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}</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Life in the Shifting Dunes, by Laurence B. White - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Life in the Shifting Dunes - A popular field guide to the natural history of Castle - Neck, Ipswich, Massachusetts - -Author: Laurence B. White - -Illustrator: Henry Bugbee Kane - -Release Date: April 18, 2017 [EBook #54566] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE IN THE SHIFTING DUNES *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Life in the Shifting Dunes" width="500" height="750" /> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="452" /> -<p class="pcap">Crane’s Beach Diorama, Museum of Science</p> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1>LIFE IN THE SHIFTING DUNES</h1> -<p class="jr1"><span class="small"><i>A popular field guide to the natural history of Castle Neck, Ipswich, Massachusetts, with attention to the unusual ecological relationships peculiar to such an area</i></span></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="large">BY LAURENCE B. WHITE, JR.</span> -<br /><span class="small"><i>Museum of Science, Boston</i></span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="small"><i>Illustrated by</i> HENRY B. KANE</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">A PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE, BOSTON</span></p> -</div> -<p class="tbcenter">Copyright, 1960, -<br />by the Museum of Science, Boston -<br />All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. -<br />Library of Congress Card Number: 60-8980 -<br />Printed in the United States of America by -<br />The Murray Printing Company -<br />Forge Village, Massachusetts</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_v">v</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">PREFACE</span></h2> -<p>This popular field guide to Castle Neck, Ipswich, Massachusetts, was the inspiration -of Mr. Cornelius Crane, who has summered there since boyhood. Two -years ago, Mr. Crane asked us if we would be willing to undertake a survey of -this typical dune area if funds were made available for the study. We were -delighted to cooperate in the project, and our Education Department undertook -it with real enthusiasm.</p> -<p>Some preliminary work was done in 1957, but during July, August, and -part of September, 1958, Laurence B. White, Jr., of our Education staff, and -Geoffrey Moran, his assistant, moved to Castle Neck. It is Larry who has -compiled this field guide.</p> -<p>Larry has been associated with our Museum since his Junior High School -days, when his consuming interest in natural history made him an almost daily -visitor, and later a valued Education Department volunteer. Now, after his -graduation from the University of New Hampshire, where he majored in Biology -and Education, he has joined our permanent staff. I recount this only to point -out that this study was undertaken by a born and bred New England naturalist -who enjoyed every minute of his work on it.</p> -<p>Finding a little cottage on the side of a marsh on the road to Little Neck, -Larry and Jeff took it over as their combined summer residence and laboratory, -and spent the July and August weeks in Thoreau-like exploration of the beach -and dunes, the swamps and woodlands of Castle Neck. Their personal relationship -with the living things on the Neck is feelingly reflected in this guide: -sympathy with the heroic struggle for survival on the dunes; admiration for -the hardihood of the little-admired Poison Ivy; amusement with the odd ways -of the Common Barnacle, which “goes through life standing on its head and -kicking food into its mouth with its feet”; and exasperation with the mischievous -practice of noisy Crows, who delight in wrecking an Owl’s daytime sleep.</p> -<p>It is perhaps because of this perceptive quality of understanding that -Larry’s report of the survey has readily adapted into a popular field guide, -directing the curious into a fascinating exploration of the “heap o’ living” going -on under our very noses and all but ignored by most of us. This guide is not -intended as an exhaustive research work or a listing of all the living things to -be found on Castle Neck. Rather, it purposely addresses itself to natural -history readily observable by visitors with sharp eyes and reasonable patience. -When a rarity is included like the Ipswich Sparrow, it is only to indicate that -such unusual thrills await the discoverer—occasionally!</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_vi">vi</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="516" height="801" /> -<p class="pcap">Deer Tracks in the Sand.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_vii">vii</div> -<p>While this guide serves as a reminder to those engaged in the study of -ecology that this is a rich area for serious investigation, the amateur naturalist -or the casual beach visitor, primarily on hand to sun, swim, or picnic, may use -it to make his stop on the Neck more meaningful. Knowing, for instance, that -Hog Island is a drumlin (a pile of debris deposited in the Great Ice Age) adds -enormous interest to the surroundings. Larry’s guide is compiled with the -understanding eye and heart of an able and enthusiastic young naturalist. It -invites you to look over his shoulder as he investigates his finds, and tempts -you to further exploration on your own.</p> -<p>The analysis of the infinitely complex relationships of living animals and -plants to their environment, and to one another, is a relatively new science. -People with a strong desire to know more about the great sea of life surrounding -them have a real opportunity to contribute valuable observations to ecological -knowledge. You may very well be one of these!</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t6"><span class="sc">Bradford Washburn</span></p> -<p class="t6">Director</p> -<p class="t6">Museum of Science</p> -<p class="t0">Boston, Massachusetts</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_viii">viii</div> -<h2><span class="small">ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</span></h2> -<p>The author is first and foremost indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Crane -for their unfailing interest in the preparation of this field guide, and to members -of the Museum staff who collaborated to edit and produce it. Among these -were Norman D. Harris, Director of Education, Gilbert E. Merrill and Chan -Waldron of the Education Department, Miss Caroline Harrison, Director of -Public Relations, and Mrs. Christina Lopes and Mrs. Margaret Jordan of her -department. Invaluable also in preparation of the manuscript was the careful -final editing of Miss Helen Phillips, Houghton Mifflin Company.</p> -<p>Especially is the author grateful to the following for advice and comment -on various chapters: Clifford S. Chater, Assistant Professor, Entomology and -Plant Pathology, Waltham Field Station; Dr. Norman A. Preble, Mammalogist, -Northeastern University; J. Phillip Schafer, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey; -Colonel E. S. Clark, Curator of Marine Life, Peabody Museum of Salem, and -Dr. Stuart K. Harris, Department of Botany, Boston University.</p> -<p><span class="lr">L.B.W.</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_ix">ix</div> -<h2 class="center">CONTENTS</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><a href="#c1"><span class="cn"> </span>Preface</a> v</dt> -<dt><a href="#c2"><span class="cn">1. </span>The Shifting Dunes</a> 1</dt> -<dt><a href="#c3"><span class="cn">2. </span>An Introduction to Dune Ecology</a> 5</dt> -<dt><a href="#c4"><span class="cn">3. </span>Plants on the Dunes</a> 10</dt> -<dt><a href="#c5"><span class="cn">4. </span>Life at the Edge of the Sea</a> 19</dt> -<dt><a href="#c6"><span class="cn">5. </span>Insects and Their Kin</a> 33</dt> -<dt><a href="#c7"><span class="cn">6. </span>Meeting the Mammals</a> 50</dt> -<dt><a href="#c8"><span class="cn">7. </span>Wings over the Sand</a> 58</dt> -<dt><a href="#c9"><span class="cn">8. </span>Now It’s Up to You—Check List for Your Discoveries and Field Notes</a> 69</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_x">x</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="Tree-topped dune." width="535" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">Chapter 1</span> -<br />THE SHIFTING DUNES</h2> -<p>Surprising as it may seem, there was a time when many of our most beautiful -beaches, the Castle Neck area included, were far inland from the edge of the -sea. This was about a million and a half years ago, when the sea was at a lower -level than it is today. In fact, a great many changes have helped to form the -beaches we see and enjoy now. Of them all, the one brought about by the -Ice Age was probably the most influential. It was some 30,000 or 40,000 years -ago that New England was overwhelmed by the final advance of a great continental -ice sheet. It came from the northwest, and as it inched its way toward -the ocean it pushed chunks of rock and great quantities of soil along with it. -The rock was continually breaking up as it was shoved forward under the ice.</p> -<p>This last glacier covered New England for thousands of years. When it -melted, all the debris it had been moving along like a giant bulldozer was left -deposited irregularly over the land, some debris perhaps a hundred miles from -original location. In addition, the water from the melting ice swept finer sands -and gravels along, depositing them over land areas and in lakes and bays.</p> -<p>In some places, streamlined hills of debris had been built up under the ice. -Later, as the ice melted, they became exposed. They were shaped like the -bowl of an inverted spoon, and we call them “drumlins.” Hog Island, to the -south of Castle Neck, is a perfectly preserved example. From its shape it is -easy to tell which way the ice was moving. The steeply sloping end of its long -axis is toward the northwest, the direction from which the last ice sheet came. -All drumlins are not so easily spotted. About a mile southeast of Castle Hill -you will see a hill that looks like an enormous sand dune. It is the highest -point on the Neck, about eighty feet, and it, too, is a drumlin. Once it protruded -out of a shallow bay that had formed as the ice melted. Modified by -the erosion of the waves and veneered with windblown sand, this drumlin by -now has quite lost its characteristic shape.</p> -<p>In the general Boston area many drumlins were uncovered as the ice -melted; some of them are such well-known landmarks as Beacon Hill, Bunker -Hill, or Breed’s Hill. Along the coast, as the sea level rose, the drumlins there -were surrounded by water and became islands. On the sides exposed to the -sea they were eroded by the waves, and the eroded materials collected to form -spits. Other sands and gravels carried by longshore currents were added, and, by-and-by, -in some cases these sand spits connected one drumlin to another. It was -just such a modification of three separate drumlins that formed Castle Neck.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<p>While the Neck was thus taking shape, the glacial debris and outwash -sands that had been deposited in New Hampshire and at the mouth of the -Merrimack River were being picked up and carried southward by the prevailing -currents. Finally this material was wave-tossed onto the newly created -beach at Castle Neck, some of it being lifted and carried farther inland. In this -way, except for a few protected spots behind the drumlins, the entire area -became blanketed with sand. The shape of the Beach as we see it is the result -of this ever-continuing modification, the work of wind and waves.</p> -<p>It was on the protected back side of the drumlins that plants first took -hold. Since the drumlins were formed from fertile soil scraped from rich inland -areas and carried here by the ice, the same kinds of plants sprang up on them—Aspens, -Pines, Gray Birches, shrubs, and grasses—as we often see today taking -over some abandoned farmland. As these early plants died, the soil was -further enriched to stimulate even more and different plant life. In fact, at -one time much of the dune area was a fertile spot, abounding with all sorts of -plants and animals. In certain places on the Neck today, very fertile soil can -be found just a few feet under the sand, evidence that here was once a rich -farmland.</p> -<p>The broad flat areas of sand on the Beach were very susceptible to the -whims of the wind. Now and then, as the wind eroded the sand particles from -one place, and blew them to another, it piled them up against the base of some -beach plant. Collecting here, the sand began to form a gentle slope with a -sharp drop-off downwind. Continuation of this action sometimes built up a -huge mound, which we call a dune.</p> -<p>This process of erosion and deposition still goes on. Usually you can tell -the general direction of the prevailing wind by observing which way it builds -the gentle slope as it piles the sand into ripples or mounds.</p> -<p>If you should mark a dune’s position today and return in several years, -you might find that the dune had moved several yards from its original position. -Dunes move slowly downwind, such movement being termed “migration.” -With a normal dune, during windy periods the sand is blown up its gentle slope -and dropped over its crest, whence it slides down the lee side. In this way the -dune migrates with the wind.</p> -<h3>THE FUTURE OF CASTLE NECK</h3> -<p>Eventually, of course, the dunes might migrate the entire length of the -Neck and again be blown into the sea, which would carry the sands farther -south, mayhap to become part of Coffin and Wingaersheek Beaches. In fact, -we might expect the eventual removal of the entire Neck if sand wasn’t constantly -being added from similar erosion going on farther north. Obviously -there is a very delicate balance here, adding and subtracting sand. The future -of Castle Neck is entirely dependent upon the sand supply from the north. Too -little may eventually diminish Crane’s Beach; while an increase could create -<span class="pb" id="Page_3">3</span> -an even larger and more beautiful Neck. Actually, it is impossible to predict -the future of a beach, at the mercy, as it is, of changes in any of the several -factors controlling its form—sand supply, waves, currents, and position of -sea level. Anyway, what has been so long taking shape will not be altered -drastically overnight. As a matter of fact, if you really wish to know the -future of Crane’s Beach, you will have to be patient. Another million and a -half years will probably tell the story!</p> -<h3>GEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES YOU CAN MAKE</h3> -<h4><i>Ventifacts</i></h4> -<p>These small, faceted pebbles found in the dunes have been blasted by -the windblown sand. They show the powerful abrasive action of the wind. -Most of those you will find here were faceted just after they had been deposited -by retreating glacial ice. A migrating dune or a blowout in the sand has left -them uncovered.</p> -<h4><i>Erratics</i></h4> -<p>Large rocks occasionally found in the dunes are called “erratics.” In this -world of tiny particles they appear very much out of place, but they were carried -here by the glacier a million years ago. They have been uncovered by the migration -of some dune.</p> -<h4><i>Fulgurites</i></h4> -<p>Occasionally lightning strikes the sand, fusing it into a little tube or ball -of glass. These fulgurites have been found here but are very rare and a real -“discovery.”</p> -<h4><i>Glacial Till</i></h4> -<p>The original soil deposited by the glacier may be seen by digging into the -sand at the drumlin. Such rocky soil is quite surprising to people who think the -beach is nothing but a big “sand pile.”</p> -<h4><i>Garnets</i></h4> -<p>Examine a handful of sand. You will find that it consists of light-colored -particles (mostly Quartz) and of black particles. Under a microscope many of -these dark particles look like little gems. They are actually a deep red and are -true Garnets. Large Garnets are used as gem stones, small ones for sandpaper—further -proof of the abrasive ability of windblown sand.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<h4><i>History in the Sand</i></h4> -<p>In your handful of sand you may find particles that are neither Quartz nor -Garnet. Minerals such as Feldspar, Biotite, Mica, Magnetite, Hornblende, and -others can be identified by the geologist and are a clue to the original type of -rock over which the glacier moved.</p> -<h4><i>Beach Porcupines</i></h4> -<p>These are hard-packed balls of twigs and grasses. Loose vegetable matter -is very light and may be blown along by the wind for many miles. As it goes -it adds other vegetation to itself, until packed into a very tight, hard ball. It -may also get its start in the water by being whirled into a tiny ball; and later -it is thrown onto the beach, to begin rolling along. A most curious souvenir!</p> -<h3>MORE ABOUT THE DUNES</h3> -<p>The face of the land is a storybook waiting to be read. The following -books will help you piece together some of the story:</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Henry Curtis Ahl, <i>Dunes and Beaches of Essex County</i>. Boston: Massachusetts Audubon Society, 1949. $.25</dt> -<dt>N. E. Chute and R. L. Nichols, <i>Geology of the Coast of Northeastern Massachusetts</i>. Massachusetts Department of Public Works and U. S. Geological Survey Cooperative Geologic Project, Bulletin #7. Boston, 1941. Out of print. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt> -<dt>John Henry Sears, <i>The Physical Geography, Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology of Essex County, Massachusetts</i>. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1905. $6.00</dt> -<dt>Charles Wendell Townsend, <i>Sand Dunes and Salt Marshes</i>. Boston: L. C. Page, 1913. Out of print. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt> -<dt>——, <i>Beach Grass</i>. Boston: Marshall Jones, 1923. $3.50</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Chapter 2</span> -<br />AN INTRODUCTION TO DUNE ECOLOGY</h2> -<p>Living things cover the face of the earth from the torrid sands of the desert to -the cold wastes of the Arctic, and every variation in environment develops a -closely knit community of plants and animals. They are the ones best adapted -to living where they do, or they may have been the first to arrive there, filling -all available homesites and monopolizing the food and water supply to create a -“closed” community. In each environment, a delicate balance is established -between its various residents and between them and their surroundings. The -study of all these interrelationships is called “ecology.”</p> -<p>Beginning with the environment, we have seen in our brief look at the -origins of Castle Neck how drastically an area can be altered as conditions -change on the earth’s surface. Environment is affected in other ways, too. -Man’s activity can change it almost overnight as a bulldozer clears land for a -housing development, a dam alters the flow or course of a river, or careless -disposal of a cigarette or campfire lays waste to acres of woodland. Or, as in the -slow development of a forest, the growth of the trees themselves can change the -environment, the maturity of one species whose seedlings require sunlight contributing -to the growth of those better adapted to shade. If you should watch -an old abandoned pasture over a period of many years, you could see environment -gradually altered. First there are the mosses and grasses that create a -fertile soil. Then come the Poplars and shrubs. As these grow they offer shade -where Pines and, finally, the broad-leaved trees can flourish. This change in -vegetation will also bring about a change in the resident animal communities.