wish to include the following, -for the reasons which I have mentioned: Lead, [of which] I have not -personally actual experience, although I regard it as being as sure -as all the others; coffee, which, as it is not cultivated, is not -abundant, and its consumption is small for exportation, less than it -would be for España or Europa; iron, [the working of] which, although -it is very abundant, they have not yet succeeded in perfecting; -the pearl-fisheries, which are not operated; copper, the mines of -which are not worked; and cocoanuts, which are little used outside -[the islands] except for oil and nails. [67] - -The second: The commodities that I have mentioned are exported to the -places that are enumerated as follows, and sell at prices that are -very profitable--although commerce has, as in all regions, its ups and -downs [sus altos y bajos]. To various ports of China: rice, sugar, -cotton, indigo, bichuca or rattan, balate, pepper, tortoise-shell, -mother-of-pearl, brazil-wood, ebony, tapa, the sinews of cattle, -birds'-nests, and lead when they have it. To the Malabar coast and -Persia: sugar in large quantities, which is sold for money. To the -Coromandel coast and Bengala: sugar, indigo, brazil-wood, sulphur, -pepper, siguey, birds'-nests, cotton, and often rice. - -The third: The advantages and benefit which will accrue to his -Majesty from the commerce and exportation of the commodities and -products of those same islands are various, to wit: The more that -the commodities which they need from outside can be supplied from the -native products of the islands themselves, the more silver remains in -the [Spanish] dominions. The more commodities or fruits are exported, -so much more land will be cultivated, and many more people employed; -and consequently the tributes imposed by his Majesty can be all the -more easily collected, and from that time the royal exchequer will -be better filled; and the vassals, by being kept busy, become more -obedient and more loyal. The Spanish traders who are established there -are favored [by such policy]; for they obtain their profits on both -the exportation and the importation, and if one of these fail, the -other will be able to supply the deficiency; but the advantage will -be the greater if it can be obtained from both sources of gain. When -commerce is flourishing, his Majesty will obtain greater profits from -the customs duties, for which reason it is highly expedient that his -Majesty encourage the cultivation of the land and the increase of its -products--a thing which I do not consider difficult of accomplishment, -as I have already demonstrated in another little work, which I have -placed in the hands of the ministers. [68] - -In order to demonstrate clearly how much the people of Manila could -avail themselves of the products of the land, I will relate what -occurred with myself (and it is a circumstance which proves what -I advanced in the second point), to wit: When I was at Manila the -exportation of sugar was rigorously prohibited, so that hardly could -a ship carry away enough for its own supply, [the authorities] telling -the vessel-owners that it was against the ordinances of his Majesty. I -remained for some time under this delusion, until I had carefully -examined the said ordinances, from which it was clear to me that his -Majesty had decreed everything in favor of his Indian vassals, and that -his royal will was, not to oppress them therein. It caused me, then, -much pain to see that this thing was so entirely misunderstood, since -this prohibition was diametrically opposed to it; for it forbade the -people to enjoy the benefits of the country which God had given them, -which the king never had intended to take away from them--especially -as this [commerce] is the only means that they possess by which they -can pay their tributes. Finally I undertook to establish generally -the exportation of sugar. Having been warned of the difficulties, -I went to the province where it [69] greatly abounds (which is -called Pampanga), and did what I could; it was agreed that I should -make an experiment, in order to please his Lordship. I consented, -on the condition that a certain Don Francisco Salgado, a careful -and industrious man, should be appointed my assistant; as I had -not the time to execute this plan, I only gave him all [necessary] -information and instructions. At last we succeeded in making indigo -so good that it stood every test, the severest and most certain that -are known being those of water and of fire. I sent specimens of that -quality to China, the Coromandel coast, Persia, and Londres [i.e., -London]; in the first three places they were anxious to obtain it, -and offered good prices, and in the last-named one the indigo that -had cost 500 reals vellon was sold for 2,600 reals. They will be able -to manufacture every year such quantity as they desire. - -I believe that I have succeeded in what I undertook to demonstrate, -which is as follows: First, to make known the abundance of the -products of the Philipinas Islands; second, to prove from my own -experience that it is easy to secure the benefit of these; third, to -set forth the advantage and benefit which will accrue to his Majesty, -to the Spaniards settled in those regions, and to the Indian vassals -generally. - -I can say that charity has induced me to make known what I have already -related from my own experience, seeing that all that has hitherto -been written [on this subject] is very superficial; nor can the most -intelligent man form from those books a stable opinion of what these -islands are capable of yielding from their so abundant products. - -This little work is condensed, but those who are capable of -comprehending it will see that it is [so] on account of being written -out of thorough understanding and knowledge of what I write about, -and not for lack of a very broad field in which I might descant, -for it cannot be denied that there is material for filling a volume. - -Nevertheless, I do not claim to lay down the law, nor do I presume to -change any system; my intention is only to depict things as they are, -in order that his Majesty may have actual knowledge of the treasure -which he possesses in these islands. No advantage results to me, nor do -I expect more than to be a man ready to communicate [what he knows], -and desirous to do what shall depend on a limited ability, for the -greater benefit of his Majesty and the advancement of his realms. But -it is already time that we show in what consists the advantage and -benefit which will accrue to his Majesty from the Philipinas Islands. - -What precedes this serves only to demonstrate that the Spaniards -settled in Manila have a broad field for carrying on a flourishing -commerce, and even it would redound much to the advantage of his -Majesty. But what I am earnestly advocating is cinnamon, and it is of -great importance to his Majesty and worthy of his royal attention; -and if I say that no one has hitherto, or since España conquered -the Philipinas, made a proposition so certain, so well founded, -and so advantageous to his Majesty, and to all his dominions and his -vassals, it is not much to say. For it is no exaggeration when I say -that it is more than the conquistador accomplished; he succeeded, -with honor and glory, in conquering the islands, but they have always -cost España most dearly for their maintenance. For not only do I aim -to relieve those expenses, which are so large, but those islands can -in a few years become a benefit to his Majesty, and to his vassals, -both Spaniards and Indians. I do not ask these gratuities, [70] nor -that the king should spend one maravedi; my chief object and desire -is, that a stable commerce be allowed from those countries to these -kingdoms by the most direct route. - -No one is ignorant of the vast amount of silver which goes every -year from España to the Dutch for the supply of cinnamon, for it is -not less than many millions of pesos duros each year, as they have -estimated; but I affirm that this is because they [i.e., the Spaniards] -are willing to let the silver go out [of the country]. España might -with as good reason send to Olanda to buy her wine as her cinnamon. I -will not undertake to argue whence it comes, although I know it very -well. What I am trying to do, without offending any one, is to remedy -this lack which España suffers, that the Spaniards may use their good -judgment and their reason and become true patriots. What a pity it is -that his Majesty, possessing so noble a commodity, and being able to -place it on the market--with as good success as that of Ceylán, and -even at less than half of the price--should permit so many millions of -silver to pass every year from his dominions to the Dutch! which is to -furnish that people with arms for carrying on war when opportunity may -offer. It is well known that España consumes more cinnamon than all -the other nations; can there, then, be greater folly? In order (as I -suppose) to humor the Dutch, España leaves unused the cinnamon which -she has in her own house, in order to buy it from those enemies and -the destroyers of the holy faith in those countries; I say that this -is opposed to the Christian religion, and I prove it in a few words: -if España would avail herself of this product which she could so easily -dispose of, the Dutch could not maintain [their establishments in] -the island of Ceylon, and then España could even introduce missions -in that island. But what foolish talk! The Dutch maintain Ceilon? The -Spaniards support it; they pay for its ships, its fortresses, and its -garrisons which the Dutch have there--although in order to destroy -these the Spaniards need neither balls, nor gunpowder, nor war. If -any one thinks that this is a sweeping statement [es adelantar mucho], -we are of differing opinions, because to me it seems a moderate one. - -I am known as a man who has accomplished much, who has traveled in -many lands, and who has not passed through them heedlessly; nor have I -stopped to consider the expenditure of money, or the risk to health, -in order to satisfy my curiosity and obtain well grounded knowledge -of all things wherever I have traveled. To the point: Samboanga, the -capital of the island of Mindanao, is the place which could produce -cinnamon as good as that of Ceylon, if our people knew how to cultivate -it; I have already made the experiment, and it will yield the amount -that I shall require. The Dutch are well aware of this, [as appears] by -evidence which can be verified by me; for they, with their trained and -accustomed cunning, placed in the said island a stone with the initial -letters of [the name of] their company engraved on it, like those -which they are wont to place in their bales of goods, etc., by way of -manifesting that these belong to the said company. The said stone was -brought to Manila while I was there, and was delivered to the Marques -de Obando; and his Lordship, knowing that I understood the tricks and -policy of those gentlemen, sent to call me, and, showing me the stone, -he said, "What is the meaning of this stone, which they have brought -to me under such-and-such circumstances?" I replied to his Lordship, -"It is nothing; it is a mark which the Dutch are wont to set up in -order to have a pretext, when opportunity offers, for laying claim to -the lands in which they have placed the said stones." [71] No one, -then, who understands that people--keen, mercenary, and always on -the watch--will fail to agree with me, that they do not set up these -stones in barren islands, unless it is evident that, on account of the -location of these islands, it will not suit the Dutch to have [other -people there as] close neighbors. When they abandoned the island of -Maurisius, considering it uninhabitable on account of its sterility, -they left no engraved stone in it. It is a circumstance which deserves -attention, and is even worthy of coming to his Majesty's knowledge; -and likewise those who have or have had practical knowledge of these -matters regard them in this way. Finally, I have compared the quality -of the soil at Samboanga with that of Ceylon, also the leaves of the -cinnamon tree; still more, I have gathered the bark of this tree at -Samboanga and made certain experiments with it, and when I compared -it with that from Ceylon they were of equal value. I consider, then, -[from] the manner of making these experiments with the cultivation -of the soil and the culture of the cinnamon, [that] it will prove to -be equal [to that of Ceylon]. Finally, in commencing the experiments -which I have made--with the greatest application and industry, and -enormous expenses--they are quite sufficient to prove that it will be -possible, in the term of five or six years, to produce a large part of -the best cinnamon which comes to Europa. This I have learned from the -experiment with a quantity of chocolate which I ordered to be made -in my own house at Manila; this product has been greatly liked by -the ladies, and by people of taste and understanding, in the said city. - -In view of these proofs, which I have from actual knowledge of -the method of cultivating and preparing this product, it causes me -surprise that his Majesty is losing a source of profit so extensive -and lucrative; and I am persuaded that if full knowledge of them -could have reached the officials who might have authority to examine -the subject, they would have taken suitable measures to secure this -benefit--although it is certain that it would not be considered that -no one hitherto has attained it [i.e., such knowledge] except that -which is here explained by myself, which is the simple truth. And -as for what concerns my part, I can serve, if desirable, in carrying -out a work so national and so advantageous to his Majesty--in which -honor and fame spur me to place myself at the disposal of his Majesty, -without causing him the expenditure of one real of silver; for, thanks -to God, I have the means for travel. Nevertheless, I shall never weary -in the acquisition of the precious treasures of honor and truth; for -God only knows the exceeding satisfaction which I feel in being the -first and only person who has had the good fortune to furnish this -information, so clear and plain that, if it were published to the -world, I am sure that the rest of the nations would conspire against -me; for they know its great usefulness, and the little difficulty -which I would find in carrying out the plan. - -I have been assured that the clove is found in Mindanao. I have made -every possible effort to investigate this, and I believe that it -is certainly so, although I cannot assert more than what experience -has taught me. But I can affirm with more certainty that the nutmeg -grows there, and needs only to be cultivated; also pepper of the best -quality, and most delicious, can be had in abundance. At present -the only thing left for us is to reflect upon the many advantages -and incredible benefits which will accrue to his Majesty, and to his -dominions and vassals, both Spaniards and Indians, without costing -him a real vellon to establish this commerce. The English and Dutch, -on the other hand, will spend millions to prevent the success of this -great project, for which reason it is evidently necessary to maintain -the utmost secrecy regarding it. - - - - - -Recapitulation of the advantages and benefits of this commerce - -First: The millions of pesos duros which now pass out of the domains -of his Majesty, with which the Dutch are enriching themselves and -promoting their main commerce, that of the cinnamon; they will have so -much less for hostilities against España, the more that this matter of -the cinnamon is pushed in that country, thus rendering it impossible -for them to carry away the silver thence. - -Second: Great numbers of Indians would be employed who now have no way -in which to make a living or to pay their tributes; by this means not -only would they be relieved [from their burdens], but it would be with -great increase to the royal exchequer; and through their application -and gains they would consequently be more faithful and constant -vassals, while now idleness and vices prevent them from being such. - -Third: The Philipinas Islands are suffering severely from the lack -of communication by a direct route with España; this could be easily -secured by arming the ships there, which need from España more people -than a few officers; and it would be very desirable to transport for -those islands some artisans whom they will need for promoting and -cultivating the various products of the land. - -Fourth: The more that the lands are cultivated and their products -made available, the greater will be the number of men and of infidel -Indians that will be needed; and consequently they will submit [to -Spanish authority], and be converted into loyal vassals and friends, -and Christianity will be increased in those regions, without any fear -that the Moro and infidel enemies can disturb them. - -Fifth: It will be possible to equip every year three or four ships -of six hundred to a thousand toneladas each, and despatch them for -Europa with cinnamon, pepper, and other spices which will be produced -there; and in return they will go back with various commodities and -fruits, the products of España, which the people of Manila always -find themselves compelled to buy from the English and Dutch, carrying -away the money for them. In this manner not only will these gains -remain within the dominions of his Majesty, without the other nations -being able to draw thence the money with which they carry on war, -[to the] injury of the commerce of España, but by this means the -[Spanish] dominions that are so remote will come to be to a large -extent dependent one upon another; and as the intercourse between -them would be mutual and friendly, the Indians consequently would -have occasion to see and experience the greatness [of the Spanish -power]. Thus they would come to be more faithful and loyal vassals, -and returning to their own lands, would influence their countrymen -to be the same. - -Sixth: No one will deny my statement that the cinnamon would [thus] be -obtained at a much less cost [by the Spaniards] than that at which the -Dutch can sell it, unless [they encounter] less risk and danger--[which -are] so manifest that for the preservation of this commerce they find -themselves compelled to maintain a great number of troops and keep -up many forts and garrisons, solely to defend themselves. Let to all -this be added the governors, and the enormous number of people whom -they have in their service, with some very large expenses which arise -from the various opinions of the companies--the costs of which, so -ill applied, render the cinnamon more expensive (although in reality -its cost is low), and it is certain that their commerce in spices does -not prove to be so profitable as the nations assert. Very differently, -then, will it be in favor of España when she reaches the cultivation -of the cinnamon; for in place of the great expenses which his Majesty -has had ever since he took possession of the said island, without -its producing any benefit, he will obtain the greatest advantages -without spending a real vellon more than at present. Especially, -labor will be found as cheap, and the cultivation of the soil as easy, -as in Ceylon; and the navigation can be made with the same advantages -that [other] nations [possess], or even greater. For this reason the -cinnamon will cost the merchants forty or fifty per cent less than they -have actually paid hitherto. It is certain that it is a very serious -damage which España generally suffers in her commerce, from paying, -through this negligence, the freight charges of the Dutch ships, -and the cost of their officers and seamen; and they even maintain -their fortifications, etc., with the money which they obtain from -España for this product of cinnamon. - -Seventh: Likewise, there would be great advantage to España in the -ships which would come from the Philipinas, as I have said (in the -fifth point); for they would return laden with many fruits and products -of these kingdoms of España. - -Eighth: The Americans would likewise share in this great benefit; -for the cinnamon, for which they are today paying so exorbitant a -price, they would obtain at very nearly the same price at which it -is usually sold in Cadiz. - -Ninth: If the cinnamon should become cheap, much chocolate would be -consumed by the poor; and consequently the duties would amount to -much more, to the advantage of his Majesty. - -Notwithstanding that the greatness of the enterprise is clearly -demonstrated, and no additional information is needed, two things -ought to be noted. First, that no damage or expense can result to -his Majesty. Second, that from this arrangement, it is evident and -positive, not the least injury or disadvantage ensues to España or -to America; rather, it is a triple benefit, and indispensable--which, -[however,] without general experience and practical knowledge it would -be impossible to bring about without each dominion injuring the other; -for in this consists the superiority of a man who is an expert. - -[The writer then proceeds to mention the spiritual advantages which -would result from the temporal; but his argument becomes somewhat lame -here, reducing itself to the "hope that, with the help of our Lord, -a firm and permanent peace with the Moros may be secured" He makes an -interesting statement regarding the extent of the ravages committed by -the Mindanao pirates: "I am certain, from accurate information, that -during the government of the Marqués de Obando he cost the king eight -millions of reals vellon [for this purpose], although he proceeded -with the utmost economy and care in the manner in which he used the -royal revenue; and, having made in the year 1755 a calculation of -the expenses which these piracies were causing to his Majesty and -his vassals (both Spaniards and Indians) from the ravages made by the -Moros and infidels during the eight years preceding, it amounted to -about eighty millions of reals vellon," not to mention the killing -of priests and native Christians. Of course, if peace is secured with -the Moros, the progress and extension of the missions in the islands -is assured. The writer again declares his devotion to the service of -God and the king, his readiness to explain his plans further to those -who desire more information, and his confidence that they will command -the confidence of men of understanding, judgment, and patriotism.] - -Although through experience (tempus edrax rerum) one can come to -know the utility and advantage which will accrue from the execution -of this so vast enterprise, I trust that I have demonstrated it quite -sufficiently to render it worthy of the consideration of his Majesty; -nevertheless, seeing how much is involved, it is fitting for my -honor to furnish proofs, the most detailed and circumstantial. This -induces me to quote part of the lading which came in seventeen ships -of the Company of Olanda, as published in the Gazette of Amsterdam, -dated on July 3 of this present year, one thousand seven hundred and -fifty-nine--products which are and may be those of the very islands -in question; and in order to show how very important it is to give -attention to what is herein proposed, each commodity is valued at the -regular price which it can bring in the ports of Cadiz, Alicante, etc. - - -Prices - - Libras [Commodities] Reals reals vellon - vellon per Total, - libra - - 4,672,746 of pepper 7 32,709,222 - 50,000 of nutmeg 39 1,950,000 - 60,000 of mace 70 4,200,000 - 360,000 of cloves 50 18,000,000 - 375,840 of cinnamon 58 21,198,720 - 3,000 of candied nutmeg 60 180,000 - 2,398 of candied cloves 70 167,860 - 883,142 of sugar 3.94 [72] [3,424,000] - 40,490 of camphor 16 649,840 - 6,582 of benzoin 22 134,936 - 10,500 of borax 15 157,500 - 12,146 of gum-lac 12 145,752 - 3,000 of gum myrrh 12 36,000 - 3,514 of gamboge 16 56,224 - 20,049 of indigo, - superior 30 601,470 - ---------- - [Total,] eighty-three millions, six hundred - and eleven thousand, five hundred and - twenty-four reals vellon. 