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diff --git a/old/54563-h/54563-h.htm b/old/54563-h/54563-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 5bcc16f..0000000 --- a/old/54563-h/54563-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1902 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 26, December 26, 1840, by Various. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; - margin-left: 27.5%; - margin-right: 27.5%; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - width: 40em; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.gap4 { - margin-top: 4em; -} - -.poetry-container { - text-align: center; - margin: 1em; -} - -.poetry { - display: inline-block; - text-align: left; -} - -.poetry .stanza { - margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; -} - -.poetry .verse { - text-indent: -3em; - padding-left: 3em; -} - -.poetry .indent1 { - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.poetry .indent2 { - text-indent: -1em; -} - -.poetry .indent4 { - text-indent: 1em; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: smaller; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1.5em; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 26, -December 26, 1840, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 26, December 26, 1840 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: April 18, 2017 [EBook #54563] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, DEC 26, 1840 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 26.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1840.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/termon.jpg" width="500" height="400" alt="The castle of Termon Magrath" /> -</div> - -<h2>THE CASTLE OF TERMON MAGRATH, COUNTY OF DONEGAL.</h2> - -<p>In a recent number of our journal we called the attention of -our readers to the little-appreciated beauties of Lough Erne; -and we now present them with another vista of that delightful -locality in connection with the Castle of Termon Magrath, or -Termon, as it is more usually called, which is situated at its -northern extremity, in the county of Donegal. Considered as -a sheet of water, the lower lake appears from this side to the -greatest advantage; but its distant shores are but little improved -by plantations, and consequently look comparatively -bleak and barren. In the immediate vicinity of our subject, -however, the scenery is of the rich character for which Lough -Erne is so remarkable, the shores of the lake being fringed -with the plantations of the glebe of Templecarn and those of -Waterfoot, the beautiful seat of Colonel Barton.</p> - -<p>The Castle of Termon is situated in the parish of Templecarn, -about half a mile to the west of the pleasant and improving -little town of Pettigoe, which, if it had a comfortable -inn, would be a good station for pleasure tourists wishing to -enjoy the scenery of the lower Lough Erne and that of Lough -Derg, with its celebrated purgatory of St Patrick.</p> - -<p>The foundation of this castle, according to popular tradition, -is ascribed to the celebrated Malmurry, or, as he was -usually called, Myler Magrath, the first Protestant Bishop of -Clogher; and there is every reason to believe this tradition -correct. The lands on which the castle is situated anciently -constituted the Termon of St Daveog of Lough Derg, of which -the Magraths were hereditarily the termoners or churchwardens; -and of this family Myler Magrath was the head; so that -these lands properly belonged to him anteriorly to any grant of -them derived through his bishopric. He was originally a -Franciscan friar, and being a man of distinguished abilities, -was advanced by Pope Pius V. to the see of Down; but having -afterwards embraced Protestantism, he was placed in the -see of Clogher by letter of Queen Elizabeth, dated 18th May -1570, and by grant dated the 18th September, in the same -year. He remained, however, but a short time in this see, in -which he received but little or nothing of the revenues, and in -which he was probably surrounded by enemies even among -his own kindred, and was translated to the archbishopric of -Cashel on the 3d of February, in the year following. He died -at Cashel at the age of one hundred, in the year 1622, and -was interred in the choir of that ancient cathedral, where a -splendid monument to his memory still exists, with a Latin -inscription penned by himself, of which the following quaint -translation is given in Harris’s Ware:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">Patrick, the glory of our isle and gown,</div> -<div class="verse">First sat a bishop in the see of Down.</div> -<div class="verse">I wish that I, succeeding him in place</div> -<div class="verse">As bishop, had an equal share of grace.</div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> -<div class="verse">I served thee, England, fifty years in jars,</div> -<div class="verse">And pleased thy princes in the midst of wars;</div> -<div class="verse">Here where I’m placed I’m not; and thus the case is,</div> -<div class="verse">I’m not in both, yet am in both the places. 1621.</div> -<div class="verse indent2">He that judgeth me is the Lord.—1 Cor. iv.</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Let him who stands take care lest he fall.</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Harris remarks, that the Roman Catholics of his diocese have -a tradition that he returned to his original faith previously to -his death, and that though it was pretended that he was buried -in his own cathedral, yet he had given private orders for -burying his body elsewhere, to which circumstance, as they -say, the two last lines of his epitaph allude. “But,” says -Harris, “although he was no good man, and had impoverished -his see by stripping it of much of its ancient estate, yet I do -not find any room to call his sincerity as to his religious profession -in question, living or dying. These lines rather seem -to hint at the separate existence of the soul and body.” But -however this may be, there is another tradition relative to -him less doubtful, inasmuch as it is common to the peasantry -of different creeds, namely, that he was the handsomest man -in Ireland in his day!</p> - -<p>The Castle of Termon, like most edifices of the kind erected -in the sixteenth century, consisted of a strong keep with -circular towers at two of its angles, and encompassed by outworks. -It was battered by Ireton from the neighbouring hill -in the parliamentary wars; but its ruins are considerable, and -by their picturesqueness add interest to the northern shore of -the lower Lough Erne.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE IRISH MIDWIFE.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY WILLIAM CARLETON.</span></h2> - -<h3>Introductory.</h3> - -<p>Of the many remarkable characters that have been formed -by the spirit and habits of Irish feeling among the peasantry, -there is not one so clear, distinct, and well traced, as that of -the Midwife. We could mention several that are certainly -marked with great precision, and that stand out in fine relief -to the eye of the spectator, but none at all, who in richness -of colouring, in boldness of outline, or in firmness and force, -can for a moment be compared with the Midwife. The Fiddler -for instance lives a life sufficiently graphic and distinct; -so does the Dancing-master, and so also does the Matchmaker, -but with some abatement of colouring. As for the -Cosherer, the Shanahie, the Keener, and the Foster-nurse, -although all mellow toned, and well individualized by the strong -power of hereditary usage, yet do they stand dim and shadowy, -when placed face to face with this great exponent of -national temperament.</p> - -<p>It is almost impossible to conceive a character of greater -self-importance than an Irish Midwife, or who exhibits in her -whole bearing a more complacent consciousness of her own -privileges. The Fiddler might be dispensed with, and the -Dancing-master might follow him off the stage; the Cosherer, -Shanahie, Keener, might all disappear, and the general business -of life still go on as before. But not so with her whom -we are describing; and this conviction is the very basis -of her power, the secret source from which she draws the confidence -that bears down every rival claim upon the affections -of the people.</p> - -<p>Before we introduce Rose Moan to our kind readers, we -shall briefly relate a few points of character peculiar to the -Irish Midwife, because they are probably not in general known -to a very numerous class of our readers. This is a matter -which we are the more anxious to do, because it is undeniable -that an acquaintance with many of the old legendary powers -with which she was supposed to be invested, is fast fading -out of the public memory; and unless put into timely record, -it is to be feared that in the course of one or two generations -more, they may altogether disappear and be forgotten.