</p> -<p>When parts of Castle Neck were rich farmland, specialized forms of life -which thrive in that type of environment were abundant there. We have only -to look at Castle Hill, just a few hundred yards from the dunes, or at some of -the swamps that dot the Neck to see how different are the inhabitants from those -of the dunes. On the Hill live the Oaks, Maples, Jumping Mice, Raccoons, and -Toads, plants and animals that would be misfits indeed—if they could live -at all—in the world of moving sand. Maples and Oaks, relics of the time when -the dune area was fertile, may still be found dying and being buried over by -drifting sand. Now it is a different community of plants and animals living here. -The continually shifting sand and the scarcity of water limit the variety of life -found, but each dune dweller is specially adapted to this homesite, and no -matter how lush, green, and more attractive a neighboring meadow may look -to us, many of these specialized organisms could not survive there at all.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<p>It has taken millions of years for the long, slow process of evolution to -develop specific adaptations that suit dune dwellers to their environment. There -are variations between individuals in every form of life. Mostly these are -normal inherited variations, such as height or color. But sometimes sudden -variations, called “mutations,” occur through accidental changes in the genes -controlling inheritance. These are new characteristics not found in other -members of the same species. If the mutation is advantageous it may be passed -on, and it is in this way that new life forms slowly develop. If the mutation -allows a species to live more easily in its environment, it may displace some -older form, which may then be unable to compete successfully for food, water, -or shelter.</p> -<p>Indeed, all life is engaged in a constant struggle for survival; it is those -individuals and species best able to adapt to the changing conditions of their -environment that endure. Think of the whole series of crises faced by any living -thing in its lifetime, then of these crises being met and overcome in the -seemingly inhospitable environment of the dunes. In the beginning, our dune -dweller must be born, a difficult enough task without interference from unkind -surroundings; it must feed itself, here in an area where meals would certainly -seem at a premium; it must grow, oftentimes shedding its skin in the process; -it must live not only in the summer’s heat but, if its life span is that long, in the -winter’s cold; it must endure long periods of drought, flood, wind, and storm; -and most important of all, it must survive long enough to reproduce its kind, -or else it has missed its goal. But such is the wonder of nature’s specializations -that our dune dwellers can usually meet these normal crises. Their adaptability -and rate of reproduction safely insure the future of their kind, and their overpopulation, -if left to nature, is delicately controlled by available food and shelter -and their predators.</p> -<p>Exploring the dunes and making the acquaintance of the inhabitants, you -can see this environmental community meshing its lives together, and you can -observe the fine degree of adaptation developed by each life form. You may -find an occasional Apple tree growing out of the sand, rooted in a more fertile -soil below, a reminder of the time when that bit of the Neck was a rich farmland. -The roots of the Beach Plum also reach down to the water table, and it is -thus able to grow out of the sand, although its seedlings cannot take root in -the sand. Most of all, you will have an opportunity to note many special -animal and plant peculiarities the dune dwellers have developed to suit their -particular environment.</p> -<h3>SOME ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS</h3> -<h4><i>A Nest Deep Down in the Sand</i></h4> -<p>Walking through the dunes, you will frequently notice a small hole in the -sand. Poke a blade of grass into it and you will find the hole quite deep. As a -matter of fact, it may extend down two feet. This hole is made by the Sand -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -Dune Wolf Spider (<i>Lycosa pikei</i>) to provide a home where the female may raise -her young. Wolf Spiders are a species that elsewhere carry their young on the -back and hunt down their food wolf fashion, not even taking time to construct -a web. On the exposed dunes, the Sand Dune Wolf Spider protects its young -in this hole far beneath the ground.</p> -<h4><i>No Nest at All</i></h4> -<p>Dozens of Common Terns are to be found nesting at the southern tip of the -Neck. Long ago, the Common Tern began laying its eggs on the bare sand, and -made no nest at all. Each egg is sand-colored, with speckles resembling pebbles. -Only a patient search will locate a Tern nest on the Beach, and then, unless you -are cautious, the discovery may come after you have accidentally stepped on -the eggs.</p> -<h4><i>Eating What Comes to Hand</i></h4> -<p>Bayberries have a hard wax covering that makes them seem quite unpalatable -to us, compared to the more succulent berries found away from the dunes. -Yet here the Crows, Tree Swallows, and Myrtle Warblers are Bayberry-eaters. -The Myrtle Warbler in particular derives most of its winter diet from Bayberries. -In fact, its name comes from the scientific classification of the Bayberry, -which is in the Wax Myrtle Family.</p> -<h4><i>The Art of Being Inconspicuous</i></h4> -<p>The sand offers few places of retreat and few for hiding. It is not surprising, -then, that many of the living things here have a sand-colored protective coloration. -There is a large Grasshopper, or Locust, commonly found on the Beach. -Its dull, gray, speckled wing-covers make it practically invisible when at rest. -But the underwings, used for flight, are a striking orange with black bands. -When discovered, the Locust flies up, confusing its attacker with this bright -flash of color and a loud whirring noise. Unlike most insects, this Locust eats -the thick-skinned, dry Beach Grass.</p> -<h3>PLANT ADAPTATIONS</h3> -<p>Any plant that is adjusted to living in a region where there is a decided -lack of water is called a “xerophyte.” There are many different ways in which -plants have adapted their structure and way of life to the dune environment. -For instance, to reduce water evaporation they may have a very small leaf, to -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -offer less surface area to the sun; or smaller and more numerous stomata than -other plants (“Stomata” are tiny openings through which plants exchange -gasses. A pair of guard cells surround them and control the size of their opening); -or a very thick cuticle (waxy protective covering found on many plants); -or their sap may be changed chemically. Xerophytes may also be very fleshy, -like the cactus, to give more storage space for water. Their roots may drive -very deep into the ground to reach the water table, or they may be shallow and -spread out over a wide area to cover more surface. Their leaves may grow in -closely packed bundles to reduce further the surface area, or they may be very -thorny and prickly as a protection in exposed surroundings.</p> -<p>Here are just a few common examples of xerophytes and other plant adaptations -to be found at Crane’s Beach.</p> -<h4><i>Anchor for the Dunes</i></h4> -<p>Beach Grass (<i>Ammophila breviligulata</i>) is a true xerophyte and has many -sand-dwelling characteristics. Its grasslike blade is rolled in at the sides, oftentimes -becoming a tube, in order to reduce the surface area. As you will probably -discover, it has a pointed tip that can prick a finger and, as you may well imagine, -acts as a deterrent to those who would eat or walk through it. Its underground -stems, in true xerophyte fashion, extend over a large area in an attempt to -gather all possible water, and these dense root-mats serve to anchor the dunes -and prevent their migration.</p> -<h4><i>A Tough Sand Dweller</i></h4> -<p>The Woolly Hudsonia (<i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i>) carpets the dunes, preferring -its place in full sun to more shaded spots. The tiny leaves are awl-shaped and -press very tightly against the stem, as though trying to hold in as much water -as possible. Hudsonia is covered with a velvet-like down, which is less susceptible -to evaporation than a smooth, large surface would be.</p> -<h4><i>An Adaptable Mushroom</i></h4> -<p>Since mushrooms generally require plenty of water, you would not expect -to find them at the beach. Several species, however, may be discovered here. -The most readily identifiable is the Earth Star (<i>Geaster hygrometricus</i>), which -resembles a Puff Ball but differs in having the outer layer of the skin divided -into tough, star-shaped segments. During the dry seasons, this star is drawn up -around the ball by its contraction, thus protecting it against further desiccation. -In wet weather, the ball swells and holds the star against the ground to allow -for water absorption. The “roots” of the Earth Star are shallow, so the plant -may readily be dislodged. The wind easily blows it across the dunes, spreading -the spores over a wide area.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h3>NOW IT’S UP TO YOU</h3> -<p>There is something new to be known about every animal and plant. Now -it’s up to you! Careful observation will allow you to discover many other -examples of special adaptation to life in the shifting dunes, and the next chapters -will introduce you to some of the more common of the living things inhabiting -this strange sand-world. And if you wish to read more about ecology, try these -books:</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Ernest Neal, <i>Woodland Ecology</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958. $1.75</dt> -<dt>John H. Storer, <i>The Web of Life: A First Book of Ecology</i>. New York: New American Library, 1956. $.35</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">Chapter 3</span> -<br />PLANTS ON THE DUNES</h2> -<p>Plants add embellishment to the earth. For thousands of years people have -valued them for their elegance and their usefulness. They may rate no more -than a passing glance in fields and woods, but at the beach they stand out boldly, -for here they seem almost out of place.</p> -<p>We have already become acquainted with some strange beach-dwelling -plants; now let us examine more closely a few of the most common species.</p> -<h3>MUSHROOMS ON THE DUNES</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="174" height="132" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Earth Star</dt> -<dt>(<i>Geaster hygrometricus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Star-shaped fleshy skin at base</dt> -<dt>Main, central body is round</dt></dl> -<p>The flower-like shape of this common mushroom always -amazes its discoverer. The basal star is actually a protective -coat that covers the ball during dry spells. Its -scientific name, <i>Geaster</i>, means “earth star.” <i>Hygrometricus</i> -means “water-measuring,” and refers to the opening -and closing of the star.</p> -</div> -<h3>GRASS ON THE DUNES</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p05b.jpg" alt="" width="217" height="329" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Grass</dt> -<dt>(<i>Ammophila breviligulata</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Typical grass shape</dt> -<dt>Sharp, stiff tip to blade</dt></dl> -<p>Beach Grass is the most common xerophyte here. It -forms dense mats everywhere, and once it gains footing, -spreads at a remarkable rate. When windy weather bends -the blade it sometimes scribes circles in the sand. If these -are deeper on one side or incomplete, they help determine -the direction of the prevailing wind. Beach Grass can be -extremely uncomfortable to bare legs—so beware!</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h3>FLOWERS OF THE SEASHORE</h3> -<p>Because of the great variety of leaf shapes and sizes, it is usually desirable -to have the flower for conclusive identification of seashore plants. As an aid, the -following species are listed by color.</p> -<h4><i>White Flowers</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p05c.jpg" alt="" width="248" height="216" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Blunt-leaved Sandwort</dt> -<dt>(<i>Arenaria lateriflora</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Very thin stem and leaves</dt> -<dt>Flowers ¼″ wide</dt></dl> -<p>This very attractive flower is seldom found at any distance -from water’s edge. Usually it grows in the moist sand of -fresh-water pools, just above water level. On close examination -you will find the leaves quite hairy, almost downy. -The flowers are mounted at the tips of long stalks. They -appear early in the spring, about May, and blooming is -over by June.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p05d.jpg" alt="" width="168" height="258" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Milkwort</dt> -<dt>(<i>Glaux maritima</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Flowers are very small, at base of leaf</dt> -<dt>Thick central stalk</dt> -<dt>Leaves small, fleshy, and crowded</dt></dl> -<p>This is one of the most common beach plants, and is seldom -found away from salty soil. It grows in the salt marshes -and on the beach, starting its flowering in June and continuing -throughout the summer.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<h4><i>Red or Purple Flowers</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="156" height="232" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Pea</dt> -<dt>(<i>Lathyrus japonicus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Flowers are in clusters</dt> -<dt>Branches end in twining tendrils</dt> -<dt>Leaflets small, toothless, and numerous</dt></dl> -<p>Anyone who has seen a garden pea will recognize the -Beach Pea, which is similar to but smaller than its cousin. -The purple flowers are seen from May throughout the -summer, and the peas are found in late summer. These -peas are edible, though not particularly delicious. You -will notice that Beach Pea stems are angular in cross -section—a further clue to identification.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p06b.jpg" alt="" width="191" height="236" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Pinweed</dt> -<dt>(<i>Lechea maritima</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Fruit very tiny, berry-like</dt> -<dt>Leaves tiny and narrow</dt></dl> -<p>Pinweed is a plant of sandy soils. Often it is found growing -alone on a patch of barren sand. It flowers throughout -July and August. Its stem is so very woody and tough -that it may easily be mistaken for a tiny, stunted tree.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p06c.jpg" alt="" width="193" height="299" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Lavender</dt> -<dt>(<i>Limonium nashii</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large leaves, grow only from base of plant</dt> -<dt>Flowers numerous, small, on long stalks</dt></dl> -<p>The Sea Lavender goes by a great variety of names: -“Beach Heather” and “Marsh Rosemary” are the most -common. It is not a true dune dweller, for it is more often -found in marshy spots; but it is a typical seaside plant. -Its flowers are delicately fragrant. Amazingly enough, -you may find Sea Lavender completely submerged in salt -water during periods of high tide.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<h4><i>Yellow Flowers</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p06d.jpg" alt="" width="132" height="217" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Woolly Hudsonia</dt> -<dt>(<i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Tiny scale-like leaves</dt> -<dt>Very woolly, hairy</dt> -<dt>Almost mosslike appearance</dt></dl> -<p>The Hudsonia is sometimes called a “False Heather” and -surely reminds one of the moors. It is found in dense mats -on the dunes, and when in bloom covers the sand with a -bright yellow carpet. The flowers are borne in May and -June and open only in sunlight. Any attempt to uproot -the plant will merely break it off at the base, for the roots -are extremely long and spread over many square yards.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p06e.jpg" alt="" width="155" height="228" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Dusty Miller</dt> -<dt>(<i>Artemisia stelleriana</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Leaves hairy, white, and velvety to the touch</dt> -<dt>Leaf with many fingerlike lobes</dt></dl> -<p>You don’t need to see its flowers to identify Dusty Miller. -Its heavy “wool” coat makes identification easy by feel -alone. The flowers form dense clusters during July and -August.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p06f.jpg" alt="" width="215" height="422" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Seaside Goldenrod</dt> -<dt>(<i>Solidago sempervirens</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Tall plant with large leaves</dt> -<dt>Heads crowded together on drooping stem</dt> -<dt>Individual heads bushy</dt></dl> -<p>Everyone is familiar with Goldenrod, but few realize that -there are more than a hundred species, some of them very -specific as to where they live. The Seaside Goldenrod is -the only common species found on beaches or in marshes -with salty soil.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h4><i>Green or Brown Flowers</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="391" height="236" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Clotbur</dt> -<dt>(<i>Xanthium echinatum</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large, ragged leaves</dt> -<dt>Covered with short, rough hairs</dt> -<dt>Heads are burrlike</dt></dl> -<p>The heads of this weedy plant, like those of the Burdock, -are covered with curved spines easily attaching to the fur -or clothing of passers-by. The burrs come late in the -summer, during August or September.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p07b.jpg" alt="" width="175" height="266" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Glasswort</dt> -<dt>(<i>Salicornia europaea</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Plant is without leaves</dt> -<dt>Fleshy, jointed stems</dt></dl> -<p>Glasswort, a plant of the salt marsh, requires quantities -of salt water. It is easily identified by its leafless stem, -which looks like a string of sausages. In autumn these -succulent stems turn a bright red, adding an attractive -flash of color to the dying plants around them. Glasswort -stems take in great quantities of salt, which you will taste -if you chew one.</p> -</div> -<h3>SHRUBS AND TREES ON THE DUNES</h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p07c.jpg" alt="Sketch of tree-topped dune." width="498" height="158" /> -</div> -<p>The shrubs and trees found on the dunes are those that grow well in sunlight -and can subsist on a small amount of water.