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diff --git a/old/54581-0.txt b/old/54581-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 39201df..0000000 --- a/old/54581-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2260 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Kansas University Science Bulletin -(Vol. I, No. 1), by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Kansas University Science Bulletin (Vol. I, No. 1) - -Author: Various - -Editor: Various - -Release Date: April 20, 2017 [EBook #54581] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN (VOL. I, NO. 1) *** - - - - -Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Paul Marshall and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - - THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. - - (VOL. I, NO. 1—FEBRUARY, 1902. Whole Series, Vol. XI, No. 1.) - - - CONTENTS: - - I.—DISTRIBUTION OF KANSAS CRAYFISHES (with Map), - _J. Arthur Harris_. - - II.—OBSERVATIONS ON POLLINATION OF SOLANUM ROSTRATUM - DUNAL AND CASSIA CHAMÆCRISTA L. (with Plate), - _J. Arthur Harris_ and _Oscar M. Kuchs_. - - PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, - - LAWRENCE, KAN. - - Price of this number, 30 cents. - - Entered at the post-office in Lawrence as second-class matter. - - KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN. - - VOL. I, NO. 1. FEBRUARY, 1902. { WHOLE SERIES, - { VOL. XI, NO. 1. - - - - -DISTRIBUTION OF KANSAS CRAYFISHES. - - -BY J. ARTHUR HARRIS. - -With map. - -In the brief paper here presented, it is my purpose to bring up to -date my catalogue of the crayfishes of Kansas[A] by the addition of -such localities and notes as have been collected since its appearance; -to represent by means of a map the distribution by counties of the -different species, and to show, so far as is possible at the present -time, the distribution of the different species by river systems. The -distribution by river systems has been included, since I feel that a -thorough knowledge of this phase of the subject will be of interest in -the determination of the phylogenetic relationship of the different -species. Of course, any conclusions as to the distribution of the -species by water systems can be only provisional, since more systematic -collecting will surely change any such conclusions. It is my desire to -put the data available at present into such form that the addition of -new data and the deduction of more certain conclusions will be possible -with the least amount of labor. - -The form of the annotated catalogue has, as far as possible, been -retained. No new species have been found in the state, and there has -been practically no new literature of a taxonomic nature since the -appearance of the catalogue. The synonomy has, therefore, been omitted. -In referring to localities reported in the previous paper I shall -designate them by numbers enclosed in parentheses, _C. virilis_, (3), -the number being that of the locality as given in that paper—the -example given being: _C. virilis_, Wabaunsee county (coll. Washb. -Coll.), J. B. Fields, coll. (Faxon, ’85, b.) - -I wish to express here my gratitude to my sister, Nellie Harris, -without whose kind assistance in this and other work the appearance of -this material at the present time would have been impossible. My thanks -are also due those who have collected material in various parts of the -state. - -The greater part of the material belongs to the private collection of -the writer, but is deposited at the present time in the museum of the -University of Kansas. - - -=1. Cambarus simulans= Faxon. - -I have not seen either of the two lots of material assigned to -this species. It will be seen that the territory from which it is -reported, while much the same as that from which is taken the material -provisionally assigned to _C. gallinas_, lies a little to the west -and extends north beyond the Smoky Hill river, while the material -provisionally reported as _gallinas_ is confined, so far, to the -territory drained by the Arkansas. - - -=2. Cambarus gallinas= Cockerell and Porter. - -As in my catalogue, I assign only provisionally to this species -material from: - -3. A stream near Wichita, Sedgwick county; Mr. Willis Henderson, coll. - -4. A slough northeast of Caldwell, Sumner county; T. J. Kinnear, coll. - -Mr. Kinnear’s material was taken at a small slough four miles northeast -of Caldwell. The slough had been dry all summer. It will be remembered -that the drought of the summer of 1901 was very severe, but a spring a -little distance from the edge still contained a little pool of water, -perhaps three feet in diameter, although it had ceased to run into the -slough. In this little pool of water a few small crayfish, about one -inch in length, were noticed; while none of the small specimens were -taken, they undoubtedly belong to the same species as the eight adults -secured at the same place. - -The specimens were secured in digging a well in the old spring. They -had burrowed down through the loose surface soil for from six to -thirty-six inches, depending upon whether the burrows were at the -center or on the edge of the old basin of the spring. The burrows, -which were about two inches in diameter, went down almost -perpendicularly until they came to the surface of a stratum of -Wellington shale. Here they were enlarged into almost round chambers, -about ten inches in diameter and not more than three inches in height. -The burrows were supplied with “chimneys” above. In these chambers -the crayfish were found. They were not very active or pugnacious. -The whole burrow was, of course, filled with water. The crayfish had -burrowed down a little ways into the rather disintegrated shale. The -excavations into the shale were conical, about four inches in diameter -at the top and four inches deep. Mr. Kinnear thought that, as the shale -was somewhat softened by the water, the crayfish had removed it bit by -bit. There were about three or four of the main burrows coming from the -upper surface terminating in the large chambers as described above. -These chambers were then connected by passageways running from one to -another. - -Two of the specimens were taken August 1, and the other six August -25-27. Two were males and the other six females. All the females -were, with one exception, well loaded with eggs, which appear, from -an examination with a hand lens, to be in a very early stage of -development, and have probably been only comparatively recently laid. - -So far as reported, this species is confined to a narrow strip of -territory running north for about eighty miles from the southern -boundary of the state and drained by the Arkansas river. - - -=3. Cambarus gracilis= Bundy. - -Specimens of this species are hard to obtain, and this doubtless -accounts for its few localities. It is found in the territory drained -by the Arkansas (1) as well as that drained by the Kansas river (2). - -In August, 1901, I found an adult female of _C. gracilis_ in a stagnant -pond near Lawrence—the only time I have ever taken an adult specimen -in open water during the summer. - - -=4. Cambarus diogenes= Girard. - -Reported so far only from a limited territory along the Kansas and -Missouri rivers, in the northeastern part of the state. As with _C. -gracilis_, the difficulty of obtaining material probably accounts for -the rarity of the reports on this species. - - -=5. Cambarus immunis= Hagen. - -Mr. Crevecœur collected _C. immunis_ in a stagnant pond on the prairie -near Onaga, Pottawatomie county, April 1, 1901. - -The pond had been in existence about six years, and had never been -known to go dry. The nearest creek was about a quarter of a mile -away. They were probably never connected when the water was high in -the creek. No fish had ever been taken in the pond, but specimens -of _Amblystoma tigrinum_ (green) were found. (_A. tigrinum_ and _C. -immunis_ are sometimes found in the same ponds in Douglas county.) - -Among a dozen specimens given to me, some of the females were carrying -eggs but none were noticed with young. - -Mr. Crevecœur drained the pond in obtaining the material, and was -careful to secure a representative collection. If _C. gracilis_ were -common in the region, it would not be improbable that females would be -found in the pond at this time. - -Reports so far would indicate a distribution of this species from -the Missouri river west along the Kansas and its tributaries nearly -two-thirds the distance across the state. - - -=5a. Cambarus immunis Hagen, var. spinorostris= Faxon. - -The limits of distribution are embraced within those given for _C. -immunis_. - - -=6. Cambarus nais= Faxon. - -So far as reported, this species is confined to the southeastern -portion of the state, drained by the tributaries of the Arkansas river. - - -=7. Cambarus virilis= Hogue. - -23. Wakarusa river, Douglas county. - -24. Bull Foot creek, Lincoln county. Taken under stones, in about six -inches of running water. Miss Ella Weeks, coll. - -25. Spillman creek, Lincoln county. Under stones, in shallow running -water. Miss Ella Weeks, coll. - -26. Wildcat creek, about two miles west of Manhattan, Riley county. - -27. Crayfish are not at all common in the lower part of the Kansas -river, at least near Lawrence, where I have had opportunity to observe -it. The fishermen, as a rule, say there are none in the river. I have, -however, seen the casts of _C. virilis_, and think it hardly probable -that they could have washed in from any of the small tributaries. - -No. 18 was collected in a small stream. - - -=8. Cambaras rusticus= Girard. - -Reported only from Osage river. - - -=9. Cambaras pilosus= Hay. - -This somewhat questionable species has been reported from two -localities comparatively close together in the north-central portion of -the state. - -Mr. Sutton informs me that his material (2) was collected in Kelos -Fork, a “wet weather” stream of fresh water which flows into Salt -creek, which empties into the Saline river about four or five miles -from where the specimens were taken. At the time the material was taken -there was no water flowing from the pools into the creek. During the -summer of 1901, Mr. Sutton took material from a well about five feet in -depth, near the above region. The water from the pools would overflow -into the well when the water was high. - - -=10. Cambaras neglectus= Faxon. - -4. Wildcat creek, about two miles west of Manhattan, Riley county. -Collected with the specimens of _C. virilis_ mentioned above. Presented -by J. N. Westgate. - -_C. neglectus_, so far as reported, is quite closely confined to the -Republican river valley. The Republican river drains Cheyenne (2) and -Decatur (3) counties. Mill creek (1), in Wabaunsee