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-Project Gutenberg's Some Stories of Old Ironsides, by Holloway Halstead Frost
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Some Stories of Old Ironsides
-
-Author: Holloway Halstead Frost
-
-Release Date: April 18, 2017 [EBook #54564]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME STORIES OF OLD IRONSIDES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
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-
-
-                            SOME STORIES OF
-                             OLD IRONSIDES
-
-
-                                  _By_
-                Commander Holloway H. Frost, U. S. Navy
-                      Author of _We Build a Navy_
-
-    [Illustration: Medallion]
-
-                             U. S. NAVAL INSTITUTE
-                          ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND
-
-            {Copyright 1931 · United States Naval Institute}
-
-                        DESIGNED AND PRINTED BY
-                    GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY
-                           MENASHA, WISCONSIN
-
-
-
-
-                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
-
-
-                                                                 _Facing_
-  Preble's First Attack on Tripoli                                      4
-  Old Ironsides                                                         5
-  Chase of the _Constitution_                                          12
-  Edward Preble                                                        13
-  _Constitution_ and _Guerriere_                                       20
-  Capture of the British Frigate _Java_                                21
-  The Night Battle Between the U.S.S. _Constitution_ and H. M. Ships
-          _Cyane_ and _Levant_                                         28
-  Stephen Decatur                                                      29
-
-    [Illustration: Bowsprit]
-
-    [Illustration: _From a painting by M. Carne_
-    Preble's First Attack on Tripoli
-    The _Constitution_ (large ship right center foreground) leading the
-    attack on Tripoli, August 3, 1804.]
-
-    [Illustration: _From a painting by C. R. Patterson_
-    "Old Ironsides"]
-
-
-
-
-                                 ACT I
-                         _In the Mediterranean_
-
-
-                   SCENE I. ENTER THE "CONSTITUTION"
-
-On a September day in 1803 an American frigate bowled along the rocky
-Spanish coast toward Gibraltar. From her bluff bows curled back a foamy
-wave. Above the blue waters rose a gracefully proportioned black hull.
-Around it, halfway up from the water line, ran a broad white stripe.
-This was broken at regular intervals by the dark squares of the gun
-ports. Spars tapered aloft. White rectangles of billowing canvas
-completed a picture of beauty unsurpassed on the Seven Seas. Such was
-the United States ship _Constitution_. Joshua Humphreys, naval
-constructor, had done his work well.
-
-Watchers on the famous Rock might have noted, had the beauty of this
-strange ship gained their full attention, that from the mizzen truck
-flew the broad blue pennant of a commodore. His name was then unknown.
-It is not too well known even now. But as time passes the conviction
-grows that Edward Preble should be classed in the first rank of our
-naval commanders. He was soon to prove that he was every inch a
-commodore. His pennant flew from a splendid ship, but one which had as
-yet no tradition of victory. Edward Preble was to begin that long series
-of successful cruises and spectacular sea fights which was to endear
-"Old Ironsides" to every American.
-
-Countless ships for countless years had passed these far-famed Pillars
-of Hercules. Some had sailed on errands of peace, but most on the grim
-business of war. Phoenician traders had sailed out northward to Britain
-for cargoes of its precious tin. Carthaginian merchants under Hanno had
-ventured far down the Atlantic coast of Africa. Scipio Africanus with
-his legions had come this way to complete the conquest of Spain. Moorish
-galleys had ferried to Europe those fierce Moslem horsemen who overran
-the Iberian Peninsula and fought for world empire on the battlefields of
-France. Norse sea kings had sailed on through to Sicily and
-Constantinople. Stout De Ruyter and his Dutch seamen had followed in
-their track to make his last campaign in the blue waters of the
-Mediterranean. And only five years before the greatest sea captain of
-them all, a certain Horatio Nelson, had hastened by to match his wits
-with a General Bonaparte and annihilate his fleet at the mouth of the
-Nile.
-
-The entry of Edward Preble in a Yankee frigate into the great sea which
-had supported so many war fleets seemed doubtless at that time utterly
-devoid of historical significance. But now, as we look back over a
-century and a quarter, it takes on a new importance. It was to bring our
-young Navy to a new plane of efficiency. It was to demonstrate to
-Americans in a striking manner the value of an efficient naval service.
-It was to establish our Navy as a permanent American institution. And,
-what is more, it signaled to watchful eyes abroad the rise of a new sea
-power. It indicated, not only to African pirates, but also to astute
-European statesmen, that this American Republic had become a factor they
-would have to reckon with in framing their diplomatic policies.
-
-We believe that, as much as any other man of that era, it was bold and
-forceful Edward Preble who gave the United States that initial impulsion
-along the path of astounding prosperity, unparalleled commercial power,
-and world-wide influence.
-
-    [Illustration: Squadron at sea]
-
-For two years we had been at war with the Moslem principalities which
-lined the Mediterranean coast of Africa. For many years before that,
-their piratical craft had captured our merchant ships and sold their
-crews into slavery. We had first begged and then bribed these pirates to
-desist from piracy. And, finally, after all diplomatic measures had
-failed, that task was given the Navy. That service had been in existence
-only a few years. It was, we must confess, not properly prepared to
-conduct a difficult campaign so far from its home bases. So two years of
-desultory fighting had accomplished little. In despair, our statesmen
-had descended again to the artifices of bribery. But, fortunately for
-us, the piratical chieftains did not think our offers worth their while.
