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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #54566 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54566)
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-Project Gutenberg's Life in the Shifting Dunes, by Laurence B. White
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Life in the Shifting Dunes
-       A popular field guide to the natural history of Castle
-       Neck, Ipswich, Massachusetts
-
-Author: Laurence B. White
-
-Illustrator: Henry Bugbee Kane
-
-Release Date: April 18, 2017 [EBook #54566]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE IN THE SHIFTING DUNES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    [Illustration: Crane’s Beach Diorama, Museum of Science]
-
-
-
-
-                       LIFE IN THE SHIFTING DUNES
-
-
-  _A popular field guide to the natural history of Castle Neck, Ipswich,
-   Massachusetts, with attention to the unusual ecological relationships
-                                               peculiar to such an area_
-
-
-                       BY LAURENCE B. WHITE, JR.
-                      _Museum of Science, Boston_
-
-                     _Illustrated by_ HENRY B. KANE
-
-             A PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE, BOSTON
-
-
-                            Copyright, 1960,
-                    by the Museum of Science, Boston
-All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced
-           in any form without permission of the publishers.
-                Library of Congress Card Number: 60-8980
-               Printed in the United States of America by
-                      The Murray Printing Company
-                      Forge Village, Massachusetts
-
-
-
-
-                                PREFACE
-
-
-This popular field guide to Castle Neck, Ipswich, Massachusetts, was the
-inspiration of Mr. Cornelius Crane, who has summered there since
-boyhood. Two years ago, Mr. Crane asked us if we would be willing to
-undertake a survey of this typical dune area if funds were made
-available for the study. We were delighted to cooperate in the project,
-and our Education Department undertook it with real enthusiasm.
-
-Some preliminary work was done in 1957, but during July, August, and
-part of September, 1958, Laurence B. White, Jr., of our Education staff,
-and Geoffrey Moran, his assistant, moved to Castle Neck. It is Larry who
-has compiled this field guide.
-
-Larry has been associated with our Museum since his Junior High School
-days, when his consuming interest in natural history made him an almost
-daily visitor, and later a valued Education Department volunteer. Now,
-after his graduation from the University of New Hampshire, where he
-majored in Biology and Education, he has joined our permanent staff. I
-recount this only to point out that this study was undertaken by a born
-and bred New England naturalist who enjoyed every minute of his work on
-it.
-
-Finding a little cottage on the side of a marsh on the road to Little
-Neck, Larry and Jeff took it over as their combined summer residence and
-laboratory, and spent the July and August weeks in Thoreau-like
-exploration of the beach and dunes, the swamps and woodlands of Castle
-Neck. Their personal relationship with the living things on the Neck is
-feelingly reflected in this guide: sympathy with the heroic struggle for
-survival on the dunes; admiration for the hardihood of the
-little-admired Poison Ivy; amusement with the odd ways of the Common
-Barnacle, which “goes through life standing on its head and kicking food
-into its mouth with its feet”; and exasperation with the mischievous
-practice of noisy Crows, who delight in wrecking an Owl’s daytime sleep.
-
-It is perhaps because of this perceptive quality of understanding that
-Larry’s report of the survey has readily adapted into a popular field
-guide, directing the curious into a fascinating exploration of the “heap
-o’ living” going on under our very noses and all but ignored by most of
-us. This guide is not intended as an exhaustive research work or a
-listing of all the living things to be found on Castle Neck. Rather, it
-purposely addresses itself to natural history readily observable by
-visitors with sharp eyes and reasonable patience. When a rarity is
-included like the Ipswich Sparrow, it is only to indicate that such
-unusual thrills await the discoverer—occasionally!
-
-    [Illustration: Deer Tracks in the Sand.]
-
-While this guide serves as a reminder to those engaged in the study of
-ecology that this is a rich area for serious investigation, the amateur
-naturalist or the casual beach visitor, primarily on hand to sun, swim,
-or picnic, may use it to make his stop on the Neck more meaningful.
-Knowing, for instance, that Hog Island is a drumlin (a pile of debris
-deposited in the Great Ice Age) adds enormous interest to the
-surroundings. Larry’s guide is compiled with the understanding eye and
-heart of an able and enthusiastic young naturalist. It invites you to
-look over his shoulder as he investigates his finds, and tempts you to
-further exploration on your own.
-
-The analysis of the infinitely complex relationships of living animals
-and plants to their environment, and to one another, is a relatively new
-science. People with a strong desire to know more about the great sea of
-life surrounding them have a real opportunity to contribute valuable
-observations to ecological knowledge. You may very well be one of these!
-
-              Bradford Washburn
-              Director
-              Museum of Science
-  Boston, Massachusetts
-
-
-
-
-                            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
-
-
-The author is first and foremost indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius
-Crane for their unfailing interest in the preparation of this field
-guide, and to members of the Museum staff who collaborated to edit and
-produce it. Among these were Norman D. Harris, Director of Education,
-Gilbert E. Merrill and Chan Waldron of the Education Department, Miss
-Caroline Harrison, Director of Public Relations, and Mrs. Christina
-Lopes and Mrs. Margaret Jordan of her department. Invaluable also in
-preparation of the manuscript was the careful final editing of Miss
-Helen Phillips, Houghton Mifflin Company.
-
-Especially is the author grateful to the following for advice and
-comment on various chapters: Clifford S. Chater, Assistant Professor,
-Entomology and Plant Pathology, Waltham Field Station; Dr. Norman A.
-Preble, Mammalogist, Northeastern University; J. Phillip Schafer,
-Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey; Colonel E. S. Clark, Curator of
-Marine Life, Peabody Museum of Salem, and Dr. Stuart K. Harris,
-Department of Botany, Boston University.
-
-                                                                  L.B.W.
-
-
-
-
-                                CONTENTS
-
-
-    Preface                                                             v
-  1. The Shifting Dunes                                                 1
-  2. An Introduction to Dune Ecology                                    5
-  3. Plants on the Dunes                                               10
-  4. Life at the Edge of the Sea                                       19
-  5. Insects and Their Kin                                             33
-  6. Meeting the Mammals                                               50
-  7. Wings over the Sand                                               58
-  8. Now It’s Up to You—Check List for Your Discoveries and Field
-          Notes                                                        69
-
-    [Illustration: Tree-topped dune.]
-
-
-
-
-                                   Chapter 1
-                           THE SHIFTING DUNES
-
-
-Surprising as it may seem, there was a time when many of our most
-beautiful beaches, the Castle Neck area included, were far inland from
-the edge of the sea. This was about a million and a half years ago, when
-the sea was at a lower level than it is today. In fact, a great many
-changes have helped to form the beaches we see and enjoy now. Of them
-all, the one brought about by the Ice Age was probably the most
-influential. It was some 30,000 or 40,000 years ago that New England was
-overwhelmed by the final advance of a great continental ice sheet. It
-came from the northwest, and as it inched its way toward the ocean it
-pushed chunks of rock and great quantities of soil along with it. The
-rock was continually breaking up as it was shoved forward under the ice.
-
-This last glacier covered New England for thousands of years. When it
-melted, all the debris it had been moving along like a giant bulldozer
-was left deposited irregularly over the land, some debris perhaps a
-hundred miles from original location. In addition, the water from the
-melting ice swept finer sands and gravels along, depositing them over
-land areas and in lakes and bays.
-
-In some places, streamlined hills of debris had been built up under the
-ice. Later, as the ice melted, they became exposed. They were shaped
-like the bowl of an inverted spoon, and we call them “drumlins.” Hog
-Island, to the south of Castle Neck, is a perfectly preserved example.
-From its shape it is easy to tell which way the ice was moving. The
-steeply sloping end of its long axis is toward the northwest, the
-direction from which the last ice sheet came. All drumlins are not so
-easily spotted. About a mile southeast of Castle Hill you will see a
-hill that looks like an enormous sand dune. It is the highest point on
-the Neck, about eighty feet, and it, too, is a drumlin. Once it
-protruded out of a shallow bay that had formed as the ice melted.
-Modified by the erosion of the waves and veneered with windblown sand,
-this drumlin by now has quite lost its characteristic shape.
-
-In the general Boston area many drumlins were uncovered as the ice
-melted; some of them are such well-known landmarks as Beacon Hill,
-Bunker Hill, or Breed’s Hill. Along the coast, as the sea level rose,
-the drumlins there were surrounded by water and became islands. On the
-sides exposed to the sea they were eroded by the waves, and the eroded
-materials collected to form spits. Other sands and gravels carried by
-longshore currents were added, and, by-and-by, in some cases these sand
-spits connected one drumlin to another. It was just such a modification
-of three separate drumlins that formed Castle Neck.
-
-While the Neck was thus taking shape, the glacial debris and outwash
-sands that had been deposited in New Hampshire and at the mouth of the
-Merrimack River were being picked up and carried southward by the
-prevailing currents. Finally this material was wave-tossed onto the
-newly created beach at Castle Neck, some of it being lifted and carried
-farther inland. In this way, except for a few protected spots behind the
-drumlins, the entire area became blanketed with sand. The shape of the
-Beach as we see it is the result of this ever-continuing modification,
-the work of wind and waves.
-
-It was on the protected back side of the drumlins that plants first took
-hold. Since the drumlins were formed from fertile soil scraped from rich
-inland areas and carried here by the ice, the same kinds of plants
-sprang up on them—Aspens, Pines, Gray Birches, shrubs, and grasses—as we
-often see today taking over some abandoned farmland. As these early
-plants died, the soil was further enriched to stimulate even more and
-different plant life. In fact, at one time much of the dune area was a
-fertile spot, abounding with all sorts of plants and animals. In certain
-places on the Neck today, very fertile soil can be found just a few feet
-under the sand, evidence that here was once a rich farmland.
-
-The broad flat areas of sand on the Beach were very susceptible to the
-whims of the wind. Now and then, as the wind eroded the sand particles
-from one place, and blew them to another, it piled them up against the
-base of some beach plant. Collecting here, the sand began to form a
-gentle slope with a sharp drop-off downwind. Continuation of this action
-sometimes built up a huge mound, which we call a dune.
-
-This process of erosion and deposition still goes on. Usually you can
-tell the general direction of the prevailing wind by observing which way
-it builds the gentle slope as it piles the sand into ripples or mounds.
-
-If you should mark a dune’s position today and return in several years,
-you might find that the dune had moved several yards from its original
-position. Dunes move slowly downwind, such movement being termed
-“migration.” With a normal dune, during windy periods the sand is blown
-up its gentle slope and dropped over its crest, whence it slides down
-the lee side. In this way the dune migrates with the wind.
-
-
-THE FUTURE OF CASTLE NECK
-
-Eventually, of course, the dunes might migrate the entire length of the
-Neck and again be blown into the sea, which would carry the sands
-farther south, mayhap to become part of Coffin and Wingaersheek Beaches.
-In fact, we might expect the eventual removal of the entire Neck if sand
-wasn’t constantly being added from similar erosion going on farther
-north. Obviously there is a very delicate balance here, adding and
-subtracting sand. The future of Castle Neck is entirely dependent upon
-the sand supply from the north. Too little may eventually diminish
-Crane’s Beach; while an increase could create an even larger and more
-beautiful Neck. Actually, it is impossible to predict the future of a
-beach, at the mercy, as it is, of changes in any of the several factors
-controlling its form—sand supply, waves, currents, and position of sea
-level. Anyway, what has been so long taking shape will not be altered
-drastically overnight. As a matter of fact, if you really wish to know
-the future of Crane’s Beach, you will have to be patient. Another
-million and a half years will probably tell the story!
-
-
-GEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES YOU CAN MAKE
-
-
-                              _Ventifacts_
-
-These small, faceted pebbles found in the dunes have been blasted by the
-windblown sand. They show the powerful abrasive action of the wind. Most
-of those you will find here were faceted just after they had been
-deposited by retreating glacial ice. A migrating dune or a blowout in
-the sand has left them uncovered.
-
-
-                               _Erratics_
-
-Large rocks occasionally found in the dunes are called “erratics.” In
-this world of tiny particles they appear very much out of place, but
-they were carried here by the glacier a million years ago. They have
-been uncovered by the migration of some dune.
-
-
-                              _Fulgurites_
-
-Occasionally lightning strikes the sand, fusing it into a little tube or
-ball of glass. These fulgurites have been found here but are very rare
-and a real “discovery.”
-
-
-                             _Glacial Till_
-
-The original soil deposited by the glacier may be seen by digging into
-the sand at the drumlin. Such rocky soil is quite surprising to people
-who think the beach is nothing but a big “sand pile.”
-
-
-                               _Garnets_
-
-Examine a handful of sand. You will find that it consists of
-light-colored particles (mostly Quartz) and of black particles. Under a
-microscope many of these dark particles look like little gems. They are
-actually a deep red and are true Garnets. Large Garnets are used as gem
-stones, small ones for sandpaper—further proof of the abrasive ability
-of windblown sand.
-
-
-                         _History in the Sand_
-
-In your handful of sand you may find particles that are neither Quartz
-nor Garnet. Minerals such as Feldspar, Biotite, Mica, Magnetite,
-Hornblende, and others can be identified by the geologist and are a clue
-to the original type of rock over which the glacier moved.
-
-
-                           _Beach Porcupines_
-
-These are hard-packed balls of twigs and grasses. Loose vegetable matter
-is very light and may be blown along by the wind for many miles. As it
-goes it adds other vegetation to itself, until packed into a very tight,
-hard ball. It may also get its start in the water by being whirled into
-a tiny ball; and later it is thrown onto the beach, to begin rolling
-along. A most curious souvenir!
-
-
-MORE ABOUT THE DUNES
-
-The face of the land is a storybook waiting to be read. The following
-books will help you piece together some of the story:
-
-  Henry Curtis Ahl, _Dunes and Beaches of Essex County_. Boston:
-          Massachusetts Audubon Society, 1949. $.25
-  N. E. Chute and R. L. Nichols, _Geology of the Coast of Northeastern
-          Massachusetts_. Massachusetts Department of Public Works and
-          U. S. Geological Survey Cooperative Geologic Project, Bulletin
-          #7. Boston, 1941. Out of print. Available in Museum of Science
-          Library.
-  John Henry Sears, _The Physical Geography, Geology, Mineralogy and
-          Paleontology of Essex County, Massachusetts_. Salem, Mass.:
-          Essex Institute, 1905. $6.00
-  Charles Wendell Townsend, _Sand Dunes and Salt Marshes_. Boston: L. C.
-          Page, 1913. Out of print. Available in Museum of Science
-          Library.
-  ——, _Beach Grass_. Boston: Marshall Jones, 1923. $3.50
-
-
-
-
-                               Chapter 2
-                    AN INTRODUCTION TO DUNE ECOLOGY
-
-
-Living things cover the face of the earth from the torrid sands of the
-desert to the cold wastes of the Arctic, and every variation in
-environment develops a closely knit community of plants and animals.
-They are the ones best adapted to living where they do, or they may have
-been the first to arrive there, filling all available homesites and
-monopolizing the food and water supply to create a “closed” community.
-In each environment, a delicate balance is established between its
-various residents and between them and their surroundings. The study of
-all these interrelationships is called “ecology.”
-
-Beginning with the environment, we have seen in our brief look at the
-origins of Castle Neck how drastically an area can be altered as
-conditions change on the earth’s surface. Environment is affected in
-other ways, too. Man’s activity can change it almost overnight as a
-bulldozer clears land for a housing development, a dam alters the flow
-or course of a river, or careless disposal of a cigarette or campfire
-lays waste to acres of woodland. Or, as in the slow development of a
-forest, the growth of the trees themselves can change the environment,
-the maturity of one species whose seedlings require sunlight
-contributing to the growth of those better adapted to shade. If you
-should watch an old abandoned pasture over a period of many years, you
-could see environment gradually altered. First there are the mosses and
-grasses that create a fertile soil. Then come the Poplars and shrubs. As
-these grow they offer shade where Pines and, finally, the broad-leaved
-trees can flourish. This change in vegetation will also bring about a
-change in the resident animal communities.
-
-When parts of Castle Neck were rich farmland, specialized forms of life
-which thrive in that type of environment were abundant there. We have
-only to look at Castle Hill, just a few hundred yards from the dunes, or
-at some of the swamps that dot the Neck to see how different are the
-inhabitants from those of the dunes. On the Hill live the Oaks, Maples,
-Jumping Mice, Raccoons, and Toads, plants and animals that would be
-misfits indeed—if they could live at all—in the world of moving sand.
-Maples and Oaks, relics of the time when the dune area was fertile, may
-still be found dying and being buried over by drifting sand. Now it is a
-different community of plants and animals living here. The continually
-shifting sand and the scarcity of water limit the variety of life found,
-but each dune dweller is specially adapted to this homesite, and no
-matter how lush, green, and more attractive a neighboring meadow may
-look to us, many of these specialized organisms could not survive there
-at all.
-
-It has taken millions of years for the long, slow process of evolution
-to develop specific adaptations that suit dune dwellers to their
-environment. There are variations between individuals in every form of
-life. Mostly these are normal inherited variations, such as height or
-color. But sometimes sudden variations, called “mutations,” occur
-through accidental changes in the genes controlling inheritance. These
-are new characteristics not found in other members of the same species.
-If the mutation is advantageous it may be passed on, and it is in this
-way that new life forms slowly develop. If the mutation allows a species
-to live more easily in its environment, it may displace some older form,
-which may then be unable to compete successfully for food, water, or
-shelter.
-
-Indeed, all life is engaged in a constant struggle for survival; it is
-those individuals and species best able to adapt to the changing
-conditions of their environment that endure. Think of the whole series
-of crises faced by any living thing in its lifetime, then of these
-crises being met and overcome in the seemingly inhospitable environment
-of the dunes. In the beginning, our dune dweller must be born, a
-difficult enough task without interference from unkind surroundings; it
-must feed itself, here in an area where meals would certainly seem at a
-premium; it must grow, oftentimes shedding its skin in the process; it
-must live not only in the summer’s heat but, if its life span is that
-long, in the winter’s cold; it must endure long periods of drought,
-flood, wind, and storm; and most important of all, it must survive long
-enough to reproduce its kind, or else it has missed its goal. But such
-is the wonder of nature’s specializations that our dune dwellers can
-usually meet these normal crises. Their adaptability and rate of
-reproduction safely insure the future of their kind, and their
-overpopulation, if left to nature, is delicately controlled by available
-food and shelter and their predators.
-
-Exploring the dunes and making the acquaintance of the inhabitants, you
-can see this environmental community meshing its lives together, and you
-can observe the fine degree of adaptation developed by each life form.
-You may find an occasional Apple tree growing out of the sand, rooted in
-a more fertile soil below, a reminder of the time when that bit of the
-Neck was a rich farmland. The roots of the Beach Plum also reach down to
-the water table, and it is thus able to grow out of the sand, although
-its seedlings cannot take root in the sand. Most of all, you will have
-an opportunity to note many special animal and plant peculiarities the
-dune dwellers have developed to suit their particular environment.
-
-
-SOME ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS
-
-
-                     _A Nest Deep Down in the Sand_
-
-Walking through the dunes, you will frequently notice a small hole in
-the sand. Poke a blade of grass into it and you will find the hole quite
-deep. As a matter of fact, it may extend down two feet. This hole is
-made by the Sand Dune Wolf Spider (_Lycosa pikei_) to provide a home
-where the female may raise her young. Wolf Spiders are a species that
-elsewhere carry their young on the back and hunt down their food wolf
-fashion, not even taking time to construct a web. On the exposed dunes,
-the Sand Dune Wolf Spider protects its young in this hole far beneath
-the ground.
-
-
-                            _No Nest at All_
-
-Dozens of Common Terns are to be found nesting at the southern tip of
-the Neck. Long ago, the Common Tern began laying its eggs on the bare
-sand, and made no nest at all. Each egg is sand-colored, with speckles
-resembling pebbles. Only a patient search will locate a Tern nest on the
-Beach, and then, unless you are cautious, the discovery may come after
-you have accidentally stepped on the eggs.
-
-
-                      _Eating What Comes to Hand_
-
-Bayberries have a hard wax covering that makes them seem quite
-unpalatable to us, compared to the more succulent berries found away
-from the dunes. Yet here the Crows, Tree Swallows, and Myrtle Warblers
-are Bayberry-eaters. The Myrtle Warbler in particular derives most of
-its winter diet from Bayberries. In fact, its name comes from the
-scientific classification of the Bayberry, which is in the Wax Myrtle
-Family.
-
-
-                    _The Art of Being Inconspicuous_
-
-The sand offers few places of retreat and few for hiding. It is not
-surprising, then, that many of the living things here have a
-sand-colored protective coloration. There is a large Grasshopper, or
-Locust, commonly found on the Beach. Its dull, gray, speckled
-wing-covers make it practically invisible when at rest. But the
-underwings, used for flight, are a striking orange with black bands.
-When discovered, the Locust flies up, confusing its attacker with this
-bright flash of color and a loud whirring noise. Unlike most insects,
-this Locust eats the thick-skinned, dry Beach Grass.
-
-
-PLANT ADAPTATIONS
-
-Any plant that is adjusted to living in a region where there is a
-decided lack of water is called a “xerophyte.” There are many different
-ways in which plants have adapted their structure and way of life to the
-dune environment. For instance, to reduce water evaporation they may
-have a very small leaf, to offer less surface area to the sun; or
-smaller and more numerous stomata than other plants (“Stomata” are tiny
-openings through which plants exchange gasses. A pair of guard cells
-surround them and control the size of their opening); or a very thick
-cuticle (waxy protective covering found on many plants); or their sap
-may be changed chemically. Xerophytes may also be very fleshy, like the
-cactus, to give more storage space for water. Their roots may drive very
-deep into the ground to reach the water table, or they may be shallow
-and spread out over a wide area to cover more surface. Their leaves may
-grow in closely packed bundles to reduce further the surface area, or
-they may be very thorny and prickly as a protection in exposed
-surroundings.
-
-Here are just a few common examples of xerophytes and other plant
-adaptations to be found at Crane’s Beach.
-
-
-                         _Anchor for the Dunes_
-
-Beach Grass (_Ammophila breviligulata_) is a true xerophyte and has many
-sand-dwelling characteristics. Its grasslike blade is rolled in at the
-sides, oftentimes becoming a tube, in order to reduce the surface area.
-As you will probably discover, it has a pointed tip that can prick a
-finger and, as you may well imagine, acts as a deterrent to those who
-would eat or walk through it. Its underground stems, in true xerophyte
-fashion, extend over a large area in an attempt to gather all possible
-water, and these dense root-mats serve to anchor the dunes and prevent
-their migration.
-
-
-                         _A Tough Sand Dweller_
-
-The Woolly Hudsonia (_Hudsonia tomentosa_) carpets the dunes, preferring
-its place in full sun to more shaded spots. The tiny leaves are
-awl-shaped and press very tightly against the stem, as though trying to
-hold in as much water as possible. Hudsonia is covered with a
-velvet-like down, which is less susceptible to evaporation than a
-smooth, large surface would be.
-
-
-                        _An Adaptable Mushroom_
-
-Since mushrooms generally require plenty of water, you would not expect
-to find them at the beach. Several species, however, may be discovered
-here. The most readily identifiable is the Earth Star (_Geaster
-hygrometricus_), which resembles a Puff Ball but differs in having the
-outer layer of the skin divided into tough, star-shaped segments. During
-the dry seasons, this star is drawn up around the ball by its
-contraction, thus protecting it against further desiccation. In wet
-weather, the ball swells and holds the star against the ground to allow
-for water absorption. The “roots” of the Earth Star are shallow, so the
-plant may readily be dislodged. The wind easily blows it across the
-dunes, spreading the spores over a wide area.
-
-
-NOW IT’S UP TO YOU
-
-There is something new to be known about every animal and plant. Now
-it’s up to you! Careful observation will allow you to discover many
-other examples of special adaptation to life in the shifting dunes, and
-the next chapters will introduce you to some of the more common of the
-living things inhabiting this strange sand-world. And if you wish to
-read more about ecology, try these books:
-
-  Ernest Neal, _Woodland Ecology_. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
-          Press, 1958. $1.75
-  John H. Storer, _The Web of Life: A First Book of Ecology_. New York:
-          New American Library, 1956. $.35
-
-
-
-
-                               Chapter 3
-                          PLANTS ON THE DUNES
-
-
-Plants add embellishment to the earth. For thousands of years people
-have valued them for their elegance and their usefulness. They may rate
-no more than a passing glance in fields and woods, but at the beach they
-stand out boldly, for here they seem almost out of place.
-
-We have already become acquainted with some strange beach-dwelling
-plants; now let us examine more closely a few of the most common
-species.
-
-
-MUSHROOMS ON THE DUNES
-
-    [Illustration: Earth Star]
-
-  Earth Star
-  (_Geaster hygrometricus_)
-
-  Star-shaped fleshy skin at base
-  Main, central body is round
-
-The flower-like shape of this common mushroom always amazes its
-discoverer. The basal star is actually a protective coat that covers the
-ball during dry spells. Its scientific name, _Geaster_, means “earth
-star.” _Hygrometricus_ means “water-measuring,” and refers to the
-opening and closing of the star.
-
-
-GRASS ON THE DUNES
-
-    [Illustration: Beach Grass]
-
-  Beach Grass
-  (_Ammophila breviligulata_)
-
-  Typical grass shape
-  Sharp, stiff tip to blade
-
-Beach Grass is the most common xerophyte here. It forms dense mats
-everywhere, and once it gains footing, spreads at a remarkable rate.
-When windy weather bends the blade it sometimes scribes circles in the
-sand. If these are deeper on one side or incomplete, they help determine
-the direction of the prevailing wind. Beach Grass can be extremely
-uncomfortable to bare legs—so beware!
-
-
-FLOWERS OF THE SEASHORE
-
-Because of the great variety of leaf shapes and sizes, it is usually
-desirable to have the flower for conclusive identification of seashore
-plants. As an aid, the following species are listed by color.
-
-
-                            _White Flowers_
-
-    [Illustration: Blunt-leaved Sandwort]
-
-  Blunt-leaved Sandwort
-  (_Arenaria lateriflora_)
-
-  Very thin stem and leaves
-  Flowers ¼″ wide
-
-This very attractive flower is seldom found at any distance from water’s
-edge. Usually it grows in the moist sand of fresh-water pools, just
-above water level. On close examination you will find the leaves quite
-hairy, almost downy. The flowers are mounted at the tips of long stalks.
-They appear early in the spring, about May, and blooming is over by
-June.
-
-    [Illustration: Sea Milkwort]
-
-  Sea Milkwort
-  (_Glaux maritima_)
-
-  Flowers are very small, at base of leaf
-  Thick central stalk
-  Leaves small, fleshy, and crowded
-
-This is one of the most common beach plants, and is seldom found away
-from salty soil. It grows in the salt marshes and on the beach, starting
-its flowering in June and continuing throughout the summer.
-
-
-                        _Red or Purple Flowers_
-
-    [Illustration: Beach Pea]
-
-  Beach Pea
-  (_Lathyrus japonicus_)
-
-  Flowers are in clusters
-  Branches end in twining tendrils
-  Leaflets small, toothless, and numerous
-
-Anyone who has seen a garden pea will recognize the Beach Pea, which is
-similar to but smaller than its cousin. The purple flowers are seen from
-May throughout the summer, and the peas are found in late summer. These
-peas are edible, though not particularly delicious. You will notice that
-Beach Pea stems are angular in cross section—a further clue to
-identification.
-
-    [Illustration: Beach Pinweed]
-
-  Beach Pinweed
-  (_Lechea maritima_)
-
-  Fruit very tiny, berry-like
-  Leaves tiny and narrow
-
-Pinweed is a plant of sandy soils. Often it is found growing alone on a
-patch of barren sand. It flowers throughout July and August. Its stem is
-so very woody and tough that it may easily be mistaken for a tiny,
-stunted tree.
-
-    [Illustration: Sea Lavender]
-
-  Sea Lavender
-  (_Limonium nashii_)
-
-  Large leaves, grow only from base of plant
-  Flowers numerous, small, on long stalks
-
-The Sea Lavender goes by a great variety of names: “Beach Heather” and
-“Marsh Rosemary” are the most common. It is not a true dune dweller, for
-it is more often found in marshy spots; but it is a typical seaside
-plant. Its flowers are delicately fragrant. Amazingly enough, you may
-find Sea Lavender completely submerged in salt water during periods of
-high tide.
-
-
-                            _Yellow Flowers_
-
-    [Illustration: Woolly Hudsonia]
-
-  Woolly Hudsonia
-  (_Hudsonia tomentosa_)
-
-  Tiny scale-like leaves
-  Very woolly, hairy
-  Almost mosslike appearance
-
-The Hudsonia is sometimes called a “False Heather” and surely reminds
-one of the moors. It is found in dense mats on the dunes, and when in
-bloom covers the sand with a bright yellow carpet. The flowers are borne
-in May and June and open only in sunlight. Any attempt to uproot the
-plant will merely break it off at the base, for the roots are extremely
-long and spread over many square yards.
-
-    [Illustration: Dusty Miller]
-
-  Dusty Miller
-  (_Artemisia stelleriana_)
-
-  Leaves hairy, white, and velvety to the touch
-  Leaf with many fingerlike lobes
-
-You don’t need to see its flowers to identify Dusty Miller. Its heavy
-“wool” coat makes identification easy by feel alone. The flowers form
-dense clusters during July and August.
-
-    [Illustration: Seaside Goldenrod]
-
-  Seaside Goldenrod
-  (_Solidago sempervirens_)
-
-  Tall plant with large leaves
-  Heads crowded together on drooping stem
-  Individual heads bushy
-
-Everyone is familiar with Goldenrod, but few realize that there are more
-than a hundred species, some of them very specific as to where they
-live. The Seaside Goldenrod is the only common species found on beaches
-or in marshes with salty soil.
-
-
-                        _Green or Brown Flowers_
-
-    [Illustration: Beach Clotbur]
-
-  Beach Clotbur
-  (_Xanthium echinatum_)
-
-  Large, ragged leaves
-  Covered with short, rough hairs
-  Heads are burrlike
-
-The heads of this weedy plant, like those of the Burdock, are covered
-with curved spines easily attaching to the fur or clothing of
-passers-by. The burrs come late in the summer, during August or
-September.
-
-    [Illustration: Glasswort]
-
-  Glasswort
-  (_Salicornia europaea_)
-
-  Plant is without leaves
-  Fleshy, jointed stems
-
-Glasswort, a plant of the salt marsh, requires quantities of salt water.