county, empties -into the Kansas river about fifty miles east of the Republican. Cat -creek (4) empties into the Kansas river about twelve miles from the -Republican. Tributaries of the Republican approach to within six miles -of the upper part of Cat creek, but I know nothing of the nature of the -country separating these streams. - -With the exception of the Republican river, in Cheyenne county (2), _C. -virilis_ has also been taken from all the above localities. - -The Republican river, in Cheyenne county, wherever I have seen it, is a -shallow stream, perhaps 50 to 100 feet wide, with a bed of loose sand. -It sometimes, though rarely, goes dry in places so far as the surface -is concerned, but it is said that water can always be found by digging -a few inches into the sand of the bed. - -During the early part of June, 1901, while near Springfield, Greene -county, Missouri, I had the opportunity of making a few observations -on the habits of _C. neglectus_. In the James river, near Galloway, -about eight miles southeast of Springfield, this was the only species -observed, although probably not the only one occurring in the river. -At this place the James river is a rather swift-flowing stream, with a -rocky bed and with rather high wooded hills along the sides. The stream -is quite shallow in the swiftly running places. The crayfish were quite -abundant, being found under the loose stones and resting in the strands -of the rich vegetation, which stood almost horizontal in the swiftly -flowing water. - -The specimens were very plentiful around Boiling Springs, a place where -one of the cold, underground rivulets of the region breaks through the -rocks in the bottom of the stream. - -In a clear, rocky stream,[B] shallow in most places, flowing between -high hills, about four miles northwest of Springfield, crayfish were -found in abundance. The smaller and by far the more numerous species -was _C. neglectus_. The animals were very active, darting from stone -to stone when disturbed, but usually remaining under cover but a short -time. - -In a stream flowing from Galloway Cave, at Galloway, Greene county, -_C. neglectus_ and _C. rusticus_ were taken. At the mouth of the cave, -_C. neglectus_ was by far the more abundant, if not the only species, -being found in great abundance under loose stones at the very mouth. -The water here has practically the same temperature as that on the -inside. The temperature on the inside of the cave is said to remain -at fifty-seven degrees F. winter and summer. The animals were very -inactive, the cold water, apparently, numbing them to such an extent -that it was not at all difficult to take them with the hand.[C] A -little distance down the stream, where the water was much warmer, the -animals were noticed to be as active as ever. - -A striking effect of the low temperature was noticed in the effect on -the hatching of the eggs. Many of the females taken at the mouth of the -cave carried eggs or recently hatched young, while none of those taken -in the other localities were found with young at all. I believe I found -young crayfish which had but recently left the female in the vegetation -near Boiling Springs, in the James river. - -In the table following, the distribution by river systems of the -different species is given. For convenience, the rivers of the state -from which material has been reported have been arranged as follows: - - MISSOURI RIVER - KANSAS RIVER - BIG BLUE RIVER - REPUBLICAN RIVER - SOLOMON RIVER - SALINE RIVER - SMOKY HILL RIVER - OSAGE RIVER - ARKANSAS RIVER - MEDICINE LODGE RIVER - CHIKASKIA RIVER - LITTLE ARKANSAS RIVER - -The tributaries of any stream are arranged in order, beginning with -the lower and passing towards the upper portion of the stream. Those -tributaries emptying outside the state are designated by an asterisk. - -When it is impossible to determine from which of two or more streams a -lot of material is reported, as is often the case when the localities -given is a country traversed or drained by two rivers, or a town -situated on some large stream, or where two streams join, it is -reported from each, with the catalogue number followed by a question -mark. Of course, in the greater number of these cases, the species will -be found to occur in greater or less numbers in each locality. The one -thing to be desired is, that collectors would furnish full data with -their material. - -Whenever possible, the name of the stream from which material was -taken is given. When this is not possible, the term “tributary” is -used. As a general rule, the tributaries are streams emptying directly -into the river under which they are placed, and the only exceptions to -this, I believe, are the tributaries of the Arkansas arising in the -southeastern corner of the state. Stagnant ponds in the region drained -by a stream have been classed as tributaries, even through they have no -direct connection. - -The above method of classifying the water systems of the state will, -very possibly, be found not the best for a final arrangement, but for -a preliminary classification—and nothing more than a preliminary -arrangement can be hoped for at present—it seems quite satisfactory. - - MISSOURI RIVER, _C. virilis_, (5?). - Tributaries, _C. virilis_, (5?), (22), (20?); _C. diogenes_, (1); - _C. immunis_, (1). - - KANSAS RIVER, _C. virilis_, (3?), (6?), (11?). - Tributaries, _C. virilis_, (1), (3?), (6?), (11), (18), (20); _C. - gracilis_, (2); _C. diogenes_, (2); C. immunis, (2); _C. immunis_, - var. _spinorostris_, (2). - - WAKARUSA RIVER, _C. virilis_, (23). - Rock creek, _C. virilis_, (14). - Washington creek, _C. virilis_, (15). - Coon creek, _C. virilis_, (16). - Wildhorse creek, _C. virilis_, (17). - Ward’s creek, _C. virilis_, (2); _C. immunis_, - var. _spinorostris_, (1). - Mill creek, _C. neglectus_, (1). - Wildcat creek, _C. virilis_, (26); _C. neglectus_, (4). - - REPUBLICAN RIVER, _C. virilis_, (7); _C. neglectus_, (2). - Sappa creek, _C. virilis_, (9); _C. neglectus_, (3). - - SOLOMON RIVER, _C. pilosus_, (1?). - Tributaries, _C. pilosus_, (1?) - - SMOKY HILL RIVER. - Big creek, or tributary to it, _C. simulans_, (2); _C. immunis_, - (2); _C. virilis_, (8). - - SALINE RIVER. - Bullfoot creek, _C. virilis_, (24). - Spillman creek, _C. virilis_, (25). - A tributary of Salt creek, _C. pilosus_, (2). - - OSAGE RIVER, _C. virilis_, (10); _C. rusticus_, (1). - - ARKANSAS RIVER, _C. virilis_, (4?). - *Tributaries, _C. nais_, (1); _C. gracilis_, (1). - Tributaries, _C. virilis_, (4?); _C. gallinas_, (3). - *Coal creek, _C. nais_, (2). - *Labette creek, _C. virilis_, (21). - - CHIKASKIA RIVER. - Tributary, _C. virilis_, (9); _C. gallinas_, (2), (4). - - LITTLE ARKANSAS RIVER. - Tributary, _C. gallinas_, (1). - - MEDICINE LODGE RIVER. - Tributary, _C. simulans_, (1). - - LABORATORY OF ZOOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY, - UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. - -[Illustration] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[A] Harris, J. Arthur: Annotated catalogue of the crayfishes of Kansas. -Kans. Univ. Quart., vol. IX, No. 4, October, 1900. - -[B] I am not sure, in a trip across country, which of the two creeks, -which flow together in this vicinity, I examined. - -[C] The water here is probably not more than fifteen degrees above that -in which _C. virilis_ was found to be so numb as to be almost incapable -of movement. See Harris, Annotated Catalogue. - - - - -OBSERVATIONS ON THE POLLINATION - -Of Solanum rostratum Dunal and Cassia chamæcrista L. - - -BY J. ARTHUR HARRIS AND OSCAR M. KUCHS. - -With Plate I. - -In 1882 Professor Todd published his interesting observations[D] on the -pollination of _Solanum rostratum_ and _Cassia chamæcrista_. Since that -time, so far as the writers are aware, nothing has appeared upon this -subject. During the months of August and September, 1901, opportunity -was afforded the writers for making more extended observations on these -species. The notes here given are the result of these observations. -In some respects, these observations, or the conclusions drawn from -them, differ essentially from those made by Professor Todd; in others -they are practically the same. The writers feel that, even where -observations or conclusions are the same, the confirmation of Professor -Todd’s results is of value, since the data have been collected in a -different locality and a different year. - -It must be borne in mind that the lack of agreement between the -observations in the present paper with those made by Professor Todd -is probably largely due to the inferior quality of his material. _S. -rostratum_ had been but recently introduced into southern Iowa when -Professor Todd’s article was written. It apparently did not thrive very -well, the greatest number of flowers mentioned as appearing on any one -plant being ten—a very small number to be produced by a plant of any -considerable size. While also an introduced plant in eastern Kansas, it -has been long and well established, and grows luxuriantly.[E] - -The data upon which the conclusions here given are based have been -given largely in tabulated form. For the present purpose, it might have -been sufficient to give only the summarized results of some of the -tables. They have, however, been inserted in full, since the writers -hope that they may be useful in future work on these plants, and since -they believe that the collection of carefully prepared statistical -data of this kind is very valuable for the decision of some biological -questions. - -The writers wish to express their gratitude to W.C. Stevens, professor -of botany, for suggestions on the work, and to Hugo Kahl, entomologist -of the University of Kansas, for the identification of the insects. The -drawings were made by Miss Marguerite E. Wise. - -_S. rostratum_ is a low, spreading, bushy annual, sometimes attaining a -diameter of four or five feet and a height of one and one-half feet.[F] -The pinnately lobed leaves, as well as other parts of the plant, are -beset with strong prickles. It seems to be especially adapted to arid -regions, thriving on the dry plains of the Southwest.