-So the Navy was given a final chance and Edward Preble the command. The
-backbone of his squadron were the fine frigates _Constitution_ and
-_Philadelphia_. For inshore work there were the brigs _Argus_ and
-_Siren_ and the schooners _Enterprise_, _Nautilus_, and _Vixen_. It is
-true that seven ships constituted a small force to keep in good humor
-Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis and bring to a favorable conclusion the war
-with Tripoli. But the ships were all finely commanded, well officered,
-and manned with the best sailors in the world. The ships themselves were
-well built, adequately equipped, and completely stored for a long
-campaign. So it was with high hopes that Preble commenced his difficult
-task--one, it may be added, which had baffled Cardinal Ximenes, Charles
-V, Andrea Doria, Blake, De Ruyter, and Duquesne.
-
-
-                   SCENE II. EXIT THE "PHILADELPHIA"
-
-An effective demonstration off Tangiers soon cooled the ardor of the
-Sultan of Morocco. He reconfirmed the old and highly favorable treaty of
-1786. One potential enemy had been removed. On now for Syracuse, the
-naval base from which our campaign against Tripoli was being conducted.
-
-Off the coast of Sardinia the _Constitution_ hailed H.M.S. _Amazon_, a
-frigate attached to the squadron of Lord Nelson. From her Preble
-received "the melancholy and distressing intelligence of the loss of the
-U.S. ship _Philadelphia_." Here, Commodore, is a problem which will put
-to the test all your intelligence and stoutness of heart.
-
-At Syracuse Preble learned the full extent of the disaster. The fine
-frigate had been run aground off Tripoli. Captain Bainbridge,
-discouraged by his ill fortune, had surrendered too quickly. Three
-hundred and fifteen of our officers and men had been led ashore in
-triumph. In his haste Bainbridge had not even taken effective measures
-to destroy his own ship. She was floated and brought into the harbor of
-Tripoli. Her guns were fished out of the water and remounted. She was
-manned with a strong Tripolitan crew. Thus she contributed to the
-strength of the defenses, and constituted a threat to every merchant
-vessel in the Mediterranean. Gloomy were the thoughts of poor Bainbridge
-as he viewed these developments from his prison window.
-
-Preble was not the man to worry over past disasters. He was concerned
-with future successes. How could he counteract, in part at least, the
-loss of the _Philadelphia_? There was no direct method for rescuing the
-crew. But there might be a chance to regain the ship, or at least
-destroy her so that the enemy could not use her. Bainbridge, through the
-connivance of the Danish consul at Tripoli, had suggested that she be
-attacked by a party of men secreted in the hold of a merchant vessel.
-The capture of a Tripolitan ketch provided the means of carrying through
-this daring plan. The next essential item was a cool and daring
-commander.
-
-The commodore invited to this post of honor and danger Lieutenant
-Stephen Decatur, then in command of the _Enterprise_. To this young
-officer might well be applied a sentence from Plutarch: "Being ever
-thirsty after honor, and passionate for glory, if anything of a greater
-or extraordinary nature was to be done, he was eager to be the doer of
-it himself." Decatur eagerly accepted his commodore's invitation.
-
-Once the squadron got wind of the venture and of the commander selected,
-there was no lack of volunteers. Decatur naturally gave first choice to
-the people in his own ship. Five of her officers and sixty-two of her
-sailors shifted over to the ketch. This was formally commissioned and
-appropriately renamed _Intrepid_. Five midshipmen from the
-_Constitution_ completed the complement. Last, but by no means least,
-was a brave Sicilian pilot, Salvador Catalano.
-
-Edward Preble took upon himself full responsibility for the hazardous
-enterprise. "It is my order," he wrote Decatur, "that you proceed to
-Tripoli, in company with the _Siren_, Lieutenant Stewart; enter the
-harbor in the night; board the _Philadelphia_; burn her; and make good
-your escape." The courage it requires to write such an order is seldom
-appreciated. If the expedition had failed, as certainly it looked very
-probable, all the blame would have fallen on Preble. He would have been
-accused of sending officers and men to their death while he remained in
-safety. And, if the attack should succeed, the credit and honor would
-belong to Decatur. But Preble was not guarding his own interests. He was
-striving to further those of the Navy and the country.
-
-    [Illustration: In Tripoli harbor]
-
-For two weeks the _Intrepid_ was battered about by a succession of
-storms. On this little craft, much smaller than a submarine chaser,
-seventy-four men were crowded. Their sufferings can scarcely be
-imagined. But at last the weather moderated and the long-awaited
-opportunity was at hand. As a reënforcement Midshipman Anderson and nine
-sailors rowed over in one of the _Siren's_ cutters. This was towed
-astern of the _Intrepid_. She started in.
-
-The sea now was smooth. The wind lulled slowly to a calm. As night came
-on, a young moon, the enemy's emblem, diffused a gentle light over the
-phosphorescent waters. Wary Odysseus might have turned back his prow at
-sight of such an unfavorable omen, but not all the gods on Olympus could
-have turned back Stephen Decatur that night.