-It is easily identified by its leafless stem, which looks like a string
-of sausages. In autumn these succulent stems turn a bright red, adding
-an attractive flash of color to the dying plants around them. Glasswort
-stems take in great quantities of salt, which you will taste if you chew
-one.
-
-
-SHRUBS AND TREES ON THE DUNES
-
-    [Illustration: Sketch of tree-topped dune.]
-
-The shrubs and trees found on the dunes are those that grow well in
-sunlight and can subsist on a small amount of water.
-
-
-                         _Shrubs of the Dunes_
-
-    [Illustration: Bayberry]
-
-  Bayberry
-  (_Myrica pensylvanica_)
-
-  Crush a leaf; note the sweet aromatic odor
-  Small, white, waxy berry in fall
-
-No doubt the Bayberry is familiar to you. Wax from its berries has long
-been used to make candles, and you may wish to take some berries home to
-try your hand at this. Boiling them will cause the wax to float on the
-water. Dip a piece of string (wick) to collect it.
-
-Sweet Gale (_Myrica gale_) very closely resembles Bayberry but has tiny
-pine-cone-like fruits instead of white berries. It is very common in the
-swampy areas on the beach.
-
-    [Illustration: Beach Plum]
-
-  Beach Plum
-  (_Prunus maritima_)
-
-  Leaf with many small, sharp-pointed teeth
-  White flowers or purple fruit
-
-This “typical” sea-beach shrub is well known. Its fruit has long been
-used for “Beach Plum preserve,” a New England favorite. The plums may be
-collected in late summer. Beach Plum is reasonably common on the back
-side of Crane’s Beach, high on the dunes. It is often twisted and
-gnarled from exposure to the winds.
-
-    [Illustration: Poison Ivy]
-
-  Poison Ivy
-  (_Rhus radicans_)
-
-  Three shiny leaflets
-  Small, white, waxy berries
-  Generally found twisting around another plant
-
-One must admire Poison Ivy. It apparently can live anywhere and survive
-anything. Beware—for it occurs in patches on the beach. It is very
-poisonous to the touch, and the best course is to wash thoroughly with a
-strong soap if you come into contact with it. Some of the worst cases of
-ivy poisoning may originate at the beach just because people don’t
-expect to find it here.
-
-
-                          _Trees of the Dunes_
-
-    [Illustration: Black Cherry]
-
-  Black Cherry
-  (_Prunus serotina_)
-
-  Leaves finely toothed
-  Twigs bitter when chewed
-  Black cherries in hanging clusters
-
-Cherries are usually considered lovers of rich soils, but this member of
-the family is quite common on the dunes. It is always contorted here,
-and frequently diseased, but still it survives. Generally it is found
-with large swellings on the branches caused by the black cherry knot
-fungus, since it is highly susceptible to this infection. The cherries
-are edible, and you may or may not enjoy them. Try one and see.
-
-    [Illustration: Quaking Aspen]
-
-  Quaking Aspen
-  (_Populus tremuloides_)
-
-  Broad, heart-shaped leaves
-  Stem of leaf is flat; leaf shakes easily
-  Smooth gray or yellow-green bark
-
-The Aspen thrives in sunlight and dry soil. It grows and dies quickly.
-It is called a “Quaking” Aspen because its flattened leaf stems allow
-its leaves to shake even in the gentlest breeze. It is often called a
-Poplar tree, or just “Popple.”
-
-    [Illustration: Pitch Pine]
-
-  Pitch Pine
-  (_Pinus rigida_)
-
-  Evergreen; with needles
-  Needles grouped in bunches of three
-  Pine cones under 3″ in length
-
-This picturesque pine grows well in sterile soil. It is small, gnarled,
-contorted, and of little commercial value. It serves a twofold purpose
-here—anchoring the soil and supplying seeds for a great variety of birds
-and animals.
-
-
-AIDS FOR YOUR INVESTIGATION
-
-These are the most common plants of the dunes and beach. Any careful
-search will disclose many others not described. You will have to consult
-one of the reference books listed below for their identification.
-
-  Ethel Hinckley Hausman, _Beginner’s Guide to Wild Flowers_. New York:
-          Putnam’s, 1955. $3.50
-  F. Schuyler Mathews, _Field Book of American Wild Flowers_. Completely
-          revised and enlarged by Norman Taylor. New York: Putnam’s,
-          1955. $5.00
-  George A. Petrides, _A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs_. Boston:
-          Houghton Mifflin, 1958. $3.95
-  Herbert S. Zim and A. C. Martin, _Trees: A Guide to Familiar American
-          Trees_. Rev. ed. New York: Golden Press, 1956. Cloth $2.50,
-          paper $1.00
-
-
-SOME OTHER FLOWERS OF CASTLE NECK
-
-To aid you further in your investigation, we attach a list of other
-plants that may be found occasionally at the beach or in the swamps.
-
-  _Flower Color_       _Name_                     _Habitat_
-
-  White                Sundew                     Swamps
-                       Meadowsweet (shrub)        Swamps
-                       Canada Mayflower           Woods
-                       Garlic Mustard             Woods
-                       Wild Sarsaparilla          Woods
-                       Indian Pipe                Woods
-                       Wintergreen                Woods
-                       Starflower                 Woods
-                       Dodder                     Woods
-                       Bedstraw                   Woods
-                       Pokeweed                   Fields
-                       Chickweed                  Fields
-  Yellow               Sweet Flag                 Swamps
-                       Jewelweed                  Swamps
-                       St.-John’s-wort            Swamps
-                       Yellow Loosestrife         Swamps
-                       Silvery Cinquefoil         Woods
-                       Wood Sorrel                Woods
-                       Mustards (several)         Fields
-                       Leafy Spurge               Fields
-                       Cyprus Spurge              Fields
-                       Evening Primrose           Fields
-                       Common Mullein             Fields
-                       Butter-and-Eggs            Fields
-  Reddish              Seaside Knotwood           Sand
-                       Steeplebush (shrub)        Swamp
-                       Sheep Sorrel               Fields
-                       Soapwort                   Fields
-                       Coast Blite                Marsh
-                       Roses (several)            Various
-  Purple               Purple Loosestrife         Swamps
-                       American Cranberry         Swamps
-                       Common Milkweed            Fields
-                       Canada Thistle             Fields
-                       Seaside Gerardia           Marshes
-  Blue                 Blue Flag                  Swamps
-                       Violets (several)          Swamps
-                       Forget-me-not              Swamps
-                       Skullcap                   Swamps
-                       Bittersweet Nightshade     Swamps
-                       Monkey Flower              Swamps
-                       Asters (many species)      Woods
-                       Bluets                     Fields
-                       Blue Curls                 Fields
-  Brown or Green       Common Cat-tail            Swamps
-                       Narrow-leaved Cat-tail     Swamps
-                       Curled Dock                Fields
-                       Halberd-leaved Orache      Marshes
-                       Sea Blite                  Marshes
-
-
-
-
-                               Chapter 4
-                      LIFE AT THE EDGE OF THE SEA
-
-
-Everyone likes to be a beachcomber! And each passing tide exposes the
-secrets of the sea to those interested enough to take a closer look.
-Suppose that we examine this world which is revealed to us twice daily.
-
-
-“WEEDS” OF THE SEA
-
-The sea holds many strange plants that have taken on fantastic sizes and
-shapes because of their underwater environment. In spite of their size,
-these plants are usually among the most primitive—a simple sheet of
-cells. Such plants are called _algae_ and are subdivided according to
-their colors.
-
-
-                           _The Brown Algae_
-
-    [Illustration: Common Rockweed]
-
-  Common Rockweed
-  (_Fucus_, several species)
-
-  Brown, flattened body
-  Central midrib
-  Stem has air bladders
-
-The bladders are filled with air, and children like to squeeze them to
-hear their pop. These bladders cause the plant to float upright, thus
-keeping all its sides in contact with water.
-
-    [Illustration: Nodose Rockweed]
-
-  Nodose Rockweed
-  (_Ascophyllum nodosum_)
-
-  Thin, round stem
-  No central midrib
-
-When dried by the sun, this plant makes an interesting and lasting
-souvenir, for it turns a lustrous black.
-
-    [Illustration: Common Kelp]
-
-  Common Kelp
-  (_Laminaria agardhii_)
-
-  Broad, flat blade
-  Several feet in length
-
-The kelps of the Pacific grow several hundred feet in length, making
-them the largest of the algae and among the very largest plants.
-
-    [Illustration: Fingered Kelp]
-
-  Fingered Kelp
-  (_Laminaria digitata_)
-
-  Many blades, extending like fingers on a hand
-
-All kelps have a rootlike structure called a “holdfast” to serve as an
-anchor. Often tiny sea creatures dwell in among the holdfast. Why not
-take a look?
-
-    [Illustration: Perforated Kelp]
-
-  Perforated Kelp
-  (_Agarum cribrosum_)
-
-  Central midrib
-  Broad blade punctured with hundreds of holes
-
-In Asia this kelp is farmed for food called agar. An extract of the
-plant, agar-agar, is used in the laboratory as a culture medium for
-bacteria and other disease-producing organisms.
-
-
-                           _The Green Algae_
-
-    [Illustration: Sea Lettuce]
-
-  Sea Lettuce
-  (_Ulva species_)
-
-  A sheet of green
-
-This is a very simple seaweed that reproduces itself by fragmentation,
-each fragment growing into a new plant. Two common kinds are found at
-Crane’s Beach:
-
-  _Ulva lactuca_, which is the broad green “leaf”; _Ulva lanceolata_,
-  which is in thinner, more ribbon-like strips.
-
-
-                            _The Red Algae_
-
-    [Illustration: Irish Moss]
-
-  Irish Moss
-  (_Chondrus crispus_)
-
-  Flattened, branching fronds
-  Purple in life, white when sun-bleached
-
-Here is a very common tidal plant that has commercial value. It is
-called “Dulse” on the Boston markets, and a very delicious pudding is
-prepared from it (seamoss farine). Why not take some home and try it?
-
-    [Illustration: Polysiphonia]
-
-  Polysiphonia
-  (_Polysiphonia_, several species)
-
-  Pink or red color
-  Branching, lace-like appearance
-
-Sometimes called “Mermaid’s Hair,” these tiny plants are very common on
-the beach. There are many kinds of Polysiphonias, but a microscopic
-study is usually necessary to tell them apart.
-
-    [Illustration: Coralline Algae]
-
-  Coralline Algae
-  (_Coralline_, several species)
-
-  White or pink limy covering
-  Appear jointed
-
-These plants have the amazing ability of concentrating lime from the sea
-water and depositing it on their fronds, thus acquiring a stony,
-coral-like appearance.
-
-
-ANIMALS OF THE SEA
-
-    [Illustration: Dolphin]
-
-Animals, in a kaleidoscope of unbelievable sizes, shapes, and colors,
-abound here at the margin of the sea. Specializations range from the
-single-celled body of the zooplankton to the multicellular body of the
-Seals and the occasional Porpoise.
-
-
-                             _The Sponges_
-
-    [Illustration: Finger Sponge]
-
-  Finger Sponge
-  (_Chalina oculata_)
-
-  Brown or tan color
-  In colonies of fingerlike projections
-
-The most common sponge on Crane’s Beach is the Finger Sponge. Even a
-small piece may be identified by the holes on its surface, through which
-the animal filtered water. The strange appearance of this sponge has
-given it the repulsive name of “Dead Men’s Fingers.”
-
-    [Illustration: Crumb-of-Bread Sponge]
-
-  Crumb-of-Bread Sponge
-  (_Halichondria panicea_)
-
-  Pale green in life
-  Light tan or white when dried on beach
-  Crumbles easily
-
-Only the most searching eye will discover this sponge, because it so
-closely resembles a dull uninteresting rock or pile of bread crumbs.
-When it has been freshly broken, it has a vile odor—a good clue to
-identification.
-
-
-                        _The Jelly-like Animals_
-
-    [Illustration: White Jellyfish]
-
-  White Jellyfish
-  (_Aurelia aurita_)
-
-  Flattened body
-  Under 10″ in diameter
-
-The tentacles dangling down from the underside of this jellyfish are
-covered with tiny stinging cells, which in this species do not penetrate
-human skin.
-
-    [Illustration: Pink or Red Jellyfish]
-
-  Pink or Red Jellyfish
-  (_Cyanea capillata_)
-
-  More than 10″ in diameter
-  Reddish center, yellowish sides
-
-This jellyfish occasionally grows up to eight feet in diameter, with
-tentacles a hundred or more feet long. The stinging cells can painfully
-wound a swimmer, but you may examine a small jellyfish safely by placing
-your hand on the smooth dorsal surface and turning it over.
-
-    [Illustration: Sea Anemone]
-
-  Sea Anemone
-  (_Metridium dianthus_)
-
-  Cylindrical, soft body
-  Tentacles at top give flower-like appearance
-  Generally very colorful
-
-The “petals” of the Sea Anemone’s flower-like head are actually
-tentacles covered with stinging cells and used to stun its food.
-Generally found in the water at tide level, the Sea Anemone moves by
-walking on its single, base-like foot.
-
-
-                              _The Worms_
-
-    [Illustration: Clam Worm]
-
-  Clam Worm
-  (_Nereis virens_)
-
-  Jointed
-  One pair of paddle-like feet per segment
-  Two “tails”
-  Pinchers on the head (watch out!)
-
-This is the best-known worm on the beach because of its desirability as
-fish bait. During the day it lives in its burrow in the sand, wandering
-forth at night and swimming about in the water, where it becomes easy
-prey for gulls and fishes. The skin is brilliantly iridescent in the
-sunlight.
-
-
-                           _The Crustaceans_
-
-    [Illustration: Common Barnacle]
-
-  Common Barnacle
-  (_Balanus balanolides_)
-
-  Common on rocks and shellfish
-  White, volcano-shaped shell
-  Two “barn doors” at top
-
-This animal goes through life standing on its head and kicking food into
-its mouth with its feet! When it is submerged in sea water you can see
-its shell doors open and its feather-like feet sweep the water for
-microscopic food organisms. The limy shell first suggests a relationship
-with the clam, but body structure shows it to be a closer relative of
-the crab.
-
-    [Illustration: Shrimps]
-
-  Shrimps
-  (_Crago septemspinosus_, the Sand Shrimp, and _Palaemonetes vulgaris_,
-          the Prawn)
-
-  Hard, transparent shell
-  Long antennae
-  Paddle-like tail
-
-These tiny tide-pool creatures look for all the world like the larger
-edible shrimp served in local restaurants. Actually, these miniature
-two-inch-long shrimps are edible also, and quite enjoyable if you have
-the time and patience to collect enough for a meal.
-
-    [Illustration: American Lobster]
-
-  American Lobster
-  (_Homarus americanus_)
-
-Bits and pieces of Lobster are frequently found on the beach, but seldom
-the entire animal. The Lobster inhabits deeper water and finds its way
-to shore only after losing a battle with one of its enemies. A favorable
-dining size is one or two pounds; however, Lobsters do attain weights up
-to forty pounds.
-
-    [Illustration: True Crabs]
-
-  True Crabs
-  (Cancridae and Portunidae)
-
-  Football-shaped in cross section
-  Two large claws
-  Eyes mounted on stalks
-
-The three very common True Crabs of Crane’s Beach may be found in one
-search of the tidal pools. They are:
-
-  Rock Crab (_Cancer irroratus_): A brick-red shell, somewhat
-  granulated, with a black and yellowish undersurface.
-
-  Jonah Crab (_Cancer borealis_): Similar in color to the above, but its
-  shell has a more sculptured surface.
-
-  Green Crab (_Carcinides maenas_): A greenish-colored shell. The last
-  pair of legs end in sharp points, rather than being flattened like
-  paddles.
-
-    [Illustration: Horseshoe Crab]
-
-  Horseshoe Crab
-  (_Limulus polyphemus_)
-
-  Shell with horseshoe-shaped outline
-  Long, sharply pointed tail
-  Two immovable compound eyes
-
-The Horseshoe is not a Crab at all, but is more closely related to the
-spiders, mites, and scorpions. In spite of its relations, the Horseshoe
-is a harmless creature whose only protection is its hard shell.
-Therefore it may be examined freely—a strange “living fossil” that has
-survived 400,000,000 years of evolution with very little change.
-
-
-                             _The Mollusks_
-
-    [Illustration: Oyster]
-
-  Oyster
-  (_Ostrea virginica_)
-
-  Mottled, unattractive shell
-  Gray splotches on inside surface
-
-Even without pearls, our Oyster is worth many thousands of dollars a
-year to shellfish dealers because of its delicious flesh. Its tropical
-relatives are the pearl producers.
-
-    [Illustration: Mussels]
-
-  Mussels
-  (_Mytilidae_)
-
-  Blue-colored shells
-  Shells covered with black, horny skin
-
-Living mussels are always found attached to rocks or pieces of wood by
-tiny threads of their own making. Two common mussels are:
-
-  Edible Mussel (_Mytilus edulis_): Smooth, velvety-blue shell
-  identifies it. The animal within is edible and quite delicious. It is
-  commonly utilized as food in Europe but less so here, where we have,
-  and seem to prefer, the Oyster.
-
-  Ribbed Mussel (_Modiolus demissus plicatulus_): Similar to the above
-  but with many distinct ribs radiating on the surface. The Ribbed
-  Mussel is not considered edible. While not poisonous, it is most
-  unpalatable.
-
-    [Illustration: Hardshell Clam]
-
-  Hardshell Clam
-  (_Venus mercenaria_)
-
-  Thick, round shell
-  Purple blotches on inside surface
-
-Also called “Quahog,” “Little Neck,” “Round Clam,” or “Cherrystone,” the
-Hardshell Clam is another highly prized seafood.
-
-    [Illustration: Edible Clam]
-
-  Edible Clam
-  (_Mya arenaria_)
-
-  Fragile shell with egg-shaped outline
-  Wing extending out from inside top of left half of shell
-
-These clams are found just a foot or so under the sand, and their empty
-shells are common on the beaches. This is the Softshell Clam, which we
-enjoy steamed, baked, or fried, as well as in New England’s famous
-clambakes and clam chowders.
-
-    [Illustration: Surf Clam]
-
-  Surf Clam
-  (_Spisula solidissima_)
-
-  Very large shell
-  Spoon-shaped trough at inside top of shell
-
-This is the largest clam on the Atlantic seaboard, growing up to about
-seven inches in length. It is edible, and just one or two make a large
-chowder. The shell makes a fine ashtray and an unusual and useful
-souvenir.
-
-    [Illustration: Razor Clam]
-
-  Razor Clam
-  (_Ensis directus_)
-
-  Elongated brown shell
-
-The Razor has a very large foot, with which it can often dig faster than
-the hand trying to discover it. Although delicious, the Razor Clam is
-seldom seen on the markets because it is so difficult to capture.
-
-    [Illustration: Snails]
-
-  Snails
-  (Littorinidae, Thiasidae, and Naticidae)
-
-  Clams in a coiled shell
-
-Several species are found at Crane’s Beach:
-
-  Periwinkles (_Littorina_): These have a wrinkled shell about the size
-  of a thumbnail. Because they are able to withstand long periods
-  without water, Periwinkles are often found high on a beach.
-
-  Rock Purple (_Thais lapillus_): Has a rough, white shell coming to a
-  point at the top. This snail secretes a purplish dye that was used by
-  the American Indians and the ancient Phoenicians to produce their
-  “royal purple” dyes.
-
-  Moon Snail (_Polinices heros_): Large white shell with almost round
-  shape. The Moon Snail lays its eggs in a sand “collar,” which is
-  frequently discovered on the beach in its dry state.
-
-    [Illustration: Slipper Shell]
-
-  Slipper Shell
-  (_Crepidula fornicata_)
-
-  Shell is boat-shaped
-  Tiny “seat” inside shell
-
-This animal protects its bare underside by attaching itself to a handy
-rock with its suction-cup foot. Often there are enough of them to give
-the rock a warted appearance.
-
-
-              _The Spiny-skinned Animals_ (_Echinoderms_)
-
-    [Illustration: Starfishes]
-
-  Starfishes
-  (_Asterias vulgaris_, and others)
-
-  Five-armed body
-
-The Starfish seems to like Oysters as well as we do, and it opens them
-by sheer strength. Oystermen used to tear Starfish apart to destroy
-them, until they discovered that each arm has the ability to regenerate
-and become a whole starfish!
-
-    [Illustration: Sea Urchin]
-
-  Sea Urchin
-  (_Strongylocentrotus droehbachiensis_)
-
-  Round body
-  Covered with spines
-
-Here is a creature with a scientific name much too long for its size.
-Indeed, the name is said to be the longest in animal nomenclature. The
-Sea Urchin is a living fossil with four times as many extinct cousins as
-living ones.
-
-    [Illustration: Sand Dollar]
-
-  Sand Dollar
-  (_Echinarachnius parma_)
-
-  Silver-dollar size and shape
-  Raised, star-shaped pattern on back
-
-This is an animal of deeper water and so the bather seldom sees a live,
-heavily spined specimen. We find the dry, spineless shells on the beach.
-Wrap them carefully if you wish to take them home, because they are most
-fragile.
-
-
-                              _The Fishes_
-
-The waters off Crane’s Beach abound with many dramatic fishes such as
-Cod, Mackerel, Flounder, and Sand Sharks; but we are concerned only with
-the common tidal fishes that are regularly washed onto the shore.
-
-    [Illustration: Pipefish]
-
-  Pipefish
-  (_Syngnathus fuscus_)
-
-  Lead-pencil size and shape
-  Hard, bony plates cover body
-
-One look at a Pipefish will convince you that it must be related to the
-Seahorse. It spawns late in the spring, the female laying her eggs in
-the pouch on the stomach of the male. The male carries these eggs
-kangaroo-fashion, until they hatch during the summer.
-
-    [Illustration: Silverside]
-
-  Silverside
-  (_Menidia menidia_)
-
-  Silver stripe running down a light side
-
-These fish are also an important food item for the Gulls and Terns.
-Silversides run in schools of a hundred or more, which can be located by
-the flocks of birds gathered round overhead.
-
-    [Illustration: Skates]
-
-  Skates
-  (_Raja_, several species)
-
-  Strange bat shape
-  Long ratlike tail
-
-These are harmless fish resembling the dangerous Rays of the tropics,
-except for their habits. The egg cases of the Skate are rectangular,
-black, horny envelopes. They are commonly found on the beach, where they
-are called “mermaids’ purses.” If you find a fresh one and open it, you
-may discover a miniature Skate inside.
-
-    [Illustration: Killifish]
-
-  Killifish
-  (_Fundulus heteroclitus_)
-
-  Stout, olive-green fish
-  Rounded tail
-
-The “Chub,” well known to fishermen, can live for a day covered only
-with a layer of damp seaweed. It does us a real service by feeding on
-the mosquito larvae in brackish water.
-
-    [Illustration: Sticklebacks]
-
-  Sticklebacks
-  (_Gasterosteus_ and _Apeltes_ species)
-
-  Spines on the back
-  Very narrow base to tail
-
-During the early summer months, the Stickleback builds a barrel-shaped
-nest, held together with gelatinous threads. After the eggs have been
-deposited, the male guards the nest with amazing vigor, considering his
-size.
-
-    [Illustration: Sand Lance]
-
-  Sand Lance
-  (_Ammodytes americanus_)
-
-  Knife-shaped body
-  Long dorsal fin (fin on back)
-  Protruding lower jaw
-
-Thriving abundantly off the beach, the Sand Lance is an important item
-in the diet of shore birds.
-
-
-FOR MORE INFORMED BEACHCOMBING
-
-Thus begins our day of beachcombing. Every animal and plant of the sea
-has a tale to tell and some of the most exciting of all are found in
-this ribbon-like strip of water in the tidal wash.
-
-For your further investigation, here is a list of reference books:
-
-  Charles M. Breder, Jr., _Field Book of Marine Fishes of the Atlantic
-          Coast_. Rev. ed. New York: Putnam’s, 1948. $5.00
-  Ralph M. Buchsbaum, _Animals without Backbones_. Rev. ed. Chicago:
-          University of Chicago Press, 1948. $8.00, text ed. $6.00
-  Rachel L. Carson, _The Edge of the Sea_. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
-          1955. $3.95
-  Roy Waldo Miner, _Field Book of Seashore Life_. New York: Putnam’s,
-          1950. $7.00
-  Percy A. Morris, _A Field Guide to the Shells of Our Atlantic and Gulf
-          Coasts_. Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951. $3.95
-  Herbert S. Zim and Lester Ingle, _Seashores: A Guide to Animals and
-          Plants along the Beaches_. New York: Golden Press, 1955. Cloth
-          $2.50, paper $1.00
-
-
-
-
-                               Chapter 5
-                         INSECTS AND THEIR KIN
-
-
-The insect world populating the dense grass jungles and sand-dune
-deserts at Castle Neck is generally unfamiliar to the human towering
-above, yet its principal characters may readily be observed by the keen
-eye, or, better, the keen eye aided by a simple magnifying glass.
-
-Insects are identified by the presence of six legs. Insect-like animals
-may be found with more than six legs. Let’s look at these first.
-
-
-INSECT RELATIVES: MULTILEGGED CREATURES
-
-
-                         _Eight-legged Animals_
-
-    [Illustration: Ticks]
-
-  Ticks
-  (Ioxidae and Argasidae)
-
-  Body egg-shaped in outline
-  Very small head
-  Parasitic on human beings as well as animals
-
-Ticks are quite common at the beach, but only the tourist who ventures
-into the woods will encounter them. From the tip of a blade of grass
-they hook on to a warm-blooded animal passing by. In removing a Tick
-some care is necessary so that the tiny head will not remain embedded in
-the victim. Ticks can usually be persuaded to let go if touched with a
-lighted cigarette or daubed with rubbing alcohol.
-
-    [Illustration: Harvestmen]
-
-  Harvestmen
-  (_Phalangida_)
-
-  Very small oval body
-  Extremely long, slender legs
-
-Better known as “Daddy-long-legs,” these creatures resemble Spiders, but
-are not very closely related to them. They are perfectly harmless and
-cannot bite. Most of them feed on plant juices or dead insects.
-
-    [Illustration: True Spiders]
-
-  True Spiders
-  (Araneida)
-
-  Body divided into two distinct parts
-  All have poison fangs
-
-Many spiders are to be found on Crane’s Beach. Most are small, harmless,
-and difficult to identify. However, some of the general groups may be
-readily recognized:
-
-  Sheet-web Spiders (Linyphiidae): A small spider, usually less than a
-  quarter of an inch long. Its sheetlike web identifies it.
-
-  Orb-weaving Spiders (Argiopidae): All of these spiders build their
-  webs like a wheel with radiating spokes. The Orange-and-Black Garden
-  Spider (_Miranda aurantia_), a large species infesting grassy places
-  in the fall, is typical of the group.
-
-  Crab Spiders (Thomisidae): The Crab Spiders do not construct webs, but
-  their crablike shape and the fact that they walk sidewise will
-  identify them.
-
-  Wolf Spiders (Lycosidae): This spider hunts its prey instead of
-  building a web and waiting for its meal to happen along. Wolf Spiders
-  are often large and quite hairy. The holes you find in the sand dunes
-  are nurseries constructed by the female Sand Dune Wolf Spider (_Lycosa
-  pikei_).
-
-  Jumping Spiders (Attidae): “Jumpers” have a rather fat body that is
-  heavily covered with hair. They too hunt their prey, often jumping
-  several inches to capture it.
-
-
-                 _Creatures with More Than Eight Legs_
-
-    [Illustration: Sow Bugs]
-
-  Sow Bugs
-  (Isopoda)
-
-  Flat, segmented body
-  Less than ten pairs of legs
-
-The Sow Bug, commonly called the “Pill Bug,” is usually found hiding
-under a damp log. It is completely innocuous and will often roll into a
-ball when disturbed.
-
-    [Illustration: Centipedes]
-
-  Centipedes
-  (Chilopoda)
-
-  Elongated, segmented body
-  Fifteen or more pairs of legs
-  One pair of legs per segment
-
-The Centipede is usually found hidden in a moist place. It feeds on
-insects killed by a poison injected through its jaw. Although Centipedes
-occasionally bite a finger, their poison is so weak that the bite can be
-ignored.
-
-    [Illustration: Millipedes]
-
-  Millipedes
-  (Diplopoda)
-
-  Hard, segmented, worm-shaped body
-  Two pair of legs per segment
-  Roll into a ball when disturbed
-
-The Millipede is found in much the same habitat as the Centipede, under
-a board or rock or inside a rotten stump. It is harmless, and lives for
-the most part on decaying plants.
-
-
-INSECTS: SIX-LEGGED ANIMALS
-
-
-                             _The Mayflies_
-
-    [Illustration: Mayflies]
-
-These insects have long, soft bodies and two long “tails.” The first
-stage in the Mayfly’s life is spent under water in one of the several
-swampy pools behind the main beach. Early in the spring it changes into
-the winged adult that is unable to eat. This adult lays its eggs and
-dies soon afterwards.
-
-
-                   _The Dragonflies and Damselflies_
-
-    [Illustration: Dragonflies]
-
-  Dragonflies
-  (Aeshnidae, and others)
-
-  Two pairs of long, stiff wings
-  Two large compound eyes, which touch each other
-  Hold wings outspread when they alight
-
-Dragonflies are often called “Devil’s Darning Needles,” but they are
-perfectly harmless. They frequent wet areas, where they feed on other
-insects—particularly mosquitoes!
-
-    [Illustration: Damselflies]
-
-  Damselflies
-  (Lestidae and Coenagrionidae)
-
-  Two pairs of long wings
-  Large compound eyes do not touch
-  Wings folded over back when resting
-
-Aside from their smaller, more delicate appearance, these insects look
-like the Dragonflies. They are found in the same places and have similar
-habits.
-
-
-         _The Fan-winged Insects: Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc._
-
-    [Illustration: Short-horned Grasshoppers]
-
-  Short-horned Grasshoppers
-  (Acrididae)
-
-  Antennae shorter than body
-  Typical Grasshopper shape
-
-Most Grasshoppers are strong fliers and are easily frightened into
-flight. The males may be heard singing during the day—a rasping noise
-produced by drawing the hind leg across the veins on the wing.