83,611,524 - - -I have taken into consideration the objections which may be brought -forward by persons who are little acquainted with trade, and these are -reduced, substantially, to the following: That the consumption of these -commodities in the dominions of his Majesty cannot be regulated by the -above calculation. They speak glibly; but, in order not to lose time -with these persons, I answer them, that one is compelled to encounter -ignorance, but the only concern of great souls is to serve faithfully -their kings and nations, and endure the calumnies which are uttered -against honest men--imitating the stars, which, no matter how much the -dogs bark, do not cease to shine down upon them and to follow their -own courses. Accordingly, let us proceed to truths which are plain: - -First: that the Dutch carry these commodities in large quantities, as -is above stated--a proof that there is a consumption for that amount, -and that this is a profitable trade. Second: that the calculation -which I have made cannot be defective, since the [amounts of the] -commodities agree with the figures published by the Dutch themselves; -and the prices are obtained from the Company of Druggists, in -accordance with what they pay for the goods at the ports. Third: that -the greater part [of these commodities], and the most important ones, -if not [all], can be the products of the Philipinas Islands. Fourth: -that these commodities must cost much less than in Olanda, or in any -other country, is manifest and undeniable for this reason, that the -Dutch are obliged to incur enormous expenses--for governors, members -of council, lesser servants without number, and many troops--in order -to maintain their establishments; and these expenses increase just so -much the prices of their spices, so that, if they buy these from the -[Eastern] nations at ten, the goods are worth to them twenty-five. This -would not occur with us, because the king does not need to increase -the expenses in order to secure the advancement of the islands. It -would be entirely different; for, if these plantations are established, -thousands of Indians who now are suffering the utmost poverty without -having any opportunity to work, and for the same reason cannot pay -their tributes, would have a means of gaining their living and of -paying their tributes, and on this very account it would serve much -for the increase of the royal revenue. - -As these Indians are not paid for their labor at higher rates than are -those among whom the Dutch reside, we must reckon, for the reasons -here stated, that those same commodities would cost much less, and -that the Spaniards could sell them at lower prices than do the Dutch; -and, as the merchant in every country buys where he will find his -greatest advantage, España would be the fair for these commodities -which have already enriched so many nations. But let us proceed to -reveal the cunning of the Dutch, who furnish only three millions, -seven hundred and fifty thousand, eight hundred and forty libras of -cinnamon--which, at the rate of sixteen onzas a libra, make six [73] -millions, thirteen thousand, four hundred and forty onzas. The rule -for making chocolate is to take ten libras of cacao, ten of sugar, and -eight onzas of cinnamon, or even less, and on account of the waste [74] -it is computed that the result will be twenty libras net; consequently, -from the three millions, seven hundred and fifty thousand, eight -hundred and forty libras of cinnamon could be made fifteen millions, -thirty-three thousand, six hundred libras of chocolate. - -Although it is folly to make such a proposition, I ask whether there -are not in España, [75] all America, the Philipinas Islands, and, in -short, all the so various domains of his Majesty, counting all these -together, four millions of persons who drink chocolate sixty-four -times in the year, in accordance with the rule of one onza for each -time. Even the most ignorant or malicious person will not deny my -proposition; this makes, then, the consumption of chocolate sixteen -millions of libras, and for making it there will be needed four -hundred thousand libras of cinnamon. - -Hence are drawn two conclusions. One is, the extreme craftiness of -the Dutch, in not furnishing more than the said quantity in order -to supply the Spaniards, and in making them believe that they will -be left without chocolate; and thus they succeed in obliging the -Spaniards to pay for the cinnamon at the very high prices which the -Dutch have fixed in these recent years--for it is a hundred per cent -more costly, and fifty per cent worse in quality; therefore there is -an increase of a hundred and fifty per cent in favor of the Dutch, -and of three hundred per cent to the injury of España, who without -reason endures this tyranny. Therefore, if the Dutch are not mistaken -in the estimate of cinnamon which they published in the Gazette, and as -the consumption [of that spice] in España is as I have made evident, -there will not be cinnamon to supply all the nations; nevertheless, -there will be no lack of it in any of them. [76] - -Second: since it is so evident that in the dominions of his Majesty -there is consumed in [the beverage of] chocolate alone (without -counting the numerous kinds of food in which use is made of it) -sixteen millions of libras, and in order to make it there are needed -four hundred thousand of cinnamon, at the rate of fifty-eight reals -vellon that quantity will cost twenty-three millions, three hundred -thousand reals vellon, which is the least that España could advance -for the execution of the project. Moreover, I do not know any reason -for not admitting the commodity of pepper--which not only is so -exceedingly abundant in the islands, but I persuade myself that, -since it is so excellent in its crude state, it would with skilful -treatment be better than that of any [other] country. It is also plain -to us that the Dutch bring [to Europa] four millions, six hundred -and seventy-two thousand, seven hundred and forty-six libras of it; -they assure me that only because of the great abundance of garlic -[77] in España the pepper brings no more than seven reals vellon a -libra--[at which rate] the above quantity will amount to thirty-two -millions, seven [hundred] and nine thousand, two hundred and twenty-two -reals vellon. This added to the twenty-three millions, three hundred -thousand reals [for cinnamon] will make fifty-six millions, nine -thousand, two hundred and twenty-two reals vellon. - -People will say, "Where would we consume so much pepper?" Then where -does Olanda consume it, I would like to know? "[And there are] Francia -and Inglaterra; do they bring much less [to Europa]?" Do not those -who ask such questions know how much the king is paying to Norbega -[i.e., Norway] and the northern countries for lumber, cordage, etc., -for the construction in his royal navy? and that, if it happens that -care is not given in time to the planting of oak groves, he will need -much more [from those countries]?--At present these commodities are -paid for in ready money, which would not be the case if we could give -the merchants there the pepper, etc., so cheaply (or at less expense -than [if purchased from] another country), on account of the great -consumption of pepper which there is in those countries, and because -this would be a [form of] trade that is mutually advantageous, as I -have already said, for the day-laborer and the shepherd. It would be -permanent, and many millions of reals which now leave España would -remain here, to the greatest advantage not only of his Majesty, but -of his vassals. I say, then, that no one is able to deny these two -propositions, of which his Majesty will be best able to judge. Have -I heard some one argue that España has [78] need of preventing thus -the exportation of silver? Such arguments are foolish, and one should -laugh at them. - -Do we not know that Olanda commands that a very large part of the -spice product be burned and destroyed, in order that a commodity which -brings her so enormous a profit should not, through its excessive -abundance, contribute to her loss? I say, then, that if España reaches -an excessive abundance of silver, it would be far better for the king -to command that the mines be closed, or to fling the silver into the -sea, than to let it pass into the hands of those who tomorrow can -avail themselves of it to carry on war [against España]. Others I have -heard talk [on this subject], so frivolously that I was astounded, -hinting at the resentment of this other nation if España should -profit by what is her own--that is, the execution of the proposition -[that I have made]. That is the same as to say that Inglaterra or any -other nation could declare that España shall not cultivate the ground -or sow the wheat, because it suited that nation to supply it; it is -to talk very heedlessly, without knowing that España can limit the -commerce of Francia, Inglaterra, and Olanda whenever she desires, -without cannon-ball or gunpowder, by the prohibition of silver -alone. If she chooses to deprive any one of those countries of this -advantage, she has only to calculate what she owes to the other two -for the net balance of their trade, and then not allow any more silver -to go out to those countries; and these, needing it for themselves, -will not be able to supply the other one. I can assert that España, -if she would avail herself of the rights which God has given her, -would make herself more worthy of respect by depriving the [other] -nations of what is essential, not only for their commerce, but for -waging war to advantage. - -I believe that no one will dispute the advantages and benefit which -can accrue from the Philipinas Islands, and it is this which from the -outset I have attempted to demonstrate, although I omit, for the sake -of brevity, the explanation of many things. - -Keeping in mind how much I owe to the infinite mercy and goodness of -supreme Providence, in the second part of the work alluded to, which -I presume to present to his Majesty, I have treated at length of the -ravages which the Moros have committed during very many years in those -islands, and of the exceeding damage which they thus cause to our holy -Roman Catholic and apostolic faith, for I cannot do less. Indeed, -it is evident that God has assisted me with His divine Grace; and -therefore I certainly ought to defend and, if it should be necessary, -die for His cause. Accordingly, in whatever concerns the subjection -of the Moros, and consequently the protection and advancement of the -holy faith in those islands, I hope to deserve that his Majesty will do -me the honor of appointing six lieutenant-commanders--three from his -royal navy, and three from his army--in order that they may examine -with the utmost care the plan upon which I have based my proposition, -giving their opinions in writing for presentation to his Majesty, -in two copies, one for his Majesty's royal Council of the Indias, -the other for myself. - -When this examination shall be made, and the plan approved by the king -if such be his royal will, I will immediately proceed to furnish the -plan of the whole matter which I have drawn up for the execution of -the project--from which, after further investigations (which are very -just, and perhaps will be quite unprecedented) his Majesty can more -easily decide what shall be most expedient in this matter, as also -the selection of persons for the said purpose. - -As for what pertains to the commerce, for greater certainty I deemed it -expedient to communicate my intention to Don Antonio Butlert [sic], -formerly a merchant of Cadiz--since he is distinguished not only -for his great success in business and his genuine friendship to this -nation, but by his long experience in and thorough knowledge of the -commerce of these dominions--asking him to give me his disinterested -opinion on the subject, in which he should consider with the utmost -attention the general welfare of these dominions; and this opinion I -have, in writing, and signed with the name of his firm, which reads -"Butlert and Matheos." - -Some persons who are little acquainted with affairs so vast, and who -have still less ability to make ready for the great things which -remain to be done, will suppose that the execution [of this plan] -is easy, to one who has the writings which I have already furnished; -nevertheless, if they engaged in the undertaking they would find -themselves much mistaken, and the result would be greatly to the -detriment of the nation. - -Warned by what I have passed through, and dreading [the effects of] -ignorance and malice, I have reached the decision to supplicate the -king to grant me the honor of this examination--desiring, whatever -may fall to my lot, to prove that I have no other purpose than to -serve faithfully both Majesties and their vassals, and entreating -them for this end to dispose of my life and person, of which I will -gladly make sacrifice in proof of my loyalty and sincere devotion. - - - - - -Extracts from the proposition of Don Nicolas Norton Nicols; the -conditions which he requires; the benefits and advantages which will -accrue to his Majesty and his vassals, on whose account his Majesty -was pleased to issue a decree on the twenty-third of February last. - - -The aim of the said proponent is, to establish in the Philipinas -Islands plantations of cinnamon, pepper, other spices, etc., and to -open a direct commerce between the said islands and Cadiz, by way of -the Cape of Good Hope. - -Conditions.--That he shall be permitted to undertake the said route -from Cadiz, or may go to the said islands and make the voyage from -there to Cadiz, as he shall find most convenient. If he shall set out -from Cadiz, on account of not having time to build ships he shall be -permitted to buy whatever vessels [he may need], without excepting -those of foreigners. The cargo from Cadiz must consist of different -fruits, liquids, [79] and commodities that are products of España -and of her commerce, as on the return voyage it must be from the -various products and commodities of the said islands and of their -commerce. That his Majesty remit the duties for the first voyage, -and that the proponent be permitted to embark freely at Cadiz the -silver that he needs to defray the purchase of his return cargo. On -the second voyage he shall pay at Cadiz not only the five per cent -duties but the three per cent of the silver which he shall thereafter -embark, as is done with the [traders of foreign] nations. In order to -obviate any objection, he will not enter any port belonging to his -Majesty or to any power of Europa; he shall, however, be permitted -to enter and anchor at any one of the Indian ports, whether in these -or in those seas, and therein buy, sell, exchange, or lade the goods -which shall be offered to him. - -The advantages, etc., will be the following: His Majesty will not -subject his royal revenue to any expense, nor will it be exposed to -the evil designs of men, or to the doubtful patriots who pretend to -have knowledge. There is no treaty that can be set against him, as he -can prove. By the most moderate computation, the Dutch annually export -four millions of pesos for the spice-trade; this, therefore, is to make -them powerful, to the injury of España. Norvega, St. Petersbourgh, -and other countries demand a great amount of cash for lumber, pitch, -cordage, sails, etc., for the royal shipbuilding, the greater part -of which would be paid for in spices, as these are greatly liked in -those countries. Equivalent injury to España, as is stated above. [80] -The commodities and products of España would have a much larger -market. A strong stimulus to the cultivation of the soil. His Majesty -would experience much relief in the expenses of transportation for -the missions. This navigation would serve as a nursery for the navy, -as is found by experience in other countries. The direct communication -would serve as a check on a thousand abuses, not only in the government -of the islands, but in other matters. If his Majesty should grant -this privilege to the said islands, it would be most just that the -commonwealth of Manila should carry on its commerce with Acapulco at -its own cost, without laying the burden of it on his Majesty. By not -possessing this commerce when she can have it, España is maintaining -thousands of strangers in place of a like number of her own vassals; -[the latter would] redound to the increase of the royal revenue, and in -the course of years to the propagation of the holy faith. The Moros, -who now are by their wars destroying the felicitous progress of the -Christian religion, when they found by experience how much more it -suited their own interests to maintain peace and commerce with the -Spaniards than to wage war against them, would inviolably observe -their treaties; for, notwithstanding the cruelties which the Dutch -practice against their Indians, the latter tolerate them on account -of the advantages of their commerce. The people of Manila will, when -they have a market for their products, cultivate the land; they will -establish family estates, and enrich themselves; and their riches, -like those of the Americans, will finally come to España. The duties -which your Majesty would receive from this new commerce would in a very -few years amount to very considerable sums. It would be a stimulus -to other new commercial undertakings, which would be beneficial to -his Majesty and his vassals. - - - -The whole matter in small compass - -His Majesty, without risking anything, is going to gain infinitely -more than what has been [here] stated. The method of securing these -vast benefits is the easiest and safest which can be put into practice, -and itself makes plain the useful and salutary design of the proponent. - - -Don Nicolas Norton Nicols - - - - - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA - - -The documents in this volume are obtained from the following sources: - -1. Santa Misericordia.--From Manifiesta y resumen historico de la -fundacion de la venerable hermandad de la Santa Misericordia (Manila, -1728), by Juan Bautista de Uriarte; from a copy in the possession of -Edward E. Ayer, Chicago. - -2. Survey of the Philipinas.--From a MS. in the Museo-Biblioteca de -Ultramar, Madrid--pressmark, "24-4a.-1.735;" various plans in it are -here reproduced. - -3. Order of St. John.--From Religiosa hospitalidad por los hijos del -... S. Ivan de Dios en Philipinas (Granada, 1742); from a copy in -the possession of Edward E. Ayer. - -4. Letter to president of Council.--A copy, furnished by Sr. D. Roman -Murillo, Madrid, of the original MS., which he, as librarian of the -Academia Española, Madrid, found among other papers therein, this -being the only one relating to the Philippines. - -5. Letter by a Jesuit.--From Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library), -iv, pp. 297-305. - -6. Commerce of the Philipinas.--From a MS., either the original rough -draft or a contemporaneous copy, in the possession of Edward E. Ayer. - -7. Relation of the Zambals.--From a certified copy--procured for us by -Sr. D. Manuel de Yriarte, chief of Division of Archives at Manila--of -the original MS., which is preserved in the archives of the convent -of Santo Domingo in Manila. - - - - - - - - -APPENDIX: RELATION OF THE ZAMBALS - - -By Domingo Perez, O.P. MS. dated 1680. - -Source: A certified copy of the original MS., which is preserved in -the archives of the convent of Santo Domingo, Manila. - -Translation: This is made by James Alexander Robertson. - - - - - - - - -RELATION OF THE ZAMBALS - - -RELATION OF THE ZAMBAL [81] INDIANS OF PLAYA HONDA, THEIR SITUATION AND -CUSTOMS. BY FATHER FRAY DOMINGO PEREZ, OF THE ORDER OF PREACHERS AND -VICAR-PROVINCIAL OF THE RELIGIOUS WHO ASSIST IN THE SAID MISSION. YEAR -OF 1680 [82] - - -The very reverend father, Fray Baltazar de Santa Cruz, prior-provincial -of this province of Santo Rossario of the Order of Preachers in these -Philipinas Islands, having visited the villages (which we have today -united and their inhabitants reduced to the said villages) and us two -ministers who for the space of nine months have been busied in the -reduction of said Indians, said reverend father provincial ordered -me to write a treatise on the site whence we have drawn the Indians -whom we have reduced, their customs, and mode of living. - -In order that the evangelical ministers who have to work in this -mission may be able more clearly to direct those souls redeemed by the -blood of our Lord Christ along the true pathway of heaven from which -they have strayed so far for so many years blinded with the darkness of -infidelity and idolatry; also in order that this paper may be used so -that the ministers of justice of the king, our sovereign, may subject -said Indians and establish them under the obedience of his Catholic -Majesty: although it is true that for more than sixty years they had -ministers of the gospel, neither said ministers nor his Majesty have -been able to succeed in getting them to live in a settlement so that -they may be administered or have justice as today it is hoped that -they will be. The most that it has been possible to obtain with them -was that distinct bands of them should unite on various occasions -in the mountain on the plateau where the ministers had a house and -church. But they immediately broke up again, said division occasioning -the wars which those Indians generally wage among their different -bands, and the alcaldes-mayor were unable to punish the guilty and -ungovernable because of the greater distance from the chief cities -where the alcaldes-mayor live to these places, and because the coast -of the sea is so rough during all the time of the vendavals and south -winds, that it is impossible to navigate along it, while the road -overland is so rough and blocked by mountains full of black enemies -(those mountains being very rough in parts), and in the ravines there -are very great rivers with very strong currents, so that in the rainy -season one can have no communication from this place, with Pangasinan, -or with Mariueles, or with Pampanga; and during the dry season these -Indians are generally with the blacks in the mountains trading wax: -consequently, they have never been obedient to the alcaldes-mayor, and -hence, neither to his Majesty nor to the gospel ministers whom they -have hitherto had. Although they have had ministers of great virtue -and most ardent zeal for souls, as can be seen in the annals of their -sacred order and even today, there are ex-provincials who have been -their ministers whose signal virtues are apparent to all the community. - - - -Of the site and district of Playa Honda - -Playa Honda begins at the doors of Mariueles and extends along -the mountains which border Pampanga to the point of Sunga and near -Pangasinan, which is distant more than forty