</p> - -<p>One of the least known of the secrets which old traditionary -lore affirmed to have been in possession of the Midwife, was the -knowledge of how beer might be brewed from heather. The -Irish people believe that the Danes understood and practised -this valuable process, and will assure you that the liquor prepared -from materials so cheap and abundant was superior in -strength and flavour to any ever produced from malt. Nay, -they will tell you how it conferred such bodily strength and courage -upon those who drank it, that it was to the influence -and virtue of this alone that the Danes held such a protracted -sway, and won so many victories in Ireland. It was a secret, -however, too valuable to be disclosed, especially to enemies, -who would lose no time in turning the important consequences -of it against the Danes themselves. The consequence was, -that from the day the first Dane set foot upon the soil of Ireland, -until that upon which they bade it adieu for ever, no -Irishman was ever able to get possession of it. It came to be -known, however, and the knowledge of it is said to be still in the -country, but must remain unavailable until the fulfilment of a -certain prophecy connected with the liberation of Ireland -shall take away the obligation of a most solemn oath, which -bound the original recipient of the secret to this conditional -silence. The circumstances are said to have been these:—</p> - -<p>On the evening previous to the final embarkation of the -Danes for their own country, the wife of their prince was -seized with the pains of childbirth, and there being no midwife -among themselves, an Irish one was brought, who, as the enmity -between the nations was both strong and bitter, resolutely -withheld her services, unless upon the condition of being -made acquainted with this invaluable process. The crisis it -seems being a very trying one, the condition was complied -with; but the midwife was solemnly sworn never to communicate -it to any but a woman, and never to put it in practice -until Ireland should be free, and any two of its provinces at -peace with each other. The midwife, thinking very naturally -that there remained no obstacle to the accomplishment of -these conditions but the presence of the Danes themselves, -and seeing that they were on the eve of leaving the country -for ever, imagined herself perfectly safe in entering into the -obligation; but it so happened, says the tradition, that although -the knowledge of the secret is among the Irish midwives -still, yet it never could be applied, and never will, until Ireland -shall be in the state required by the terms of her oath. So -runs the tradition.</p> - -<p>There is, however, one species of power with which some of -the old midwives were said to be gifted, so exquisitely ludicrous, -and yet at the same time so firmly fixed in the belief of -many among the people, that we cannot do justice to the character -without mentioning so strange an acquisition. It is -this, that where a husband happens to be cruel to his wife, or -suspects her unjustly, the Midwife is able, by some mysterious -charm, to inflict upon him and remove from the wife the sufferings -annexed to her confinement, as the penalty mentioned -by holy writ which is to follow the sex in consequence of the -transgression of our mother Eve. Some of our readers may -perhaps imagine this to be incredible, but we assure them -that it is strictly true. Such a superstition did prevail in Ireland -among the humbler classes, and still does, to an extent -which would surprise any one not as well acquainted with old -Irish usages and superstitions as we happen to be. The manner -in which the Midwife got possession of this power is as -follows:—It sometimes happened that the “good people,” or -<i lang="ga">Dhoine Shee</i>—that is, the fairies—were put to the necessity of -having recourse to the aid of the Midwife. On one of those -occasions it seems, the good woman discharged her duties so -successfully, that the fairy matron, in requital for her services -and promptitude of attendance, communicated to her this -secret, so formidable to all bad husbands. From the period -alluded to, say the people, it has of course been gladly transmitted -from hand to hand, and on many occasions resorted to -with fearful but salutary effect. Within our own memory -several instances of its application were pointed out to us, -and the very individuals themselves, when closely interrogated, -were forced to an assertion that was at least equivalent -to an admission, “it was nothing but an attack of the -cholic,” which by the way was little else than a libel upon that -departed malady. Many are the tales told of cases in which -midwives were professionally serviceable to the good people; -but unless their assistance was repaid by the communication -of some secret piece of knowledge, it was better to receive no -payment, any other description of remuneration being considered -unfortunate. Some of those stories have been well told, -and with others of them we may probably amuse our readers -upon some future occasion.</p> - -<p>From this source also was derived another most valuable -quality said to be possessed by the Irish Midwife, but one -which we should suppose the virtue of our fair countrywomen -rendered of very infrequent application. This was the power -of destroying jealousy between man and wife. We forget -whether it was said to be efficacious in cases of guilt, but we -should imagine that the contrary would rather hold good, as -an Irishman is not exactly that description of husband who -would suffer himself to be charmed back into the arms of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> -polluted wife. This was effected by the knowledge of a certain -herb, a decoction of which the parties were to drink nine -successive times, each time before sunrise and after sunset. -Of course the name of the herb was kept a profound secret; -but even if it had been known, it could have proved of little -value, for the full force of its influence depended on a charm -which the Midwife had learned among the fairies. Whether -it was the <em>Anacampserotes</em> of the middle ages or not, is difficult -to say; but one thing is certain, that not only have midwives, -but other persons of both sexes, gone about through the -country professing to cure jealousy by the juice or decoction -of a mysterious herb, which was known only to themselves. -It is not unlikely to suppose that this great secret after all -was nothing more than a perverted application of the Waters -of Jealousy mentioned by Moses, and that it only resembled -many other charms practised in this and other countries, which -are generally founded upon certain passages of Scripture. -Indeed, there is little doubt that the practice of attempting to -cure jealousy by herbs existed elsewhere as well as in Ireland; -and one would certainly imagine that Shakspeare, who left -nothing connected with the human heart untouched, must -have alluded to the very custom we are treating of, when he -makes Iago, speaking of Othello’s jealousy, say,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“Look where he comes! not poppy nor mandragora,</div> -<div class="verse">Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world,</div> -<div class="verse">Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep</div> -<div class="verse">Which thou hadst yesterday.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Here it is quite evident that the efficacy of the “syrups” -spoken of was to be tried upon the mind only in which the -Moor’s horrible malady existed. That Shakspeare, in the -passage quoted, alluded to this singular custom, is, we think, -at least extremely probable.</p> - -<p>We have said that the Midwife stood high as a matchmaker, -and so unquestionably she did. No woman was better acquainted -with charms of all kinds, especially with those that -were calculated to aid or throw light upon the progress of -love. If for instance young persons of either sex felt doubt -as to whether their passion was returned, they generally consulted -the Midwife, who, on hearing a statement of their apprehensions, -appointed a day on which she promised to satisfy -them. Accordingly, at the time agreed upon, she and the -party interested repaired as secretly as might be, and with -much mystery, to some lonely place, where she produced a -Bible and key, both of which she held in a particular position—that -is, the Bible suspended by a string which passed through -the key. She then uttered with a grave and solemn face the -following verses from the Book of Ruth, which the young person -accompanying her was made to repeat slowly and deliberately -after her:—</p> - -<p>“And Ruth said, entreat me not to leave thee or to return -from following after thee: for whither thou goest I will go; -and where thou lodgest I will lodge: thy people shall be my -people, and thy God my God:</p> - -<p>“Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: -the Lord do so to me, and more also, if aught but death part -thee and me.”</p> - -<p>If at the conclusion of these words the Bible turned, she -affirmed, with the air of a prophetess, not only that the affection -of the parties was mutual, but that their courtship would -terminate in marriage. If, on the contrary, it remained stationary, -the passion existed only on one side, and the parties -were not destined for each other. Oh, credulous love! not to -see that the venerable sybil could allow the Bible to turn or -not, just as she may have previously ascertained from either -party whether their attachment was reciprocal or otherwise! -We dare say the above charm is seldom resorted to now, -and of course this harmless imposition on the lovers will soon -cease to be practised at all.