-
-    [Illustration: Crickets]
-
-  Crickets
-  (Gryllidae)
-
-  Antennae longer than body
-  Black or dark brown color
-
-The commonest Cricket here is the Black Field Cricket (_Acheta
-assimilis_). The “singing” of the Cricket is produced by the male as he
-rubs his wings together. Of particular interest is the Snowy Tree
-Cricket (_Oecanthus niveus_), which chirps rhythmically. By counting the
-chirps in one minute and subtracting forty, then dividing this total by
-four and adding your new sum to fifty, you will have a rough estimate of
-the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
-
-    [Illustration: Praying Mantis]
-
-  Praying Mantis
-  (_Stagmomantis carolina_)
-
-  Pale green color
-  Forefeet bent as though praying
-
-Mantids were once rare in New England but in recent years seem to have
-been extending their range northward and are now quite common even in
-the grassy beach area. They are said to be the only insects that can
-look over their shoulders.
-
-
-                             _The Earwigs_
-
-    [Illustration: European Earwig]
-
-  European Earwig
-  (_Forficula auricularia_)
-
-  Wings short, not half length of body
-  Two pincers on tail
-
-The Earwig hides by day, coming out at night to feed on plant material.
-Since it does not bite with its pincers, it can be handled freely. Other
-species are occasionally found. The Seaside Earwig (_Anisolabis
-maritima_) is the largest New England earwig. It has more than
-twenty-four segments to its antennae, whereas the European has no more
-than fifteen.
-
-
-                            _The True Bugs_
-
-In common parlance, the term “bug” is usually applied to all insects.
-Actually the following group is the only one scientifically recognized
-as “bugs.” In all of them, half of the forewing is thickened and
-leather-like, and all of the mouth parts are designed to pierce their
-food.
-
-    [Illustration: Lygaeid Bugs]
-
-  Lygaeid Bugs
-  (Lygaeidae)
-
-  Four sections to antenna
-  Antennae end in club shape
-  Very few veins in forewing
-
-The most common member of this group is the Red-and-Black Milkweed Bug
-(_Oncopeltus fasciatus_), which feeds exclusively on Milkweed. A small
-insect (_Geocoris_) also belongs to this group. It has a hammer-shaped
-head and may be found beneath dried seaweed.
-
-    [Illustration: Stink Bugs]
-
-  Stink Bugs
-  (Pentatomidae)
-
-  Broad, shield-shaped insect
-
-There are many kinds of Stink Bugs, so named because of the disagreeable
-odor they emit when crushed. Some are brightly colored and are commonly
-found on the fleshy dune plants.
-
-
-                     _The Aphids and Scale Insects_
-
-    [Illustration: Woolly Alder Aphid]
-
-  Woolly Alder Aphid
-  (_Prociphilus tessellatus_)
-
-  White, woolly mass on Alder or Maple tree
-
-The Woolly Aphid is found only on Alder and Maple trees and may be
-recognized by its downy appearance. Although it feeds on the tree, it is
-never common enough to do any damage. The wool is a secretion of wax
-protecting the insect.
-
-    [Illustration: Oyster-shell Scale]
-
-  Oyster-shell Scale
-  (_Lepidosaphes ulmi_)
-
-  Tiny oyster-shell-shaped body covering
-  Attached to bark of tree (particularly Poplar and Birch)
-
-You must look very carefully to discover one of these insects. The young
-Scales have legs and move about during the month of June. Then they
-settle down, lose their legs, and secrete a wax shell over their bodies.
-These Scales are extremely common at the beach, but only the careful
-observer is likely to see them.
-
-
-                       _The Golden-eyed Insects_
-
-    [Illustration: Common Lacewing]
-
-  Common Lacewing
-  (_Chrysopa_, several species)
-
-  Delicate-green insect
-  Very large wings
-  Golden-colored eyes
-
-In spite of its delicate shape, when caught the Lacewing emits an odor
-which has earned it the name “Stink Fly.” Its eggs are laid singly on
-long stalks because the young, called “aphid lions,” are cannibalistic.
-
-
-                    _Nature’s Insect Tanks: Beetles_
-
-    [Illustration: Carrion Beetles]
-
-  Carrion Beetles
-  (Silphidae)
-
-  Body is soft but horny
-  Five segments in antennae
-  Usually found near dead animals
-
-The Carrion Beetles lay their eggs on a dead animal, which they bury as
-a food reserve for their young. This habit has given them the common
-name of “Burying Beetles.”
-
-    [Illustration: Ground Beetles]
-
-  Ground Beetles
-  (Carabidae)
-
-  Dark brown or black
-  Head narrower than mid-body
-  Usually have prominent jaws
-
-The legs of the Ground Beetle are designed for quick movement. These
-beetles are mostly active by night. They are beneficial because they eat
-other insects.
-
-    [Illustration: Tiger Beetles]
-
-  Tiger Beetles
-  (Cicindelidae)
-
-  Bright green or blue, metallic
-  Head broader than neck
-  Run and fly quickly
-
-The adult feeds savagely on other insects, killing them with powerful
-jaws—which can also nip your finger. The larvae are called “doodlebugs”
-and live in upright burrows in the sand, allowing their jaws to extend
-above ground to capture unsuspecting prey.
-
-    [Illustration: Click Beetles]
-
-  Click Beetles
-  (Elateridae)
-
-  When turned over, the insect snaps back upright
-  First body segment as broad as the last
-
-Click Beetles are so named because of the resounding “click” they make
-when snapping up into the air after being overturned. The adults are
-strict vegetarians, so look for them on plants.
-
-    [Illustration: Scarab Beetles]
-
-  Scarab Beetles
-  (Scarabaeidae)
-
-  Large body, oval outline
-  Antennae terminate with fanlike segment
-  Body has “polished” finish
-
-There are more than 1400 species in this group in the United States and
-more than 30,000 in the world. Two of the most common at the beach are:
-
-  May Beetle (_Phyllophaga fusca_): A large cylindrical brown body. Also
-  called “June Bug,” in May and June it is frequently discovered at
-  night flying to a light.
-
-  Japanese Beetle (_Popillia japonica_): The head and forebody are
-  metallic green; the wings are copper color. Introduced from the Orient
-  about fifty years ago, these beetles do great damage to many kinds of
-  plants.
-
-    [Illustration: Snout Beetles or Weevils]
-
-  Snout Beetles or Weevils
-  (Curculionidae)
-
-  Small, roundish body
-  Dull, uninteresting color
-  Long tube (snout) on head
-
-These are very common beetles on the dunes. Their long snout is used to
-drill into seeds and plant tissues. None of our species do great harm,
-but they have some unpleasant relatives—the Plum Curculio
-(_Conotrachelus nenuphar_) and the Cotton Boll Weevil (_Anthonomus
-grandis_).
-
-    [Illustration: Ladybug Beetles]
-
-  Ladybug Beetles
-  (Coccinellidae)
-
-  Hemispherical shape
-  Brightly colored
-
-Many kinds of “Ladybug” or “Ladybird” Beetles can be found at the beach.
-Some feed on plants and others on small insects. The insect-eating
-varieties are extremely valuable.
-
-    [Illustration: Fireflies]
-
-  Fireflies
-  (Lampyridae)
-
-  A “tail light”
-  Elongated soft body
-  Head is not visible from above
-
-The Firefly’s light is produced by the chemical reaction of a substance
-called luciferin. It is an almost perfect “cold” light, with practically
-no heat loss. The light is used to attract the opposite sex during
-mating. The larva of this beetle is the “glowworm.”
-
-
-            _The Scaled-wing Insects: Butterflies and Moths_
-
-Butterflies may be identified by their threadlike antennae, which are
-club-shaped at the end; Moths usually have feathered antennae.
-
-    [Illustration: Swallowtails]
-
-  Swallowtails
-  (Papilionidae)
-
-  Large Butterflies
-  Tail-like extension on hind wings
-
-The Tiger Swallowtail (_Papilio ajax_), with yellow and black wings, is
-the largest butterfly at the beach, and, indeed, the largest butterfly
-in America. In midsummer you may find one fluttering about flowering
-plants.
-
-    [Illustration: Cabbage and Sulphur Butterflies]
-
-  Cabbage and Sulphur Butterflies
-  (Pieridae)
-
-  Half-dollar size
-  White or orange wings
-
-These butterflies are common wherever there is an open area such as the
-dunes. In other parts of the United States the caterpillars destroy
-great amounts of alfalfa and cabbage.
-
-    [Illustration: Milkweed Butterflies]
-
-  Milkweed Butterflies
-  (Danaidae)
-
-  Large size
-  Orange and black markings
-
-The Monarch Butterfly (_Danaus plexippus_) is our most common species.
-Because of its bitter taste the birds won’t eat it.
-
-    [Illustration: Wood Nymphs]
-
-  Wood Nymphs
-  (Satyridae)
-
-  Butterflies with two large “eye spots” in brown wings
-  Large wing veins are swollen at base
-
-Nymphs are found from sea level to the mountain peaks. Look for them in
-the Pitch Pine woods behind the beach.
-
-    [Illustration: Skippers]
-
-  Skippers
-  (Hesperiidae)
-
-  Very hairy Butterflies, even wings
-  Erratic, skipping flight
-
-The Skippers look much like Moths. Their crazy, zigzag flight helps
-identify them.
-
-    [Illustration: Sphinx Moths]
-
-  Sphinx Moths
-  (Sphingidae)
-
-  Sphinx Moths frequently have a five-inch wingspread and
-  are called “Hawk” or “Hummingbird” Moths.
-
-    [Illustration: Saturnid Moths]
-
-  Saturnid Moths
-  (Saturniidae)
-
-  Very large, hairy moths
-  Large, feather-like antennae
-
-Two species occur in our area:
-
-  Cecropia Moth (_Samia cecropia_): It is the largest moth in our area,
-  having varying colors of brown and yellow.
-
-  Luna Moth (_Tropaea luna_): New England’s most beautiful moth, the
-  Luna is pale green, with a brown leading edge on the forewing and a
-  long tail-like extension from the hind wing.
-
-    [Illustration: Tiger Moths]
-
-  Tiger Moths
-  (Arctiinae)
-
-  Yellowish-brown body
-  Three rows of black spots on body
-
-The larvae of these moths are the well-known “Woolly Bear” caterpillars
-that are covered with a dense coat of rusty-red and black hairs. They
-are not beneficial. Two common examples are:
-
-  Salt-marsh Caterpillar (_Estigmene acrea_): This caterpillar is
-  covered with rose-colored hair. It feeds on practically every type of
-  leaf in the fall.
-
-  Webworm (_Hyphantria cunea_): It covers the ground for several feet
-  with its silky web. In large numbers, Webworms can denude a tree in
-  short order. Periodic outbreaks of these “Soldier Worms” are common at
-  the beach.
-
-    [Illustration: Eastern Tent Caterpillar]
-
-  Eastern Tent Caterpillar
-  (_Malacosoma americanum_)
-
-  Adult moth is reddish brown
-  Extremely hairy, even on legs
-
-The adult is less readily recognized than is the web home of these
-caterpillars. In the spring, the webs may be found on most of the Black
-Cherry trees in the area.
-
-    [Illustration: Measuringworms]
-
-  Measuringworms
-  (Geometridae)
-
-  Small gray or brown Moths
-  Margin of wings frilly or scalloped
-
-The caterpillars of these moths are the famous “Inch-worms” which move
-along by arching the body to bring the tail up to the head, then
-throwing the head out as if measuring the inches with the body.
-
-
-             _The Two-winged Insects: Flies and Mosquitoes_
-
-Flies differ from other insects in having only two wings (one pair). The
-second pair has degenerated into a tiny club-shaped structure that aids
-the Fly in keeping its balance.
-
-    [Illustration: Biting Midges]
-
-  Biting Midges
-  (Certaopogonidae)
-
-  Minute size (usually felt rather than seen!)
-
-Also called “No-see-ums” and “Sand Flies,” these tiny blood-sucking
-Flies are altogether too common at the beach. So small that they can
-pass through window screening, they are best discouraged with a liberal
-dose of insect repellent.
-
-    [Illustration: Crane Flies]
-
-  Crane Flies
-  (Tipulidae)
-
-  Resemble overgrown Mosquitoes
-  Extremely long, threadlike legs
-
-Crane Flies are associated with the wet, swampy areas behind the beach.
-In spite of their mosquito-like shape, they can’t bite.
-
-    [Illustration: Gall Midges]
-
-  Gall Midges
-  (Cecidomyiidae)
-
-  Minute Flies with humpback
-  Antennae as long as body
-
-The galls appear as unnatural swellings on plant stems or leaves. Each
-species of these flies has a specific-shaped gall, made on a specific
-type of plant, and at a specific place on the plant.
-
-    [Illustration: Horse and Deer Flies]
-
-  Horse and Deer Flies
-  (Tabanidae)
-  ½″ to 1″ in length
-  Head is hemispherical in shape
-  Large eyes, occupy entire head
-
-  The mouth of these flies is designed to puncture the skin
-  and draw blood. They frequently are pests, with a special
-  fondness for bathers.
-
-    [Illustration: Robber Flies]
-
-  Robber Flies
-  (Asilidae)
-
-  Large flies
-  Hind body narrower than forebody
-  Head hollowed out between eyes
-
-Robber Flies do not bother human beings but they attack other insects,
-often larger than themselves, in mid-air.
-
-    [Illustration: Syrphid Flies]
-
-  Syrphid Flies
-  (Syrphidae)
-
-  Large black-and-yellow-striped bodies
-  Superficially resemble bees
-
-The Syrphids are constantly found among flowers and so are called
-“Flower Flies.” They are nearly as important as bees in pollination. All
-are harmless to us.
-
-    [Illustration: Mosquitoes]
-
-  Mosquitoes
-  (Culicidae)
-
-  Small, long-legged insects
-  Threadlike antennae covered with whorls of hair
-
-Only female Mosquitoes bite. They must have one meal of blood before
-they can lay eggs. We have eighteen species of Mosquitoes in our area.
-
-
-                      _The Ants, Wasps, and Bees_
-
-    [Illustration: Ants]
-
-  Ants
-  (Formicidae)
-
-  Small, usually wingless, insects
-  Extremely thin waist
-
-Ants are social insects, and our species is found in large or small
-colonies everywhere. Ants are also the most common insect. Two readily
-recognized types are:
-
-  Carpenter Ant (_Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus_): A large black
-  ant that is found burrowing in damp wood. The labyrinth-like tunnels
-  in rotten wood will aid you in finding a colony.
-
-  Mound Ant (_Formica exsectoides_): Produce the well-known “ant hills,”
-  which may be six inches to a foot in diameter.
-
-    [Illustration: Hornets and Potter Wasps]
-
-  Hornets and Potter Wasps
-  (Vespidae)
-
-  Black or black and yellow, not furry, “Wasp-waisted”
-
-  Bald-faced Hornet (_Vespula maculata_): This is a black wasp with
-  white markings. The distinctive nest is made of paper manufactured
-  from wood pulp gathered by the insect from dead trees or old fence
-  posts. At the end of the season, it may be as much as a foot or two in
-  diameter. The only safe time to collect these nests is during the
-  winter months!
-
-  Potter Wasp (_Eumenes fraternus_): The Potter Wasp constructs a “clay
-  pot” on branches of trees, particularly Red Cedar, which it fills with
-  paralyzed caterpillars as food for its young.
-
-    [Illustration: Bumble and Honey Bees]
-
-  Bumble and Honey Bees
-  (Apidae)
-
-  Extremely hairy, woolly appearance
-  Hind legs flattened for pollen collection
-
-  Bumblebees (Bombus, species): Bumblebees are common visitors to
-  flowers. Their heavy body seems much too bulky for flight. The bee
-  makes its nest in old mouse nests on the ground and a careful search
-  for such nests will generally result in discovery of a Bumblebee’s
-  home.
-
-  Honey Bee (_Apis mellifera_): The well-known Honey Bee was brought to
-  this country from Europe. It has now become a common “wild” bee as
-  well as a domesticated species. You may find some wild-bee colonies in
-  hollow trees, particularly on Castle Hill.
-
-
-
-
-                 INSECT COLLECTING—AN INEXPENSIVE HOBBY
-
-
-Insects are everywhere and it is easy to collect them. Practically no
-expense is required to produce a very beautiful collection. Some of the
-seaside insects are most unusual and not available elsewhere, so it
-would be well to start your collection right here. Some references that
-will help you are:
-
-  Donald J. Borror and Dwight M. DeLong, _An Introduction to the Study
-          of Insects_. New York: Rinehart, 1954. $10.00
-  Alexander B. Klots and E. B. Klots, _Living Insects of the World_. New
-          York: Doubleday, 1959. $9.95
-  Su Zan Noguchi Swain, _Insects in Their World_. New York: Garden City
-          Books, 1955. $2.95
-  Herbert S. Zim and Clarence Cottam, _Insects: A Guide to Familiar
-          American Insects_. Rev. ed. New York: Golden Press, 1956.
-          Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00
-
-
-
-
-                               Chapter 6
-                          MEETING THE MAMMALS
-
-
-Mammals are defined simply as warm-blooded animals that have hair and
-nourish their young on milk. They are considered the highest form of
-Earth life. They are common everywhere, but their secretive habits make
-observation difficult. You may consider yourself quite fortunate if you
-see even one or two of the mammals living on Castle Neck during a single
-visit here.
-
-In this chapter lengths given are measurements from the nose to tip of
-the tail.
-
-
-INSECT-EATING MAMMALS: SHREWS
-
-    [Illustration: Short-tailed Shrew]
-
-  Short-tailed Shrew
-  (_Blarina brevicauda_)
-
-  Dark, slate-gray body
-  Length 4″ or 5″
-  Tail about 1″
-
-This little mammal is a creature of damp areas and is generally
-associated with damp forests. It makes burrows just under the surface of
-the ground. It is the _only_ poisonous mammal in the United States and
-uses its venom to stun and kill its prey. However, the only result of a
-nip on your finger will be considerable swelling. Because of its
-insect-eating habit the Shrew is a most beneficial animal.
-
-    [Illustration: Cinereus Shrew]
-
-  Cinereus Shrew
-  (_Sorex cinereus_)
-
-  Grayish-brown body
-  Length 3″ to 4″
-  Tail more than 1″
-
-This is the most common shrew on the Neck. It is found roving about the
-salt marshes in search of insects. It hunts during the day as well as at
-night, generally keeping concealed under a grassy cover.
-
-
-WINGED MAMMALS: BATS
-
-Everyone can identify Bats. Their fingers are extended and joined with a
-leathery membrane. Their ears are large to aid in catching the echo of
-their voice as it is reflected from obstacles. They are most frequently
-seen at twilight when they flitter over the dunes in quest of the many
-insects abounding there. Bats have tremendous value because they eat
-such insect pests as mosquitoes and flies.
-
-We have five major kinds of Bats. They are not easily identified in
-flight.
-
-    [Illustration: Little Brown Bat]
-
-  Little Brown Bat
-  (_Myotis_, several species)
-
-  Less than 4″ long
-  Common
-
-    [Illustration: Big Brown Bat]
-
-  Big Brown Bat
-  (_Eptesicus fuscus_)
-
-  More than 4″ long
-  Reddish-brown fur
-  Common
-
-    [Illustration: Pipistrelles]
-
-  Pipistrelles
-  (_Pipistrellus subflavus_)
-
-  The “Pigmy Bat,” under 3″ long
-  Rare
-
-    [Illustration: Silver-haired Bat]
-
-  Silver-haired Bat
-  (_Lasionycteris noctivagans_)
-
-  About 3½″ long
-  Gray or silvery hair on back
-  Rare
-
-    [Illustration: Red Bat]
-
-  Red Bat
-  (_Lasiurus borealis_)
-
-  About 3½″ long
-  Rusty-red fur with whitish tips
-
-and
-
-    [Illustration: Hoary Bat]
-
-  Hoary Bat
-  (_L. cinereus_)
-
-  About 4½″ long
-  Yellowish-brown fur tipped with white
-
-
-LONG-EARED JUMPERS: RABBITS
-
-    [Illustration: New England Cottontail]
-
-  New England Cottontail
-  (_Sylvilagus transitionalis_)
-
-  Large hind jumping legs
-  More than 1′ long
-
-While the New England Cottontail is named for our area, it does extend
-its range southward to mid-Alabama. It may be separated from other
-species of Cottontails by a narrow black spot between the ears. It is
-very common on the Neck. These rabbits stay hidden most of the day,
-venturing forth at night or early in the morning. Because their diet is
-exclusively vegetable matter, we do not consider them beneficial.
-
-
-BUCK-TOOTHED MAMMALS: RODENTS
-
-    [Illustration: Eastern Gray Squirrel]
-
-  Eastern Gray Squirrel
-  (_Sciurus carolinensis_)
-
-  About 18″ long
-  Bushy tail, less than half the total length
-  Gray fur, white on underside
-
-The Gray Squirrel easily adapts itself to any environment. The large
-treetop nests constructed of _leaves_ are made by this squirrel. A brood
-of two to six young is raised once or twice each spring.
-
-    [Illustration: Red Squirrel]
-
-  Red Squirrel
-  (_Tamiasciurus hudsonicus_)
-
-  About 14″ long
-  Bushy tail, about half the total length
-  Rusty-red fur, underside white
-
-This little squirrel will often be heard before it is seen, scolding its
-terrestrial enemies with a loud clatter from a perch high in a
-protective tree. In late spring its yearly brood of four or five is
-raised in a nest of shredded bark built high in a tree.
-
-    [Illustration: Eastern Chipmunk]
-
-  Eastern Chipmunk
-  (_Tamias striatus_)
-
-  8″ or 10″ long
-  Reddish-brown fur with two white stripes on back
-  White stripes on back are margined with black
-
-The Chipmunk is a squirrel that keeps to the ground and seldom climbs
-trees except to collect nuts. It packs the nuts in two large cheek
-pouches, and when these are full they look like a very bad case of
-mumps. The Chipmunk’s nest is found underground.
-
-    [Illustration: Common Woodchuck]
-
-  Common Woodchuck
-  (_Marmota monax_)
-
-  Large, fat animal over 2′ long
-  Grayish- to reddish-brown fur
-  Bushy tail, 5″ or 6″ long
-
-The Woodchuck has many common names; “Chuck,” “Marmot,” or “Ground Hog”
-are the ones used in our area. “Chucks” live in deep burrows underground
-and there is always a great mound of earth in front of their opening.
-Frequently the “Chuck” is seen standing upright on its hind feet
-surveying its territory from the top of this mound. The same tunnel
-probably has several other more concealed openings which are used as
-escape hatches. The Woodchuck hibernates far below the ground during the
-winter months, and in the northern United States never comes out on
-February 2, “Ground Hog Day.”
-
-    [Illustration: Muskrat]
-
-  Muskrat
-  (_Ondatra zibethica_)
-
-  Resembles a large rat
-  About 2′ long
-  Tail ratlike, flattened from side to side
-
-The Muskrat is an aquatic mammal and is always found in association with
-water. It is very common in the marshy areas of the beach and may
-frequently be seen swimming about in such spots. The Muskrat’s fur has
-become specialized for its aquatic existence and is water-proofed with a
-heavy layer of oil. Muskrats feed extensively on the marsh plants. In
-late fall they construct large dome-shaped homes that protrude above the
-water.
-
-    [Illustration: White-footed Mouse]
-
-  White-footed Mouse
-  (_Peromyscus leucopus_)
-
-  Feet and legs are white
-  Large eyes; prominent ears
-
-These mice are common all over the Neck. They are nocturnal and may be
-discovered in the daytime hiding under boards that have washed onto the
-shore, or they may be found in the wooded areas behind the main beach.
-Their small nests are constructed out of fur and grass and are located
-in depressions in the ground, frequently under a board or log. When the
-original owners vacate these nests they are often taken over by
-Bumblebees, Centipedes, Earwigs, and other secretive creatures.
-
-    [Illustration: Eastern Meadow Mouse]
-
-  Eastern Meadow Mouse
-  (_Microtus pennsylvanicus_)
-
-  Very small eyes
-  Tail short, about one-third total length
-  Brown fur, gray on underside
-
-The Meadow Mouse is by far the most common mammal of Castle Neck. Its
-burrows may be seen just under the grass in all areas having ground
-cover. It feeds on many of the trees in the area, chewing the bark
-around the base. This girdling will eventually kill the tree. While this
-habit makes Meadow Mice undesirable, they fortunately prefer the smaller
-herbaceous plants when they are available. Although common, Meadow Mice
-are seldom seen because their days are spent running through their
-burrows. These may extend over an area of many square yards.
-
-    [Illustration: Meadow Jumping Mouse]
-
-  Meadow Jumping Mouse
-  (_Zapus hudsonius_)
-
-  Tail longer than body, sparsely haired
-  White underside, olive-yellow back
-
-Occasionally when one is walking in the grassy fields, a Jumping Mouse
-will suddenly bound away in leaps averaging three or four feet. If it is
-really frightened, these leaps may carry the mouse as far as ten feet.
-In the United States the Jumping Mouse is much more closely related to
-the Porcupine than to true mice. Un-mouse-like, it hibernates in an
-underground nest during the winter months. Jumping Mice eat both insects
-and plants.
-
-
-DOGLIKE MAMMALS: FOXES
-
-    [Illustration: Red Fox]
-
-  Red Fox
-  (_Vulpes fulva_)
-
-  Looks like a long-legged dog
-  Reddish fur; feet and ears black
-  Large bushy tail, white on tip
-
-Only the most fortunate observer will see a Fox, which is most secretive
-and truly sly in its habits. It digs burrows and produces four to nine
-young during April. The Fox has been known to adapt its habits to
-changes humans have made in its environment, and it is most beneficial
-because it eats thousands of mice annually.
-
-
-RING-TAILED MAMMAL: RACCOON
-
-    [Illustration: Raccoon]
-
-  Raccoon
-  (_Procyon lotor_)
-
-  Dense gray fur
-  Tail ringed with bands of black and white
-  Black “mask” over eyes
-
-Raccoons are creatures of the night and seldom venture forth in the
-daylight. They are expert climbers, spending many hours high in a lofty
-perch, and if pursued they usually seek refuge in a tree or swamp. They
-feed on frogs, fish, eggs, insects, nuts, corn, and shellfish, which
-they rinse carefully. The shellfish they skillfully remove from their
-shells, and often small piles of shells are the only clue to a Raccoon’s
-presence.
-
-
-SCENT-PRODUCING MAMMALS: SKUNKS, MINK, WEASELS
-
-    [Illustration: Striped Skunk]
-
-  Striped Skunk
-  (_Mephitis mephitis_)
-
-  Black fur with two white stripes on back
-  Large bushy tail, white at tip
-
-The Skunk is an inoffensive creature that tries hard to avoid people.
-Even when confronted, it is generally good-natured, relying on its
-presence to discourage investigation and employing its powerful scent
-only if pressed. Skunks usually live in holes not far from water. These
-holes have generally been taken over from another mammal by “squatter’s
-rights.” From four to seven youngsters are born in late April and they
-follow their mother about faithfully wherever she goes.
-
-    [Illustration: Mink]
-
-  Mink
-  (_Mustela vison_)
-
-  Elongated brown animal
-  Bushy tail, about 8″ long
-  Toes are webbed
-
-The Mink is extremely rare on the Neck and a careful and thorough search
-is required to locate one. They are associated with water and feed on
-shellfish and other aquatic creatures. They are best known for their
-fur, a favorite for coats. Fortunately, Mink are not common enough on
-the Neck to warrant commercial trapping.
-
-    [Illustration: Long-tailed Weasel]
-
-  Long-tailed Weasel
-  (_Mustela frenata_)
-
-  Long thin body; yellowish beneath, brown above
-  Tail long, about half the total length
-
-The Weasel is a vicious, bloodthirsty animal that often kills just for
-the sport of it. Most of its victims are mice and insects, so its
-murderous instincts really benefit us. Weasels hunt at all hours of the
-day or night and all year round. Specimens in our area will occasionally
-turn pure white in winter and become an “Ermine.”
-
-
-HOOF-FOOTED MAMMALS: DEER
-
-    [Illustration: White-tailed Deer]
-
-  White-tailed Deer
-  (_Odocoileus virginianus_)
-
-  Tail held upright when alarmed
-  White patch on throat under chin
-  Ear lined with white
-
-The White-tailed Deer is certainly the most obvious mammal on the Neck
-and is readily seen if one will take a short stroll in the wooded area
-behind the main beach or farther out on the Neck. There are probably
-close to one hundred deer here, a number approaching overpopulation.
-They feed mostly on grasses and the more succulent plants. Usually deer
-produce twins in early summer (June). The fawns are light tan and
-spotted with white. Deer may be seen readily in early evening when they
-come into the open fields to browse. They seem to have become quite
-accustomed to human observers and will frequently be as interested in
-you as you are in them.
-
-
-MAMMAL STUDY—A LIFETIME PROJECT
-
-Occasionally Whales, Seals, and Porpoises are sighted off the beach.
-These are true aquatic mammals. We have only listed the mammals
-regularly found living on the Neck. To see all of them is a summer’s
-project, and to study their life histories is equally exciting and
-challenging.
-
-A few books to help you are:
-
-  William H. Burt and Richard P. Grossenheider, _A Field Guide to the
-          Mammals_. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952. $3.95
-  Victor H. Cahalane, _Mammals of North America_. New York: Macmillan,
-          1947. $7.95
-  William J. Hamilton, Jr., _The Mammals of Eastern United States_.
-          Ithaca, N. Y.: Comstock, 1943. Out of print. Available in
-          Museum of Science Library.
-  Ralph S. Palmer, _The Mammal Guide: Mammals of North America North of
-          Mexico_. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1954. $4.95
-  Herbert S. Zim and D. F. Hoffmeister, _Mammals: A Guide to Familiar
-          American Species_. New York: Golden Press, 1955. Cloth $2.50,
-          paper $1.00
-
-
-
-
-                               Chapter 7
-                          WINGS OVER THE SAND
-
-
-More than any other form of nature, birds invite the notice of the
-casual naturalist. Their specializations, their plumage, and their song
-all serve as attractive bait for our attention.
-
-It is not surprising, then, that more books have been written about
-birds than any other life form, and that many of these have been
-directed especially to the layman.
-
-Although more than 150 species of birds may appear during the course of
-a year at Crane’s Beach, only a small number will be described here in
-any detail. Many of these will be summer birds that regularly nest on
-Castle Neck.
-
-The common and scientific names of the birds listed below are in
-accordance with the nomenclature in the latest edition (5th) of the
-American Ornithologists’ Union _Check-list_ (1957).