leguas from Mariueles to -the visita of the Christian Baga Indians who are administered by the -minister of Mariueles. They perform their duties toward the Church -every year, notwithstanding that they show very many imperfections, -a fact which is not surprising, since the minister cannot be with -them all the time that he would like, as the coast is inaccessible -all the time of the vendavals. During that time they must necessarily -live without a minister to instruct them. That visita has thirty -tributes. Although they have a village laid out with its church and -house for the minister, they do not live in the said village except -when the minister goes to visit them. They live in their rancherías -whence they get molave wood in abundance. They have sufficient fields -in said village for all, and for twice as many more if they cared to -cultivate them, but they apply themselves more earnestly in cutting -said timber than in farming their fields. They get considerable help -for [cutting] said wood from the blacks of the mountain, for those -blacks are excellent woodsmen. All those blacks are tributary and -pay twelve reals annually for their tribute. The tribute is managed -by the Indians, and the encomendero does not meddle with them in -the collection of the tribute from the blacks, but the Indians pay -the said tribute for the blacks. Hence the black serves the Indian -all the year, without the black having other profit at the end of -the year than his tribute paid. This is the reason why the village -is continually without people, because the Indians, on account of -the profit from the work of the blacks, go to live with the blacks, -or near the pass of the mountain, where said blacks live, in order -to assist them in the work, for the blacks unless assisted physically -do not work. Four leguas from this visita toward the north is another -visita called Mariyumo, administered also by the said father minister -of Mariueles. Its people are Christians, although very bad ones, and -seriously lacking in the faith, and have very many imperfections. They -have very many superstitions and are much given to omens. Not all of -them are very fit to receive the annual communion. They also have a -village laid out and a church and house for the minister. However, -they do not live in the said village, but in their rancherías, much -divided among themselves as are those of Baga; although they are not -such absolute masters of the blacks as are those of Vaga, they also -have blacks under trust on which account they receive many vexations -from the encomendero, for it is the regular thing for them to pay the -tribute for the blacks. The latter are more free than the blacks of -Vaga, for they have more land where they can spread out, which those -of Vaga do not have. Those Indians also possess considerable molave -timber, but they are lazier than the Indians of Vaga. Consequently, -there is no one to cut the wood unless the corregidor of the island who -administers justice to them, forces them to cut said wood. It would be -doing a great service to God to unite the latter Indians with those -of Baga, so that our holy Catholic faith might be well administered -to them. They number about forty tributes, and, if they are united -with those of Vaga, they can have a minister in residence where they -will be well administered, and where they have lands sufficient for -their farming, and timber in abundance. In such case there would not -be so great a scarcity of that product in the city of Manila. - -One legua from Mariyumo begins the bay which lies back of the -mountains of Abucay and Samal, where we commenced to get the Indians -whom we have collected in this Nuevo Toledo. The said bay has plenty -of fish. Its mouth is about one legua wide, and is closed by a small -island surrounded by many reefs on the southern side, but on the north -it is very deep--so that any sized ship can enter even when laden. But -the said bay has no port and lies in the course of all the vendaval -and the south winds. It is five leguas long stretching toward the -east, and as many wide. Along all that bay, which it will take two -days to coast, were scattered twenty-two families, who are today -living in this village of Nuevo Toledo where they have their houses -and fields. Having passed the said bay and entered the mountain, -one legua inland in the mountain, one enters a very level and long -plain. One-half legua inland in the plain, is situated the first -village called Nuevo Toledo. That plain is six leguas wide and eight -long. It is bounded on the east by some very rough mountains which lie -between the province of Pampanga and that plain; at the foot of those -mountains were the rancherías of Balacbac, which has fourteen families; -Lacnipan which had seven; Sigle which had fourteen more; Aglao which -had thirty-three. All those families were scattered, so that in no -ranchería did five families live together. The sea properly called -Playa Honda bathes its western coast. On the sea-coast were thirty-six -families of very pernicious Indians, all of whom we collected into the -village of Santa Rossa de Banguen, where they possess their houses and -fields. Those Indians were scattered along the creeks and carrizals -[83] near the sea, along six leguas of coast and level land beyond -the plain running toward the north two leguas. At the foot of some -very rough mountains between the sea and Buquil, there were fourteen -other families whom we have also collected in said village of Santa -Rossa de Banguen, which today consists of fifty families. That said -village of Santa Rossa is six leguas from that of Nuevo Toledo over -a stretch of level land in which there is a very great abundance -of game. Many were supported by that and had no fields and wherever -they caught the deer or carabao they stayed there until they finished -eating it. But at present they possess their gardens in the village, -and since care is taken in this, they will not be lazy, and will live -in the village where, having their gardens and the food from them, -they will not have so great need of the hunt. Six leguas farther on in -another site called Nalso, a plain where are stationed the presidio -and fort of Pinauen in a corner of said plain at the foot of the -mountains of Buquil, was a little village of about forty families, -which the very reverend father, Fray Joseph de la Santísima Trinidad, -ex-provincial of his order, had collected in said district. There -were there, moreover, twelve families who had recently descended -the mountains of Buquil, whom, since they were far from the fields, -and the flight to the mountains was very near and five families -had returned to the mountains, and there was no assurance of the -others if left in said site, we transferred to the visita of Alalam, -which is now composed of eighty families. The latter place is seven -leguas from the village of Santa Rossa de Banguen. Those who have -had most difficulty have been the thirty-three families whom we moved -from the site and district of Aglao, as they were very wild Indians, -and little or not at all softened until the present, and said site is -distant six leguas from the village of Nuevo Toledo where we stationed -it. Three leguas of the road are very bad, and there is not a drop -of water to be found for four leguas, during all the dry season. The -road is over sandy ground which is very large and full of rocks left -by the river which flows from the mountain of Pinatuba; and in those -places where there are no rocks, but only the sand, the road is also -very wearisome because that sand has no cohesion, and the least wind -that blows lifts the dust which blinds the travelers and has thus cost -the greatest hardship to those of this district who take that road in -going and coming between the village and the mountain. In the month of -January of this year of eighty, we had them all ready in the village, -and I, taking them to the mountain so that they might bring down their -possessions and rice to the village, and each family having brought -down five baskets of rice, one-half the distance along the road, -more than half of the people fell sick, because of the great labor -which it cost them to pass the said sandy ground. On that account I -ordered them to abandon their rice and possessions and to bring it -down little by little, and in order that they might make their gardens -before the season should expire, and so that they might finish their -houses. They have already finished them, and their gardens are at a -musket-shot's distance from the village, according to the edict which -Governor Don Juan de Vargas Hurtado, knight of the habit of Santiago, -changed for them for that purpose. Even in these slight things, his -Lordship has been active on account of his so great desire that the -Indians be reduced and be reasonable, if we may so say, for as will be -seen in their customs in which they have been reared until the present, -they were wandering very far from nationality and civilization. - -The village of Nuevo Toledo was composed of more than one hundred -families, and that of Santa Rossa de Banguen, of fifty, in the -month of January of this year 1680. All declared themselves before -Adjutant Alonso Martinez Franco, superior commandant of the fort of -Paynauen. The latter, at the evident risk of his life, and with the -continual watchfulness and zeal of a fervent religious, without heeding -his own interest which he would have had if he wished to pay no heed to -the order of his superior, and to receive the offerings of gold which -the Indians made to him so that he should not oblige them to leave -their recesses, has aided us to his own great credit in collecting the -Indians whom we have today in the two said villages. He made lists of -the people who were in the two villages above mentioned, who amounted -to seven hundred and seventy persons. Those people persevere even yet -in the said two villages, and will persevere so long as the efforts -which are being made to reduce those who are yet intractable in the -mountains, do not cease. The said adjutant and superior commandant of -the said presidio also formed the new village of Alalam by withdrawing -its ancient inhabitants from the places where they lived before, and -brought them within a musket-shot of their fields. They were before -that one legua distant from their fields. That site has a small bay, -which the sea forms there, where there is very good fishing, and -where boats can safely enter. The said village did not have such a -bay before, in the former site. He also made lists of the Indians -whom he brought to the said village, who are the ones of Nalso who -were located at the foot of the mountains of Buquil, and those who -descended said mountains. I was not present when the said lists -were made and hence do not know the number of the persons there, -but it is evident to me that those gathered in the said village -number more than fifty families. I have seen their houses which are -already finished, and are excellent buildings, made of strong and -hard materials. Those Indians also will retain in the said village, -which is large, the horror which they have for the Spanish arms, and -more, if the raids of the Spaniards on the Indians who still keep to -the mountains are repeated. - - - -Of the idolatries of all those Indians - -Having to treat of the idolatries, superstitions, and customs of the -Zambals, I think I ought first to mention that my purpose is not to -discourage the ministers of the gospel, who have to plant our holy -Catholic faith among those Indians, but to impart to them the brief -information which I possess of the little which I have ascertained in -respect to the great amount which there is to ascertain, and which will -be discovered with the lapse of time, concerning the customs of that -blind people, who have lived so misguidedly and so far from reason at -the doors of the true evangelical light which we profess. Although they -are surrounded by provinces whose inhabitants are excellent Christians, -such as the provinces of Pampanga, Pangasinan, and Mariueles, yet -notwithstanding they have been influenced very little or not at -all for the good by the customs of the Christians, on account of -their lack of communication with them; for they only go to the said -provinces to trade and traffic for a brief space of time, and then, -if anybody is careless they cut off his head. Hence, as I have said, -they have but little communication with reasonable people. On the -contrary, I think this paper of mine will serve as a stimulus for us -religious, who, leaving our convents of our fatherland España and our -friends and relatives, being moved by the zeal for souls, come to these -Philipinas Islands to publish our holy Catholic faith, to preserve it, -and teach good morals. All this drags us from our provinces in España, -and deprives us of our fatherland. Here, then, among these miserable -Zambals, we shall find much to do. It is unnecessary to go to seek -infidels in other kingdoms, for we have them here, although few; -and at the same time we have one to subject them for us and place -them under our obedience. I say then that this paper of mine will -serve as a stimulus to the ministers of the gospel to come to employ -themselves in the service of our Lord and His holy Catholic faith, -when they consider the great evil that there is to tear out and -eradicate from the hearts of these Indians, and the great good that -they lack to make them Christians. And although there are very many -baptized persons among them, yet in nothing at all are any of them -different from the others, if one considers their customs and mode of -living. Those baptized are as idolatrous as those not baptized. I am -not surprised at this, for until now the former ministers have not -had any opportunity for living in residence among them, since they -have not cared to collect them into a settlement. And if they have -collected them, it has been for a short time only, and their evil -customs have taken them again to the mountains and recesses whence -we have drawn them, but today according to the efficacy which the -governor of these Philipinas Islands places in the spiritual and -temporal good of these wretched creatures, we have excellent hopes -that they will persevere in their settlements and will be able to be -taught the true pathway to heaven. - -These Indians have their priests and priestesses, although such have -no jurisdiction over the others; for here everyone is master of his -own will, and they alone recognize superiority in one in so far as he -gives authority to the other priests and priestesses for some special -sacrifices. This last is done to the one who pays well for it. This -priest is called bayoc, and he dresses like a woman. He wears a tapis -[84] or apron, and ties up his hair like a woman, although above the -tapis he wears and girds his catan, on the left side, and on the right -side, his yua [85] as other men. Those are the weapons of all these -Indians and no one goes without them, even though it be within his -own house. The idol to whom this bayoc principally offers sacrifice -is called Malyari, which means "powerful." This idol is made with a -wooden head and its body and hands of straw. They dress it up like -an image after their manner, place it on its altar and niche, then -light for it torches of pitch for lack of wax candles. All the people -of the ranchería assemble to make the sacrifice. Having built his -altar, the bayoc takes his spear in his hand and makes three holes in -the earth with it. Those holes are filled with wine, and the spear, -having been thrust into the ground, the bayoc begins his sacrifice, -with a leaf of wild anahao or wild palm in his hand. He commences -to shiver, his whole body trembling, and making many wry faces by -means of his eyes, he generally talks, sometimes between his teeth, -without anyone understanding him. Sometimes he contents himself with -the wry faces which he makes with his eyes and the tremblings of all -his body. After a few minutes he strikes himself twice on the knee -with the hand in which he holds the palm-leaf, and says that he is -the anito to whom the sacrifice is being made. At this the sacristan -(for the devil has even in this the semblance of God and wishes to -resemble His Divine Majesty) explains the need of the person who -orders the sacrifice made. The bayoc promises to fulfil the desire -of the person who is having the sacrifice made, and immediately -the bystanders begin to sing certain songs in praise of the anito or -idol. While they are being sung, they give the bayoc and the sacristan -something to drink, and after those two, all those present drink. But -no one drinks or eats anything that has been offered in the sacrifice -until the bayoc eats or drinks, for they say they would die if they -ate or drank before the anito, and for the anito to eat or drink is -no other thing than for the bayoc to eat or drink. - -The office of sacristan, although the bayoc gives it to whomever he -wishes, is not of great estimation, and in the absence of the one -appointed for such office, the bayoc substitutes in his place the -first one he lays his eyes on. But the office of bayoc is held in high -estimation among them, and I am not surprised, for it possesses such -advantages that for certain honors which he performs for a deceased -person, they generally give him ten taes in gold. Those honors are -performed so that the soul of the deceased may leave its relatives, for -they say that the said soul always follows them until said honors are -shown it. [86] Those honors are not shown to all, because all people -do not have the means for those expenses. When they are performed, -all the relatives and friends of the deceased are invited to be present -at them. They offer food made of rice, buyo, tobacco, and wine to the -amount that seems sufficient for the guests. Then clothing Malyari -as abovesaid, and presiding over the ceremonies in a two-fold manner, -[87] there is pure disorder. Some lament, some sing, some play their -musical instruments, and some dance after their manner. But whatever -those who lament and those who sing, lament and sing is in memory of -the deceased. Finally, what is offered is consumed, and when they -finish eating and drinking, the sacrifice is finished, and each of -the guests takes his cup from which he has drunk, although some are -accustomed to leave them, but they are the fewest. Consequently, -if one hundred persons attended the honors one hundred other cups -would have to be obtained for each person to take his cup. It is to -be noticed that they do not always dress the anito Malyari, for only -the bayoc has it, but whenever said bayoc offers sacrifices for any -deceased person he dresses it, although some sacrifices are also made -to other anitos without dressing said Malyari. - -They also have their kind of baptism, which only the bayoc has -authority to administer, first making a sacrifice to Malyari in the -abovesaid manner. At the same time, they clothe the one baptized -according to their fashion. He looses his hair and hangs at the -ends some small pieces of gold. The sacrifice having been finished, -in place of water the bayoc baptizes him with the blood of a hog, -either of the domestic or wild variety. The relatives of the one -baptized stand all about him and the former on top of a rock. The -ceremonies having been finished, the bayoc cuts the ends of the hair -of the baptized person, from which hang the bits of gold, and flings -them aloft, and the bystanders collect them hurriedly. That gold -is afterward held in high estimation and with difficulty will they -let go of it. Consequently, those nearest the one baptized and his -relatives, while the ceremonies and the sacrifice are being performed, -sing certain songs, and all those who are present answer them. However, -there are also very few who are baptized in this manner, because the -fees which are given to the bayoc are large, and generally amount to -eight taes of gold. If while the sacrifice or the ceremony of baptism -is being performed, the bystanders make a great racket, and if after -the bayoc has ordered them to keep still, the noise does not abate, -then the bayoc takes some bran, dust, or sand, and flings it into the -air over the heads of those who are making the racket, and after that -is done no one dares to open his mouth and all the racket stops. - -The method exercised by the bayoc in delegating power to the -other priests of the idols is not less ridiculous than all his -other affairs. The new anitero or priest-to-be collects much wine, -and the bayoc attends for one or two days a great drunken revel -which must last for the space of seven days without cessation. In -that revel everyone who enters or goes out, has leave to drink, and -they are so long-winded in that matter that as many as gather there -have to get drunk, and until he falls down and becomes dead drunk, -they do not allow him to leave that place. Then the bayoc thereupon -proclaims such and such a miserable wretch as master of such and such -an anito. As soon as the seven continuous days of the first revel are -finished, they begin another seven days counting every second day; -and when those second seven days are ended, they begin another seven, -counting every third day. If any of these circumstances are lacking, -the bayoc says that the idol or anito will punish them, and such anito -will not obey the priest. The pay which is given to the bayoc for -his assistance and proclamation to the new priest of his priesthood -is according to the anito which he takes; for the anitos have their -hierarchies among themselves. There is one anito which costs eight -taes of gold, some that cost six, some four, and some three, according -to the anito which each one wishes. - -Acasi. The anito superior to all seems to me to be the one called -Acasi; for they sing him a song which says "Mag yaman man a Malyari -monagon si Acasi," namely, "Although Malyari is powerful Acasi -gets the first fruits." This is the refrain when they sing in the -sacrifice which is made to this idol. That idol has few priests, for -the authority given them by the bayoc to be able to offer sacrifice -to him costs them a great sum. That idol, they say, is useful for the -sick, and for works of importance. All his priests declare that they -talk with Acasi, but no one says that he sees him or does anyone of the -bystanders hear him talk. The same is true of the other idols and their -priests; and all become good and drunk whenever a sacrifice is made, -and the priest tells them that the idol has told him the lies that -he makes up, and the others believe them as truth. This is universal -among all the other sacrifices which are made to the other idols. - -Manglobar. There is another idol called Manglobar. They say that -that idol pacifies angry hearts. Hence, when anyone commits a murder, -he sends to the priest of that idol to have him pacify the relatives -of the murdered man, and to reconcile them with the murderer. That -reconciliation consists in the murderer giving gold or something worth -it to the relatives of the murdered person, according to the rank -of the latter. If the murderer has no gold, then he gives a slave, -who is generally some Negrillo of the mountain, whom they capture -for that purpose. And if he cannot do that the priest kills a son -of the murderer or a very near relative. If the murderer cannot -do any of the above things, they kill him. The party offended also -generally