</p> - -<p>The Midwife’s aid to lovers, however, did not stop here. -If they wished to create a passion in some heart where it had -not previously existed, she told them to get a dormouse and -reduce it to powder, a pinch of which, if put into the drink of -the person beloved, would immediately rivet his or her affections -upon the individual by whose hands it was administered. -Many anecdotes are told of humorous miscarriages that resulted -from a neglect of this condition. One is especially -well known, of a young woman who gave the potion through -the hands of her grandmother; and the consequence was, that -the bachelor immediately made love to the old lady instead of -the young one, and eventually became grandfather to the latter -instead of her husband. Indeed, the administering of -philtres and the use of charms in Ireland were formerly very -frequent, and occasionally attended by results which had not -been anticipated. The use especially of <em>cantharides</em>, or French -flies, in the hands of the ignorant, has often been said to induce -madness, and not unfrequently to occasion death. It is not -very long since a melancholy case of the latter from this very -cause appeared in an Irish newspaper.</p> - -<p>The Midwife was also a great interpreter of dreams, omens, -auguries, and signs of all possible sorts, and no youngsters -who ever consulted her need be long at a loss for a personal -view of the object of their love. They had only to seek in -some remote glen or dell for a briar whose top had taken root -in the ground; this they were to put under their pillow and -sleep upon, and the certain consequence was, that the image of -the future wife or husband would appear to them in a dream. -She was also famous at cup-tossing; and nothing could surpass -the shrewd and sapient expression of her face as she sat -solemnly peering into the grounds of the tea for the imaginary -forms of rings, and love-letters, and carriages, which were -necessary to the happy purport of her divination, for she felt -great reluctance to foretell calamity. She seldom, however, -had recourse to card-cutting, which she looked upon as an -unholy practice; the cards, as everyone knows, being the only -book on which the devil says his prayers night and morning. -Who has not heard of his <em>prayer-book</em>?</p> - -<p>We are now to consider the Midwife in the capacity of a -woman not only brimful of medicinal knowledge, but possessed -of many secrets, which the mere physician or apothecary could -never penetrate. As a doctress, she possessed a very high reputation -for all complaints incident to children and females; -and where herbal skill failed, unlike the mere scientific man -of diplomas, she could set physical causes and effects aside, -and have recourse at once to the supernatural and miraculous.</p> - -<p>For instance, there are two complaints which she is, beyond -any other individual, celebrated for managing—that is to say, -headache, and another malady which is anonymous, or only -known to country folk by what is termed “the spool or bone -of the breast being down.” The first she cures by a very formal -and serious process called “measuring the head.” This -is done by a ribbon, which she puts round the cranium, repeating -during the admeasurement a certain prayer or charm from -which the operation is to derive its whole efficacy. The measuring -is performed twice—in the first instance, to show that -its sutures are separated by disease, or, to speak more plainly, -that the bones of the head are absolutely opened, and that as -a natural consequence the head must be much larger than when -the patient is in a state of health. The circumference of the -first admeasurement is marked upon a ribbon, after which she -repeats the charm that is to remove the headache, and measures -the cranium again, in order to show, by a comparison of -the two ribbons, that the sutures have been closed, the charm -successful, and the headache consequently removed. It is -impossible to say how the discrepancy in the measurement is -brought about; but be that as it may, the writer of this has -frequently seen the operation performed in such a way as to -defy the most scrutinising eye to detect any appearance of -imposture, and he is convinced that in the majority of cases -there is not the slightest imposture intended. The operator -is in truth a dupe to a strong and delusive enthusiasm.</p> - -<p>When the Midwife raises the spool of the breast, the operation -is conducted without any assistance from the supernatural. -If a boy or girl diminishes in flesh, is troubled with want -of rest or of appetite, without being afflicted with any particular -disease, either acute or local, the Midwife puts her -finger under the bone which projects over the pit of the stomach, -and immediately feels that “the spool of the breast is -down”—in other words, she informs the parents that the bone -is bent inwards, and presses upon <em>the heart</em>! The raising of -this precisely resembles the operation of cupping. She gets a -penny piece, which she places upon the spot affected, the -patient having been first laid in a supine posture; after this -she burns a little spirits in a tumbler in order to exhaust the -air in it; she then presses it quickly against the part which is -under the penny piece; and in a few moments, to the amazement -of the lookers-on, it is drawn strongly up, and remains -so until the heart-bone is supposed to be raised in such a manner -as that it will not return.</p> - -<p>The next charm for which she is remarkable among the -people, is that by which a mote is taken out of the eye. The -manner of doing this is as follows:—A white basin is got, -and a jug of the purest water; the midwife repeatedly rinses -her mouth with the water, until it returns as pure and clear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> -as when she took it in. She then walks to and fro, repeating -the words of the charm, her mouth all the time filled with the -water. When the charm is finished, she pours the water out -of her mouth into the clean basin, and will point out the mote, -or whatever it may have been, floating in the water, or lying -in the bottom of the vessel. In fact, you could scarcely mention -a malady with which the Midwife of the old school was -not prepared to grapple by the aid of a charm. The toothache, -the cholic, measles, childbirth, all had their respective -charms. The latter especially required one of a very pithy -cast. Every one knows that the power of fairies in Ireland is -never so strong, nor so earnestly put forth, as in the moment -of parturition, when they strive by all possible means to secure -the new-born infant before it is christened, and leave a -changeling in its stead. Invaluable indeed is the midwife who -is possessed of a charm to prevent this, and knows how to arrange -all the ceremonies that are to be observed upon the -occasion without making any mistake, for that would vitiate -all. Many a time on such occasions have the ribs of the roof -been made to crack, the windows rattled out, the door pushed -with violence, and the whole house shaken as if it would tumble -about their heads—and all by the fairies—but to no purpose: -the charm of the midwife was a rock of defence; the -necessary precautions had been taken, and they were ultimately -forced to depart in a strong blast of wind, screaming -and howling with rage and disappointment as they went.</p> - -<p>There were also charms for the diseases of cattle, to cure -which there exist in Ireland some processes of very distant -antiquity. We ourselves have seen elemental fire produced by -the friction of two green boughs together, applied as a remedy -for the black-leg and murrain. This is evidently of Pagan -origin, and must have some remote affinity with the old doctrines -of Baal, the ancient god of fire, whose worship was once -so general in Ireland.</p> - -<p>Of these charms it may be said that they are all of a religious -character, some of them evidently the production of -imposture, and others apparently of those who seriously believed -in their efficacy. There is one thing peculiar about -them, which is, that they must be taught to persons of the -opposite sex: a man, for instance, cannot teach a charm to a -man, nor a woman to a woman, but he may to a woman, as a -woman may to a man. If taught or learned in violation of -this principle, they possess no virtue.</p> - -<p>In treating of the Irish Midwife, we cannot permit ourselves -to overlook the superstition of the “lucky caul,” which comes so -clearly within her province. The caul is a thin membrane, -about the consistence of very fine silk, which covers the head -of a new-born infant like a cap. It is always the omen of -great good fortune to the infant and parents; and in Ireland, -when any one has unexpectedly fallen into the receipt of property, -or any other temporal good, it is customary to say -“such a person was born with a ‘lucky caul’ on his head.”