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<h4><i>Shrubs of the Dunes</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p07d.jpg" alt="" width="305" height="218" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Bayberry</dt> -<dt>(<i>Myrica pensylvanica</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Crush a leaf; note the sweet aromatic odor</dt> -<dt>Small, white, waxy berry in fall</dt></dl> -<p>No doubt the Bayberry is familiar to you. Wax from its -berries has long been used to make candles, and you may -wish to take some berries home to try your hand at this. -Boiling them will cause the wax to float on the water. -Dip a piece of string (wick) to collect it.</p> -<p><b>Sweet Gale</b> (<i>Myrica gale</i>) very closely resembles Bayberry -but has tiny pine-cone-like fruits instead of white berries. -It is very common in the swampy areas on the beach.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p07e.jpg" alt="" width="179" height="218" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Beach Plum</dt> -<dt>(<i>Prunus maritima</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Leaf with many small, sharp-pointed teeth</dt> -<dt>White flowers or purple fruit</dt></dl> -<p>This “typical” sea-beach shrub is well known. Its fruit -has long been used for “Beach Plum preserve,” a New -England favorite. The plums may be collected in late -summer. Beach Plum is reasonably common on the back -side of Crane’s Beach, high on the dunes. It is often -twisted and gnarled from exposure to the winds.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p07f.jpg" alt="" width="229" height="228" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Poison Ivy</dt> -<dt>(<i>Rhus radicans</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Three shiny leaflets</dt> -<dt>Small, white, waxy berries</dt> -<dt>Generally found twisting around another plant</dt></dl> -<p>One must admire Poison Ivy. It apparently can live -anywhere and survive anything. Beware—for it occurs -in patches on the beach. It is very poisonous to the touch, -and the best course is to wash thoroughly with a strong -soap if you come into contact with it. Some of the worst -cases of ivy poisoning may originate at the beach just -because people don’t expect to find it here.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<h4><i>Trees of the Dunes</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="197" height="401" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Black Cherry</dt> -<dt>(<i>Prunus serotina</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Leaves finely toothed</dt> -<dt>Twigs bitter when chewed</dt> -<dt>Black cherries in hanging clusters</dt></dl> -<p>Cherries are usually considered lovers of rich soils, but -this member of the family is quite common on the dunes. -It is always contorted here, and frequently diseased, but -still it survives. Generally it is found with large swellings -on the branches caused by the black cherry knot fungus, -since it is highly susceptible to this infection. The cherries -are edible, and you may or may not enjoy them. Try -one and see.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="310" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Quaking Aspen</dt> -<dt>(<i>Populus tremuloides</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Broad, heart-shaped leaves</dt> -<dt>Stem of leaf is flat; leaf shakes easily</dt> -<dt>Smooth gray or yellow-green bark</dt></dl> -<p>The Aspen thrives in sunlight and dry soil. It grows and -dies quickly. It is called a “Quaking” Aspen because its -flattened leaf stems allow its leaves to shake even in the -gentlest breeze. It is often called a Poplar tree, or just -“Popple.”</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p08b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="374" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Pitch Pine</dt> -<dt>(<i>Pinus rigida</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Evergreen; with needles</dt> -<dt>Needles grouped in bunches of three</dt> -<dt>Pine cones under 3″ in length</dt></dl> -<p>This picturesque pine grows well in sterile soil. It is -small, gnarled, contorted, and of little commercial value. -It serves a twofold purpose here—anchoring the soil and -supplying seeds for a great variety of birds and animals.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<h3>AIDS FOR YOUR INVESTIGATION</h3> -<p>These are the most common plants of the dunes and beach. Any careful -search will disclose many others not described. You will have to consult one -of the reference books listed below for their identification.</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Ethel Hinckley Hausman, <i>Beginner’s Guide to Wild Flowers</i>. New York: Putnam’s, 1955. $3.50</dt> -<dt>F. Schuyler Mathews, <i>Field Book of American Wild Flowers</i>. Completely revised and enlarged by Norman Taylor. New York: Putnam’s, 1955. $5.00</dt> -<dt>George A. Petrides, <i>A Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958. $3.95</dt> -<dt>Herbert S. Zim and A. C. Martin, <i>Trees: A Guide to Familiar American Trees</i>. Rev. ed. New York: Golden Press, 1956. Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00</dt></dl> -<h3><a id="flowers">SOME OTHER FLOWERS OF CASTLE NECK</a></h3> -<p>To aid you further in your investigation, we attach a list of other plants -that may be found occasionally at the beach or in the swamps.</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th><i>Flower Color</i> </th><th><i>Name</i> </th><th><i>Habitat</i></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">White </td><td class="l">Sundew </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Meadowsweet (shrub) </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Canada Mayflower </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Garlic Mustard </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Wild Sarsaparilla </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Indian Pipe </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Wintergreen </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Starflower </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Dodder </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Bedstraw </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Pokeweed </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Chickweed </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Yellow </td><td class="l">Sweet Flag </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Jewelweed </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">St.-John’s-wort </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Yellow Loosestrife </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Silvery Cinquefoil </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Wood Sorrel </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Mustards (several) </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Leafy Spurge </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Cyprus Spurge </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Evening Primrose </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Common Mullein </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Butter-and-Eggs </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="3"> -</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Reddish </td><td class="l">Seaside Knotwood </td><td class="l">Sand</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Steeplebush (shrub) </td><td class="l">Swamp</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Sheep Sorrel </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Soapwort </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Coast Blite </td><td class="l">Marsh</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Roses (several) </td><td class="l">Various</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Purple </td><td class="l">Purple Loosestrife </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">American Cranberry </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Common Milkweed </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Canada Thistle </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Seaside Gerardia </td><td class="l">Marshes</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Blue </td><td class="l">Blue Flag </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Violets (several) </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Forget-me-not </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Skullcap </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Bittersweet Nightshade </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Monkey Flower </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Asters (many species) </td><td class="l">Woods</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Bluets </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Blue Curls </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Brown or Green </td><td class="l">Common Cat-tail </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Narrow-leaved Cat-tail </td><td class="l">Swamps</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Curled Dock </td><td class="l">Fields</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Halberd-leaved Orache </td><td class="l">Marshes</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Sea Blite </td><td class="l">Marshes</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">Chapter 4</span> -<br />LIFE AT THE EDGE OF THE SEA</h2> -<p>Everyone likes to be a beachcomber! And each passing tide exposes the -secrets of the sea to those interested enough to take a closer look. Suppose that -we examine this world which is revealed to us twice daily.</p> -<h3>“WEEDS” OF THE SEA</h3> -<p>The sea holds many strange plants that have taken on fantastic sizes and -shapes because of their underwater environment. In spite of their size, these -plants are usually among the most primitive—a simple sheet of cells. Such -plants are called <i>algae</i> and are subdivided according to their colors.</p> -<h4><i>The Brown Algae</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="358" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Rockweed</dt> -<dt>(<i>Fucus</i>, several species)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Brown, flattened body</dt> -<dt>Central midrib</dt> -<dt>Stem has air bladders</dt></dl> -<p>The bladders are filled with air, and children like to squeeze -them to hear their pop. These bladders cause the plant -to float upright, thus keeping all its sides in contact with -water.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="438" height="205" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Nodose Rockweed</dt> -<dt>(<i>Ascophyllum nodosum</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Thin, round stem</dt> -<dt>No central midrib</dt></dl> -<p>When dried by the sun, this plant makes an interesting -and lasting souvenir, for it turns a lustrous black.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/p10b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="179" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Kelp</dt> -<dt>(<i>Laminaria agardhii</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Broad, flat blade</dt> -<dt>Several feet in length</dt></dl> -<p>The kelps of the Pacific grow several hundred feet in -length, making them the largest of the algae and among -the very largest plants.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/p10c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="221" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Fingered Kelp</dt> -<dt>(<i>Laminaria digitata</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Many blades, extending like fingers on a hand</dt></dl> -<p>All kelps have a rootlike structure called a “holdfast” to -serve as an anchor. Often tiny sea creatures dwell in -among the holdfast. Why not take a look?</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/p10d.jpg" alt="" width="447" height="190" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Perforated Kelp</dt> -<dt>(<i>Agarum cribrosum</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Central midrib</dt> -<dt>Broad blade punctured with hundreds of holes</dt></dl> -<p>In Asia this kelp is farmed for food called agar. An -extract of the plant, agar-agar, is used in the laboratory -as a culture medium for bacteria and other disease-producing -organisms.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Green Algae</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/p10e.jpg" alt="" width="205" height="221" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Lettuce</dt> -<dt>(<i>Ulva species</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>A sheet of green</dt></dl> -<p>This is a very simple seaweed that reproduces itself by -fragmentation, each fragment growing into a new plant. -Two common kinds are found at Crane’s Beach:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><i>Ulva lactuca</i>, which is the broad green “leaf”; <i>Ulva -lanceolata</i>, which is in thinner, more ribbon-like strips.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<h4><i>The Red Algae</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/p10f.jpg" alt="" width="293" height="174" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Irish Moss</dt> -<dt>(<i>Chondrus crispus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Flattened, branching fronds</dt> -<dt>Purple in life, white when sun-bleached</dt></dl> -<p>Here is a very common tidal plant that has commercial -value. It is called “Dulse” on the Boston markets, and a -very delicious pudding is prepared from it (seamoss -farine). Why not take some home and try it?</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="313" height="218" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Polysiphonia</dt> -<dt>(<i>Polysiphonia</i>, several species)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Pink or red color</dt> -<dt>Branching, lace-like appearance</dt></dl> -<p>Sometimes called “Mermaid’s Hair,” these tiny plants are -very common on the beach. There are many kinds of -Polysiphonias, but a microscopic study is usually necessary -to tell them apart.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/p11b.jpg" alt="" width="271" height="182" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Coralline Algae</dt> -<dt>(<i>Coralline</i>, several species)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>White or pink limy covering</dt> -<dt>Appear jointed</dt></dl> -<p>These plants have the amazing ability of concentrating -lime from the sea water and depositing it on their fronds, -thus acquiring a stony, coral-like appearance.</p> -<h3>ANIMALS OF THE SEA</h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11c.jpg" alt="Dolphin" width="315" height="96" /> -</div> -<p>Animals, in a kaleidoscope of unbelievable sizes, shapes, and colors, abound -here at the margin of the sea. Specializations range from the single-celled body -of the zooplankton to the multicellular body of the Seals and the occasional -Porpoise.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<h4><i>The Sponges</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/p11d.jpg" alt="" width="226" height="190" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Finger Sponge</dt> -<dt>(<i>Chalina oculata</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Brown or tan color</dt> -<dt>In colonies of fingerlike projections</dt></dl> -<p>The most common sponge on Crane’s Beach is the Finger -Sponge. Even a small piece may be identified by the -holes on its surface, through which the animal filtered -water. The strange appearance of this sponge has given -it the repulsive name of “Dead Men’s Fingers.”</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig31"> -<img src="images/p11e.jpg" alt="" width="193" height="145" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Crumb-of-Bread Sponge</dt> -<dt>(<i>Halichondria panicea</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Pale green in life</dt> -<dt>Light tan or white when dried on beach</dt> -<dt>Crumbles easily</dt></dl> -<p>Only the most searching eye will discover this sponge, -because it so closely resembles a dull uninteresting rock -or pile of bread crumbs. When it has been freshly broken, -it has a vile odor—a good clue to identification.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Jelly-like Animals</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig32"> -<img src="images/p11f.jpg" alt="" width="267" height="115" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">White Jellyfish</dt> -<dt>(<i>Aurelia aurita</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Flattened body</dt> -<dt>Under 10″ in diameter</dt></dl> -<p>The tentacles dangling down from the underside of this -jellyfish are covered with tiny stinging cells, which in this -species do not penetrate human skin.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig33"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="192" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Pink or Red Jellyfish</dt> -<dt>(<i>Cyanea capillata</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>More than 10″ in diameter</dt> -<dt>Reddish center, yellowish sides</dt></dl> -<p>This jellyfish occasionally grows up to eight feet in diameter, -with tentacles a hundred or more feet long. The stinging -cells can painfully wound a swimmer, but you may -examine a small jellyfish safely by placing your hand on -the smooth dorsal surface and turning it over.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig34"> -<img src="images/p12b.jpg" alt="" width="261" height="216" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Anemone</dt> -<dt>(<i>Metridium dianthus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Cylindrical, soft body</dt> -<dt>Tentacles at top give flower-like appearance</dt> -<dt>Generally very colorful</dt></dl> -<p>The “petals” of the Sea Anemone’s flower-like head are -actually tentacles covered with stinging cells and used to -stun its food. Generally found in the water at tide level, -the Sea Anemone moves by walking on its single, base-like -foot.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Worms</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig35"> -<img src="images/p12c.jpg" alt="" width="324" height="263" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Clam Worm</dt> -<dt>(<i>Nereis virens</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Jointed</dt> -<dt>One pair of paddle-like feet per segment</dt> -<dt>Two “tails”</dt> -<dt>Pinchers on the head (watch out!)</dt></dl> -<p>This is the best-known worm on the beach because of its -desirability as fish bait. During the day it lives in its -burrow in the sand, wandering forth at night and swimming -about in the water, where it becomes easy prey for -gulls and fishes. The skin is brilliantly iridescent in the -sunlight.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<h4><i>The Crustaceans</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig36"> -<img src="images/p12d.jpg" alt="" width="248" height="165" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Barnacle</dt> -<dt>(<i>Balanus balanolides</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Common on rocks and shellfish</dt> -<dt>White, volcano-shaped shell</dt> -<dt>Two “barn doors” at top</dt></dl> -<p>This animal goes through life standing on its head and -kicking food into its mouth with its feet! When it is submerged -in sea water you can see its shell doors open and -its feather-like feet sweep the water for microscopic food -organisms. The limy shell first suggests a relationship -with the clam, but body structure shows it to be a closer -relative of the crab.