has recourse to such priest in order that the offender may -be reconciled with the offended, and that is very general when the -offender is more powerful than the party offended or has more kindred -to protect him. Only a priest is able to uncover that idol. - -Mangalagar. There is another idol called Mangalagar. Of that idol it is -said that he accompanies the priest wherever he goes on all occasions -when they invoke him (good guardian angel!) when they have to make any -garro or mangao, which means to cut off some head. If they have made a -catch, they give thanks to such idol, and make him a sacrifice. This -is so closely followed that they will under no circumstances mount -into their house without first offering some sacrifice to such idol; -for they say that they will be punished by that Mangalagar, if they do -not make him a feast before entering their houses, and they will have -no luck another time in cutting off any other head. All those feasts -are made with wine and drunken reveling. That idol has many priests, -but not so many as do the anitos whom they have for their paddy fields. - -Of the anitos which they have for their rice, I have not been able -to discover more than five, as follows: - -Aniton Tauo. He seems to me to be lord of the winds, and superior -to his four associates whom I shall immediately name. They offer the -pinicpig, which are the firstfruits of their rice to that one. They -gather the green rice and pound it, and afterwards parch it in a jar -or kettle and offer it to him, first making their bit of an altar -where they hang some handfuls of rice in proportion to the devotion -of each one. They call that method of offering mamiarag. Then follows -Dumagan, who they say causes the rice to head well; then Calasacas, who -makes it ripen; then Calasocos, who they say dries it. Accordingly, -they sacrifice to him so that he may not dry it up. Then follows -Damolag, who they say keeps it from the hurricanes when it is in -flower. Those anitos or idols have very many priests and priestesses, -although, as I have said, no one sees the said idols or talks with -them. They do not even paint them or have their images; but what the -priest or priestess says to them they consider as an oracle and say -that it will not fail. Every class of people have recourse to those -sacrifices; although some Indians do not believe in it at all, yet, -notwithstanding, all attend them, Christians and heathens, without -excepting anyone. - - - -Of the superstitions of the Indians - -I believe that the errors which they possess in this matter of -superstitions are not less than those which I have mentioned of -their idolatry, although I have not investigated it as thoroughly -as the matter of their idolatry. But with the lapse of time, they -will be discovered and ascertained. There is a bird which they call -salacsac. Its beak is red, as are also its feet. Some of its feathers -are green and some blue with black and white spots. That bird gets -its food in the river. If it appears on the right hand of any one -journeying to any place, he returns, for he says that some accident -will happen to him, or some great trouble on the road, or in the place -where he is going, such as being killed, or being shot with arrows, -or something similar. If the said bird appears on his left hand he -says that the same thing will happen to those whom he leaves at home, -such as his children, wife, father, mother, or very near relative, -and on that account he also returns. However, if the bird sings like -a man who is laughing, then he goes on, and says that that bird is -favorable to him. But if the said bird sings or croaks in any other -way he returns, for he says that it announces some very great danger -to him. There is another bird smaller than a gurrion which they call -pasimanuquen. They say the same of this as of the salacsac. They -say the same of the tocó, so called by the Tagálog, and chacon by -the Spaniard. If they go to the mountain or near it and any tree -falls, they say the same as of the chacon and of the two birds above -mentioned. If they go on a journey and hear anyone sneeze they also -return, and if they are prepared and about to do anything, they leave -it then if anyone sneezes. If they hear any crow cawing at night, -they say that it announces the death of a very near relative. If -any dog which belongs to them breaks any of its teeth or falls down, -they either kill the dog or give it to some one; for they say that -it announces some death to them. If the dog jumps out of the window -when it wants to leave the house, they also say that it announces the -same thing. If they dream that the clothing that they have is ragged, -they throw it away because they say that they will die. If they dream -that the house falls down on them and burns them, they destroy it, -for they also say they will die. The devil also has attempted to -discredit the holy rosary among them, and when they go hunting they -take it off, for they say that the dogs will bite the deer or wild -boar if they wear a rosary. Not one of these Indians eats if he is -alone, because they say that they will die. Consequently, what they -do is generally to make their food ready and carry it until they find -a company before whom they may eat. They have also dedicated some -places of the mountain and bamboos to the anito, and, consequently, -they cut nothing there, for they say that they will die and that the -anito will kill them, although they do not know to what anito it is -dedicated, or who dedicated the said mountain or district to such -and such an anito, and know only an old observance which they have -received from their ancestors. In their marriages they also have -their superstitions. After any marriage has been performed, husband -and wife go to the mountain to seek the salacsac or the pasimanuquen, -and if the bird sings well they return very happy; but if it sings -badly they return very sad. If it sings well they carry along the -road a bombon or pitcher of water, and by means of the said water, -which is drunk by all the bystanders, the two newly-married people -will have children. For the bird to sing well, it must sing on their -right hand and in the manner of the said bird which laughs. To sing ill -means nothing else than to sing on the left hand, so that the bird is -somewhat hoarse and sad. In such case they say that said marriage will -have a bad ending, and that one of the two will die in a short time. If -they do not see the bird, they say that they will have no children. - - - -Of the customs of these Indians - -Although those Indians have their kind of rank, since some are chiefs, -and others not, and there are others who are descended from slaves, -yet notwithstanding that they have no obedience one for the other. The -poor man does not obey the rich, nor does the chief have any authority -over him who is not a chief. Those who are obeyed (although but little) -are the old men, when they assemble as if in council or meeting of the -old men. But, in private no one dares to order another one, neither -the chief him who is not a chief, nor the rich man the poor man; for -here every one is master of his own will, and each one thinks that he -is greater than his neighbor. Their method of governing is by fear, -and accordingly each one tries to make the others fear him more than -any other. In order to accomplish that each one endeavors to beat the -others in committing murders, so that the others may fear him. They -commit those murders by treachery. In order that the relatives of -the murdered man may not slay the murderer, the latter pays such and -such a sum of gold to the kindred of the murdered person, according -to the rank of the deceased. For if such deceased was a chief or had -many kin, his murder costs more and is redeemed by a greater sum. The -lowest price with which a murder is generally redeemed is five taes -of gold. If the murderer has no gold, he redeems the said murder -with silver at the rate of eight pesos per tae of gold, although -gold is valued at ten pesos per tae among those Indians; for it is -very low grade gold, and as I have heard said does not reach fourteen -carats. The little gold that they do possess is much adulterated with -silver, copper, and bronze. But if the said murderer has no gold or -silver with which to redeem the murder that he committed, he goes to -the mountain and deceives some black or steals him and drags him to -his ranchería, and delivers him to the relatives of the murdered man -so that they may slay the said black. There is [no] great difficulty -in this for in mountains there they have many acquaintances among the -blacks. Those blacks are not without their enemies in some rancherías -of the blacks themselves, where they go to make the seizure. And since -the blacks are very revengeful in taking vengeance on their enemies, -they aid the Zambals to capture them. The Zambal gives the black, -whose services he has used for that purpose, some arrows or machetes. - -But it must also be noticed that they do not always kill the black -who is thus captured, for sometimes they let him live, and he is -made a perpetual slave. There are many such slaves today, and I even -believe that all the slaves whom they have are of this kind. If the -murderer gives a slave in this way, he redeems the murder that he -committed. Even if he cannot give gold or silver or a slave he kills -one of his sons or delivers him to the relatives of the murdered one -so that they may slay him. They never hesitate to kill that son thus -delivered up, for when he can bear arms he will rebel and return to -his father. If perchance the child of the murderer given for ransom of -the murder which he committed is a daughter, when the said daughter -is married she will go to the house of her father or relatives with -her husband. For among the Zambals the woman is greater than the man, -and the men sometimes obey the women. The latter are very haughty, -and when the husband does not obey his wife, marriages are unmade very -easily. If we reach such straits that the murderer has neither gold, -silver, nor anything of value and cannot get a slave in the mountain, -or a black, which is the same thing for that purpose, and has no son -or daughter, or very near relative, such as some small orphan child, -then in such case his kin themselves help him in ransoming himself, -for in any other event, the relatives of the murdered person would -infallibly kill him. - -Accordingly, these Indians esteem it highly to have kinship, and, -although they be very remote relatives, they treat one another as -brothers because of the need which they have one of the other, so that -they may be aided one by the other in such cases. Notwithstanding -the said estimation which they have for their relatives, we -see an evil and perverse custom which they have which is worse -than the most blood-thirsty beasts, namely, that Zambals are not -accustomed to have more than two children, one a male and the other a -female. Consequently, if they already have one male child, they kill -all the sons at birth until a daughter is born. Then after they have -had said daughter scarcely is the woman pregnant when they already -arrange to kill the son or daughter, as soon as it emerges from the -womb of the mother. But if any one begs said son or daughter, even -while yet in the womb of its mother it is given to such person. But the -one who has asked for it must pay its mother all the time that the said -mother is occupied in suckling such boy or girl; and afterward it is -considered as the child of that person at whose account it was reared -and kept alive. However, I know many in this manner who have great -love for their true parents. Since we discovered said custom among -them, we had delivered from death three children, although to the -great sorrow of their parents because they had not killed them. But -as soon as we find out that any woman is pregnant, we warn her that -she must not kill the son or daughter that she brings forth, for we -will punish her very severely, and they, for fear of the punishment, -allow their children to live. - -They also have their mourning for very near deceased relatives. That -consists in wearing a cloth on the head, which they are accustomed -to remove in no case until they have committed a murder. And as -long as they wear the said mourning which they call balata, [88] -they are not accustomed to sing, or dance, or play their musical -instruments; nor will they attend any feast among them. Those feasts -are always made with wine, and their musical instruments are played -at them. But when they have cut off some head, or committed some -murder, then they remove the balata, or mourning. For that purpose the -relatives assemble and a great drunken revel is made where much wine -is consumed and some days spent in this occupation. Accordingly, it -is necessary that among these Indians many murders must be committed, -for no mourning is removed until some murder has been committed, -and then the relatives of the one who has been recently murdered in -order to remove the previous mourning, also put on new mourning, and in -order to remove that it is necessary to commit another murder. Hence, -they mutually kill one another, and they are always wearing mourning, -except when the murder is committed far away among the blacks, or among -the Indians subject to his Majesty in the neighboring provinces. And -in order that they may not proceed ad infinitum in this manner, they -try to commit the murders which they do commit secretly, when it is -not in their district, so that the said murder may not be attributed -to them. But, having committed the said murder, then they tell it to -their neighbors, and they make merry, sing, and play their music, for -as long a time as they ceased to make merry during the time when they -wore the balata. Thus it is commonly said that three-fourths of those -who die among these Zambals die violent deaths, and one-fourth and even -not that much, die natural deaths. But whenever there is any death, -be it violent or natural, there is the balata which must be removed -by another death, either by killing another Zambal, a black of the -mountain, or an Indian of the provinces, near the said Zambals, or a -black of the mountain, or an Indian. I know a man who is said to have -committed sixty murders. I do not dare to assert as true that which is -told me of that Indian, but what I know is that those Indians do not -get angry or take it as an affront among themselves to be so cruel, but -on the contrary they highly praise and assert those customs, and are -vain of the murders which they commit. Thus, as among the Spaniards, -one speaks and talks with courtesy of "my associate so and so," "my -neighbor," "my comrade," etc., and it is a kind of discourtesy to say -"Juan Fernandez" "Pedro Sanchez," etc.; so also among these Indians -it is a discourtesy to be called by one's companions only men. It is -a high and good politeness to be called by the name which signifies -in their own language, "an accomplice in a murder" that title being -"Araoc;" and thus they say Araoc Juan, etc. And as they are little -given to flattery, they never give the name of Araoc to him who does -not really and truly possess it; for it is regarded among them as -making a jest at one to whom the said title is given, if it does not -belong to him, just as among us it is a jest to give the title of a -brave man to one who does not dare to draw his sword from his belt. - -Their marriages are not made between relatives, but on the contrary -they try to marry those who are not related to them; and I believe that -the reason therefor is to acquire new kinship by means of marriage, -for we see that he who has the most kindred is the most powerful, is -the one held in highest esteem by all and commits more murders in which -consists their greatest estate, for he has more and greater opportunity -to go scotfree from those murders which he commits. Marriages are not -performed until the relatives of both parties are assembled, and order -the two contracting parties to eat together from one plate. All the -other preceding preparations and ceremonies belong to the contract of -the marriage and the betrothal. Said marriages, moreover, are [not] -made by virtue of the wish of the contracting parties, for they are -married from childhood when most of the contracting parties do not -even have the use of their reason. The reason that has been given to -me for this is so that they may be raised together from childhood, and -contract love one for the other. But we see that very many marriages -result badly, and after marriage the parties separate, although -in this regard the men are very patient, for among these Indians, -as among all those of this land, it is the custom for the man to -give the dowry to the woman. Among the Zambals, it is the custom not -only to give the dowry to the woman, but also another kind of dowry -to all the relatives of the said woman. They call the latter dowry -sambon. Among the Tagálogs it was also formerly the custom and was -called sohol. That second dowry among these Indians is generally larger -than the first, which is the one that is given to the woman. If husband -and wife quarrel, and she wishes to separate from her husband and marry -another man, and if the cause of the quarrel has been given by the man; -they are divorced and he loses the dowry which he gave to his wife, -as well as that which he gave to the relatives of said wife. But if -the cause of the said quarrel proceeded from the wife and she wishes -to be divorced, she must return all the dowry, and in such case her -relatives also return that which was given to them. And since it is -of some consequence to them whether the two married people live at -peace or at war, it is very common for all the woman's kin to take her -side, in order not to return what was given to each one. Consequently, -although there may never be justice, the woman always has the argument -on her side to do that which she wishes. And since there is no other -justice here than the yua, bows and arrows, the tanca, and caraza, the -greater kindred and those most interested always prevail; and since -these are the relatives of the woman to whom the dowry was given and -the husband is alone, and at the most is supported by his brothers, -always or generally the argument is on the side of the wife, and the -husband has to give up both dowries. Consequently, the poor Zambal, -in order not to be left without wife and dowry, endures whatever his -wife wishes. Besides, these Indians are not so barbarous that they do -not know when they are right in what they ask, and when they are not -right. Consequently, the wife will never say that she wishes to be -divorced unless it is when the husband was the evident cause of the -quarrel. However, sometimes they are accustomed to make friendship -between the husband and wife, on condition that the husband commit -a murder. In such an event he leaves the house and does not come -again into the presence of his wife until he commits said murder. The -murder having been committed, and said wife hearing of it, before the -husband reaches the house, his wife goes to receive him with a new -bajaque in her hands, in order to present it to her husband in sign -of congratulation for obeying her. But in such an event the wife and -her relatives have to make good the damage which follows from the said -murder, and the husband is free. The ceremony of the wife going out -to meet her husband with the present of the bajaque on said occasion -is of so great importance among these Indians that the husband will -be grieved if his wife fails in this ceremony or courtesy. - -The married women have one good custom, and that is that they are -chaste and loyal to their husbands. Scarcely can a married woman be -found among the Zambals of whom it can be said casually that she has -had lascivious communication with another, although it is very common -for all the people to sleep together in one hut or thicket, and all, -both men and women, are intoxicated. But there will be no occasion -for a man to jest with a married woman, and more, in the presence of -others. But I also believe that that chastity or less incontinence -in this matter was not taught by the devil for the welfare and honor -of these Zambals, but to give them more opportunities to commit more -murders and to make them more turbulent, for the married men are very -jealous of their wives and in no case do they leave them. Wherever they -go, they go together, and do not lose sight of one another. When they -go on a journey, they take all their possessions and the wife carries -it all in a basket which she bears on her back by means of a cord -from the head. The man with his bow and arrow escorts her. They are -accustomed even to carry the hen and its chicks in the said basket or -under the arm, so that they carry all that they can of the possessions -which they have in their house except what is not portable, and those -they hide in the thicket. And if the husband absents himself because -of any occurrence, and cannot take his wife with him, and if, during -the said absence, the wife weakens in her chastity, and it comes to -be common property in the ranchería, for if she has been weak it is -very difficult to keep such news from her husband, for these Indians -cannot keep a secret: then in such an event the husband kills without -any remedy the one who has offended him by sinning with his wife. And -having killed such a person, he informs the relatives themselves of -said wife of the treachery which his wife has committed in order that -they may kill her; and if the said relatives neglect to kill such a -wife, then, in that case her own husband kills her and can kill also -any relative of the said wife without being obliged in that account to -pay anything. Notwithstanding this custom, that quarrel is generally -patched up with gold, but they must have much gold among them for that -means. I know a principal woman, one of the most influential of said -Zambals, whom one of these contentions cost more than thirty taes of -gold and two slaves whom she delivered up so that their heads might -be cut off. But it is to be noted that the offender of the wife, or -the adulterer [mancebo], gives said gold to the husband of said wife, -and the wife gives the gold to her own relatives, if they are her -cousins and brothers. That woman and chieftainess is called Monica -Corosan and was married in facie eclesia [i.e., with the rites of -the Church], and because she has been weak and little or not at all -faithful to her husband, it cost her the sum above mentioned, and she -was divorced and separated from her legitimate husband, by whom she -had a son, and was remarried to her adulterer. He already has three -daughters. But although the said quarrel was patched up by means of the -gold she has not dared to appear before her relatives for more than -twelve years. Consequently, the fact that said women are so chaste -proceeds from this rigor which they exercise in this matter. If they -value their husbands and relatives so greatly, it is because the latter -may take vengeance. I believe that the single women are also chaste, -although some are generally careless; but both the woman and the -accomplice pay with their lives if the fact is learned. If any woman -is pregnant, her relatives force her to tell who is the accomplice -of her pregnancy, and if the two do not marry, the relatives kill -them both without being obliged to give