</p> - -<p>Why these are considered lucky, it would be a very difficult -matter to ascertain. Several instances of good fortune, happening -to such as were born with them, might by their coincidences -form a basis for the superstition; just as the fact of -three men during one severe winter having been found -drowned, each with two shirts on, generated an opinion which -has now become fixed and general in that parish, that it is -unlucky to wear two shirts at once. We are not certain whether -the caul is in general the perquisite of the Midwife—sometimes -we believe it is; at all events, her integrity occasionally -yields to the desire of possessing it. In many cases she conceals -its existence, in order that she may secretly dispose of -it to good advantage, which she frequently does; for it is considered -to be the herald of good fortune to those who can get -it into their possession. Now, let not our English neighbours -smile at us for those things until they wash their own hands -clear of such practices. At this day a caul will bring a good -price in the most civilized city in the world—to wit, the good -city of London—the British metropolis. Nay, to such lengths -has the mania for cauls been carried there, that they have been -actually advertised for in the Times newspaper.</p> - -<p>Of a winter evening, at the fireside, there can be few more -amusing companions than a Midwife of the old school. She -has the smack of old times and old usages about her, and -tastes of that agreeable simplicity of manners which always -betokens a harmless and inoffensive heart. Her language is -at once easy, copious, and minute, and if a good deal pedantic, -the pedantry is rather the traditionary phraseology and -antique humour which descends with her profession, than the -peculiar property or bias of her individual mind. She affects -much mystery, and intimates that she could tell many strange -stories of high life; but she is always too honourable to betray -the confidence that has been reposed in her good faith and -secrecy. In her dress she always consults warmth and comfort, -and seldom or never looks to appearance. Flannel and -cotton she heaps on herself in abundant folds, and the consequence -is, that although subject to all the inclemency of the -seasons both by night and day, she is hardly ever known to -be sick. The cottage of the Midwife may in general be known -by the mounting-stone which is beside her door, and which -enables her without difficulty or loss of time to get on horseback -behind the impatient messenger. The window of her -bedroom is also remarkable for its opening on hinges like a -door, a thing not usual in the country. This is to enable her -to thrust forth her well-flannelled head without any possible -delay, in order to inquire the name of the party requiring her -aid, the length of journey before her, and such other particulars -as she usually deems necessary. The sleep of the Midwife -is almost peculiar in its character to herself. No person -sleeps more soundly and deeply than she does, unless to a -knock at the door or a tap at the window, to both of which -it may be said she is ever instinctively awake. We question -if a peal of cannon discharged at her house-side would disturb -her; but give on the other hand the slightest possible -knock or tap at either her door or window, and ere you could -imagine she had time to awaken, the roll of flannel that contains -her head is thrust out of the window.</p> - -<p>Having thus recited everything, so far as we could remember -it, connected with the social antiquities of her calling, and -detailed some matters not generally known, that may, we trust, -be interesting to those who are fond of looking at the springs -which often move rustic society, we now close this “Essay on -Midwifery,” hoping to be able to bring the Midwife herself -personally on the stage in our next, or at least in an early -number.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">GLIMPSES IN THE MOUNTAINS.<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY COUL GOPPAGH.</span></h2> - -<p>What can have become of the old world I remember long -long ago—almost twenty years ago? It is a weary look -backward, and the distance hides it. This is not the world I -was born in. I remember when the old men used to show me -the ways they walked in, scores of years before, and the very -corners and the footpaths through the fields. Here they met -an old friend—there they took shelter from a storm. On this -lake they skated all day—from that hill they saw the ships -returning with victory from foreign war. Men walked quietly -together then in silence or friendly talk, and did not jostle -each other from the way; they went to bed and rose as the -sun did; they followed in their fathers’ ways—read the same -books, laughed at the same fine old jokes, and believed their -posterity would do the same. Old men then wore grey hairs, -and saw their children’s children, and were venerable. But -they are all gone; and could they look out of their graves (if -indeed their very graves be spared), they would not know the -old world they used to live in.</p> - -<p>It is all changed now with us old fellows of five-and-twenty. -We are left doting among the ruins of our youth. There is -nothing left to us of our early days. The old crooked grassy -byeways where we went to gather blackberries and idle away -a summer day, have been gone over by the surveyor’s chain, -and some straight cut, with prim, bare fences, has run it down. -The little stream has been piped over, and, where it “babbled -o’ green fields,” is a noisy, muddy thoroughfare. Over the -green glen where the hazels nourished their brown clusters, -strides a cursed viaduct; the execrable railway has frighted -the linnets from the boughs, and a bird’s nest shall never more -be found. In the lonely bay where we used to gather shells, -thinking ourselves in fairy land, and wondering what lay beyond -the dim horizon, the steamboat roars and splashes. Riot -and swearing and slang and vice of cities have usurped the -quiet haunts of country calm and charity.</p> - -<p>It is for a coming age all these things are preparing: to us -is allotted only the vexation and bewilderment. I have no -associations to link me to these horrors, and I prefer the old -repose to all the luxuries they bring. What is it to me that -I can go to East or West in so many days sooner, or even if -the sun that sets on me to-night should rise for me to-morrow -by the Ganges? Here is my “fortunate isle;” this is my -home where my heart is. I have no business with Egypt or -the Nile. I wish to sit undisturbed by my own fireside, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> -walk under the old trees, to look on my own fields, to be -warmed by my own sun. But they will dig a canal through -my silent walks, and the infernal city will pour through these -banks its restless impurity, and make them echo with the laughter -of brutal debauchery.</p> - -<p>It is something for a man to look on the same scenes he -looked on in his childhood, among the same fields and trees -and household ways his forefathers tilled and planted, and -knew before him. There is a sanctity grows round them year -by year, enriching the heart, that cannot be broken through -nor profaned without a loss never to be repaired. The exile -can still listen to the whispering of the woods and the sound -of the streams, but he remembers the woods and waters of -his native land with tears. In twenty years I have grown old -and an exile where I was born. Huge piles have covered the -green where I played. The roar of busy streets insults the -memory of the green lanes where I strolled at evening.</p> - -<p>There is no country now. The city has invaded the solitude, -and vice and impudent folly march in its rear. The -bumpkin imitates the swagger of the citizen—the ploughman -talks politics—the haymaker shakes the swathe and discourses -of political economy—the reaper questions the revenue.</p> - -<p>The mountains yet remain! I can see them, still, from my -door; I can see them from the city streets. I can climb up -their rugged sides still, and bless God that no discoverer as -yet has uprooted the hills.</p> - -<p>My heart is with them, for they have not changed. With -them I have still a sovereign sympathy, for I can look on them -and renew the fancies of my infancy. There is not a torrent -pouring down their sides, not a crag nor a bramble, that is -not reverend in my eye.</p> - -<p>The world is drunk, and raves. Come away from these -reeling bacchanals, and let us fare among the hills! Long -ago, before the time of history, some naked savage here has -worshipped the sunrise; some Druid sacrificed his victims; -some barbarian Spartacus, lurking among the wild deer and -the wolves, has defied his nation; some young warrior, with -tears on his hardy cheek, has pointed up thither, whispering to -one beside him dearer than his name, his clan, or his life, and -sped away on the wings of love to the peace and safety of the -mountains.</p> - -<p>These noble fronts have never varied. The clouds float -here over the same ridges on which the eyes of our childhood -rested, and of the men of old time. The clank of monstrous -engines has never yet dismayed the primeval stillness.</p> - -<p>The skeleton of creation is visible here, and we see the beginnings -of the world. This solid granite sparkled in the sun -when “the evening and the morning were the first day,” and -was as firm and solid to the centre when the world was “without -form and void.” This whinstone rock has been hardened -in some earthquake furnace long since then, and these flints -are new, though they held fire before Prometheus suffered. -This soft soil is the relics of the life and death of a thousand -green years, and the fresh bloom that feeds on its decay will -nourish succeeding blossoms.