-
-
-BIRDS OF THE SEA
-
-    [Illustration: Herring Gull]
-
-  Herring Gull
-  (_Larus argentatus_)
-
-  Body is pure white
-  Grayish-blue wings, tipped with black
-  Somewhat larger than a Crow
-
-This is the familiar “Sea Gull,” one of many species so called. Its
-value as a beach scavenger and “garbage collector” has earned it
-protection by the federal government. While preferring the rocky coasts
-of Maine for nesting, the Herring Gull is by far the most familiar, if
-not the most common bird found at Crane’s Beach.
-
-    [Illustration: Great Black-backed Gull]
-
-  Great Black-backed Gull
-  (_Larus marinus_)
-
-  Much larger than Herring Gull
-  Wings are black on top surface
-
-This beautiful gull, like its common cousin, is a scavenger. It is
-larger and more antagonistic than the Herring Gull and will often steal
-its food. In Maine, where both breed, the Great Black-back frequently
-feeds on the Herring Gull’s eggs or nestlings.
-
-    [Illustration: Common Tern]
-
-  Common Tern
-  (_Sterna hirundo_)
-
-  Small, sleek, white body
-  Forked tail
-  Black crown on top of head
-  Orange-red bill
-
-These delightful, graceful birds are again nesting at the tip of the
-Neck. Their nest has been described earlier (page 7). Under government
-protection, their numbers have been increasing rapidly. Keep a sharp
-watch and you may spot an Arctic or Roseate Tern, both very similar to
-the Common. It is entertaining to watch the Tern fish. It hovers against
-the wind in one spot just off shore—then suddenly drops into the water,
-only to reappear again in a moment with some morsel of food. Repeated
-again and again, this performance becomes a real show which even the
-most uninterested sun bather cannot ignore.
-
-
-BIRDS OF THE BEACH
-
-    [Illustration: Piping Plover]
-
-  Piping Plover
-  (_Charadrius melodus_)
-
-  Small, sandy-colored bird
-  Black neck ring and forehead markings
-  Voice: A clear, forlorn “peep-lo”
-
-This rather rare shorebird so perfectly matches the dry sand on which it
-hunts that it is often completely invisible until it moves. If the
-sparsely lined nest is discovered, the parents go into a “broken wing”
-act to draw attention to themselves and away from their eggs or young.
-The four light buff eggs marked with black are laid in May.
-
-
-                         _Five Common Migrants_
-
-Although rare, the Piping Plover has been described in detail because it
-does nest here. The following five birds are very common on the Neck
-during much of the summer but do not nest on New England beaches.
-
-    [Illustration: Semipalmated Plover]
-
-  Semipalmated Plover
-  (_Charadrius semipalmatus_)
-
-  Resembles Piping Plover but is darker brown
-  Black ring on neck
-  Tail is dark, with white edges
-
-    [Illustration: Black-bellied Plover]
-
-  Black-bellied Plover
-  (_Squatarola squatarola_)
-
-  About Robin size
-  Tail and rump are white
-  Named for its spring color patterns
-
-    [Illustration: Greater Yellowlegs]
-
-  Greater Yellowlegs
-  (_Totanus melanoleucus_)
-
-  A large Sandpiper with bright yellow legs
-  Tail and rump are white
-  In flight, body appears light, wings dark
-
-    [Illustration: Sanderling]
-
-  Sanderling
-  (_Crocethia alba_)
-
-  Legs and bill are black
-  White stripe across wing
-  Body is brown or gray color
-
-    [Illustration: Semipalmated Sandpiper]
-
-  Semipalmated Sandpiper
-  (_Ereunetes pusillus_)
-
-  Very tiny sandpiper
-  Stout bill
-  Blackish legs
-
-
-BIRDS OF THE SWAMPY AREAS
-
-    [Illustration: Redwinged Blackbird]
-
-  Redwinged Blackbird
-  (_Agelaius phoeniceus_)
-
-  Male is black, with red shoulder patches
-  Female is a brown, uninteresting bird
-
-The male Redwing is familiar to everyone. His beautiful black plumage
-with red shoulder bars allows a rapid identification. He is usually seen
-flitting about over a marsh attempting to attract the attention of some
-admiring female. The nest is built in a shrub on the marsh in late May
-or June. Ordinarily it is well concealed, and often the only indication
-of its existence is the loud scolding of the anxious parents when
-intruders approach.
-
-    [Illustration: Black Duck]
-
-  Black Duck
-  (_Anas rubripes_)
-
-  In flight: A dark duck with silvery underwings
-  On water: Light brown with a yellow bill
-  Bright red feet
-
-This heavily hunted waterfowl continues to breed even in well-populated
-areas. Its nest is found here on the edges of the many fresh-water pools
-that dot the Neck in association with the swamps. About nine white or
-buff-colored eggs are produced in May. After nesting, these ducks may
-still be seen feeding on submerged plants. They obtain their meal in a
-crazy “dabbling” fashion, standing on their heads so that only the tail
-protrudes above the surface.
-
-    [Illustration: Black-crowned Night Heron]
-
-  Black-crowned Night Heron
-  (_Nycticorax nycticorax_)
-
-  White breast, black on back and on crown of head
-  About Herring Gull size
-  Long, wading legs
-
-Although most active at night, these herons may be seen throughout the
-day resting or feeding. They wade about in both the fresh and salt
-marshes in search of fish or crustaceans, which they seize with their
-long bills. This heron nests only rarely, if ever, on the Neck now, but
-thirty years ago great rookeries were found here. These birds are still
-to be found on the Neck in fair numbers even though man’s invasion of
-the area has reduced its desirability as a nesting place.
-
-    [Illustration: Marsh Hawk]
-
-  Marsh Hawk
-  (_Circus cyaneus_)
-
-  Males gray; females brown
-  Medium-sized hawk
-  Always with an obvious white rump
-
-During the summer this handsome bird of prey is a familiar sight soaring
-close to the ground over all large marshy areas. In flight it holds its
-wings at an angle over its back, rather than parallel to the ground as
-do most hawks. It mates for life, bringing forth a brood of young once
-each summer. The nest is quite un-hawk-like, located on the ground and
-constructed of tall grasses. The Marsh Hawk leaves the area and migrates
-southward sometime in early September.
-
-
-BIRDS OF THE FIELDS AND WOODED AREAS
-
-    [Illustration: Rufous-sided Towhee]
-
-  Rufous-sided Towhee
-  (_Pipilo erythrophthalmus_)
-
-  Underside white, orange on sides
-  Tail is long, dark, with white corners
-  About size and shape of a Robin
-
-Towhees are more often heard than seen. Their loud scratching noise in
-the underbrush frequently frightens hikers. If disturbed, they will run
-on the ground to a place of safety. Their song is very distinctive and
-has been said to sound like “Drink your tea” with the _tea_ ending
-extended, or “You and meeeee.” The Towhee generally breeds twice every
-summer, building its nest in a small shrub or on the ground. This nest
-is usually as difficult to discover as the bird itself.
-
-    [Illustration: Tree Swallow]
-
-  Tree Swallow
-  (_Iridoprocne bicolor_)
-
-  White throat and stomach
-  Blue-green back and head
-  Crescent-shaped wings, notched tail
-
-Usually seen winging low over water, the Tree Swallow serves to clean
-the air of water-loving insects. These swallows appear on the Neck in
-great numbers during the fall, when the scarcity of insects changes
-their diet to Bayberries. Tree Swallows are among the last birds to
-migrate in the fall and always the first to return the following spring.
-Their nests are occasionally discovered in a hollow tree during May or
-June, but these little birds will readily accept a bird house in lieu of
-a hollow tree.
-
-    [Illustration: Eastern Kingbird]
-
-  Eastern Kingbird
-  (_Tyrannus tyrannus_)
-
-  Appears gray at a distance
-  Square black tail with conspicuous white tip
-
-Infrequently, one sees a Hawk being attacked in flight by a much smaller
-bird. This little ball of courage is likely to be the Kingbird. Because
-of its swiftness in flight, the Kingbird is an able fly catcher and
-feeds on flies regularly. It builds a nest on the Neck, usually high in
-a tree, affording it a good lookout post. Watch for this nest in June.
-
-    [Illustration: Brown Thrasher]
-
-  Brown Thrasher
-  (_Toxostoma rufum_)
-
-  Brown bird with light breast covered with dark streaks
-  Long curved bill; very long tail
-
-The Thrasher, and its cousin the Catbird, are both common summer
-residents and nest on Castle Neck. The Thrasher’s loud song, often
-mimicking other birds, is distinctive because every phrase occurs in
-pairs. When the nest is approached, the song changes into a series of
-short clucking noises, with an occasional hiss scolding the intruder.
-Persistent investigation may uncover the well-constructed nest on the
-ground. Look for this nest containing four brown-marked blue eggs during
-late May or June.
-
-    [Illustration: Mourning Dove]
-
-  Mourning Dove
-  (_Zenaidura macroura_)
-
-  A slim, brown bird
-  Long pointed tail, bordered with white
-
-This lovely, delicate dove occurs in every state of the Union. The waste
-areas on the Neck are especially suited to it because its main foodstuff
-is Pitch Pine seeds, weeds, and grasses. The Mourning Dove’s nest,
-placed in a Pitch Pine, is so carelessly made that it is apt to be
-mistaken for an old nest which is falling apart. Why it doesn’t do just
-this during the nesting season is a marvel. This beautiful dove is
-sometimes mistaken for its extinct cousin the Passenger Pigeon.
-
-    [Illustration: Sparrow Hawk]
-
-  Sparrow Hawk
-  (_Falco sparverius_)
-
-  Long pointed wings and long tail
-  Our only small hawk with a black-banded rufous tail
-
-In recent years this colorful hawk has become quite a city dweller,
-having little fear of humans. During May, four or five eggs are laid in
-a deserted Woodpecker’s hole or any convenient cavity. As one would
-guess from its size, the Sparrow Hawk feeds mainly on insects and seldom
-on a mouse or sparrow. It is often seen hovering over a field in search
-of prey or just surveying its feeding territory from a high vantage
-point.
-
-    [Illustration: Great Horned Owl]
-
-  Great Horned Owl
-  (_Bubo virginianus_)
-
-  Only large owl with ear tufts
-  Gray appearance, with white throat patch
-  Voice: Deep, penetrating “Hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo” (usually an odd
-          number of hoo’s)
-
-One or two of these magnificent birds can generally be found on any
-thorough search of the Neck. They hunt the Neck by night, taking a great
-toll of mice and other small animals. The Great Horned Owl nests earlier
-than any other New England bird, usually in February or March. So early,
-in fact, it occasionally returns from a hunt to find its nest and eggs
-covered with snow. A Great Horned can often be located during the day by
-following the sound of a noisy flock of Crows. These birds spend hours
-screaming and scolding Owls whenever they find one sleeping during the
-day.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellow Warbler]
-
-  Yellow Warbler
-  (_Dendroica petechia_)
-
-  Only tiny _all_-yellow bird here
-  Reddish streaks on breast of males
-
-On first discovery, this warbler is likely to be identified as an
-escaped canary. Indeed, it is oftentimes called the “Wild Canary.” It
-has a very charming, persistent song, which it sings during most of the
-day. It builds a tiny nest lined with down in the fork of a shrub.
-Unfortunately, the Yellow Warbler arrives late in the spring and leaves
-us early in the fall.
-
-    [Illustration: Yellowthroat]
-
-  Yellowthroat
-  (_Geothlypis trichas_)
-
-  Male: All yellow, with a black mask over eyes
-  Female: Drab olive color with bright yellow throat
-
-A very familiar bird on Castle Neck, the Yellowthroat constantly makes
-its presence known by a bright “witchity-witchity” song, sounding as
-though it is asking “What-cha-see?” Its nest is built on or close to the
-ground and is a rather bulky affair, much larger than seems necessary
-for so small a bird. As with most of the warblers, the Yellowthroat’s
-diet consists entirely of insects—a characteristic that makes it a most
-valuable guest.
-
-
-SOME WINTER SPECIALTIES
-
-A few tourists visit the beach during the winter. It is generally
-considered to be a “dead” time of year. Yet the birds abound here, and
-many may be found only during the cold months. Five examples are:
-
-    [Illustration: Common Loon]
-
-  Common Loon
-  (_Gavia immer_)
-
-  Large, almost Goose size
-  Long, straight bill
-  Winter: Dark gray back, whitish throat and breast
-
-All summer long the Loon lives in the quiet of some hidden northern
-lake, but in the winter it moves out into the ocean. The winter seas are
-cold and savage, and yet the Loon takes them in stride. It is a powerful
-swimmer and can dive easily and deeply. The voice of the Loon, heard
-only in summer, is very distinctive; the loud, “crazy” laughing call is
-responsible for the saying “As crazy as a loon.”
-
-    [Illustration: Horned Grebe]
-
-  Horned Grebe
-  (_Podiceps auritus_)
-
-  Resembles a duck but has slender neck and pointed bill
-  Winter: Dark gray back, line down neck, and top of head; white on
-          breast, front of neck, and underside of head
-
-The Horned Grebe spends most of its time on the water, frequently even
-sleeping there. It has also learned to preen itself in water by rolling
-over on its side. Grebes swim and dive actively, catching many small
-fish and crustaceans. When frightened into flight they will run many
-yards across the surface of the water before finally hurtling into the
-air.
-
-    [Illustration: Snowy Owl]
-
-  Snowy Owl
-  (_Nyctea scandiaca_)
-
-  Very large white owl
-  A round, smooth head
-
-The Snowy is a day-flying owl and therefore may be seen perched high on
-a sand dune looking around for mice. Its home is in the Arctic tundra,
-where it feeds on Lemmings. When these are scarce during the winter, the
-Snowy migrates southward to new feeding grounds. Because it is not used
-to humans, you can often get quite close to this owl before it will be
-frightened into flight.
-
-    [Illustration: Snow Bunting]
-
-  Snow Bunting
-  (_Plectrophenax nivalis_)
-
-  About size of Song Sparrow
-  White body, rusty on head and back
-  Long, pointed, white wings with black tips
-
-From its breeding grounds in the Arctic, this large sparrow-like bird
-comes to Crane’s Beach only in the winter. It is at home during the
-hardest, most severe snowstorms. One may stand on the verge of frostbite
-and watch large flocks of Snow Buntings flitting about, whistling in a
-cheerful tinkling song. Look for them among the dunes or marshes, where
-they feed on the grass and weed seeds.
-
-    [Illustration: Ipswich Sparrow]
-
-  Ipswich Sparrow
-  (_Passerculus princeps_)
-
-  Large sparrow, gray above, white below
-  Breast and sides have dull brown markings
-  Upper parts more heavily streaked
-
-The Ipswich Sparrow is an occasional visitor to Ipswich. It was isolated
-years ago on desolate Sable Island off the coast of Nova Scotia. It
-breeds only on Sable Island, but its winter migrations cause it to
-wander along the Atlantic Coast. It was first reported in 1868 from the
-dunes on Castle Hill, hence its name Ipswich Sparrow. When observed,
-this bird is most often found among the debris left at high tide on the
-upper beach. It is quick to fly when disturbed and, upon landing, will
-run for several yards to lose itself in the Beach Grass.
-
-
-FOR A WIDER ACQUAINTANCE AMONG THE BIRDS
-
-It is obvious that this chapter serves only to introduce you to the
-great variety of bird life awaiting the interested naturalist. To
-continue your study, consider the purchase of a good binocular and one
-or all of the books listed below.
-
-  _Field List: Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts_. Salem, Mass.:
-          Peabody Museum, 1952. $.35
-  Edward Howe Forbush, _Natural History of the Birds of Eastern and
-          Central North America_. Revised and abridged by John B. May.
-          Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939. $7.50
-  Roger Tory Peterson, _How to Know the Birds_. New York: New American
-          Library, 1949. $.50
-  ——, _A Field Guide to the Birds_. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947.
-          $3.95
-  Charles Wendell Townsend, _The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts.
-          Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 3_. Cambridge,
-          Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1905. Available in Museum
-          of Science Library.
-  ——, _Supplement to The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs
-          of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 5_. Cambridge, Mass.:
-          Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1920. Available in Museum of
-          Science Library.
-  George J. Wallace, _An Introduction to Ornithology_. New York:
-          Macmillan, 1955. $8.00
-
-
-COMMON BIRDS OF CASTLE NECK
-
-Here are sixty of the most common birds you can expect to find at Castle
-Neck:
-
-  Green Heron
-  Black-crowned Night Heron
-  Black Duck
-  Red-shouldered Hawk
-  Marsh Hawk
-  Sparrow Hawk
-  Ruffed Grouse
-  Ring-necked Pheasant
-  Piping Plover
-  Semipalmated Plover
-  Killdeer
-  Black-bellied Plover
-  Spotted Sandpiper
-  Greater Yellowlegs
-  Semipalmated Sandpiper
-  Sanderling
-  Common Tern
-  Mourning Dove
-  Screech Owl
-  Great Horned Owl
-  Chimney Swift
-  Ruby-throated Hummingbird
-  Kingfisher
-  Flicker
-  Downy Woodpecker
-  Hairy Woodpecker
-  Kingbird
-  Phoebe
-  Tree Swallow
-  Barn Swallow
-  Bluejay
-  White-breasted Nuthatch
-  House Wren
-  Catbird
-  Brown Thrasher
-  Robin
-  Bluebird
-  Cedar Waxwing
-  Starling
-  Red-eyed Vireo
-  Black-and-White Warbler
-  Yellow Warbler
-  Myrtle Warbler
-  Yellowthroat
-  Blackburnian Warbler
-  American Redstart
-  House Sparrow
-  Bobolink
-  Meadowlark
-  Redwinged Blackbird
-  Baltimore Oriole
-  Grackle
-  Brown-headed Cowbird
-  Purple Finch
-  American Goldfinch
-  Rufous-sided Towhee
-  Savannah Sparrow
-  Chipping Sparrow
-  Swamp Sparrow
-  Song Sparrow
-
-
-NOW IT’S UP TO YOU!
-
-For your added interest the following personal check list of 179
-specimens discussed in this field guide allows for recording where and
-when you make your own discoveries at Castle Neck.
-
-As a matter of convenience, animals are arranged by chapter and broad
-groupings.
-
-Use the Field Note pages for additional observations.
-
-
-
-
-                           PERSONAL CHECKLIST
-
-
-Chapter I. “The Shifting Dunes”
-
-                                               _Date seen_    _Locality_
-
-  Beach Porcupines
-  Erratics
-  Fulgurites
-  Garnets
-  Glacial till
-  Ventifacts
-
-
-Chapter III. “Plants on the Dunes”
-
-  _Mushrooms_
-    Earth Star
-  _Flowering Plants_
-    Beach Clotbur
-    Beach Grass
-    Beach Pea
-    Beach Pinweed
-    Blunt-leaved Sandwort
-    Dusty Miller
-    Glasswort
-    Sea Lavender
-    Sea Milkwort
-    Seaside Goldenrod
-    Woolly Hudsonia
-  _Trees and Shrubs_
-    Bayberry
-    Beach Plum
-    Black Cherry
-    Pitch Pine
-    Poison Ivy
-    Quaking Aspen
-    (Some other flowers of Castle Neck at end of chapter.)
-
-
-Chapter IV. “Life at the Edge of the Sea”
-
-  _Seaweeds_
-    Coralline Algae
-    Irish Moss
-    Kelp (Common)
-      (Fingered)
-      (Perforated)
-    Polysiphonia
-    Rockweed (Common)
-      (Nodose)
-    Sea Lettuce
-  _Lower Animals_
-    Anemone
-    Barnacle
-    Clam (Edible)
-      (Hardshell)
-      (Razor)
-      (Surf)
-    Clam Worm
-    Crab (Green)
-      (Jonah)
-      (Rock)
-    Horseshoe Crab
-    Jellyfish (Red)
-      (White)
-    Lobster
-    Moon Snail
-    Mussel (Edible)
-      (Ribbed)
-    Oyster
-    Periwinkle
-    Rock Purple
-    Sand Dollar
-    Sea Urchin
-    Shrimp (Prawn)
-      (Sand)
-    Slipper Shell
-    Sponge (Crumb-of-Bread)
-      (Finger)
-    Starfish
-  _Fishes_
-    Killifish
-    Pipefish
-    Sand Lance
-    Silverside
-    Skate
-    Stickleback
-
-
-Chapter V. “Insects and their Kin”
-
-  _Insect-Like Animals_
-    Centipede
-    Harvestman
-    Millipede
-    Sow Bug
-    Spider (Crab)
-      (Jumping)
-      (Orange-and-Black Garden)
-      (Orb weaving)
-      (Sheet web)
-      (Wolf)
-    Tick
-  _True Insects_
-    Aphid (Woolly Alder)
-    Ant (Carpenter)
-      (Mound)
-    Bee (Bumble)
-      (Honey)
-    Beetle (Carrion)
-      (Click)
-      (Firefly)
-      (Ground)
-      (Japanese)
-      (Ladybug)
-      (May)
-      (Snout)
-      (Tiger)
-    Bug (Red-and-Black Milkweed)
-      (Stink)
-    Butterfly (Cabbage)
-      (Monarch)
-      (Skipper)
-      (Sulphur)
-      (Tiger Swallowtail)
-      (Wood Nymph)
-    Caterpillar (Salt Marsh)
-      (Tent)
-    Cricket (Field)
-      (Snowy Tree)
-    Damselfly
-    Dragonfly
-    Earwig (European)
-      (Seaside)
-    Fly (Crane)
-      (Deer)
-      (Horse)
-      (Robber)
-      (Syrphid)
-    Grasshopper (Short-horned)
-    Hornet (Bald-faced)
-    Lacewing
-    Mantis (Praying)
-    Mayfly
-    Measuringworm
-    Midge (Biting)
-      (Gall)
-    Mosquito
-    Moth (Cecropia)
-      (Luna)
-      (Sphinx)
-      (Tiger)
-    Scale (Oyster-shell)
-    Wasp (Potter)
-    Webworm
-
-
-Chapter VI. “Meeting the Mammals”
-
-    Bat (Big Brown)
-      (Hoary)
-      (Little Brown)
-      (Pipistrelles)
-      (Red)
-      (Silver-haired)
-    Chipmunk
-    Cottontail (New England)
-    Deer (White-tailed)
-    Fox (Red)
-    Muskrat
-    Mouse (White-footed)
-      (Eastern Meadow)
-      (Meadow Jumping)
-    Mink
-    Raccoon
-    Shrew (Cinereus)
-      (Short-tailed)
-    Skunk
-    Squirrel (Eastern Gray)
-      (Red)
-    Woodchuck
-    Weasel (Long-tailed)
-
-
-Chapter VII. “Wings over the Sand”
-
-    Blackbird (Redwinged)
-    Bunting (Snow)
-    Dove (Mourning)
-    Duck (Black)
-    Grebe (Horned)
-    Gull (Great Black-backed)
-      (Herring)
-    Hawk (Marsh)
-      (Sparrow)
-    Heron (Black-crowned Night)
-    Kingbird (Eastern)
-    Loon (Common)
-    Owl (Great Horned)
-      (Snowy)
-    Plover (Black bellied)
-      (Piping)
-      (Semipalmated)
-    Sanderling
-    Sandpiper (Semipalmated)
-    Sparrow (Ipswich)
-    Swallow (Tree)
-    Tern (Common)
-    Thrasher (Brown)
-    Towhee (Rufous-sided)
-    Warbler (Yellow)
-    Yellowlegs (Greater)
-    Yellowthroat
-    (Sixty common birds of Castle Neck at end of chapter)
-
-
-
-
-                              FIELD NOTES
-
-
-    [Illustration: Map]
-
-
-
-
-                              Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of Project Gutenberg's Life in the Shifting Dunes, by Laurence B. White
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-
-Project Gutenberg's Life in the Shifting Dunes, by Laurence B. White
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Life in the Shifting Dunes
-       A popular field guide to the natural history of Castle
-              Neck, Ipswich, Massachusetts
-
-Author: Laurence B. White
-
-Illustrator: Henry Bugbee Kane
-
-Release Date: April 18, 2017 [EBook #54566]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE IN THE SHIFTING DUNES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
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-</pre>
-
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Life in the Shifting Dunes" width="500" height="750" />
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="452" />
-<p class="pcap">Crane&rsquo;s Beach Diorama, Museum of Science</p>
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1>LIFE IN THE SHIFTING DUNES</h1>
-<p class="jr1"><span class="small"><i>A popular field guide to the natural history of Castle Neck, Ipswich, Massachusetts, with attention to the unusual ecological relationships peculiar to such an area</i></span></p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="large">BY LAURENCE B. WHITE, JR.</span>
-<br /><span class="small"><i>Museum of Science, Boston</i></span></p>
-<p class="center"><span class="small"><i>Illustrated by</i> HENRY B. KANE</span></p>
-<p class="center"><span class="smaller">A PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE, BOSTON</span></p>
-</div>
-<p class="tbcenter">Copyright, 1960,
-<br />by the Museum of Science, Boston
-<br />All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers.
-<br />Library of Congress Card Number: 60-8980
-<br />Printed in the United States of America by
-<br />The Murray Printing Company
-<br />Forge Village, Massachusetts</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_v">v</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">PREFACE</span></h2>
-<p>This popular field guide to Castle Neck, Ipswich, Massachusetts, was the inspiration
-of Mr. Cornelius Crane, who has summered there since boyhood. Two
-years ago, Mr. Crane asked us if we would be willing to undertake a survey of
-this typical dune area if funds were made available for the study. We were
-delighted to cooperate in the project, and our Education Department undertook
-it with real enthusiasm.</p>
-<p>Some preliminary work was done in 1957, but during July, August, and
-part of September, 1958, Laurence B. White, Jr., of our Education staff, and
-Geoffrey Moran, his assistant, moved to Castle Neck. It is Larry who has
-compiled this field guide.</p>
-<p>Larry has been associated with our Museum since his Junior High School
-days, when his consuming interest in natural history made him an almost daily
-visitor, and later a valued Education Department volunteer. Now, after his
-graduation from the University of New Hampshire, where he majored in Biology
-and Education, he has joined our permanent staff. I recount this only to point
-out that this study was undertaken by a born and bred New England naturalist
-who enjoyed every minute of his work on it.</p>
-<p>Finding a little cottage on the side of a marsh on the road to Little Neck,
-Larry and Jeff took it over as their combined summer residence and laboratory,
-and spent the July and August weeks in Thoreau-like exploration of the beach
-and dunes, the swamps and woodlands of Castle Neck. Their personal relationship
-with the living things on the Neck is feelingly reflected in this guide:
-sympathy with the heroic struggle for survival on the dunes; admiration for
-the hardihood of the little-admired Poison Ivy; amusement with the odd ways
-of the Common Barnacle, which &ldquo;goes through life standing on its head and
-kicking food into its mouth with its feet&rdquo;; and exasperation with the mischievous
-practice of noisy Crows, who delight in wrecking an Owl&rsquo;s daytime sleep.</p>
-<p>It is perhaps because of this perceptive quality of understanding that
-Larry&rsquo;s report of the survey has readily adapted into a popular field guide,
-directing the curious into a fascinating exploration of the &ldquo;heap o&rsquo; living&rdquo; going
-on under our very noses and all but ignored by most of us. This guide is not
-intended as an exhaustive research work or a listing of all the living things to
-be found on Castle Neck. Rather, it purposely addresses itself to natural
-history readily observable by visitors with sharp eyes and reasonable patience.
-When a rarity is included like the Ipswich Sparrow, it is only to indicate that
-such unusual thrills await the discoverer&mdash;occasionally!</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_vi">vi</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="516" height="801" />
-<p class="pcap">Deer Tracks in the Sand.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_vii">vii</div>
-<p>While this guide serves as a reminder to those engaged in the study of
-ecology that this is a rich area for serious investigation, the amateur naturalist
-or the casual beach visitor, primarily on hand to sun, swim, or picnic, may use
-it to make his stop on the Neck more meaningful. Knowing, for instance, that
-Hog Island is a drumlin (a pile of debris deposited in the Great Ice Age) adds
-enormous interest to the surroundings. Larry&rsquo;s guide is compiled with the
-understanding eye and heart of an able and enthusiastic young naturalist. It
-invites you to look over his shoulder as he investigates his finds, and tempts
-you to further exploration on your own.</p>
-<p>The analysis of the infinitely complex relationships of living animals and
-plants to their environment, and to one another, is a relatively new science.
-People with a strong desire to know more about the great sea of life surrounding
-them have a real opportunity to contribute valuable observations to ecological
-knowledge. You may very well be one of these!</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t6"><span class="sc">Bradford Washburn</span></p>
-<p class="t6">Director</p>
-<p class="t6">Museum of Science</p>
-<p class="t0">Boston, Massachusetts</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_viii">viii</div>
-<h2><span class="small">ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</span></h2>
-<p>The author is first and foremost indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Crane
-for their unfailing interest in the preparation of this field guide, and to members
-of the Museum staff who collaborated to edit and produce it. Among these
-were Norman D. Harris, Director of Education, Gilbert E. Merrill and Chan
-Waldron of the Education Department, Miss Caroline Harrison, Director of
-Public Relations, and Mrs. Christina Lopes and Mrs. Margaret Jordan of her
-department. Invaluable also in preparation of the manuscript was the careful
-final editing of Miss Helen Phillips, Houghton Mifflin Company.</p>
-<p>Especially is the author grateful to the following for advice and comment
-on various chapters: Clifford S. Chater, Assistant Professor, Entomology and
-Plant Pathology, Waltham Field Station; Dr. Norman A. Preble, Mammalogist,
-Northeastern University; J. Phillip Schafer, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey;
-Colonel E. S. Clark, Curator of Marine Life, Peabody Museum of Salem, and
-Dr. Stuart K. Harris, Department of Botany, Boston University.</p>
-<p><span class="lr">L.B.W.</span></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_ix">ix</div>
-<h2 class="center">CONTENTS</h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt><a href="#c1"><span class="cn">&nbsp; </span>Preface</a> v</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2"><span class="cn">1. </span>The Shifting Dunes</a> 1</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c3"><span class="cn">2. </span>An Introduction to Dune Ecology</a> 5</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c4"><span class="cn">3. </span>Plants on the Dunes</a> 10</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c5"><span class="cn">4. </span>Life at the Edge of the Sea</a> 19</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c6"><span class="cn">5. </span>Insects and Their Kin</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c7"><span class="cn">6. </span>Meeting the Mammals</a> 50</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c8"><span class="cn">7. </span>Wings over the Sand</a> 58</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c9"><span class="cn">8. </span>Now It&rsquo;s Up to You&mdash;Check List for Your Discoveries and Field Notes</a> 69</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_x">x</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="Tree-topped dune." width="535" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">Chapter 1</span>
-<br />THE SHIFTING DUNES</h2>
-<p>Surprising as it may seem, there was a time when many of our most beautiful
-beaches, the Castle Neck area included, were far inland from the edge of the
-sea. This was about a million and a half years ago, when the sea was at a lower
-level than it is today. In fact, a great many changes have helped to form the
-beaches we see and enjoy now. Of them all, the one brought about by the
-Ice Age was probably the most influential. It was some 30,000 or 40,000 years
-ago that New England was overwhelmed by the final advance of a great continental
-ice sheet. It came from the northwest, and as it inched its way toward
-the ocean it pushed chunks of rock and great quantities of soil along with it.