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig37"> -<img src="images/p12e.jpg" alt="" width="146" height="148" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Shrimps</dt> -<dt>(<i>Crago septemspinosus</i>, the Sand Shrimp, and <i>Palaemonetes vulgaris</i>, the Prawn)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Hard, transparent shell</dt> -<dt>Long antennae</dt> -<dt>Paddle-like tail</dt></dl> -<p>These tiny tide-pool creatures look for all the world like -the larger edible shrimp served in local restaurants. Actually, -these miniature two-inch-long shrimps are edible also, -and quite enjoyable if you have the time and patience to -collect enough for a meal.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig38"> -<img src="images/p12f.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="174" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">American Lobster</dt> -<dt>(<i>Homarus americanus</i>)</dt></dl> -</div> -<p>Bits and pieces of Lobster are frequently found on the -beach, but seldom the entire animal. The Lobster inhabits -deeper water and finds its way to shore only after losing a -battle with one of its enemies. A favorable dining size is -one or two pounds; however, Lobsters do attain weights -up to forty pounds.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig39"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="198" height="198" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">True Crabs</dt> -<dt>(Cancridae and Portunidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Football-shaped in cross section</dt> -<dt>Two large claws</dt> -<dt>Eyes mounted on stalks</dt></dl> -<p>The three very common True Crabs of Crane’s Beach may -be found in one search of the tidal pools. They are:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Rock Crab</b> (<i>Cancer irroratus</i>): A brick-red shell, somewhat -granulated, with a black and yellowish undersurface.</p> -<p><b>Jonah Crab</b> (<i>Cancer borealis</i>): Similar in color to the above, -but its shell has a more sculptured surface.</p> -<p><b>Green Crab</b> (<i>Carcinides maenas</i>): A greenish-colored shell. -The last pair of legs end in sharp points, rather than being -flattened like paddles.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig40"> -<img src="images/p13b.jpg" alt="" width="283" height="214" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Horseshoe Crab</dt> -<dt>(<i>Limulus polyphemus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Shell with horseshoe-shaped outline</dt> -<dt>Long, sharply pointed tail</dt> -<dt>Two immovable compound eyes</dt></dl> -<p>The Horseshoe is not a Crab at all, but is more closely -related to the spiders, mites, and scorpions. In spite of its -relations, the Horseshoe is a harmless creature whose only -protection is its hard shell. Therefore it may be examined -freely—a strange “living fossil” that has survived -400,000,000 years of evolution with very little change.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Mollusks</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig41"> -<img src="images/p13c.jpg" alt="" width="156" height="216" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Oyster</dt> -<dt>(<i>Ostrea virginica</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Mottled, unattractive shell</dt> -<dt>Gray splotches on inside surface</dt></dl> -<p>Even without pearls, our Oyster is worth many thousands -of dollars a year to shellfish dealers because of its delicious -flesh. Its tropical relatives are the pearl producers.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig42"> -<img src="images/p13d.jpg" alt="" width="176" height="261" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Mussels</dt> -<dt>(<i>Mytilidae</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Blue-colored shells</dt> -<dt>Shells covered with black, horny skin</dt></dl> -<p>Living mussels are always found attached to rocks or -pieces of wood by tiny threads of their own making. Two -common mussels are:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Edible Mussel</b> (<i>Mytilus edulis</i>): Smooth, velvety-blue shell -identifies it. The animal within is edible and quite delicious. -It is commonly utilized as food in Europe but less -so here, where we have, and seem to prefer, the Oyster.</p> -<p><b>Ribbed Mussel</b> (<i>Modiolus demissus plicatulus</i>): Similar to -the above but with many distinct ribs radiating on the -surface. The Ribbed Mussel is not considered edible. -While not poisonous, it is most unpalatable.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig43"> -<img src="images/p13e.jpg" alt="" width="475" height="169" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Hardshell Clam</dt> -<dt>(<i>Venus mercenaria</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Thick, round shell</dt> -<dt>Purple blotches on inside surface</dt></dl> -<p>Also called “Quahog,” “Little Neck,” “Round Clam,” or -“Cherrystone,” the Hardshell Clam is another highly -prized seafood.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig44"> -<img src="images/p13f.jpg" alt="" width="221" height="127" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Edible Clam</dt> -<dt>(<i>Mya arenaria</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Fragile shell with egg-shaped outline</dt> -<dt>Wing extending out from inside top of left half of shell</dt></dl> -<p>These clams are found just a foot or so under the sand, -and their empty shells are common on the beaches. This -is the Softshell Clam, which we enjoy steamed, baked, or -fried, as well as in New England’s famous clambakes and -clam chowders.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig45"> -<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="292" height="205" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Surf Clam</dt> -<dt>(<i>Spisula solidissima</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Very large shell</dt> -<dt>Spoon-shaped trough at inside top of shell</dt></dl> -<p>This is the largest clam on the Atlantic seaboard, growing -up to about seven inches in length. It is edible, and just -one or two make a large chowder. The shell makes a fine -ashtray and an unusual and useful souvenir.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig46"> -<img src="images/p14b.jpg" alt="" width="369" height="213" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Razor Clam</dt> -<dt>(<i>Ensis directus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Elongated brown shell</dt></dl> -<p>The Razor has a very large foot, with which it can often -dig faster than the hand trying to discover it. Although -delicious, the Razor Clam is seldom seen on the markets -because it is so difficult to capture.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig47"> -<img src="images/p14c.jpg" alt="" width="404" height="294" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Snails</dt> -<dt>(Littorinidae, Thiasidae, and Naticidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Clams in a coiled shell</dt></dl> -<p>Several species are found at Crane’s Beach:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Periwinkles</b> (<i>Littorina</i>): These have a wrinkled shell about -the size of a thumbnail. Because they are able to withstand -long periods without water, Periwinkles are often -found high on a beach.</p> -<p><b>Rock Purple</b> (<i>Thais lapillus</i>): Has a rough, white shell -coming to a point at the top. This snail secretes a purplish -dye that was used by the American Indians and the -ancient Phoenicians to produce their “royal purple” dyes.</p> -<p><b>Moon Snail</b> (<i>Polinices heros</i>): Large white shell with -almost round shape. The Moon Snail lays its eggs in a -sand “collar,” which is frequently discovered on the -beach in its dry state.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig48"> -<img src="images/p14d.jpg" alt="" width="181" height="183" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Slipper Shell</dt> -<dt>(<i>Crepidula fornicata</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Shell is boat-shaped</dt> -<dt>Tiny “seat” inside shell</dt></dl> -<p>This animal protects its bare underside by attaching itself -to a handy rock with its suction-cup foot. Often there are -enough of them to give the rock a warted appearance.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Spiny-skinned Animals</i> (<i>Echinoderms</i>)</h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig49"> -<img src="images/p14e.jpg" alt="" width="479" height="206" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Starfishes</dt> -<dt>(<i>Asterias vulgaris</i>, and others)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Five-armed body</dt></dl> -<p>The Starfish seems to like Oysters as well as we do, and it -opens them by sheer strength. Oystermen used to tear -Starfish apart to destroy them, until they discovered that -each arm has the ability to regenerate and become a whole -starfish!</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig50"> -<img src="images/p14f.jpg" alt="" width="347" height="173" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sea Urchin</dt> -<dt>(<i>Strongylocentrotus droehbachiensis</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Round body</dt> -<dt>Covered with spines</dt></dl> -<p>Here is a creature with a scientific name much too long -for its size. Indeed, the name is said to be the longest in -animal nomenclature. The Sea Urchin is a living fossil -with four times as many extinct cousins as living ones.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig51"> -<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="167" height="156" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sand Dollar</dt> -<dt>(<i>Echinarachnius parma</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Silver-dollar size and shape</dt> -<dt>Raised, star-shaped pattern on back</dt></dl> -<p>This is an animal of deeper water and so the bather seldom -sees a live, heavily spined specimen. We find the dry, -spineless shells on the beach. Wrap them carefully if you -wish to take them home, because they are most fragile.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Fishes</i></h4> -<p>The waters off Crane’s Beach abound with many dramatic fishes such as -Cod, Mackerel, Flounder, and Sand Sharks; but we are concerned only with the -common tidal fishes that are regularly washed onto the shore.</p> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig52"> -<img src="images/p15b.jpg" alt="" width="296" height="174" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Pipefish</dt> -<dt>(<i>Syngnathus fuscus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Lead-pencil size and shape</dt> -<dt>Hard, bony plates cover body</dt></dl> -<p>One look at a Pipefish will convince you that it must be -related to the Seahorse. It spawns late in the spring, the -female laying her eggs in the pouch on the stomach of the -male. The male carries these eggs kangaroo-fashion, until -they hatch during the summer.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig53"> -<img src="images/p15c.jpg" alt="" width="330" height="146" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Silverside</dt> -<dt>(<i>Menidia menidia</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Silver stripe running down a light side</dt></dl> -<p>These fish are also an important food item for the Gulls -and Terns. Silversides run in schools of a hundred or -more, which can be located by the flocks of birds gathered -round overhead.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig54"> -<img src="images/p15d.jpg" alt="" width="288" height="237" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Skates</dt> -<dt>(<i>Raja</i>, several species)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Strange bat shape</dt> -<dt>Long ratlike tail</dt></dl> -<p>These are harmless fish resembling the dangerous Rays of -the tropics, except for their habits. The egg cases of the -Skate are rectangular, black, horny envelopes. They are -commonly found on the beach, where they are called -“mermaids’ purses.” If you find a fresh one and open it, -you may discover a miniature Skate inside.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig55"> -<img src="images/p15f.jpg" alt="" width="221" height="69" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Killifish</dt> -<dt>(<i>Fundulus heteroclitus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Stout, olive-green fish</dt> -<dt>Rounded tail</dt></dl> -<p>The “Chub,” well known to fishermen, can live for a day -covered only with a layer of damp seaweed. It does us a -real service by feeding on the mosquito larvae in brackish -water.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig56"> -<img src="images/p15g.jpg" alt="" width="442" height="144" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sticklebacks</dt> -<dt>(<i>Gasterosteus</i> and <i>Apeltes</i> species)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Spines on the back</dt> -<dt>Very narrow base to tail</dt></dl> -<p>During the early summer months, the Stickleback builds -a barrel-shaped nest, held together with gelatinous threads. -After the eggs have been deposited, the male guards the -nest with amazing vigor, considering his size.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig57"> -<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="437" height="72" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sand Lance</dt> -<dt>(<i>Ammodytes americanus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Knife-shaped body</dt> -<dt>Long dorsal fin (fin on back)</dt> -<dt>Protruding lower jaw</dt></dl> -<p>Thriving abundantly off the beach, the Sand Lance is an -important item in the diet of shore birds.</p> -<h3>FOR MORE INFORMED BEACHCOMBING</h3> -<p>Thus begins our day of beachcombing. Every animal and plant of the sea -has a tale to tell and some of the most exciting of all are found in this ribbon-like -strip of water in the tidal wash.</p> -<p>For your further investigation, here is a list of reference books:</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Charles M. Breder, Jr., <i>Field Book of Marine Fishes of the Atlantic Coast</i>. Rev. ed. New York: Putnam’s, 1948. $5.00</dt> -<dt>Ralph M. Buchsbaum, <i>Animals without Backbones</i>. Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. $8.00, text ed. $6.00</dt> -<dt>Rachel L. Carson, <i>The Edge of the Sea</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955. $3.95</dt> -<dt>Roy Waldo Miner, <i>Field Book of Seashore Life</i>. New York: Putnam’s, 1950. $7.00</dt> -<dt>Percy A. Morris, <i>A Field Guide to the Shells of Our Atlantic and Gulf Coasts</i>. Rev. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951. $3.95</dt> -<dt>Herbert S. Zim and Lester Ingle, <i>Seashores: A Guide to Animals and Plants along the Beaches</i>. New York: Golden Press, 1955. Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">Chapter 5</span> -<br />INSECTS AND THEIR KIN</h2> -<p>The insect world populating the dense grass jungles and sand-dune deserts at -Castle Neck is generally unfamiliar to the human towering above, yet its principal -characters may readily be observed by the keen eye, or, better, the keen eye -aided by a simple magnifying glass.</p> -<p>Insects are identified by the presence of six legs. Insect-like animals may -be found with more than six legs. Let’s look at these first.</p> -<h3>INSECT RELATIVES: MULTILEGGED CREATURES</h3> -<h4><i>Eight-legged Animals</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig58"> -<img src="images/p16b.jpg" alt="" width="92" height="92" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ticks</dt> -<dt>(Ioxidae and Argasidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Body egg-shaped in outline</dt> -<dt>Very small head</dt> -<dt>Parasitic on human beings as well as animals</dt></dl> -<p>Ticks are quite common at the beach, but only the tourist -who ventures into the woods will encounter them. From -the tip of a blade of grass they hook on to a warm-blooded -animal passing by. In removing a Tick some care is -necessary so that the tiny head will not remain embedded -in the victim. Ticks can usually be persuaded to let go -if touched with a lighted cigarette or daubed with rubbing -alcohol.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig59"> -<img src="images/p16c.jpg" alt="" width="341" height="201" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Harvestmen</dt> -<dt>(<i>Phalangida</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Very small oval body</dt> -<dt>Extremely long, slender legs</dt></dl> -<p>Better known as “Daddy-long-legs,” these creatures resemble -Spiders, but are not very closely related to them. -They are perfectly harmless and cannot bite. Most of -them feed on plant juices or dead insects.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig60"> -<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="174" height="617" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">True Spiders</dt> -<dt>(Araneida)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Body divided into two distinct parts</dt> -<dt>All have poison fangs</dt></dl> -<p>Many spiders are to be found on Crane’s Beach. Most -are small, harmless, and difficult to identify. However, -some of the general groups may be readily recognized:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Sheet-web Spiders</b> (Linyphiidae): A small spider, usually -less than a quarter of an inch long. Its sheetlike web -identifies it.</p> -<p><b>Orb-weaving Spiders</b> (Argiopidae): All of these spiders -build their webs like a wheel with radiating spokes. The -<b>Orange-and-Black Garden Spider</b> (<i>Miranda aurantia</i>), a -large species infesting grassy places in the fall, is typical -of the group.</p> -<p><b>Crab Spiders</b> (Thomisidae): The Crab Spiders do not construct -webs, but their crablike shape and the fact that -they walk sidewise will identify them.</p> -<p><b>Wolf Spiders</b> (Lycosidae): This spider hunts its prey -instead of building a web and waiting for its meal to happen -along. Wolf Spiders are often large and quite hairy. The -holes you find in the sand dunes are nurseries constructed -by the female <b>Sand Dune Wolf Spider</b> (<i>Lycosa pikei</i>).</p> -<p><b>Jumping Spiders</b> (Attidae): “Jumpers” have a rather fat -body that is heavily covered with hair. They too hunt -their prey, often jumping several inches to capture it.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<h4><i>Creatures with More Than Eight Legs</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig61"> -<img src="images/p17b.jpg" alt="" width="113" height="148" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sow Bugs</dt> -<dt>(Isopoda)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Flat, segmented body</dt> -<dt>Less than ten pairs of legs</dt></dl> -<p>The Sow Bug, commonly called the “Pill Bug,” is usually -found hiding under a damp log. It is completely innocuous -and will often roll into a ball when disturbed.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig62"> -<img src="images/p17d.jpg" alt="" width="104" height="144" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Centipedes</dt> -<dt>(Chilopoda)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Elongated, segmented body</dt> -<dt>Fifteen or more pairs of legs</dt> -<dt>One pair of legs per segment</dt></dl> -<p>The Centipede is usually found hidden in a moist place. -It feeds on insects killed by a poison injected through its -jaw. Although Centipedes occasionally bite a finger, their -poison is so weak that the bite can be ignored.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig63"> -<img src="images/p17e.