-
-Slowly and silently steals the _Intrepid_ toward the harbor entrance.
-This cold wintry night there are no vessels on patrol. Only irregular
-ranks of jagged rocks keep watch. The moonlight discloses these ever
-present sentinels. The ship passes through.
-
-Quietly there on deck stand Decatur, Catalano, and ten seamen--all
-disguised as Sicilians. Close down behind the bulwarks crouch the
-remainder of the crew. Ahead looms up the great hulk of the
-_Philadelphia_. Her foremast has not been replaced, but the main and
-mizzenmasts, with their network of rigging, trace a spider web of black
-against the dull red glare of the city's lights. Fifteen gaping gun
-ports are dotted with the muzzles of frowning 18-pounders, loaded,
-shotted, and ready to be touched off. High overhead towers the dark mass
-of the Bashaw's castle, its embrasures filled with one hundred and
-fifteen cannon.
-
-The frigate's bell rings out the hour. It is ten-thirty in the evening
-watch. Her sentinel hails. Catalano answers with long-rehearsed lines.
-He has lost his anchors. May he not secure alongside the frigate for the
-night? The answer is, "Yes." Lawrence lowers a small boat. With a line
-from the _Intrepid_ he pulls for the frigate's bows. Quickly he secures
-his end to the fore chains. At the other end crouching seamen haul away.
-
-Watchers on the frigate, if they had not been too sleepy, might have
-wondered at the hidden power which draws the little craft so steadily
-upon her prey. It is not until she is almost alongside that they see the
-crowd of men on her decks. "Americanos!" yells the sentinel. But now it
-is too late. Another pull brings the _Intrepid_ alongside. Then rises a
-confused din as her crew begin a wild scramble for the honor of being
-the first over the enemy's side. Decatur trips on his scabbard. Morris
-passes him. Over the high bulwarks, sword in teeth, he disappears.
-Lieutenants, midshipmen, sailors follow him. Here have ceased the
-privileges of rank. Those of courage begin.
-
-Surprise has won the day. There is no resistance on the upper decks. The
-startled enemy dive over the side or scuttle below. Wild Americanos or
-hungry sharks--what a choice to have to make! Some twenty Tripolitans
-fall before the former. How many succumb to the latter we may only
-guess. In twenty minutes the ship is everywhere ablaze. As the flames
-shoot up the guns ashore fire on the clearly illuminated target. Back
-into the ketch our sailors spring. Lines are cut with battle-axe and
-cutlass, just in time to evade the outrushing flames. Out ring three
-good American cheers above the crackling roar of fire and the thunder of
-cannonade.
-
-The flames now have mounted the frigate's rigging turning night into
-day. The _Intrepid_ is clearly disclosed to the enemy gunners. From
-every direction shot converge on the little ship. Out are run sixteen
-great sweeps. Strong men, willing galley slaves for an hour, double-bank
-their handles. Their long blades churn the waters into foam. Away she
-races through the shell splashes.
-
-    [Illustration: _From an old painting_
-    Chase of the _Constitution_]
-
-    [Illustration: _From the painting by John W. Jarvis_
-    Edward Preble]
-
-Thus ended with complete success what Lord Nelson called the most bold
-and daring act of the age. When, three days later, the _Intrepid_ sailed
-through the American squadron in Syracuse, each ship gave Decatur and
-his men a deafening salute of cheers. What music to a sailor's ears!
-
-
-                   SCENE III. PREBLE ATTACKS TRIPOLI
-
-As spring came on the commodore pushed his preparations for a naval
-attack on Tripoli. He now had only one large ship, the _Constitution_.
-There were five brigs and schooners. A captured Tripolitan brig,
-commissioned as the _Scourge_, made a sixth. Preble knew that these
-ships could not get in close enough to the enemy to win the decisive
-results he was determined to have. So he borrowed six gunboats, two bomb
-vessels, and ninety-six sailors from the King of Naples. Even with this
-reënforcement, Preble had but one thousand and sixty men to attack a
-strongly fortified town defended by twenty-five thousand soldiers and
-sailors. Still his hopes for success were high.
-
-Early in August, 1804, the orders for a grand attack were issued. This
-was to be no distant cannonade. The _Constitution_ was to attack the
-batteries at point-blank range. The gunboats were to board the enemy
-flotilla. The bomb vessels were to toss their 13-inch grenades into the
-town.
-
-The Bashaw, as the Tripolitan ruler was called, saw that a storm was
-about to break over his head. In addition to formidable batteries
-ashore, he had twenty-one gunboats. These were manned by from
-twenty-four to forty men. Each carried one large and two small guns. We
-must not mistake these Tripolitans. They were splendid seamen and fierce
-fighters. Boarding was their usual method of attack. Nine of their
-gunboats were stationed outside the reefs east of the harbor entrance.
-Five were under the powerful batteries to the westward. The remainder
-lay inside the harbor in reserve.