any compensation therefor. - -Burials. In their burials, they are not wont to shroud the deceased -but to clothe him. If he is a chief they put two dresses on him, -according to their manner, and two robes. If the deceased has any -share in any inheritance of gold, before they bury said deceased, -the gold is divided before the corpse itself, and the part which -belonged to him is placed in the grave with the said corpse with -his store of certain articles of food. I have heard it said of the -natives of Buquil that if the deceased is a chief and has any slave, -they kill a slave and bury him with his master. I have had very little -to do with the natives of Buquil, and, consequently, I do not know -how much truth there is in this, and I do not affirm it. I have also -heard another thing said which would horrify the ears were I to tell -it; hence I do not dare to set it down on this paper. For, as I say, -I have had but little to do with the natives of Buquil, as they have -not allowed us to enter there, and if I were to qualify it as true -when I was not sure that it was true, if it afterwards appears to -be false, it will be inferred that there is but little truth in this -paper of mine. Consequently, I will not mention it. - -There is a kind of contempt which is very great among the Indians -for one who has not murdered anyone. Consequently, those who have -some little gold with which to pay for their murders are much given -to this vice of murdering. They generally buy slaves or negrillos of -the mountain so that their little sons might kill them. Binding the -wretched slave or black they take said sufferer into the presence -of their sons from three to seven years old and there kill him, and -by that means their minds and all their being become acquainted with -the idea of blood, so that when they are grown they may have so evil -a custom. It is a curious thing that they generally buy many blacks -or slaves for that purpose, and if one cannot do it, or has no wealth -for the purpose of buying a black or slave in order that he may kill -him alone, he unites with others, and thus many together buy said -black. One buys the right to give the first lance-thrust or stab, -another the second, another to take away a quarter of the head, -another another bit of it, another half the head--according to the -amount of the capital of each one--and he who wounds him with greater -ferocity, that one has the best lot. I will relate a matter in regard -to this, which happened to me when I was vicar of Abucay. Once I had -about five little Zambal lads in the convent whom I was teaching to -pray and read. It happened that the fathers of three of them came -to see them, and that gave the children, who were seven or eight -years old, a desire to return to Playa Honda with their fathers. I -gave them permission, for their parents begged it of me. I did not -give permission to the other two, and, consequently, they remained in -said convent with me. While the other little fellows were returning in -company with their fathers and passing by Mariyumo, which is a visita -of Mariueles, it happened that the Indians of that visita, who are -also Zambals and but very little different from those of Playa Honda, -had that day caught a black of the mountain, whom they were about to -kill on the following day. The Zambals and the children, their sons, -stayed for the feast in celebration of the killing of the black. For -their joy in being present at a death of any person in such a manner -is as great as it is for Spaniards to attend a zarza or play or all -to play at ring. [89] That news came to the ears of the children, -who remained under my care in Abucay, two months afterwards. They -were told of the feast which their three companions had had in the -village of Mariyumo when they were at the killing; and so great was -their sorrow that they had not returned on that past occasion with -their three companions that they began to bewail their lack of luck -because they had not returned with their companions so that they also -might have been present at the killing. Hence, one can infer their so -great inclination for this vice, for those who have never seen nor -known any better customs learn to kill from early childhood. And in -case that anyone has entire information concerning the peace and quiet -into which the Christians come by means of the Catholic faith, since -they have to live among Indians of such customs, they must always -have death in their hands or before their eyes, for one can trust -no one, since they do not trust themselves. For every step that they -take is at the risk of their lives. Often they kill from necessity, -as they believe, so that they may not be killed, as happens when -they see in their rancherías any person or persons whom they do not -know. Since they do not know whether such persons are about to kill -them, they anticipate them and take away their lives, but it is more -usual to kill for revenge and to make oneself feared and famous in -this matter. There are many of them who, when they have committed -fifteen murders, place on the hams of the legs certain strings of -a small white fruit of an herb which they call bantacan. When they -have killed seventeen persons, they place the said fruit very close -together in the manner of a rosary which they call tigdin. When the -number has reached more than nineteen, they take away said fruit and -in its place wear certain very highly colored sigueyes. But it is to -be noted that, although twenty men take part in one murder, in order -that they may wear that regalia, which they consider as tabi, [90] -each one claims said murder as his, as if he had done it alone. They -also generally tie a long narrow strip of anahao, or palmleaf, -on the hilt of their dagger or yua. That token shows that he who -carries it was the first one to strike the person that was killed -on that occasion. Notwithstanding the abovesaid, if anyone goes to -their rancherías in company with another Zambal of their number, -he is sufficiently safe although he might be still safer at Manila. - - - -Of the change which we see today in these Indians - -He who considers their barbarous customs, idolatries, superstitions, -and the natural and great inclination for killing which these Indians -possess, and in which they have been reared; and hears of the so -great change and the difference which exists at present in all -their customs, when compared to those that they possessed in their -recesses and rancherías: will easily understand that already God is -walking among them, and that He has already taken pity on the souls -and wishes them for Himself. The immortality of the soul has already -been explained to these Indians in their mother tongue; as has also -the reward which God has for those who keep His commandments and those -of our holy mother Church, and the punishment reserved for those who -break them, and that, for as many sins as man commits he has to take -his punishment in this life or in the next; and the unity of God, -His eternity, and at the same time that which the Christian man must -believe in order to be saved. - -It has been father Fray Domingo Escalera who has already learned -their language, and has gone communicating it from one to the other, -until there are now very few who do not understand this. When said -father explains to them something of which they have not heard, -all look at one another, as if surprised to hear what they are -hearing. I have not had the capacity to do as much as the said -father, but I have managed to explain it also in the Tagálog tongue -to those who understand it. But they do not understand many things, -and I cannot tell them to them. Consequently, I trust, God helping, -that said father will produce great fruit among these Indians, as -he has learned their language. These Indians did not observe any -festivals or Sunday, or Lent, or vigil, or Friday. Consequently, -although there are many Christians baptized from childhood, it was -the same as if they were heathen, and there was no difference between -heathens and Christians. Having explained to them on one occasion the -seriousness of the sin of breaking feast days, one of them went to -the mountain and one Sunday while cutting some bamboos he hurt his -foot. The rumor spread among the Indians that God had punished that -Indian because he worked on Sunday, and from that time they have -observed feast days and Sundays. On another occasion, namely, Ash -Wednesday, the said father told them that they ought to abstain from -eating meat throughout Lent, and that God would punish whoever broke -said precept. Next day an Indian went hunting, and having killed a -carabao calf, while he was cutting it up and carrying it to his house -or to the village, the mother of the calf came out of the thicket -and killed the Indian. Thereupon, the father took occasion to again -charge them to abstain from meat during Lent, Friday, and vigil. All -through Lent there was scarcely one Christian or heathen who dared to -eat meat. For about eight months we lived in a small house which had -scarcely room for the two beds of two religious. We had three Indians -of Abucay who built us another larger house where we could live with -some freedom. There was no Indian who would be so kind as to aid them -in their customs in anything, until they saw that the presidio of -the Spaniards which is located twelve leguas from the village where -we united these Indians, had already about forty men, and as soon -as they heard the arquebuses in Buquil, which was ten leguas from -the said village, they moved quickly, and no longer answered a dry -"no quiero" [i.e., "I will not"], for whatever we commanded them, as -they had before answered us all the time. I have already said above -that the devil had discredited the rosary of the most holy Virgin, -our Lady, among these Indians, and although some had rosaries which -some faithful ones or religious had given them, in order to incline -them to that holy devotion, yet no one of them could recite it, for -there was no one who knew anything of the prayer. They only kept it -in order to show it to those who went to trade and traffic at their -rancherías, in order that they might consider them as Christians, -as it is a kind of affront among them not to be a Christian. On the -contrary they believed that nothing good would happen to them if they -wore the rosary about their necks. But seeing the esteem which we -had for those sacred beads, and that in their sicknesses when they -asked us for any remedy for their attacks in which we do not apply -any other medicine except the sacred rosary, and when they recognize -that they recover miraculously from their illness by the use of the -rosary alone, they believe that the devil had deceived them, and -are growing very fond of this holy devotion, so that now very many -of the married men, the single youth, indeed, the old men, wear the -rosary about their necks, some recite it in their houses, and others -attend church morning and afternoon to recite the rosary with the lads, -and very many of them already know the whole prayer, and recite it at -night in their houses in a loud voice. They formerly obeyed no one, -but now they show great respect to their gobernadorcillos, to their -chief, and to the old men, so that, if they are seated anywhere and -their gobernadorcillo arrives, they all rise, and no one sits or -covers his head until his gobernadorcillo is seated. Father Domingo -Escalera has lived for a short time with the Indians of Nuebo Toledo, -since they were gathered together. Having come to the said village -during the last days of the past Lenten season, and seeing the so -great change that God had produced in them, he said: "At the rate -with which God is changing the hearts of these Indians, they will -be better Christians than those of Masinloc before ten years' time, -although said Indians of Masinloc have been Christians for more than -sixty years." When we reached their districts in the beginning, the -children and even the women fled from us, but today the women are very -affable and those who have anything to wear go to church and scarcely -can we keep the children away from us. When we go to the village, they -come down from their houses and accompany us, and we can scarcely walk, -because they seize us by our habits, and place their scapularies before -our eyes. Every morning and afternoon they go to the church to pray -and to hear mass. Before mass we recite the rosary, and after mass the -whole prayer. In the afternoon we leave the church in the manner of -a procession in two choirs, and the father sings the prayer and they -answer until the prayer is finished. And on entering the church again -candles are lighted to our Lady, and the holy rosary is also recited. - - - -Method used in getting these Indians to persevere in said prayers - -The Zambals are the most cowardly people in these islands, although -they have hitherto been considered by the neighboring provinces as a -people of great courage and warlike. Their cowardice could be proved -by many examples, but that does not concern the present matter. Their -whole strength consists in fleeing, and their courage in hiding. From -that cowardice it proceeds that all the murders that they commit -are by treachery. It never happens that if, fighting face to face, -the enemy escapes and is on his guard and watchful, they commit any -murder, because of their great timidity and cowardice. Accordingly, -in order that those whom we have assembled in the three villages above -mentioned, may persevere in their settlements, the most efficacious -fear and the one most suited to their nature is that the Spaniards of -the fort and presidio of Paynauen of whom they have a very great fear, -may come very often to the said villages and overrun the land, and -penetrate even into their old recesses where they formerly lived; and -if perchance they should find anything planted in the said recesses -that they would destroy it and cut it down without leaving them -anything. And so that they may see that the father protects them, -when the said Spaniards come to the village, the father opposes them -and takes the part of the Indians. [91] But it is always necessary -in this matter for the soldiers to conquer, and the father is always -very careful to always inform the Spaniards by whom and where anything -is planted which it may be necessary to destroy, and that the edicts -which his Lordship, the governor, sent them be carried out. These are -to the effect that no one should plant anything in the old rancherías -and that in the village each one should plant one thousand feet of -gabes, and five hundred of sugar-cane; that said soldiers are to -continue to make raids through the whole plain as I say, very often; -yet, whenever the soldiers come to the village, they are to ask the -gobernadorcillo and cabezas (for whom already they have some obedience) -for permission to go to look for those who have become fugitives, -and the father is to go along in order to assure such fugitive. As -said absence has proceeded a trifle from fear of the Spaniard, the -Indians of the village themselves are to go to seek those who should -have become fugitives, in order that they may not go in company with -the Spaniard to the mountain, for the fear which they have of the -said soldiers is inexplicable. They are to oblige said Indians to -make their gardens and fields in the village, where they have fine -lands, very fertile for fields and gardens. If any are found to be -neglectful in this, such persons are to be bound in order to keep -them and take them to the fort so that they may pound rice for the -soldiers. By those measures, there is no man who dares to return -to the mountain. After they have lost their fear of the Spaniards, -the latter are to try to excite trouble between the Indians and the -blacks of the mountain, [92] but at all events said Spaniards are -to make no trouble for the Indians whom they find in the villages, -but rather must treat them well. - -In order that this may have effect, it is necessary for the governor -to send twenty or thirty horses to the said district, so that the -Spaniards may get over the country, for the roads are intolerable, -especially from the fort to Santa Rossa de Banguen. That is a distance -of six leguas of very troublesome sandy ground without a drop of fresh -water in the dry season. There is a distance of six leguas also from -Santa Rossa de Banguen to Nuevo Toledo, where one cannot find a tree -under which to rest. Accordingly, without the said horses, nothing -can be done, for all those who should go to the said places run great -risk from the sun, as happened when Adjutant Alvaro Martin Franco -went to the said villages to hold the elections, when almost all -the Spaniards who accompanied him fell sick. Said horses will be of -great use to the soldiers in hunting, for this country has abundance -of game. With the horses also they can overrun the land of Buquil, -and terrorize intractable persons. Since said Spaniards often go to -and fro between these villages and to Buquil, no Indian will go to -the mountain, since no harm is done to them in the village; and those -of the mountain considering their restlessness and that they are not -safe and that the Spaniards destroy their fields will descend to sow -and to live in the settlement. For today, if those of the mountain do -not descend, it is because they fear that the Spaniards will punish -them for not having descended before. - -In order to suppress all their bad customs, after having preached -against them, proving them with natural arguments which are very -easy and clear, with some examples which cause them horror, the most -efficacious means which I find is for the father to investigate all -their customs, and to understand them thoroughly, so that he may know -them all; and then to make fun of the Indians because they do not know -that that is bad. If this is not sufficient, it is efficacious for -the father to make them afraid that he is going to retire because they -refuse to learn good customs, and abandon their abuses and atrocities, -so that in such an event the Spaniards may come upon them and kill -them all; and by means of the fear which they have the father can do -whatever he wishes with them. - -I assert that I have investigated thoroughly whatever I have written -in this paper by the aid of some Christian Zambals who are very good -Catholics whom I have had under my care for four years, and whom I -have been teaching to read and have instructed in our holy Catholic -faith by means of the Tagálog books which have been written for that -purpose by the zealous ministers whom that Tagálog nation has had. One -of these Zambals is the son of a priest of the idols, who was reared -in a ranchería where sacrifices were often made to the idols. An uncle -of this lad whom I also have under my charge was formerly bayoc of -the Zambals, so that he knows all the ceremonies, superstitions, and -sacrifices, and is also thoroughly conversant with their customs, for -he lived among the said Zambals for about twenty years. Besides this, -for three years I have had with me another child about ten years old -who also knows the customs of these Indians, because he was born and -raised among them, for he is the son of Zambal parents. All of those -persons tell me what passes among the said Zambals. Besides this, I -have also managed to prove it from the children of the village who, -since they do not realize my purpose in questioning them in regard -to these things, tell me it all. But if I ask any of the old men, or -anyone who is very maliciously minded, he will not tell me anything -unless I ask him secretly. - -Consequently, I consider as true whatever I have written here, and -I have refused to write anything of which I am doubtful. - - -Fray Domingo Perez - - -[Below is added by another person:] - -Until the year 1682, said Zambals were reduced and softened by the -vigilance and attendance of the father missionaries of the order of -our father St. Dominic. May our Lord prosper everything as He is able. - -Afterward in November, of the year 83, a bold Indian with another who -accompanied him, waited in a concealed thicket for the father-vicar, -Fray Domingo Perez, who was journeying from one village to another, -and shot him with an arrow, so that he reached his village badly -wounded and died in a short time, after confessing to father Fray -Juan Rois. Since that time the Zambals have been in revolt. May it -be the Lord's will that they grow quiet. Now since the assembly of -84 the fathers have been living cautiously and near the fortress. The -vicar is father Fray Gregorio [93] and his associate Fray Juan Navas, -[94] errant. In Masinloc the vicar is Fray Juan Fernandez [95] and -his associate Fray Juan, [96] errant. - -[Copy endorsed: "The undersigned, provincial archivist of the province -of Santísimo Rosario de Filipinas and conventual of the convent of -Santo Domingo of this city, certifies that the preceding copy is -faithfully copied from the original, which is preserved in the third -archives of martyrs--cajon 8, legajo 1, no. 2. In order that the above -may be apparent he signs the present in this convent of Santo Domingo, -January 3, 1906. The archivist, - - -Fray Julián Malumbres (rubric), O.P."] - - -[Endorsed: "A copy. - -Manuel de Yriarte, chief, division of archives, ex-officio notary -public."] - - - - - - - - -NOTES - - -[1] The translation of the title-page of this book is as follows: -"Manifesto and historical summary of the foundation of the venerable -brotherhood of the Santa Misericordia of the city of Manila, the -hospital, house, and girls' school and church of Santa Ysabel; with -the accommodations and advantages for the common public welfare, -particularly of these islands; the alms, succors, and dowries for the -holy religious orders, and hospitals, orphan girls, widows, those -in prison, and other needy persons. Satisfaction of the charitable -and indefatigable task, disinterested and noble method of procedure, -faithful management without interruption or any diminution in the -works of charity, and the administration of the pious foundations -under their charge. Favors and protection which it merited and obtained -from our Catholic Monarchs. Recommendation, concessions, indulgences, -and relics with which the supreme pontiffs have honored and enriched -it. All compiled and extracted from the books, bulls, decrees, and -other authentic instruments which are kept in their archives, by -commission and order of the purveyor and deputies who comprise the -present board, by Captain Don Juan Baptista de Uriarte, regidor of -this most noble city, and its procurator-general, and former treasurer -and present secretary of said venerable brotherhood. Printed in the -college and university of Santo Thomas, with the necessary licenses, -by Juan Correa. The year 1728." The narrative is preceded by an -introduction; a statement by the author to the purveyor and deputies -of the financial board of the Santa Misericordia, to the effect -that he has completed his task of compilation, dated June 28, 1728; -thanks of the purveyor and deputies to the author, and expression of -intention to print the work, dated June 30, 1728; decree to be sent -to Fray Juan de Arrechedera, O.P., commissary of the Holy Office, -dated June 30, 1728; approbation of latter, July 8, 1728; government -license, July 9, 1728; table of chapters; note to reader. - -Torrubia gives the following figures for the work accomplished