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="198" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Millipedes</dt> -<dt>(Diplopoda)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Hard, segmented, worm-shaped body</dt> -<dt>Two pair of legs per segment</dt> -<dt>Roll into a ball when disturbed</dt></dl> -<p>The Millipede is found in much the same habitat as the -Centipede, under a board or rock or inside a rotten stump. -It is harmless, and lives for the most part on decaying -plants.</p> -<h3>INSECTS: SIX-LEGGED ANIMALS</h3> -</div> -<h4><i>The Mayflies</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig64"> -<img src="images/p17f.jpg" alt="" width="263" height="432" /> -</div> -<p>These insects have long, soft bodies and two long -“tails.” The first stage in the Mayfly’s life is spent under -water in one of the several swampy pools behind the main -beach. Early in the spring it changes into the winged adult -that is unable to eat. This adult lays its eggs and dies -soon afterwards.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<h4><i>The Dragonflies and Damselflies</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig65"> -<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="280" height="204" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Dragonflies</dt> -<dt>(Aeshnidae, and others)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Two pairs of long, stiff wings</dt> -<dt>Two large compound eyes, which touch each other</dt> -<dt>Hold wings outspread when they alight</dt></dl> -<p>Dragonflies are often called “Devil’s Darning Needles,” -but they are perfectly harmless. They frequent wet areas, -where they feed on other insects—particularly mosquitoes!</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig66"> -<img src="images/p18b.jpg" alt="" width="204" height="104" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Damselflies</dt> -<dt>(Lestidae and Coenagrionidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Two pairs of long wings</dt> -<dt>Large compound eyes do not touch</dt> -<dt>Wings folded over back when resting</dt></dl> -<p>Aside from their smaller, more delicate appearance, these -insects look like the Dragonflies. They are found in the -same places and have similar habits.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Fan-winged Insects: Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc.</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig67"> -<img src="images/p18c.jpg" alt="" width="388" height="126" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Short-horned Grasshoppers</dt> -<dt>(Acrididae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Antennae shorter than body</dt> -<dt>Typical Grasshopper shape</dt></dl> -<p>Most Grasshoppers are strong fliers and are easily frightened -into flight. The males may be heard singing during -the day—a rasping noise produced by drawing the hind -leg across the veins on the wing.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig68"> -<img src="images/p18e.jpg" alt="" width="232" height="326" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Crickets</dt> -<dt>(Gryllidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Antennae longer than body</dt> -<dt>Black or dark brown color</dt></dl> -<p>The commonest Cricket here is the <b>Black Field Cricket</b> -(<i>Acheta assimilis</i>). The “singing” of the Cricket is produced -by the male as he rubs his wings together. Of -particular interest is the <b>Snowy Tree Cricket</b> (<i>Oecanthus -niveus</i>), which chirps rhythmically. By counting the -chirps in one minute and subtracting forty, then dividing -this total by four and adding your new sum to fifty, you -will have a rough estimate of the temperature in degrees -Fahrenheit.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig69"> -<img src="images/p18f.jpg" alt="" width="352" height="234" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Praying Mantis</dt> -<dt>(<i>Stagmomantis carolina</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Pale green color</dt> -<dt>Forefeet bent as though praying</dt></dl> -<p>Mantids were once rare in New England but in recent -years seem to have been extending their range northward -and are now quite common even in the grassy beach area. -They are said to be the only insects that can look over -their shoulders.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Earwigs</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig70"> -<img src="images/p18g.jpg" alt="" width="123" height="123" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">European Earwig</dt> -<dt>(<i>Forficula auricularia</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Wings short, not half length of body</dt> -<dt>Two pincers on tail</dt></dl> -<p>The Earwig hides by day, coming out at night to feed on -plant material. Since it does not bite with its pincers, it -can be handled freely. Other species are occasionally -found. The <b>Seaside Earwig</b> (<i>Anisolabis maritima</i>) is the -largest New England earwig. It has more than twenty-four -segments to its antennae, whereas the European has -no more than fifteen.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<h4><i>The True Bugs</i></h4> -<p>In common parlance, the term “bug” is usually applied to all insects. -Actually the following group is the only one scientifically recognized as “bugs.” -In all of them, half of the forewing is thickened and leather-like, and all of the -mouth parts are designed to pierce their food.</p> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig71"> -<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="167" height="197" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Lygaeid Bugs</dt> -<dt>(Lygaeidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Four sections to antenna</dt> -<dt>Antennae end in club shape</dt> -<dt>Very few veins in forewing</dt></dl> -<p>The most common member of this group is the <b>Red-and-Black -Milkweed Bug</b> (<i>Oncopeltus fasciatus</i>), which feeds -exclusively on Milkweed. A small insect (<i>Geocoris</i>) also -belongs to this group. It has a hammer-shaped head and -may be found beneath dried seaweed.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig72"> -<img src="images/p19c.jpg" alt="" width="215" height="155" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Stink Bugs</dt> -<dt>(Pentatomidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Broad, shield-shaped insect</dt></dl> -<p>There are many kinds of Stink Bugs, so named because of -the disagreeable odor they emit when crushed. Some are -brightly colored and are commonly found on the fleshy -dune plants.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Aphids and Scale Insects</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig73"> -<img src="images/p19d.jpg" alt="" width="325" height="181" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Woolly Alder Aphid</dt> -<dt>(<i>Prociphilus tessellatus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>White, woolly mass on Alder or Maple tree</dt></dl> -<p>The Woolly Aphid is found only on Alder and Maple trees -and may be recognized by its downy appearance. Although -it feeds on the tree, it is never common enough to do any -damage. The wool is a secretion of wax protecting the -insect.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig74"> -<img src="images/p19e.jpg" alt="" width="251" height="242" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Oyster-shell Scale</dt> -<dt>(<i>Lepidosaphes ulmi</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Tiny oyster-shell-shaped body covering</dt> -<dt>Attached to bark of tree (particularly Poplar and Birch)</dt></dl> -<p>You must look very carefully to discover one of these -insects. The young Scales have legs and move about -during the month of June. Then they settle down, lose -their legs, and secrete a wax shell over their bodies. These -Scales are extremely common at the beach, but only the -careful observer is likely to see them.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Golden-eyed Insects</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig75"> -<img src="images/p19f.jpg" alt="" width="161" height="132" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Lacewing</dt> -<dt>(<i>Chrysopa</i>, several species)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Delicate-green insect</dt> -<dt>Very large wings</dt> -<dt>Golden-colored eyes</dt></dl> -<p>In spite of its delicate shape, when caught the Lacewing -emits an odor which has earned it the name “Stink Fly.” -Its eggs are laid singly on long stalks because the young, -called “aphid lions,” are cannibalistic.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>Nature’s Insect Tanks: Beetles</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig76"> -<img src="images/p19g.jpg" alt="" width="167" height="191" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Carrion Beetles</dt> -<dt>(Silphidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Body is soft but horny</dt> -<dt>Five segments in antennae</dt> -<dt>Usually found near dead animals</dt></dl> -<p>The Carrion Beetles lay their eggs on a dead animal, -which they bury as a food reserve for their young. This -habit has given them the common name of “Burying -Beetles.”</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig77"> -<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="386" height="234" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ground Beetles</dt> -<dt>(Carabidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Dark brown or black</dt> -<dt>Head narrower than mid-body</dt> -<dt>Usually have prominent jaws</dt></dl> -<p>The legs of the Ground Beetle are designed for quick -movement. These beetles are mostly active by night. -They are beneficial because they eat other insects.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig78"> -<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="277" height="230" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Tiger Beetles</dt> -<dt>(Cicindelidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Bright green or blue, metallic</dt> -<dt>Head broader than neck</dt> -<dt>Run and fly quickly</dt></dl> -<p>The adult feeds savagely on other insects, killing them -with powerful jaws—which can also nip your finger. The -larvae are called “doodlebugs” and live in upright burrows -in the sand, allowing their jaws to extend above ground -to capture unsuspecting prey.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig79"> -<img src="images/p20b.jpg" alt="" width="242" height="165" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Click Beetles</dt> -<dt>(Elateridae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>When turned over, the insect snaps back upright</dt> -<dt>First body segment as broad as the last</dt></dl> -<p>Click Beetles are so named because of the resounding -“click” they make when snapping up into the air after -being overturned. The adults are strict vegetarians, so -look for them on plants.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig80"> -<img src="images/p20c.jpg" alt="" width="267" height="321" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Scarab Beetles</dt> -<dt>(Scarabaeidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large body, oval outline</dt> -<dt>Antennae terminate with fanlike segment</dt> -<dt>Body has “polished” finish</dt></dl> -<p>There are more than 1400 species in this group in the -United States and more than 30,000 in the world. Two -of the most common at the beach are:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>May Beetle</b> (<i>Phyllophaga fusca</i>): A large cylindrical -brown body. Also called “June Bug,” in May and June -it is frequently discovered at night flying to a light.</p> -<p><b>Japanese Beetle</b> (<i>Popillia japonica</i>): The head and forebody -are metallic green; the wings are copper color. Introduced -from the Orient about fifty years ago, these beetles -do great damage to many kinds of plants.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig81"> -<img src="images/p20f.jpg" alt="" width="427" height="266" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Snout Beetles or Weevils</dt> -<dt>(Curculionidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Small, roundish body</dt> -<dt>Dull, uninteresting color</dt> -<dt>Long tube (snout) on head</dt></dl> -<p>These are very common beetles on the dunes. Their long -snout is used to drill into seeds and plant tissues. None of -our species do great harm, but they have some unpleasant -relatives—the <b>Plum Curculio</b> (<i>Conotrachelus nenuphar</i>) -and the <b>Cotton Boll Weevil</b> (<i>Anthonomus grandis</i>).</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig82"> -<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="218" height="185" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ladybug Beetles</dt> -<dt>(Coccinellidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Hemispherical shape</dt> -<dt>Brightly colored</dt></dl> -<p>Many kinds of “Ladybug” or “Ladybird” Beetles can be -found at the beach. Some feed on plants and others on -small insects. The insect-eating varieties are extremely -valuable.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig83"> -<img src="images/p21b.jpg" alt="" width="282" height="145" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Fireflies</dt> -<dt>(Lampyridae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>A “tail light”</dt> -<dt>Elongated soft body</dt> -<dt>Head is not visible from above</dt></dl> -<p>The Firefly’s light is produced by the chemical reaction -of a substance called luciferin. It is an almost perfect -“cold” light, with practically no heat loss. The light is -used to attract the opposite sex during mating. The -larva of this beetle is the “glowworm.”</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Scaled-wing Insects: Butterflies and Moths</i></h4> -<p>Butterflies may be identified by their threadlike antennae, which are club-shaped -at the end; Moths usually have feathered antennae.</p> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig84"> -<img src="images/p21c.jpg" alt="" width="327" height="313" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Swallowtails</dt> -<dt>(Papilionidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large Butterflies</dt> -<dt>Tail-like extension on hind wings</dt></dl> -<p>The <b>Tiger Swallowtail</b> (<i>Papilio ajax</i>), with yellow and -black wings, is the largest butterfly at the beach, and, -indeed, the largest butterfly in America. In midsummer -you may find one fluttering about flowering plants.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig85"> -<img src="images/p21d.jpg" alt="" width="166" height="152" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Cabbage and Sulphur Butterflies</dt> -<dt>(Pieridae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Half-dollar size</dt> -<dt>White or orange wings</dt></dl> -<p>These butterflies are common wherever there is an open -area such as the dunes. In other parts of the United -States the caterpillars destroy great amounts of alfalfa -and cabbage.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig86"> -<img src="images/p21e.jpg" alt="" width="287" height="245" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Milkweed Butterflies</dt> -<dt>(Danaidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large size</dt> -<dt>Orange and black markings</dt></dl> -<p>The <b>Monarch Butterfly</b> (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) is our most -common species. Because of its bitter taste the birds -won’t eat it.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig87"> -<img src="images/p21f.jpg" alt="" width="184" height="164" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Wood Nymphs</dt> -<dt>(Satyridae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Butterflies with two large “eye spots” in brown wings</dt> -<dt>Large wing veins are swollen at base</dt></dl> -<p>Nymphs are found from sea level to the mountain peaks. -Look for them in the Pitch Pine woods behind the beach.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig88"> -<img src="images/p21g.jpg" alt="" width="332" height="153" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Skippers</dt> -<dt>(Hesperiidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Very hairy Butterflies, even wings</dt> -<dt>Erratic, skipping flight</dt></dl> -<p>The Skippers look much like Moths. Their crazy, zigzag -flight helps identify them.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig89"> -<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="196" height="251" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sphinx Moths</dt> -<dt>(Sphingidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Sphinx Moths frequently have a five-inch wingspread and</dt> -<dt>are called “Hawk” or “Hummingbird” Moths.</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig90"> -<img src="images/p22b.jpg" alt="" width="412" height="504" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Saturnid Moths</dt> -<dt>(Saturniidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Very large, hairy moths</dt> -<dt>Large, feather-like antennae</dt></dl> -<p>Two species occur in our area:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Cecropia Moth</b> (<i>Samia cecropia</i>): It is the largest moth in -our area, having varying colors of brown and yellow.</p> -<p><b>Luna Moth</b> (<i>Tropaea luna</i>): New England’s most beautiful -moth, the Luna is pale green, with a brown leading edge -on the forewing and a long tail-like extension from the -hind wing.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig91"> -<img src="images/p22c.jpg" alt="" width="166" height="266" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Tiger Moths</dt> -<dt>(Arctiinae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Yellowish-brown body</dt> -<dt>Three rows of black spots on body</dt></dl> -<p>The larvae of these moths are the well-known “Woolly -Bear” caterpillars that are covered with a dense coat of -rusty-red and black hairs. They are not beneficial. -Two common examples are:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Salt-marsh Caterpillar</b> (<i>Estigmene acrea</i>): This caterpillar -is covered with rose-colored hair. It feeds on practically -every type of leaf in the fall.</p> -<p><b>Webworm</b> (<i>Hyphantria cunea</i>): It covers the ground for -several feet with its silky web. In large numbers, Webworms -can denude a tree in short order. Periodic outbreaks -of these “Soldier Worms” are common at the -beach.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig92"> -<img src="images/p22d.jpg" alt="" width="540" height="162" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Tent Caterpillar</dt> -<dt>(<i>Malacosoma americanum</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Adult moth is reddish brown</dt> -<dt>Extremely hairy, even on legs</dt></dl> -<p>The adult is less readily recognized than is the web home -of these caterpillars. In the spring, the webs may be found -on most of the Black Cherry trees in the area.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig93"> -<img src="images/p22e.jpg" alt="" width="278" height="178" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Measuringworms</dt> -<dt>(Geometridae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Small gray or brown Moths</dt> -<dt>Margin of wings frilly or scalloped</dt></dl> -<p>The caterpillars of these moths are the famous “Inch-worms” -which move along by arching the body to bring -the tail up to the head, then throwing the head out as if -measuring the inches with the body.</p> -</div> -<h4><i>The Two-winged Insects: Flies and Mosquitoes</i></h4> -<p>Flies differ from other insects in having only two wings (one pair). The -second pair has degenerated into a tiny club-shaped structure that aids the Fly -in keeping its balance.