-
-    [Illustration: Under sail]
-
-At two o'clock in the afternoon of August 3, the flagship displayed the
-long-awaited signal for attack. Our six gunboats, under Decatur, were to
-attack the nine Tripolitan craft east of the harbor. Only three of his
-detachment, for various reasons, reached the enemy. Now three against
-nine were big odds. But, thought our young fellows, the bigger the odds
-the greater the glory. And they had Stephen Decatur--himself worth a
-couple of gunboats--to lead them. He, like the Spartans, "was not wont
-to ask how many but where, the enemy were!"
-
-So Decatur led the charge. He made for a large gunboat armed with a huge
-29-pound cannon and two howitzers. Her crew, as we learned later,
-numbered thirty-six. Decatur also has one cannon, a long 24-pounder. He
-sails in close until he can see the white of their eyes. Then he fires.
-A hail of grapeshot sweeps the enemy's deck. As the two ships crash
-together our boarders are away. For a few minutes the fight is furious.
-But American pikes and cutlasses are irresistible. When only five of
-their people remain unwounded the Moors cry for quarter. Here is a
-victory, decided, as the old saying goes, by push of pike.
-
-Meanwhile Sailing Master Trippe is having a bad quarter of an hour. He
-runs his gunboat alongside another enemy ship. Boarding is the order of
-the day. That is a good way for Americans, as well as Tripolitans, to
-fight. Trippe springs into the enemy gunboat. Midshipman Henley and nine
-sailors follow. Then the ships drift apart. Here now is a situation.
-Trippe sees that, being too weak for defense, it is necessary to attack.
-He lunges at the enemy captain with his pike. The Tripolitan is a good
-swordsman, and his scimitar is sharp. He rains blows on Trippe's chest
-and shoulders--wounds him eleven times in all. But the sailing master
-gets in one effective thrust with his pike, and this more than evens up
-matters. Another Moor, whose cutlass is descending on Trippe's head from
-behind, is bayoneted by Marine Sergeant Jonathan Meredith. Having lost
-their captain and twenty of their comrades, the remaining Tripolitans
-now surrender.
-
-To cap the climax, Decatur boarded a third enemy gunboat, somewhat
-smaller than his first prize. Here occurred that famous hand-to-hand
-combat between Decatur and the gigantic Moorish captain. The devotion of
-Seaman Daniel Frazier, and his own coolness gave Decatur victory. All
-but three of the enemy were killed or wounded before they would
-surrender. This was real schooling for a young Navy.
-
-Lieutenant Richard Somers, bravest of the brave, had not been able to
-join Decatur. So single-handed he attacked the five enemy craft west of
-the entrance. "They still advanced to within pistol-shot," Somers wrote,
-"when they wore round and stood for the batteries. I pursued them until
-in musket shot of the batteries, which kept up a continued fire of round
-shot and grape." That was how Somers fought.
-
-The _Constitution's_ heavy battery, reënforced by six Neapolitan
-29-pounders, had been engaging these same batteries at point-blank
-range. Several times she was brought within four hundred yards of the
-rocky coast of which no chart was available. The bomb vessels had
-launched a quantity of their huge 13-inch shells into the city, but many
-of them did not explode. At four-thirty the wind shifted and a
-withdrawal was signaled. Preble covered it in great style. "Tacked
-ship," he wrote, "and fired two broadsides in stays, which drove the
-Tripolitans out of the castle and brought down the steeple of a mosque."
-
-This three-hour battle had proved highly successful. But do you think
-the commodore was contented? Admiral Gleaves tells how, after the
-battle, Decatur came on board the _Constitution_ to make his report.
-Approaching Preble on the quarter-deck, he said: "Sir, I have the honor
-to report that I have captured three of the enemy's gunboats." "Three,
-Sir!" replied the commodore, "where are the rest of them?" This incident
-well illustrates the inflexible character of Edward Preble. In his
-official report, however, he was careful to express complete
-satisfaction with the manner in which his subordinates had conducted
-their attacks.
-
-As the summer wore on four more attacks were made. All were conducted
-with great gallantry. They were not made without loss, for the
-Tripolitans always gave us a good fight. Pirates though they were, we
-must give them credit where due. The last attack, conducted at night,
-was particularly effective. On that occasion, "to draw off the enemy's
-attention and amuse them while the bombardment was being kept up," the
-_Constitution_ fired eleven thunderous broadsides at point-blank range.
-
-In the fall Preble returned home. During his year of command not a
-court-martial had been ordered nor a duel fought. Among the many letters
-of congratulation he received was a unique tribute from the Pope: "The
-American commander, with a small force and in a short space of time, has
-done more for the cause of Christianity than the most powerful nations
-of Christendom have done for ages." His countrymen received the
-returning commodore with every honor. Congress voted him a gold medal.
-The Navy had again come into its own. And the _Constitution_, now a
-veteran of five battles, had firmly established her reputation as a
-lucky and successful ship.
-
-Thus ends the first act of our drama. Eight years pass before the second
-begins.
-
-
-
-
-                                 ACT II
-                             _On the Ocean_
-
-
-                 SCENE I. THE FIGHT WITH THE GUERRIERE
-
-At last the day has come. Long and eagerly awaited has it been by
-American seamen. A tall-sparred frigate plows through the purple waters
-of the Gulf Stream. From her mastheads lookouts report a tiny speck upon
-the clear horizon. Sharp eyes distinguish it from the far-distant masses
-of cumulous clouds it counterfeits so well. Larger and larger it grows.