-The rock was continually breaking up as it was shoved forward under the ice.</p>
-<p>This last glacier covered New England for thousands of years. When it
-melted, all the debris it had been moving along like a giant bulldozer was left
-deposited irregularly over the land, some debris perhaps a hundred miles from
-original location. In addition, the water from the melting ice swept finer sands
-and gravels along, depositing them over land areas and in lakes and bays.</p>
-<p>In some places, streamlined hills of debris had been built up under the ice.
-Later, as the ice melted, they became exposed. They were shaped like the
-bowl of an inverted spoon, and we call them &ldquo;drumlins.&rdquo; Hog Island, to the
-south of Castle Neck, is a perfectly preserved example. From its shape it is
-easy to tell which way the ice was moving. The steeply sloping end of its long
-axis is toward the northwest, the direction from which the last ice sheet came.
-All drumlins are not so easily spotted. About a mile southeast of Castle Hill
-you will see a hill that looks like an enormous sand dune. It is the highest
-point on the Neck, about eighty feet, and it, too, is a drumlin. Once it protruded
-out of a shallow bay that had formed as the ice melted. Modified by
-the erosion of the waves and veneered with windblown sand, this drumlin by
-now has quite lost its characteristic shape.</p>
-<p>In the general Boston area many drumlins were uncovered as the ice
-melted; some of them are such well-known landmarks as Beacon Hill, Bunker
-Hill, or Breed&rsquo;s Hill. Along the coast, as the sea level rose, the drumlins there
-were surrounded by water and became islands. On the sides exposed to the
-sea they were eroded by the waves, and the eroded materials collected to form
-spits. Other sands and gravels carried by longshore currents were added, and, by-and-by,
-in some cases these sand spits connected one drumlin to another. It was
-just such a modification of three separate drumlins that formed Castle Neck.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<p>While the Neck was thus taking shape, the glacial debris and outwash
-sands that had been deposited in New Hampshire and at the mouth of the
-Merrimack River were being picked up and carried southward by the prevailing
-currents. Finally this material was wave-tossed onto the newly created
-beach at Castle Neck, some of it being lifted and carried farther inland. In this
-way, except for a few protected spots behind the drumlins, the entire area
-became blanketed with sand. The shape of the Beach as we see it is the result
-of this ever-continuing modification, the work of wind and waves.</p>
-<p>It was on the protected back side of the drumlins that plants first took
-hold. Since the drumlins were formed from fertile soil scraped from rich inland
-areas and carried here by the ice, the same kinds of plants sprang up on them&mdash;Aspens,
-Pines, Gray Birches, shrubs, and grasses&mdash;as we often see today taking
-over some abandoned farmland. As these early plants died, the soil was
-further enriched to stimulate even more and different plant life. In fact, at
-one time much of the dune area was a fertile spot, abounding with all sorts of
-plants and animals. In certain places on the Neck today, very fertile soil can
-be found just a few feet under the sand, evidence that here was once a rich
-farmland.</p>
-<p>The broad flat areas of sand on the Beach were very susceptible to the
-whims of the wind. Now and then, as the wind eroded the sand particles from
-one place, and blew them to another, it piled them up against the base of some
-beach plant. Collecting here, the sand began to form a gentle slope with a
-sharp drop-off downwind. Continuation of this action sometimes built up a
-huge mound, which we call a dune.</p>
-<p>This process of erosion and deposition still goes on. Usually you can tell
-the general direction of the prevailing wind by observing which way it builds
-the gentle slope as it piles the sand into ripples or mounds.</p>
-<p>If you should mark a dune&rsquo;s position today and return in several years,
-you might find that the dune had moved several yards from its original position.
-Dunes move slowly downwind, such movement being termed &ldquo;migration.&rdquo;
-With a normal dune, during windy periods the sand is blown up its gentle slope
-and dropped over its crest, whence it slides down the lee side. In this way the
-dune migrates with the wind.</p>
-<h3>THE FUTURE OF CASTLE NECK</h3>
-<p>Eventually, of course, the dunes might migrate the entire length of the
-Neck and again be blown into the sea, which would carry the sands farther
-south, mayhap to become part of Coffin and Wingaersheek Beaches. In fact,
-we might expect the eventual removal of the entire Neck if sand wasn&rsquo;t constantly
-being added from similar erosion going on farther north. Obviously
-there is a very delicate balance here, adding and subtracting sand. The future
-of Castle Neck is entirely dependent upon the sand supply from the north. Too
-little may eventually diminish Crane&rsquo;s Beach; while an increase could create
-<span class="pb" id="Page_3">3</span>
-an even larger and more beautiful Neck. Actually, it is impossible to predict
-the future of a beach, at the mercy, as it is, of changes in any of the several
-factors controlling its form&mdash;sand supply, waves, currents, and position of
-sea level. Anyway, what has been so long taking shape will not be altered
-drastically overnight. As a matter of fact, if you really wish to know the
-future of Crane&rsquo;s Beach, you will have to be patient. Another million and a
-half years will probably tell the story!</p>
-<h3>GEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES YOU CAN MAKE</h3>
-<h4><i>Ventifacts</i></h4>
-<p>These small, faceted pebbles found in the dunes have been blasted by
-the windblown sand. They show the powerful abrasive action of the wind.
-Most of those you will find here were faceted just after they had been deposited
-by retreating glacial ice. A migrating dune or a blowout in the sand has left
-them uncovered.</p>
-<h4><i>Erratics</i></h4>
-<p>Large rocks occasionally found in the dunes are called &ldquo;erratics.&rdquo; In this
-world of tiny particles they appear very much out of place, but they were carried
-here by the glacier a million years ago. They have been uncovered by the migration
-of some dune.</p>
-<h4><i>Fulgurites</i></h4>
-<p>Occasionally lightning strikes the sand, fusing it into a little tube or ball
-of glass. These fulgurites have been found here but are very rare and a real
-&ldquo;discovery.&rdquo;</p>
-<h4><i>Glacial Till</i></h4>
-<p>The original soil deposited by the glacier may be seen by digging into the
-sand at the drumlin. Such rocky soil is quite surprising to people who think the
-beach is nothing but a big &ldquo;sand pile.&rdquo;</p>
-<h4><i>Garnets</i></h4>
-<p>Examine a handful of sand. You will find that it consists of light-colored
-particles (mostly Quartz) and of black particles. Under a microscope many of
-these dark particles look like little gems. They are actually a deep red and are
-true Garnets. Large Garnets are used as gem stones, small ones for sandpaper&mdash;further
-proof of the abrasive ability of windblown sand.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<h4><i>History in the Sand</i></h4>
-<p>In your handful of sand you may find particles that are neither Quartz nor
-Garnet. Minerals such as Feldspar, Biotite, Mica, Magnetite, Hornblende, and
-others can be identified by the geologist and are a clue to the original type of
-rock over which the glacier moved.</p>
-<h4><i>Beach Porcupines</i></h4>
-<p>These are hard-packed balls of twigs and grasses. Loose vegetable matter
-is very light and may be blown along by the wind for many miles. As it goes
-it adds other vegetation to itself, until packed into a very tight, hard ball. It
-may also get its start in the water by being whirled into a tiny ball; and later
-it is thrown onto the beach, to begin rolling along. A most curious souvenir!</p>
-<h3>MORE ABOUT THE DUNES</h3>
-<p>The face of the land is a storybook waiting to be read. The following
-books will help you piece together some of the story:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Henry Curtis Ahl, <i>Dunes and Beaches of Essex County</i>. Boston: Massachusetts Audubon Society, 1949. $.25</dt>
-<dt>N. E. Chute and R. L. Nichols, <i>Geology of the Coast of Northeastern Massachusetts</i>. Massachusetts Department of Public Works and U. S. Geological Survey Cooperative Geologic Project, Bulletin #7. Boston, 1941. Out of print. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt>
-<dt>John Henry Sears, <i>The Physical Geography, Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology of Essex County, Massachusetts</i>. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1905. $6.00</dt>
-<dt>Charles Wendell Townsend, <i>Sand Dunes and Salt Marshes</i>. Boston: L. C. Page, 1913. Out of print. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt>
-<dt>&mdash;&mdash;, <i>Beach Grass</i>. Boston: Marshall Jones, 1923. $3.50</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Chapter 2</span>
-<br />AN INTRODUCTION TO DUNE ECOLOGY</h2>
-<p>Living things cover the face of the earth from the torrid sands of the desert to
-the cold wastes of the Arctic, and every variation in environment develops a
-closely knit community of plants and animals. They are the ones best adapted
-to living where they do, or they may have been the first to arrive there, filling
-all available homesites and monopolizing the food and water supply to create a
-&ldquo;closed&rdquo; community. In each environment, a delicate balance is established
-between its various residents and between them and their surroundings. The
-study of all these interrelationships is called &ldquo;ecology.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Beginning with the environment, we have seen in our brief look at the
-origins of Castle Neck how drastically an area can be altered as conditions
-change on the earth&rsquo;s surface. Environment is affected in other ways, too.
-Man&rsquo;s activity can change it almost overnight as a bulldozer clears land for a
-housing development, a dam alters the flow or course of a river, or careless
-disposal of a cigarette or campfire lays waste to acres of woodland. Or, as in the
-slow development of a forest, the growth of the trees themselves can change the
-environment, the maturity of one species whose seedlings require sunlight contributing
-to the growth of those better adapted to shade. If you should watch
-an old abandoned pasture over a period of many years, you could see environment
-gradually altered. First there are the mosses and grasses that create a
-fertile soil. Then come the Poplars and shrubs. As these grow they offer shade
-where Pines and, finally, the broad-leaved trees can flourish. This change in
-vegetation will also bring about a change in the resident animal communities.</p>
-<p>When parts of Castle Neck were rich farmland, specialized forms of life
-which thrive in that type of environment were abundant there. We have only
-to look at Castle Hill, just a few hundred yards from the dunes, or at some of
-the swamps that dot the Neck to see how different are the inhabitants from those
-of the dunes. On the Hill live the Oaks, Maples, Jumping Mice, Raccoons, and
-Toads, plants and animals that would be misfits indeed&mdash;if they could live
-at all&mdash;in the world of moving sand. Maples and Oaks, relics of the time when
-the dune area was fertile, may still be found dying and being buried over by
-drifting sand. Now it is a different community of plants and animals living here.
-The continually shifting sand and the scarcity of water limit the variety of life
-found, but each dune dweller is specially adapted to this homesite, and no
-matter how lush, green, and more attractive a neighboring meadow may look
-to us, many of these specialized organisms could not survive there at all.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<p>It has taken millions of years for the long, slow process of evolution to
-develop specific adaptations that suit dune dwellers to their environment. There
-are variations between individuals in every form of life. Mostly these are
-normal inherited variations, such as height or color. But sometimes sudden
-variations, called &ldquo;mutations,&rdquo; occur through accidental changes in the genes
-controlling inheritance. These are new characteristics not found in other
-members of the same species. If the mutation is advantageous it may be passed
-on, and it is in this way that new life forms slowly develop. If the mutation
-allows a species to live more easily in its environment, it may displace some
-older form, which may then be unable to compete successfully for food, water,
-or shelter.</p>
-<p>Indeed, all life is engaged in a constant struggle for survival; it is those
-individuals and species best able to adapt to the changing conditions of their
-environment that endure. Think of the whole series of crises faced by any living
-thing in its lifetime, then of these crises being met and overcome in the
-seemingly inhospitable environment of the dunes. In the beginning, our dune
-dweller must be born, a difficult enough task without interference from unkind
-surroundings; it must feed itself, here in an area where meals would certainly
-seem at a premium; it must grow, oftentimes shedding its skin in the process;
-it must live not only in the summer&rsquo;s heat but, if its life span is that long, in the
-winter&rsquo;s cold; it must endure long periods of drought, flood, wind, and storm;
-and most important of all, it must survive long enough to reproduce its kind,
-or else it has missed its goal. But such is the wonder of nature&rsquo;s specializations
-that our dune dwellers can usually meet these normal crises. Their adaptability
-and rate of reproduction safely insure the future of their kind, and their overpopulation,
-if left to nature, is delicately controlled by available food and shelter
-and their predators.</p>
-<p>Exploring the dunes and making the acquaintance of the inhabitants, you
-can see this environmental community meshing its lives together, and you can
-observe the fine degree of adaptation developed by each life form. You may
-find an occasional Apple tree growing out of the sand, rooted in a more fertile
-soil below, a reminder of the time when that bit of the Neck was a rich farmland.
-The roots of the Beach Plum also reach down to the water table, and it is
-thus able to grow out of the sand, although its seedlings cannot take root in
-the sand. Most of all, you will have an opportunity to note many special
-animal and plant peculiarities the dune dwellers have developed to suit their
-particular environment.</p>
-<h3>SOME ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS</h3>
-<h4><i>A Nest Deep Down in the Sand</i></h4>
-<p>Walking through the dunes, you will frequently notice a small hole in the
-sand. Poke a blade of grass into it and you will find the hole quite deep. As a
-matter of fact, it may extend down two feet. This hole is made by the Sand
-<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span>
-Dune Wolf Spider (<i>Lycosa pikei</i>) to provide a home where the female may raise
-her young. Wolf Spiders are a species that elsewhere carry their young on the
-back and hunt down their food wolf fashion, not even taking time to construct
-a web. On the exposed dunes, the Sand Dune Wolf Spider protects its young
-in this hole far beneath the ground.</p>
-<h4><i>No Nest at All</i></h4>
-<p>Dozens of Common Terns are to be found nesting at the southern tip of the
-Neck. Long ago, the Common Tern began laying its eggs on the bare sand, and
-made no nest at all. Each egg is sand-colored, with speckles resembling pebbles.
-Only a patient search will locate a Tern nest on the Beach, and then, unless you
-are cautious, the discovery may come after you have accidentally stepped on
-the eggs.</p>
-<h4><i>Eating What Comes to Hand</i></h4>
-<p>Bayberries have a hard wax covering that makes them seem quite unpalatable
-to us, compared to the more succulent berries found away from the dunes.
-Yet here the Crows, Tree Swallows, and Myrtle Warblers are Bayberry-eaters.
-The Myrtle Warbler in particular derives most of its winter diet from Bayberries.
-In fact, its name comes from the scientific classification of the Bayberry,
-which is in the Wax Myrtle Family.</p>
-<h4><i>The Art of Being Inconspicuous</i></h4>
-<p>The sand offers few places of retreat and few for hiding. It is not surprising,
-then, that many of the living things here have a sand-colored protective coloration.
-There is a large Grasshopper, or Locust, commonly found on the Beach.
-Its dull, gray, speckled wing-covers make it practically invisible when at rest.
-But the underwings, used for flight, are a striking orange with black bands.
-When discovered, the Locust flies up, confusing its attacker with this bright
-flash of color and a loud whirring noise. Unlike most insects, this Locust eats
-the thick-skinned, dry Beach Grass.</p>
-<h3>PLANT ADAPTATIONS</h3>
-<p>Any plant that is adjusted to living in a region where there is a decided
-lack of water is called a &ldquo;xerophyte.&rdquo; There are many different ways in which
-plants have adapted their structure and way of life to the dune environment.
-For instance, to reduce water evaporation they may have a very small leaf, to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span>
-offer less surface area to the sun; or smaller and more numerous stomata than
-other plants (&ldquo;Stomata&rdquo; are tiny openings through which plants exchange
-gasses. A pair of guard cells surround them and control the size of their opening);
-or a very thick cuticle (waxy protective covering found on many plants);
-or their sap may be changed chemically. Xerophytes may also be very fleshy,
-like the cactus, to give more storage space for water. Their roots may drive
-very deep into the ground to reach the water table, or they may be shallow and
-spread out over a wide area to cover more surface. Their leaves may grow in
-closely packed bundles to reduce further the surface area, or they may be very
-thorny and prickly as a protection in exposed surroundings.</p>
-<p>Here are just a few common examples of xerophytes and other plant adaptations
-to be found at Crane&rsquo;s Beach.</p>
-<h4><i>Anchor for the Dunes</i></h4>
-<p>Beach Grass (<i>Ammophila breviligulata</i>) is a true xerophyte and has many
-sand-dwelling characteristics. Its grasslike blade is rolled in at the sides, oftentimes
-becoming a tube, in order to reduce the surface area. As you will probably
-discover, it has a pointed tip that can prick a finger and, as you may well imagine,
-acts as a deterrent to those who would eat or walk through it. Its underground
-stems, in true xerophyte fashion, extend over a large area in an attempt to
-gather all possible water, and these dense root-mats serve to anchor the dunes
-and prevent their migration.</p>
-<h4><i>A Tough Sand Dweller</i></h4>
-<p>The Woolly Hudsonia (<i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i>) carpets the dunes, preferring
-its place in full sun to more shaded spots. The tiny leaves are awl-shaped and
-press very tightly against the stem, as though trying to hold in as much water
-as possible. Hudsonia is covered with a velvet-like down, which is less susceptible
-to evaporation than a smooth, large surface would be.</p>
-<h4><i>An Adaptable Mushroom</i></h4>
-<p>Since mushrooms generally require plenty of water, you would not expect
-to find them at the beach. Several species, however, may be discovered here.
-The most readily identifiable is the Earth Star (<i>Geaster hygrometricus</i>), which
-resembles a Puff Ball but differs in having the outer layer of the skin divided
-into tough, star-shaped segments. During the dry seasons, this star is drawn up
-around the ball by its contraction, thus protecting it against further desiccation.
-In wet weather, the ball swells and holds the star against the ground to allow
-for water absorption. The &ldquo;roots&rdquo; of the Earth Star are shallow, so the plant
-may readily be dislodged. The wind easily blows it across the dunes, spreading
-the spores over a wide area.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h3>NOW IT&rsquo;S UP TO YOU</h3>
-<p>There is something new to be known about every animal and plant. Now
-it&rsquo;s up to you! Careful observation will allow you to discover many other
-examples of special adaptation to life in the shifting dunes, and the next chapters
-will introduce you to some of the more common of the living things inhabiting
-this strange sand-world. And if you wish to read more about ecology, try these
-books:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Ernest Neal, <i>Woodland Ecology</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958. $1.75</dt>
-<dt>John H. Storer, <i>The Web of Life: A First Book of Ecology</i>. New York: New American Library, 1956. $.35</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">Chapter 3</span>
-<br />PLANTS ON THE DUNES</h2>
-<p>Plants add embellishment to the earth. For thousands of years people have
-valued them for their elegance and their usefulness. They may rate no more
-than a passing glance in fields and woods, but at the beach they stand out boldly,
-for here they seem almost out of place.</p>
-<p>We have already become acquainted with some strange beach-dwelling
-plants; now let us examine more closely a few of the most common species.</p>
-<h3>MUSHROOMS ON THE DUNES</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="174" height="132" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Earth Star</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Geaster hygrometricus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Star-shaped fleshy skin at base</dt>
-<dt>Main, central body is round</dt></dl>
-<p>The flower-like shape of this common mushroom always
-amazes its discoverer. The basal star is actually a protective
-coat that covers the ball during dry spells. Its
-scientific name, <i>Geaster</i>, means &ldquo;earth star.&rdquo; <i>Hygrometricus</i>
-means &ldquo;water-measuring,&rdquo; and refers to the opening
-and closing of the star.</p>
-</div>
-<h3>GRASS ON THE DUNES</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p05b.jpg" alt="" width="217" height="329" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Grass</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Ammophila breviligulata</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Typical grass shape</dt>
-<dt>Sharp, stiff tip to blade</dt></dl>
-<p>Beach Grass is the most common xerophyte here. It
-forms dense mats everywhere, and once it gains footing,
-spreads at a remarkable rate. When windy weather bends
-the blade it sometimes scribes circles in the sand. If these
-are deeper on one side or incomplete, they help determine
-the direction of the prevailing wind. Beach Grass can be
-extremely uncomfortable to bare legs&mdash;so beware!</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<h3>FLOWERS OF THE SEASHORE</h3>
-<p>Because of the great variety of leaf shapes and sizes, it is usually desirable
-to have the flower for conclusive identification of seashore plants. As an aid, the
-following species are listed by color.</p>
-<h4><i>White Flowers</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p05c.jpg" alt="" width="248" height="216" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Blunt-leaved Sandwort</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Arenaria lateriflora</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Very thin stem and leaves</dt>
-<dt>Flowers &frac14;&Prime; wide</dt></dl>
-<p>This very attractive flower is seldom found at any distance
-from water&rsquo;s edge. Usually it grows in the moist sand of
-fresh-water pools, just above water level. On close examination
-you will find the leaves quite hairy, almost downy.
-The flowers are mounted at the tips of long stalks. They
-appear early in the spring, about May, and blooming is
-over by June.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p05d.jpg" alt="" width="168" height="258" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Milkwort</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Glaux maritima</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Flowers are very small, at base of leaf</dt>
-<dt>Thick central stalk</dt>
-<dt>Leaves small, fleshy, and crowded</dt></dl>
-<p>This is one of the most common beach plants, and is seldom
-found away from salty soil. It grows in the salt marshes
-and on the beach, starting its flowering in June and continuing
-throughout the summer.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<h4><i>Red or Purple Flowers</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="156" height="232" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Pea</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Lathyrus japonicus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Flowers are in clusters</dt>
-<dt>Branches end in twining tendrils</dt>
-<dt>Leaflets small, toothless, and numerous</dt></dl>
-<p>Anyone who has seen a garden pea will recognize the
-Beach Pea, which is similar to but smaller than its cousin.
-The purple flowers are seen from May throughout the
-summer, and the peas are found in late summer. These
-peas are edible, though not particularly delicious. You
-will notice that Beach Pea stems are angular in cross
-section&mdash;a further clue to identification.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p06b.jpg" alt="" width="191" height="236" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Pinweed</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Lechea maritima</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Fruit very tiny, berry-like</dt>
-<dt>Leaves tiny and narrow</dt></dl>
-<p>Pinweed is a plant of sandy soils. Often it is found growing
-alone on a patch of barren sand. It flowers throughout
-July and August. Its stem is so very woody and tough
-that it may easily be mistaken for a tiny, stunted tree.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p06c.jpg" alt="" width="193" height="299" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Lavender</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Limonium nashii</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large leaves, grow only from base of plant</dt>
-<dt>Flowers numerous, small, on long stalks</dt></dl>
-<p>The Sea Lavender goes by a great variety of names:
-&ldquo;Beach Heather&rdquo; and &ldquo;Marsh Rosemary&rdquo; are the most
-common. It is not a true dune dweller, for it is more often
-found in marshy spots; but it is a typical seaside plant.
-Its flowers are delicately fragrant. Amazingly enough,
-you may find Sea Lavender completely submerged in salt
-water during periods of high tide.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<h4><i>Yellow Flowers</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p06d.jpg" alt="" width="132" height="217" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Woolly Hudsonia</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Tiny scale-like leaves</dt>
-<dt>Very woolly, hairy</dt>
-<dt>Almost mosslike appearance</dt></dl>
-<p>The Hudsonia is sometimes called a &ldquo;False Heather&rdquo; and
-surely reminds one of the moors. It is found in dense mats
-on the dunes, and when in bloom covers the sand with a
-bright yellow carpet. The flowers are borne in May and
-June and open only in sunlight. Any attempt to uproot
-the plant will merely break it off at the base, for the roots
-are extremely long and spread over many square yards.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p06e.jpg" alt="" width="155" height="228" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Dusty Miller</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Artemisia stelleriana</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Leaves hairy, white, and velvety to the touch</dt>
-<dt>Leaf with many fingerlike lobes</dt></dl>
-<p>You don&rsquo;t need to see its flowers to identify Dusty Miller.
-Its heavy &ldquo;wool&rdquo; coat makes identification easy by feel
-alone. The flowers form dense clusters during July and
-August.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p06f.jpg" alt="" width="215" height="422" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Seaside Goldenrod</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Solidago sempervirens</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Tall plant with large leaves</dt>
-<dt>Heads crowded together on drooping stem</dt>
-<dt>Individual heads bushy</dt></dl>
-<p>Everyone is familiar with Goldenrod, but few realize that
-there are more than a hundred species, some of them very
-specific as to where they live. The Seaside Goldenrod is
-the only common species found on beaches or in marshes
-with salty soil.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<h4><i>Green or Brown Flowers</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="391" height="236" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Clotbur</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Xanthium echinatum</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large, ragged leaves</dt>
-<dt>Covered with short, rough hairs</dt>
-<dt>Heads are burrlike</dt></dl>
-<p>The heads of this weedy plant, like those of the Burdock,
-are covered with curved spines easily attaching to the fur
-or clothing of passers-by. The burrs come late in the
-summer, during August or September.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p07b.jpg" alt="" width="175" height="266" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Glasswort</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Salicornia europaea</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Plant is without leaves</dt>
-<dt>Fleshy, jointed stems</dt></dl>
-<p>Glasswort, a plant of the salt marsh, requires quantities
-of salt water. It is easily identified by its leafless stem,
-which looks like a string of sausages. In autumn these
-succulent stems turn a bright red, adding an attractive
-flash of color to the dying plants around them. Glasswort
-stems take in great quantities of salt, which you will taste
-if you chew one.</p>
-</div>
-<h3>SHRUBS AND TREES ON THE DUNES</h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p07c.jpg" alt="Sketch of tree-topped dune." width="498" height="158" />
-</div>
-<p>The shrubs and trees found on the dunes are those that grow well in sunlight
-and can subsist on a small amount of water.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<h4><i>Shrubs of the Dunes</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p07d.jpg" alt="" width="305" height="218" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Bayberry</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Myrica pensylvanica</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Crush a leaf; note the sweet aromatic odor</dt>
-<dt>Small, white, waxy berry in fall</dt></dl>
-<p>No doubt the Bayberry is familiar to you. Wax from its
-berries has long been used to make candles, and you may
-wish to take some berries home to try your hand at this.
-Boiling them will cause the wax to float on the water.
-Dip a piece of string (wick) to collect it.</p>
-<p><b>Sweet Gale</b> (<i>Myrica gale</i>) very closely resembles Bayberry
-but has tiny pine-cone-like fruits instead of white berries.
-It is very common in the swampy areas on the beach.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p07e.jpg" alt="" width="179" height="218" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Plum</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Prunus maritima</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Leaf with many small, sharp-pointed teeth</dt>
-<dt>White flowers or purple fruit</dt></dl>
-<p>This &ldquo;typical&rdquo; sea-beach shrub is well known. Its fruit
-has long been used for &ldquo;Beach Plum preserve,&rdquo; a New
-England favorite. The plums may be collected in late
-summer. Beach Plum is reasonably common on the back
-side of Crane&rsquo;s Beach, high on the dunes. It is often
-twisted and gnarled from exposure to the winds.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p07f.jpg" alt="" width="229" height="228" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Poison Ivy</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Rhus radicans</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Three shiny leaflets</dt>
-<dt>Small, white, waxy berries</dt>
-<dt>Generally found twisting around another plant</dt></dl>
-<p>One must admire Poison Ivy. It apparently can live
-anywhere and survive anything. Beware&mdash;for it occurs
-in patches on the beach. It is very poisonous to the touch,
-and the best course is to wash thoroughly with a strong
-soap if you come into contact with it. Some of the worst
-cases of ivy poisoning may originate at the beach just
-because people don&rsquo;t expect to find it here.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<h4><i>Trees of the Dunes</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="197" height="401" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Black Cherry</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Prunus serotina</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Leaves finely toothed</dt>
-<dt>Twigs bitter when chewed</dt>
-<dt>Black cherries in hanging clusters</dt></dl>
-<p>Cherries are usually considered lovers of rich soils, but
-this member of the family is quite common on the dunes.
-It is always contorted here, and frequently diseased, but
-still it survives. Generally it is found with large swellings
-on the branches caused by the black cherry knot fungus,
-since it is highly susceptible to this infection. The cherries
-are edible, and you may or may not enjoy them. Try
-one and see.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="310" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Quaking Aspen</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Populus tremuloides</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Broad, heart-shaped leaves</dt>
-<dt>Stem of leaf is flat; leaf shakes easily</dt>
-<dt>Smooth gray or yellow-green bark</dt></dl>
-<p>The Aspen thrives in sunlight and dry soil. It grows and
-dies quickly. It is called a &ldquo;Quaking&rdquo; Aspen because its
-flattened leaf stems allow its leaves to shake even in the
-gentlest breeze. It is often called a Poplar tree, or just
-&ldquo;Popple.&rdquo;</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p08b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="374" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Pitch Pine</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Pinus rigida</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Evergreen; with needles</dt>
-<dt>Needles grouped in bunches of three</dt>
-<dt>Pine cones under 3&Prime; in length</dt></dl>
-<p>This picturesque pine grows well in sterile soil. It is
-small, gnarled, contorted, and of little commercial value.