[G] - -The material studied by the writers grew, for the most part, in clayey -soil, around old stone-quarries on Mount Oread, a projection of the Kaw -river bluffs. A brief examination was made of material growing in waste -places in St. Joseph, Mo. - -During the very severe drought, which extended up to August, _S. -rostratum_ was one of the few plants which were apparently uninjured -and blossomed with any considerable vigor. The most of the observations -were made after the drought was broken by the rain of August 9, when -the plants were in the height of their flowering season. - -The flower has a somewhat irregular, wheel-shaped, gamopetalous -corolla, bright yellow in color. Four of the stamens are normal in -their structure, but the fifth, which is on the lower side of the -flower, has attained a length almost twice that of the others. Its -anther is large and tapering. At about the middle it is crooked a -little toward the outside, and its slender, tapering apex is curved -upward. The filaments of all the stamens are very short, bringing the -anthers close up to the base of the corolla. The small anthers are of -about the same color as the corolla, varying sometimes to a greenish -yellow. The large anther, however, is quite different; the proximal -half being of a greenish yellow, while the distal half has a more or -less pronounced purple color. Professor Todd, in his paper, does not -speak of the color of the anthers, but Fritz Mueller,[H] in writing of -_S. rostratum_, says: “All the anthers, as I am informed by Professor -Todd, are of the same dull yellow color.” All the material examined -by the writers from this locality shows a decidedly different color -for the distal half of the large stamen. It seems hardly probable that -material growing in Iowa should show such a marked difference, but in -case this statement is not the result of an oversight on the part of -Professor Todd, it is of considerable interest. The anthers dehisce by -terminal pores, as is common in the genus to which the plant belongs. - -The two lower lobes of the corolla are produced into short wings, which -in the bud enfold the pistil and the large stamen, which is clearly -differentiated as such in the youngest buds in which the stamens may be -discerned by careful dissection. In the bud the pistil lies immediately -above the large stamen, but upon the opening of the flower extends -between the filaments of the large stamen and that of the small stamen -either to the right or to the left. - -Professor Todd’s statement is: “The pistil in any flower turns toward -the axis of the raceme.” While in a general way this is true, the -statement might be more clearly expressed, since it is only in the -general direction of the pistil as a whole that it points toward the -axis of the raceme. - -The style is not inserted perfectly perpendicularly upon the top of -the ovary, but bends slightly downward from the longitudinal axis of -the flower. Professor Todd has overlooked this point in his figure. -Throughout the remainder of its course until near the tip it is almost -straight. Thus it will be seen that the large stamen and the pistil are -placed almost opposite each other on the lower side of the flower. The -angle between their incurved ends, which approach within about three -mm. of each other, is about seventy degrees, thus causing them to point -toward opposite sides of the flower. Thus it will be seen that, since -the flowers are arranged alternately on the opposite sides of a simple, -bractless raceme, and the tip of the large stamen always points toward -the axis of this raceme, the flowers on the opposite sides of the -raceme have both the stigma and the pores of the large stamen turned in -opposite directions. - -Professor Todd says: “The flowers are arranged on simple, bractless -racemes which extend in a horizontal position.” The material examined -by the writers does not quite agree with this observation, the most -of the racemes extending upward at a considerable angle. Ten racemes -from different plants were selected at random and their angle above the -horizontal taken. From the table, it will be noted that the nearest -approach to the horizontal is fifteen degrees above, one raceme is -vertical, and the average of the ten is fifty-seven degrees above the -horizontal. - - TABLE A. - - I 65° - II 75° - III 45° - IV 90° - V 15° - VI 45° - VII 60° - VIII 80° - IX 50° - X 45° - —— - Average 57° - -The terminal portion of the raceme, bearing the buds, is strongly -decurved, so that unopened buds obstruct in no way a clear view of the -conspicuous flowers, which thus appear to be terminal. The racemes, -when in flower, are so far to the outside that the flowers are very -little screened by the foliage, whose dark green background renders -them more conspicuous. - -The fact that the racemes extend upward at some angle from the -horizontal, by bringing the flowers above the foliage, renders them -more conspicuous. - -The terminology used throughout this paper is the same as that -suggested by Professor Todd. Those flowers in which the pistil as a -whole extends towards the right hand, facing in the same direction -as the flower, will be called right-handed, and those in which the -pistil as a whole extends toward the left, left-handed. It will be seen -that, since the tips of pistil and large stamen approach each other, -as above described, the tip of the pistil in a right-handed flower -turns considerably toward the left, and _vice versa_. The flowers on -the right-hand side of the raceme, as we pass out from the central -axis of the plant, are always left-handed, and those on the left side, -right-handed. - -Professor Todd found from the examination of a small series of material -that about an equal number of right-and left-handed flowers is -produced. He also says: “It is also a fact of observation that the -flowers of a cluster on any one branch and opening about the same time -are either all right-handed or all left-handed. Any plant, however, if -it is at all large, exhibits right-and left-handed flowers in about -equal numbers.” - -The regularity with which the flowers are divided into the two classes -is very striking. Table B shows the condition of ten plants observed at -the same time. - - TABLE B. - - Plant I 7 pistils right-handed, 7 left-handed. - " II 6 " " 6 " - " III 8 " " 9 " - " IV 29 " " 31 " - " V 11 " " 7 " - " VI 10 " " 7 " - " VII 10 " " 13 " - " VIII 3 " " 3 " - " IX 3 " " 2 " - " X 6 " " 9 " - —— —— —— - Total 10 93 pistils right-handed, 94 left-handed. - -So in these ten plants the number of right-and left-handed flowers is -practically equal. The greatest difference in the number of the two -kinds is seen in number X, where forty per cent. are right-handed and -sixty per cent. left-handed. - -Considerable care was exercised in determining the number of right-and -left-handed flowers opening on the racemes of different branches at the -same time. - -Only those flowers were considered which had opened simultaneously. In -order to effect this, all the flowers were removed from the plant the -evening before and note was made of the condition of those opening the -next day. - -The following diagram shows the conditions of flowers opening on three -plants on the morning of August 20, braces indicating the branches of -the plant, and the straight lines the racemes; the numbers of right- -and left-handed flowers being indicated under the raceme by _r_ and -_l_. (See page 20.) - -From the table, it will be seen that there are on the first plant 8 -left-and 11 right-handed flowers; on the second, 24 left-and 27 -right-handed; on the third, 7 left-and 9 right-handed flowers. The -numbers of right-and left-handed flowers occurring on the divisions -a and b of the main branches, A and B, of the three plants, are as -follows: - -[Illustration] - - I.-Aa, 2_l_, 1_r_; Ab, 1_l_, 3_r_; Ba, 4_l_, 4_r_; Bb, 1_l_, 3_r_. - II.-Aa, 8_l_, 13_r_; Ab, 13_l_, 11_r_; Ba, 1_l_, Bb, 1_l_; B, 2_l_, 3_r_. -III.-Aa, 4_l_, 2_r_; Ab, 2_l_, 1_r_; Ba, 3_r_; Bb, 1_r_; B, 2_r_, 1_l_. - -On the three plants, with 36 racemes bearing branches, there were 18 -branches which produced only one kind of flowers. Of these branches, -however, 15 bore only 1 flower each. From this it will be seen that the -flowers opening at the same time on any one branch are not all either -right-or left-handed. In the large branches, A and B, the number of -the two kinds is quite evenly distributed; in only one case-branch -B of plant III—is a large per cent. of the flowers alike. Even in -branches of the second denomination—Aa, Bb—flowers of one kind occur -exclusively, where more than one flower is found, only in Ba of plant -III. - -In addition to the above table, observations were made on three plants -to determine the regularity with which they bore right-and left-handed -flowers. On three successive mornings the plants had produced: - - ═══════════════╤═════════════════╤═════════════════╤════════════════╕ - │ I. │ II. │ III. │ - ├────────┬────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬───────┤ - │ Right. │ Left. │ Right. │ Left. │ Right. │ Left. │ - ───────────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼───────┤ - First morning │ 7 │ 7 │ 6 │ 6 │ 8 │ 9 │ - Second morning │ 7 │ 11 │ 10 │ 7 │ 14 │ 17 │ - Third morning │ 16 │ 10 │ 8 │ 12 │ 13 │ 10 │ - ├────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼───────┤ - Total │ 30 │ 28 │ 24 │ 25 │ 35 │ 36 │ - ───────────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴───────┘ - -It will be noticed that when a marked excess of flowers of one kind -occurs one morning, a somewhat proportionate excess of the other type -occurs the following morning. This is of course necessary if an equal -number of the two types of flowers are to be produced and, to a certain -extent, to be maintained on the same plant; and is to be expected from -the alternate occurrence of the two types on opposite sides of the -raceme. - -The flowers open early in the morning and remain open from three to -four days, depending somewhat upon the condition of the weather. Some -which were covered with cheese-cloth “tents” were noticed to remain -open almost a week. At the end of this period the corolla wilts and -falls off, as does also the pistil. The flowers seem to partially close -at night. - -A limited series of experiments were made to determine if -self-fertilization and cross-fertilization between flowers of the -opposite type opening simultaneously on the same raceme are possible.[I] - -The writers have not made sufficiently extensive observations to arrive -at any general conclusions of value as to the comparative fertility -of cross-and self-pollination, either between flowers on the same or -different racemes, or between the flowers of different plants, but they -have been able to obtain a limited series of definite results which may -be of interest. - -In making experiments to determine these points, all old flowers were -removed from the plants in the afternoon or evening and the plants -covered with a small “tent” of cheese-cloth. The cheese-cloth was -of a mesh sufficiently small to prevent the access of any insects -large enough to effect pollination, while large enough to allow a -ready circulation of air and good illumination. The following morning -pollination was effected between the flowers which had opened by -tapping pollen from the large anther onto a clean glass slip and -transferring it to the stigma of the same or another flower. The -plant was then again covered and allowed to remain so, except when -examined from time to time, until the corolla and pistil had fallen -off. The following results were obtained from three plants upon which -observations were made: - - -PLANT I. - -August 20. (_a_) Twelve stigmas pollinated with pollen from large -stamen of the same flower.