</p> - -<p>The Western nations look here for the dawn, and the people -of the East for sunset. Young children look up here from -cottage doors at evening, and see the portals of Paradise -opened, gazing through vistas brighter than imagination, unfolding -far into the heart of heaven, and hold their breath, -waiting for the passage of the archangels. This is a glorified -soil. On these peaks hang the morning and the evening -stars. The sun and the moon come here to do them honour; -and they clothe themselves with gold and azure, and purple, -deeper than the Tyrian, to receive their celestial guests.</p> - -<p>High up here in this blessed solitude there is life, and liberty -of heart, and sacred peace. No fenced-in space confines me -here. I breathe in a domain as wide as the horizon, as high -as the planets and the sun. The clouds are my fellow-wanderers -here, and enjoy with me the liberal bosom of the air. -Their ethereal hills and dales invite my fancy to a real heaven, -where I gather all I love around me. Their shadows cover -me as they pass over, and I bid them “God speed” as they -carry cool showers down to the thirsting land. No miserable -moan of want or sickness, no sob of long-breaking hearts, -no choked sigh of cheated hope, nor any human woe, alarms -me here. I see no loathsome household, plague-stricken with -poverty, and festering in filth, despised of men, and famishing -into horrors and crime: no form of woman (black shame -before God!) wading in fœtid rags through mire and snow, -with those awful human (!) children of hers, debased as the -swine with whom they sleep (for charity!) and on whom the -rich man looks—poor unreckoning fool!—and never pauses to -think and tremble.</p> - -<p>Here the wild bee sings among the rich fragrance of the -heather-bells and thyme, gathering pure honey, fresh from -the breath of the immediate sunrise. The larks have their -nests among the heath by thousands, and make the whole -mountain musical. Many strange insects, born and dying in -the hour, that live on dew-drops, buzz by, and a thousand unknown -creatures, gifted with voice, inhabiting small twigs in -labyrinths of greenest moss, join in the hymn. The invisible -wind, like a ruler of the strings, pours in a sovereign master-note -that blends in all one solemn harmony, filling the air till -the valleys sing for joy.</p> - -<p>Here is Solitude, unforced, and free as the wandering wind. -Here is peace like the summer life of untrodden blossoms. -Here is a lofty quiet as of the dreams of the heart over its -holy memories. Here are everlasting rocks, steadfast as honour, -and true. Here is wealth for Fancy, and a dwelling for -Imagination. Wide and far as the peaks can seek the heavens, -there is no place for Envy or Hate, where the glens are -vocal, and the holy silence compels the heart to adoration, -making a haven for religion among the mighty hills.</p> - -<p>What throes of central agony heaved up these huge mountains, -twisting and folding each into each away as far as the -eye can follow! What pangs and convulsions at the heart! -What startling from chaotic trance, long before man or his -mammoth ancestors, at the creative song of some wandering -star-messenger, millions of years upon its way!</p> - -<p>My heart enlarges here, and recognises an aërial amity with -the sky. I am filled with celestial promptings. I shake off -all incumbrance of the earth. I stretch out my arms to the -blue heaven, and its breath comes into my bosom as a friend. -The stir of humanity is dumb beneath me. I leap among the -heathy knolls. I sing beside the infant rivers. I shout, and -hear answers from the lurking echoes, like the mysterious -voices of infinite years. I drink in unused air with</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse indent4">“Fair creatures of the element,</div> -<div class="verse">That in the colours of the rainbow live,</div> -<div class="verse">And play i’ the plighted clouds.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>I stand wrapt in mute visions, growing into the majesty of -the mountains. I spurn Decay and Time. I share the enduring -strength, and carry lightly the burden of centuries.</p> - -<p>The mountains swell up around me like a sea with billows. -My footfall is inaudible, and I fleet to and fro like the unbodied -soul of a great poet that makes the worlds it sees. There -are no furrows on this soil: the curse has not fallen here. -The sweat of the brow has not dropped here, nor aught save -the rain and the dew of heaven. I am still nearer to the angels, -and my spirit begins to put forth unaccustomed wings.</p> - -<p>The ancient gods still linger here, and Antiquity has not -yet grown old. The world has not yet heard “the voice of -one crying in the wilderness,” nor has Paul yet preached. -Here I am a devout Pagan. I am the friend of Plato; I remember -the voice of Socrates. I worship the Gods reverently, -and have come up hither with sacrifice according to -the voice of the oracle.</p> - -<p>I have drunk with the muses at this fountain. Here, under -the hanging ivy from the rock, I behold the real Castaly; and -wherever the stream may wander, it will carry music on its -way from divinest voices. From this clump I have listened -to Apollo teaching the shepherds. Yea, I feel my veins -tingling with a more celestial liquor; I own invulnerable limbs, -and am myself a God!</p> - -<p>It was not Mercury, but I, who passed swiftly down yon -green declivity with feathered feet, and away over the hill-tops -like the shadow of a cloud. Those cattle brousing in the -thicket, far down the ravine, I stole from Pieria. I bear the -imperial mandates, and the breeze carries the sound of my -eloquence through all the forests.</p> - -<p>But I aspire to loftier seats. This is the high Olympus; -Saturn is baffled, and immortal Jove laughs at the terrible prophecies -of the enduring Titan. Let him rend his rivets. Let -him melt the heart of Caucasus, or appease the Vulture! -Would that I could as easily escape the reproaches of Juno, or -overcome Danäe! But it shall rain gold to-morrow in her lap, -and Leda shall fondle in her snowier bosom a snowy swan. -Meanwhile let the nectar be poured! The laughing gods surround -me, and I know immortal vigour. How Mercury jeered -at the grinning Vulcan erewhile as he writhed his iron sinews, -when I held him over the edge of heaven! Here I compel the -clouds around me; I sit throned, and thunder.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p> - -<p>Lo! to my ears comes up a solemn strain, and the Eagle -shrieks and flies. The thunderbolt withers from my hand:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse indent2">“The Oracles are dumb;</div> -<div class="verse indent2">No voice or hideous hum</div> -<div class="verse">Runs through the archéd roof with words deceiving;</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Apollo from his shrine</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Can no more divine,</div> -<div class="verse">With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving;</div> -<div class="verse indent2">No nightly trance, or breathéd spell,</div> -<div class="verse indent2">Inspires the pale-eyed priest in his prophetic cell.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>A louder thunder has been heard than Jove’s. There is a -mountain more venerable than Olympus. Moses went up -there to talk with God, and came down with the brightness -of the sun in his countenance that could not be looked upon, -bearing in his hand an eternal law. That thunder still echoes -which shook Babylon, and quelled the Assyrian. The Persian -rolled away before it like a cloud. The Egyptian, Greek, and -Roman, have fled from it for ever.</p> - -<p>But a greater than Moses has made the mountains holy. A -greater hierophant opened up there the law and the prophets. -On a mountain Satan confessed his conqueror. Who shall -conceive of that tremendous hour, pregnant with the fate -of man, when “Jesus went up alone into the mountain to -pray!” And we know what deed was done on Calvary.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">APOLOGUES AND FABLES<br /> -<span class="smaller">FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES.</span></h2> - -<p class="center">(<i>Translated for the Irish Penny Journal.</i>)</p> - -<h3>No. V.—THE OLD MAN AND THE YOUTHS.<br /> -<span class="smaller">(FROM THE FRENCH OF LAFONTAINE.)</span></h3> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">A man of eighty years was planting trees:—</div> -<div class="verse indent1">“Ha! ha!” laughed out three striplings from the village,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">“Planting at eighty!—Had his task been tillage,</div> -<div class="verse">Or building houses, or aught else you please,</div> -<div class="verse">The folly might have passed as less worth noting.</div> -<div class="verse">But—planting trees! He must indeed be doting!</div> -<div class="verse">Why, in the name of all that’s odd, old neighbour,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">What fruit can such as you expect to gather</div> -<div class="verse">From this ridiculous and driftless labour?</div> -<div class="verse indent1">You, who already are a great-grandfather!