by the -Misericordia from its foundation (in 1594) up to 1730. "This house has -endowed twenty-three thousand orphan girls, the daughters of Spaniards; -it has spent in their maintenance five hundred and eight thousand, nine -hundred and sixteen pesos. It has supplied to our Catholic monarch in -pressing emergencies four hundred and forty-nine thousand, four hundred -and eighteen pesos. It has expended in Divine worship one hundred and -fifty-five thousand, seven hundred and eighty-four pesos; and it has -given in alms four million, one hundred and thirteen thousand, two -hundred and seven pesos. This statement of expenditures is accurate, -and is drawn from the original books of the said house. In the life of -the venerable Fray Simon de Roxas, book 8, fol. 418, it is mentioned -as unprecedented that the Misericordia of Lisboa in one year gave -in alms thirty thousand ducados; but that of Manila gives every year -seventy-one thousand, eight hundred and twenty-four pesos." - -[2] See other letters from Corcuera to the Misericordia, dated in -1637 and 1639 respectively, in our VOL. XXIX, pp. 172-174. - -[3] The Order of the Holy Trinity was founded primarily by St. John -of Matha, a native of Provence who was ordained to the priesthood. On -the occasion of his first mass, he determined to devote himself to the -redemption of Christian captives from the Mahometans. Retiring for a -season of prayer to the cell of the aged French hermit, St. Felix of -Valois, the latter approved the plan, and in 1197, they both went to -Rome where they obtained the approbation of Pope Innocent III for the -erection of a new order. The pope ordered the bishop of Paris and the -abbot of St. Victor to draw up the rules for the order, which received -papal sanction in 1198. A white habit with a red and blue cross on -the breast was assigned as a distinctive dress. It received a new -confirmation and additional privileges by a papal bull of 1209. The -French monarch Philippe Auguste authorized the existence of the -order in his kingdoms, and Gauthier III, lord of Châtillon, granted -them land for a convent. Later as the order increased, the latter, -seconded by the king, granted them Cerfroid, near Grandlieu, on the -borders of Valois, which became the chief house of the order. The -two saints founded many houses in France. Many Christian slaves were -ransomed in Morocco and Spain. It was a fundamental rule of the order -that at least one-third of its revenues should be set aside for the -redemption of captives. It was estimated in the seventeenth century -that since its foundation the order had ransomed 30,720 Christian -captives. At one time there were as many as two hundred and fifty -houses. See Baring Gould's Lives of the Saints, ii, pp. 226-230; -and Addis and Arnold's Catholic Dictionary, p. 810. - -[4] The limits of our space prevent us from presenting part i of -this interesting document in full; but such matter is selected as -relates to Manila, Cavite, Cebú, and Zamboanga, as being the most -important Spanish settlements in the islands. The list at the end -shows the contents of Valdés Tamón's report in full, and presents an -enumeration of all the military posts, with the names bestowed on the -forts therein. Part ii, on the ecclesiastical estate, is translated -in full (save for preliminary and final remarks, and two letters of -minor interest). - -[5] The city of Manila is located in 14° 35' 31'' N. latitude, -and 120° 58' 08'' E. longitude (from Greenwich). The following -longitudes (reckoned from Greenwich) will enable the reader to -compute the differences in maps on which longitude is reckoned from -other meridians: - -Madrid (Observatory), Spain, 3° 41' 21'' W.; San Fernando -(Observatory), Spain, 6° 12' 24'' W.; Paris (Observatory), France, 2° -20' 14'' E.; Ferro, the extreme southwest of the Canary Islands (the -assumed dividing line between the east and west hemispheres), 17° 20' -W.; Washington, D. C. (Observatory), 77° 2' 48'' W. (U. S. Philippine -Gazetteer, p. 183.) - -[6] See accompanying plan of Manila, obtained from the Valdés Tamón -MS. in Madrid. An interesting "historical sketch of the walls of -Manila" is found in the Annual Report of the U. S. War Department, -1903, iii, pp. 434-446, which contains numerous illustrations of -the walls and gates, some of which show defenses which have since -been demolished. A note (by Capt. A. C. Macomb) states that the -map of Manila referred to in Valdés Tamón's report is supposed to -be identical with that carried to England by General Draper after -the capture of Manila in 1762, which is now in the British Museum in -London. Concerning the plates of the map taken to England by Draper -(the famous Murillo Velarde map, engraved in 1734), see our VOL. XLIX, -note 25. - -[7] Possibly guns for firing chain-shots (also called "angel-shots"). - -[8] Pandayes: a term adapted from the Tagal, panday being the -equivalent of the Spanish oficial. - -[9] Thus in MS., but evidently a clerical error, since the amount -of pay is so inadequate for the number of men. The amounts of pay -given in these lists, added together, make a total which is over 7,000 -pesos short of the total in the next paragraph; it is probable, then, -that the pay of these artisans should be at least 7,000 more than -the amount stated in the text. - -[10] Perhaps meaning men who had the care of keeping the barracks in -order and repair. The word is not found in the dictionaries. - -[11] A word evidently coined from the native word galagala (see -VOL. XII, p. 34, note), and probably referring to the occupation -of gathering the resin which bears that name. It may be added to -the note above cited that this resin (also known as "almáciga" and -"dammar") is obtained in the mountains of southern Luzón and Panay, -the best coming from Camarines. (Official Handbook of Philippines, -p. 296); galagala, then, may be a Bícol word. - -[12] Cebú is in 10° 18' N. latitude, and 123° 53' 05'' E. longitude -(U. S. Gazetteer of Philippine Islands, p. 454). - -[13] In the Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library), iv, pp. 335-408, is -the transcript of an interesting document--"Information furnished by -Don José Antonio Niño de Villavicencio in regard to the situation of -the town of Zamboanga; its original subordination to the royal crown; -its fortification, dismantling, and reestablishment; the condition -in which it was in 1737; its expenses; and the amounts which it -paid toward these." After a sketch (illustrated by various official -documents) of the early history of Zamboanga as a military post, -he relates its dismantling, and its reestablishment by Bustamante; -this latter is begun on April 5, 1719, under the command of General -Gregorio Padilla y Escalante, and its fort is named "Nuestra Señora -del Pilar de Zaragoza." Villavicencio carefully describes the fort, -and presents an itemized statement of the expenses of maintaining -it--which amount to 20,000 pesos annually, besides a reserve fund -of 5,000 pesos which may be drawn upon for extraordinary and urgent -expenses. The salary of the governor and military commander is 396 -pesos a year. Two Jesuit chaplains are kept there, who receive each -100 pesos annually. There are eighteen other officers (commissioned -and non-commissioned), and two hundred privates; also five other -officials, including a surgeon. Besides this force of Spaniards is -a company of Pampango soldiers--a hundred men and five officers; and -a considerable number of men are also employed as rowers, builders, -coast-guards, and seamen. Rations amounting to 9,855 cavans of -rice are allowed in the budget of expenses; and the sum of 5,000 -pesos is allowed yearly for ammunition and military supplies for -this post. The rice and other provisions are mainly furnished from -the provinces of Iloilo and Panay, on account of their fertility and -their nearness to Zamboanga. A considerable part of the expenses of -that post is obtained from the contribution made by the inhabitants of -the subjugated provinces, each tributario giving annually a ganta of -clean rice; this amounts to 109,503 gantas of clean rice--equivalent, -at the rate of twenty gantas cleaned to 48 gantas of palay, to 10,950 -cavans of the latter--which is estimated to be worth, at the prices -paid by the royal officials, 5,356 pesos. Enumeration is made of -the numbers of tributes paid in various provinces, as follows: Tondo, -5,606 1/2; Bulacan, 4,963 1/2; Pampanga, 8,067; Pangasinan, 10,896 1/2; -Ilocos, 8,665 3/4; Cagayan, 5,218 1/2; Laguna de Bay, 6,795; Tayabas, -1,612 1/2; Camarines, 7,512; Albay, 3,481; Panay, 6,170 1/2; Yloilo, -10,406 1/2; Island of Negros, 503 1/2; Leite, 8,154 1/4; Cebu, 4,411 -1/2. All these are tributaries of the crown; to these are added the -contributions made by "the tributaries and the encomenderos of the -encomiendas independent of the royal crown," which amount to 18,144 -gantas. A deduction must be made from these of 1,105 3/4 gantas, -"from those who in the number of the said tributes do not make this -contribution, on account of being servants of the churches, and for -other reasons;" the result is the total above given. The tributaries of -the following provinces are exempted from the contribution: Balayan, -Mindoro, Caraga, Mariveles, Calamianes, and Cavite. A further source -of revenue for the expenses of Zamboanga is found in the monopoly -on the wine of the country; this had formerly belonged to the crown, -but had been surrendered at the petition of the city of Manila. Later, -the citizens being called upon to make donations for the support of -Zamboanga, the city petitioned that this be accomplished by renewing -the above crown monopoly of wine. "This new monopoly having begun to -be in force from the year 1731, the sum at which this contribution -[to Zamboanga] may be estimated must be figured according to the -successful bids [remates] at which the privilege has been leased;" it -was farmed out--that is, sold at auction to the highest bidder for a -term of three to five years. The first of these was Don Esteban Garcia -de los Rios, for 1731-33, for the sum of 10,000 pesos a year; the -second, Captain Pedro de Ceballos, for 1734-36, 15,500 pesos a year; -the third, Captain José Ruiz, for 1737-41, 25,000 pesos a year. The -proceeds of this monopoly, then, averaged during eleven years 16,833 -pesos a year. This document is dated at Manila, February 4, 1738. - -In regard to the contributions made by the Indians for the expenses -(outside of ecclesiastical) of the Philippine colonies, Torrubia says -(Dissertacion, pp. 98-103): "When the post of Samboangan was rebuilt -in the year 1755, it was the opinion of the very reverend Father Juan -de Bueras, provincial of the Society of Jesus, that the Indians of -Pintados, as those most interested in the maintenance of the fort, -should aid therein with a half-ganta of rice for each tribute. His -opinion was accepted, but with the enlargement of the contribution to -two gantas (which make one ganta of cleaned rice), and its extension -to all the islands, which amount is paid up to this day. I have -understood that this contribution amounts annually, on the average, -to two thousand five hundred pesos. During the fifty and more years -when Samboangan did not exist, it was paid just as when the fort was -there, notwithstanding that the cabildo opposed it; and the Indians -paid, without the motive for this imposition still remaining, at the -least estimate, more than one hundred and fifty thousand pesos. The -Indians are obliged to make other contributions. For the maintenance of -the soldiers, they furnish rice to his Majesty at two reals a caban, -and usually it is worth more; this is called the compra, and forty or -forty-five thousand cabans (or fanegas) of rice are levied from them in -compra, allotting it pro rata according to what each Indian sows. For -these cabans (or fanegas) no more than two reals are paid, although -that amount is worth four reals, or more; and it is to be noted that -in the suburbs of Manila the price ordinarily does not go below three -reals. The same practice is current in the compras of wheat, although -it is true that in this the Indians seldom lose much. Besides this, -the Indians do the timber-cutting for the ships, and do not receive -more than sixteen reals a month, which they do not have even for -their tools (which they carry with them); they are soldiers, they -row in the galleys, and they are mariners, artillerists, calkers, -and carpenters. And we know very well that in these occupations -they serve in the Ribera of Cavite without pay, and likewise in -the armadas, three, four, or five years, only to obtain a situation -in the ship which goes to Nueva España or Acapulco. Here [i.e., in -Madrid], without considering these contributions, all the expenses -[of the islands] are summed up for the account of his Majesty." He -goes on to say that from the sum of expenses must also be deducted -the voluntary contributions of the citizens; also that these military -expenses have been unfairly laid at the door of the Zamboanga fort. The -soldiers there and in the forts at Cebú and Iloilo are paid from the -situado contributed by the natives themselves; and the fleets which -are sent against the Moros, and the coastguard galleys at Zamboanga, -are not an expense caused by the fort there; "even if they were, -it is a necessary one, under penalty of the Moros eating us alive." - -Torrubia ends his Dissertacion, which is a plea for the maintenance of -the fort at Zamboanga, with a scheme for the formation of a fund--to be -formed by levying a small tax on each of the Christian Sangleys, and -on every "tramp," whether Indian or mestizo--which shall be regarded -as an obra pia, and be placed in the management of the Misericordia; -its proceeds are to be used for the support of the military posts -and fleets which are maintained against the Moros, for the support -of missionaries in the Moro provinces, and even for the extension -of the gospel still further. This would relieve the natives from -the oppressive "Zamboanga donation," the citizens from the frequent -contributions now expected from them by the government, and the royal -treasury from the heavy burden of supporting the present list of -armadas and forts; and the Moro pirates would be easily held in check, -and the interests of both the Spaniards and the Indians protected. - -[14] Zamboanga is in 6° 53' N. latitude, and 123° 5' E. longitude -(U. S. Philippine Gazetteer, p. 928). - -Zamboanga was selected as the site for the fort in Moroland, "because -it was the indispensable landing-place for the hostile people; -because it deprived the Mindanaos of that port, which was the most -important one in their dominion, in which they built their ships, -and where they took refuge from an enemy; because it was the most -suitable place for our infantry; and because it was the frontier of -all the islands of Moroland, where those enemies landed, recruited -their forces, and repaired their vessels. It also was the point -of vantage for intimidating those kings, and depriving Mindanao of -half its power; and for facing (at three leguas distance) Basilan, -the people of which are so valiant, and subject to Joló, so that that -king also is thus disarmed of half his forces. To this was added the -consideration that the post had Christian Indians as neighbors, who, -free from the extortions of the Moros, would aid in the conquest -[of those lands] and the extension of our power and of our faith, -as has been actually done." (Torrubia, pp. 45, 46.) - -[15] Fábrica (Latin, Italian, and Spanish; French, fabrique): -a technical term in church administrative usage. The ordinary and -common meaning is the material building or edifice, which (technically) -includes repairs, improvements, changes, etc., as well as the necessary -expense for caretakers of it, as watchmen, beadles, sweepers, etc.; -these people are paid from the funds of the fábrica--which might -be rendered as "building-fund," except that in ecclesiastical usage -fábrica usually presupposes that the building it already reared, while -the English phrase "building-fund" includes the idea of constructing -it. (Yet in Latin, Italian, and Spanish the term fábrica is also used -to include money for the erection of the church edifice, in cases where -it has not yet been built; where it has been completed and paid for, -fábrica is restricted to the meaning first given above, the "keep" -of the building.) - -Thus usually the term has a material sense only; but sometimes -(though not commonly) fábrica is taken, as in the present text, in a -spiritual sense, and implies the support or maintenance (honoraria) -of the churchmen, the ministers attached to the building, as well as -the maintenance of divine worship, as required by ritual. Fábrica then -refers to affairs of the soul or spirit, the spiritual upbuilding or -edifice of the faithful. By extension, the same term is sometimes used -to mean the board of churchwardens who administer the property. In the -Philippines the church property (save that belonging to the religious -corporations) was in the hands of the bishop as sole trustee and -administrator, a power which he might delegate to his provisor -or vicar. The distribution of the fund mentioned in the text is -unusual.--Rev. T. C. Middleton, O.S.A. - -[16] To this should be added 4 tomins, omitted in the table for lack -of room; the same addition should therefore be made to the total of -the cash column. - -[17] This name, also Pineda in the next item, and Manzano in the last -one, is abbreviated in the original; and the forms given above are -necessarily conjectural. - -[18] In the MS. "Tondo" was written here, but afterward crossed out. - -[19] To this sum should be added 4 granos, omitted from the amount -of cash stated for Mindoro, for lack of room. - -[20] He was royal secretary in the Council of the Indias. In this -letter (dated September 20, 1735) he states that the king desires -information about the islands, and their fortresses and fortifications, -because the recent fire in the palace at Madrid had destroyed many -papers; he asks for plans of fortifications, and reports of troops, -munitions, and artillery, and that they be sent as speedily as -possible. - -[21] Evidently, from the context, referring to Cagayán de Misamis, -in Mindanao. - -[22] At the time a royal secretary; his letter is dated at Madrid, -August 30, 1739, and asks for the report on the ecclesiastical estate -in the islands which is herewith presented. - -[23] The title-page of this book reads in English thus: "Religious -hospital work [conducted] by the sons of our pious father and -patriarch, the father of the poor, St. John of God, in his province -of San Raphael of the Philipinas Islands: a condensed epitome of -its foundation, progress, and present condition, in succinct and -instructive style. Dedicated to the very reverend father Fray Alonso -de Jesus y Ortega, general of the same holy hospital order, by the -reverend father Fray Antonio de Arze, vicar provincial and visitor, -and prior of the convent at Manila--in obedience to whom it was -written by Fray Juan Manuel Maldonado de Puga, a religious and priest; -preacher, master of novices, and chaplain rector in the same convent -of Manila. Year of 1742." The dedication to the general, by Antonio de -Arze, is dated at Manila, July 14, 1740. The book is approved by Fray -Pedro de Zaragoza, of the same order, at Ocaña, February 26, 1742; -and permission for its issue is given by the general of the order -at Granada, September 28 following. It is approved by Father Martin -Garcia, S.J., "synodal examiner of this archbishopric and that of -Sevilla, and of the bishoprics of Malaga and Barzelona," at Granada, -on September 20; and the license by the ordinary is dated at Granada, -on September 26. The approval of the book by the Inquisition is signed -by Fray Pablo de Ezija, a Capuchin, at Granada, June 12 of the same -year; and finally, the permission of the royal Council to print it is -dated at Madrid, on July 9. The colophon reads: "Printed at Granada, -by Joseph de la Puerta, printer and seller of books: year of 1742." - -[24] The same as French entresol; apparently equivalent to the -English word "basement," and referring to the space left under -Filipino buildings. - -[25] Spanish, azucar rosado; described by Dominguez as "sugar cooked -to the point of caramel, to which is added a little lemon juice, so -that the sugar remains [granulated] like sponge sugar, thus serving, -with water, for a refreshing drink." - -[26] These signatures indicate that the opinion rendered by the Jesuits -dates back of 1717, since in that year Clain died; it is probably -earlier than 1708, since in that year Arias and Bobadilla went to the -Palaos Islands (Murillo Velarde, Hist. de Philipinas, fol. 377 verso). - -[27] Palma brava: the common name of Livistonia rotundifolia, of -the order Palmæ; see Merrill's Dictionary of the Plant Names of the -Philippines (Manila, 1903). - -[28] Of interest in this connection is Herrmann Sokeland's "Ancient -Desemers or Steelyards," in Annual Report of Smithsonian Institution, -1900, pp. 551-364. It is well illustrated with engravings of various -primitive weighing instruments which are preserved in the museums of -Berlin, Germany, some of which came from Thibet and India. - -[29] Apparently meaning here, not the Castilian language in general, -but as spoken in the islands. - -[30] The marco is a weight equivalent to the half of a libra, and is -used for weighing gold and silver. The marco of gold is divided into -fifty castellanos, and that of silver into eight onzas. (Barcia.) - -[31] Albarejo (or alberjon): a provincial term (used in La -Mancha), applied, like the Catalan candeal, to a variety of white -wheat. (Barcia.) - -[32] Spanish tumbaga (from Malay tambâga, copper): an alloy of copper -and zinc, or a species of brass, with an excess of zinc; also known as -"Dutch gold" and "pinchbeck." - -[33] In the Spanish text, extension; but this is apparently a -misprint for some other word, for which, in accordance with the -obvious meaning, we substitute "suppression." At the beginning of -Maldonado's work is printed a list of errata therein, thirty-two in -number; this is followed by the naïve remark, "There are some others, -which the discreet reader can correct." - -[34] Spanish, Pico de oro; the same as the Greek Chrysostom. - -[35] The word caballería has many meanings, but probably only two -are here involved; these are found in the supplement to Domínguez's -Diccionario nacional (ed. of 1878). One is, "In the Indias it is -understood as the distribution of lands or seigniorial domains granted -to the settlers or conquistadors in a country." It is possible that -the text refers to some of those military allotments, which might have -descended unbroken to Maldonado's time; but it is much more probable -that he uses the word in the sense of a measure for land. Caballería, -in Andalusia, means also the area of sixty fanegas (or 3.8758 hectares) -of land. - -[36] This sentence sounds somewhat contradictory to the following -one; but it is the literal rendering of the Spanish, se graduaron con -prelacion de los Legados à las deudas de Justicia. This is but one of -many uncertainties in the text of Maldonado's work which presumably -arise from the blunders of native amanuenses which he mentions at the -beginning of chapter xvii; the translation is as close as possible, -but in various places has been necessarily made more free than is -usual in this series, in order