(_b_) Cross-pollination effected between two -flowers which had opened on a raceme at the same time. - -August 22. (_a_) Five of the twelve flowers had fallen off. (_b_) One -flower had fallen off. The other seemed to be developing. - -August 24. (_a_) Five ovaries with their corollas fallen off appeared -fresh and healthy and seemed to be developing. Two more of the twelve -had dropped off. (_b_) Remaining pod seemed to be thriving. - -August 26. (_a_) Four of the five ovaries were clearly developing. The -fifth appeared doubtful. - -September 13. (_a_) Three fully developed pods remained. (_b_) -Development of pod arrested when about half grown. - - -PLANT II. - -August 20. (_a_) Four flowers self-pollinated as with plant I. (_b_) -Cross-pollination effected on seven racemes between flowers which had -opened simultaneously on the racemes. - -August 22. (_a_) All yet on. (_b_) One flower of a pair had fallen off. - -August 24. (_a_) Two ovaries remained and looked as though they might -develop. (_b_) Three pairs fallen off at raceme. The single pod of -one pair still remained and looked as though it might develop. All -remaining pairs seemed to be thriving. - -August 26. (_a_) One pod developing; the other doubtful. (_b_) Single -pod of pair developing. Two pairs were thriving; one pair was almost -grown. The third pair looked doubtful. - -September 13. (_a_) One pod fully developed; the other fallen off. -(_b_) One pair fully developed. One each of two other pairs were fully -developed. - - -PLANT III. - -August 20. Thirteen flowers marked to see if autogamy takes place. - -August 22. All flowers still on the plant. - -August 24. All but two flowers had fallen off. One of these seemed to -be developing; the other looked wilted. - -August 26. One pod was thriving; the other had wilted and fallen off. - -September 13. One pod fully developed. - -From the structure of the flowers it would seem that self-pollination -would be impossible. When the flower is open, the stigma has never -been observed to be in contact with the terminal portion of the large -stamen. The stamens do not dehisce until after the flower has opened, -nor does the stigma come in contact with the tip of the anther in the -bud; thus, clistogamy would be out of the question. It appears from -the results obtained from plant III that spontaneous self-pollination -is possible. Of course, however, the positive result in this one case -should by no means be taken as conclusive evidence of self-pollination. -At the present, the most logical explanation to be suggested seems -to be that, when the flowers partially close at night, the tips of -the pistil and the large stamen are brought into contact. This might -occasionally occur, but it is by no means always the case. At the time -of the writing of this paper, material for the determination of this -point is not available, but two or three flowers examined at night -during the summer, before the results of the above experiments had -suggested the importance of a careful examination of a large series of -material, did not show the stamen and pistil in contact. Of course, -note will be taken of the fact that in only one out of thirteen flowers -on the plant did spontaneous pollination take place. Another suggestion -might be that, approaching so near as they do to each other, a puff of -pollen might be thrown from the large stamen and fall upon the pistil -when the plant is shaken. - -In plants I and II, it will be seen that, in the first case, three -fully developed seed pods were obtained from twelve flowers the stigmas -of which were supplied with pollen from the large stamen of the same -flower. In the second case, one fully developed seed pod was obtained -from four pollinated flowers—just twenty-five per cent. in each case. - -In the cases in which cross-pollination was effected between right- -and left-handed flowers opening simultaneously on the same raceme, we -find that, in the first, one pod of the two was only half developed at -the end of twenty days. Since the pods are normally fully developed -in somewhat less than this length of time, and this undeveloped pod -appears somewhat dried, its development seems doubtful. In the second -case, one pair of seed pods out of seven pairs of flowers crossed were -fully developed, and one seed pod from each of two other pairs were -fully and normally developed, making four out of fourteen flowers which -yielded seed pods—28.5 per cent. - -Professor Todd observed only a small humblebee visiting the flowers -of this plant. Owing, probably, to more favorable opportunities for -observation, the writers have been able to secure other insects -collecting pollen. - -The following is a list of the species: - -_Agapostemon texanus_ Cress. Two specimens collected August 5, at -two P. M. The insects were collecting pollen from the small -stamens, to which they clung while they forced the pollen out by -pinching the anthers between their fore legs. Pollen was stored on the -hind legs. The insect was not seen to come in contact with the tip of -the large stamen or the stigma. - -_Apis mellifica_ Linn. Taken at two P. M., August 5. They -sometimes came in contact with large stamen and pistil, but more often -did not touch them at all. Occasionally both stamen and pistil would -come in contact with the same side of the insect’s body. Short stamens -were sometimes approached from above, the large stamen and pistil -remaining untouched. - -_Anglochora pura_ Say. Taken at 10:30 A. M., August 6. -Obtained pollen from the large stamen by alighting on it, crawling to -the tips, and collecting it from the terminal pores. - -_Halictus_ sp. A smaller insect than the preceding one, but obtained -pollen in the same manner.[J] - -No humblebees were taken around Lawrence, although many were noticed -working on the plants; consequently the names of the species noticed -cannot be given. In St. Joseph, Mo., there were taken at three P. -M., when bees were not generally seen working on the plant: - -_Bombus virginicus._ One specimen. - -_Bombus pennsylvanicus._ One specimen. - -An examination of fifty flowers taken at this time showed from the -dented condition of the small stamens that they had all been visited. - -Between eight and nine A. M., September 3, when bees were -numerous, there were taken: - -_Bombus virginicus._ Two specimens. - -_Bombus pennsylvanicus._ Twelve specimens. - -_Bombus scutellaris._ One specimen. - -The writers found that the humblebees were the principal agents -effecting cross-pollination. It was observed that the bee in visiting -the flower allowed itself to rest on the tips of the extending stamen -and pistil, which, being of the same length, came in contact with both -sides of the body just in front of the hind legs, these being left -perfectly free. The weight of the bee springs down both stamen and -pistil. - -Professor Todd’s theory in regard to the pollination of this plant is -as follows: “The weight of the bee so springs down the flower, that -it is quite difficult, on account of the large, flexible corolla, -to see just what is done, but repeated observations led me, quite -satisfactorily, to this conclusion. The bee seeks the pollen—for the -flowers have neither nectar nor odor—and this she uniformly gets from -the four shorter stamens; never, so far as I could determine, from the -larger one. This she does by seizing each one, near its base, between -her mandibles, and with a sort of milking motion crowds the pollen out -of the terminal pores; meanwhile, by the movements of her feet, the -larger stamen is repeatedly sprung backwards, and as often throws a -cloud of pollen on one side of her body; this in a right-handed flower. -When she passes to a left-handed flower, which, as was explained -above, is very likely not to be on the same plant, the pollen is -carried directly to the pistil of that flower, and so on. We have here, -therefore, a novel apparatus for cross-fertilization, quite distinct -from those that have been most commonly noticed.” - -A considerable quantity of pollen may be thrown from the terminal pores -of the large stamen upon tapping it. It thus seems quite possible that -some pollen is thrown upon the side of the insect, as described by -Professor Todd. All the meaning of Mr. Meehan’s[K] statement is not -clear to the writers, but he says, in speaking of Professor Todd’s -results: “In regard to the manner in which the pollen is extracted, he -found that ‘this she does by seizing each anther near its base between -her mandibles, and, with a sort of milking motion, crowds the pollen -out of the terminal pores.’ If this were the general way, there would -be no necessity for any pollen being ejected from the long stamens, -for the stigma would surely receive some during the ‘milking’ process; -and the pore at the apex in the long anther is beyond the line of the -stigma, so that on ejection from the pore the pollen would go still -farther beyond.” - -It seems that this statement is of considerable importance for _S. -rostratum_ as well as for _C. marilandica_. Professor Todd very -evidently overlooked the fact that, in securing the pollen from the -small stamens and transferring it to the hind legs, the sides of the -insect are sure to be well dusted with pollen from these stamens. In -the case of _Apis mellifica_, as noted above, there is no certainty -that in visiting the flower the same side will be turned toward the -stamen or pistil. Even in the case of large insects, such as _Bombus_, -it would seem that the probability that the stigma will be supplied -with pollen from the large stamen exclusively is very small. It seems -improbable that _S. rostratum_ should depend exclusively upon such -an uncertain method of pollination as the projection, by the jarring -of a stamen, of a puff of pollen upon the side of an insect, and the -subsequent transfer of this pollen to the stigma of a flower of a -different type. Of course, it is not improbable that a part of the -pollen is furnished by the large stamen, as suggested by Professor -Todd, but that fertilization should be effected exclusively by this -means seems highly improbable. - -The pollen from the large stamen has been shown to be fertile in a -certain number of cases, but unfortunately opportunity was not offered -for experiments on the fertility of pollen from the small stamens. A -rather hasty microscopic examination of fresh, unstained pollen from -the large and small stamens reveals no very striking difference in form. - -In _C. marilandica_, Meehan[L] found that the large, strong stamens on -each side of the pistil served only as a platform upon which the insect -could rest while procuring the pollen from the small stamens. He found -that the lower stamens, while filled with pollen, did not dehisce of -their own account, nor were they opened by the insect.