</div> -<div class="verse">What! do you think to rival in his years</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Methuselah? For shame! Do penance rather</div> -<div class="verse">For your past errors! Mourn your sins with tears!</div> -<div class="verse">Abandon hopes and plans that so ill suit your</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Age and grey hairs! Give over looking wildly</div> -<div class="verse">Out through the vista of a boundless future!</div> -<div class="verse">All these are but for us, and such as we.”</div> -<div class="verse indent1">“They are not even for you,” replied the Old Man mildly.</div> -<div class="verse">“Youth may be just as nigh Eternity</div> -<div class="verse">As Age. What though the pitfalls of Existence</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Be covered o’er with flowers in lieu of snows,</div> -<div class="verse">Who shall foremeasure the brief distance</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Between this dim dream’s birth and close?</div> -<div class="verse">The wingéd bolts of Death are swift to strike</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Life in its dawning as decline;</div> -<div class="verse">The pallid Parcæ play their game alike</div> -<div class="verse indent1">With your days and with mine.</div> -<div class="verse">Who knows which of us four shall be the one</div> -<div class="verse">To gaze last on the glory of the sun?</div> -<div class="verse">Molest me not, then. Leave me to employ</div> -<div class="verse indent1">The hours that yet remain to me. I love</div> -<div class="verse">To think my great-grandchildren will enjoy</div> -<div class="verse indent1">The shade and shelter of this embryo grove.</div> -<div class="verse">Meantime I live, I breathe, and I may even</div> -<div class="verse">Share for some years to come the gifts of Heaven.</div> -<div class="verse">Alas! even I may see the morning-light</div> -<div class="verse indent1">Shine more than once, young men! upon your graves!”</div> -<div class="verse">The Old Man spake a truth which Time revealed:—</div> -<div class="verse">Boating soon after, on a stormy night,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">One of these youths was buried in the waves—</div> -<div class="verse">A second was cut off upon the battle-field—</div> -<div class="verse">The third fell ill, and in four fleeting weeks</div> -<div class="verse indent1">His bier was dressed with Death’s pale plumes;—</div> -<div class="verse indent2">So died the Three—thus early fated!</div> -<div class="verse">And while the tears rolled down his cheeks,</div> -<div class="verse indent1">The Old Man sculptured on their tombs</div> -<div class="verse indent2">The story I have here narrated.</div> -</div> -<div class="stanza"> -<div class="verse right">M.</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="gap4">Learning, it has been said, may be an instrument of fraud: -so may bread, if discharged from the mouth of a cannon, be -an instrument of death.—<cite>Bentham.</cite></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE SNUFF SHOP.</h2> - -<p>Few, we dare say, ever entered a shop of the description -named in the title of this paper with any other idea than that -they were entering merely a repository of Lundy Foot, cigars, -and small twist. Few, we suppose, ever looked on such a -place in any other light, or ever considered its keeper in any -other point of view than that simply of a tobacconist. Yet is -there another light, and a dismal one it is, in which both the -snuff shop and the snuff dealer himself may be looked upon; -and it is in such a light that we ourselves always do look upon -them. This is, viewing the one as a charnel-house of defunct -authors; the other as a goul, battening on their mortal remains. -We sometimes vary this horrifying, but, alas! too -correct view of the snuff shop and the snuff dealer, by supposing -the one a sort of literary shambles or slaughter-house, and -the other a cold-blooded, merciless literary butcher.</p> - -<p>Taking either of these views of the snuff shop, what a change -takes place in its aspect, and in that of every thing and person -pertaining to it! What a dismal and hideous den it then becomes, -and what a truculent, savage-looking fiend becomes -that smiling and simpering tobacconist! No bowels of compassion -has he for the mangled and mutilated authors that are -lying thick around him, cruelly Burked by his own merciless -hands. No; there he sits in the midst of the dire carnage as -calm and unconcerned as if he had nothing whatever to do -with it—the callous monster!</p> - -<p>Pursuing the idea just broached, let us enter this horrid -den, and for a moment contemplate its interior in a spirit in -accordance with that idea; for, not being authors, we have -nothing to fear for ourselves, it being that class only that -need stand in awe of the snuff shop—to all others it is a harmless -place enough.</p> - -<p>Lo! then, behold (giving us the advantage here of a little -stretch of imagination), the walls bespattered with the blood -and brains of murdered authors; and see that blood-stained -bench which the demon of the place calls a counter; and in -various other depositories around lie their dismembered limbs -and mangled carcases. Oh, it is a shocking and heart-rending -sight!</p> - -<p>Some of those unfortunates have evidently died hard: they -have the appearance of having struggled desperately for life. -But, alas, in vain! An irresistible destiny thrust them into the -fatal snuff shop, where they perished quickly and miserably by -the hand of the ruthless savage within. Others, again, seem -to have quietly resigned themselves to their fate, and, indeed, -to have been more than half dead before they were brought -in; while others, again, appear to have been wholly defunct, -having died a natural death. These, then, have been conveyed -thither merely to be cut up, and converted to the degrading -uses of the tobacconist.</p> - -<p>Although some of the unhappy authors whose mangled -remains strew this den of horrors seem to have attained a -kind of maturity before they were cruelly torn to pieces as we -now see them, by far the greater number are a sort of murdered -innocents, having been strangled in their birth, or shortly -after. A good many there are, too, who seem to have been -dead born, or to have perished while yet in embryo.</p> - -<p>Piteous as it is to look on the heavy, sturdy corpses of the -murdered prose writers that lie thickly up and down this -chamber of death, yet infinitely more piteous is it to contemplate -the delicate, fragile forms of the poets thus cruelly mangled -and mutilated that lie no less thickly around us. Poor -dear, unfledged things! What a fate has been thine!—what -a destiny, to be consigned, ere ye had yet opportunity to open -your little musical throats, to the tender mercies of <em>that</em> literary -Burke—that ruthless monster whom the world, thinking -of him only in connection with cigars and pigtail, calls a -tobacconist. Where now, sweet little humming birds, be those -soft and tender notes with which ye sought, alas, how vainly! -to charm the huge, rude ear of an uncouth and barbarous -world that would not listen to ye? Alas, they have ceased -for ever! How little does that savage, the demon of the place, -mind your sweet, small voices, that give forth a piteous wail, -like the last notes of the dying swan, every time he lays his -merciless hands on you. Little, indeed! Let but a customer -come in for half an ounce of “Blackguard,” and he will, without -the smallest hesitation or compunction, seize one of you, -dear unfortunates, and tear you limb from limb for his own -and that customer’s conveniency: ay, for a paltry three half-pence, -mayhap less—a pennyworth of “Scotch”—will he perpetrate -this atrocious deed. That sanguinary bench, that horrid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> -counter, is strewn over with your slim carcases and fragile -limbs; and your murderer is hanging over your mutilated remains, -laughing and chatting and joking with his customers -as pleasantly and unconcernedly as if you were so much waste -paper. Oh, it is atrocious!</p> - -<p>Such, then, dear reader, is the light—a terrible one, indeed, -but as thou wilt acknowledge, we have no doubt, a correct -one—in which we look upon snuff shops, which, as thou well -knowest, have long lain, and not unjustly, under the stigma -of being fatal to authors. If thou art one, pray, then, eschew -it; for if thou dost once enter its dismal portals, thou wilt -never, never more be heard of in this world!</p> - -<p class="right">C.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">ANIMAL TAMING.</h2> - -<h3>SECOND AND CONCLUDING ARTICLE.</h3> - -<p>In my last paper on the taming of animals, I treated the subject -generally rather than in detail. It is probable that the -curious reader may not be displeased to learn a little more of -the mode of keeping and domesticating wild and savage animals, -as well as the methods to be adopted in order to bring -together fierce animals of different species, and induce them -to occupy the same cage in peace and harmony, and without -danger of contention. It is, as will be at once recognised, -this latter circumstance which renders the exhibitions of Van -Amburgh and his rivals as wonderful as they are; it being -a far easier matter to reconcile a lion or a tiger to yourself, -and even familiarize it to the furthest possible degree, than it -is to induce the tiger and the lion to consort together, and -refrain from engaging in deadly conflict.