-It becomes, in fact, another frigate, equally large and beautiful.
-Across one of her topsails is painted a cryptic phrase, "Not the Little
-Belt." This may have little meaning to us today. But in the year of our
-Lord 1812 it was full of grim significance. From her peak flutters a
-white ensign, barred with red, the proud emblem of the Royal Navy.
-
-On the first ship there is a muffled roll of drums, a brief hurrying of
-men about the decks, a period of well-ordered activity--then quiet.
-"Silent is the path of duty for every well-drilled man." Up to her
-mastheads creep balls of bunting. These at a quiet word of command break
-out into strips of red and white, stars of white against a blue
-field--battle ensigns of the United States. _Constitution_ and
-_Guerriere_ have met. A great moment of history is at hand.
-
-The famous duel between these two frigates cannot, of course, be
-compared to the many sea battles between great fleets which have made
-naval history. But often small events have a far-reaching influence.
-This fight certainly was one of the most important and decisive single
-ship actions ever fought.
-
-To show why this was so we must set the scene before we begin the play.
-To Great Britain, engaged in a death struggle with Napoleon, our little
-war was nothing more than a side show--of even less importance than the
-entry of a Balkan nation into the World War struggle. The chief concern
-of the British statesmen was that it might interfere with the supply of
-Wellington's army in Spain--a task performed almost exclusively by
-American merchant vessels. It never occurred to them that our frigates
-would put to sea, or, if they should, that they could last long against
-the British cruisers which literally covered the Seven Seas. Theodore
-Roosevelt has stated that during the previous twenty years the Royal
-Navy had fought two hundred single-ship actions where there was
-approximate equality in power, i.e., neither ship had a superiority of
-over three to two. In these actions only five British ships had been
-captured. With such a record of success, it was only natural that the
-British captains should give scant consideration to our young and
-comparatively inexperienced Navy.
-
-It is true that the _Constitution_ was about 7 per cent larger than the
-_Guerriere_; that she carried 24-pounder guns against the 18-pounders in
-the British frigate, thus giving us a ten to seven superiority in weight
-of metal; and that her sides were very thick, stouter in fact than those
-of a British ship-of-the-line. But the British captains showed not the
-slightest concern over these American advantages, which at that time
-were not considered as such. In fact, it was thought that we had
-overweighted our ships with guns and timbers so that their speed and
-handiness were decreased. Captain Dacres of the _Guerriere_ had
-challenged any American frigate to meet him in single combat. He had bet
-Captain Isaac Hull, so the story goes, a perfectly good hat that he
-would beat the _Constitution_. Even after the fight Dacres said he would
-be happy to fight him again with "a frigate of similar force to the
-_Guerriere_." All the propaganda of our frigates being disguised
-ships-of-the-line was a much later concoction, disseminated after we had
-proved in three battles the advantage of our heavier guns and thicker
-sides, as well as the efficiency of our officers and sailors.
-
-But now let the fight begin. For some hours the _Guerriere_ kept away,
-trying to gain some advantage. But at 6:00 P.M. Dacres decided to end
-this useless maneuvering and get to business. He headed directly before
-the wind, decreased sail, and waited for the American frigate. Hull,
-increasing his sail power, came swiftly down upon him. Zero hour was
-about to strike. What could Yankee seamen do against the might of
-Britannia?
-
-    [Illustration: _From the painting by Thomas Birch_
-    _Constitution_ AND _Guerriere_]
-
-    [Illustration: _Macpherson Collection_
-    Capture of the British Frigate _Java_ by the U.S. Frigate
-    _Constitution_ off the Coast of Brazil, December 29, 1812]
-
-Moses Smith, sponger of No. 1 gun, describes how the _Constitution_ went
-into action. "Hull was now all animation. He saw that the decisive
-moment had come. With great energy, yet calmness of manner, he passed
-around among the officers and men, addressing to them words of
-confidence and encouragement. 'Men,' said he, 'now do your duty. Your
-officers cannot have entire control over you now. Each man must do all
-in his power for his country.' The Stars and Stripes never floated more
-proudly than they did at that moment. All was silent beneath them, save
-the occasional order from an officer, or the low sound of the movement
-of our implements of war. _Every man stood firm to his post._"
-
-By 6:05 the Constitution was two hundred yards on the _Guerriere's_ port
-quarter. Hull then yawed his ship's head slightly away from the enemy
-and threw his broadside full upon her. As the guns bore on the target
-they fired in rapid succession. "We instantly followed the thunder of
-our cannon with three loud cheers, which rang along the ship like the
-roar of waters, and floated away rapidly to the ears of the enemy."
-
-The cannonading was terrific. Our gunners, in the heat of battle, looked
-well to their aim. By 6:20 the _Constitution_ was abreast the British
-frigate, distant one hundred yards. Then with a splintering crash came
-down Dacres' mizzenmast. "Huzza, boys! We've made a brig of her!" The
-mast, with its tangle of sails and rigging, dragged in the water and
-checked the _Guerriere's_ headway. Here was Hull's chance, and he was
-not the man to miss it. Spinning his wheel to the right, he charged
-across his enemy's bow. Those terrible 24's raked her with great effect.