[M] - - -The lower stamens and the pistil of the _Solanum_ under consideration -serve the purpose of a platform when the flowers are visited by the -larger bees. It seems to the writers that this is not improbably the -function of the greatest importance of the observed arrangements of -the stamen and pistil in _S. rostratum_. In _C. marilandica_, the -pollen for fertilization, as well as for the attraction of the insect -visitor, is furnished by the small stamens, while the pollen produced -by the large stamens appears to have no function.[N] The condition is -not so specialized in the species of _Solanum_ under consideration. -Here the pollen produced by the small anthers serves for the attraction -of insects and, as it seems to the writers, for fertilization, while -the large stamen, in connection with the pistil, serves as a support -for the visiting insect, and possibly furnishes some pollen for -cross-fertilization.[O] - -In reference to the relative amount of pollen produced by a large -and small stamen, Halstead has given a note, in his paper in the -Botanical Gazette.[P] The material in the hands of the writers at the -time of the writing of this paper is not suitable for a verification -of Mr. Halstead’s results; consequently they are simply quoted on his -authority. Even if the amount of pollen produced by the large anther is -no greater than that produced by one of the smaller, it is still very -considerable, as may be readily seen by tapping it out on a glass slip. -He says: - -“The single large stamen of _Solanum rostratum_, with its beak-like -appearance, is a giant among its fellows, but does not exceed them -in the production of pollen, for, while three or four times larger -than the others, its thecæ are reduced to narrow, curved lines of -mother-cells. The ordinary stamens, on the other hand, possess -unusually large cavities in which the pollen is borne. The giant -stamen, in cross-section, is shown at _a_, in fig. 3, while a similar -section of an ordinary stamen is shown at _b_. The almost infertile -condition of the large stamen reminds one of the structure of the -stamens of the cultivated potatoes. In these, while large and plump, -there is almost no pollen-bearing layer, and usually no apical pore -opens for the discharge of pollen.” - -In _C. marilandica_, as Meehan has shown, autogamy is impossible, while -in _S. rostratum_ autogamy may possibly sometimes take place. - -The bee visits the flower for pollen; contrary, however, to the -statement of Professor Todd, that “the flowers have neither nectar nor -odor,” the writers observed that, especially in the early morning, the -odor was decidedly pronounced. It was observed that the bee collected -no pollen from the large stamen, but took it regularly from the four -smaller. This it did by grasping the anthers, one at a time, near -the base, and forcing the pollen out through the terminal pores, by -pinching it throughout the length between its mandibles. An exception -to this in the case of _Agapostemon texanus_ Cress, is already noted in -the list of species. It will be remarked that our observations on this -point correspond in general to those of Professor Todd. - -Of course the statement of Professor Todd, that the next flower of -the opposite type which is visited by the bee is very apt to be on -another plant, loses entirely its significance, since it has been shown -that the flowers on a branch are not at all likely to be all right- -or left-handed. In visiting the flowers, the humblebees, as a general -rule, simply pass to the flower most conveniently at hand, and this -flower is very apt to be on the same plant, especially where the plants -are at all large. The humblebees especially work vigorously in the -early morning. In a patch of _S. rostratum_ examined between eight and -nine o’clock, in St. Joseph, Mo., nearly all the flowers had already -been visited. At this time fifteen specimens of humblebees were taken. -A great many flowers would be visited by the bee before it found one -which had not already been despoiled of its pollen. In visiting such -flowers, the bee would alight for a moment on the pistil and large -stamens, as described above, and then pass on to the next flower when -it had ascertained that there was no pollen present. In this way over -twenty flowers may be visited in a minute. It will be seen that, when -the bees are at all numerous and as well dusted with pollen as they -usually are, the pistil is almost certain to receive pollen, and -fertilization to be effected, especially if the pollen from the small -stamens is functional. - -Among other insects found visiting the plant, the honey-bee was most -frequent. - -As will be noticed from our list, some insects visit the plants -without effecting cross-pollination. Those insects which obtain pollen -in an illegitimate manner do not secure it from the small stamens -exclusively, but almost invariably visit the large stamen as well. - -The adaptation of the plant to propagation by the production of seeds -is of considerable significance.[Q] - -A normal plant will produce in the neighborhood of 7000 seeds. In -making observations on this point, it was found from five pods examined -there was an average of fifty-six seeds. - - Pod 1 contained 66 seeds. - " 2 " 53 " - " 3 " 51 " - " 4 " 53 " - " 5 " 58 " - ——— - 281 seeds; av., 56. - -Pods 4 and 5 were from the same plant but separate racemes; -the others were from different plants. In determining the -average number of seeds produced by the plant, five plants -growing normally and in different localities were observed, with -the following results: - - Plant 1 192 pods. - " 2 50 " - " 3 66 " - " 4 113 " - " 5 210 " - -Taking the average of fifty-six seeds per pod obtained above, we see -that the plant producing 122.5 pods, the average from the preceding -table, would produce about 7000 seeds. - -One plant was observed upon which occurred fifty-five to sixty racemes. -Allowing the low average of six pods to the raceme, the plant will -produce in the neighborhood of 20,000 seeds. Occasionally a very large -plant is observed which produces as many as 125 racemes. Allowing the -same low average of six pods to the raceme, it will be seen that on a -plant of this size there will be produced in the neighborhood of 40,000 -seeds. - -Only a very small proportion of the ovaries fail to develop. Out of the -forty-one racemes observed in five plants, taken at random in different -localities, results were obtained as follows: - - Plant 1, 5 racemes, 53 pods, 4 failed. - " 2, 5 " 42 " 3 " - " 3, 9 " 55 " 5 " - " 4, 11 " 91 " 6 " - " 5, 11 " 121 " 5 " - —— ——— —— - 41 racemes, 367 pods, 23 failed, or 6.2 per cent. - -According to these figures, not more than 6.2 per cent. of the ovaries -failed to be fertilized. - -While _Cassia chamæcrista_ is usually abundant in Douglas county, -owing, probably, largely to the severe drought, opportunities for study -were not nearly so favorable as for _Solanum_. The material studied was -found growing, for the most part, in somewhat shaded localities on the -banks of Lake View. - -Professor Todd has given very well the points in the structure of the -flower of this species. He says: “The points that are of interest to -us are the sickle-shaped pistil, the stamens with long, rigid anthers -opening by terminal pores, and the most of them pointed toward the -incurved petal, which is always on the opposite side from the pistil.” - -The flowers are arranged in small clusters a little above the axils of -the leaves. In some cases the axillary bud also develops into a flower -cluster. The axillary clusters have been considered separately in the -calculations made upon the conditions of the flowers. - -Owing to the lack of material, Professor Todd was unable to determine -any definite law governing the arrangement of the flowers in _C. -chamæcrista_. This the writers have attempted to do. The determination -of any law governing the order of development of the flowers in a plant -like _C. chamæcrista_, where they are arranged in clusters developed -from buds produced on the main axis, and the development of which is -probably accelerated or retarded by various conditions, is much more -difficult than in _S. rostratum_, where they are produced on a definite -raceme, which is early differentiated from the terminal growing point, -and at first develops more rapidly than the bud which is to continue -the main axis of the branch.[R] - - TABLE D. (Part 1) - - ═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╕ - _Cluster_ │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 4 │ 5 │ 6 │ - ─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ - PLANT. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ A │ 2b │ b, 5p │ b, l, p │ A │ A │ - I { 2 │ l, p │ 2p │ A │ 3p │ p │ A │ - { │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 3 │ p │ 3p │ 4p │ b, 3p │ br, 4p │ b, r, p │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - II—1 │ 2b │b, 3p, a │b, 2p, a │ 2b, 3p │ 2b, 3p │ r │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - III—1 │ 3b │ 2b, p │ b, 2p │ 2b, 2p │ b, br, p│ b, 3p │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ b │ 2b, bl │ 2b, r │ 2b, bl │ 3b │ 3b, br │ - IV{ 2 │ A │ b, bl │ 3b, bl │ 3b, p │ 3b │3b, r, p │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - V—1 │ A │ 2b, p │ b, 1, p │ b, p │ b, r, p │ 2b, 2p │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ A │ A │ A │ A │ p │ 2p, a │ - VI{ 2 │ A │ p │ b, 3p │ b, 2p │ 2b, 3p │ 2b, p │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - VII—1 │b, bl, 2p│ 2b, 2p │ b, l, p │2b, bl,2p│ b, r, 2p│2b, br, p│ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ 2b │ 2b │ 2b │ 2b │ 2b │ │ - VIII{ │ │ │ │ │ │{ 2b, l │ - { 2 │ b │ 2b, 1p │ b, l, p │ 2b, r, p│ 3b, br │{ b │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ 2p │b, br, 2p│ absent │ 2b, 3p │ b, r, 2p│ 2b, a │ - { 2 │ b, 3p │ 2b, 4p │ b, l, 3p│ 2b, 2p │ b, 3p │2b, bl,2p│ - IX{ 3 │ A │ 2b, 3p │ 2b, p │ 2b, p, a│ 2b, 3p │ 2b, p │ - { 4 │ A │ b, 2p │ b, p │ b, r, 2p│ b, 3p │ b, p, a │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ 2b, 1p │ 2b │ 2b, p │ b, 2p │ br, p │ b, br, p│ - X{ 2 │ A │ A │ b │ b, a │ b, p │ 2b, p │ - ─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - - TABLE D. (Part 2) - - ═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤══════════╤═════════╤════════╤═════════╕ - _Cluster_ │ 7 │ 8 │ 9 │ 10 │ 11 │ 12 │ - ─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┤ - PLANT. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ A │ A │ A │ b, 2p │ 2b, 2p │ 2b, 2p │ - I { 2 │ A │ 2b, lp │ b │ A │ 3b, p │{ 2b │ - { │ │ │ │ │ │{ lb │ - { 3 │ b, 4p │2b, bl,3p│2b,br,2p,a│ 2b, p, a│b, l, 2p│2b, bl, p│ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - II—1 │ 2b, br │ 2b, br │ b, r, p │ 2b, bl │ 3b │ 2b │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - III—1 │ b, 3p │ 4p │ b, r, 3p │ b, bl,3p│ b, 3p │ 3b, 2p │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ 2b, l │ 3b │ 3b │ 3b │ 3b │ 3b │ - IV{ 2 │ 3b, br │ 3b, l │ 4b │ 4b │ 4b │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - V—1 │b, bl, p │ b, r, p │ 2b, r │ 2b │ 2b │ 2b │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ b, 3p │ b, 3p, a│ b, r, 3p │ 2b, 2p │ 2b, 3p │ 3b, p │ - VI{ 2 │ b, r, p │ 2b, p, a│ 2b, l, p │ 3b, p │ 3b, r │ 3b │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - VII—1 │{2b, l, p│ 3b, bl │{ 3b, r │ 3b │ 3b │ 3b │ - │{ 2b │ │{ b │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - VIII{ │ 3b │ 3b │ │ │ │ │ - { 2 │ 2b │ b │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ 2b, bl │ 2b, r, p│ 2b, a │ 2b, l │ 3b │ 2b │ - { 2 │ 2b, r │ 2b, p │ b, l, p │ 2b, bl │ 3b │ 3b │ - IX{ 3 │ b, 2p │ l │ 2b, 2p │b, br, 2p│ 2b, 2p │ 2b │ - { 4 │ b, r, 3p│ b, 3p │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ b, bl, r│ 2b, br │ 2b │ 2b │ 2b │ b, a │ - X{ 2 │ b, r │ 2b, a │ l │ 2b │ 2b │ │ - ─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┘ - - TABLE D. (Part 3) - - ═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╕ - _Cluster_ │ 13 │ 14 │ 15 │ 16 │ 17 │ 18 │ - ─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ - PLANT. │ l │ b, 2p │ 2b, 2p │ 3b, 2p │{ 3b, p │br, 2b, p│ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │{ b │ b │ - I { 2 │ 3b, p │ 2b, l, p│ 2b, bl │ 2b, r │{ 3b │ 2b │ - { │ │ │ │ │{ b │ │ - { 3 │ br, a │{2b, br,a│ 2b, la │ 2b │ b │ 2b │ - │ │{ b │ │ │ │ │ - II—1 │ 2b │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - III—1 │ b, 3p │ 2b, bl │ 2b, p │ 2b, r │ b │ b │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - IV{ 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - V—1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - VI{ 2 │ 3b, a │ 3b, a │ 2b, l │ 3b │ 3b │ 3b │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - VII—1 │ 3b │ 3b │ 2b │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ 2b │ 2b │ │ │ │ │ - VIII{ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - IX{ 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 4 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ 3b │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - X{ 2 │ 2b, p │ 2b, a │ 3b │ 2b │ │ │ - ─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - - TABLE D. (Part 4) - - ═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═════════╕ - _Cluster_ │ 19 │ 20 │ 21 │ 22 │ 23 │ 24 │ - ─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ - PLANT. │ 3b, p │{ 2b, br │ 3b │ { 3b │ │ │ - { 1 │ │{ b │ │ { b │ │ │ - { │ 2b │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - II—1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - III—1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │{ 2b, 2p │ b, l, p │{ 2b, l │ 3b, a │ 2b, a │ 2b │ - { 1 │ b │ │ b │ │ │ │ - IV{ 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - V—1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - VI{ 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - VII—1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - VIII{ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 2 │ 3b │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - IX{ 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 4 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - { 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - X{ 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - - - TABLE D. (Part 5) - - ═════════╤══════════════════════════════════╕ - _Cluster_ │ │ - ─────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤ - PLANT. │ │ - { 1 │ 6A, 35b, 2br, 2l, 21p. │ - { │ 4A, 26b, 1bl, 2l, 1r, 11p. │ - { 3 │ 23b, 2bl, 4br, 1l, 1r, 31p, 5a. │ - │ │ - II—1 │ 22b, 2br, 1bl, 2r, 12p, 2a. │ - │ │ - III—1 │ 41b, 2bl, 1br, 2l, 2r, 34p, 2a. │ - │ │ - { 1 │ 30b, 2bl, 1br, 1l, 1r, 2p. │ - IV { 2 │ 1A, 31b, 2b1, 1br, 1l, 1r, 2p. │ - │ │ - V—1 │ 1A, 17b, 1bl, 1l, 3r, 8p. │ - │ │ - { 1 │ 4A, 30b, 1l, 1r, 18p, 4a. │ - VI { 2 │ 1A, 28b, 1l, 2r, 14p, 1a. │ - │ │ - VII—1 │ 33b, 3bl, 1br, 2l, 2r, 11p. │ - │ │ - { 1 │ 10b. │ - VIII { 2 │ 21b, 1br, 2l, 1r, 3p. │ - │ │ - { 1 │ 19b, 1bl, 1br, 1l, 2r, 10p, 2a. │ - { 2 │ 25b, 2bl, 2l, 1r, 19p. │ - IX { 3 │ 1A, 27b, 1br, 1l, 18p, 2a. │ - { 4 │ 1A, 7b, 2r, 15p, 1a. │ - │ │ - { 1 │ 18b, 1bl, 3br, 1r, 6p, 1a. │ - X { 2 │ 2A, 12b, 1l, 1r, 2p, 2a. │ - ├──────────────────────────────────┤ - │ 21A, 455b, 18br, 18bl, 21l, 24r, │ - │ 234p, 22a. │ - ─────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘ - -Abundant material in apparently the best condition was found growing -around Lake View. Ten plants from this locality were examined, -and their condition is here given in tabulated form. In the table -following, the number of the plant is given in Roman numerals, the -numbers of the branches following it in Arabic numerals. Beginning with -the lower portion of the branch and passing upward, the flower clusters -are numbered consecutively. These numbers, designated by “cluster,” are -given in the first line at the top of the table. In the column beneath -each of these numbers is shown the condition of the flowers of that -cluster on the different branches of the different plants. The table -was arranged in this form, not because a comparison of the condition of -clusters of the same number is especially desired, but because this -seemed the most compact form in which it could be arranged. In the -columns under the different clusters, the condition of the flowers -is designated as follows: _r_ = right-, _l_ = left-handed flower; -_b_ = bud; _br_ and _bl_ designate buds which are so well developed -that it is possible to determine whether they are right-handed or -left-handed—these buds will probably open the following morning; a = a -bud or flower which has fallen off or failed to develop; A, indicates -that the whole cluster has failed to develop. When an axillary cluster -is developed it is included in a brace, with the cluster occurring -immediately above it, the axillary cluster always being placed below. A -seed pod is designated by _p_. - -In the last column to the right the condition of each branch is -summarized, and finally the grand total is given at the foot of the -column. - -In table D we have taken into account 241 flower clusters, and 21 which -are either abortive or injured. The number of abortive clusters might -be somewhat increased if great care had been exercised in looking -for the accessory buds just above the axils of the lowest leaves -on the branches. As a rule, however, the first internode or so, if -questionable, was omitted. From this it would seem that about eight -per cent. of the clusters fail to develop, a percentage which would -probably be somewhat increased if care had been exercised in noting the -buds where development had been arrested at a very early stage. - -On the 10 plants, 14 axillary clusters were produced, being 5.5 per -cent. of all the developed clusters. Of these 14 clusters, 2 produced 2 -buds each, the others only 1; an average of 1.14 flowers per cluster. -The 241 normally developed clusters produced 773 buds, an average of -3.27 flowers per cluster. Of the 773 buds produced on the 10 plants, 22 -are found to be injured and fail to develop normally; a percentage of -2.84. - -While the series of material is too limited to permit of indulging in -generalizations, it might be of interest to note that on 40 plants -bearing 332 seed pods, taken from two square feet of ground, September -4, and 3 other plants producing 130 seed pods, taken at the same time, -not a single pod developed from an axillary cluster was found. These -plants, however, with the exception of the last three, represent all -produced on a definite area. It might not be improbable that the -smaller, crowded plants would not be so likely to produce axillary -clusters as the larger plants growing under more favorable conditions. -We may at least conclude from this that the axillary flowers are of -little consequence in the seed-producing capacity of the plant. - -For the sake of convenience, it has been deemed advisable to summarize -in table E the conditions of the flowers and buds which will probably -open the day following, as given in table D. From this table, it will -be seen that on the day the plants were examined 42 flowers were -open—5.4 per cent. of the 773 buds produced on the 10 plants. These -flowers as well as the buds, 36 in number, which were to open the next -day, are equally divided into right-and left-handed. - -The buds which are next to open do not, in any of the cases noted in -the above tables, occur on a cluster with flowers which are already -open. - - TABLE E. - - Plant I, 6_r_ buds, 3_l_ buds, 2_r_ flowers, 5_l_ flowers. - II, 2_r_ " 1_l_ " 2_r_ " 0_l_ " - III, 1_r_ " 2_l_ " 2_r_ " 2_l_ " - IV, 2_r_ " 4_l_ " 2_r_ " 2_l_ " - V, 0_r_ " 1_l_ " 3_r_ " 1_l_ " - VI, 0_r_ " 0_l_ " 3_r_ " 2_l_ " - VII, 1_r_ " 3_l_ " 2_r_ " 2_l_ " - VIII, 1_r_ " 0_l_ " 1_r_ " 2_l_ " - IX, 2_r_ " 3_l_ " 5_r_ " 4_l_ " - X, 3_r_ " 1_l_ " 2_r_ " 1_l_ " - —— —— —— —— - 18_r_ buds, 18_l_ buds, 24_r_ flowers, 21_l_ flowers. - -There seems to be no law governing the production of right-and -left-handed flowers on the opposite sides of the main axis of the -plant. Sometimes two right-or left-handed flowers will be produced -in succession on one side of the raceme, and sometimes right-and -left-handed alternate on the same side. - -Concerning the method of pollination in _C. chamæcrista_, the writers -have not been able to thoroughly satisfy themselves. Todd says: “I -consider the following explanation most probable: In getting the -pollen, some grains are dropped on the incurved petal, and by it made -to adhere to points of the bee, and to such points in a right-handed -flower as will carry it to the stigma of a left-handed flower, and -_vice versa_.” Robertson[S] says: “The pollen, being thus forced out of -the terminal anther pores, falls either directly upon the bee or upon -the lateral petal which is