-It serves a twofold purpose here&mdash;anchoring the soil and
-supplying seeds for a great variety of birds and animals.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<h3>AIDS FOR YOUR INVESTIGATION</h3>
-<p>These are the most common plants of the dunes and beach. Any careful
-search will disclose many others not described. You will have to consult one
-of the reference books listed below for their identification.</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Ethel Hinckley Hausman, <i>Beginner&rsquo;s Guide to Wild Flowers</i>. New York: Putnam&rsquo;s, 1955. $3.50</dt>
-<dt>F. Schuyler Mathews, <i>Field Book of American Wild Flowers</i>. Completely revised and enlarged by Norman Taylor. New York: Putnam&rsquo;s, 1955. $5.00</dt>
-<dt>George A. Petrides, <i>A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958. $3.95</dt>
-<dt>Herbert S. Zim and A. C. Martin, <i>Trees: A Guide to Familiar American Trees</i>. Rev. ed. New York: Golden Press, 1956. Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00</dt></dl>
-<h3><a id="flowers">SOME OTHER FLOWERS OF CASTLE NECK</a></h3>
-<p>To aid you further in your investigation, we attach a list of other plants
-that may be found occasionally at the beach or in the swamps.</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th><i>Flower Color</i> </th><th><i>Name</i> </th><th><i>Habitat</i></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">White </td><td class="l">Sundew </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Meadowsweet (shrub) </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Canada Mayflower </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Garlic Mustard </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Wild Sarsaparilla </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Indian Pipe </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Wintergreen </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Starflower </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Dodder </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Bedstraw </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Pokeweed </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Chickweed </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yellow </td><td class="l">Sweet Flag </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Jewelweed </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">St.-John&rsquo;s-wort </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Yellow Loosestrife </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Silvery Cinquefoil </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Wood Sorrel </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Mustards (several) </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Leafy Spurge </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Cyprus Spurge </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Evening Primrose </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Common Mullein </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Butter-and-Eggs </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="3">
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Reddish </td><td class="l">Seaside Knotwood </td><td class="l">Sand</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Steeplebush (shrub) </td><td class="l">Swamp</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Sheep Sorrel </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Soapwort </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Coast Blite </td><td class="l">Marsh</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Roses (several) </td><td class="l">Various</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Purple </td><td class="l">Purple Loosestrife </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">American Cranberry </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Common Milkweed </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Canada Thistle </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Seaside Gerardia </td><td class="l">Marshes</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Blue </td><td class="l">Blue Flag </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Violets (several) </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Forget-me-not </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Skullcap </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Bittersweet Nightshade </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Monkey Flower </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Asters (many species) </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Bluets </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Blue Curls </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Brown or Green </td><td class="l">Common Cat-tail </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Narrow-leaved Cat-tail </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Curled Dock </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Halberd-leaved Orache </td><td class="l">Marshes</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Sea Blite </td><td class="l">Marshes</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">Chapter 4</span>
-<br />LIFE AT THE EDGE OF THE SEA</h2>
-<p>Everyone likes to be a beachcomber! And each passing tide exposes the
-secrets of the sea to those interested enough to take a closer look. Suppose that
-we examine this world which is revealed to us twice daily.</p>
-<h3>&ldquo;WEEDS&rdquo; OF THE SEA</h3>
-<p>The sea holds many strange plants that have taken on fantastic sizes and
-shapes because of their underwater environment. In spite of their size, these
-plants are usually among the most primitive&mdash;a simple sheet of cells. Such
-plants are called <i>algae</i> and are subdivided according to their colors.</p>
-<h4><i>The Brown Algae</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="358" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Rockweed</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Fucus</i>, several species)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Brown, flattened body</dt>
-<dt>Central midrib</dt>
-<dt>Stem has air bladders</dt></dl>
-<p>The bladders are filled with air, and children like to squeeze
-them to hear their pop. These bladders cause the plant
-to float upright, thus keeping all its sides in contact with
-water.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="438" height="205" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Nodose Rockweed</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Ascophyllum nodosum</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Thin, round stem</dt>
-<dt>No central midrib</dt></dl>
-<p>When dried by the sun, this plant makes an interesting
-and lasting souvenir, for it turns a lustrous black.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p10b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="179" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Kelp</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Laminaria agardhii</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Broad, flat blade</dt>
-<dt>Several feet in length</dt></dl>
-<p>The kelps of the Pacific grow several hundred feet in
-length, making them the largest of the algae and among
-the very largest plants.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p10c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="221" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Fingered Kelp</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Laminaria digitata</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Many blades, extending like fingers on a hand</dt></dl>
-<p>All kelps have a rootlike structure called a &ldquo;holdfast&rdquo; to
-serve as an anchor. Often tiny sea creatures dwell in
-among the holdfast. Why not take a look?</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p10d.jpg" alt="" width="447" height="190" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Perforated Kelp</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Agarum cribrosum</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Central midrib</dt>
-<dt>Broad blade punctured with hundreds of holes</dt></dl>
-<p>In Asia this kelp is farmed for food called agar. An
-extract of the plant, agar-agar, is used in the laboratory
-as a culture medium for bacteria and other disease-producing
-organisms.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Green Algae</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p10e.jpg" alt="" width="205" height="221" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Lettuce</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Ulva species</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>A sheet of green</dt></dl>
-<p>This is a very simple seaweed that reproduces itself by
-fragmentation, each fragment growing into a new plant.
-Two common kinds are found at Crane&rsquo;s Beach:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><i>Ulva lactuca</i>, which is the broad green &ldquo;leaf&rdquo;; <i>Ulva
-lanceolata</i>, which is in thinner, more ribbon-like strips.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Red Algae</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/p10f.jpg" alt="" width="293" height="174" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Irish Moss</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Chondrus crispus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Flattened, branching fronds</dt>
-<dt>Purple in life, white when sun-bleached</dt></dl>
-<p>Here is a very common tidal plant that has commercial
-value. It is called &ldquo;Dulse&rdquo; on the Boston markets, and a
-very delicious pudding is prepared from it (seamoss
-farine). Why not take some home and try it?</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="313" height="218" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Polysiphonia</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Polysiphonia</i>, several species)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Pink or red color</dt>
-<dt>Branching, lace-like appearance</dt></dl>
-<p>Sometimes called &ldquo;Mermaid&rsquo;s Hair,&rdquo; these tiny plants are
-very common on the beach. There are many kinds of
-Polysiphonias, but a microscopic study is usually necessary
-to tell them apart.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/p11b.jpg" alt="" width="271" height="182" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Coralline Algae</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Coralline</i>, several species)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>White or pink limy covering</dt>
-<dt>Appear jointed</dt></dl>
-<p>These plants have the amazing ability of concentrating
-lime from the sea water and depositing it on their fronds,
-thus acquiring a stony, coral-like appearance.</p>
-<h3>ANIMALS OF THE SEA</h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p11c.jpg" alt="Dolphin" width="315" height="96" />
-</div>
-<p>Animals, in a kaleidoscope of unbelievable sizes, shapes, and colors, abound
-here at the margin of the sea. Specializations range from the single-celled body
-of the zooplankton to the multicellular body of the Seals and the occasional
-Porpoise.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<h4><i>The Sponges</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/p11d.jpg" alt="" width="226" height="190" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Finger Sponge</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Chalina oculata</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Brown or tan color</dt>
-<dt>In colonies of fingerlike projections</dt></dl>
-<p>The most common sponge on Crane&rsquo;s Beach is the Finger
-Sponge. Even a small piece may be identified by the
-holes on its surface, through which the animal filtered
-water. The strange appearance of this sponge has given
-it the repulsive name of &ldquo;Dead Men&rsquo;s Fingers.&rdquo;</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/p11e.jpg" alt="" width="193" height="145" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Crumb-of-Bread Sponge</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Halichondria panicea</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Pale green in life</dt>
-<dt>Light tan or white when dried on beach</dt>
-<dt>Crumbles easily</dt></dl>
-<p>Only the most searching eye will discover this sponge,
-because it so closely resembles a dull uninteresting rock
-or pile of bread crumbs. When it has been freshly broken,
-it has a vile odor&mdash;a good clue to identification.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Jelly-like Animals</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/p11f.jpg" alt="" width="267" height="115" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">White Jellyfish</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Aurelia aurita</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Flattened body</dt>
-<dt>Under 10&Prime; in diameter</dt></dl>
-<p>The tentacles dangling down from the underside of this
-jellyfish are covered with tiny stinging cells, which in this
-species do not penetrate human skin.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="192" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Pink or Red Jellyfish</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Cyanea capillata</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>More than 10&Prime; in diameter</dt>
-<dt>Reddish center, yellowish sides</dt></dl>
-<p>This jellyfish occasionally grows up to eight feet in diameter,
-with tentacles a hundred or more feet long. The stinging
-cells can painfully wound a swimmer, but you may
-examine a small jellyfish safely by placing your hand on
-the smooth dorsal surface and turning it over.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/p12b.jpg" alt="" width="261" height="216" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Anemone</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Metridium dianthus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Cylindrical, soft body</dt>
-<dt>Tentacles at top give flower-like appearance</dt>
-<dt>Generally very colorful</dt></dl>
-<p>The &ldquo;petals&rdquo; of the Sea Anemone&rsquo;s flower-like head are
-actually tentacles covered with stinging cells and used to
-stun its food. Generally found in the water at tide level,
-the Sea Anemone moves by walking on its single, base-like
-foot.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Worms</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/p12c.jpg" alt="" width="324" height="263" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Clam Worm</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Nereis virens</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Jointed</dt>
-<dt>One pair of paddle-like feet per segment</dt>
-<dt>Two &ldquo;tails&rdquo;</dt>
-<dt>Pinchers on the head (watch out!)</dt></dl>
-<p>This is the best-known worm on the beach because of its
-desirability as fish bait. During the day it lives in its
-burrow in the sand, wandering forth at night and swimming
-about in the water, where it becomes easy prey for
-gulls and fishes. The skin is brilliantly iridescent in the
-sunlight.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<h4><i>The Crustaceans</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/p12d.jpg" alt="" width="248" height="165" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Barnacle</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Balanus balanolides</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Common on rocks and shellfish</dt>
-<dt>White, volcano-shaped shell</dt>
-<dt>Two &ldquo;barn doors&rdquo; at top</dt></dl>
-<p>This animal goes through life standing on its head and
-kicking food into its mouth with its feet! When it is submerged
-in sea water you can see its shell doors open and
-its feather-like feet sweep the water for microscopic food
-organisms. The limy shell first suggests a relationship
-with the clam, but body structure shows it to be a closer
-relative of the crab.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/p12e.jpg" alt="" width="146" height="148" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Shrimps</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Crago septemspinosus</i>, the Sand Shrimp, and <i>Palaemonetes vulgaris</i>, the Prawn)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Hard, transparent shell</dt>
-<dt>Long antennae</dt>
-<dt>Paddle-like tail</dt></dl>
-<p>These tiny tide-pool creatures look for all the world like
-the larger edible shrimp served in local restaurants. Actually,
-these miniature two-inch-long shrimps are edible also,
-and quite enjoyable if you have the time and patience to
-collect enough for a meal.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/p12f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="174" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">American Lobster</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Homarus americanus</i>)</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<p>Bits and pieces of Lobster are frequently found on the
-beach, but seldom the entire animal. The Lobster inhabits
-deeper water and finds its way to shore only after losing a
-battle with one of its enemies. A favorable dining size is
-one or two pounds; however, Lobsters do attain weights
-up to forty pounds.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="198" height="198" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">True Crabs</dt>
-<dt>(Cancridae and Portunidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Football-shaped in cross section</dt>
-<dt>Two large claws</dt>
-<dt>Eyes mounted on stalks</dt></dl>
-<p>The three very common True Crabs of Crane&rsquo;s Beach may
-be found in one search of the tidal pools. They are:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Rock Crab</b> (<i>Cancer irroratus</i>): A brick-red shell, somewhat
-granulated, with a black and yellowish undersurface.</p>
-<p><b>Jonah Crab</b> (<i>Cancer borealis</i>): Similar in color to the above,
-but its shell has a more sculptured surface.</p>
-<p><b>Green Crab</b> (<i>Carcinides maenas</i>): A greenish-colored shell.
-The last pair of legs end in sharp points, rather than being
-flattened like paddles.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/p13b.jpg" alt="" width="283" height="214" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Horseshoe Crab</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Limulus polyphemus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Shell with horseshoe-shaped outline</dt>
-<dt>Long, sharply pointed tail</dt>
-<dt>Two immovable compound eyes</dt></dl>
-<p>The Horseshoe is not a Crab at all, but is more closely
-related to the spiders, mites, and scorpions. In spite of its
-relations, the Horseshoe is a harmless creature whose only
-protection is its hard shell. Therefore it may be examined
-freely&mdash;a strange &ldquo;living fossil&rdquo; that has survived
-400,000,000 years of evolution with very little change.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Mollusks</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/p13c.jpg" alt="" width="156" height="216" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Oyster</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Ostrea virginica</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Mottled, unattractive shell</dt>
-<dt>Gray splotches on inside surface</dt></dl>
-<p>Even without pearls, our Oyster is worth many thousands
-of dollars a year to shellfish dealers because of its delicious
-flesh. Its tropical relatives are the pearl producers.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/p13d.jpg" alt="" width="176" height="261" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Mussels</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Mytilidae</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Blue-colored shells</dt>
-<dt>Shells covered with black, horny skin</dt></dl>
-<p>Living mussels are always found attached to rocks or
-pieces of wood by tiny threads of their own making. Two
-common mussels are:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Edible Mussel</b> (<i>Mytilus edulis</i>): Smooth, velvety-blue shell
-identifies it. The animal within is edible and quite delicious.
-It is commonly utilized as food in Europe but less
-so here, where we have, and seem to prefer, the Oyster.</p>
-<p><b>Ribbed Mussel</b> (<i>Modiolus demissus plicatulus</i>): Similar to
-the above but with many distinct ribs radiating on the
-surface. The Ribbed Mussel is not considered edible.
-While not poisonous, it is most unpalatable.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/p13e.jpg" alt="" width="475" height="169" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Hardshell Clam</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Venus mercenaria</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Thick, round shell</dt>
-<dt>Purple blotches on inside surface</dt></dl>
-<p>Also called &ldquo;Quahog,&rdquo; &ldquo;Little Neck,&rdquo; &ldquo;Round Clam,&rdquo; or
-&ldquo;Cherrystone,&rdquo; the Hardshell Clam is another highly
-prized seafood.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/p13f.jpg" alt="" width="221" height="127" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Edible Clam</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Mya arenaria</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Fragile shell with egg-shaped outline</dt>
-<dt>Wing extending out from inside top of left half of shell</dt></dl>
-<p>These clams are found just a foot or so under the sand,
-and their empty shells are common on the beaches. This
-is the Softshell Clam, which we enjoy steamed, baked, or
-fried, as well as in New England&rsquo;s famous clambakes and
-clam chowders.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="292" height="205" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Surf Clam</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Spisula solidissima</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Very large shell</dt>
-<dt>Spoon-shaped trough at inside top of shell</dt></dl>
-<p>This is the largest clam on the Atlantic seaboard, growing
-up to about seven inches in length. It is edible, and just
-one or two make a large chowder. The shell makes a fine
-ashtray and an unusual and useful souvenir.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/p14b.jpg" alt="" width="369" height="213" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Razor Clam</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Ensis directus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Elongated brown shell</dt></dl>
-<p>The Razor has a very large foot, with which it can often
-dig faster than the hand trying to discover it. Although
-delicious, the Razor Clam is seldom seen on the markets
-because it is so difficult to capture.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/p14c.jpg" alt="" width="404" height="294" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Snails</dt>
-<dt>(Littorinidae, Thiasidae, and Naticidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Clams in a coiled shell</dt></dl>
-<p>Several species are found at Crane&rsquo;s Beach:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Periwinkles</b> (<i>Littorina</i>): These have a wrinkled shell about
-the size of a thumbnail. Because they are able to withstand
-long periods without water, Periwinkles are often
-found high on a beach.</p>
-<p><b>Rock Purple</b> (<i>Thais lapillus</i>): Has a rough, white shell
-coming to a point at the top. This snail secretes a purplish
-dye that was used by the American Indians and the
-ancient Phoenicians to produce their &ldquo;royal purple&rdquo; dyes.</p>
-<p><b>Moon Snail</b> (<i>Polinices heros</i>): Large white shell with
-almost round shape. The Moon Snail lays its eggs in a
-sand &ldquo;collar,&rdquo; which is frequently discovered on the
-beach in its dry state.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/p14d.jpg" alt="" width="181" height="183" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Slipper Shell</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Crepidula fornicata</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Shell is boat-shaped</dt>
-<dt>Tiny &ldquo;seat&rdquo; inside shell</dt></dl>
-<p>This animal protects its bare underside by attaching itself
-to a handy rock with its suction-cup foot. Often there are
-enough of them to give the rock a warted appearance.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Spiny-skinned Animals</i> (<i>Echinoderms</i>)</h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig49">
-<img src="images/p14e.jpg" alt="" width="479" height="206" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Starfishes</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Asterias vulgaris</i>, and others)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Five-armed body</dt></dl>
-<p>The Starfish seems to like Oysters as well as we do, and it
-opens them by sheer strength. Oystermen used to tear
-Starfish apart to destroy them, until they discovered that
-each arm has the ability to regenerate and become a whole
-starfish!</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig50">
-<img src="images/p14f.jpg" alt="" width="347" height="173" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Urchin</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Strongylocentrotus droehbachiensis</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Round body</dt>
-<dt>Covered with spines</dt></dl>
-<p>Here is a creature with a scientific name much too long
-for its size. Indeed, the name is said to be the longest in
-animal nomenclature. The Sea Urchin is a living fossil
-with four times as many extinct cousins as living ones.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig51">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="167" height="156" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sand Dollar</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Echinarachnius parma</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Silver-dollar size and shape</dt>
-<dt>Raised, star-shaped pattern on back</dt></dl>
-<p>This is an animal of deeper water and so the bather seldom
-sees a live, heavily spined specimen. We find the dry,
-spineless shells on the beach. Wrap them carefully if you
-wish to take them home, because they are most fragile.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Fishes</i></h4>
-<p>The waters off Crane&rsquo;s Beach abound with many dramatic fishes such as
-Cod, Mackerel, Flounder, and Sand Sharks; but we are concerned only with the
-common tidal fishes that are regularly washed onto the shore.</p>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig52">
-<img src="images/p15b.jpg" alt="" width="296" height="174" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Pipefish</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Syngnathus fuscus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Lead-pencil size and shape</dt>
-<dt>Hard, bony plates cover body</dt></dl>
-<p>One look at a Pipefish will convince you that it must be
-related to the Seahorse. It spawns late in the spring, the
-female laying her eggs in the pouch on the stomach of the
-male. The male carries these eggs kangaroo-fashion, until
-they hatch during the summer.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig53">
-<img src="images/p15c.jpg" alt="" width="330" height="146" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Silverside</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Menidia menidia</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Silver stripe running down a light side</dt></dl>
-<p>These fish are also an important food item for the Gulls
-and Terns. Silversides run in schools of a hundred or
-more, which can be located by the flocks of birds gathered
-round overhead.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig54">
-<img src="images/p15d.jpg" alt="" width="288" height="237" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Skates</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Raja</i>, several species)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Strange bat shape</dt>
-<dt>Long ratlike tail</dt></dl>
-<p>These are harmless fish resembling the dangerous Rays of
-the tropics, except for their habits. The egg cases of the
-Skate are rectangular, black, horny envelopes. They are
-commonly found on the beach, where they are called
-&ldquo;mermaids&rsquo; purses.&rdquo; If you find a fresh one and open it,
-you may discover a miniature Skate inside.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig55">
-<img src="images/p15f.jpg" alt="" width="221" height="69" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Killifish</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Fundulus heteroclitus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Stout, olive-green fish</dt>
-<dt>Rounded tail</dt></dl>
-<p>The &ldquo;Chub,&rdquo; well known to fishermen, can live for a day
-covered only with a layer of damp seaweed. It does us a
-real service by feeding on the mosquito larvae in brackish
-water.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig56">
-<img src="images/p15g.jpg" alt="" width="442" height="144" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sticklebacks</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Gasterosteus</i> and <i>Apeltes</i> species)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Spines on the back</dt>
-<dt>Very narrow base to tail</dt></dl>
-<p>During the early summer months, the Stickleback builds
-a barrel-shaped nest, held together with gelatinous threads.
-After the eggs have been deposited, the male guards the
-nest with amazing vigor, considering his size.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig57">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="437" height="72" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sand Lance</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Ammodytes americanus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Knife-shaped body</dt>
-<dt>Long dorsal fin (fin on back)</dt>
-<dt>Protruding lower jaw</dt></dl>
-<p>Thriving abundantly off the beach, the Sand Lance is an
-important item in the diet of shore birds.</p>
-<h3>FOR MORE INFORMED BEACHCOMBING</h3>
-<p>Thus begins our day of beachcombing. Every animal and plant of the sea
-has a tale to tell and some of the most exciting of all are found in this ribbon-like
-strip of water in the tidal wash.</p>
-<p>For your further investigation, here is a list of reference books:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Charles M. Breder, Jr., <i>Field Book of Marine Fishes of the Atlantic Coast</i>. Rev. ed. New York: Putnam&rsquo;s, 1948. $5.00</dt>
-<dt>Ralph M. Buchsbaum, <i>Animals without Backbones</i>. Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. $8.00, text ed. $6.00</dt>
-<dt>Rachel L. Carson, <i>The Edge of the Sea</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955. $3.95</dt>
-<dt>Roy Waldo Miner, <i>Field Book of Seashore Life</i>. New York: Putnam&rsquo;s, 1950. $7.00</dt>
-<dt>Percy A. Morris, <i>A Field Guide to the Shells of Our Atlantic and Gulf Coasts</i>. Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951. $3.95</dt>
-<dt>Herbert S. Zim and Lester Ingle, <i>Seashores: A Guide to Animals and Plants along the Beaches</i>. New York: Golden Press, 1955. Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div>
-<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">Chapter 5</span>
-<br />INSECTS AND THEIR KIN</h2>
-<p>The insect world populating the dense grass jungles and sand-dune deserts at
-Castle Neck is generally unfamiliar to the human towering above, yet its principal
-characters may readily be observed by the keen eye, or, better, the keen eye
-aided by a simple magnifying glass.</p>
-<p>Insects are identified by the presence of six legs. Insect-like animals may
-be found with more than six legs. Let&rsquo;s look at these first.</p>
-<h3>INSECT RELATIVES: MULTILEGGED CREATURES</h3>
-<h4><i>Eight-legged Animals</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig58">
-<img src="images/p16b.jpg" alt="" width="92" height="92" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ticks</dt>
-<dt>(Ioxidae and Argasidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Body egg-shaped in outline</dt>
-<dt>Very small head</dt>
-<dt>Parasitic on human beings as well as animals</dt></dl>
-<p>Ticks are quite common at the beach, but only the tourist
-who ventures into the woods will encounter them. From
-the tip of a blade of grass they hook on to a warm-blooded
-animal passing by. In removing a Tick some care is
-necessary so that the tiny head will not remain embedded
-in the victim. Ticks can usually be persuaded to let go
-if touched with a lighted cigarette or daubed with rubbing
-alcohol.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig59">
-<img src="images/p16c.jpg" alt="" width="341" height="201" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Harvestmen</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Phalangida</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Very small oval body</dt>
-<dt>Extremely long, slender legs</dt></dl>
-<p>Better known as &ldquo;Daddy-long-legs,&rdquo; these creatures resemble
-Spiders, but are not very closely related to them.
-They are perfectly harmless and cannot bite. Most of
-them feed on plant juices or dead insects.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig60">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="174" height="617" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">True Spiders</dt>
-<dt>(Araneida)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Body divided into two distinct parts</dt>
-<dt>All have poison fangs</dt></dl>
-<p>Many spiders are to be found on Crane&rsquo;s Beach. Most
-are small, harmless, and difficult to identify. However,
-some of the general groups may be readily recognized:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Sheet-web Spiders</b> (Linyphiidae): A small spider, usually
-less than a quarter of an inch long. Its sheetlike web
-identifies it.</p>
-<p><b>Orb-weaving Spiders</b> (Argiopidae): All of these spiders
-build their webs like a wheel with radiating spokes. The
-<b>Orange-and-Black Garden Spider</b> (<i>Miranda aurantia</i>), a
-large species infesting grassy places in the fall, is typical
-of the group.</p>
-<p><b>Crab Spiders</b> (Thomisidae): The Crab Spiders do not construct
-webs, but their crablike shape and the fact that
-they walk sidewise will identify them.</p>
-<p><b>Wolf Spiders</b> (Lycosidae): This spider hunts its prey
-instead of building a web and waiting for its meal to happen
-along. Wolf Spiders are often large and quite hairy. The
-holes you find in the sand dunes are nurseries constructed
-by the female <b>Sand Dune Wolf Spider</b> (<i>Lycosa pikei</i>).</p>
-<p><b>Jumping Spiders</b> (Attidae): &ldquo;Jumpers&rdquo; have a rather fat
-body that is heavily covered with hair. They too hunt
-their prey, often jumping several inches to capture it.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<h4><i>Creatures with More Than Eight Legs</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig61">
-<img src="images/p17b.jpg" alt="" width="113" height="148" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sow Bugs</dt>
-<dt>(Isopoda)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Flat, segmented body</dt>
-<dt>Less than ten pairs of legs</dt></dl>
-<p>The Sow Bug, commonly called the &ldquo;Pill Bug,&rdquo; is usually
-found hiding under a damp log. It is completely innocuous
-and will often roll into a ball when disturbed.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig62">
-<img src="images/p17d.jpg" alt="" width="104" height="144" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Centipedes</dt>
-<dt>(Chilopoda)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Elongated, segmented body</dt>
-<dt>Fifteen or more pairs of legs</dt>
-<dt>One pair of legs per segment</dt></dl>
-<p>The Centipede is usually found hidden in a moist place.
-It feeds on insects killed by a poison injected through its
-jaw. Although Centipedes occasionally bite a finger, their
-poison is so weak that the bite can be ignored.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig63">
-<img src="images/p17e.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="198" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Millipedes</dt>
-<dt>(Diplopoda)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Hard, segmented, worm-shaped body</dt>
-<dt>Two pair of legs per segment</dt>
-<dt>Roll into a ball when disturbed</dt></dl>
-<p>The Millipede is found in much the same habitat as the
-Centipede, under a board or rock or inside a rotten stump.
-It is harmless, and lives for the most part on decaying
-plants.</p>
-<h3>INSECTS: SIX-LEGGED ANIMALS</h3>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Mayflies</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig64">
-<img src="images/p17f.jpg" alt="" width="263" height="432" />
-</div>
-<p>These insects have long, soft bodies and two long
-&ldquo;tails.&rdquo; The first stage in the Mayfly&rsquo;s life is spent under
-water in one of the several swampy pools behind the main
-beach. Early in the spring it changes into the winged adult
-that is unable to eat. This adult lays its eggs and dies
-soon afterwards.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<h4><i>The Dragonflies and Damselflies</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig65">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="280" height="204" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Dragonflies</dt>
-<dt>(Aeshnidae, and others)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Two pairs of long, stiff wings</dt>
-<dt>Two large compound eyes, which touch each other</dt>
-<dt>Hold wings outspread when they alight</dt></dl>
-<p>Dragonflies are often called &ldquo;Devil&rsquo;s Darning Needles,&rdquo;
-but they are perfectly harmless. They frequent wet areas,
-where they feed on other insects&mdash;particularly mosquitoes!</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig66">
-<img src="images/p18b.jpg" alt="" width="204" height="104" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Damselflies</dt>
-<dt>(Lestidae and Coenagrionidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Two pairs of long wings</dt>
-<dt>Large compound eyes do not touch</dt>
-<dt>Wings folded over back when resting</dt></dl>
-<p>Aside from their smaller, more delicate appearance, these
-insects look like the Dragonflies. They are found in the
-same places and have similar habits.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Fan-winged Insects: Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc.</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig67">
-<img src="images/p18c.jpg" alt="" width="388" height="126" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Short-horned Grasshoppers</dt>
-<dt>(Acrididae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Antennae shorter than body</dt>
-<dt>Typical Grasshopper shape</dt></dl>
-<p>Most Grasshoppers are strong fliers and are easily frightened
-into flight. The males may be heard singing during
-the day&mdash;a rasping noise produced by drawing the hind
-leg across the veins on the wing.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig68">
-<img src="images/p18e.jpg" alt="" width="232" height="326" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Crickets</dt>
-<dt>(Gryllidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Antennae longer than body</dt>
-<dt>Black or dark brown color</dt></dl>
-<p>The commonest Cricket here is the <b>Black Field Cricket</b>
-(<i>Acheta assimilis</i>). The &ldquo;singing&rdquo; of the Cricket is produced
-by the male as he rubs his wings together. Of
-particular interest is the <b>Snowy Tree Cricket</b> (<i>Oecanthus
-niveus</i>), which chirps rhythmically. By counting the
-chirps in one minute and subtracting forty, then dividing
-this total by four and adding your new sum to fifty, you
-will have a rough estimate of the temperature in degrees
-Fahrenheit.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig69">
-<img src="images/p18f.jpg" alt="" width="352" height="234" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Praying Mantis</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Stagmomantis carolina</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Pale green color</dt>
-<dt>Forefeet bent as though praying</dt></dl>
-<p>Mantids were once rare in New England but in recent
-years seem to have been extending their range northward
-and are now quite common even in the grassy beach area.
-They are said to be the only insects that can look over
-their shoulders.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Earwigs</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig70">
-<img src="images/p18g.jpg" alt="" width="123" height="123" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">European Earwig</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Forficula auricularia</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Wings short, not half length of body</dt>
-<dt>Two pincers on tail</dt></dl>
-<p>The Earwig hides by day, coming out at night to feed on
-plant material. Since it does not bite with its pincers, it
-can be handled freely. Other species are occasionally
-found. The <b>Seaside Earwig</b> (<i>Anisolabis maritima</i>) is the
-largest New England earwig. It has more than twenty-four
-segments to its antennae, whereas the European has
-no more than fifteen.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div>
-<h4><i>The True Bugs</i></h4>
-<p>In common parlance, the term &ldquo;bug&rdquo; is usually applied to all insects.