</p> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig94"> -<img src="images/p22f.jpg" alt="" width="136" height="95" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Biting Midges</dt> -<dt>(Certaopogonidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Minute size (usually felt rather than seen!)</dt></dl> -<p>Also called “No-see-ums” and “Sand Flies,” these tiny -blood-sucking Flies are altogether too common at the -beach. So small that they can pass through window -screening, they are best discouraged with a liberal dose of -insect repellent.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig95"> -<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="318" height="303" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Crane Flies</dt> -<dt>(Tipulidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Resemble overgrown Mosquitoes</dt> -<dt>Extremely long, threadlike legs</dt></dl> -<p>Crane Flies are associated with the wet, swampy areas -behind the beach. In spite of their mosquito-like shape, -they can’t bite.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig96"> -<img src="images/p23b.jpg" alt="" width="113" height="137" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Gall Midges</dt> -<dt>(Cecidomyiidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Minute Flies with humpback</dt> -<dt>Antennae as long as body</dt></dl> -<p>The galls appear as unnatural swellings on plant stems or -leaves. Each species of these flies has a specific-shaped -gall, made on a specific type of plant, and at a specific -place on the plant.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig97"> -<img src="images/p23c.jpg" alt="" width="240" height="186" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Horse and Deer Flies</dt> -<dt>(Tabanidae)</dt> -<dt>½″ to 1″ in length</dt> -<dt>Head is hemispherical in shape</dt> -<dt>Large eyes, occupy entire head</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>The mouth of these flies is designed to puncture the skin</dt> -<dt>and draw blood. They frequently are pests, with a special</dt> -<dt>fondness for bathers.</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig98"> -<img src="images/p23d.jpg" alt="" width="198" height="168" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Robber Flies</dt> -<dt>(Asilidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large flies</dt> -<dt>Hind body narrower than forebody</dt> -<dt>Head hollowed out between eyes</dt></dl> -<p>Robber Flies do not bother human beings but they attack -other insects, often larger than themselves, in mid-air.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig99"> -<img src="images/p23e.jpg" alt="" width="170" height="105" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Syrphid Flies</dt> -<dt>(Syrphidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large black-and-yellow-striped bodies</dt> -<dt>Superficially resemble bees</dt></dl> -<p>The Syrphids are constantly found among flowers and so -are called “Flower Flies.” They are nearly as important -as bees in pollination. All are harmless to us.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig100"> -<img src="images/p23f.jpg" alt="" width="256" height="193" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Mosquitoes</dt> -<dt>(Culicidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Small, long-legged insects</dt> -<dt>Threadlike antennae covered with whorls of hair</dt></dl> -<p>Only female Mosquitoes bite. They must have one meal -of blood before they can lay eggs. We have eighteen -species of Mosquitoes in our area.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<h4><i>The Ants, Wasps, and Bees</i></h4> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig101"> -<img src="images/p24.jpg" alt="" width="105" height="130" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ants</dt> -<dt>(Formicidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Small, usually wingless, insects</dt> -<dt>Extremely thin waist</dt></dl> -<p>Ants are social insects, and our species is found in large or -small colonies everywhere. Ants are also the most common -insect. Two readily recognized types are:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Carpenter Ant</b> (<i>Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus</i>): -A large black ant that is found burrowing in damp wood. -The labyrinth-like tunnels in rotten wood will aid you in -finding a colony.</p> -<p><b>Mound Ant</b> (<i>Formica exsectoides</i>): Produce the well-known -“ant hills,” which may be six inches to a foot in diameter.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig102"> -<img src="images/p24b.jpg" alt="" width="319" height="501" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Hornets and Potter Wasps</dt> -<dt>(Vespidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Black or black and yellow, not furry, “Wasp-waisted”</dt></dl> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Bald-faced Hornet</b> (<i>Vespula maculata</i>): This is a black -wasp with white markings. The distinctive nest is made -of paper manufactured from wood pulp gathered by the -insect from dead trees or old fence posts. At the end of -the season, it may be as much as a foot or two in diameter. -The only safe time to collect these nests is during the -winter months!</p> -<p><b>Potter Wasp</b> (<i>Eumenes fraternus</i>): The Potter Wasp constructs -a “clay pot” on branches of trees, particularly Red -Cedar, which it fills with paralyzed caterpillars as food -for its young.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig103"> -<img src="images/p24c.jpg" alt="" width="182" height="240" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Bumble and Honey Bees</dt> -<dt>(Apidae)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Extremely hairy, woolly appearance</dt> -<dt>Hind legs flattened for pollen collection</dt></dl> -<blockquote> -<p><b>Bumblebees</b> (Bombus, species): Bumblebees are common -visitors to flowers. Their heavy body seems much too -bulky for flight. The bee makes its nest in old mouse -nests on the ground and a careful search for such nests -will generally result in discovery of a Bumblebee’s home.</p> -<p><b>Honey Bee</b> (<i>Apis mellifera</i>): The well-known Honey Bee -was brought to this country from Europe. It has now -become a common “wild” bee as well as a domesticated -species. You may find some wild-bee colonies in hollow -trees, particularly on Castle Hill.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> -<h3>INSECT COLLECTING—AN INEXPENSIVE HOBBY</h3> -<p>Insects are everywhere and it is easy to collect them. Practically no -expense is required to produce a very beautiful collection. Some of the seaside -insects are most unusual and not available elsewhere, so it would be well to start -your collection right here. Some references that will help you are:</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Donald J. Borror and Dwight M. DeLong, <i>An Introduction to the Study of Insects</i>. New York: Rinehart, 1954. $10.00</dt> -<dt>Alexander B. Klots and E. B. Klots, <i>Living Insects of the World</i>. New York: Doubleday, 1959. $9.95</dt> -<dt>Su Zan Noguchi Swain, <i>Insects in Their World</i>. New York: Garden City Books, 1955. $2.95</dt> -<dt>Herbert S. Zim and Clarence Cottam, <i>Insects: A Guide to Familiar American Insects</i>. Rev. ed. New York: Golden Press, 1956. Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">Chapter 6</span> -<br />MEETING THE MAMMALS</h2> -<p>Mammals are defined simply as warm-blooded animals that have hair and -nourish their young on milk. They are considered the highest form of Earth -life. They are common everywhere, but their secretive habits make observation -difficult. You may consider yourself quite fortunate if you see even one or two -of the mammals living on Castle Neck during a single visit here.</p> -<p>In this chapter lengths given are measurements from the nose to tip of the tail.</p> -<h3>INSECT-EATING MAMMALS: SHREWS</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig104"> -<img src="images/p25.jpg" alt="" width="193" height="134" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Short-tailed Shrew</dt> -<dt>(<i>Blarina brevicauda</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Dark, slate-gray body</dt> -<dt>Length 4″ or 5″</dt> -<dt>Tail about 1″</dt></dl> -<p>This little mammal is a creature of damp areas and is -generally associated with damp forests. It makes burrows -just under the surface of the ground. It is the <i>only</i> poisonous -mammal in the United States and uses its venom to -stun and kill its prey. However, the only result of a nip -on your finger will be considerable swelling. Because of -its insect-eating habit the Shrew is a most beneficial -animal.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig105"> -<img src="images/p25b.jpg" alt="" width="176" height="230" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Cinereus Shrew</dt> -<dt>(<i>Sorex cinereus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Grayish-brown body</dt> -<dt>Length 3″ to 4″</dt> -<dt>Tail more than 1″</dt></dl> -<p>This is the most common shrew on the Neck. It is found -roving about the salt marshes in search of insects. It -hunts during the day as well as at night, generally keeping -concealed under a grassy cover.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div> -<h3>WINGED MAMMALS: BATS</h3> -<p>Everyone can identify Bats. Their fingers are extended and joined with a -leathery membrane. Their ears are large to aid in catching the echo of their -voice as it is reflected from obstacles. They are most frequently seen at twilight -when they flitter over the dunes in quest of the many insects abounding there. -Bats have tremendous value because they eat such insect pests as mosquitoes -and flies.</p> -<p>We have five major kinds of Bats. They are not easily identified in flight.</p> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig106"> -<img src="images/p25c.jpg" alt="" width="135" height="161" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Little Brown Bat</dt> -<dt>(<i>Myotis</i>, several species)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Less than 4″ long</dt> -<dt>Common</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig107"> -<img src="images/p25d.jpg" alt="" width="224" height="200" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Big Brown Bat</dt> -<dt>(<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>More than 4″ long</dt> -<dt>Reddish-brown fur</dt> -<dt>Common</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig108"> -<img src="images/p25e.jpg" alt="" width="86" height="109" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Pipistrelles</dt> -<dt>(<i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>The “Pigmy Bat,” under 3″ long</dt> -<dt>Rare</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig109"> -<img src="images/p25f.jpg" alt="" width="183" height="115" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Silver-haired Bat</dt> -<dt>(<i>Lasionycteris noctivagans</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>About 3½″ long</dt> -<dt>Gray or silvery hair on back</dt> -<dt>Rare</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig110"> -<img src="images/p25g.jpg" alt="" width="151" height="247" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Red Bat</dt> -<dt>(<i>Lasiurus borealis</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>About 3½″ long</dt> -<dt>Rusty-red fur with whitish tips</dt></dl> -<p>and</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig111"> -<img src="images/p25h.jpg" alt="" width="209" height="218" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Hoary Bat</dt> -<dt>(<i>L. cinereus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>About 4½″ long</dt> -<dt>Yellowish-brown fur tipped with white</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div> -<h3>LONG-EARED JUMPERS: RABBITS</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig112"> -<img src="images/p26.jpg" alt="" width="239" height="220" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">New England Cottontail</dt> -<dt>(<i>Sylvilagus transitionalis</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large hind jumping legs</dt> -<dt>More than 1′ long</dt></dl> -<p>While the New England Cottontail is named for our area, -it does extend its range southward to mid-Alabama. It -may be separated from other species of Cottontails by a -narrow black spot between the ears. It is very common -on the Neck. These rabbits stay hidden most of the day, -venturing forth at night or early in the morning. Because -their diet is exclusively vegetable matter, we do not -consider them beneficial.</p> -</div> -<h3>BUCK-TOOTHED MAMMALS: RODENTS</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig113"> -<img src="images/p26a.jpg" alt="" width="252" height="214" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Gray Squirrel</dt> -<dt>(<i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>About 18″ long</dt> -<dt>Bushy tail, less than half the total length</dt> -<dt>Gray fur, white on underside</dt></dl> -<p>The Gray Squirrel easily adapts itself to any environment. -The large treetop nests constructed of <i>leaves</i> are made by -this squirrel. A brood of two to six young is raised once -or twice each spring.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig114"> -<img src="images/p26c.jpg" alt="" width="180" height="287" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Red Squirrel</dt> -<dt>(<i>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>About 14″ long</dt> -<dt>Bushy tail, about half the total length</dt> -<dt>Rusty-red fur, underside white</dt></dl> -<p>This little squirrel will often be heard before it is seen, -scolding its terrestrial enemies with a loud clatter from a -perch high in a protective tree. In late spring its yearly -brood of four or five is raised in a nest of shredded bark -built high in a tree.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig115"> -<img src="images/p26d.jpg" alt="" width="274" height="166" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Chipmunk</dt> -<dt>(<i>Tamias striatus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>8″ or 10″ long</dt> -<dt>Reddish-brown fur with two white stripes on back</dt> -<dt>White stripes on back are margined with black</dt></dl> -<p>The Chipmunk is a squirrel that keeps to the ground and -seldom climbs trees except to collect nuts. It packs the -nuts in two large cheek pouches, and when these are full -they look like a very bad case of mumps. The Chipmunk’s -nest is found underground.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig116"> -<img src="images/p26e.jpg" alt="" width="234" height="253" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Woodchuck</dt> -<dt>(<i>Marmota monax</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large, fat animal over 2′ long</dt> -<dt>Grayish- to reddish-brown fur</dt> -<dt>Bushy tail, 5″ or 6″ long</dt></dl> -<p>The Woodchuck has many common names; “Chuck,” -“Marmot,” or “Ground Hog” are the ones used in our -area. “Chucks” live in deep burrows underground and -there is always a great mound of earth in front of their -opening. Frequently the “Chuck” is seen standing -upright on its hind feet surveying its territory from the -top of this mound. The same tunnel probably has several -other more concealed openings which are used as escape -hatches. The Woodchuck hibernates far below the ground -during the winter months, and in the northern United -States never comes out on February 2, “Ground Hog Day.”</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig117"> -<img src="images/p26f.jpg" alt="" width="253" height="335" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Muskrat</dt> -<dt>(<i>Ondatra zibethica</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Resembles a large rat</dt> -<dt>About 2′ long</dt> -<dt>Tail ratlike, flattened from side to side</dt></dl> -<p>The Muskrat is an aquatic mammal and is always found -in association with water. It is very common in the -marshy areas of the beach and may frequently be seen -swimming about in such spots. The Muskrat’s fur has -become specialized for its aquatic existence and is water-proofed -with a heavy layer of oil. Muskrats feed extensively -on the marsh plants. In late fall they construct -large dome-shaped homes that protrude above the water.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig118"> -<img src="images/p27.jpg" alt="" width="186" height="216" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">White-footed Mouse</dt> -<dt>(<i>Peromyscus leucopus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Feet and legs are white</dt> -<dt>Large eyes; prominent ears</dt></dl> -<p>These mice are common all over the Neck. They are -nocturnal and may be discovered in the daytime hiding -under boards that have washed onto the shore, or they -may be found in the wooded areas behind the main beach. -Their small nests are constructed out of fur and grass and -are located in depressions in the ground, frequently under -a board or log. When the original owners vacate these -nests they are often taken over by Bumblebees, Centipedes, -Earwigs, and other secretive creatures.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig119"> -<img src="images/p27b.jpg" alt="" width="192" height="233" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Meadow Mouse</dt> -<dt>(<i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Very small eyes</dt> -<dt>Tail short, about one-third total length</dt> -<dt>Brown fur, gray on underside</dt></dl> -<p>The Meadow Mouse is by far the most common mammal -of Castle Neck. Its burrows may be seen just under the -grass in all areas having ground cover. It feeds on many -of the trees in the area, chewing the bark around the base. -This girdling will eventually kill the tree. While this -habit makes Meadow Mice undesirable, they fortunately -prefer the smaller herbaceous plants when they are available. -Although common, Meadow Mice are seldom seen -because their days are spent running through their burrows. -These may extend over an area of many square -yards.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig120"> -<img src="images/p27c.jpg" alt="" width="427" height="194" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Meadow Jumping Mouse</dt> -<dt>(<i>Zapus hudsonius</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Tail longer than body, sparsely haired</dt> -<dt>White underside, olive-yellow back</dt></dl> -<p>Occasionally when one is walking in the grassy fields, a -Jumping Mouse will suddenly bound away in leaps averaging -three or four feet. If it is really frightened, these -leaps may carry the mouse as far as ten feet. In the -United States the Jumping Mouse is much more closely -related to the Porcupine than to true mice. Un-mouse-like, -it hibernates in an underground nest during the -winter months. Jumping Mice eat both insects and -plants.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<h3>DOGLIKE MAMMALS: FOXES</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig121"> -<img src="images/p27d.jpg" alt="" width="347" height="244" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Red Fox</dt> -<dt>(<i>Vulpes fulva</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Looks like a long-legged dog</dt> -<dt>Reddish fur; feet and ears black</dt> -<dt>Large bushy tail, white on tip</dt></dl> -<p>Only the most fortunate observer will see a Fox, which is -most secretive and truly sly in its habits. It digs burrows -and produces four to nine young during April. The Fox -has been known to adapt its habits to changes humans -have made in its environment, and it is most beneficial -because it eats thousands of mice annually.