pressed close against the bee’s side. In -this way the side of the bee which is to the incurved petal receives -the most pollen.... A bee visiting a left-hand flower receives pollen -upon the right side and then flying to a right-hand flower strikes the -same side against the stigma.” - -It is very difficult to see just what takes place when the flowers are -visited by a large insect, but the writers have observed that when they -are visited by honey-bees, for instance, the insect supports itself by -hooking his left hind leg over the terminal, upturned portion of the -stigma in a right-handed flower, and the right leg in a left-handed -flower. The pistil then would serve the function of support for the -insect visitor. It was noticed that sometimes bees would attempt to get -the pollen by approaching the flower from some direction other than -that described above. The insect usually failed in this, and after one -or two unsuccessful endeavors would give up the attempt and support -itself by placing the leg over the terminal portion of the pistil -while it secured the pollen. The function of the incurved petal is -not perfectly clear. With an insect well dusted over with pollen -from both right-and left-handed flowers, it seems improbable that -cross-fertilization in any considerable number of cases should occur -from some grains dropped on the incurved pistil. - -The writers are not sure that the insect in flying to another flower -strikes the tip of the pistil against the side, as stated by Robertson. -Certainly, in many cases, the insect, while collecting the pollen, -supports itself by placing one leg over the tip of the pistil. When -the leg bears a large mass of pollen, which is being stored there, it -seems hardly possible that the flowers could fail to be pollinated. -It might be suggested that, since the stamens for the most part point -in the direction of the incurved petal, the function of this petal is -to prevent access to the stamens, except in the cases in which the -insect supports itself by means of the pistil. While this seems to the -writers, at the present time, the most logical of the two functions so -far suggested, much more careful observation work must be done before -this point is finally decided. The petal may to a certain extent, in -connection with the pistil, serve as support for the insect. Todd and -Robertson observed only humblebees visiting the flowers. The writers -obtained: - - _Apis mellifica_ Linn. Lake View, August 7. Seven specimens. - _Agapostemon texanus_ Cress. Lake View, August 7. - _Mellisoides bimaculata_ (St. Farg) Lepl. Lake View, August 7. - _Megachile petulans_ Cress. Lake View, August 7. - _Bombus separatus_ Cress. Lake View, August 7. - -As in the case of _Solanum_, it will be seen that the collecting period -extended over a very short period of time. More search would doubtless -greatly increase the list. - -Robertson reports the following species as collecting pollen: _Bombus -virginicus_ Oliv., _B. separatus_ Cress., _B. americanorum_ F., and _B. -scutellaris_ Cress. - -August 28, when the blossoming season for _C. chamæcrista_ was almost -over, an examination of material from the above-named region was made -for the purpose of determining the number of seeds produced by a single -plant. Fifteen pods were selected at random from different plants and -the number of ovules counted. It was impossible to tell about the -number in each pod which were fully and normally developed seeds or -which would become such; consequently this factor is not taken into -consideration. The percentage of ovules which fail to develop is, -however, small. The number of seeds found to the pod is shown by the -following: - - TABLE F. - - Pod I, 13 seeds. - II, 14 " - III, 11 " - IV, 11 " - V, 10 " - VI, 12 " - VII, 16 " - VIII, 12 " - IX, 8 " - X, 14 " - XI, 17 " - XII, 18 " - XIII, 17 " - XIV, 15 " - XV, 14 " - ———— - Total XV, 202 seeds, - or 13.4 per pod. - -From this it will be seen that the minimum number of seeds found was -8, the maximum 18, with an average of 13.4. Since the pods were simply -gathered at random, there is no certainty of gaining the maximum or -minimum number of seeds, but a fair average of the number produced -may be expected. September 4 three plants were examined to determine -something about the range of variation in the number of ovules produced -in the pods of a single plant. The results are given as follows: - - Plant 1 varies from 5 to 11. - - Plant 2 varies from 8 to 18. - - Plant 3 varies from 9 to 14. - - Plant 1 had 35 pods, plant 2 had 64, and plant 3 had 27. - - Plant 1 was selected on account of the small - number of seeds produced per pod. - -It will be seen from table D that an average of nearly 3.3 flower -buds per cluster is produced. These were moderate-sized, healthy -plants, producing on the whole probably more than the average number -of clusters per plant. On the ten plants, there were produced 342 -clusters, which bore 344 seed pods, instead of about 1120, the number -of flowers which might be expected, thus giving less than thirty-three -per cent. of the buds which produce mature seed pods. - -It will be seen that, while in the observations made on _S. rostratum_ -the flowers which failed to produce seed did not reach much over six -per cent., in _C. chamæcrista_ it is over sixty per cent. In addition -to this fact, it is rare to see a seed pod of _S. rostratum_ which has -been destroyed by insects or other destructive agencies, while in 460 -pods of _C. chamæcrista_ which were examined at Lake View, September 4, -not one was found which did not have some of the ovules destroyed by -the larvæ of some insect, and probably this would amount on the average -to fifty per cent. of all the seeds produced, being in the case of some -plants as high as seventy-five per cent. - -A convenient method of approaching the question of the production of -seeds might be to determine the number of seed pods produced on a given -area of ground. A general idea may be obtained from the examination of -the plants growing upon two square feet of ground. In the first case, -the plants were much crowded; in the second, not nearly so much so; in -fact, it may be said they were growing under “normal” conditions. It -might be interesting to compare the results. The material for the two -tables was taken September 4. - - FIRST SQUARE FOOT. - Plant 1, pods 0 - " 2, " 10 - " 3, " 4 - " 4, " 13 - " 5, " 0 - " 6, " 12 - " 7, " 3 - " 8, " 1 - " 9, " 4 - " 10, " 3 - " 11, " 0 - " 12, " 25 - " 13, " 2 - " 14, " 0 - " 15, " 0 - " 16, " 10 - " 17, " 2 - " 18, " 0 - " 19, " 0 - " 20, " 0 - " 21, " 0 - " 22, " 6 - " 23, " 1 - " 24, " 5 - " 25, " 2 - " 26, " 3 - " 27, " 0 - " 28, " 3 - —— ——— - Total, 28, pods 109 - - - SECOND SQUARE FOOT. - Plant 1, pods 1 - " 2, " 50 - " 3, " 36 - " 4, " 15 - " 5, " 48 - " 6, " 34 - " 7, " 9 - " 8, " 11 - " 9, " 9 - " 10, " 3 - " 11, " 0 - " 12, " 7 - —— ——— - Total, 12, pods 223 - -In the first square foot of ground, where the plants were much crowded, -of the twenty-eight plants, ten produced no seed pods at all, and of -the remaining eighteen only six produced over five each. On these -plants an average of a little less than four pods per plant was -produced. In the second lot, where, evidently, the plants were not -nearly so crowded, only four produced fewer than five seed pods, and -there was a general average of 18.7 pods per plant. - -On the first foot of ground, then, there might be produced in the -neighborhood of 1300 seeds; on the second, 2600. The large _Solanum_ -upon which 40,000 seeds were estimated would probably cover an area of -12.5 square feet, giving 3200 seeds per square foot. Of course, these -figures represent only certain isolated cases, which in a way are -typical, but must not be taken to represent the average condition. - -The largest plant noted September 4 had produced 100 pods, with an -average of thirteen seeds per pod; this plant might show 1300 seeds. - -Professor Todd discusses in his paper the occurrence of similar -divergences from the typical form in other Solanaceæ and Leguminosæ, -and tries to discover some hint as to their origin. Lack of material -for observation precludes any present discussion of these points. - -The results of these observations may be briefly summarized as follows: - - -Solanum rostratum. - -1. As Professor Todd observed, the numbers of right-and left-handed -flowers on a plant of any considerable size are about equal. - -2. As a general rule, only one flower opens at a time on a raceme, -but very commonly two will open on the raceme the same morning, -giving a right-and left-handed flower opening simultaneously, and -thus permitting in a considerable number of cases pollination between -flowers on the same raceme, even if Professor Todd’s theory of the -method of pollination be the correct one. - -3. Even on the smaller branches of the plant, the flowers are almost -always approximately divided into the two types. - -4. The flower has a distinct odor. - -5. Various species of insects visit the flowers for pollen. Many -insects secure pollen without effecting pollination. - -6. In a rather hasty microscopic examination, no very apparent -difference was detected between the pollen from large and small stamens. - -7. A very important function of the observed arrangement of stamen and -pistil in _S. rostratum_ seems to the writers to be that of support for -the visiting insect. - -8. It might seem that the pollen from the small stamens is of much -more importance in the process of fertilization than Professor Todd -suspected, especially since it seems that there is much more certainty -of the pollen from the small stamens reaching the pistil than there is -of that from the large stamen. The fact that there is some question -as to the fertility of the pollen from the large stamen in all cases, -and that in the case of another plant stamens of somewhat similar -arrangement seem to have lost entirely their direct reproductive -function, would indicate the same. - -9. In a limited number of cases the pollen from the large stamen of -a flower seems to be fertile on its own stigma, as well as upon the -stigma of a flower opening simultaneously on the opposite side of -raceme. - -10. Spontaneous self-pollination seems sometimes to occur. - -11. The percentage of cases in which seeds develop in those flowers in -which artificial pollination is effected in the same flower or in two -flowers of the same raceme is much smaller than when cross-pollination -is effected by insects, reaching, in the case of the somewhat limited -experiments of the writers, only as high as 28.5 per cent. Whether -this is partially due to the method of applying the pollen or not -has not been determined; whether