to render intelligible involved, -elliptical, or even apparently erroneous phraseology. - -[37] In the text, Escudo--a rather surprising and foreign use of this -word instead of corona. - -[38] In the text, Tierras Tubiganes: tubigan is the Tagal word for -Spanish aguanoso, meaning "wet," or "irrigated." - -[39] In the text, simenteras tabalcanes; but the word tabalcan does not -appear in Tagal dictionaries, and is probably a misprint for tubigan, -as a result of some error by Maldonado's native copyists. Quiñon in -Spanish means "share" or "portion," usually of profit in an enterprise; -but here it is evidently the Hispanicized form of the Tagal qiñong, -which is defined by Noceda and Sanlucar as a land measure equivalent -to 100 brazas square of area. - -[40] That is, the founder of the order, St. John of God. - -[41] Montero y Vidal says (Hist. de Filipinas, i, p. 463, note) of -the obras pias: "In 1880 they possessed a capital of 2 1/2 millions -of pesos, belonging to the following religious bodies: Discalced -Augustinians, 127,938 pesos fuertes; idem at Cavite, 33,117; -Order of St. Francis, 500,840; Order of St. Dominic, 205,092; the -[archiepiscopal] see, 88,155; House of Misericordia, 811,154; the city, -37,272; the privileged confraternities, 97,617." See our VOL. XXVIII, -p. 298, note 138. - -[42] An interesting account of this legacy is given by Uriarte in his -history of the Misericordia (q.v., ante). Lobo, a native of Viana, in -Portugal, died on September 8, 1709, at Agaña in the Marianas Islands, -"having executed a power of attorney for disposing of his estate, -in which he left the board of the holy Misericordia as his executor, -declaring his mother, Isabel Gonzales Lobo--a widow, and a resident -in the said town [i.e., Viana]--the heiress of his property, in case -she had survived him. If not, he named his soul as his heir, with the -declaration that although he had in the said town married Victoria de -Silva he had no children by her, nor had she brought him a dowry at -the time and when they contracted matrimony." The Misericordia made -inquiries in Spain to ascertain whether the mother were still alive, -and the wife brought in a claim for part of Lobo's property; it also -appeared that the deceased had left a sealed will with his uncle, -Francisco Martinez Casados, in Viana. Not until 1723 did the papers -arrive from Spain to settle the difficulties attending this will; -it seems to have been decided earlier that Victoria de Silva was -entitled to one-half of the property gained by Lobo during the period -of their marriage [bienes gananciales], but the Misericordia refused to -pay out any money until the said documents should arrive from Spain; -also that board administered a large sum of money belonging to Lobo, -which was lent to General Miguel Martinez at interest, and could -not be repaid for several years, especially as his estate was long -in probate and greatly decreased in value. "Accordingly, even if the -conveyance of the share belonging to the said Victoria de Silva could -have been made, there was no opportunity for it." Nothing further -is said about Victoria, but the inference is that she had by 1723 -died, or dropped out of sight, or was unable to push her claims -further. At all events, the Misericordia, according to Uriarte, -sold the property and distributed the proceeds according to the -terms of Lobo's will--having first consulted the learned doctors -of the Manila universities as to their justification in doing so, -who fully sustained the board's course; it followed, then, that -their procedure was lawful and Christian, and that they were not to -blame for the delays which occasioned the final disposition of the -estate of Lobo. The opinion of the Jesuit university is reproduced in -full; it is dated November 2, 1727, and signed by the licentiate Don -Francisco Fernandez Thoribio (apparently an auditor who held the chair -of civil law in the university) and Father Pedro Murillo Velarde, and -is fortified by numerous citations from canons. They decide that, Lobo -in his last will "having left his soul as the heir of his property, -that means only the direction that all of it may and should be spent -in suffrages, alms, pious foundations, and other ways which can -result for the relief and welfare of his soul; and in saying that he -'gives to the honorable steward and deputies of the Board all his -own faculty, amply and sufficiently,' he means that he leaves to -the judgment of the said Board the disposal of his goods, in such -manner as shall, according to the circumstances, appear most to the -pleasure of God, and the welfare and relief of his soul. Accordingly, -in virtue of the said power and faculty the said honorable steward -and deputies have authority to proceed to the execution of the will, -in the manner which we propose." They approve of the bequests made -by Lobo for three chaplaincies; for the aid of the seminary of Santa -Isabel and the support of orphan girls; and for masses for the souls -in purgatory. They recommend that the girls of Santa Isabel set aside -the masses and prayers of a certain day for the repose of Lobo's soul, -for which shall also be said a thousand masses; and that an offering -be yearly made from this estate for the aid of the home for wayward -girls, in which a day shall also be observed with prayers for Lobo's -soul. No mention of Victoria de Silva is made in this opinion. - -[43] Alguazil: one of the many words of law and administration -derived by the Spaniards from the Arabs. The word was originally, -according to Dozy, al-vacil, which was from al-wazir, "vizier." Under -the Arabs it was used to denote an officer of high rank, equivalent to -dux. The governors of provinces under the Ommiade Khalifs sometimes -received the title by way of extra dignity. The Christians used the -word down to the fourteenth century as an equivalent to judge of -first instance. Descending lower, in time it came to designate an -officer of the court, the bailiff--in which sense only alguacil is -now used. (H. E. Watts, in note to his edition of Don Quixote [London, -1895], iv, p. 14.) - -[44] Gozos: "verses in praise of the Virgin or of the saints, in which -certain words are repeated at the end of every couplet" (Velázquez). - -[45] In 1686 the Dominicans in Filipinas were strictly forbidden -to drink chocolate. This ordinance was observed for several years, -until chocolate became so cheap and so generally used (even by -the poorest Indians and negroes) that it came to be regarded as a -necessity rather than a delicacy, and the prohibition was removed -from the friars. (Salazar, Hist. Sant. Rosario, p. 379.) - -The culture of the cacao (Theobroma cacao), from the seeds of which -chocolate is prepared, was introduced from Nueva España into the -Philippines under the rule of Governor Diego de Salcedo. Murillo -Velarde accredits this to the Jesuit Juan Davila (Hist. de Philipinas, -fol. 395 v.): "He cared for both the temporal and spiritual good of -the Indians, endeavoring that they should possess some means of gain -which would cause them to remain permanently in the villages, in order -to remove the difficulties which ensued from their wandering hither -and yon--for, going about in this manner, they were not instructed in -the Christian doctrine or in Christian morals--besides other damages -which they cause. For this purpose he interceded with the governor, -Don Diego de Salcedo, to cause to be brought from Nueva España some -shoots of cacao, in order to plant them in Bisayas. The governor -accordingly obtained them, while the father was at Carigara, where -a plantation was begun with good results; and from that place it has -spread to other villages and islands of Pintados--with great benefit -to those Indians, and to the general advantage of all the islands; -for this beverage is more necessary here than in other regions. It -is especially so for the ministers [of religion], who go about in -continual voyages and navigations, very often without having the -comfort of having any other provision or nourishment." Father Davila -was born in Sevilla in 1615, entered the Jesuit order at the age -of fifteen; and was ordained in 1639. For a time he was minister in -the college for Irishmen in Sevilla. He came to the islands in 1643, -and labored in the Bisayan missions for many years; he died in Ylog, -Negros, June 20, 1706. For seven years before his death he suffered -from a malignant cancer in the face. Concepción says (Hist. de -Philipinas, ix, p. 150): "Chocolate is a great aid to feeble stomachs; -and cacao is now produced in such abundance that it serves as the -common beverage of every class of people, although it is true that -some islands produce it of better quality and richness than do others." - -The introduction of the cacao which was made in 1670 (see VOL. XX, -p. 198) is reconciled with that by Davila thus, by Blanco (Flora, -ed. 1845, p. 420): "It is very probable that with the remittance of -cacao plants which came from America at his order, some others were -brought over by private persons; and thus, at the same time when -the cacao was spreading through Carigara (where Father Davila was -laboring) and through other regions, it would also be cultivated by -Tagals. In the year 1674, when Father Ignacio de Mercado was parish -priest of Lipa, he says that he distributed seeds of this tree to -many persons." The allusion here to Tagals refers to San Agustin's -statement that the plant of cacao brought over by Pedro Brabo in -1670 was stolen from him by an Indian of Lipa, named Juan del Aguila, -who hid and cultivated it; and thence it spread throughout the islands. - -[46] There is some uncertainty in the Spanish text, which reads, -Cirujano dozientos; y quarenta el Sacristan Mayor. Apparently there -is some typographical error in the punctuation; but there is no means -of verifying the fact involved. - -[47] The money in the communal fund of the Chinese in the Parián -was called Lapuat, and in 1718 amounted to more than 20,000 pesos -(Concepción, Hist. de Philipinas, ix, p. 234). - -[48] War had been declared by England against Spain in October, 1739, -in consequence of injuries inflicted on British commerce in the West -Indies; but letters of marque and reprisal had been issued by the -English government in July preceding, under which Captain Edward -Vernon captured the city of Portobello (November 22, 1739), and the -castle at Cartagena. Captain George Anson also was placed in command -of a large fleet, to harass the Spaniards along the coast of Peru, -then to proceed northward, attack Panama, and capture the Spanish -treasure-fleet, in which proceedings Vernon was to coöperate with -him. Anson's fleet was broken up by storms and sickness, and the -two commanders failed to make connections; so Anson, after various -depredations on the western coast of South America, sailed to China, -where he repaired his ship. Then he set out to meet the Spanish -galleon from Acapulco, the "Covadonga;" and on June 30, 1743, Anson -captured this vessel after a hot fight, with over 1,500,000 pesos of -silver, mostly in coin. To avenge this loss, a squadron of four ships -(the one here mentioned in our text) was despatched by the Manila -government in pursuit of Anson; they went to China, but could not -find the Englishman, who had sailed for his own country. - -[49] Pardao (or pardo): a coin used in Portuguese India, worth 3 -tostoons 3 vintens (Michaelis). This is equivalent to 360 reis, -or to very nearly 35 cents in United States money. - -[50] After Governor Torre's death (September 21, 1745), the government -of the islands ad interim was assumed by Fray Juan de Arrechedera, -bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia. His first care was to inspect the -defenses and supplies of Manila, in view of the dangers which menaced -the colony from the English; and he sent to Batavia for cannon, guns -and ammunition, his envoy being a Frenchman who was well accredited in -the foreign factories, named Antonio Piñon, who is probably the man -mentioned by Calderon. Piñon returned to Manila with those supplies, -to the value of 38,995 pesos. (Concepción, Hist. de Philipinas, xi, -pp. 305, 306.) - -[51] It is clear that the name China (which the French and Italians -pronounce Cina) is not the original name of that kingdom, but is -one imposed upon it by the foreigners who went thither to trade -and barter; it was adopted by the Portuguese, and afterward by our -people of the Philippines. Father Julio Aleni, a Jesuit, in a book -written in the Chinese language says, in discussing this point: -"China, according to foreigners, signifies 'the country or kingdom -of silk;' and, since there is so great abundance of that commodity -therein, those who sailed thither to buy it would say, 'Let us go to -the country of silk,' or 'to China,' which means the same. The like -statement was made to me by Don Fray Gregorio Lopez, bishop of Basilea, -in whose charge is now the church of China, a religious of ours, and -a native of that empire. To this opinion also incline Trigautius and -Kircher." The most common and ordinary name which those people give -to their empire, not only in books but in conversation, is Chung Kue, -that is, "the kingdom in the middle." In former times they gave this -name to the province of Hò Nan, which lies almost in the middle and -heart of that empire; from that region it was afterward applied to that -entire country. Others say that the Chinese regarded their kingdom as -being in the middle of the world, through their ignorance of the many -kingdoms that the world contains. For that reason they also call it -Tien Hia, that is, "the world," or, "the largest or principal part -of the world." Another name they very commonly give to it, calling -it Hoa Kue, or Chung Hoa, which means "flowery kingdom," or "garden, -forest, and pleasant place of the middle of the world." In the time -of the emperor Xun this name was much used, and it is still used -in literature. It is a very suitable name for that empire, for in -truth it is throughout a beautiful garden and a peaceful and pleasant -forest. (Domingo F. Navarrete's Tratados historicos, pp. 1, 2.) - -[52] See Raynal's account of "the settlements, wars, policy, and -commerce of the Dutch in the East Indies," in his Établissemens et -commerce des Européens, i, pp. 151-260. An interesting description of -Batavia, the capital of the Dutch possessions in the Orient, is given -in pp. 221-228; and an account of the organization, administration, and -policy of the Dutch East India Company, in pp. 158-161, 228-255. The -foundation and early history of the Dutch settlement at the Cape of -Good Hope are related in pp. 201-213. - -[53] Apparently a member of the royal Council; he sent orders that -during the war with Great Britain no galleon should sail from Manila -for Acapulco, stating that the king thus decreed in order to prevent -those rich cargoes from falling into the hands of the English. The -merchants petitioned Governor Arrechedera to suspend this decree, at -least by permitting them to send to Acapulco the goods which had been -registered for that port three years before--which were already damaged -by this delay, and would be ruined by a longer one; he did so (with the -advice of his counselors), and the galleon "Rosario" and the patache -"Pilar" were sent with cargoes in June, 1746. To accomplish this, -in the exhausted condition of the colonial treasury, the merchants -were obliged to contribute 50,000 pesos for the outfitting of the -ships and other expenses; and the royal officials, with the consent of -the ecclesiastical cabildo, borrowed from the funds in the treasury -belonging to the cathedral 29,805 pesos. The ships were manned with -crews of 500 and 350 men respectively. They made the voyage safely, -and returned to Manila with the situado for that year and 30,000 -pesos on the arrearages in those of previous years. The "Rosario" -was again despatched with a cargo, and with request for the situados -which had been held back in Mexico; as these amounted to six, the -islands were in great need, and the royal treasury almost empty; but -the vessel was ill-constructed, and was driven back to port by storms. - -[54] Concepción says (Hist. de Philipinas, xi, p. 237) that this -was "a little vessel, which was in the service of the missions and -presidios in California;" the viceroy sent it because, having heard -nothing from Manila for a long time, he feared that Anson had caused -destruction there. - -[55] Raynal devotes book iv of his Établissemens et commerce des -Europées (t. i, pp. 400-548) to the "voyages, settlements, wars, -and commerce of the French in the East Indies." The first voyage to -India undertaken by a French commercial company (1601) was commanded -by Pyrard de Laval, whose account of his adventures in the Maldive -Islands has already been cited in these volumes; but this enterprise -was unsuccessful. After various abortive attempts by Frenchmen to -engage in the Oriental trade, an East India Company was formed in -France (1664) by the great Colbert, with an exclusive charter and many -special privileges. The company made a settlement in Madagascar, -which was abandoned in 1670, and the French ships then went to -India, where they established a post at Surat, and afterward one at -Pondicherry. At first the trade prospered, especially at the latter -post; but after a time the affairs of the company were mismanaged, -its funds diminished so that ruinous expedients, only temporarily -successful, were resorted to; its markets at home were spoiled by the -sale of India goods, taken by French privateers from English and Dutch -prizes, at very low prices; for lack of money, the company could not -keep up its purchases in India; heavy duties were laid on all India -goods; the conduct of the home government toward the company was, -although vacillating, generally oppressive, and its administration -corrupt; and the company long struggled on the brink of ruin. At the -end of the fifty years' term of their charter, they secured (1714) an -extension for ten years more; and in the period of "frenzied finance" -engineered by John Law (1716-21) various other trading companies -were merged in this one, which later was substantially aided by the -French government. For a time the company acquired great power and -extensive territories in India; but war broke out between France -and England, and in 1761 Pondicherry was captured and destroyed by -the English. Afterward, from 1764 to 1769, the company conducted a -prosperous Oriental trade; but its affairs had long been mismanaged, -and the government had meddled with these unduly, while there had -been much corruption among both its directors and its officials. It -was found to be heavily indebted, and its finances fell into almost -hopeless confusion; and finally a royal decree dated August 15, 1769, -suspended the exclusive privileges granted to the Company of the -Indies, and gave all Frenchmen liberty to navigate and trade beyond -the Cape of Good Hope. The company thereupon undertook to liquidate -their affairs, and made over to the government (April 7, 1770) their -property, the latter assuming the debts and obligations of the company. - -In the period 1725 to 1770, the East India Company of France sent out -761 trading ships, an average of 17 each year; the number in 1725 was -33, but it dwindled toward the close of that period until, in 1769, it -was but 3; the ships, during the 45 years, were manned by 87,223 men, -an average of 115 to each ship. The amount of merchandise carried to -the Indias varied from 7,800,000 livres' worth (in 1769) to 612,000 -(in 1764), and for the entire period was 133,000,000. The vessels that -returned to France numbered 585; they carried thither goods which had -cost 344,000,000 livres in the East, and which were sold in France for -636,000,000: the years in which these sales produced most profit were: -1741, a gain of 12,327,000 livres; 1752, 13,719,000 livres; and 1755, -12,785,000 livres. During the first decade, the company paid on its -sales, as duties to the crown, the sum of 25,000 livres annually; -then until 1765, with a few exceptions, 3,000 livres a year; and during -1765-71, sums varying from 538,000 to 126,000 livres a year. The annual -dividends varied usually from eight and a quarter to three millions of -livres; steadily decreasing (in groups of years) to the latter figure; -in 1746 the dividend was 15,000,000, but in that year the company -borrowed the large sum of 25,000,000. In 1765 the dividend was but -766,000 livres. Its capital in 1725 was 100,000,000 livres due from -the crown, and 39,835 in its ships and other assets. In June, 1747, -the government increased its obligations to the company to 180,000,000 -livres, in compensation for depriving it of the monopoly of the sale -of tobacco, and engaged to pay it the interest on that sum forever at -the rate of five per cent. (See a tabulated statement of the affairs of -the French company, at the end of the atlas volume of Raynal's work.) - -After the exclusive privileges of the company were suspended, -the India commerce was carried on by private persons, and steadily -flourished. Raynal presents another table, showing the net product of -this private commerce, as indicated by the sales at the French port -of l'Orient, during 1771-78 inclusive, of merchandise brought from -the Indies, China, and the islands of France and Bourbon; it shows -a regular and large increase, save in 1778. The amounts of these -sales vary from 10,336,000 livres in 1771 to 27,509,000 in 1777; -in the following year the amount was but 14,026,000. The total sales -for the eight years amounted to 149,273,000 livres, an annual average -of 18,659,000. - -[56] "[Lower] California serves as a way-station for the vessels -which sail from the Philippines to Mexico; Cape St. Lucas, situated -at the southern extremity of the peninsula, is the place where they -halt. They find there a good port, fresh food, and signals which -warn them if any enemy has appeared in those places which are most -dangerous for them. It was in 1734 that the galleon landed there -for the first time; and the orders given to it, and its necessities, -have drawn it to that place ever since." (Raynal, Établissemens et -commerce des Européens, ii, p. 106.) - -[57] The writer of this letter was one of the auditors of the royal -Audiencia at Manila (Concepción, Hist. de Philipinas, xi, p. 295). - -[58] Evidently referring to Pedro Murillo Velarde, extracts from whose -Historia de Philipinas have already appeared in this series. The phrase -"the Orient" alludes to the route via India to Europe. - -[59] Full accounts of this mission may be found in Ventura del Arco -MSS., iv, pp. 447-591, in letters from the Jesuits Pedro Estrada and -Juan Angles, dated June 25, 1748, and June 18, 1749, respectively--with -letter from Felipe V to the sultan of Joló, and the latter's reply. - -[60] This was Fray Pedro de la Santisima Trinidad Martinez de Arizala; -he was a native of Madrid, and had been an auditor in the royal -Audiencia of Quito for seventeen years, and was an honorary member -of the Council of the Indias. But, "disillusioned with the world, and -weary of honors, his sensitive conscience found room in the estate of a -Franciscan religious, taking their habit, and professing their austere -life." He took possession of the archbishopric of Manila on August 27, -1747, at the age of fifty-two years. Difficulties arose between him -and Arrechedera; but he contented himself with laying these troubles -before