-As the _Constitution_ shot past and her guns would no longer bear there
-was a brief lull in the fight. Seaman Daniel Hogan climbed to the dizzy
-height of the fore truck to replace the battle ensign which had been
-shot away.
-
-Hull wore his ship and again headed across the bow of the almost
-unmanageable _Guerriere_. His gunners had moved across the deck and cast
-loose the port guns. Again they raked the British frigate. But this time
-Hull had come a bit too close. The ships came together. Boarders were
-called away. A storm of musketry broke out. Sharpshooters in the tops
-fired down on the crowded decks. Lieutenant William Bush of the Marines
-fell dead. Lieutenant Charles Morris, who first had scaled the
-_Philadelphia's_ side, was severely wounded. So also was Sailing Master
-John Aylwin, a brave and skillful officer. At 6:30 the ships came clear.
-And then the _Guerriere's_ foremasts and mainmasts plunged over her
-side. Twenty-five minutes had sufficed for Yankee gunners to dismast a
-British frigate.
-
-Seeing that the fight was won, Hull hauled off to repair his rigging. He
-must be prepared for another enemy if one should appear. At 7:00 he
-returned to receive the surrender of Captain Dacres. The prize was so
-completely wrecked that there was no hope of bringing her into port.
-After her crew had been taken off, she was set on fire. From the
-_Constitution's_ quarter-deck Captain Dacres watched. At length her
-magazine exploded and she disappeared beneath the waters. A sad omen it
-must have seemed to the British captain. A new sea power had arrived!
-
-That this was fully appreciated is shown by an article in the London
-_Times_. "It is not merely that an English frigate has been taken,
-after, what we are free to confess may be called a brave resistance, but
-that it has been taken by a new enemy, an enemy unaccustomed to such
-triumphs, and likely to be rendered insolent and confident by them. He
-must be a weak politician who does not see how important the first
-triumph is in giving a tone and character to the war. Never before in
-the history of the world did an English frigate strike to an American."
-
-In our country the effect was magical. Where before political strife,
-sectional differences, and commercial rivalries combined to bring our
-people to the verge of civil war and secession, now a wave of wildest
-enthusiasm spread like a forest fire. For here was a deed of which every
-man and woman from Maine to Louisiana might be proud. "Thank God for
-Hull's victory" was a watchword which passed from state to state. It
-gave impetus to naval operations and fired our captains with impatience
-to get to sea and bring the enemy under their guns. It encouraged swarms
-of privateers to cover the Seven Seas and attack the enemy's vital trade
-routes.
-
-Admiral Sir John Jervis is reported to have said to his flag captain as
-he sighted the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent that a victory was
-very necessary to England at that moment. With equal justice Isaac Hull
-might have made a similar remark on sighting the _Guerriere_. Our
-country needed a victory then as it never had before nor has since.
-Napoleon said that in war the moral is to the physical as three to one;
-in this case it was many times more. The mere sinking of a frigate meant
-nothing to England. But the fact that it was sunk by an American frigate
-at the cost of only fourteen casualties meant a great deal to England,
-and to our United States. What had been done once could be done again!
-
-
-                    SCENE II. AND NOW FOR THE "JAVA"
-
-While the _Constitution_ was taking a little rest in Boston Stephen
-Decatur in the sister-ship _United States_ had taken the sea. In the
-latter part of October he encountered the British frigate _Macedonian_,
-likewise a sister-ship of the _Guerriere_. So the scene was set exactly
-as in the previous battle. But, whereas Hull had decided the issue by
-sheer overpowering force at point-blank range, Decatur fought a distant
-battle in an effort to capitalize to the full his superiority in gunnery
-and seamanship. He won his fight at the cost of only eleven casualties.
-In ninety minutes his gunners had put a hundred shot into the
-_Macedonian's_ hull and killed or wounded one hundred and four of her
-crew. This time the prize was brought safely into port. Here was a
-convincing confirmation of American naval efficiency.
-
-    [Illustration: Firing a cannon]
-
-By the time this fight had been won the _Constitution_ was again at sea.
-This time she was commanded by William Bainbridge, the unlucky officer
-who had lost the _Philadelphia_ off Tripoli. But now he was in a luckier
-ship. Soon fortune sent a fine British frigate into his arms. This
-happened on December 29 off Bahia on the coast of Brazil.
-
-The _Java_ was considerably more powerful than the other British
-frigates previously captured. She was commanded by an excellent officer,
-Captain Lambert. In weight of metal she was inferior to the
-_Constitution_ only as nine to ten. Neither captain had any idea of
-dodging the issue. Each made ready to fight to the finish. Fighting
-topsails were spread. Battle ensigns decorated every masthead. At 2:10
-P.M. the battle began. At first the range was long. But in a few minutes
-the ships were in to two hundred yards. Then the real business of the
-day began. It was as finely contested a frigate action as ever was
-fought. Both Bainbridge and Lambert maneuvered their ships with masterly
-skill. First one ship would gain an advantageous position, then the
-other. Like two skilled wrestlers, each in turn gained a hold, only to
-have it broken by his opponent.