-Actually the following group is the only one scientifically recognized as &ldquo;bugs.&rdquo;
-In all of them, half of the forewing is thickened and leather-like, and all of the
-mouth parts are designed to pierce their food.</p>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig71">
-<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="167" height="197" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Lygaeid Bugs</dt>
-<dt>(Lygaeidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Four sections to antenna</dt>
-<dt>Antennae end in club shape</dt>
-<dt>Very few veins in forewing</dt></dl>
-<p>The most common member of this group is the <b>Red-and-Black
-Milkweed Bug</b> (<i>Oncopeltus fasciatus</i>), which feeds
-exclusively on Milkweed. A small insect (<i>Geocoris</i>) also
-belongs to this group. It has a hammer-shaped head and
-may be found beneath dried seaweed.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig72">
-<img src="images/p19c.jpg" alt="" width="215" height="155" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Stink Bugs</dt>
-<dt>(Pentatomidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Broad, shield-shaped insect</dt></dl>
-<p>There are many kinds of Stink Bugs, so named because of
-the disagreeable odor they emit when crushed. Some are
-brightly colored and are commonly found on the fleshy
-dune plants.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Aphids and Scale Insects</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig73">
-<img src="images/p19d.jpg" alt="" width="325" height="181" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Woolly Alder Aphid</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Prociphilus tessellatus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>White, woolly mass on Alder or Maple tree</dt></dl>
-<p>The Woolly Aphid is found only on Alder and Maple trees
-and may be recognized by its downy appearance. Although
-it feeds on the tree, it is never common enough to do any
-damage. The wool is a secretion of wax protecting the
-insect.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig74">
-<img src="images/p19e.jpg" alt="" width="251" height="242" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Oyster-shell Scale</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Lepidosaphes ulmi</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Tiny oyster-shell-shaped body covering</dt>
-<dt>Attached to bark of tree (particularly Poplar and Birch)</dt></dl>
-<p>You must look very carefully to discover one of these
-insects. The young Scales have legs and move about
-during the month of June. Then they settle down, lose
-their legs, and secrete a wax shell over their bodies. These
-Scales are extremely common at the beach, but only the
-careful observer is likely to see them.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Golden-eyed Insects</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig75">
-<img src="images/p19f.jpg" alt="" width="161" height="132" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Lacewing</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Chrysopa</i>, several species)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Delicate-green insect</dt>
-<dt>Very large wings</dt>
-<dt>Golden-colored eyes</dt></dl>
-<p>In spite of its delicate shape, when caught the Lacewing
-emits an odor which has earned it the name &ldquo;Stink Fly.&rdquo;
-Its eggs are laid singly on long stalks because the young,
-called &ldquo;aphid lions,&rdquo; are cannibalistic.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>Nature&rsquo;s Insect Tanks: Beetles</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig76">
-<img src="images/p19g.jpg" alt="" width="167" height="191" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Carrion Beetles</dt>
-<dt>(Silphidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Body is soft but horny</dt>
-<dt>Five segments in antennae</dt>
-<dt>Usually found near dead animals</dt></dl>
-<p>The Carrion Beetles lay their eggs on a dead animal,
-which they bury as a food reserve for their young. This
-habit has given them the common name of &ldquo;Burying
-Beetles.&rdquo;</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig77">
-<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="386" height="234" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ground Beetles</dt>
-<dt>(Carabidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Dark brown or black</dt>
-<dt>Head narrower than mid-body</dt>
-<dt>Usually have prominent jaws</dt></dl>
-<p>The legs of the Ground Beetle are designed for quick
-movement. These beetles are mostly active by night.
-They are beneficial because they eat other insects.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig78">
-<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="277" height="230" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Tiger Beetles</dt>
-<dt>(Cicindelidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Bright green or blue, metallic</dt>
-<dt>Head broader than neck</dt>
-<dt>Run and fly quickly</dt></dl>
-<p>The adult feeds savagely on other insects, killing them
-with powerful jaws&mdash;which can also nip your finger. The
-larvae are called &ldquo;doodlebugs&rdquo; and live in upright burrows
-in the sand, allowing their jaws to extend above ground
-to capture unsuspecting prey.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig79">
-<img src="images/p20b.jpg" alt="" width="242" height="165" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Click Beetles</dt>
-<dt>(Elateridae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>When turned over, the insect snaps back upright</dt>
-<dt>First body segment as broad as the last</dt></dl>
-<p>Click Beetles are so named because of the resounding
-&ldquo;click&rdquo; they make when snapping up into the air after
-being overturned. The adults are strict vegetarians, so
-look for them on plants.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig80">
-<img src="images/p20c.jpg" alt="" width="267" height="321" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Scarab Beetles</dt>
-<dt>(Scarabaeidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large body, oval outline</dt>
-<dt>Antennae terminate with fanlike segment</dt>
-<dt>Body has &ldquo;polished&rdquo; finish</dt></dl>
-<p>There are more than 1400 species in this group in the
-United States and more than 30,000 in the world. Two
-of the most common at the beach are:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>May Beetle</b> (<i>Phyllophaga fusca</i>): A large cylindrical
-brown body. Also called &ldquo;June Bug,&rdquo; in May and June
-it is frequently discovered at night flying to a light.</p>
-<p><b>Japanese Beetle</b> (<i>Popillia japonica</i>): The head and forebody
-are metallic green; the wings are copper color. Introduced
-from the Orient about fifty years ago, these beetles
-do great damage to many kinds of plants.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig81">
-<img src="images/p20f.jpg" alt="" width="427" height="266" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Snout Beetles or Weevils</dt>
-<dt>(Curculionidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Small, roundish body</dt>
-<dt>Dull, uninteresting color</dt>
-<dt>Long tube (snout) on head</dt></dl>
-<p>These are very common beetles on the dunes. Their long
-snout is used to drill into seeds and plant tissues. None of
-our species do great harm, but they have some unpleasant
-relatives&mdash;the <b>Plum Curculio</b> (<i>Conotrachelus nenuphar</i>)
-and the <b>Cotton Boll Weevil</b> (<i>Anthonomus grandis</i>).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig82">
-<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="218" height="185" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ladybug Beetles</dt>
-<dt>(Coccinellidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Hemispherical shape</dt>
-<dt>Brightly colored</dt></dl>
-<p>Many kinds of &ldquo;Ladybug&rdquo; or &ldquo;Ladybird&rdquo; Beetles can be
-found at the beach. Some feed on plants and others on
-small insects. The insect-eating varieties are extremely
-valuable.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig83">
-<img src="images/p21b.jpg" alt="" width="282" height="145" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Fireflies</dt>
-<dt>(Lampyridae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>A &ldquo;tail light&rdquo;</dt>
-<dt>Elongated soft body</dt>
-<dt>Head is not visible from above</dt></dl>
-<p>The Firefly&rsquo;s light is produced by the chemical reaction
-of a substance called luciferin. It is an almost perfect
-&ldquo;cold&rdquo; light, with practically no heat loss. The light is
-used to attract the opposite sex during mating. The
-larva of this beetle is the &ldquo;glowworm.&rdquo;</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Scaled-wing Insects: Butterflies and Moths</i></h4>
-<p>Butterflies may be identified by their threadlike antennae, which are club-shaped
-at the end; Moths usually have feathered antennae.</p>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig84">
-<img src="images/p21c.jpg" alt="" width="327" height="313" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Swallowtails</dt>
-<dt>(Papilionidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large Butterflies</dt>
-<dt>Tail-like extension on hind wings</dt></dl>
-<p>The <b>Tiger Swallowtail</b> (<i>Papilio ajax</i>), with yellow and
-black wings, is the largest butterfly at the beach, and,
-indeed, the largest butterfly in America. In midsummer
-you may find one fluttering about flowering plants.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig85">
-<img src="images/p21d.jpg" alt="" width="166" height="152" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Cabbage and Sulphur Butterflies</dt>
-<dt>(Pieridae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Half-dollar size</dt>
-<dt>White or orange wings</dt></dl>
-<p>These butterflies are common wherever there is an open
-area such as the dunes. In other parts of the United
-States the caterpillars destroy great amounts of alfalfa
-and cabbage.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig86">
-<img src="images/p21e.jpg" alt="" width="287" height="245" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Milkweed Butterflies</dt>
-<dt>(Danaidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large size</dt>
-<dt>Orange and black markings</dt></dl>
-<p>The <b>Monarch Butterfly</b> (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) is our most
-common species. Because of its bitter taste the birds
-won&rsquo;t eat it.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig87">
-<img src="images/p21f.jpg" alt="" width="184" height="164" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Wood Nymphs</dt>
-<dt>(Satyridae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Butterflies with two large &ldquo;eye spots&rdquo; in brown wings</dt>
-<dt>Large wing veins are swollen at base</dt></dl>
-<p>Nymphs are found from sea level to the mountain peaks.
-Look for them in the Pitch Pine woods behind the beach.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig88">
-<img src="images/p21g.jpg" alt="" width="332" height="153" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Skippers</dt>
-<dt>(Hesperiidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Very hairy Butterflies, even wings</dt>
-<dt>Erratic, skipping flight</dt></dl>
-<p>The Skippers look much like Moths. Their crazy, zigzag
-flight helps identify them.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig89">
-<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="196" height="251" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sphinx Moths</dt>
-<dt>(Sphingidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Sphinx Moths frequently have a five-inch wingspread and</dt>
-<dt>are called &ldquo;Hawk&rdquo; or &ldquo;Hummingbird&rdquo; Moths.</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig90">
-<img src="images/p22b.jpg" alt="" width="412" height="504" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Saturnid Moths</dt>
-<dt>(Saturniidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Very large, hairy moths</dt>
-<dt>Large, feather-like antennae</dt></dl>
-<p>Two species occur in our area:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Cecropia Moth</b> (<i>Samia cecropia</i>): It is the largest moth in
-our area, having varying colors of brown and yellow.</p>
-<p><b>Luna Moth</b> (<i>Tropaea luna</i>): New England&rsquo;s most beautiful
-moth, the Luna is pale green, with a brown leading edge
-on the forewing and a long tail-like extension from the
-hind wing.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig91">
-<img src="images/p22c.jpg" alt="" width="166" height="266" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Tiger Moths</dt>
-<dt>(Arctiinae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Yellowish-brown body</dt>
-<dt>Three rows of black spots on body</dt></dl>
-<p>The larvae of these moths are the well-known &ldquo;Woolly
-Bear&rdquo; caterpillars that are covered with a dense coat of
-rusty-red and black hairs. They are not beneficial.
-Two common examples are:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Salt-marsh Caterpillar</b> (<i>Estigmene acrea</i>): This caterpillar
-is covered with rose-colored hair. It feeds on practically
-every type of leaf in the fall.</p>
-<p><b>Webworm</b> (<i>Hyphantria cunea</i>): It covers the ground for
-several feet with its silky web. In large numbers, Webworms
-can denude a tree in short order. Periodic outbreaks
-of these &ldquo;Soldier Worms&rdquo; are common at the
-beach.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig92">
-<img src="images/p22d.jpg" alt="" width="540" height="162" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Tent Caterpillar</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Malacosoma americanum</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Adult moth is reddish brown</dt>
-<dt>Extremely hairy, even on legs</dt></dl>
-<p>The adult is less readily recognized than is the web home
-of these caterpillars. In the spring, the webs may be found
-on most of the Black Cherry trees in the area.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig93">
-<img src="images/p22e.jpg" alt="" width="278" height="178" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Measuringworms</dt>
-<dt>(Geometridae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Small gray or brown Moths</dt>
-<dt>Margin of wings frilly or scalloped</dt></dl>
-<p>The caterpillars of these moths are the famous &ldquo;Inch-worms&rdquo;
-which move along by arching the body to bring
-the tail up to the head, then throwing the head out as if
-measuring the inches with the body.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><i>The Two-winged Insects: Flies and Mosquitoes</i></h4>
-<p>Flies differ from other insects in having only two wings (one pair). The
-second pair has degenerated into a tiny club-shaped structure that aids the Fly
-in keeping its balance.</p>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig94">
-<img src="images/p22f.jpg" alt="" width="136" height="95" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Biting Midges</dt>
-<dt>(Certaopogonidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Minute size (usually felt rather than seen!)</dt></dl>
-<p>Also called &ldquo;No-see-ums&rdquo; and &ldquo;Sand Flies,&rdquo; these tiny
-blood-sucking Flies are altogether too common at the
-beach. So small that they can pass through window
-screening, they are best discouraged with a liberal dose of
-insect repellent.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig95">
-<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="318" height="303" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Crane Flies</dt>
-<dt>(Tipulidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Resemble overgrown Mosquitoes</dt>
-<dt>Extremely long, threadlike legs</dt></dl>
-<p>Crane Flies are associated with the wet, swampy areas
-behind the beach. In spite of their mosquito-like shape,
-they can&rsquo;t bite.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig96">
-<img src="images/p23b.jpg" alt="" width="113" height="137" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Gall Midges</dt>
-<dt>(Cecidomyiidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Minute Flies with humpback</dt>
-<dt>Antennae as long as body</dt></dl>
-<p>The galls appear as unnatural swellings on plant stems or
-leaves. Each species of these flies has a specific-shaped
-gall, made on a specific type of plant, and at a specific
-place on the plant.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig97">
-<img src="images/p23c.jpg" alt="" width="240" height="186" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Horse and Deer Flies</dt>
-<dt>(Tabanidae)</dt>
-<dt>&frac12;&Prime; to 1&Prime; in length</dt>
-<dt>Head is hemispherical in shape</dt>
-<dt>Large eyes, occupy entire head</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>The mouth of these flies is designed to puncture the skin</dt>
-<dt>and draw blood. They frequently are pests, with a special</dt>
-<dt>fondness for bathers.</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig98">
-<img src="images/p23d.jpg" alt="" width="198" height="168" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Robber Flies</dt>
-<dt>(Asilidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large flies</dt>
-<dt>Hind body narrower than forebody</dt>
-<dt>Head hollowed out between eyes</dt></dl>
-<p>Robber Flies do not bother human beings but they attack
-other insects, often larger than themselves, in mid-air.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig99">
-<img src="images/p23e.jpg" alt="" width="170" height="105" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Syrphid Flies</dt>
-<dt>(Syrphidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large black-and-yellow-striped bodies</dt>
-<dt>Superficially resemble bees</dt></dl>
-<p>The Syrphids are constantly found among flowers and so
-are called &ldquo;Flower Flies.&rdquo; They are nearly as important
-as bees in pollination. All are harmless to us.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig100">
-<img src="images/p23f.jpg" alt="" width="256" height="193" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Mosquitoes</dt>
-<dt>(Culicidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Small, long-legged insects</dt>
-<dt>Threadlike antennae covered with whorls of hair</dt></dl>
-<p>Only female Mosquitoes bite. They must have one meal
-of blood before they can lay eggs. We have eighteen
-species of Mosquitoes in our area.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div>
-<h4><i>The Ants, Wasps, and Bees</i></h4>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig101">
-<img src="images/p24.jpg" alt="" width="105" height="130" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ants</dt>
-<dt>(Formicidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Small, usually wingless, insects</dt>
-<dt>Extremely thin waist</dt></dl>
-<p>Ants are social insects, and our species is found in large or
-small colonies everywhere. Ants are also the most common
-insect. Two readily recognized types are:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Carpenter Ant</b> (<i>Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus</i>):
-A large black ant that is found burrowing in damp wood.
-The labyrinth-like tunnels in rotten wood will aid you in
-finding a colony.</p>
-<p><b>Mound Ant</b> (<i>Formica exsectoides</i>): Produce the well-known
-&ldquo;ant hills,&rdquo; which may be six inches to a foot in diameter.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig102">
-<img src="images/p24b.jpg" alt="" width="319" height="501" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Hornets and Potter Wasps</dt>
-<dt>(Vespidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Black or black and yellow, not furry, &ldquo;Wasp-waisted&rdquo;</dt></dl>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Bald-faced Hornet</b> (<i>Vespula maculata</i>): This is a black
-wasp with white markings. The distinctive nest is made
-of paper manufactured from wood pulp gathered by the
-insect from dead trees or old fence posts. At the end of
-the season, it may be as much as a foot or two in diameter.
-The only safe time to collect these nests is during the
-winter months!</p>
-<p><b>Potter Wasp</b> (<i>Eumenes fraternus</i>): The Potter Wasp constructs
-a &ldquo;clay pot&rdquo; on branches of trees, particularly Red
-Cedar, which it fills with paralyzed caterpillars as food
-for its young.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig103">
-<img src="images/p24c.jpg" alt="" width="182" height="240" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Bumble and Honey Bees</dt>
-<dt>(Apidae)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Extremely hairy, woolly appearance</dt>
-<dt>Hind legs flattened for pollen collection</dt></dl>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>Bumblebees</b> (Bombus, species): Bumblebees are common
-visitors to flowers. Their heavy body seems much too
-bulky for flight. The bee makes its nest in old mouse
-nests on the ground and a careful search for such nests
-will generally result in discovery of a Bumblebee&rsquo;s home.</p>
-<p><b>Honey Bee</b> (<i>Apis mellifera</i>): The well-known Honey Bee
-was brought to this country from Europe. It has now
-become a common &ldquo;wild&rdquo; bee as well as a domesticated
-species. You may find some wild-bee colonies in hollow
-trees, particularly on Castle Hill.</p>
-</blockquote>
-</div>
-<h3>INSECT COLLECTING&mdash;AN INEXPENSIVE HOBBY</h3>
-<p>Insects are everywhere and it is easy to collect them. Practically no
-expense is required to produce a very beautiful collection. Some of the seaside
-insects are most unusual and not available elsewhere, so it would be well to start
-your collection right here. Some references that will help you are:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Donald J. Borror and Dwight M. DeLong, <i>An Introduction to the Study of Insects</i>. New York: Rinehart, 1954. $10.00</dt>
-<dt>Alexander B. Klots and E. B. Klots, <i>Living Insects of the World</i>. New York: Doubleday, 1959. $9.95</dt>
-<dt>Su Zan Noguchi Swain, <i>Insects in Their World</i>. New York: Garden City Books, 1955. $2.95</dt>
-<dt>Herbert S. Zim and Clarence Cottam, <i>Insects: A Guide to Familiar American Insects</i>. Rev. ed. New York: Golden Press, 1956. Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">Chapter 6</span>
-<br />MEETING THE MAMMALS</h2>
-<p>Mammals are defined simply as warm-blooded animals that have hair and
-nourish their young on milk. They are considered the highest form of Earth
-life. They are common everywhere, but their secretive habits make observation
-difficult. You may consider yourself quite fortunate if you see even one or two
-of the mammals living on Castle Neck during a single visit here.</p>
-<p>In this chapter lengths given are measurements from the nose to tip of the tail.</p>
-<h3>INSECT-EATING MAMMALS: SHREWS</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig104">
-<img src="images/p25.jpg" alt="" width="193" height="134" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Short-tailed Shrew</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Blarina brevicauda</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Dark, slate-gray body</dt>
-<dt>Length 4&Prime; or 5&Prime;</dt>
-<dt>Tail about 1&Prime;</dt></dl>
-<p>This little mammal is a creature of damp areas and is
-generally associated with damp forests. It makes burrows
-just under the surface of the ground. It is the <i>only</i> poisonous
-mammal in the United States and uses its venom to
-stun and kill its prey. However, the only result of a nip
-on your finger will be considerable swelling. Because of
-its insect-eating habit the Shrew is a most beneficial
-animal.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig105">
-<img src="images/p25b.jpg" alt="" width="176" height="230" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Cinereus Shrew</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Sorex cinereus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Grayish-brown body</dt>
-<dt>Length 3&Prime; to 4&Prime;</dt>
-<dt>Tail more than 1&Prime;</dt></dl>
-<p>This is the most common shrew on the Neck. It is found
-roving about the salt marshes in search of insects. It
-hunts during the day as well as at night, generally keeping
-concealed under a grassy cover.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div>
-<h3>WINGED MAMMALS: BATS</h3>
-<p>Everyone can identify Bats. Their fingers are extended and joined with a
-leathery membrane. Their ears are large to aid in catching the echo of their
-voice as it is reflected from obstacles. They are most frequently seen at twilight
-when they flitter over the dunes in quest of the many insects abounding there.
-Bats have tremendous value because they eat such insect pests as mosquitoes
-and flies.</p>
-<p>We have five major kinds of Bats. They are not easily identified in flight.</p>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig106">
-<img src="images/p25c.jpg" alt="" width="135" height="161" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Little Brown Bat</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Myotis</i>, several species)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Less than 4&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Common</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig107">
-<img src="images/p25d.jpg" alt="" width="224" height="200" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Big Brown Bat</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>More than 4&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Reddish-brown fur</dt>
-<dt>Common</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig108">
-<img src="images/p25e.jpg" alt="" width="86" height="109" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Pipistrelles</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>The &ldquo;Pigmy Bat,&rdquo; under 3&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Rare</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig109">
-<img src="images/p25f.jpg" alt="" width="183" height="115" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Silver-haired Bat</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Lasionycteris noctivagans</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>About 3&frac12;&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Gray or silvery hair on back</dt>
-<dt>Rare</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig110">
-<img src="images/p25g.jpg" alt="" width="151" height="247" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Red Bat</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Lasiurus borealis</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>About 3&frac12;&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Rusty-red fur with whitish tips</dt></dl>
-<p>and</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig111">
-<img src="images/p25h.jpg" alt="" width="209" height="218" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Hoary Bat</dt>
-<dt>(<i>L. cinereus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>About 4&frac12;&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Yellowish-brown fur tipped with white</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div>
-<h3>LONG-EARED JUMPERS: RABBITS</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig112">
-<img src="images/p26.jpg" alt="" width="239" height="220" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">New England Cottontail</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Sylvilagus transitionalis</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large hind jumping legs</dt>
-<dt>More than 1&prime; long</dt></dl>
-<p>While the New England Cottontail is named for our area,
-it does extend its range southward to mid-Alabama. It
-may be separated from other species of Cottontails by a
-narrow black spot between the ears. It is very common
-on the Neck. These rabbits stay hidden most of the day,
-venturing forth at night or early in the morning. Because
-their diet is exclusively vegetable matter, we do not
-consider them beneficial.</p>
-</div>
-<h3>BUCK-TOOTHED MAMMALS: RODENTS</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig113">
-<img src="images/p26a.jpg" alt="" width="252" height="214" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Gray Squirrel</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>About 18&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Bushy tail, less than half the total length</dt>
-<dt>Gray fur, white on underside</dt></dl>
-<p>The Gray Squirrel easily adapts itself to any environment.
-The large treetop nests constructed of <i>leaves</i> are made by
-this squirrel. A brood of two to six young is raised once
-or twice each spring.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig114">
-<img src="images/p26c.jpg" alt="" width="180" height="287" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Red Squirrel</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>About 14&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Bushy tail, about half the total length</dt>
-<dt>Rusty-red fur, underside white</dt></dl>
-<p>This little squirrel will often be heard before it is seen,
-scolding its terrestrial enemies with a loud clatter from a
-perch high in a protective tree. In late spring its yearly
-brood of four or five is raised in a nest of shredded bark
-built high in a tree.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig115">
-<img src="images/p26d.jpg" alt="" width="274" height="166" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Chipmunk</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Tamias striatus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>8&Prime; or 10&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Reddish-brown fur with two white stripes on back</dt>
-<dt>White stripes on back are margined with black</dt></dl>
-<p>The Chipmunk is a squirrel that keeps to the ground and
-seldom climbs trees except to collect nuts. It packs the
-nuts in two large cheek pouches, and when these are full
-they look like a very bad case of mumps. The Chipmunk&rsquo;s
-nest is found underground.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig116">
-<img src="images/p26e.jpg" alt="" width="234" height="253" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Woodchuck</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Marmota monax</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large, fat animal over 2&prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Grayish- to reddish-brown fur</dt>
-<dt>Bushy tail, 5&Prime; or 6&Prime; long</dt></dl>
-<p>The Woodchuck has many common names; &ldquo;Chuck,&rdquo;
-&ldquo;Marmot,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Ground Hog&rdquo; are the ones used in our
-area. &ldquo;Chucks&rdquo; live in deep burrows underground and
-there is always a great mound of earth in front of their
-opening. Frequently the &ldquo;Chuck&rdquo; is seen standing
-upright on its hind feet surveying its territory from the
-top of this mound. The same tunnel probably has several
-other more concealed openings which are used as escape
-hatches. The Woodchuck hibernates far below the ground
-during the winter months, and in the northern United
-States never comes out on February 2, &ldquo;Ground Hog Day.&rdquo;</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig117">
-<img src="images/p26f.jpg" alt="" width="253" height="335" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Muskrat</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Ondatra zibethica</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Resembles a large rat</dt>
-<dt>About 2&prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Tail ratlike, flattened from side to side</dt></dl>
-<p>The Muskrat is an aquatic mammal and is always found
-in association with water. It is very common in the
-marshy areas of the beach and may frequently be seen
-swimming about in such spots. The Muskrat&rsquo;s fur has
-become specialized for its aquatic existence and is water-proofed
-with a heavy layer of oil. Muskrats feed extensively
-on the marsh plants. In late fall they construct
-large dome-shaped homes that protrude above the water.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig118">
-<img src="images/p27.jpg" alt="" width="186" height="216" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">White-footed Mouse</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Peromyscus leucopus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Feet and legs are white</dt>
-<dt>Large eyes; prominent ears</dt></dl>
-<p>These mice are common all over the Neck. They are
-nocturnal and may be discovered in the daytime hiding
-under boards that have washed onto the shore, or they
-may be found in the wooded areas behind the main beach.
-Their small nests are constructed out of fur and grass and
-are located in depressions in the ground, frequently under
-a board or log. When the original owners vacate these
-nests they are often taken over by Bumblebees, Centipedes,
-Earwigs, and other secretive creatures.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig119">
-<img src="images/p27b.jpg" alt="" width="192" height="233" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Meadow Mouse</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Very small eyes</dt>
-<dt>Tail short, about one-third total length</dt>
-<dt>Brown fur, gray on underside</dt></dl>
-<p>The Meadow Mouse is by far the most common mammal
-of Castle Neck. Its burrows may be seen just under the
-grass in all areas having ground cover. It feeds on many
-of the trees in the area, chewing the bark around the base.
-This girdling will eventually kill the tree. While this
-habit makes Meadow Mice undesirable, they fortunately
-prefer the smaller herbaceous plants when they are available.
-Although common, Meadow Mice are seldom seen
-because their days are spent running through their burrows.
-These may extend over an area of many square
-yards.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig120">
-<img src="images/p27c.jpg" alt="" width="427" height="194" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Meadow Jumping Mouse</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Zapus hudsonius</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Tail longer than body, sparsely haired</dt>
-<dt>White underside, olive-yellow back</dt></dl>
-<p>Occasionally when one is walking in the grassy fields, a
-Jumping Mouse will suddenly bound away in leaps averaging
-three or four feet. If it is really frightened, these
-leaps may carry the mouse as far as ten feet. In the
-United States the Jumping Mouse is much more closely
-related to the Porcupine than to true mice. Un-mouse-like,
-it hibernates in an underground nest during the
-winter months. Jumping Mice eat both insects and
-plants.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<h3>DOGLIKE MAMMALS: FOXES</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig121">
-<img src="images/p27d.jpg" alt="" width="347" height="244" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Red Fox</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Vulpes fulva</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Looks like a long-legged dog</dt>
-<dt>Reddish fur; feet and ears black</dt>
-<dt>Large bushy tail, white on tip</dt></dl>
-<p>Only the most fortunate observer will see a Fox, which is
-most secretive and truly sly in its habits. It digs burrows
-and produces four to nine young during April. The Fox
-has been known to adapt its habits to changes humans
-have made in its environment, and it is most beneficial
-because it eats thousands of mice annually.</p>
-</div>
-<h3>RING-TAILED MAMMAL: RACCOON</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig122">
-<img src="images/p27e.jpg" alt="" width="205" height="217" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Raccoon</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Procyon lotor</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Dense gray fur</dt>
-<dt>Tail ringed with bands of black and white</dt>
-<dt>Black &ldquo;mask&rdquo; over eyes</dt></dl>
-<p>Raccoons are creatures of the night and seldom venture
-forth in the daylight. They are expert climbers, spending
-many hours high in a lofty perch, and if pursued they
-usually seek refuge in a tree or swamp. They feed on
-frogs, fish, eggs, insects, nuts, corn, and shellfish, which
-they rinse carefully. The shellfish they skillfully remove
-from their shells, and often small piles of shells are the
-only clue to a Raccoon&rsquo;s presence.</p>
-</div>
-<h3>SCENT-PRODUCING MAMMALS: SKUNKS, MINK, WEASELS</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig123">
-<img src="images/p27f.jpg" alt="" width="239" height="293" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Striped Skunk</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Black fur with two white stripes on back</dt>
-<dt>Large bushy tail, white at tip</dt></dl>
-<p>The Skunk is an inoffensive creature that tries hard to
-avoid people. Even when confronted, it is generally good-natured,
-relying on its presence to discourage investigation
-and employing its powerful scent only if pressed.
-Skunks usually live in holes not far from water. These
-holes have generally been taken over from another mammal
-by &ldquo;squatter&rsquo;s rights.&rdquo; From four to seven youngsters
-are born in late April and they follow their mother about
-faithfully wherever she goes.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig124">
-<img src="images/p28.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="221" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Mink</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Mustela vison</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Elongated brown animal</dt>
-<dt>Bushy tail, about 8&Prime; long</dt>
-<dt>Toes are webbed</dt></dl>
-<p>The Mink is extremely rare on the Neck and a careful and
-thorough search is required to locate one. They are associated
-with water and feed on shellfish and other aquatic
-creatures. They are best known for their fur, a favorite
-for coats. Fortunately, Mink are not common enough on
-the Neck to warrant commercial trapping.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig125">
-<img src="images/p28b.jpg" alt="" width="189" height="128" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Long-tailed Weasel</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Mustela frenata</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Long thin body; yellowish beneath, brown above</dt>
-<dt>Tail long, about half the total length</dt></dl>
-<p>The Weasel is a vicious, bloodthirsty animal that often
-kills just for the sport of it. Most of its victims are mice
-and insects, so its murderous instincts really benefit us.
-Weasels hunt at all hours of the day or night and all year
-round. Specimens in our area will occasionally turn pure
-white in winter and become an &ldquo;Ermine.&rdquo;</p>
-</div>
-<h3>HOOF-FOOTED MAMMALS: DEER</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig126">
-<img src="images/p28c.jpg" alt="" width="249" height="283" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">White-tailed Deer</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Tail held upright when alarmed</dt>
-<dt>White patch on throat under chin</dt>
-<dt>Ear lined with white</dt></dl>
-<p>The White-tailed Deer is certainly the most obvious mammal
-on the Neck and is readily seen if one will take a short
-stroll in the wooded area behind the main beach or farther
-out on the Neck. There are probably close to one hundred
-deer here, a number approaching overpopulation. They
-feed mostly on grasses and the more succulent plants.