</p> - -<p>Let us suppose, for the sake of illustration of the mode -which should be adopted to tame two or more animals, that -you are made a present of a lion and a tiger. If the animals -be very young, you will have very little trouble with them for -a long time—none, indeed, beyond the necessity of attending -to their health, for the larger felines are difficult to be reared; -but as they grow older, they will be very apt to quarrel between -themselves; wounds will be given and received, and -the death or maiming of either, or perhaps of both, will pretty -speedily result. To guard against any unpleasantness of this -nature, it should be your business the instant you receive the -animals to commence operations. Let them be kept at first -far apart; for it is not advisable, as their dispositions may be -very different, that one should be witness of the severity you -may be compelled to exercise towards the other. This done, -take, according to the animals’ ages, a stout cane, a supplejack, -or an iron rod. If the creatures be very young, that is, -under three months, or perhaps four, the cane will be sufficient. -If greater, or from that to half grown, you will require the -supplejack, and let it be thicker at one end than at the other. -For a half-grown animal the iron rod will be absolutely necessary, -and it must be of sufficient weight that a blow of it -on the skull may be sufficient to produce a temporary insensibility—the -only chance you will have of escape, should the -fierce brutes at any time take it into their heads to rebel.</p> - -<p>Having thus provided yourself with arms offensive, you -must be equally cautious as to your costume. That must be -of strong material, hard, and fitting close. You must have -no loose flapping skirts, no open jackets. All must be tight, -and buttoned closely to the body. An under-waistcoat -(sleeved) of strong buff, with a stout pea-jacket over it, leather -or corduroy breeches, and top boots, is about the best -dress for the experimentalist in animal taming that I can suggest -at this moment. The reason—for I like to give a reason -for everything I recommend—of this necessity for a firm, tight-fitting -dress, is, that if a wild animal, although to all appearance -perfectly domesticated, chances even in play to get his -claws fastened in your clothes, the sensation of seizing upon -prey involuntarily presents itself to his imagination. The accidental -entanglement is succeeded by a plunge of the claws, -the jaws are brought into requisition, and your life is by no -means in a safe position. Hence the necessity for tight dress.</p> - -<p>Thus accoutred, with your rod in your hand, and, if the -animal be more than half grown, a brace of pistols in your -breast—the one loaded with ball, the other with powder, upon -which a quantity of tow has been crammed down—approach -the cage of the young animal which you design to tame. I -commence with this stage of the process, because I presume -that you have already rendered your protegé sufficiently familiar -by feeding and caressing it through the bars, and by -spending some time each day in its company. I presume -therefore that it has already begun to recognise your appearance, -and to come over to your hand when called, as well as -to permit you to stroke and pat it, without attempting to bite -you. Approach the cage, hold in your left hand a heavy -cloak or blanket wrapped round your hand and arm; let -there be two assistants near at hand, and a small stove in -which half a dozen iron rods are heating; let the door of the -cage be a real door, opening upon hinges, and shutting with -a good and deeply-notched latch—not a sliding door, as such -a mode of entering the cage might be as much as your life was -worth. Speak kindly to the animal, and caress it through -the bars of its cage ere you enter, or the suddenness of your -entrance may irritate or alarm it, and thus induce it to attack -you. Your costume should likewise by no means have been -put on for the first time. You should have dressed in a similar -manner during all your former visits, so that your intended -pet might be acquainted with your appearance. Let a platform -be erected outside the cage, to its level, and ascend this, -where stand a few minutes, boldly caressing and speaking to -the animal. Then throw open the door, enter with a firm -and resolute step, push the door behind you, but see that you -do not for an instant remove your eyes from those of the animal -you are visiting. Do not advance from the door; stand -near the bars of the cage, that you may have a better chance -of escape, and may be more readily assisted by your attendants -in the event of an attack. Speak kindly towards the -animal, and if it, as it most likely will, comes over to you, fear -nothing, but stretch forth your hand and caress it. The creature -will then probably purr, and rub against you. Permit it -to do so, and encourage it in its familiarity; but if it offer to -play with you, repress such disposition with firmness; and if -you perceive that the animal is bent on frolic, leave the cage -at once, for it is unsafe longer to remain, the play of these -savage creatures always leading to mischief, just as the cat -sports with the captured mouse ere she gives it the finishing -blow, and buries it in her maw. Repress, therefore, every attempt -to play. Use your rod freely and severely. Do so not -merely for a grievous fault, but for the most distant appearance -of insubordination. Let your corrections be terrible -when you do inflict them, and you will have to repeat them so -much the less frequently. Some, and Van Amburgh I believe -among the rest, are in favour of beating the animals -every morning, whether they deserve such chastisement or -not, just by way of keeping up a salutary awe of their masters. -I object to this, as I conceive it to be both cruel and -unnecessary. If animals are of an unruly disposition, and require -frequent correction, I should rather recommend that -they should be visited every morning, and an opportunity of -misbehaving themselves thus afforded, when indeed a good -thrashing might be administered with much greater justice. -Never display either timidity or ill-humour. The former will -make the animals despise your menaces, and perhaps give you -a bite or a claw—the latter will cause them to hate you, to -regard you as a tyrant, and probably seize on the first favourable -opportunity for your destruction. Be just, therefore, -in your punishments, and do not be too familiar. Never for -an instant permit any animal to make too free with you. Recollect -the old copybook adage, “Familiarity breeds contempt;” -and recollect that if a young lion or a tiger so far -forgets himself as to despise your authority, you will stand a -fair chance of being torn to pieces some fine morning, and devoured -for their breakfast.</p> - -<p>I conceive that the preceding rapidly sketched hints will -serve as a sufficient ground-work for the animal-tamer to act -upon. He must not be discouraged if he do not succeed at -first, and he must be satisfied to take time, and persevere. -Without this he need not hope for success.</p> - -<p>The animal-tamer must be fearless—such a thing as terror -must be a feeling wholly foreign to his soul. He must be as -brave as a lion: for how can he otherwise hope to subdue the -bravest of the animal creation? I have said “bravest,” and -so let the word stand; but I was perhaps led to employ the -expression rather from popular prejudice, than from a conviction -of its truth. The feline tribes are very powerful and very -fierce animals, but they are by no means brave. A bulldog has -more courage in his pigmy body, than exists in the prodigious -carcasses or a dozen lions or tigers. Let the animal-tamer -recollect this, and the knowledge of this fact will probably encourage -him. To give a case in point:—I was once endeavouring -to make friends with the tigress in the Zoological Gardens, -Phœnix Park—a beautiful animal, subsequently purchased from -the Zoological Society by the proprietors of the Portobello<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> -Gardens, and since unfortunately dead. I had got so far as -to be able to stroke the creature on the head and back, and -even to open her mouth with my hand, and leave it within -her terrible jaws. This I did on my third visit to her, in -presence of the animal’s keeper. One day I was alone with -the tigress, and my hand was upon her neck: she with equal -good nature had placed her enormous paw upon my shoulder, -and was purring in a most affectionate manner, when a sudden -noise from one of the other animals caused me to start; -instantly the paw was brought down upon my arm with some -violence, and before I could extricate my hand, Kate, as the -tigress was called, had closed her teeth upon the limb, which she -held firmly, though as yet uninjured. I strove to withdraw my -hand, but to no purpose. I felt in a most uncomfortable position, -reader, for I feared that I should lose a very useful -member of my frame: it was my <em>right</em> hand. Had I lost it, I -should have been unable to have written this or any of the -other papers I have given you. The teeth of the tigress became -more and more firmly closed, and my efforts to disengage -my hand were unavailing; I called for assistance, but no one -was within hearing; when, calling courage and resolution to -my aid, I bethought me of my own principles, and, raising my -other hand, dealt Kate as severe a blow as I was able with -my clenched fist upon her nose. The experiment was successful. -The animal, at once releasing my hand, sprang with -an angry howl to the opposite side of her cage, from which -in a few moments she returned cowering and submissive, apparently -eager to regain that portion of my good opinion that -she seemed conscious of having forfeited.