the seeds produced by these cases -of pollination of the same flower or flowers on the same raceme are -capable of germination or not has not yet been determined. It might -be suggested that the low percentage of cases is due to a lack of -fertility in the pollen of the large stamen. - -12. Estimated from the number of seed pods which normally develop, the -number of flowers in which pollination is not effected is very small, -not reaching, in the observations of the writers, much over six per -cent. - - -Cassia chamæcrista. - -1. Right- and left-handed flowers are produced at the same time on -the plant. When several plants are taken, the number of right-and -left-handed flowers produced is practically the same. - -2. So far as observed, two flowers were never seen open at the same -time on a cluster, nor was a bud ready to open the following morning -ever found on a cluster with an open flower. Thus, cross-pollination -between flowers on the same cluster would not be possible, as it -frequently is in _S. rostratum_. - -3. So far as the writers have been able to ascertain, there is no -law governing the producing of right-and left-handed flowers on the -opposite sides of the main axis. - -4. Various species of insects visit the flowers for pollen. - -5. It seems that pollination is effected in many cases by the -transfusal of pollen from the leg of the insect, where it is being -carried, to the stigma of the stamen upon which it is supporting -itself. The function suggested by Professor Todd for the incurved petal -seems to the writers entirely improbable. - - BOTANICAL LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, - SEPTEMBER 28, 1901. - - EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. - - =Solanum rostratum= Dunal. - - FIG. 1. Right-handed flower from the front and a little to - one side, showing large and small stamens, pistil, and wings of the - corolla, which enfold pistil and large stamen in the bud. × 2. - - FIG. 2. Tip of a raceme from the front, showing one left- and - two right-handed flowers; also the decurved end of the raceme, with - the buds. - - FIG. 3. Lateral view of decurved tip of raceme, showing the buds. - - FIG. 4. Lateral view of bud ready to open the following morning, - showing the two lower lobes of the corolla, enfolding pistil and - large stamen. - - FIG. 5. Ovary and pistil. × 5. - - FIGS. 6 and 7. Lateral and dorsal view of large stamen. × 5. - - FIGS. 8 and 9. Lateral and dorsal view of small stamen. × 5. - - FIGS. 10 and 11. Hind leg of _Bombus_, with and without mass - of pollen. - -[Illustration: PLATE I.] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[D] Todd Prof. J. E.: On the Flowers of _Solanum rostratum_ and _Cassia -chamæcrista_, Amer. Nat., vol. XVI, pp. 281-287, 1882. A brief review -of Todd’s paper is given by Dr. P. Knuth, Handbuch der Blutenbiologie, -Leipzig, 1898. - -[E] According to Carruth—Carruth, J. H., Catalogue of Plants seen -in Kansas, with additions by Prof. F. H. Snow and Prof. E. Hall—_S. -rostratum_ first appeared in Kansas in 1864. This date probably refers -to eastern Kansas. Dr. S. W. Williston informs the writers that it -appeared around Manhattan in 1860 or 1861. - -[F] One specimen observed growing in rich soil back of a feed-store in -St. Joseph, Mo., in early September had a diameter of over seven feet -and a height of three feet. The plant might be considered as normally -developed, having produced apparently the normal number of seed pods, -and so would not be classed with the rank vegetative development which -plants sometimes show when grown in very rich soil. - -[G] _S. rostratum_ appears to be better adapted to xerophytic -conditions by its extensive root system than by any adaptation for the -prevention of evaporation of water. When cut down on a warm day, the -plants wilt in a very few minutes. Roots extend down sometimes for more -than three feet, so that the plants generally appear perfectly fresh -when others around are wilted and drying up. - -[H] Mueller, Fritz: Two Kinds of Stamens with Different Functions in -the same Flower, Nature, vol. XXVII, pp. 364, 365, 1883. - -[I] Experiments for the determination of the fertility of close and -cross-fertilization are always interesting, but are of especial -interest in the case of a plant such as _S. rostratum_, in which, -if the method of pollination described by Professor Todd is the one -actually depended upon, cross-pollination is sometimes possible and -sometimes impossible on the same raceme. Of course, if, as suggested in -the latter portion of this paper, the method of pollination suggested -by Professor Todd is not the only one, these experiments do not have -the interest which they otherwise would. - -[J] As will be remarked, the above insects were all taken August 5 and -6. Careful collecting extending over a considerable period of time -would doubtless secure many other forms which visit the plant more or -less frequently. - -[K] Meehan, Thomas: On the Fertilization of _Cassia marilandica_, Proc. -Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1886, pp. 314-318. - -[L] Meehan, Thomas, _loc. cit._ - -[M] It must be stated that in a later paper (Robertson, Charles: -Flowers and Insects, V. Bot. Gaz., vol. XV, No. 8, pp. 199-204), -Charles Robertson does not give the same results as those found by -Thomas Meehan. Robertson says: “Two long stamens, one on each side of -the style, furnish pollen for cross-fertilization. They have inflated -anthers which probably have a bellows-like action, like the long stamen -of _Solanun rostratum_ and _Rhexia virginica_.” Meehan states expressly -in his paper that in the case of _C. marilandica_ he was sure no pollen -was ejected, as Todd found for _S. rostratum_, since in the flowers, -which were covered with a gauze bag, the membrane at the apex was never -ruptured when the stamens were ready to fall. Robertson describes the -method of extracting the pollen in _C. chamæcrista_ in a way which is -essentially the same as Todd gives for _S. rostratum_. He then says, -in speaking of _C. marilandica_: “Four small stamens furnish pollen -for the visitors. Bumblebees milk the pollen out of these, using -their jaws, as in the case of _chamæcrista_.” Meehan says: “Nor was -there any draw-out of the pollen, as observed by Professor Todd. It -is abstracted solely through the pores; and, although I could see no -evidence that such was actually the case, I suspect that fertilization -could only occur through some of this extracted pollen escaping from -the insect to the stigma.” It must be noted here that the method which -Meehan describes for the method of opening of the anthers, the pollen -being “abstracted solely through the pores,” does not agree with the -method described by other observers. Leclerc du Sablon, in a paper, -“Recherches sur la Structure et la Dehiscence des Anthers,” in vol. I -of the seventh series of Annales des Sciences Nouvelles, discusses the -anatomical modifications of the anther walls, by which dehiscence is -secured. His observations cover _Cassia cremophilia_ and _Solanum_. -His observations do not cover a sufficient number of species to make -them of the greatest value in deciding the present points. The author -presents, in a condensed form, his results in: Note sur la Dehiscence -des Anthers, La Belgique Horticole, vol. XXXIV, pp. 148-150, 1884. -Robertson says, in speaking of the central of the three long stamens: -“Bees, no doubt, force the pollen out of this as they do from the -short stamens.” Meehan says: “I watched a mass of plants containing -eighty-eight flower-stems on the 30th of July, and the same lot for -an hour on the 6th of August, but saw no attempt to get pollen from -the longer anthers or to use them in any way but as a platform. It -would indeed be hardly possible for the bee to stand anywhere so as -to get power to pierce the apical membranes of the longer stamens. -When the flower matured and the anthers were ready to fall they were -examined-the four short ones were empty sacs-the three lower ones -proved that they had not served any purpose to the bees, for they were -full of pollen.” - -[N] This, of course, in case, as Meehan states, the large anthers do -not dehisce. Of course the statement loses entirely its significance -if, as Robertson states, the large stamens furnish pollen for -cross-fertilization. - -[O] While the experiments made upon artificial pollination were very -limited, it will be seen that the pollen from the large stamen in no -case fertilized over twenty-nine per cent. of the flowers pollinated -from it. These flowers, however, were on the same raceme; so the low -per cent. might be due to this, or to the mechanical manipulation. -The suggestion that the pollen of the large stamen is less fertile -than that of the smaller ones is at least interesting as a working -hypothesis. - -[P] Notes on Stamens of Solanaceæ, Bot. Gaz., vol. XV, pp. 103-106, -1890. - -[Q] Observations on the number of seeds produced and the surety -of fertilization may be of especial interest, when the wonderful -distribution which this plant has attained in recent years is taken -into consideration. The original habitat of _S. rostratum_ was the -southwestern portion of the United States. It has since spread over -a large part of the United States, in many places being recognized -as a very noxious weed. It is also reported from several European -localities. Reports on the destructiveness of the plant as a weed may -be found in publications of the agricultural departments, as: Dewey, -L. H., A Weed Bulletin, Farmers’ Series, No. 28, U. S. Dept. Agr.; -Pammel, L. H., Two Noxious Weeds, Bull. Iowa Exp. Sta., 1895. L. H. -Pammel,—Distribution of Some Weeds in the United States, especially -_Iva xanthifolia_, _Lactuca scariola_, _Solanum carolineum_, and -_Solanum rostratum_, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 1895, vol. II, pp. -103-127—gives the eastward migration of this weed up to 1895. - -[R] The racemes of _S. rostratum_ are produced by a scorpoid sympodial -dichotomy of the branch, in which the racemes represent the alternate -branches. At first the raceme develops much more rapidly than the bud -which is to continue the main stem, and so the racemes, when flowering, -are always well towards the outside of the plant. - -[S] Robertson, Charles, _loc. cit._ - - -Transcriber's Notes: - - Underscores "_" before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations - in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Kansas University Science Bulletin -(Vol. I, No. 1), by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KANSAS UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN (VOL. 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