-Usually deer produce twins in early summer (June). The
-fawns are light tan and spotted with white. Deer may be
-seen readily in early evening when they come into the open
-fields to browse. They seem to have become quite accustomed
-to human observers and will frequently be as
-interested in you as you are in them.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div>
-<h3>MAMMAL STUDY&mdash;A LIFETIME PROJECT</h3>
-<p>Occasionally Whales, Seals, and Porpoises are sighted off the beach. These
-are true aquatic mammals. We have only listed the mammals regularly found
-living on the Neck. To see all of them is a summer&rsquo;s project, and to study their
-life histories is equally exciting and challenging.</p>
-<p>A few books to help you are:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>William H. Burt and Richard P. Grossenheider, <i>A Field Guide to the Mammals</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952. $3.95</dt>
-<dt>Victor H. Cahalane, <i>Mammals of North America</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1947. $7.95</dt>
-<dt>William J. Hamilton, Jr., <i>The Mammals of Eastern United States</i>. Ithaca, N. Y.: Comstock, 1943. Out of print. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt>
-<dt>Ralph S. Palmer, <i>The Mammal Guide: Mammals of North America North of Mexico</i>. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1954. $4.95</dt>
-<dt>Herbert S. Zim and D. F. Hoffmeister, <i>Mammals: A Guide to Familiar American Species</i>. New York: Golden Press, 1955. Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div>
-<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">Chapter 7</span>
-<br />WINGS OVER THE SAND</h2>
-<p>More than any other form of nature, birds invite the notice of the casual
-naturalist. Their specializations, their plumage, and their song all serve as
-attractive bait for our attention.</p>
-<p>It is not surprising, then, that more books have been written about birds
-than any other life form, and that many of these have been directed especially
-to the layman.</p>
-<p>Although more than 150 species of birds may appear during the course of
-a year at Crane&rsquo;s Beach, only a small number will be described here in any detail.
-Many of these will be summer birds that regularly nest on Castle Neck.</p>
-<p>The common and scientific names of the birds listed below are in accordance with the
-nomenclature in the latest edition (5th) of the American Ornithologists&rsquo; Union <i>Check-list</i>
-(1957).</p>
-<h3>BIRDS OF THE SEA</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig127">
-<img src="images/p29.jpg" alt="" width="269" height="330" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Herring Gull</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Larus argentatus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Body is pure white</dt>
-<dt>Grayish-blue wings, tipped with black</dt>
-<dt>Somewhat larger than a Crow</dt></dl>
-<p>This is the familiar &ldquo;Sea Gull,&rdquo; one of many species so
-called. Its value as a beach scavenger and &ldquo;garbage collector&rdquo;
-has earned it protection by the federal government.
-While preferring the rocky coasts of Maine for nesting, the
-Herring Gull is by far the most familiar, if not the most
-common bird found at Crane&rsquo;s Beach.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig128">
-<img src="images/p29a.jpg" alt="" width="279" height="360" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Great Black-backed Gull</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Larus marinus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Much larger than Herring Gull</dt>
-<dt>Wings are black on top surface</dt></dl>
-<p>This beautiful gull, like its common cousin, is a scavenger.
-It is larger and more antagonistic than the Herring Gull
-and will often steal its food. In Maine, where both breed,
-the Great Black-back frequently feeds on the Herring
-Gull&rsquo;s eggs or nestlings.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig129">
-<img src="images/p29e.jpg" alt="" width="215" height="404" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Tern</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Sterna hirundo</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Small, sleek, white body</dt>
-<dt>Forked tail</dt>
-<dt>Black crown on top of head</dt>
-<dt>Orange-red bill</dt></dl>
-<p>These delightful, graceful birds are again nesting at the
-tip of the Neck. Their nest has been described earlier
-(<a href="#Page_7">page 7</a>). Under government protection, their numbers
-have been increasing rapidly. Keep a sharp watch and
-you may spot an Arctic or Roseate Tern, both very similar
-to the Common. It is entertaining to watch the Tern
-fish. It hovers against the wind in one spot just off shore&mdash;then
-suddenly drops into the water, only to reappear
-again in a moment with some morsel of food. Repeated
-again and again, this performance becomes a real show
-which even the most uninterested sun bather cannot
-ignore.</p>
-</div>
-<h3>BIRDS OF THE BEACH</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig130">
-<img src="images/p29f.jpg" alt="" width="216" height="262" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Piping Plover</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Charadrius melodus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Small, sandy-colored bird</dt>
-<dt>Black neck ring and forehead markings</dt>
-<dt>Voice: A clear, forlorn &ldquo;peep-lo&rdquo;</dt></dl>
-<p>This rather rare shorebird so perfectly matches the dry
-sand on which it hunts that it is often completely invisible
-until it moves. If the sparsely lined nest is discovered,
-the parents go into a &ldquo;broken wing&rdquo; act to draw attention
-to themselves and away from their eggs or young. The
-four light buff eggs marked with black are laid in May.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div>
-<h4><i>Five Common Migrants</i></h4>
-<p>Although rare, the Piping Plover has been described in detail because it
-does nest here. The following five birds are very common on the Neck during
-much of the summer but do not nest on New England beaches.</p>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig131">
-<img src="images/p30.jpg" alt="" width="604" height="271" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Semipalmated Plover</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Charadrius semipalmatus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Resembles Piping Plover but is darker brown</dt>
-<dt>Black ring on neck</dt>
-<dt>Tail is dark, with white edges</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig132">
-<img src="images/p30b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="308" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Black-bellied Plover</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Squatarola squatarola</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>About Robin size</dt>
-<dt>Tail and rump are white</dt>
-<dt>Named for its spring color patterns</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig133">
-<img src="images/p30c.jpg" alt="" width="593" height="286" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Greater Yellowlegs</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Totanus melanoleucus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>A large Sandpiper with bright yellow legs</dt>
-<dt>Tail and rump are white</dt>
-<dt>In flight, body appears light, wings dark</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig134">
-<img src="images/p30d.jpg" alt="" width="572" height="272" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sanderling</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Crocethia alba</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Legs and bill are black</dt>
-<dt>White stripe across wing</dt>
-<dt>Body is brown or gray color</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig135">
-<img src="images/p30e.jpg" alt="" width="577" height="342" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Semipalmated Sandpiper</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Ereunetes pusillus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Very tiny sandpiper</dt>
-<dt>Stout bill</dt>
-<dt>Blackish legs</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<h3>BIRDS OF THE SWAMPY AREAS</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig136">
-<img src="images/p30f.jpg" alt="" width="260" height="245" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Redwinged Blackbird</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Male is black, with red shoulder patches</dt>
-<dt>Female is a brown, uninteresting bird</dt></dl>
-<p>The male Redwing is familiar to everyone. His beautiful
-black plumage with red shoulder bars allows a rapid
-identification. He is usually seen flitting about over a
-marsh attempting to attract the attention of some admiring
-female. The nest is built in a shrub on the marsh in
-late May or June. Ordinarily it is well concealed, and
-often the only indication of its existence is the loud scolding
-of the anxious parents when intruders approach.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig137">
-<img src="images/p31.jpg" alt="" width="221" height="246" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Black Duck</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Anas rubripes</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>In flight: A dark duck with silvery underwings</dt>
-<dt>On water: Light brown with a yellow bill</dt>
-<dt>Bright red feet</dt></dl>
-<p>This heavily hunted waterfowl continues to breed even in
-well-populated areas. Its nest is found here on the edges
-of the many fresh-water pools that dot the Neck in association
-with the swamps. About nine white or buff-colored
-eggs are produced in May. After nesting, these ducks
-may still be seen feeding on submerged plants. They
-obtain their meal in a crazy &ldquo;dabbling&rdquo; fashion, standing
-on their heads so that only the tail protrudes above the
-surface.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig138">
-<img src="images/p31a.jpg" alt="" width="185" height="377" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Black-crowned Night Heron</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Nycticorax nycticorax</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>White breast, black on back and on crown of head</dt>
-<dt>About Herring Gull size</dt>
-<dt>Long, wading legs</dt></dl>
-<p>Although most active at night, these herons may be seen
-throughout the day resting or feeding. They wade about
-in both the fresh and salt marshes in search of fish or
-crustaceans, which they seize with their long bills. This
-heron nests only rarely, if ever, on the Neck now, but
-thirty years ago great rookeries were found here. These
-birds are still to be found on the Neck in fair numbers
-even though man&rsquo;s invasion of the area has reduced its
-desirability as a nesting place.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig139">
-<img src="images/p31b.jpg" alt="" width="247" height="279" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Marsh Hawk</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Circus cyaneus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Males gray; females brown</dt>
-<dt>Medium-sized hawk</dt>
-<dt>Always with an obvious white rump</dt></dl>
-<p>During the summer this handsome bird of prey is a familiar
-sight soaring close to the ground over all large marshy
-areas. In flight it holds its wings at an angle over its back,
-rather than parallel to the ground as do most hawks. It
-mates for life, bringing forth a brood of young once each
-summer. The nest is quite un-hawk-like, located on the
-ground and constructed of tall grasses. The Marsh Hawk
-leaves the area and migrates southward sometime in early
-September.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div>
-<h3>BIRDS OF THE FIELDS AND WOODED AREAS</h3>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig140">
-<img src="images/p31d.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="289" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Rufous-sided Towhee</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Underside white, orange on sides</dt>
-<dt>Tail is long, dark, with white corners</dt>
-<dt>About size and shape of a Robin</dt></dl>
-<p>Towhees are more often heard than seen. Their loud
-scratching noise in the underbrush frequently frightens
-hikers. If disturbed, they will run on the ground to a
-place of safety. Their song is very distinctive and has
-been said to sound like &ldquo;Drink your tea&rdquo; with the <i>tea</i>
-ending extended, or &ldquo;You and meeeee.&rdquo; The Towhee
-generally breeds twice every summer, building its nest in
-a small shrub or on the ground. This nest is usually as
-difficult to discover as the bird itself.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig141">
-<img src="images/p31e.jpg" alt="" width="144" height="399" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Tree Swallow</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Iridoprocne bicolor</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>White throat and stomach</dt>
-<dt>Blue-green back and head</dt>
-<dt>Crescent-shaped wings, notched tail</dt></dl>
-<p>Usually seen winging low over water, the Tree Swallow
-serves to clean the air of water-loving insects. These
-swallows appear on the Neck in great numbers during the
-fall, when the scarcity of insects changes their diet to
-Bayberries. Tree Swallows are among the last birds to
-migrate in the fall and always the first to return the following
-spring. Their nests are occasionally discovered in a
-hollow tree during May or June, but these little birds will
-readily accept a bird house in lieu of a hollow tree.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig142">
-<img src="images/p31f.jpg" alt="" width="290" height="400" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Kingbird</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Tyrannus tyrannus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Appears gray at a distance</dt>
-<dt>Square black tail with conspicuous white tip</dt></dl>
-<p>Infrequently, one sees a Hawk being attacked in flight by
-a much smaller bird. This little ball of courage is likely
-to be the Kingbird. Because of its swiftness in flight, the
-Kingbird is an able fly catcher and feeds on flies regularly.
-It builds a nest on the Neck, usually high in a tree, affording
-it a good lookout post. Watch for this nest in June.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig143">
-<img src="images/p32.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="291" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Brown Thrasher</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Toxostoma rufum</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Brown bird with light breast covered with dark streaks</dt>
-<dt>Long curved bill; very long tail</dt></dl>
-<p>The Thrasher, and its cousin the Catbird, are both common
-summer residents and nest on Castle Neck. The Thrasher&rsquo;s
-loud song, often mimicking other birds, is distinctive
-because every phrase occurs in pairs. When the nest is
-approached, the song changes into a series of short clucking
-noises, with an occasional hiss scolding the intruder.
-Persistent investigation may uncover the well-constructed
-nest on the ground. Look for this nest containing four
-brown-marked blue eggs during late May or June.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig144">
-<img src="images/p32a.jpg" alt="" width="197" height="331" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Mourning Dove</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Zenaidura macroura</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>A slim, brown bird</dt>
-<dt>Long pointed tail, bordered with white</dt></dl>
-<p>This lovely, delicate dove occurs in every state of the
-Union. The waste areas on the Neck are especially suited
-to it because its main foodstuff is Pitch Pine seeds, weeds,
-and grasses. The Mourning Dove&rsquo;s nest, placed in a
-Pitch Pine, is so carelessly made that it is apt to be mistaken
-for an old nest which is falling apart. Why it
-doesn&rsquo;t do just this during the nesting season is a marvel.
-This beautiful dove is sometimes mistaken for its extinct
-cousin the Passenger Pigeon.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig145">
-<img src="images/p32b.jpg" alt="" width="178" height="293" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sparrow Hawk</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Falco sparverius</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Long pointed wings and long tail</dt>
-<dt>Our only small hawk with a black-banded rufous tail</dt></dl>
-<p>In recent years this colorful hawk has become quite a city
-dweller, having little fear of humans. During May, four
-or five eggs are laid in a deserted Woodpecker&rsquo;s hole or any
-convenient cavity. As one would guess from its size, the
-Sparrow Hawk feeds mainly on insects and seldom on a
-mouse or sparrow. It is often seen hovering over a field
-in search of prey or just surveying its feeding territory
-from a high vantage point.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig146">
-<img src="images/p32d.jpg" alt="" width="211" height="389" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Great Horned Owl</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Bubo virginianus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Only large owl with ear tufts</dt>
-<dt>Gray appearance, with white throat patch</dt>
-<dt>Voice: Deep, penetrating &ldquo;Hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo&rdquo; (usually an odd number of hoo&rsquo;s)</dt></dl>
-<p>One or two of these magnificent birds can generally be
-found on any thorough search of the Neck. They hunt
-the Neck by night, taking a great toll of mice and other
-small animals. The Great Horned Owl nests earlier than
-any other New England bird, usually in February or
-March. So early, in fact, it occasionally returns from a
-hunt to find its nest and eggs covered with snow. A Great
-Horned can often be located during the day by following
-the sound of a noisy flock of Crows. These birds spend
-hours screaming and scolding Owls whenever they find one
-sleeping during the day.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig147">
-<img src="images/p32f.jpg" alt="" width="232" height="217" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Yellow Warbler</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Dendroica petechia</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Only tiny <i>all</i>-yellow bird here</dt>
-<dt>Reddish streaks on breast of males</dt></dl>
-<p>On first discovery, this warbler is likely to be identified
-as an escaped canary. Indeed, it is oftentimes called the
-&ldquo;Wild Canary.&rdquo; It has a very charming, persistent song,
-which it sings during most of the day. It builds a tiny
-nest lined with down in the fork of a shrub. Unfortunately,
-the Yellow Warbler arrives late in the spring and leaves
-us early in the fall.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig148">
-<img src="images/p32g.jpg" alt="" width="149" height="270" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Yellowthroat</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Geothlypis trichas</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Male: All yellow, with a black mask over eyes</dt>
-<dt>Female: Drab olive color with bright yellow throat</dt></dl>
-<p>A very familiar bird on Castle Neck, the Yellowthroat
-constantly makes its presence known by a bright &ldquo;witchity-witchity&rdquo;
-song, sounding as though it is asking &ldquo;What-cha-see?&rdquo;
-Its nest is built on or close to the ground and
-is a rather bulky affair, much larger than seems necessary
-for so small a bird. As with most of the warblers, the
-Yellowthroat&rsquo;s diet consists entirely of insects&mdash;a characteristic
-that makes it a most valuable guest.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div>
-<h3>SOME WINTER SPECIALTIES</h3>
-<p>A few tourists visit the beach during the winter. It is generally considered
-to be a &ldquo;dead&rdquo; time of year. Yet the birds abound here, and many may be
-found only during the cold months. Five examples are:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig149">
-<img src="images/p33.jpg" alt="" width="187" height="229" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Loon</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Gavia immer</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large, almost Goose size</dt>
-<dt>Long, straight bill</dt>
-<dt>Winter: Dark gray back, whitish throat and breast</dt></dl>
-<p>All summer long the Loon lives in the quiet of some hidden
-northern lake, but in the winter it moves out into the
-ocean. The winter seas are cold and savage, and yet the
-Loon takes them in stride. It is a powerful swimmer and
-can dive easily and deeply. The voice of the Loon, heard
-only in summer, is very distinctive; the loud, &ldquo;crazy&rdquo;
-laughing call is responsible for the saying &ldquo;As crazy as a
-loon.&rdquo;</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig150">
-<img src="images/p33b.jpg" alt="" width="144" height="157" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Horned Grebe</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Podiceps auritus</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Resembles a duck but has slender neck and pointed bill</dt>
-<dt>Winter: Dark gray back, line down neck, and top of head; white on breast, front of neck, and underside of head</dt></dl>
-<p>The Horned Grebe spends most of its time on the water,
-frequently even sleeping there. It has also learned to
-preen itself in water by rolling over on its side. Grebes
-swim and dive actively, catching many small fish and
-crustaceans. When frightened into flight they will run
-many yards across the surface of the water before finally
-hurtling into the air.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig151">
-<img src="images/p33c.jpg" alt="" width="194" height="293" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Snowy Owl</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Nyctea scandiaca</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Very large white owl</dt>
-<dt>A round, smooth head</dt></dl>
-<p>The Snowy is a day-flying owl and therefore may be seen
-perched high on a sand dune looking around for mice. Its
-home is in the Arctic tundra, where it feeds on Lemmings.
-When these are scarce during the winter, the Snowy
-migrates southward to new feeding grounds. Because it
-is not used to humans, you can often get quite close to this
-owl before it will be frightened into flight.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig152">
-<img src="images/p33e.jpg" alt="" width="247" height="285" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Snow Bunting</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Plectrophenax nivalis</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>About size of Song Sparrow</dt>
-<dt>White body, rusty on head and back</dt>
-<dt>Long, pointed, white wings with black tips</dt></dl>
-<p>From its breeding grounds in the Arctic, this large sparrow-like
-bird comes to Crane&rsquo;s Beach only in the winter. It is
-at home during the hardest, most severe snowstorms. One
-may stand on the verge of frostbite and watch large flocks
-of Snow Buntings flitting about, whistling in a cheerful
-tinkling song. Look for them among the dunes or marshes,
-where they feed on the grass and weed seeds.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="species">
-<div class="imgr" id="fig153">
-<img src="images/p33f.jpg" alt="" width="161" height="392" />
-</div>
-<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ipswich Sparrow</dt>
-<dt>(<i>Passerculus princeps</i>)</dt></dl>
-<dl class="species"><dt>Large sparrow, gray above, white below</dt>
-<dt>Breast and sides have dull brown markings</dt>
-<dt>Upper parts more heavily streaked</dt></dl>
-<p>The Ipswich Sparrow is an occasional visitor to Ipswich.
-It was isolated years ago on desolate Sable Island off the
-coast of Nova Scotia. It breeds only on Sable Island, but
-its winter migrations cause it to wander along the Atlantic
-Coast. It was first reported in 1868 from the dunes on
-Castle Hill, hence its name Ipswich Sparrow. When
-observed, this bird is most often found among the debris
-left at high tide on the upper beach. It is quick to fly when
-disturbed and, upon landing, will run for several yards to
-lose itself in the Beach Grass.</p>
-<h3>FOR A WIDER ACQUAINTANCE AMONG THE BIRDS</h3>
-<p>It is obvious that this chapter serves only to introduce you to the great
-variety of bird life awaiting the interested naturalist. To continue your study,
-consider the purchase of a good binocular and one or all of the books listed
-below.</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Field List: Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts</i>. Salem, Mass.: Peabody Museum, 1952. $.35</dt>
-<dt>Edward Howe Forbush, <i>Natural History of the Birds of Eastern and Central North America</i>. Revised and abridged by John B. May. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939. $7.50</dt>
-<dt>Roger Tory Peterson, <i>How to Know the Birds</i>. New York: New American Library, 1949. $.50</dt>
-<dt>&mdash;&mdash;, <i>A Field Guide to the Birds</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. $3.95</dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_68">68</dt>
-<dt>Charles Wendell Townsend, <i>The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 3</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1905. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt>
-<dt>&mdash;&mdash;, <i>Supplement to The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 5</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1920. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt>
-<dt>George J. Wallace, <i>An Introduction to Ornithology</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1955. $8.00</dt></dl>
-</div>
-<h3><a id="birds">COMMON BIRDS OF CASTLE NECK</a></h3>
-<p>Here are sixty of the most common birds you can expect to find at Castle
-Neck:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Green Heron</dt>
-<dt>Black-crowned Night Heron</dt>
-<dt>Black Duck</dt>
-<dt>Red-shouldered Hawk</dt>
-<dt>Marsh Hawk</dt>
-<dt>Sparrow Hawk</dt>
-<dt>Ruffed Grouse</dt>
-<dt>Ring-necked Pheasant</dt>
-<dt>Piping Plover</dt>
-<dt>Semipalmated Plover</dt>
-<dt>Killdeer</dt>
-<dt>Black-bellied Plover</dt>
-<dt>Spotted Sandpiper</dt>
-<dt>Greater Yellowlegs</dt>
-<dt>Semipalmated Sandpiper</dt>
-<dt>Sanderling</dt>
-<dt>Common Tern</dt>
-<dt>Mourning Dove</dt>
-<dt>Screech Owl</dt>
-<dt>Great Horned Owl</dt>
-<dt>Chimney Swift</dt>
-<dt>Ruby-throated Hummingbird</dt>
-<dt>Kingfisher</dt>
-<dt>Flicker</dt>
-<dt>Downy Woodpecker</dt>
-<dt>Hairy Woodpecker</dt>
-<dt>Kingbird</dt>
-<dt>Phoebe</dt>
-<dt>Tree Swallow</dt>
-<dt>Barn Swallow</dt>
-<dt>Bluejay</dt>
-<dt>White-breasted Nuthatch</dt>
-<dt>House Wren</dt>
-<dt>Catbird</dt>
-<dt>Brown Thrasher</dt>
-<dt>Robin</dt>
-<dt>Bluebird</dt>
-<dt>Cedar Waxwing</dt>
-<dt>Starling</dt>
-<dt>Red-eyed Vireo</dt>
-<dt>Black-and-White Warbler</dt>
-<dt>Yellow Warbler</dt>
-<dt>Myrtle Warbler</dt>
-<dt>Yellowthroat</dt>
-<dt>Blackburnian Warbler</dt>
-<dt>American Redstart</dt>
-<dt>House Sparrow</dt>
-<dt>Bobolink</dt>
-<dt>Meadowlark</dt>
-<dt>Redwinged Blackbird</dt>
-<dt>Baltimore Oriole</dt>
-<dt>Grackle</dt>
-<dt>Brown-headed Cowbird</dt>
-<dt>Purple Finch</dt>
-<dt>American Goldfinch</dt>
-<dt>Rufous-sided Towhee</dt>
-<dt>Savannah Sparrow</dt>
-<dt>Chipping Sparrow</dt>
-<dt>Swamp Sparrow</dt>
-<dt>Song Sparrow</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div>
-<h3>NOW IT&rsquo;S UP TO YOU!</h3>
-<p>For your added interest the following personal check list
-of 179 specimens discussed in this field guide allows for
-recording where and when you make your own discoveries
-at Castle Neck.</p>
-<p>As a matter of convenience, animals are arranged by
-chapter and broad groupings.</p>
-<p>Use the <a href="#c10">Field Note pages</a> for additional observations.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_70">70</div>
-<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">PERSONAL CHECKLIST</span></h2>
-<h3>Chapter I. &ldquo;The Shifting Dunes&rdquo;</h3>
-<p><span class="lr"><i>Date seen</i><span class="hst"> <i>Locality</i></span></span></p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Beach Porcupines</dt>
-<dt>Erratics</dt>
-<dt>Fulgurites</dt>
-<dt>Garnets</dt>
-<dt>Glacial till</dt>
-<dt>Ventifacts</dt></dl>
-<h3>Chapter III. &ldquo;Plants on the Dunes&rdquo;</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Mushrooms</i></dt>
-<dd>Earth Star</dd>
-<dt><i>Flowering Plants</i></dt>
-<dd>Beach Clotbur</dd>
-<dd>Beach Grass</dd>
-<dd>Beach Pea</dd>
-<dd>Beach Pinweed</dd>
-<dd>Blunt-leaved Sandwort</dd>
-<dd>Dusty Miller</dd>
-<dd>Glasswort</dd>
-<dd>Sea Lavender</dd>
-<dd>Sea Milkwort</dd>
-<dd>Seaside Goldenrod</dd>
-<dd>Woolly Hudsonia</dd>
-<dt><i>Trees and Shrubs</i></dt>
-<dd>Bayberry</dd>
-<dd>Beach Plum</dd>
-<dd>Black Cherry</dd>
-<dd>Pitch Pine</dd>
-<dd>Poison Ivy</dd>
-<dd>Quaking Aspen</dd>
-<dd>(Some other flowers of Castle Neck at <a href="#flowers">end of chapter</a>.)</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_72">72</div>
-<h3>Chapter IV. &ldquo;Life at the Edge of the Sea&rdquo;</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Seaweeds</i></dt>
-<dd>Coralline Algae</dd>
-<dd>Irish Moss</dd>
-<dd>Kelp (Common)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Fingered)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Perforated)</dd>
-<dd>Polysiphonia</dd>
-<dd>Rockweed (Common)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Nodose)</dd>
-<dd>Sea Lettuce</dd>
-<dt><i>Lower Animals</i></dt>
-<dd>Anemone</dd>
-<dd>Barnacle</dd>
-<dd>Clam (Edible)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Hardshell)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Razor)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Surf)</dd>
-<dd>Clam Worm</dd>
-<dd>Crab (Green)</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_74">74</dt>
-<dd class="t">(Jonah)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Rock)</dd>
-<dd>Horseshoe Crab</dd>
-<dd>Jellyfish (Red)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(White)</dd>
-<dd>Lobster</dd>
-<dd>Moon Snail</dd>
-<dd>Mussel (Edible)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Ribbed)</dd>
-<dd>Oyster</dd>
-<dd>Periwinkle</dd>
-<dd>Rock Purple</dd>
-<dd>Sand Dollar</dd>
-<dd>Sea Urchin</dd>
-<dd>Shrimp (Prawn)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Sand)</dd>
-<dd>Slipper Shell</dd>
-<dd>Sponge (Crumb-of-Bread)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Finger)</dd>
-<dd>Starfish</dd>
-<dt><i>Fishes</i></dt>
-<dd>Killifish</dd>
-<dd>Pipefish</dd>
-<dd>Sand Lance</dd>
-<dd>Silverside</dd>
-<dd>Skate</dd>
-<dd>Stickleback</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div>
-<h3>Chapter V. &ldquo;Insects and their Kin&rdquo;</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Insect-Like Animals</i></dt>
-<dd>Centipede</dd>
-<dd>Harvestman</dd>
-<dd>Millipede</dd>
-<dd>Sow Bug</dd>
-<dd>Spider (Crab)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Jumping)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Orange-and-Black Garden)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Orb weaving)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Sheet web)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Wolf)</dd>
-<dd>Tick</dd>
-<dt><i>True Insects</i></dt>
-<dd>Aphid (Woolly Alder)</dd>
-<dd>Ant (Carpenter)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Mound)</dd>
-<dd>Bee (Bumble)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Honey)</dd>
-<dd>Beetle (Carrion)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Click)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Firefly)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Ground)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Japanese)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Ladybug)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(May)</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_78">78</dt>
-<dd class="t">(Snout)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Tiger)</dd>
-<dd>Bug (Red-and-Black Milkweed)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Stink)</dd>
-<dd>Butterfly (Cabbage)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Monarch)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Skipper)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Sulphur)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Tiger Swallowtail)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Wood Nymph)</dd>
-<dd>Caterpillar (Salt Marsh)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Tent)</dd>
-<dd>Cricket (Field)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Snowy Tree)</dd>
-<dd>Damselfly</dd>
-<dd>Dragonfly</dd>
-<dd>Earwig (European)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Seaside)</dd>
-<dd>Fly (Crane)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Deer)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Horse)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Robber)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Syrphid)</dd>
-<dd>Grasshopper (Short-horned)</dd>
-<dd>Hornet (Bald-faced)</dd>
-<dd>Lacewing</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_80">80</dt>
-<dd>Mantis (Praying)</dd>
-<dd>Mayfly</dd>
-<dd>Measuringworm</dd>
-<dd>Midge (Biting)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Gall)</dd>
-<dd>Mosquito</dd>
-<dd>Moth (Cecropia)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Luna)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Sphinx)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Tiger)</dd>
-<dd>Scale (Oyster-shell)</dd>
-<dd>Wasp (Potter)</dd>
-<dd>Webworm</dd></dl>
-<h3>Chapter VI. &ldquo;Meeting the Mammals&rdquo;</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dd>Bat (Big Brown)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Hoary)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Little Brown)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Pipistrelles)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Red)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Silver-haired)</dd>
-<dd>Chipmunk</dd>
-<dd>Cottontail (New England)</dd>
-<dd>Deer (White-tailed)</dd>
-<dd>Fox (Red)</dd>
-<dd>Muskrat</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_82">82</dt>
-<dd>Mouse (White-footed)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Eastern Meadow)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Meadow Jumping)</dd>
-<dd>Mink</dd>
-<dd>Raccoon</dd>
-<dd>Shrew (Cinereus)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Short-tailed)</dd>
-<dd>Skunk</dd>
-<dd>Squirrel (Eastern Gray)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Red)</dd>
-<dd>Woodchuck</dd>
-<dd>Weasel (Long-tailed)</dd></dl>
-<h3>Chapter VII. &ldquo;Wings over the Sand&rdquo;</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dd>Blackbird (Redwinged)</dd>
-<dd>Bunting (Snow)</dd>
-<dd>Dove (Mourning)</dd>
-<dd>Duck (Black)</dd>
-<dd>Grebe (Horned)</dd>
-<dd>Gull (Great Black-backed)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Herring)</dd>
-<dd>Hawk (Marsh)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Sparrow)</dd>
-<dd>Heron (Black-crowned Night)</dd>
-<dd>Kingbird (Eastern)</dd>
-<dd>Loon (Common)</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_84">84</dt>
-<dd>Owl (Great Horned)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Snowy)</dd>
-<dd>Plover (Black bellied)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Piping)</dd>
-<dd class="t">(Semipalmated)</dd>
-<dd>Sanderling</dd>
-<dd>Sandpiper (Semipalmated)</dd>
-<dd>Sparrow (Ipswich)</dd>
-<dd>Swallow (Tree)</dd>
-<dd>Tern (Common)</dd>
-<dd>Thrasher (Brown)</dd>
-<dd>Towhee (Rufous-sided)</dd>
-<dd>Warbler (Yellow)</dd>
-<dd>Yellowlegs (Greater)</dd>
-<dd>Yellowthroat</dd>
-<dd>(Sixty common birds of Castle Neck at <a href="#birds">end of chapter</a>)</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_85">85</div>
-<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">FIELD NOTES</span></h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/map.jpg" alt="Map" width="1000" height="500" />
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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