the court at Madrid. He died on May 28, 1755. (Concepción, -Hist. de Philipinas, xii, pp. 38-40, and xiii, pp. 338, 339.) - -[61] See the detailed account of this episode, and of events connected -with it, in Concepción's Hist. de Philipinas, xii, chaps, ii-v, -which may thus briefly be summarized: - -In 1735 Maulana, sultan of Joló, abdicated in favor of his son Mahamad -Alimudin. This youth was "brought up in the school of his father," -in matters of craft and policy; he had spent some time at Batavia, -where he became proficient in the Arabic and Malayan languages, and in -the Koran--"which he explained with so much erudition that the Joloans -gave him the title of chief pandita of that kingdom," and he attained -among the Moros "an authority almost supreme." He negotiated for peace -with the Spaniards, which was effected in 1737; he promised to restore -the Christian captives, but his datos resented this, and refused to -obey. In May, 1740, a Recollect priest, Fray Hypolito de San Agustin, -was captured by Moro pirates; but certain Joloans--especially their -pandita, one Yaloc--rescued him and took him to Joló, where he was -kindly received and cared for. The sultan demanded a ransom of 12,000 -pesos for him; after many difficulties and negotiations, and some aid -from the Jesuits, the captive priest secured his liberty by binding -the Recollect province to pay the amount demanded for ransom. Soon -afterward, the sultan was persuaded by Commandant Zacharias and -the Jesuit Isasi at Zamboanga to commute his claim to 1,000 pesos, -which was gladly paid by the Recollects. The peace made with Alimudin -stopped the invasions by the Joloans, but the Tirones from the Bornean -coast continued their destructive raids. Remonstrances being made at -Madrid by the representatives of Philippine interests, the king wrote -the letters to the rulers of Joló and Tamontaca (the latter being -Ameril Mahomenin Campsa), which have been previously mentioned in this -series; they were received at Manila in July, 1746, and were sent to -their destination by the hands of the Jesuits Isasi and Arcada. These -envoys conducted various negotiations with the sultan, who demanded -(and received) from the Manila government aid of money, guns, and -iron--for Joló, to repay him for the expenses which he had incurred in -aiding the Spaniards against the Tirones; for Tamontaca (or Mindanao), -to aid in the war with Gula, the son of the rebel Malinog. Arrangements -were made for the opening of Jesuit missions in Joló and Tamontaca; -but they soon came to naught. In September, 1748, a rebellion in -Joló unseated Alimudin, and sent him a fugitive to Zamboanga; and, -Ameril and Gula having become reconciled, threatened treachery sent -the Jesuit Moreno back from Tamontaca to the same refuge. Alimudin -went to Manila, here he was received with much éclat by Governor -Arrechedera; he was there apparently converted to the Christian faith -by the governor's persuasions. - -[62] "By the marriage with Elizabeth Farnese (ancestry normal), -Philip V had, as an heir, Charles III, of Spain, who was the best -of the more modern sovereigns of that country--in fact, the only -normal one since before the days of the Emperor Charles V, now seven -generations in the background. Not that Charles III inherited any of -the ancient genius, for that had gone, never to appear again. He was, -however, ([to cite] Hume), 'an enlightened, generous, and just king -and a noble and magnanimous man,' and (Rose's Biographical Dictionary) -'possessed abilities as a monarch, and virtues as a private citizen, -... was a popular sovereign and a great economist of time, scrupulously -methodical in all his operations.'" Thus writes Dr. F. A. Woods, -in his Heredity in Royalty (New York, 1906), pp. 155, 156--a book -which endeavors, on scientific lines, to ascertain the influence of -heredity as displayed in the royal families of Europe. The chapter -on the rulers of Spain is found at pp. 124-171. He says (p. 138): -"The origin of the well-known insanity in the Spanish and Austrian -houses, perpetuated over thirteen generations and involving more than -a score of individuals, is a very interesting question. It cannot -be traced with certainty prior to Isabella, the Queen of John II, -of Castile. This Isabella was out and out insane, according to the -English alienist, W. W. Ireland; and from her, onward, the insanity -passed along in one form or another by the very intermarriages which -their pride and political motives caused them to arrange, with the -intended idea of making permanent their world power, but with the -inevitable result of losing that same prestige by placing it in the -hands of the unfortunate children whose inheritance was necessarily -mental weakness as the result of such unwise wedlocks." - -For account of Carlos III's reign, see Manuel Danvila y Collado's -Reinado de Carlos III (Madrid, 1894). An interesting description -of this monarch's character and mode of life may be found in the -Dublin Magazine for April, 1763, pp. 238, 239; it is written by -a clergyman named Clark, "chaplain to the Earl of Bristol, late -ambassador at the court of Madrid." He says, among other things: -"He is the greatest Nimrod of his time: he sacrifices everything to -this favorite pleasure; he was disgusted at his public entry, because -it hindered him of four days sport. He stayed three days at Toledo, -and killed six wild mountain-cats, which, as I was well informed by -those who had calculated the expence of that expedition, cost him -exactly 1000 l. a cat." "It has been imagined that he is a very weak -prince, and of little or no understanding: Ir is a great mistake; -he has some parts, but is mulish and obstinate to the last degree; -and, by being constantly flattered, he imagines that he has more -understanding than he really possesses. He is reserved beyond the -common reserve of princes, has no confidant, and communicates his -will only by his orders to put into execution. He can neither be -led nor driven; all must come from himself." "He allows no minister -to remonstrate or argue with him." "He arrested and banished the -inquisitor-general, and sent him prisoner to a convent. He engaged -in the present war with England, contrary to the sentiments of his -ministers, and in direct opposition to the voice of the whole nation." - -[63] A copy of the naturalization papers of Nicolas Norton y Nicols -as a Spaniard exists in the Archivo general de Indias at Sevilla; its -pressmark is, "Est. 105, caj. 2, leg. 13, libro 12, fol. 226b-229b," -and the document is dated at Aranjuez, August 3, 1758. Norton became -a Catholic, and was allowed to trade in the Philippines. The allusion -to "192 years" is somewhat incorrect, if he refers to the first -discovery of the islands, which occurred in 1565; or else he may -have begun to write out this proposal to the king as early as 1757, -which would tally with the above numbers. - -[64] In the text, Bisarjas, evidently a clerical error. This, and a -few similar discrepancies in the MS., strengthen the conjecture that -it is not written by Norton's own hand; it was probably dictated by -him to an amanuensis. - -[65] See articles describing the cocoanut, its uses, culture, etc., -in Census of the Philippine Islands, iv, pp. 53-76; its uses are thus -characterized (p. 72): "Briefly summed up, its timber can be employed -in every form of house construction; its foliage in making mats, sacks, -and thatches; its fruit in curry and sweet-meats; its oil for medicine, -cookery, and illumination; its various uses in the manufacture of -wines, spirits, sugar, and vinegar." See also various scientific -articles regarding the culture of the cocoanut palm, its enemies, -and the qualities of its oil, in the Philippine Journal of Science, -Manila, 1906 (published by the Philippine government). - -[66] Spanish, cañas, which (as sometimes elsewhere) indicates that this -name was bestowed indifferently on the bamboo and the rattan; but the -latter is here meant, of course, as being named bichuca (for bejuco). - -[67] Spanish, clauos; apparently meaning that the natives used in -their housebuilding wedges made from the wood of the cocoanut tree -as a substitute for iron nails. - -[68] Probably alluding to a document which is preserved in the Archivo -de Indias at Sevilla, by Norton y Nicols, dated at Madrid, September -2, 1757; it will be mentioned in the bibliographical section of this -series (VOL. LIII). - -[69] The context would imply that sugar is here referred to; but the -writer does not mention it again, and seems to have abandoned his -attempt to export it. - -[70] Spanish, estas ayudas de, followed by a blank space, doubtless -intended to be filled by costas. - -[71] Concepción mentions this stone (Hist. de Philipinas, xii, -p. 25), found on a site selected by the Dutch; they had marked "a -stone with the letter T, which, as it was interpreted, signified, -'annexed to Terrenate.' This same token they had placed in other -uninhabited islands in the vicinity. This marked stone was dug up by -the sultan of Mindanao, who sent it to the governor of Samboangan, -Don Pedro Zacharias. Two Dutch chalupas went to call the Mindanaos -to account for this act, intending to obtain satisfaction for it by -placing the marked stone in the locality of Silangan, on the mainland -of Mindanao; but Radiamura courageously drove back the Dutch who made -a landing--who, in retreating, swore to return with adequate forces -for that enterprise." - -[72] There is some confusion or error in these figures, which read, -in the MS., "35 = 3.94 @ 2,82:600." Without them, the totals amount -to 80,187,524; subtracting this from the entire total, there remains -a balance of 3,424,000, apparently indicating the value of the -sugar--save that the total for benzoin is erroneously figured in the -MS.; it should be 144,804. The MS. is also uncertain on some of the -other totals. - -[73] The writer (or more probably his amanuensis) has made an error in -transcribing these sums; "six millions" should read "sixty millions," -and at the end of the paragraph the amount of chocolate should be -"one hundred and fifty" instead of "fifteen" millions. The remaining -figures are correct. - -[74] "In 1618, according to the testimony of Dr. Marradón, of -Marchena, to one hundred cacao-beans must be added a pound and a half -of sugar, two onzas of cinnamon, fourteen grains of Mexican pepper, -a half-onza of cloves, and two reals' weight of anise and annotto; and -one might add almonds, nuts, and orange-flower water. Years afterward -Dr. Colmenero of Ledesma modified this formula, making the paste in -the proportion of one hundred cacao-beans, one-half libra of sugar, -two granos of pepper, anise, cloves, Alexandrian [i.e., white] roses, -logwood, cinnamon, almonds, nuts, and a sufficient quantity of annotto -to give it color." - -Until the end of the eighteenth century chocolate was prepared mainly -by hand-labor. "In the seventeenth century, the preparation of the -chocolate was made by artisans, who received twelve reals and an -azumbre [i.e., about half a gallon] of wine for preparing each day the -portion of chocolate from sixteen libras of clear cacao. The chocolate, -thus prepared and sold under the name of 'health chocolate,' often -contained special ingredients, chosen on account of the fashion, or -of the taste of the consumers; and if in those times great praise was -given to the chocolate which contained aromatic essences--vanilla, -amber, and orange--certainly not less famous on that account was -the chocolate of Madrid with its doradilla [i.e., ceterach], that of -Ávila with its pimentón [i.e., a large variety of pepper], and that -of Pamplona with its pepper and ginger. Fray Manuel Ordoñez says, -referring to the paste which we are considering, that 'in the past -century it was sold only in the apothecary shops, like physicians' -prescriptions, for our cure;' and from this citation we may infer -not only that chocolate was regarded as a special medicine, but that -it was considered as a therapeutic agent, worthy of being kept by -the pharmacists of the seventeenth century. Later, in the eighteenth -century, the preparation of chocolate began to be made by the guild of -spice-dealers, its ingredients being reduced to the cacao, cinnamon or -vanilla, and sugar; and the custom became somewhat general of adding -to the paste some biscuit-dough, in order to make it thicker when it -was diluted with water. At the same time when the 'health chocolate' -was sold in the spice-shops, a medicinal chocolate was prepared -in the apothecary shops, in which the principal products of the -pharmacopeia entered as ingredients. As the preparation of chocolate -had become general in the convents, in attempting to compete with the -spice-dealers the friars did not think of making it of better quality; -but, in order to sell it more cheaply, they subtracted from cacao and -cinnamon what they added in ingredients that were not always harmless -for the parishioner's health. In order that the importance of this -adulteration may be estimated, it is sufficient to cite some of the -additions most used, as wheat flour, rice flour; ground lentils, peas, -beans, and maize; starch, potato starch, and dextrine; olive oil, -sweet almond oil, yolk of egg, tallow of veal and mutton; storax, -chestnut [flour], gum tragacanth; cinnabar, red oxide of mercury, -red lead, carbonate of lime, etc." The manufacture of chocolate has -been conducted almost entirely by machinery during the past century, -and has accordingly thrown out the majority of the artisans who made it -by hand. (José del Carmenal, cited in Gräfenberg's Spanisches Lesebuch, -Frankfurt, 1899, pp. 7-11.) - -[75] At the end of the atlas volume in Raynal's Établissemens et -commerce des Européens is a tabular "Enumeration of the population of -Spain, prepared in 1768 by order of his Lordship Conde de Aranda, -president of the Council of Castilla." The population is given -separately for each of the eight archbishoprics (which contain -48 bishoprics, 2 of them "exempt"). The lay population was thus -classed: married persons, 1,724,567 men and 1,714,505 women; unmarried -(presumably including children), 2,809,069 boys and 2,911,858 girls; -total, 9,159,999. Add the number of the clergy (both regular and -secular), which was 147,805, and the entire population numbered -9,307,804. Two curious discrepancies may be noted: the number of -married men is greater than that of the married women by 10,062, and -the girls exceed the boys by 102,789 (this latter an excess of about -3 2/3 per cent). The only region in which the number of married men -is practically the same as that of married women is the archdiocese of -Valencia, and the only one where the same thing is true of the boys and -girls is the archdiocese of Zaragoza. The greatest discrepancy in the -numbers of both these classes is found in the archdiocese of Burgos, -where there were 197,064 married men, and only 185,997 married women; -and it had 330,428 girls and only 310,545 boys. Highly significant -is the enumeration of the privileged classes, of whom in the total -population there were 846,657, thus classified: those enjoying -royal privileges, 89,393; in the department of finances, 27,577; -in that of the Crusade, 4,248; in that of the Inquisition, 2,645; -in the nobility, 722,794. It is to be observed that three-fourths -of all the privileged class are found in the archdiocese of Burgos -and the two exempt bishoprics--in the former, 324,661; in the latter, -306,378. Not less interesting are the statistics of the ecclesiastical -estate. In the 16,427 cities and villages were 18,106 parishes, -which were served by 15,641 curas. There were 2,004 monasteries, -containing 55,453 religious; and 1,026 convents with 26,465 nuns. All -these religious orders employed also 8,552 persons as procurators -and treasurers, and with the orders were affiliated 26,294 laymen. In -the service of the churches were 25,248 laymen; and besides the curas -there were 50,246 chaplains and beneficed priests. The total of all -these items is 147,805, the number above given. - -[76] A literal translation of the text; but there seems to be some -omission or confusion in the statement. Possibly the writer intended to -make it contingent on the success of his project for making cinnamon -plantations. - -[77] In the text, aljoresesite; there is no such word in the lexicons, -and it probably is an error (perhaps of an amanuensis) for ajo aceite, -the name of a pungent preparation of garlic, oil, etc., which is used -in the southern countries of Europe as a condiment. - -[78] Thus in original, but the context would indicate that "no" -was omitted here. - -[79] Spanish, caldos: a term applied to the wine, oil, and brandy -that are transported by sea (Dominguez). - -[80] The somewhat fragmentary nature of these statements indicates -the probability that they are but memoranda, and the whole MS. a -rough draft, which was to be presented to the king in revised and -improved form. - -[81] Wm. Reed (Negritos of Zambales) says, (p. 27): "Everything in the -history of the Zambal people and their present comparative unimportance -goes to show that they were the most indolent and backward of the -Malayan peoples. While they have never given the governing powers -much trouble, yet they have not kept pace with the agricultural and -commercial progress of the other people, and their territory has been -so steadily encroached on from all sides by their more aggressive -neighbors that their separate identity is seriously threatened. The -rich valleys of Zambales have long attracted Ilokano immigrants, who -have founded several important towns. The Zambals themselves, owing -to lack of communication between their towns, have developed their -separate dialects.... [but] Zambal as a distinct dialect is gradually -disappearing." "The Zambals, however, lived in so close contact with -the Negritos that they impressed their language on them so thoroughly, -that no trace of the dialect of the latter people remains in Zambales" -(p. 28). - -As pointed out in a recent communication from James A. LeRoy, the -Zambals were mountaineers, kin to the Igorot of today, and of Malay -origin. They probably formed a portion of a very early migratory -movement from the south who were pushed back into the hills. They must -not be confused with the Negritos, who are not Malayan. The Malayan -origin of the Zambals can be easily seen from Perez's description. - -[82] Fray Vicente Salazar in his Historia, chapter xxx, pp. 134-138 -("Description of the province of Zambales, and the genius, customs, -and ceremonies of its Indians") makes use of this document by Perez, -which he greatly condenses. Indeed, it forms his sole authority on -the Zambals. In the two following chapters ("Fruit of the preaching -of our religious in the changing of the customs of the Zambals;" and -"Of some miracles which our Lord worked in this mission and reduction -of the Zambals") also he uses considerable of the material of Perez. - -[83] Carrizal: land which is full of reed-grass. - -[84] Tapis is a Tagálog word, being the name of a garment worn by women -as a skirt. See Noceda and Sanlucar's Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. - -[85] Iua: a Tagálog word for a weapon resembling a dagger. See -ut supra. - -[86] Wm. A. Reed (Negritos of Zambales, p. 26), commenting on Salazar's -description of the Zambals, which is condensed from Perez, says: -"Of course it is impossible to tell how much of this is the product -of the writer's imagination, or at least of the imagination of those -earlier chroniclers from whom he got his information, but it can well -be believed that the natives had a religion of their own and that -the work of the missionaries was exceedingly difficult." In this -connection, it is interesting to note that Perez later vouches for -the entire truth of whatever he has written. - -[87] The original reads: presidiendo las ceremonias Bis. The -transcriber of the document for the present editors has added the -following note: "The structure and meaning of this word is not well -understood." It is the Latin word Bis, meaning "in a twofold manner," -indicating that the god Malyari presides over both the feast and the -honors to the deceased. - -[88] Balata is also used by the Tagálogs to signify "abstinence -from something in memory of any person." See Noceda and Sanlucar's -Vocabulario. - -[89] The Spanish for "to play at ring" is correr á la sortija. This is -an equestrian sport, which is played by taking an iron ring as large -as a Segovian ochavo (a small brass coin). This ring is fitted into -another piece of iron, from which it can be easily withdrawn. The -latter is hung from a cord or pole a few feet from the ground, and -the horsemen and others who take part in the game, taking the proper -distance, go toward the ring at a run. The one who bears off the ring -on his lance is declared the winner. See Dominguez's Diccionario. - -[90] A word of respect in the Tagálog dialect. - -[91] Even when I was a missionary to the heathens from 1882 to 1892, -I had occasion to observe the said policy, to inform the chief of -the fortress of the measures that he ought to take, and to make a -false show on the other side so that it might have no influence on -the fortress. (Note by Dominican transcriber.) - -[92] The same thing was advised by father Fray Remigio Rodriguez del -Alamo to Don Narciso Claveria y Oscariz, in respect to the different -tribes of Ifugaos. (Note by Dominican transcriber.) - -[93] This was Gregorio Giraldez, who reached the Philippines in -1679. He was a Galician by birth and professed in the Dominican order -August 31, 1666. He was immediately sent to the province of Zambales, -being appointed in 1682 vicar of Alalang, and in 1684, of Paynaven. In -1686 he became superior of the Manila convent. He filled the offices -also of procurator-general, president of San Juan de Letran, and -vicar-provincial. His death occurred at Manila, May 28, 1702. See -Salazar's Historia, p. 130; and Reseña biográfica, ii, pp. 215, 216. - -[94] Juan de la Nava went to the Philippines in 1684, and was assigned -immediately to Masinloc, in the province of Zambales, which post -he filled for four years. In 1690 he was appointed vicar-provincial -there, at the same time having in charge the house at Paynaven. His -death occurred August 24, 1691. See Salazar's Historia, pp. 583, 584, -and Reseña biográfica, ii, p. 252. - -[95] Juan Fernandez was born in the province of Asturias, and professed -at Valladolid, September 8, 1674. Reaching the Philippines in 1679 -at the age of twenty-six, he was sent to the province of Zambales, -being assigned in 1680 to Masinloc, where he remained until 1686. He -was also vicar of Santiago Apostol de Bolinao (1688-96) and of Santa -Catalina V. y M. de Agno; vicar-provincial (1692-94); at Bolinao again -(1696-98); superior of Manila convent (1698-1702); president of the -house of Santa Mónica de Marihumo, in Zambales, from 1702 until his -death in the first half of 1703. See Salazar's Historia, p. 130; -and Reseña biográfica, ii, pp. 223, 224. - -[96] This was Juan Rois. See VOL. XLI, p. 250, note 76. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898; -Volume XLVII, 1728-1759, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, VOLUME XLVII *** - -***** This file should be named 54041-8.txt or 54041-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/0/4/54041/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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