</p> -</div> -<h3>RING-TAILED MAMMAL: RACCOON</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig122"> -<img src="images/p27e.jpg" alt="" width="205" height="217" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Raccoon</dt> -<dt>(<i>Procyon lotor</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Dense gray fur</dt> -<dt>Tail ringed with bands of black and white</dt> -<dt>Black “mask” over eyes</dt></dl> -<p>Raccoons are creatures of the night and seldom venture -forth in the daylight. They are expert climbers, spending -many hours high in a lofty perch, and if pursued they -usually seek refuge in a tree or swamp. They feed on -frogs, fish, eggs, insects, nuts, corn, and shellfish, which -they rinse carefully. The shellfish they skillfully remove -from their shells, and often small piles of shells are the -only clue to a Raccoon’s presence.</p> -</div> -<h3>SCENT-PRODUCING MAMMALS: SKUNKS, MINK, WEASELS</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig123"> -<img src="images/p27f.jpg" alt="" width="239" height="293" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Striped Skunk</dt> -<dt>(<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Black fur with two white stripes on back</dt> -<dt>Large bushy tail, white at tip</dt></dl> -<p>The Skunk is an inoffensive creature that tries hard to -avoid people. Even when confronted, it is generally good-natured, -relying on its presence to discourage investigation -and employing its powerful scent only if pressed. -Skunks usually live in holes not far from water. These -holes have generally been taken over from another mammal -by “squatter’s rights.” From four to seven youngsters -are born in late April and they follow their mother about -faithfully wherever she goes.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig124"> -<img src="images/p28.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="221" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Mink</dt> -<dt>(<i>Mustela vison</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Elongated brown animal</dt> -<dt>Bushy tail, about 8″ long</dt> -<dt>Toes are webbed</dt></dl> -<p>The Mink is extremely rare on the Neck and a careful and -thorough search is required to locate one. They are associated -with water and feed on shellfish and other aquatic -creatures. They are best known for their fur, a favorite -for coats. Fortunately, Mink are not common enough on -the Neck to warrant commercial trapping.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig125"> -<img src="images/p28b.jpg" alt="" width="189" height="128" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Long-tailed Weasel</dt> -<dt>(<i>Mustela frenata</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Long thin body; yellowish beneath, brown above</dt> -<dt>Tail long, about half the total length</dt></dl> -<p>The Weasel is a vicious, bloodthirsty animal that often -kills just for the sport of it. Most of its victims are mice -and insects, so its murderous instincts really benefit us. -Weasels hunt at all hours of the day or night and all year -round. Specimens in our area will occasionally turn pure -white in winter and become an “Ermine.”</p> -</div> -<h3>HOOF-FOOTED MAMMALS: DEER</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig126"> -<img src="images/p28c.jpg" alt="" width="249" height="283" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">White-tailed Deer</dt> -<dt>(<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Tail held upright when alarmed</dt> -<dt>White patch on throat under chin</dt> -<dt>Ear lined with white</dt></dl> -<p>The White-tailed Deer is certainly the most obvious mammal -on the Neck and is readily seen if one will take a short -stroll in the wooded area behind the main beach or farther -out on the Neck. There are probably close to one hundred -deer here, a number approaching overpopulation. They -feed mostly on grasses and the more succulent plants. -Usually deer produce twins in early summer (June). The -fawns are light tan and spotted with white. Deer may be -seen readily in early evening when they come into the open -fields to browse. They seem to have become quite accustomed -to human observers and will frequently be as -interested in you as you are in them.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div> -<h3>MAMMAL STUDY—A LIFETIME PROJECT</h3> -<p>Occasionally Whales, Seals, and Porpoises are sighted off the beach. These -are true aquatic mammals. We have only listed the mammals regularly found -living on the Neck. To see all of them is a summer’s project, and to study their -life histories is equally exciting and challenging.</p> -<p>A few books to help you are:</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>William H. Burt and Richard P. Grossenheider, <i>A Field Guide to the Mammals</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952. $3.95</dt> -<dt>Victor H. Cahalane, <i>Mammals of North America</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1947. $7.95</dt> -<dt>William J. Hamilton, Jr., <i>The Mammals of Eastern United States</i>. Ithaca, N. Y.: Comstock, 1943. Out of print. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt> -<dt>Ralph S. Palmer, <i>The Mammal Guide: Mammals of North America North of Mexico</i>. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1954. $4.95</dt> -<dt>Herbert S. Zim and D. F. Hoffmeister, <i>Mammals: A Guide to Familiar American Species</i>. New York: Golden Press, 1955. Cloth $2.50, paper $1.00</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">Chapter 7</span> -<br />WINGS OVER THE SAND</h2> -<p>More than any other form of nature, birds invite the notice of the casual -naturalist. Their specializations, their plumage, and their song all serve as -attractive bait for our attention.</p> -<p>It is not surprising, then, that more books have been written about birds -than any other life form, and that many of these have been directed especially -to the layman.</p> -<p>Although more than 150 species of birds may appear during the course of -a year at Crane’s Beach, only a small number will be described here in any detail. -Many of these will be summer birds that regularly nest on Castle Neck.</p> -<p>The common and scientific names of the birds listed below are in accordance with the -nomenclature in the latest edition (5th) of the American Ornithologists’ Union <i>Check-list</i> -(1957).</p> -<h3>BIRDS OF THE SEA</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig127"> -<img src="images/p29.jpg" alt="" width="269" height="330" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Herring Gull</dt> -<dt>(<i>Larus argentatus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Body is pure white</dt> -<dt>Grayish-blue wings, tipped with black</dt> -<dt>Somewhat larger than a Crow</dt></dl> -<p>This is the familiar “Sea Gull,” one of many species so -called. Its value as a beach scavenger and “garbage collector” -has earned it protection by the federal government. -While preferring the rocky coasts of Maine for nesting, the -Herring Gull is by far the most familiar, if not the most -common bird found at Crane’s Beach.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig128"> -<img src="images/p29a.jpg" alt="" width="279" height="360" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Great Black-backed Gull</dt> -<dt>(<i>Larus marinus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Much larger than Herring Gull</dt> -<dt>Wings are black on top surface</dt></dl> -<p>This beautiful gull, like its common cousin, is a scavenger. -It is larger and more antagonistic than the Herring Gull -and will often steal its food. In Maine, where both breed, -the Great Black-back frequently feeds on the Herring -Gull’s eggs or nestlings.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig129"> -<img src="images/p29e.jpg" alt="" width="215" height="404" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Tern</dt> -<dt>(<i>Sterna hirundo</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Small, sleek, white body</dt> -<dt>Forked tail</dt> -<dt>Black crown on top of head</dt> -<dt>Orange-red bill</dt></dl> -<p>These delightful, graceful birds are again nesting at the -tip of the Neck. Their nest has been described earlier -(<a href="#Page_7">page 7</a>). Under government protection, their numbers -have been increasing rapidly. Keep a sharp watch and -you may spot an Arctic or Roseate Tern, both very similar -to the Common. It is entertaining to watch the Tern -fish. It hovers against the wind in one spot just off shore—then -suddenly drops into the water, only to reappear -again in a moment with some morsel of food. Repeated -again and again, this performance becomes a real show -which even the most uninterested sun bather cannot -ignore.</p> -</div> -<h3>BIRDS OF THE BEACH</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig130"> -<img src="images/p29f.jpg" alt="" width="216" height="262" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Piping Plover</dt> -<dt>(<i>Charadrius melodus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Small, sandy-colored bird</dt> -<dt>Black neck ring and forehead markings</dt> -<dt>Voice: A clear, forlorn “peep-lo”</dt></dl> -<p>This rather rare shorebird so perfectly matches the dry -sand on which it hunts that it is often completely invisible -until it moves. If the sparsely lined nest is discovered, -the parents go into a “broken wing” act to draw attention -to themselves and away from their eggs or young. The -four light buff eggs marked with black are laid in May.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div> -<h4><i>Five Common Migrants</i></h4> -<p>Although rare, the Piping Plover has been described in detail because it -does nest here. The following five birds are very common on the Neck during -much of the summer but do not nest on New England beaches.</p> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig131"> -<img src="images/p30.jpg" alt="" width="604" height="271" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Semipalmated Plover</dt> -<dt>(<i>Charadrius semipalmatus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Resembles Piping Plover but is darker brown</dt> -<dt>Black ring on neck</dt> -<dt>Tail is dark, with white edges</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig132"> -<img src="images/p30b.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="308" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Black-bellied Plover</dt> -<dt>(<i>Squatarola squatarola</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>About Robin size</dt> -<dt>Tail and rump are white</dt> -<dt>Named for its spring color patterns</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig133"> -<img src="images/p30c.jpg" alt="" width="593" height="286" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Greater Yellowlegs</dt> -<dt>(<i>Totanus melanoleucus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>A large Sandpiper with bright yellow legs</dt> -<dt>Tail and rump are white</dt> -<dt>In flight, body appears light, wings dark</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig134"> -<img src="images/p30d.jpg" alt="" width="572" height="272" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sanderling</dt> -<dt>(<i>Crocethia alba</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Legs and bill are black</dt> -<dt>White stripe across wing</dt> -<dt>Body is brown or gray color</dt></dl> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig135"> -<img src="images/p30e.jpg" alt="" width="577" height="342" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Semipalmated Sandpiper</dt> -<dt>(<i>Ereunetes pusillus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Very tiny sandpiper</dt> -<dt>Stout bill</dt> -<dt>Blackish legs</dt></dl> -</div> -<h3>BIRDS OF THE SWAMPY AREAS</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig136"> -<img src="images/p30f.jpg" alt="" width="260" height="245" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Redwinged Blackbird</dt> -<dt>(<i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Male is black, with red shoulder patches</dt> -<dt>Female is a brown, uninteresting bird</dt></dl> -<p>The male Redwing is familiar to everyone. His beautiful -black plumage with red shoulder bars allows a rapid -identification. He is usually seen flitting about over a -marsh attempting to attract the attention of some admiring -female. The nest is built in a shrub on the marsh in -late May or June. Ordinarily it is well concealed, and -often the only indication of its existence is the loud scolding -of the anxious parents when intruders approach.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig137"> -<img src="images/p31.jpg" alt="" width="221" height="246" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Black Duck</dt> -<dt>(<i>Anas rubripes</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>In flight: A dark duck with silvery underwings</dt> -<dt>On water: Light brown with a yellow bill</dt> -<dt>Bright red feet</dt></dl> -<p>This heavily hunted waterfowl continues to breed even in -well-populated areas. Its nest is found here on the edges -of the many fresh-water pools that dot the Neck in association -with the swamps. About nine white or buff-colored -eggs are produced in May. After nesting, these ducks -may still be seen feeding on submerged plants. They -obtain their meal in a crazy “dabbling” fashion, standing -on their heads so that only the tail protrudes above the -surface.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig138"> -<img src="images/p31a.jpg" alt="" width="185" height="377" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Black-crowned Night Heron</dt> -<dt>(<i>Nycticorax nycticorax</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>White breast, black on back and on crown of head</dt> -<dt>About Herring Gull size</dt> -<dt>Long, wading legs</dt></dl> -<p>Although most active at night, these herons may be seen -throughout the day resting or feeding. They wade about -in both the fresh and salt marshes in search of fish or -crustaceans, which they seize with their long bills. This -heron nests only rarely, if ever, on the Neck now, but -thirty years ago great rookeries were found here. These -birds are still to be found on the Neck in fair numbers -even though man’s invasion of the area has reduced its -desirability as a nesting place.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig139"> -<img src="images/p31b.jpg" alt="" width="247" height="279" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Marsh Hawk</dt> -<dt>(<i>Circus cyaneus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Males gray; females brown</dt> -<dt>Medium-sized hawk</dt> -<dt>Always with an obvious white rump</dt></dl> -<p>During the summer this handsome bird of prey is a familiar -sight soaring close to the ground over all large marshy -areas. In flight it holds its wings at an angle over its back, -rather than parallel to the ground as do most hawks. It -mates for life, bringing forth a brood of young once each -summer. The nest is quite un-hawk-like, located on the -ground and constructed of tall grasses. The Marsh Hawk -leaves the area and migrates southward sometime in early -September.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div> -<h3>BIRDS OF THE FIELDS AND WOODED AREAS</h3> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig140"> -<img src="images/p31d.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="289" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Rufous-sided Towhee</dt> -<dt>(<i>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Underside white, orange on sides</dt> -<dt>Tail is long, dark, with white corners</dt> -<dt>About size and shape of a Robin</dt></dl> -<p>Towhees are more often heard than seen. Their loud -scratching noise in the underbrush frequently frightens -hikers. If disturbed, they will run on the ground to a -place of safety. Their song is very distinctive and has -been said to sound like “Drink your tea” with the <i>tea</i> -ending extended, or “You and meeeee.” The Towhee -generally breeds twice every summer, building its nest in -a small shrub or on the ground. This nest is usually as -difficult to discover as the bird itself.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig141"> -<img src="images/p31e.jpg" alt="" width="144" height="399" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Tree Swallow</dt> -<dt>(<i>Iridoprocne bicolor</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>White throat and stomach</dt> -<dt>Blue-green back and head</dt> -<dt>Crescent-shaped wings, notched tail</dt></dl> -<p>Usually seen winging low over water, the Tree Swallow -serves to clean the air of water-loving insects. These -swallows appear on the Neck in great numbers during the -fall, when the scarcity of insects changes their diet to -Bayberries. Tree Swallows are among the last birds to -migrate in the fall and always the first to return the following -spring. Their nests are occasionally discovered in a -hollow tree during May or June, but these little birds will -readily accept a bird house in lieu of a hollow tree.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig142"> -<img src="images/p31f.jpg" alt="" width="290" height="400" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Eastern Kingbird</dt> -<dt>(<i>Tyrannus tyrannus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Appears gray at a distance</dt> -<dt>Square black tail with conspicuous white tip</dt></dl> -<p>Infrequently, one sees a Hawk being attacked in flight by -a much smaller bird. This little ball of courage is likely -to be the Kingbird. Because of its swiftness in flight, the -Kingbird is an able fly catcher and feeds on flies regularly. -It builds a nest on the Neck, usually high in a tree, affording -it a good lookout post. Watch for this nest in June.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig143"> -<img src="images/p32.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="291" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Brown Thrasher</dt> -<dt>(<i>Toxostoma rufum</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Brown bird with light breast covered with dark streaks</dt> -<dt>Long curved bill; very long tail</dt></dl> -<p>The Thrasher, and its cousin the Catbird, are both common -summer residents and nest on Castle Neck. The Thrasher’s -loud song, often mimicking other birds, is distinctive -because every phrase occurs in pairs. When the nest is -approached, the song changes into a series of short clucking -noises, with an occasional hiss scolding the intruder. -Persistent investigation may uncover the well-constructed -nest on the ground. Look for this nest containing four -brown-marked blue eggs during late May or June.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig144"> -<img src="images/p32a.jpg" alt="" width="197" height="331" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Mourning Dove</dt> -<dt>(<i>Zenaidura macroura</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>A slim, brown bird</dt> -<dt>Long pointed tail, bordered with white</dt></dl> -<p>This lovely, delicate dove occurs in every state of the -Union. The waste areas on the Neck are especially suited -to it because its main foodstuff is Pitch Pine seeds, weeds, -and grasses. The Mourning Dove’s nest, placed in a -Pitch Pine, is so carelessly made that it is apt to be mistaken -for an old nest which is falling apart. Why it -doesn’t do just this during the nesting season is a marvel. -This beautiful dove is sometimes mistaken for its extinct -cousin the Passenger Pigeon.