</p> - -<p>If, then, you are attacked, act with promptness and decision. -Use your rod freely; but if you find yourself in danger, employ -your pistol, not, however, that loaded with ball (reserve it as -a last resource, when there is nought else between you and -death), but that loaded only with powder and tow; fire it into -the animal’s face, and I think there is no doubt but it will -afford you ample time for escape; nay, it may in all likelihood -render you conqueror; and if you perceive that the shock has -terrified your assailant, hand the pistol to be re-loaded by an -assistant, while you advance and finish with your rod what the -pistol began. If you be seized and overpowered, let your -attendants use the heated irons; they should be of a sufficient -length to reach to any part of the cage, and should be applied -to the nose and mouth. They will generally be found successful -in turning the current of affairs.</p> - -<p>Ere taking leave of my readers, I must say a few words as -to introducing animals of different species to each other. A -very brief notice, comprised under one or two heads, will suffice. -First, let <em>each</em> animal be perfectly and individually under -your control. Secondly, do not put the strangers into the -same cage all at once, but put them into a cage partitioned by -an iron railing, in which leave them for a few weeks, until you -begin to perceive that they have made each other’s acquaintance, -and may be trusted together; and do you enter the cage -with them when first brought together, and visit the least -symptom of hostility with instant and effective chastisement. -They should not at first be left together entirely, but only for -an hour or two each day while it is convenient to you to attend. -By and bye, when they become sufficiently familiarized, you -need be under no apprehension. When two animals have been -brought together, it will be comparatively easy and safe to introduce -a third, then a fourth, and so on; the safety increasing -in proportion to their numbers. Make it also your business -to select your animals with judgment. To an old leopard -introduce a young lion, for instance, because the leopard will, -in consequence of the youth of his new acquaintance, crow over -him, and aid you in subduing him. This advantage, to be -gained by observing dissimilarity of ages, is by no means to be -overlooked, as it is a powerful agent in the work of domestication -and association of the different species of animals. -When one animal is of a timid kind—the natural prey probably -of the other, which latter is fierce and powerful—you have -nothing to do but to make the more powerful animal <em>afraid</em> of -its timid and defenceless companion. This may be done in -various modes, just as the time or opportunities may suggest. -A simple illustration may serve. Take a young cat and put -her into a cage. Take a rat’s or a mouse’s skin, and fill it -with hot scalding bran; throw it to the cat, and when she -runs at it, take hold of her and thrust the hot skin into her -mouth; keep it there for a minute till she is well burned, and -you have rendered that cat ever afterwards harmless towards -mice, at least towards such as you may introduce to her; a -wild one which she met with at large might fare differently, -though I hardly think she would even attempt to injure it. -Treat a bird-skin in this manner, and, after the scalding, tie -it for a while around puss’s neck, and you have secured your -aviary from molestation. Sometimes the first experiment of -this kind is not successful. When such is the case, however, -be not disheartened, but repeat it; and one or two such inflictions -cannot fail being effective. You may thus have cats, -rats, mice, birds, &c., &c., all in one cage; a curiosity I have -often beheld, and which I have myself succeeded in forming in -the manner I have described.</p> - -<p>Let not the reader who may endeavour to put the above -rules in practice be disheartened by a little difficulty at starting. -The power of nature is strong, and it is not until after -a long and severe course of training that art can expect to -overcome it. Let, therefore, the experimenter ever bear in -mind the extraordinary force of nature, and the vast labour -necessary to keep it in abeyance; and in order that he should -do so, I shall tell him the following anecdote:—</p> - -<p>“Cecco maintained that nature was more potent than art, -while Dante asserted the contrary. To prove his principle -the great Italian bard referred to his cat, which by repeated -practice he had taught to hold a candle in its paw while he -supped or read. Cecco desired to witness the experiment, -and came not unprepared for his purpose. When Dante’s cat -was performing its part, Cecco lifted up the lid of a pot which -he had filled with mice; the creature of art instantly showed -the weakness of a talent merely acquired, and, dropping the -candle, sprang on the mice with all its instinctive propensity. -Dante was himself disconcerted; and it was adjudged that -the advocate for the occult principle of natural faculties had -gained his cause.” Bear this anecdote therefore in mind. -Do not forget the power of natural instinct, even over the -most careful artificial training; and let it be your anxious -care to keep far distant every circumstance that might provoke -the awakening of the one, or tend to shake or to subvert -the influence of the other.</p> - -<p>This short sketch has, I trust, given my readers an insight -into the mode by which Van Amburgh and his rivals perform -their wonders; and I can assure them, that by following the -principles I have here laid down, they may themselves, if they -choose, equal in their own private menageries the performances -of those public exhibitors.</p> - -<p class="right">H. D. R.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Philosophy.</span>—Philosophy can add to our happiness in no -other manner but by diminishing our misery: it should not -pretend to increase our present stock, but make us economists -of what we are possessed of. The great source of calamity -lies in regret or anticipation; he therefore is most wise who -thinks of the present alone, regardless of the past or future. -This is impossible to a man of pleasure; it is difficult to the -man of business, and is in some degree attainable by the philosopher. -Happy were we all born philosophers—all born -with a talent of thus dissipating our own cares by spreading -them upon all mankind.—<cite>Goldsmith.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">There are but two means in the world of gaining by other -men—by being either agreeable or useful.</p> - -<p class="gap4">Artificial modesty disparages a woman’s real virtue as much -as the use of paint does the natural complexion.</p> - -<p class="gap4">It is a common fault never to be satisfied with our fortune, -nor dissatisfied with our understanding.—<cite>Rochefoucault.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">A prison is a grave to bury men alive.—<cite>Mynshul.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">A titled nobility is the most undisputed progeny of feudal -barbarism.—<cite>Sir James Mackintosh.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">The worthiest people are the most injured by slander; as -we usually find that to be the best fruit which the birds have -been pecking at.—<cite>Swift.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">A miser grows rich by seeming poor, an extravagant man -grows poor by seeming rich.—<cite>Shenstone.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">There is not greater difference between the living and the -dead, than between a wise man and a blockhead.—<cite>Aristotle.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">A man who has good judgment has the same advantage -over men of any other qualifications whatsoever, as one that -can see would have over a blind man of ten times the strength.—<cite>Steele.</cite></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">J. Drake</span>, Birmingham; <span class="smcap">Slocombe</span> and <span class="smcap">Simms</span>, -Leeds; <span class="smcap">Fraser</span> and <span class="smcap">Crawford</span>, George Street, Edinburgh; and <span class="smcap">David -Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -26, December 26, 1840, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, DEC 26, 1840 *** - -***** This file should be named 54563-h.htm or 54563-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/5/6/54563/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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