-
-All this time the guns' crews were fast at work, rushing from one
-battery to the other as their captains tacked and wore. It was work,
-hard and grim--hauling at the gun tackles, ramming home powder and shot,
-and slewing around the clumsy gun carriages to point the guns squarely
-at the enemy. Acrid smoke clouds swept along the decks and clouds of
-splinters flew around.
-
-For a time the action is very closely fought. But, barring a lucky
-accident, the issue is really never in doubt. For Yankee gunners are
-incomparable and they have _iron sides_ to protect them--twenty inches
-of stout oak beams. They cannot be beaten in such a ship. Slowly but
-surely our superiority in gunnery wears down the enemy. One after
-another the _Java's_ tall spars crash down. Heroic Lambert fights well
-but is killed. Lieutenant Chads, already wounded, takes command. Half
-his crew is killed or wounded. Still he fights.
-
-The _Constitution_ also has her losses. Bainbridge himself is severely
-wounded, but he still keeps the deck. Brave Aylwin, who already wears a
-wound stripe for the _Guerriere_ battle, is again shot down. This will
-be the last fight for him. Well, he will live long enough to see a
-second British frigate lower her battle flags. Over thirty others lie
-dead or wounded about the decks or under the surgeon's knife in the
-cockpit. British frigates cannot be taken without losing men.
-
-For two long hours the battle rages. Chads does well but he cannot do
-the impossible. Finally the _Java_ must give in. Here is a fight in
-which there is honor enough for all, vanquished as well as victor. And
-Bainbridge, after such buffets of fate as few have received, at last has
-won his well-deserved victory. A third British frigate had been taken.
-
-When "Old Ironsides" reached Boston a great reception awaited the
-commodore. There he marched through the streets, arm in arm with Rodgers
-and Hull--three commodores of whom any country might be proud. Fifes and
-drums played _Yankee-Doodle_ as the procession moved through the
-streets. It was a big Navy Day!
-
-
-                       SCENE III. THE LAST FIGHT
-
-The _Constitution_ took a long rest after this battle. The _Java's_ shot
-had discovered some rotten spots in her sides. A long overhaul was
-required to make her again ready for sea. Meanwhile the Navy had won
-many a victory and had suffered some defeats. Our little sloops-of-war
-won a long succession of splendid successes. Gallant James Lawrence,
-hero of the _Hornet-Peacock_ fight, lost the _Chesapeake_ to the British
-frigate _Shannon_--crying, as he lay dying, "Don't give up the ship!"
-Sewing this motto on his blue battle flag Perry annihilated the British
-squadron on Lake Erie. Macdonough saved the northern frontier with a
-complete victory on Lake Champlain, which a British marine thought more
-desperately fought than Trafalgar. Our privateers were gathering in
-their prizes on every sea in constantly increasing numbers and sending
-the insurance rates three times higher than all previous levels.
-
-    [Illustration: Close combat]
-
-But the war could not well end without a third victory by the
-_Constitution_. Now she was commanded by Charles Stewart, a worthy
-successor to Hull and Bainbridge. On February 20, 1815, north of
-Madeira, the American frigate came in contact with the British corvette
-_Cyane_, thirty-four guns, and the sloop _Levant_, twenty-one. Their
-fifty-five guns threw a slightly heavier weight of metal, but their
-armament consisted mostly of short-range carronades which could not be
-compared with the terrible long 24's which filled the _Constitution's_
-gun-deck ports. Still the two Britons formed column and accepted
-Stewart's challenge.
-
-Stewart might have fought at long range where the British carronades
-could not have reached him. But night was coming on, and, if he were to
-take both ships, there was no time to waste. "At five minutes past six,"
-he wrote, "ranged up on the starboard side of the sternmost ship, about
-three hundred yards distant, and commenced the action by broadsides,
-both ships returning our fire with the greatest spirit for about fifteen
-minutes." Stewart's tactics have a lesson: When you are anxious to
-engage and night is approaching, do not try to get all the conditions in
-your favor. Take things as they are and fight in the most decisive
-manner. Otherwise you will never capture your _Cyane_ and _Levant_.
-Perhaps we have here a lesson for the battles of peace as well as those
-of war.
-
-After this first engagement smoke clouds obscured the range and fire
-ceased. But not for long, for now the _Constitution_ began a series of
-beautiful maneuvers--raking each enemy ship in turn. They separated and
-made off. Stewart hung close to the _Cyane_ and soon forced her to
-surrender. By eight o'clock she had been manned by a prize crew. Stewart
-started in search of the _Levant_.
-
-Captain Douglass of the _Levant_ had now repaired his damages. Instead
-of trying to escape, he sailed back to assist his comrade. But he was
-too late. At eight-thirty he ran into the _Constitution_. Attempts to
-escape proved futile and at ten the second prize was made. "At 1:00
-A.M.," Stewart reported, "the damages to our rigging had been repaired,
-sails shifted, and the ship in fighting condition." The price of this
-double victory was only fifteen casualties.