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig145"> -<img src="images/p32b.jpg" alt="" width="178" height="293" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Sparrow Hawk</dt> -<dt>(<i>Falco sparverius</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Long pointed wings and long tail</dt> -<dt>Our only small hawk with a black-banded rufous tail</dt></dl> -<p>In recent years this colorful hawk has become quite a city -dweller, having little fear of humans. During May, four -or five eggs are laid in a deserted Woodpecker’s hole or any -convenient cavity. As one would guess from its size, the -Sparrow Hawk feeds mainly on insects and seldom on a -mouse or sparrow. It is often seen hovering over a field -in search of prey or just surveying its feeding territory -from a high vantage point.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig146"> -<img src="images/p32d.jpg" alt="" width="211" height="389" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Great Horned Owl</dt> -<dt>(<i>Bubo virginianus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Only large owl with ear tufts</dt> -<dt>Gray appearance, with white throat patch</dt> -<dt>Voice: Deep, penetrating “Hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo” (usually an odd number of hoo’s)</dt></dl> -<p>One or two of these magnificent birds can generally be -found on any thorough search of the Neck. They hunt -the Neck by night, taking a great toll of mice and other -small animals. The Great Horned Owl nests earlier than -any other New England bird, usually in February or -March. So early, in fact, it occasionally returns from a -hunt to find its nest and eggs covered with snow. A Great -Horned can often be located during the day by following -the sound of a noisy flock of Crows. These birds spend -hours screaming and scolding Owls whenever they find one -sleeping during the day.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig147"> -<img src="images/p32f.jpg" alt="" width="232" height="217" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Yellow Warbler</dt> -<dt>(<i>Dendroica petechia</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Only tiny <i>all</i>-yellow bird here</dt> -<dt>Reddish streaks on breast of males</dt></dl> -<p>On first discovery, this warbler is likely to be identified -as an escaped canary. Indeed, it is oftentimes called the -“Wild Canary.” It has a very charming, persistent song, -which it sings during most of the day. It builds a tiny -nest lined with down in the fork of a shrub. Unfortunately, -the Yellow Warbler arrives late in the spring and leaves -us early in the fall.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig148"> -<img src="images/p32g.jpg" alt="" width="149" height="270" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Yellowthroat</dt> -<dt>(<i>Geothlypis trichas</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Male: All yellow, with a black mask over eyes</dt> -<dt>Female: Drab olive color with bright yellow throat</dt></dl> -<p>A very familiar bird on Castle Neck, the Yellowthroat -constantly makes its presence known by a bright “witchity-witchity” -song, sounding as though it is asking “What-cha-see?” -Its nest is built on or close to the ground and -is a rather bulky affair, much larger than seems necessary -for so small a bird. As with most of the warblers, the -Yellowthroat’s diet consists entirely of insects—a characteristic -that makes it a most valuable guest.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div> -<h3>SOME WINTER SPECIALTIES</h3> -<p>A few tourists visit the beach during the winter. It is generally considered -to be a “dead” time of year. Yet the birds abound here, and many may be -found only during the cold months. Five examples are:</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig149"> -<img src="images/p33.jpg" alt="" width="187" height="229" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Common Loon</dt> -<dt>(<i>Gavia immer</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large, almost Goose size</dt> -<dt>Long, straight bill</dt> -<dt>Winter: Dark gray back, whitish throat and breast</dt></dl> -<p>All summer long the Loon lives in the quiet of some hidden -northern lake, but in the winter it moves out into the -ocean. The winter seas are cold and savage, and yet the -Loon takes them in stride. It is a powerful swimmer and -can dive easily and deeply. The voice of the Loon, heard -only in summer, is very distinctive; the loud, “crazy” -laughing call is responsible for the saying “As crazy as a -loon.”</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig150"> -<img src="images/p33b.jpg" alt="" width="144" height="157" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Horned Grebe</dt> -<dt>(<i>Podiceps auritus</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Resembles a duck but has slender neck and pointed bill</dt> -<dt>Winter: Dark gray back, line down neck, and top of head; white on breast, front of neck, and underside of head</dt></dl> -<p>The Horned Grebe spends most of its time on the water, -frequently even sleeping there. It has also learned to -preen itself in water by rolling over on its side. Grebes -swim and dive actively, catching many small fish and -crustaceans. When frightened into flight they will run -many yards across the surface of the water before finally -hurtling into the air.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig151"> -<img src="images/p33c.jpg" alt="" width="194" height="293" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Snowy Owl</dt> -<dt>(<i>Nyctea scandiaca</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Very large white owl</dt> -<dt>A round, smooth head</dt></dl> -<p>The Snowy is a day-flying owl and therefore may be seen -perched high on a sand dune looking around for mice. Its -home is in the Arctic tundra, where it feeds on Lemmings. -When these are scarce during the winter, the Snowy -migrates southward to new feeding grounds. Because it -is not used to humans, you can often get quite close to this -owl before it will be frightened into flight.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig152"> -<img src="images/p33e.jpg" alt="" width="247" height="285" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Snow Bunting</dt> -<dt>(<i>Plectrophenax nivalis</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>About size of Song Sparrow</dt> -<dt>White body, rusty on head and back</dt> -<dt>Long, pointed, white wings with black tips</dt></dl> -<p>From its breeding grounds in the Arctic, this large sparrow-like -bird comes to Crane’s Beach only in the winter. It is -at home during the hardest, most severe snowstorms. One -may stand on the verge of frostbite and watch large flocks -of Snow Buntings flitting about, whistling in a cheerful -tinkling song. Look for them among the dunes or marshes, -where they feed on the grass and weed seeds.</p> -</div> -<div class="species"> -<div class="imgr" id="fig153"> -<img src="images/p33f.jpg" alt="" width="161" height="392" /> -</div> -<dl class="species"><dt class="b">Ipswich Sparrow</dt> -<dt>(<i>Passerculus princeps</i>)</dt></dl> -<dl class="species"><dt>Large sparrow, gray above, white below</dt> -<dt>Breast and sides have dull brown markings</dt> -<dt>Upper parts more heavily streaked</dt></dl> -<p>The Ipswich Sparrow is an occasional visitor to Ipswich. -It was isolated years ago on desolate Sable Island off the -coast of Nova Scotia. It breeds only on Sable Island, but -its winter migrations cause it to wander along the Atlantic -Coast. It was first reported in 1868 from the dunes on -Castle Hill, hence its name Ipswich Sparrow. When -observed, this bird is most often found among the debris -left at high tide on the upper beach. It is quick to fly when -disturbed and, upon landing, will run for several yards to -lose itself in the Beach Grass.</p> -<h3>FOR A WIDER ACQUAINTANCE AMONG THE BIRDS</h3> -<p>It is obvious that this chapter serves only to introduce you to the great -variety of bird life awaiting the interested naturalist. To continue your study, -consider the purchase of a good binocular and one or all of the books listed -below.</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Field List: Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts</i>. Salem, Mass.: Peabody Museum, 1952. $.35</dt> -<dt>Edward Howe Forbush, <i>Natural History of the Birds of Eastern and Central North America</i>. Revised and abridged by John B. May. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939. $7.50</dt> -<dt>Roger Tory Peterson, <i>How to Know the Birds</i>. New York: New American Library, 1949. $.50</dt> -<dt>——, <i>A Field Guide to the Birds</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. $3.95</dt> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_68">68</dt> -<dt>Charles Wendell Townsend, <i>The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 3</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1905. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt> -<dt>——, <i>Supplement to The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 5</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1920. Available in Museum of Science Library.</dt> -<dt>George J. Wallace, <i>An Introduction to Ornithology</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1955. $8.00</dt></dl> -</div> -<h3><a id="birds">COMMON BIRDS OF CASTLE NECK</a></h3> -<p>Here are sixty of the most common birds you can expect to find at Castle -Neck:</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Green Heron</dt> -<dt>Black-crowned Night Heron</dt> -<dt>Black Duck</dt> -<dt>Red-shouldered Hawk</dt> -<dt>Marsh Hawk</dt> -<dt>Sparrow Hawk</dt> -<dt>Ruffed Grouse</dt> -<dt>Ring-necked Pheasant</dt> -<dt>Piping Plover</dt> -<dt>Semipalmated Plover</dt> -<dt>Killdeer</dt> -<dt>Black-bellied Plover</dt> -<dt>Spotted Sandpiper</dt> -<dt>Greater Yellowlegs</dt> -<dt>Semipalmated Sandpiper</dt> -<dt>Sanderling</dt> -<dt>Common Tern</dt> -<dt>Mourning Dove</dt> -<dt>Screech Owl</dt> -<dt>Great Horned Owl</dt> -<dt>Chimney Swift</dt> -<dt>Ruby-throated Hummingbird</dt> -<dt>Kingfisher</dt> -<dt>Flicker</dt> -<dt>Downy Woodpecker</dt> -<dt>Hairy Woodpecker</dt> -<dt>Kingbird</dt> -<dt>Phoebe</dt> -<dt>Tree Swallow</dt> -<dt>Barn Swallow</dt> -<dt>Bluejay</dt> -<dt>White-breasted Nuthatch</dt> -<dt>House Wren</dt> -<dt>Catbird</dt> -<dt>Brown Thrasher</dt> -<dt>Robin</dt> -<dt>Bluebird</dt> -<dt>Cedar Waxwing</dt> -<dt>Starling</dt> -<dt>Red-eyed Vireo</dt> -<dt>Black-and-White Warbler</dt> -<dt>Yellow Warbler</dt> -<dt>Myrtle Warbler</dt> -<dt>Yellowthroat</dt> -<dt>Blackburnian Warbler</dt> -<dt>American Redstart</dt> -<dt>House Sparrow</dt> -<dt>Bobolink</dt> -<dt>Meadowlark</dt> -<dt>Redwinged Blackbird</dt> -<dt>Baltimore Oriole</dt> -<dt>Grackle</dt> -<dt>Brown-headed Cowbird</dt> -<dt>Purple Finch</dt> -<dt>American Goldfinch</dt> -<dt>Rufous-sided Towhee</dt> -<dt>Savannah Sparrow</dt> -<dt>Chipping Sparrow</dt> -<dt>Swamp Sparrow</dt> -<dt>Song Sparrow</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div> -<h3>NOW IT’S UP TO YOU!</h3> -<p>For your added interest the following personal check list -of 179 specimens discussed in this field guide allows for -recording where and when you make your own discoveries -at Castle Neck.</p> -<p>As a matter of convenience, animals are arranged by -chapter and broad groupings.</p> -<p>Use the <a href="#c10">Field Note pages</a> for additional observations.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_70">70</div> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">PERSONAL CHECKLIST</span></h2> -<h3>Chapter I. “The Shifting Dunes”</h3> -<p><span class="lr"><i>Date seen</i><span class="hst"> <i>Locality</i></span></span></p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Beach Porcupines</dt> -<dt>Erratics</dt> -<dt>Fulgurites</dt> -<dt>Garnets</dt> -<dt>Glacial till</dt> -<dt>Ventifacts</dt></dl> -<h3>Chapter III. “Plants on the Dunes”</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Mushrooms</i></dt> -<dd>Earth Star</dd> -<dt><i>Flowering Plants</i></dt> -<dd>Beach Clotbur</dd> -<dd>Beach Grass</dd> -<dd>Beach Pea</dd> -<dd>Beach Pinweed</dd> -<dd>Blunt-leaved Sandwort</dd> -<dd>Dusty Miller</dd> -<dd>Glasswort</dd> -<dd>Sea Lavender</dd> -<dd>Sea Milkwort</dd> -<dd>Seaside Goldenrod</dd> -<dd>Woolly Hudsonia</dd> -<dt><i>Trees and Shrubs</i></dt> -<dd>Bayberry</dd> -<dd>Beach Plum</dd> -<dd>Black Cherry</dd> -<dd>Pitch Pine</dd> -<dd>Poison Ivy</dd> -<dd>Quaking Aspen</dd> -<dd>(Some other flowers of Castle Neck at <a href="#flowers">end of chapter</a>.)</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_72">72</div> -<h3>Chapter IV. “Life at the Edge of the Sea”</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Seaweeds</i></dt> -<dd>Coralline Algae</dd> -<dd>Irish Moss</dd> -<dd>Kelp (Common)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Fingered)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Perforated)</dd> -<dd>Polysiphonia</dd> -<dd>Rockweed (Common)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Nodose)</dd> -<dd>Sea Lettuce</dd> -<dt><i>Lower Animals</i></dt> -<dd>Anemone</dd> -<dd>Barnacle</dd> -<dd>Clam (Edible)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Hardshell)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Razor)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Surf)</dd> -<dd>Clam Worm</dd> -<dd>Crab (Green)</dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_74">74</dt> -<dd class="t">(Jonah)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Rock)</dd> -<dd>Horseshoe Crab</dd> -<dd>Jellyfish (Red)</dd> -<dd class="t">(White)</dd> -<dd>Lobster</dd> -<dd>Moon Snail</dd> -<dd>Mussel (Edible)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Ribbed)</dd> -<dd>Oyster</dd> -<dd>Periwinkle</dd> -<dd>Rock Purple</dd> -<dd>Sand Dollar</dd> -<dd>Sea Urchin</dd> -<dd>Shrimp (Prawn)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Sand)</dd> -<dd>Slipper Shell</dd> -<dd>Sponge (Crumb-of-Bread)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Finger)</dd> -<dd>Starfish</dd> -<dt><i>Fishes</i></dt> -<dd>Killifish</dd> -<dd>Pipefish</dd> -<dd>Sand Lance</dd> -<dd>Silverside</dd> -<dd>Skate</dd> -<dd>Stickleback</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div> -<h3>Chapter V. “Insects and their Kin”</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Insect-Like Animals</i></dt> -<dd>Centipede</dd> -<dd>Harvestman</dd> -<dd>Millipede</dd> -<dd>Sow Bug</dd> -<dd>Spider (Crab)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Jumping)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Orange-and-Black Garden)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Orb weaving)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Sheet web)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Wolf)</dd> -<dd>Tick</dd> -<dt><i>True Insects</i></dt> -<dd>Aphid (Woolly Alder)</dd> -<dd>Ant (Carpenter)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Mound)</dd> -<dd>Bee (Bumble)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Honey)</dd> -<dd>Beetle (Carrion)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Click)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Firefly)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Ground)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Japanese)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Ladybug)</dd> -<dd class="t">(May)</dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_78">78</dt> -<dd class="t">(Snout)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Tiger)</dd> -<dd>Bug (Red-and-Black Milkweed)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Stink)</dd> -<dd>Butterfly (Cabbage)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Monarch)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Skipper)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Sulphur)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Tiger Swallowtail)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Wood Nymph)</dd> -<dd>Caterpillar (Salt Marsh)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Tent)</dd> -<dd>Cricket (Field)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Snowy Tree)</dd> -<dd>Damselfly</dd> -<dd>Dragonfly</dd> -<dd>Earwig (European)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Seaside)</dd> -<dd>Fly (Crane)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Deer)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Horse)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Robber)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Syrphid)</dd> -<dd>Grasshopper (Short-horned)</dd> -<dd>Hornet (Bald-faced)</dd> -<dd>Lacewing</dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_80">80</dt> -<dd>Mantis (Praying)</dd> -<dd>Mayfly</dd> -<dd>Measuringworm</dd> -<dd>Midge (Biting)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Gall)</dd> -<dd>Mosquito</dd> -<dd>Moth (Cecropia)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Luna)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Sphinx)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Tiger)</dd> -<dd>Scale (Oyster-shell)</dd> -<dd>Wasp (Potter)</dd> -<dd>Webworm</dd></dl> -<h3>Chapter VI. “Meeting the Mammals”</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dd>Bat (Big Brown)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Hoary)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Little Brown)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Pipistrelles)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Red)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Silver-haired)</dd> -<dd>Chipmunk</dd> -<dd>Cottontail (New England)</dd> -<dd>Deer (White-tailed)</dd> -<dd>Fox (Red)</dd> -<dd>Muskrat</dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_82">82</dt> -<dd>Mouse (White-footed)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Eastern Meadow)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Meadow Jumping)</dd> -<dd>Mink</dd> -<dd>Raccoon</dd> -<dd>Shrew (Cinereus)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Short-tailed)</dd> -<dd>Skunk</dd> -<dd>Squirrel (Eastern Gray)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Red)</dd> -<dd>Woodchuck</dd> -<dd>Weasel (Long-tailed)</dd></dl> -<h3>Chapter VII. “Wings over the Sand”</h3> -<dl class="undent"><dd>Blackbird (Redwinged)</dd> -<dd>Bunting (Snow)</dd> -<dd>Dove (Mourning)</dd> -<dd>Duck (Black)</dd> -<dd>Grebe (Horned)</dd> -<dd>Gull (Great Black-backed)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Herring)</dd> -<dd>Hawk (Marsh)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Sparrow)</dd> -<dd>Heron (Black-crowned Night)</dd> -<dd>Kingbird (Eastern)</dd> -<dd>Loon (Common)</dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_84">84</dt> -<dd>Owl (Great Horned)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Snowy)</dd> -<dd>Plover (Black bellied)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Piping)</dd> -<dd class="t">(Semipalmated)</dd> -<dd>Sanderling</dd> -<dd>Sandpiper (Semipalmated)</dd> -<dd>Sparrow (Ipswich)</dd> -<dd>Swallow (Tree)</dd> -<dd>Tern (Common)</dd> -<dd>Thrasher (Brown)</dd> -<dd>Towhee (Rufous-sided)</dd> -<dd>Warbler (Yellow)</dd> -<dd>Yellowlegs (Greater)</dd> -<dd>Yellowthroat</dd> -<dd>(Sixty common birds of Castle Neck at <a href="#birds">end of chapter</a>)</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_85">85</div> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">FIELD NOTES</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/map.jpg" alt="Map" width="1000" height="500" /> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Life in the Shifting Dunes, by Laurence B. 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