-
-The _Cyane_ safely reached home. The _Levant_ was recaptured by a
-British squadron in a neutral port. The _Constitution_ received her last
-battle triumph in New York many months after peace had been signed. She
-had fought her last fight. But for many long years she served her
-country well by showing the flag in every part of the world. After that
-she trained many classes of midshipmen at the Naval Academy. Now her
-useful labors are ended but she serves a still more important purpose.
-For this old hulk, whose iron sides protected iron men, is an
-inspiration to every officer and man in the naval service--and to every
-American.
-
-    [Illustration: _Courtesy U. S. Naval Academy_ _From an engraving by
-    Sartain, after the original painting by Thomas Birch_
-    The Night Battle Between the U.S.S. _Constitution_ and H. M. Ships
-    _Cyane_ AND _Levant_
-    On the left is the corvette _Cyane_, in the center the frigate
-    _Constitution_, and on the right the sloop _Levant_. The
-    _Constitution_ captured both vessels.]
-
-    [Illustration: _From an engraving by Henry Meyer after the original
-    painting by John W. Jarvis_
-    Stephen Decatur]
-
-
-
-
-                                EPILOGUE
-
-
-  Scarce one tall frigate walks the sea
-  Or skirts the safer shores
-  Of all that bore to victory
-  Our stout old Commodores.
-
-So wrote Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1865. Many years have passed since
-then. Again a tall frigate walks the sea. She carries a message from
-many a stout old commodore, many an alert topman, many a keen-eyed
-gunner. In fact, she carries a message from our Navy to our People.
-
-  All the stories of "Old Ironsides" in this little pamphlet are based
-  on chapters of _We Build a Navy_, by Commander H. H. Frost, U. S.
-  Navy, published by U. S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland.
-
-
-
-
-                 _Information about the "Constitution"_
-
-
-The building of the _Constitution_ resulted from the failure of the new
-United States government to purchase protection from the Algerian
-pirates. By a majority of two, the House of Representatives voted, in
-March, 1794, to provide six frigates that "separately would be superior
-to any European frigate." The _Constitution_ was one of these. She was
-designed by Joshua Humphreys of Philadelphia and built at Hartt's Wharf
-in Boston, near the present Constitution Wharf. The copper bolts and
-fittings were supplied by Paul Revere. Construction was all but
-abandoned after a new treaty was made with the pirates, but the
-insistence of Presidents Washington and Adams, coupled with the rising
-difficulties with revolutionary France, finally brought the work to
-completion. She was launched in October, 1797, and commissioned quickly.
-
-    [Illustration: Under construction]
-
-The _Constitution_ was rated as a 44-gun frigate but has carried as many
-as 55 guns at various times. The present arrangement closely follows
-that of her early days. The guns on the spar deck are 32-pounder
-carronades, short, light guns which threw heavy shots a short distance
-(300 to 400 yards). On the gun deck are long 24-pounders, heavy guns
-with much greater range but less smashing power than the carronade. In
-the following table the ranges given are for one degree of elevation.
-The long gun could attain ranges up to 2,000 yards by greater elevation,
-the projectile leaving the gun with a velocity of about 1,500 feet per
-second.
-
-The _Constitution_ cost $302,917. Her original dimensions were: length
-over-all, 204 feet; beam, 43.5 feet; draft, forward 21 feet, aft 23
-feet; displacement 2,200 tons. She was generally considered an excellent
-sailer, the report being that "she works within eleven points of the
-wind; steers, works, sails, scuds, and lies-to well; rolls deep and
-easy, and sailing close-hauled has beaten everything sailed with."
-
-
-                        Guns of the Constitution
-
- Location        Type       No.  Length  Weight   Bore  Powder  Approx.
-                                           lbs. inches  charge    range
-
- Gun deck,       24-pdr.,    12      9'   5,135  5.824  8 lbs. 700 yds.
- for'd. and aft  American        5-3/4"
- Gun deck,       24-pdr.,    18     10'   5,733  5.824  8 lbs. 700 yds.
- amidships       English         5-3/4"
- Spar deck       32-pdr.,    20   5' 5"   2,240   6.41  4 lbs. 400 yds.
-                 carronades
- Spar deck, bow  24-pdr.      2      9'   4,170  5.824  8 lbs. 700 yds.
- chasers                         9-1/2"
-
-  The two bow chasers are 18-pounders bored for 24-pound shot. They are
-  lighter than the standard 24-pounder to reduce top weights. Total
-  weight of broadside, 734 pounds. As shot were frequently underweight,
-  this figure is not exact.
-
-Her complement was 400 officers and men, but she usually cruised with
-about 50 men in excess. At sea the men were crowded closely together and
-there was much sickness. The ration was fixed by law and it made a
-monotonous diet. The legal ration for Sunday was 1-1/2 lbs. beef, 14 oz.
-bread, -1/2 lb. flour, -1/4 lb. suet, -1/2 pt. spirits. On week days
-pork was sometimes substituted for beef, with cheese or dried peas in
-place of suet. The meat was usually salted, the bread stale and moldy,
-the spirits good.
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber's Notes
-
-
---Silently corrected a few typos.
-
---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
---Inserted the original page-footer line drawings into the text.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Stories of Old Ironsides, by 
-Holloway Halstead Frost
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